CEHTTffi{

\T{flT: a epfqqqrl

aslF,fltr1@
Program Design

q qqTlcr{E(frTlT

ffi

nffitfc<-s {Rm1 et l1ffi cwrr6 q:qF{|{ T-fiR gl*{i offif*i

cEffiq s-{l qs r effita firsr cqi6q ftq s<6o 'ttm Tl Fl3t"f offiBnx-s ctd ft-gt o-*K {fu ."fr
effibtr<s smlg sffiLq cqiqTqK cr{fir{r qrFrr{ or< b"r,qrr* sc$r q<\ rot nffits frcr Etr-r-.il
s-fi q-q I cqHlTK ftt-'511K q-{qIF'
qq'qn Tf{'cs'{

ft<rl<

wisll

T"cn"[ q'E( sfuBtsK

sl qTq|t e
effil1 Ri-{t TtcR

fr-sfrE Bqr fiE*{t rcrs

qvtl(s-< Bcq"it I

cr, E q{tK "it'a c"rcs Fffi{kf

ftD-{ Frrdmi{{q q-6q s-<1
ofl-grc

FHffi
) r rqFffcss $s.ff <l'lRrt

T-{cs

"lr{rd
a.

ftGxwm cqwfrqqs<fr
?F'{tg

{l{r{

9t nEHrcr{

cRrfir{

qq"f{ s-<ts

{IKr<
8 I IEHN wnriRq{
clcss;l-N' 'ilil-K

is

tr-f5'F

a.).) cEFffcrtr {k"lt

{lI[{ *rqrf,{ ctct

s1-{

Rfrrr s rlq.-Fcf

q164r1-fr6{q

qqrfi

q-{r c{ q<q tnR e<( KF-{ 6{

s'FI <l Language <qT qs r qt frRis mf etiFIr.K q-{ qq$ ftq q(t<rs'
q<( fr{T sE{ (Rulesl qnn-<t nra'cfifr r <-6rnq oFqEtsf* qrftqr El_rclRs fr{cET q(.l qcr
ftIsrq e<q QfFblcfi Tt{t'cq qtq-ar lnqfrq frir{.{ qrn-o nti fi{rq or<
1 ,{T<F-{ s'Ff fr,fiTq{
ql:l.sf
s1-{"
\mft=I fr6r!
?ltfr r qR qqqr-{ qrq-t fuof"t etqlq s3rF qs
@tgftro
frFF5<.f <KqlT +r<

slr+t

ffi

p*
frclvsn-< fiffis qetsvrr<< {T{trr r qwcf< oftEDmco
ffiq

{fm qvt ftq qvo. e<( sb"rs fiRT-slT{. <KqK a5s 6QpflT ?sR
<rrqs. qt{s-{fiTTT'l{T \i q(rs-\9-a6qfr{ es'm cefFttcT{vfqta5q
1

)bb

Eqrfi sqi ofr0Br<

o-<t

1<ns

qr I cEHt{ ?.s-R-{ qq]

sr{i

\9

filflr{ffi gqfu

oF+ffim $o-Tqfl tcqsfifr-s nQu nvrcn ffi {r qRE sqq 'otl' qRKI 'goFF' qlm q<\
dre3r.s Tt tTqrss ')' \3 'o' qm efsH Kr{I qI r cffinn fu*za"{ sF{frT sfid!' eQ qt s((seqKt erfl{ s-fi q-s I Ecfq w{'qFNAK qfrsK TTI qr \o-?ff tt$l.{ n (W) qq( 5 (q$) frrs c{FW
gtsm
ft"qrE' Wt I T.l{"i Ttr"iEBT e{ o (W) q3\ 5 (,{4,) fi-qrs 4rr* r qK e? o s } frr-{ ffi{T
cqFtqsltf (Machine Language) <rq r sF iEftrfiK qsTsft{ +.Ss1v sf ftsT E-{q EKf ftrfris qS,
s-r{ lTt(et mfiq qlaT q-$cfr fr-q sffm r ftq c{Fl{ stsK cqHlfrq F{I q\sls qPq r Elqlqt s'lrqr q-{r
iqwm fd-rm qnT CqT ElrlCT i frI-{- qlTldlT ?rFt C'qefirs C{pf STrr,{ cl-;l-l .{R slqK frcu-s ctftsrq't
e-+ffi

fr"ureoqrsr

1010
0000 0010 1111 110C 1000
0000 0011 0011 1010 1000

0000 0010

fi11

1100

(get i)
(add

jwith i)

(siore result in

k, k = i + j )

\qK \s1q1qt eq$m sffiT eo wFqEEnErq q"$" cEqT cQffiq qfms eFqffitt;s u-lff.r$ cs\o-{T t s rr"{
.{4.tr<#T TT{rffi qft{
ql$ tqf*f ERr'o rFK El{ $5;'*1 $-gcs{ Tf ffi
{rrlK slsK xE I qiftT {qqT
q-$
stqT BstT{ qirn r osxfr sFetEi'rd Rrtc6-{T
fu r fu q<<Sl+nq qlTT frrq.{ qfr{t(
eFqtFr{'r$ qftil qrE{K Bqffifr s-qK qqr qq( qK frffih-sl re.FftsT{ q*qr '4R. reiqifrirs qlr<T
qqq, s"SK e'rST qT{q nnn q.f{no cqlss utbq s"r{ trg"{ qE{ Ceftrm Elq.,r{ Bst{-{ 6nK.1 l

r.).a,

frffi srrc cqFfftrr vN

ibsc {lE 6{6s aF F-K q 'dE; scsr.tE. cqffiq E lqqrs-q rl slTr WRW {es'R r q$E
b#t?tq-$tft "r1rfrv{ (Level) $Aqrry (Generation) vFlo-<t{ir l<rI|r q{q qgi{sl+ffi cq-fic<.iqsl{l ()b8a) ; cqFF slqt (Machine language)
{ ftfis Eq-{ <T mroei G*{l6s.l{ v1!T ()hco) : qf6q'qfr qq]. (Assembly language)
{ EAr eurv<tqnf m4'crfi g.FT ()b\eo) : Smqs<.|qt? mna_q iFllEh levet) sffi s
* Dyd eM*{Ef c+'td cs=ifm'H vl{t ()b1o) , q&Sm;oR {Very high leveli vl\T
i qqoa e&-q<tftv?r csTffr{fist'vt (:ruo) a qtstfr'oqqlfuT<fq {Natural) ElTf
t

ry-^"..a

slTfi.

CqHlqffiT
eKf Tcq I q EF sl{rff cET cocs{ sll,l <4;t nKcr qE
qr
eertl sFE?rr<K vlnl (o <t )) fr\<t sR!ilR r qqrft"ro EF-'o-n <f qQ ffic<-cfl:r slrt Ttncv-< wt

mFrq

sm e qrnsqfr ullrlrF

nqq?*r<frrotqotfr

cEI ffi'cqE

etql{ qqT<TT1S ffiqtrill-{vFt ()b8a) :

AqFIT gF$ ( Machine tansuase)
swr< qffix s{ qE flFffst{I sr Fffibtr-T{ dfi-{ qqr 1 cqFr+qTtl o e t et qt <tt{fi qE
qaf{f r{g qq& <trq-{ s-Gr {ir frq ffifi q* r reffiDn esrm cqfi;l.gtqR d1rcs' qm[, q{]q{l-T
cEFtt{ F-{cE SpEbK qsrr $'l{s q-t-<lqm{ clqtcsi ierco cqFt;rslTlT "iRq.s s.rn rql
si{IF q6oT r fieE cqFFqqr cqwm ts
EeN Eq"6{5r rtrtBArKr r{ cEHtq erqlq cqFffi
qsrs qEE e<\ qfr'dT q:rg lTlc'tT TcE {6Tn-q c?r cqeff{Q qtQ cqpq g.Kl65 s-dl qr r vtalvf
q-qr sFr+q{lT'Gt
C{Fr+qu ql{tqt <c6i qs 6stpq-ft{
{rsls. csFDffft{

c.).e

csHlq qa1 6qq-4yfts

+Nlnn

${qlK

sFlF-${Ft, c{T{5) tfiftfus (Arithmetic)

F-dI TIT

af 1 5qFr+qq19

6q'$K

grf

ffit

cq-s$

Ercq-{

qafg

Cq1Ft,

f)

fiT-qq (control)

sft

Cffs (Load), cfrK lSrore; \e q.l-{ (Jump)

s)

t{"F-\fiB?"tb
EEI-F<K{l{ (Direct

qdts
"lV (Read) s cqrf (write)
qdts\flS'aEI(Srart), qlFt (Halr) \e 6.l{$-{(End)

u)

Rctrfuf, scf,

DTistrl

use)

mFmvwm ffirff cqEnTcr a6q q-{cqa cQFW (object program) q<( q"u"
|
cEHWc<FTr4ESq cEIEIT (Source program) |

c{FI wnT cq{f

ffinsmr{R{r
)I

c?rcu-csn.r qR{Frq&-+' e flTR {RwK etsr{.|{frfto cEHIrfi{-qrsa

FFNtTrffi q-gl--sfoI qsuttcr{ t("ll{1c{ qK"ff q6{ T-{6o qcE mFR sFT,{Tls
1

r
,r r gFl+glqlq-dltqlqilqcgws
8 | qt qTf frrT q5ft qqsf offi-qncgrrys qrq rKHfr
pE - qfr!T(I.iRGr{q-{T mFrqsm<icqt<s-$qr
a.

qrqMfts

cq6slel

{ffi:FEK

r s.tQ

eFqtfi<

<'5ftT

ffiFqqmq${tr r rqF|{ q{|{

cEHlq 6E"lt qqrs $fu$T \e qr{Hftqs; Tt{t

Fnftt rs fl{fr - qlT@rT{ e-fsq-{qlq flfrfiT ttFtcilq-{slT

I r cqFF"el!.,f crFrffigol-6fr$sftaqqtilq
<r{qBrr-{Iqw<

et

cEtErc:K q-di

rF"iubR-T{ EtrF

eo q{ff{ c{Fkffiq-{j'frRF cEFffrq-{r ffi-r;K

cqFftq

r cqft{qTlT cEHtqfr{c\9-qr cqHlTKqr$l-{

'r
e I 6{Fl{ sWffi s"<l'<t qffiqo-sto}fi(]'

c.

).e

ffi

eM-q qt

({r ffiTwl-{ sF(uco),

qil-6qqR q{t1Assem bly Ia n g uage)

qiR-ccfr q{tm qfqrsfrT (Symbolic) g.fT[3 {rq r q{
+FtEbtm et qTI<rT'tTsf6{ quFrg RE
r

)b)

E6-dn e<p'e3 1950 rTldr cclcF,

frqs Eq({l<

trRl]'s cTfttfcTftE{fu

firft rg wbK wtQ-{ <lffi

qitGry{fr qqFr 6s"GI

qf qg c($t{ ctql$ ql frrs c(rsrw crqrsT

csrss-rs <Tq rilKmfus roF' (symbotic code) qf ficrfi-s (Nemonic qex\, m
q(r$(g-{qREqlcdT<gc\{il<lsRft6$:I[qAt*t*$W<*)
I 6qaq1ft$q6afi6Tl{1, .{{ 6rfiR.-s
LDA r wbf is tsfi( qltqse cqmfRffi qRIrqT fivmt qs r qr qqr fiE:nlfro s
w#rnutrR-o <.f
<lryqr I qrtrm enrf eTtks<{vr+qnoilqr$v'rr{f,{rl-d<Gf q-6rf qr,rq-{ c{rwA, 8,
41,
ge
| wtFT{fr qTK
ct{l+'ts ur<F qq,t q156, {etf_
cq'rgtf {s r qt

)I

ffi

'{r{fffi

6{trFI (Label),
q{-r$'lg.,

II
t q{fr*s
I I $6{I (Comment)

orE WirrqPvfr sl(?'tr tf,trf ffigt @63ar, qall3v s ry3:{t qttg 4l<ttw 4tA
4reiri' E',('rnr 1m cvr ( F i e u1, W CVO taW air ailf5a q/zr

CET<M

ffi-ffi

cTGsG-,r qnqq qr6o r cqr{ q.I[E Er qffi

'r{-<q fudrtr
q:w
rrE
cEr<dT
rre El$rs 'ff6il | ffirqrE qe qce qF
c,rlq stfi affrs qt I
Gmtfrs (criw LDA) e cd&Strfir qyq'6saq

c{cnE

qffi-{,

sr<

mt

mr{Ft3r

EqT<{c{4r r{rr{\TT;r

EltcSR

qTlqq cqrrtrT cq\e$ q*

q{ $mr, et <{wi-< TcqI
Rrftq uiqrn =en l1:r qf
r

6StU

q'ttc{rt{ conrE ffi-t cqntfr-f $ro r eQ cqmfr-$am

flin-{qufrcu{ng'qr

fifr{ sffi?Ir{

frBa qco {Ird, str{

64te

: E{f{ cr{R-{ coq frffi q-{qrr{d (q9ltr{rs

qilftc{Ff(.T

Trr.I

q[q

6qFf

rrK

w{{rrsK c(qrT fts qnfruqrFr<K cqlTtro sFt

?F.m

rfK

m\.efit) c$lTl

' STore Accumulator (cqfiqqTErqTfi,'f)

FgFr, cleaR accumulator
trTFf r ADD, qffi cr{R-{ fiffi w<rqrrqc q<"m qnfrETFtraa
fiFfsEqilfrB{cqFcsrFf I
|

cq?nir

$Ktlt : SUBtract, qqfi CT{frT Am

frrsFf p5s fr6sp1qq wfir1nbm Tf{
r

sf{

: D lVide, E{Fr c{rfrfr

91'ITqW"IFETTEDr{TFf

fiffi

ftSgqp* :''*<qffi6.Kq-dr eF{f{ *ofr{

Elsl: cnftEqfibrrrrT$Il o q[q "RTfffttrfiT@

W qcrtwfroWr<qeFT qs
eilqf : qnftB1rdrr{ nq$I qr"nEo EIE
I

qTqlm rt\3 qg-{I'itqfr's.qrT

q${r

q\e

)br.

ffi ffi

cqFnr&q]t{

t{tb

' tNput, "rgq?X\t*lFiTcstf

yEBtD : ouTput, e{rq fiqk{nm
elfT: SToP

\Bfrch+tE{l{@

q'ffGtg'

,{{lF

.,}

ffilT.For
82, AB, lvttt

qrqprRffi+'<if*

qr<T

qqfcrrg;r \l.+{lcffi

ql.fqr

c<l+ttrrl Es r c{${_ A, B, 41,

Nr{r
\rsRr <I{as {s cer4F16g{ fr6s{
tfr{K qrr r Tg<j- mftNtTlT \tr{ft-o {s qI r IEKI qrrn'r ffisl-q,
fufi?^K <tt.frt Tt6o sfrvro cgpttrrr <I w{r aoB cqwmv* qto q+
qf
"nrq ;Eq<r
aff-{tr4 cqFflTfrtr{ fi6q-{
etm
frEF{
cerpi|T cfilf sF{ E3l ercsTrr'ftftt.r{
'lrFs
"frs qv}3
ceHTrIr{ Q{rEs c{wq<rFtltTGt$s?rl cq-sRtEs
ntB fu' r.RF{rr* cot+{ (;) <l cqfrrow{ (;) cqn"o.qr

** {.*

t,

tsq'rq*r,
A \e B cs c{t5f Trfr RlrfTEC q'{qfcrrFf r q qrqnq'gqfceKqqrqnffisftvtsls
ertr cel"FffTfr{
q{m A <f B qr \{{qf6{-{ qn@qm q{E;cr A <f
B TqT qr

qqq-4:
frru n \3 B CS C{r4 Sr{

CTtrfS-E

C \tr{qllT TFffS

q'4l'qiffi

slstr

cEFffT 6q.srf

qq

CLR

INP:A

B
LDA : A
ADD : B
STA: C
INP :

STP

n qcaIEmtTS cqltrF E{tr nqfrn w{qlrr rFt

A 6at{"{ts ({trp B \T{qf543p1 | .

c1ft$qffi61A TFr
a covnftEyerDcrccR{iRqm cqFf T.Gr mrrl*qwftb{nrirraFf
qrtfr{(nDK"c\RIT C q{qlifiTFf
I

qffq

cqFFsrqrT rio qilrr{rfr vmru offitn<-* rfSTT{ sqT fiafiE

c?n\ eo rfiscqir oftwrrm
qifcq{hqqw.frRs cqwT\f{trrsrE<r{{RqNe s.il
cscg c[r{
I

qlr6{qRsmr${T-

i qitfficfrs'FtRqlF qcfrs cEHN{E-{trnwK

r et qTr{rFs celx$r{.wq< "TRffiTTER'*u*
qqrfrfiFiilqv{
e I et *'-trtr cEHtr crFnqr {vfbr{{ effi fit6r,qE,
"qr-*tsTfi{-T
slt et qsf TJ=r{r*r{ qry nF,rBftm-*
)

*g

Q.

\B

lr|srsR-c qqatrm

q|Tcff E:rolq

crqRr qq'qircqcfr
qqrsmfts

{rqr

<r{qJ6f,T F,Gr

cqHf{ <uTlT frTfr _ \ryf@rrrs

)bs

,pflTFt ftmf

-E

s{I

\e

mltllcTl{ ef{fu

qrtcJT{frsT{lrgqiR{t5

r.

qstftr{s {ldctt]EM cetFtf{

S"r* Frs++frq, {q<tq dFfrffi qfqsR-o
etlGt
I
EEF
"*uA*
<ETIqry{ riolslgl qo ({Fftffi cqHl:{q{i GFrF{4\e
q<(qTTqfcatsF I
qrqs
<fqt(T
lraF
qE-{l{ trqq-gT
eQ sFs|T" cqHt{ Trd.r c{FRqK sl!]K
cEFttT dFy6-{T

C.q.8 :lt{f{ VGIit (High level)

eFfI

.^
q-{t FF (or qcFil )) q{ET ctFry slel qq
TfuBtt<K
g6-{ EFf qqt Es 6qt
tg $xt RqlrF {ro r fr rs {${
q<i{ sr<Tr sr$ qts *
effsj$tTfg I
"*"
Em srs< eNl{ {F{t\3
EKr qr\6e$K fiK-s"i s-{I {lT "il"n"fltt

e Frcfq cquf{

qt'{6$f< Frl-d'f

<u-qm

**

fr;ENlq

()bso)

cq,{rc(.Fglttt
x*fu eM{<r
trEsTTrqt (rycwT (Hish level) eltil
q3'
en6

a.a..a

q.dr{d
(<-[{,{ <sFqEilG<.{ si-{t <G;\5 CqH|T W{r

qE c{,
mFl{ s \{flGry{fr stsK q{l{ "nqRot
steM-t FIt mpe

e
(c{FF s wl(qqfr
sf{l C{Rtl
el6q 6qt fir'E^slTf C{f<51 i{E5i qrEs TE6{K "i[q' CEt CECWI
IFTf<i ofq r jsfu1QtT56.{
tqR{I celm q-{nEtrT eruAr :rcq Ewo< vwt< tu< <s

TFqBBl(.< <]-{qtK

TrrslrTr

ryryns?-m

o-wm

*q t*
I
qrq r qt s6<K sFrlT fiFlg
glrFr
(mfirtffi}q]]llfrq
sF-s< sFrI Tt qR F1,63-4 s1$ Tr{ffi
qdn e? 6EHII'slqT TFqB?K qq{bffi{ frmcof* End'
(qHIr RF* <-*r-r< mFnq <Kqt{ s-{t ip-{ r
fr'
qt q-{r qffi e|Trs Ess-{ sF$ <ST *, ag Ew=< stqK tqrqfi-r<Fl<', -'lIfffiaT', TFEI

qil{rqr

?stfr
qQ mren sf{tr errn {+tfsrqt qTg|{m frRs cqwq cq c$l{TFNftr{<r{qBr srt{lT
> r qR c{F{
slTt cl"ffTgq
r. I Tr{cr{ "16T ffiI c{Frffi orsde 6EFFf
r

e r ER cEFE slslT

_19r',|&-

cEwq.rrrffqlT

q<iF

<ror Fnrcqtsral
*r"oaot "rugilT'fiTqrQ ffiFq sHTllq
i ,ew" reqfiq-{]'TFFfi{qrqr6 qK"llqrflq{ c{t
qft cwn sl<t=r qqrq qqRwlffir q{oftEBrca EFTTF Erq
qI
I r oFEBr< c-{|qR qQ slTt $rcs et11-< I sR et sFlT frFtro cepfi:rco

8
o

CEt CECSE

rmru*

ur

q{{Iqrs< ERIq-{q-{

II
.r

qt

mf ffir<-q s|qt
q'n3 Efc't e<q 6qft mqR ri-rslT r
6EHF{ T1-4 osp C<Ft
g.llT ffit 65<m g.Nt catrs r:I qqrfu (Lack of flexibility) I

r et

\{lre r frq
ns qt cqsq sffi'{ tit{tts (syntax) firr- FllF
egy{aeraigro tr<t{o
Un< (Gv+ Q<r<&) \rc{s {q <Kqlr ssT sf{ I
qR c{[sFT rWm

=itslR-s st{|3r

:r
a. I

62166

"f.ff"
c6ffi

cEFIItr=r TFu"lqt uT

qifrg

q-r

".*;'ffi

(qr

qt

CE(g"T

eFF

\rtlc{qfr ) csBfirfr{ qT{tq' qefR cEFfl{

r q{c=lT?sRqltKft cEHw{{1?{tffi{ |
g r IEHN<E{l3tqmrF"iBfi{ c{FftqrrecltsKrsqrrTt

,e

)b8

qry'f s:t

CETEI{ffi{

{ffi N 4lqr<.f qtt crycse v.lTI qrq- qT Trqr E{f{ EE q.flErlE, 6<FKE, pre6T/t, qFiqE, (Elm,

fu-r, fr,

cefqrf, crfd, csr{.e, cpl$|q,

"lrl"l, s csfrs
qR cqres' smlrio
q{
sin{Rr,
{qt_
EeEll
) I ql{Rt <'fdqir (General purpose) slTl \B
q r Rr.N s.f[qT (Speciat purpose) eFif
f,{ El$ C?T K6ffi SmS-{ sqCTft relro <cq ql{Kcf F.lrq-R
sm 6svq c{frs, orrsFl,
r

",p

sFl s{ frrF fu'|u FfCqR bql$ft \e-trs rcq q{" Tlqr

*, **_
frr'F TlrqT (speciat pu rpose) et c.rm' v.mcs Rfu.{ qpf vl"l +il

r$.KE,

fr ts-i]fr

rm

fr*t, c+t$rq

spi I {cff_

qlffelsefGrrpRsl{t
csFT wr <]qqu rrfter$'qmrf{ s't$ r ei s'lTllr
srtE, crs-6, fr"s
EF{l qkq r qt sFvll T'Eq-{ ftf.f Rr<R etrl;r :ro, *ur itpe"t*
qqsrqlqng,{q<rs{

ffi

fir41f

qfurnNrt

<-qftq

rTKft eq,fc{T
{RqT

ffiercilFKsFn

'|e{ffi fiftFs <rrrqi. snsf, ffiFs

{R'fi, v't&g qr?rqrffi wT ;
frr.rq cqTr{rrrfisnr

"**'-ruru

$nqu Tqs Elt6ft, "nftfu.F +fu .{<r piqr <iaqtc<r

frnag ffi,LGo*,
q ffiFK smm Eq,Ru'r
r

frrF

frtrlT efflrtltr qer q $r6fir st${ Ew qrrm r nFR fi.Tq{,

Rqre-t+, ffis
e smrfi ftnT ersk"lir qR_Tt r fr.q gtrl-e"rl{ esq,.{q rtn.-sF
wru
cq"fi qE
csl - qF fiTciltn? qr <r<qe qrl
"ro

"iArT fiREq

coral - 66, IRTB, RTL/2- <Tqrsfr'$'EfrTf,

"fNsrl< c?-F, ffiss eryF frcrE frTa'f <rrffi' qrm \rlsf T{qs qr
Modu ta, Modu ta2 - <rF"IBBR qEG Udrr{g s-{r
E${-s et gtil <r<q{ re;il qr
sQL, QUEL, QBE _ rebnrtn<IT|TRf CS,FnrqT'Ruo <r<5u.6sar<qg-<frwr

fitr

c{r

<I erf-e--

qeTF

eft-rs

qjmrt- &fuovlqt

r{FkBr BfuN E"nn Wrs sFierEr qgv sFltilc- R slTtr-s

E{r+s rRF srrrr qrf
qTs re sFIERFqn,
f r qfu:rt - Gfur vl$ (procedure oriented languages)
Eriln.'R

uoilI

gR'r*r # ffiffiT'lill##x$Ftr5'*k *

E&=T ftft+,
apqffis ftglr{ qq?r cEHt{.fi-drq wm sr cEHtq <Dfi-etrr sKrs q{
Tt r qfurf_&fus srqr
bnqrqEs cel$r{, rRrrEE, c{frs, ,lJrrs.E, pr_qq/ sgr{.\s.Irfr
q6s

Efu{T frfu-o smn

q c:R'

wn

frrF frrfi

c+tiq qaFstm ostT qfu'flT<rn< E1-{ q:Fnefr'rr<r-tr'tr cefi&E-{ <f qfurr 6e{ Tf sGr s{ t*1D/ *,8

ffio

smr <r{q*.

q-T

**
$-fr*,fr
tmFFm $Fqbrooo qr{-{R sir qr r qfuqo-<r"tn EfuTT'Tf
errrs. TcE qsry54
mia"
FFqtFR ftr nm
",
*,Frr Rpc /Report
TF{T wr qs r frT"nF r"fr e<( T-RE !fu*"**
Program Generation), fiTrtftT{ q-{r <l.rw Gpss, FnRRo
csar Elfr--st Efuil$** # a,o,
e<s, frh tfBffi( q:rcn rF$qrd-:r siqj.<r{q\r
coco <Kr{rr gsrT Eqtq{"r
_*

J
4

t
I

)ba

E?r

s (Ttrilc{l4 q{fu

q,ffistrqlQ-1Fr6ffi<tBuscrlqqf{
R

tq

"[RFO'
fr6

^ a'rst I
(Dennis Ritchic) E?Ft C vpct ?sR
q64Tc'1f E-{tr c<I qs t
qds e sF'.t C<ET sTf<r<?frcg. <KqK s-$ qcst r "f<-<ftrs q sfTI
qiPfo I C qGR e<5E B6'sm< ren$fu'
sIsT RrqK g ,qa gi-{fr{iil q{{
e<(

: qwilffi< c<q

Eltffi?Rro )blo {l6q

csfitT

)bqb cl'
qq-s tful"tfr
31ffi
smB fl{lTq\5 T{{trcT{
qrs
Bm
srEs
{|sEf6 cEHlfu\ sl{lv <Ef qcr e$m I c cqwfir
s|{f I
q$
n.ftw q-{t <I{qs qr I qefr c .qnfr G"ne,al Purpose rqHlR'
cqwfr( stql t )luo qtffi frT.ltd
fr ++ (c++; : c++ qs <3r6fir q-<rq?
qR C
?oR o-mt I q5s Frqnl 67
(Bjiarne Stroustrup) {$ddT AT&T Bell Laboratory efr
qrfl"{trt-{ s-Gr c++ ?sR qs r qF
).frrfrnn,mu {R*ffi l{ft?rcrEl*
I

ffi"i

effiis

ffi
ffi'ffiffiffiffiffi'ffiffi*

**m'ww*ffiffiR6ffi
Rrqtq-{

c++ Tf{qs qcR I

qq mvqe<( flFrstqTftqTE'rFsK \ilrq {f fr&*

qete$t{ nvq- &&rg 6E6 ffi

c++ q< frBn {q

6qq?S ersfl, $trqtlryTts,

ffiq

qEq cdKE rs

(s-6cl

rmffqrm

<t ve; 'mF 9or enmr< iwt'

ftqq'|E c<ffq (visual Basic) , Fqvfio mfro (q<rmr"f GR
q{ IDE (Inlegrated
COM (Component Objeet Model)
*,R*t cqffi'spt q<. "lArOfq+A<qt
qnnm TMIGT qftq t{F { c<fi--o vtsl1 Ep xt6<cf
ievelopment Environment) r xftcqiq+?
q<R'
vB cs YET-n1TEu'-sfKro"ffi qgs
R#i^Ea^" <T qtfrsg'?<fib e<( f{frs slTlr,1{ffi.ot<
ew'F{f frE )bbb q1ffi q<( qr qqls'rq frE s
<*.K <'dK qfr{r qqT{'*[[ ; fut Fq6r
qm E@Fi\o qc{'cq I qrqr cetHlfl<r W{ mFffioa qlcel
<\furq et s't$tr viruat t"""'*"i
qffi oc*flrqrf{ qffi eTF Wfiffr<Ffi cqwm te-R s-{cs olfc<-q
q.Fi {ffi{
bo q{ q''ica{ c6llg< fi-rs qlgT ffi{
Elet (Java) : gilet eaF cqwfirR. vllT r
ceWfu. vlsm qFFcs
*L 1* *O tO gs fr6'r{ c-{rtcr q{Rr
*
"RT
qs I qMK qt q-qRn-or* {t slr"t qq <<{rrl'Rsl, fr<nsl 'e<< v1$
*f*
*A*rt, cqlwR. s \e(Tir cqwfr(- e< E& "lR"I.f qIc{6 r qlgf< 'lFfu
fl&
r

cewfr<sKNrEIcsqFrKqseoq"fkKftiFffSr{{q-qicqrllcEw{q{t\Y
;W,

q"lmF< FEftT UEtril csFI qt t qlst{ cffff cqH]q crsIril

qql e<:F G?M
Fr6s.cn-{ D|_{trqt <fs e{ sfr c{t c"fl'c<F( FKSn-{
qgq eofr
e{strficri (qtvt sffir{ c{Fiq) c{trr ettro r et {R<t

<Ffit{ #]
* {||#
qq$' %:
{s cfrs * me,

fow Tr< {tmrl6, 6{qI6{ qqqrli.P'q

q"nffi( Flrsr <iTql{ Tr{ cnir *"fi.e<q sPtotr{arEr R&*
$ffi
q<( qTsiql ffi|{fu{q<I<-Ef 6
Cq$q1T"frdt'erElq-6q<;ffiDfr{b-EF'ilr{

et6r-G( "r6qs

try

#ffi

Trfi"f
cqwfrs. EiIsr< Q<5Yt{ 6E 1 w<ru? effiv cerHlft\-e{
fu"o qs qf r q.{cgi? effi'
qom sfu ftd cqwm 6q{ff qaq EFfrT@ T-fi qr{o T{q qc-{cq
q{rq?
gdFm Oracle : <FFaT Cst|[<sT qlTKqe Oracle RDBMS Tf Oracle TnN "fifu r efr
)bqq fiCat Software Development
frfE 1-41q Cstf6<g| {tf[-dsTc{-fi FKS{ IT Oracle <]git<stl\5 <5'K I
I

of<-q
Laboratories (SDL) Oracle Software blx-+

5bs

c$ilT&qltr
qrFr'fq (ALGoL) qr t{ q:r
)bcb a16 affia gF$ RFrE q-{
ffir e Ecfitfro qrrrr ftil(I6{<r

wFFtar (ALGoL)

Algorithmic Language I
nftEbrcr <lrrqRrs"Fr

wtr q el{Ktvt-+qqg

ffiWffiffi

cqlfrlT (Fortran) : crf$|;i Tt FORTRAN 1IE qd ponmuta TRANslator I Fortran qfrgT SE.
vraT firf'tlFo cqWfrq stsf I q;t <tslc \s q-{il-{l-<f qttRet-e rfii\o q{El.s )bco-T flrsir

TRI$fu ,{fr ?sfr

sGI"t

Forrran

qT

wmETT

qFpTf

qW+NfEf RIQ po*un I, Fortran II, Fortran III, Fortran IV,

Fortran 77, q<( Fortran 90 r fQ3tITV'6l(T{qfi{fr-qg"taNSt
TFI qlstGt efoffts {CTre r Fortran 77-t q<ID'rT r<ft quFtg,,
e'f,{ Forhan 90-.4 eFtF{ ffers cRslT TTf q(Kc , qtrs
tfir{fu, efc{tf{, rya fuo+ c$t{ ,{<\ q6{s.q-X{ qjq
qefriri"r cstrf s-ff RrrrQ r rsffif{ ftrT wqq$. ritFic-$
RrF
rrqcelt Tsrt Tts r Ffs[, <j]Rfi\, <rcqf
csrq frGa
eR-TlsTfu Rflq ffi'sg={T ssK q-{i qmsrftT RcK T-{t TtT
qqlVTBB cettq cEuiftl' qfir$frrre,dtE, frfurcno
s qwR'-o {rco s
'rrs{"lK Frm crrsl{ <r<-qs <q r cFldn frm qg6n6, Rflr-fr-sr"r sil
Il* r c+ffirq 95 c(srccf Ktrrq 86 tr qF{ r vr{q 03 q crF sz F qqm <116{ | crTdrq c$eryccrqfrs rs r qflKrstc s cElRmrst{ <c{ (tqm& <g s cqD
6flq fffu c{t
"*=l
qrF
{RclT (nytnon) trF+
w{cqt sffi
Bm si:ra cenqfu. emt r )bb) q16q s?r\$ sj.t{
'
CdcIT (Culao Van Rossum) eF eem efsfi or<-{ r
"itft;q ftfq a1K qT{ cqFIFKo "ft{CTIrBslT
S"m cEft cq,|{ mTlqcrrrq I qqlttrr cEHlTrfi qRciTro
(F.c{ c{ft ssv &.srrlqijsrq
qcfus,
{Rqtrm com Fr$rre {<t
sm s-nrF* ffi
ffi

ffi

ffiffi#

#,puth#il'"

+lBrs.r qrms eFF qdTlg.sirp EfusT{ r qt smrtrr frGn

qqrR frR-<6 b{fi?i e qffi elr$TE
tmf sffi-s e{rfi >r'"lf frR-ffi T-{I Er q|t r rsta rilcq{
9lTfifrF "nteh t.o q$r<rf 4n.f TGr 1 q qqlrtrH rq E{l+ fr{Tlfr Ts qs u,f ErEf g.l$TlE (enetlfiR
[+rI lambda, map, filtet rg reduce
r

ffi

ffiig.

TfinT qqsfft qre "ntqq 1.2 I )bbc rTfcq et6rt s:lFr c{FlT s.tRiRflT
qc,fic+lT TT qn rqt-E
(fre;mmvrt) sfic-slq 6a6+, qQqras "t-{ \ot< otq u|frcr
cqcs eltriFr q<R. q{Fr cqcrqrD\e{lffi{FrrsBrT$'Tt cfism"r I 1.4 q(s-{H3ttc$
"flt{ftnrft'R
rg{ ?{fi?r cTI't F-{t qs I qr qr<l Em+r+pfi qrfi rW-3 ccfm BR6 qiR ffl <<I qEr
<}19{T6
qFfilB (Tl slq fr-t q< ff.srNt q'frr6Er clcer wf,afi crrdT)
.q<R, qtrq cRjR gT; q-rjvft{
{qdT | "flQq-q 2.0 sr{ RG{ ?<fid]\3 qirrst(nt qrrcE TlR-FfiftT cqHrR s.|.{I s.ffi-{ ce|r<F
q'Esffi{Frs e "fReRq{qc{rq6{sfie<rvcqsfr\s q.fr$EqeFqcre. c<Ft e+g cq'rqBr
"nQ'at{
e*g^cn-<-<{Bfro firsilrv-" E"r< r tQqq 2.0 cs riKr{q. s.rffiFrr{ <jrEt
{@ qrrrq rf FRfuE.k<
cTrflfr qRs'KsTrsirsF{
cqftm

ffiAffiw

)bq

\e-all \B

G.l5flrqH

e{F

c.).s uqdetsr{qr ffild cq-{IGrFrg{I ()bto)

qF gD.q (I very hish level gFlT
<Kq'C{-{ -qI]

ffi

frr"i!. TLs-sF stslcs D-Rd qqry"{ slTl (4GL) TqT E{ r Buos*

TtrsK I 4GL
slrl< g-ffitT ugd esnfs swt <t ag1 $A q-qg'rfr\B 4cL qK q-llqrcfri qrrlT
q(s
qjl3rc.lT
qqcqe
Development
Application
TF
Rapid
o-<r
{K
?sR
1nnol pns
*rqrc-q'

4F';EBE-<

:nrq6gT

ffi

"u

H#:fi6qqnrR
sFrt

q3(nv;r soL)

qffi

q-{r

1ouery1 e<i fir"ttf csr{L<?r rg rstt {qsFfrdK

gllT
5Ed qq-6{."{
Rffi'( Rr<6-{r s-<I.qr r qq{ sl$3t lcr{& swrs
qrcet

ccftE

frrT SF4E?K 'U<qt-+otft rsbrr:<re< $cq {K{t'l

otlmq
Elel{ q<( csDt q.|ql;t- Eql{ T<-cg,

Ig

<i<w

ffit

qS q'r <cE uqd efqi-{ g]Irfrs q+qfrfuBffi{

"IgnnlFl + ffion-< efuT|s<nT <"f{T frcs
gful1-+-+c.f{
TFI EI\eTl qg r qfqolR'f ugd eW"W vlvtx
si\q6-qs ffi qs I qq3 Cqr6E \t{ iT<Fi sfr<
Tcalers?F-ftft-rs q{-Sg"r<{ {F$-m sfuBa"c-{ qnef <I{{|{slA-{ ffi'ff6{l-['K <Kqf enr$' t SQL,
NOMAD, P.PG lll, FOCUS, lntellectffiT[-{-sFugdEqnFslnil
I

c.).q et?w ewl<tfrTal ffi-{lrffl5tsl{l ()bbo) :

c{rqR -s <I qltEt{lq ( N atu ra } vlTf
efs{ efqrq?T cElqtcs{ g|qT Frtc{ IIl{csK -ltstR-o-stsl <l
TttFIRl-{ sr|\erilqr<F <lEqrffi cufi uryce r a6qrcq e EcDA
qr{?F q{ efilc{Iq q<q qe(bq I qfiEf{lE qliiemg E elsK
esB qE :{l{cT{ sKi crffi sRFtI, ?',.r<&, qKfr, grlFm
I

qqiF qE ceT{Rq qnRq(T-q q E.wn< sFT <r{qT

em offin<-+ s'tref "sffi"o q"'r6?ofr <t6{

Qffi

,s<q

qr6lsil e{Ke q{-{l Tl{ffi-{

slTK ns r rws"{ slsK $5 Tr\dR-S 91$ TFqEilL<
<I{{r<< E-{r {q\3 qtrrs {Ast- frftst sqcq I q {{rffi

q]TFKI{ Ej'Rsrq'q iTF{Rq\5

glqtrs c{Fft*ffi vlTl{ <[flsr,T{ q-{I <r{qs q-{slq,$rs {fr.${

q Enctfirrfi o-irtqtK Tqt q-T qft {q"s Tftt{ {frtrsT
efC-TIrtK.{<fi cq-6
C. )

b W$m {qfu{...flT

'

(r

ra

ns

ato r s oft wa re )

Bsl lsource) cqHF{rfT' (Object) cElqfcr "iRqs <t{F R

qrnb.esirm{ qm,Mq isf5q a5E q-{-{Iao r offittn qs{lq
cqFnsw 1+Pcs elf6{ {cE q{i ulnlT cE{I Bqq- cElqlrro
cxFfqqflT q{<fs ;Tf FcI fon 5p63* st nfftoft +xp
{Ir<r{f r qT{q-rcrfi-{TBr qlRftT. <3trq:t, <RIIr r oqffi{
q r ttr+eiDr< e
e t qfcqqq6
r

)bb

cermnqmT

T'"nqflT

(Gompiter)
o-"nt{LT{ slq qrt rEMI vrsK s\q ceFfFrs'Tg cEEtlcT \trq-dq r-af r vrrprqEK s q-{{qK
wCllt cfi{ mrR'6o ellro I efarq.rlil qrw qfi:r <nnt qF11 qo , ilrr*A sFmrF 6qFrqqq6 \ry{trT
GIl3l 6F-r{'qt corFa q'.{fro sFnsmm v-{-{c <rdt q6Ts +frq <lF s-"fliEr{ \firmargrrn
X-T{1T
c{fi' qfi{ qf i vrn o-{RflT cwR q-+qKT{ mFr qr*un srkotr rra
r

fr{ frT qt cqcsq vFnr q-{r fu Gn re.erRam qrt

<rtrcf con fiffi o'"tttqm e$F{tq qt cqcsE

el{l[<r mFrs|T qfr"rsr-?rF {IGr 1 6q,T{ RR'iFs"llAqR cqft-rrs c{Fr;reFTTq-$lc*nrru,r
*nn
u.l-{
FqcofTT mFfdqqu w{<tq'crrs 'rcrq| I cf{FHq qtt cqFq g|s|r qsF
ffircqr ro-"fltqlTq-t{tc'mte1vlrg qq cqpffcv< e+ts"f frr'Rg Gns,frcr"rurq

ffiffin

"f}

Input

Output

Compiling
the program

Once only

Runnin! the

Many times

Program

ernt{kffi eFrl;rTMqT-: r Sqc (EFffTrsr'cEFffrri{T<.tqf

{ I qreK cEEtl{6o fra llinX; FTt I qr qd cgpfms qm ennfqfts trp\ (Routine) crt{ o-st r lFq
{E cQHnn-< csn F q(rl {fcs ron fiffi srq (ctl-{ sct) Rlir wn b"rgtn ffi1 6qs-Tf ai1[o
r

cst-{ rEFtlcq
R5.?ilqT

est {frT TK <t3r Ecrmr q[E g't E{t{

m{Rr,s. ar+i

Qrnm

s erTfq.r{n q{T<r{qK

e I eFffF csFryE elrsralsf sTf{fi{l

8 r E{r{ orR'6o Er-qq.flT IF q{qrff{ <raqf <lrr (Altocation)
c I E[sfqr{qs<rEsc cqHFll-sqlFr[Tr<T:ffir I
<tfuEEK q"Irri?T{ x< g-t+fr c\r{ttrq rrK qir ffisr* cqFnT Tg cEH|qro E${ GwRcs Rm s|{
I

etitetTrefutnvrorffioc<
F.rRqn*g qrffi q{R {R{lrql Es) r tffi cemrrrFco eT<lC<tTs cEHr6{q-{3ta.s<rl

\ | c$Fffcq cslqEE en-r{g.f qF{fclt

\, I {tfl{" c{qRr(5 **q'nr rB q.{qlFr{ <r<rqt <'-{r (Ailocation)
I

EcTifq'r{<gqtEqc cqHEroqFBs<lsrcff

o'tttqftT{qlfr{Iq4<I*ntErT csc{g tm cqpmfrro e<'<t{KtTg cqHlr$\s{Elq<pr<,

fic'r qT EET T{ls rTt Tt{ Tt FCFI qlcet {l[lt q(HFFr\3 Ofi TIS qI
I

)bb

qt

qfrot

g.qj

ifRrs|r<-{
qfrqs a-rc,

ffitflC{H

qlfu

mrcq st$lrs cqfurv-lslT {Rq\5 nil t grr o-'tttcK crlllr+q-$ ceWqrs

q-{{m TL< ET Tftd
a|-r'( qRqs 16 prelf64 t$rfteFT{ erF frrft mFr+\?.rslT

n1sr qtA

st{et{

q1q|q, s'Gr

\B

et=1oK

"rfiff

fon?.\-R1E 6qg

qFmeFE-Ttr{Rqt

qR$ qE t$RreFK $ <Tq<TeW (User Friendly) I qK <I<.qrn oEEIlrffi YE q(rfifl s-dt

qR<6{o-rcoqrqE\w
<I (EFIN qfiK6<5<T{qqqs i<FKqtiT-<(st<<lrqr6{ cEHIrr{ rsr{qqrt
qs r ftE e-"tttflr <I{qlK
cqHftfir cqt qsq qffi <c< e{ ccv{ q(rt qET T.r{ w{{|q Gr(g
qfuq< qffirq< 'rrsq{sBqq ceFttl.trg{'slm\tr{ffis-{Fq{ I
q(srq qd?srq
ttsrmefiT cqHl{'qFfl-cr ceF<rE SK<r{qlrtr C{Rq{wT{qlTtffilrF rsTqlgt
cEHITm ffi{Rts qW'{ $'Ct <1rku qs rt
qK q{1q

qfiGrBrffq{R{t
qa qnfuo

on"f

qr;roqcf'ffi T{s

Tlffi

FTI[{

sircs sr'efiqqlrtr{ Yql.l.:t

<1Eq;rg cEFI1l.
q+KTeFfc<T rwcE c${tq
o-fl<l rrirc-q* :rc$ q{{lrqsr qTs\3 {itcs qs fiFE

<{ t+dr6ru

olffi

cefFflTor,ffio-<rsq:nrT{r$q-{{EqTq:RI el69'4t r q<T'r{qo'{taK<KqlKq{-s csHl{

qs-<6r cqFFeRlT w5tq s5g Tlrlm v,t <K TIT T!fuft +;rt {lT frq tBf<(qil< <Kqf6{ I\t{l{
\T{EIq re,rcg. q-T
cqpfl:r old-sft orcq qs ss-{Kt cgpftra-* ffiBrqI eTF{ "f< eTF

cTcE

TqFflr

s t8tmeFlm{qc{t 'ftefTl'-

ffiglWtffiffi#,,ffi,itqffift
T*flt{K

q"',J"f CEWTE qT CTC{ q{{Iq. TGT

ffi
tfi<rqDK eo 4ER srr elcv 'lq<R q{{tq
s'Gt

tnt{rE3r Etrtr qErq{

ffiWqrqrc{Eqft

q{-<tnortf

s.r{t

ffitR e 6ms. qK csrE fr* uf&c*r{

<m or<

cq-q

ffi

qn'f{

ffitq e dffi( q{ csrEIF\o uf&c-ls

E+mqrr<< cryrE qfuK sns=t
r

TE$?Alr{-{ ${16{ CEIqF{ ffeirwffi el{

el{ss'|rcrr elcrF-{ qefls qEEIK s*llt{lT 'l38$ellg(<ir efrTllqq eiq
T-{f qrq "F-{giF q'K T-{tq r-fi {rflwl q-T

"1rr

qTr

ffi6{
cqptk{

{1:grr{ m"ilsft\r cqW{

ffisRs

CQEIIIT<6E

cqHlq

qs

r et

{lfrQ
$r q-{ffit

cEptt{6o

wr<-ceb[<K {tKrcr s"ftsR\5 cEtEl:{

qtfus cEwrcr m"ilffis qg{T

fi<tr s-$ TT tfT{ EcTIq;[

cE$mft-<fcq<gTq]

qtEttql-qlT (Assembler)
qtTrri{Elr<-{arci qE\flTrccfrs|qKfrFtc- cEFilTrs flFf{slTl'3<gf
qR E{l;t <'lq

))
l)

tft{

fr$ffi'fc{mtfi-s cslsrs ffilvwlT\tr5tqs{t

qiftccfrqfl@crc cq8lTstqtr cE{Iqifqm qRqs<'<t

\oo

ffiqT{

efcrtq-{

cEFffc{ q'{-{q<i-<I

qTcryt-qK

CEH]Tffiq

e) er6sj-s fticrfu ffT qTrqfs-lt orftmrcil, ftoqI qfs-cFTs.f qFncii

s) T{frrdq s csbf qvtq FFvRFTFlt
a) {{ yE c(rriFrrdK eK qET ftft cetr$ s.fq sF T3t-cs odFrro adTr
I

\e) {r{t{R qrrqqfr siTl< Erqr frrn{r$ qlTr{qEFr clFrqqTK erF

cqFlkqr s1'$fr'frF{
cqFflT fott oq6* frm m-qn
1mr+

I
\r
eI
8r
cI
sI
qr
br
)

nRfuo,

ffis,

$fr-r

ffiri

tftqg.ors

qrKftn-T
"It' qFs cEHfcfir srqr fi-.ffm s-fi pi{stir r qrqffir
qq s6r fr"itui-+< qry- frffiFrs frs*cTq q<Vt{

W)

q:iqftr erEfu nnq?Eq]fd-r, qlft&To

slqtr {t{'rs
c$q-{rsilr
frGftB, qlR.tqffi
qI'BsI cfiq'qTKT.qtEK{f t+FreFK $otq_TstT
slTI<Fl{lr<i{vGev1, 6q:nrj-{qlf,fiftdr* qRGssm eiqq<RF 4IC;lzT
slfl<r{{lffif s eFn{qRqf
cEH|qfrdrq$ utG s qs\o,r q<\ cnrR {RqL<-{ qRTtot

{-?Fr

rfbourfF,

ffi

qnfrftmqfrqf
qr.qu.fu ffiirts-gcnr+{ffi{
r

ql"R's-f

c.).b cEFtk{Tqvth
errlr

cEHfcr{

q({ffiqE. Aq.?lb
o $6q'q s
r \flEDtD

furfr qq.i

qflre,

etqq.le,lElT "n<*{R-s. c'-'ir6TqtFrcT.tfre cqHlT uffuqr

tqlbTqrcT-{ITEcn^e<Srcr{i Rq?Fdr csBt \e W1-qq{a;frfif46F{UBE-< cq-$Eg cq\a6qffi

{$l]r t ertl'I e5 t{"lB q{trr{ efuila-ilf <n<t r vlEEtB rEF cEHlcv* Tcilrrqro $[T r frcx er6
fr&nqq.f SR-sn-stqqINPUT NUMBERI, NUMBER2

o o {l;Jfi;i:T:il1+NUMBER2
PRINT AVERAGE
END

cfFtlT?sR
lT{q]T

q${1{

<T COI{

FrflqlqlrorffiBlr

gMK qRffiE gIrE Tilq.fr{I

qqr-fiq
r spEbK cqwm ?sR tr-{tr
il"l q{c-{"f s<-rg q-r

frNT TF{;Tqlqr{if B&r{T FtrfEbK

cEF[{ <cq

CEFTTCT{

Q.o)

\5qT

s crFflr{Ff

qfu

G.).)o TF{BbR crFflTE$lr{ : cetFttqlsfrd {t'lqTq

qrql6{i 6fFr q:FIn tr{Itfrtrlit
q:qqilfrem"f

).
{. cqwmffiq

\e.

CEFW w.'csqefcqt

qlt

cetHt:tte-fr{

q6F

qf"t

ql(q, TclI-

qt rofts.

8. c{PtI'tffials{ (6ffi. \e cEFttcrfrffig

t. cgFII{ <tFqlrirFcf
I

lTryqtf

fu{{

(Problem analYsis}
rT{rs RB{ 6#T q\eR <5GT gl R.rs{'t T<165 E3 I qK q-{r qqqtrs eF
w-qlt fiffi
qEF fus q$ I q(s qIfl Fr*T freFcq
cq6 qqr.t sFt T-?rt q{ t E6sfq61 EF, slprot, affv
qq''ril"{ RrSsI"I <6Tr{ FRfcr{ GEfrRs R{sqrFTr wry frrs q*s-fl-?r etir

fu

ffia

:Hffi

e9.RT

(Prosram design)
<q-rs 6{'-{nT qrqtT q{Fffi cfl{ lq"Tr d$q Fn*crr elc-TlsrfrT cRFtK{ T6{ T\e-{
cEHIT
qFq c5l'rglrs q$-<Nlr{ frrds"f orp emret 9lT
r qfirotr.f IqF@-? cof*
frrs*" q* .""t u=tT
qqq qtilq1q C<frrs qffi 1 q{tflrdrfr q{t tTT{tfra R&n qqrf sltt TcT qrs'fs qgt:firffi tfs'gt[q E
1 qEq
:r< qq.f qqrm ffi1Q-+stm fisr o-sco {* r firF{ q$'Ft {l<--{RA qC{v frflT reirfio
FKSnr qttr-s ft-s\e csm cqRlre qs r reN|tq frqRtrq frifqfts fiq*srEt vtip' r <ett-

cEFflT

ffi

ffi

.
.

qrGE"Fffiq,
qq-$ e qrEDqct<r'c$'q-q-6m{
Q.oQ.

c$EjI.ffi{
wsT{ alTft.ssTr{ Fsr om cEHfrl-{'fiGR: qsq affoft re-stn qql
mrRro
a qfl-q['ilRq{

ft3",{eIET

ffi

m-+co q-q

6F|D-IF

T*m"l
O

n5Fe'lC:l-t <f CTI&. (prosram coding)

wqr'ilRqr' mllr {rufrfls celcT {Rffis rorq rqHTfiR s}sr{ rqHTq FRlr. q{ r q Es cEtei.]fiR
qRq?r[F-6TTqq
CEFTN

q(-f, qrsrEHIT

CqHIT

cotfu< (cooing)

<F,

<l$fl$f

(program devetopment)
cqHtT coG( <r-flT 'R CEHF Tlq-{:rv s-<t qr r e q'r{n Egffi cqtqFwo
6s q-cr qr. q<( 6ffi< <r*r<
9K Er{TQ-{ 9-{CI.CT C(r.ittn Tiil qT
I CEHTN YE CMrE v-1. qR6,11{E Gil qS,I CEHIffi{ EEI.,
cqHtcr{ Ttrl T{t qr I q-{ q <n c(rfi{{ o-snoffie. TEI qs
I

GqHIT

6ffi\

(program Testing)

cEHfcr 6siiT ftE Rr"iT:{r{ <frrr nffiBn-+'< cl-qFl qM fir,n-Er ,ir{T s-( $E]TE
<t{ s-<m q{.
qt qq'Gm Dry Run Tf,E I qTK nffiDnn csln et Rntq {FqmI
tq$ +cE cqifiq8tfr-6r fi"f
qr offitnn-< s-4T-{
}rcr fiqce frt{il q fi-a6 r<R$ {t{ cqHtm
'fffl{
W qkq r csar et frnT
qllerEtcorcE 6S 6sbr (Test Data)
1

'

<9 qcE slrs rq{\lcEl cqF qqr{ sFf ocr ofutbmco elrqs q(rm
ql-q-Flsk{
't6rqtK s-{
<Eil q3 I qffT r$'f{ q(rsR
qm
qSrt
+q
CqR[
tts cct
FS
'If{lT
ET,clcq r rqt qSt E={tq
g.|q TGr
qs
TT(LtFN-ff{
o-sm
qercvrqfu
r T{ w
qlEE"{E
"tftTt
frE no+.f .ru'*our qo
"rc<
csfrg e >r{FKf<T qs t cqHN
fi-6 qcE t{"lb osbtT qqxl qrtqR {"rflT qfrr ts-{ "itTf
"rq
CEHF{

qlqlF

o*

cS

{16{

CqFf[Clfg

(Program Bugs)

cEHlr ?sfr-{ cr{ cEHrr frq rT-ft'q

EE cctm {]T r cEHrrq-{ yErc qH {t{ (Bugs) r y{ {,tp
qtcr st-s qni {s-6qm cqIEFr ?sfr re<rs qr qq-$ qst"Rtqtcg:
qs cq}Etcq *q
r
*fr* ,i5o
efnre <($EF-R w< or6m Frcfrf o:r a11-m (EHfc:1-{
yEcq.ftq-sf6rf sIrI TRT n"H" I 11If _
|

q#

: r Fn?fi'syn,
I r n&epn.s

e I rFrDRq

\e

q&ffifiDRr W

rt
oT

fufff$p

(Syntax Error)
FTdELlg YE <drm c{RiR cqwfr( sTqK <rrs-{.trrs
w"i cfl-{ <r;n{ (pRrNT co pRrMT cE"rI
ffi); relt, grroE ft-sa-r {T c?sn; csr{ D-rdrr * qF{rr{r -yfulEEeil;;
*1 wt
"n<r-"'1Et"firT *oo rz -n* ,irt o"..#
T{q'sl3tci fr{bng Frffi 6EEl TffiBK coF gr+*
q{s Fry qtq
D-ffi{ El{ Tf qFlril qcq q-{$iJ'
FE c(riFt-{' T-{l qrisigs oftq nTi D-rq-"{ q|q fi-o ron Elqr{
qt{R'o qr< g.t firw csr< EK TT'rs qT[ I qr+-@
V,eu uT-d cs ARrffi Scgaf qnou.cE{ r.t{ ft.q vR
qtriR c<rf{ qltc+ q;a16s qs,
I

\os

isr6

q&s $

6apfl6qH

qnfu

(Logical Error)

q&-s W I qt{Rn\o wqTt S-s{E {l 6{Rnr w{eJ VE q{ I

crn.rAi e *iE6EA > B <l P =A + B qrqrffi P = A- Bfr{Ras&'oVEq{lFrffqYrffi
\5t
6q;rE rFffw-{qlqenF cs.|{$'sr 4tsrt{lTqf frqEe-s-grsr cffiq'erFfis-{ "lt-\erTslT{frs
gn r offitt< 66a g.r+< <r'.fr qbmqr {ra qk-s YE q'(r'fm{ s-fl $ TS{ I

rEl{fc{

..

",

{Fr Eq {r$m tnt **

il{AQS s qRRt{erAQTY4 (Run time & Execution time Error)

fitarr$ gq cgBr ql{tcq rr 6.hT T<nb $-o qt en-sFT TFr DRq er{lr

*t

Rl"ll* r GI
'ItniF<t
q{ I mFt
firct
FISirq
ctkE\3
crcq
qF'r|T{
E-q
<M<r
ot
<r{f
{tT
Efu
C*ur
strf s-{t R<t <tq qR"B'K <dT{ <t qrnfrqq c-?t T-{I I qT{ crFGE\3 grn-* <6t emf <l

ilFK

5i

ffi(

(Debussins)

ffi(,
frsto e<tF rrrc{for cufo|r

uEg6r{ yqq,tr {gq

c<K s'GT E-t

q3 Tsrrf

trT

$$R-{ qd c{rot <tef 1 19a5 lTlrE T16

qbfq qq qrs slr r e cmst ffi( s{lB{
e<

qlrtql
"p"tBtErFr
Es{fr
i"r< Wctr ?-{ qtqsxt +fu conq cqwqt <K{K reaI
aft51<5',5s CC$ qT t e[Rl-q{ EcE C{'I{ Cen$fu,
ffis. qK qqr eFrcT cEF{yd3r q]5nrr|lvT eFr T-Kqrst
q{ qLT {K I q<.rfls 6qtr{ YE cfra {m
frr.fsrw qt-El$' fim qT I cqHftn<r 6qF'elF Y-{
qr I
ccscEt qtr ffi6s ltrq erercr Fr$rrg W 1T TT f, EFPK E&-s W En s-fi
r

fifrrrqFqv.ttlr

tq$ mrq sftBffi ereE y-r+< <l6f lenor Message) {lTs\ cqWcq-{ 6{'l{
q\r.fl{q sTf qT
EFCT fr {fin1 fisxg pE ql6q Er qprr 6q-a vfi st
cEptr

<FfuEB15a

q&-sWq(LtFrT
q&o vq cg.ttqrq* ci-{r Cs qqtr3 qfes fu qs \ofrs T6{ cQHIT 6&.
*nBrRq s eftftB-.n BRl gE qKrir6
qs r :rr{
qsz6 enoco q{ stre- csFr EE retr
qq q{r rFqEbrcn ,"bt tqb *n
1ftS
"*t
qtq
cqHl5l fr-{FR T-{Cs ffi',
TFrNi q5q Cq, ffiR esF qfrq q{sffcafs <iT'tK I ,ssft
qr{" c{c'r sK r qGww{ qffi'{m ffi( s T{a,'cF{r qs | {q{t(
cEFIITFTcq-?rs e:Hfr E fu $c
q* uf*ru-oFta * qrn-. q:l{ 6fftt cttrEs I.i +srf{ frq 6{t
r

CqH{<SEfIGFFt

(Program Maintenance)
s-tr|{ ekrM-{ qr I qrs <FT
<leTfr{ "fRRfur {ffiq-{ q-{r rtr<I {lr<I cqFffcq Rtr{F
ascttms.t I ct{<6Fo Con eFbnn sfuEAT ql'fn-{ o-c$F <qq< 'i{ c?lC$ s-S cqlenT ?sR T'flT
qrK <llr qT r SGE cEFflTr{ $rKl{cts N-<Ferql cqF qct W
(ErT T{ttr{t cEHFr ascfkTrFcct

1ffi

ffi

T-flqr, ereTsqq.fm*"oftg* (Modute) r qFrT{BB{

rrsi

T-{l-T

qrqr rEFtfFK q6-o s-{lcnr+'ff{

?'c-R

s-{ca qr<

erFfiffi

FfqTGt

t cQF[q<Fcn-r<riF{

ETfrG.-{lT ( Docu mentati on )

\r{iTrt.5+ q-{F c<]<trl{ cnciK fr-E<"f, q-tlE[5ilRq:1, GJDff, ElT, rsl&., ry- rTlFE,
.].Affift- qql errmrsftT 6s64 ffi< frQe fr'-aqcf <T v-{cn-6 er\5 <'-{f r cq$frq qr eIFFF
to8

cqlilTfrq-E{

W v-qnrftn

Tcr {FIF qT, qTr.ftR v-{c{r+rnq s-{t EGv, qT I g.{mfrlq cqg6{6o

cEFttT hofrr ry< {trqt cRqr n.cir q<\ q{ +Tr c$ilqtr qtft-stm <frq qs
iO-"r.-< E-{,.c{cf${
siTl Tf qr{ffi elct cqFffTFF cFg.lrE 1ffi{ o-*r o$-q sl qrNK qrr eicg, frnRqTE
*i,iu un=
Cc"ft

cqHFrrs r eq-{Tqrrrfffiwq-veqg1{
cFfltfcle cqHfr( er R&F' {l'f <DTl{ qrrr qt(4, {ctq e
I

t{lB,

fu-{Fri s ugrvdtr+-as%

frfrs flrt cflb c{T-{ +sx rot&. to"z,

qnq(lilRqT

(Atsorirhm)
qnqrtftRqr -F?F qqFr
'q'rq rfiffii'< TIT cetc"F tqq& {6ac{ r qimc:nftqq qd qlc"i qrf
ti{ry't qrFr|6t qdR ertr qrrrlcs rrr{F $rf csrs'q6or$F {t{
'K'Rr q{F{r{ s'Gr we[ c:ml
q{Kl{T3TI

{ffi

qfqrtRqru<F-tdfraora

I
e, I
er
8r
5

rselT-

WtqrufiRqrc"qqTfirqr{
c$l{ {f"REi?ft:{Frsqrrrf, q[-eloF {f"r9? qr<{ks c{ coF cEEttTlTrrqrqtsrT<rp."nr<
ffiqqq?R-s $r'f cr{tlT {fl{r{ qcE, oFEBlm< c+rEftTr{h crmt qql{l"I
r

"n\sRTTlrT
qrsTtl'lssr{ eRKtrlT-fi}B?Tqr{
qI <cqg e\r-K-{ qrqtunfrqr,m rl$r{. srco
FfurEF,< frrq fsT oct csir ioq s-{F
'ITGT
"n"r< ft
crm q5q fit fuq+r fttg qs 1 qrt{c'fiRq'r et creq sFrtT qTsm. ors isr RqT(D frcs
qr
r

cnsttfiRqtilT errFBqR{.f firE. cnerf qq

Eqrqnr-l
TC

.S-sF

{({tt{

cqtrleE c3r

wt{H

r?t{

wI qsF wq?rfiRq{

frar

E"lrffi qrqltF ofuBnna gr6Tr qrtq-4 srrrc ErE cEHlq frinT qrv ql"tqrnRqr q[< fixs'I{lel-) : q(rlile(Et flg
{I"f-{ : c(?BTorEr{ mlrFF-4 c<3t sT
{Ff-s: Rl5fsEqf9lfs
{Pt-8 : 6.I{ Sit
r

ggsffi;

frmfrspM

oc"nq-< qff-o'iftvlr p-qlv-{?sR-{ s-{' etrF qirq rfrqr frc.r Fis-$rs cq?nv
qdr?t9-v-K: c$ftsrsr FrHftqq e-c gJFK en erF
nqbe-fr +rr etr q-qt fr cqFlfrv{ r{FFr
frFrffi om Frqoro ccrttr< r Frryo cftil qq-cs' TdTs s<cFr
r

\oC

sqT

cqFnrqH qnfu

Sqfqscf-\ :
tfrg rlE-srl 8o eFt 4lqK CeICS
Lctr q-{ ql4 "fl'F R{cr {fts.H qiri ef{f +r-< r sfr cc
st{qlT, q$;flcK q<( ell{, qfftlT crqef"tlr{Kq-{i cqFil{te-fr'dwrqcflRq'qfr{

effrs srqrE

q${l{:
qnqmRfl fiTs.r{l'f-) : EI]IE,{{l{&rEcs-{f
{I't-Q. : st{ qNrs fi{rr Elg Tf{K &rsq
r

{lef-rr I EIg4lITSnTCqs CqttlTdT 6{{s-fl

{l"f-8 : gil{ -lEsiil tlg TISK C<3t T-{t

c-<t

$4-c sfr E9 qTK 8 o SC'l'Sf s:I qs E]{rE

{fof-g ,4l{, qlg mFqtq< <\'otl{ EIqNs
{I"i-q: b4q$C4{I\e
{"f-b : Tl{, EIg CqF{l{'K (e<1'65af Et"tlrS
{Irl b : 6.l{ S-{
:

b ;R ttlc4 {]\e

Sffiqc1-e ,
qitqdRqr fr{ I Tmcri-{ fisfrq{
loo qq dfrrrr rr$Rs qqfr R{K T-<tr q-ql' esF cEW{ ?EfiT
qlr(
qBtg
q{"
EBIft "il6{ <( 8o qbK qfrR-s stIrwt qqt EF
:o ffiT
;ffi- ,fi+$"t so s.tf "t<I
qtw ro bffi qtm qslft ffi{ I
,,

q]tqcrnRqr:
{tei-) : CfrrcT nr6 q!. s mF F'lcq<r q$r &rwq
q-ryirnTfir6{
{let-a. : sfr cqfis-tst 8o { ocs 64Fi qluqra c 1i fiqsN3
$"f-rc ; lqft = cqFq-fi X 5o.oo
{lef-8 : vq($cef g1l3 |
$ef-c : q'qft = 8o X )o.oo + (c{F qBl-ao.oo) x {o.oo
Eflot-s : onf qr , c{F qDl e<( Tqft qaN
{lof-9 : {frCFrcT( c(1n a.oo C?iIs'FqR{ ) T\ $c"f frTTS\e
{Iei-b : Cri{ S-{

{te1 cclrc

sp.s-d

'

ertr sirftq(IT
rcIl8l.ctcql

).

?sR r-{K qilqT'irRqq fr'{r

-pfr o-<m ql'l.e6q-T

cs-s]-{TlT

qc< fiE-{"r--

eqirqcfrMcs{

qRlFtfrrEcs'{
a.. "lc"lt{TlT,
"iRrflrf{qm s mF
qfcm
rlcq
q<r+
*f "iR{"f sq <;GI "lrB-{ q1q 6ffi <t{ I
{Rflr"t<
e. "fc"lt{
8. "ic"lK s"K siktT *r-fl qr< &re'q o'<
qs-a

c. "lrlt< qt6{{ B"f< effi fr4-T T'{

\9. "rffK qT{ sflB c{'Ft T'6{ CqF qlT cfiI F{
q. g&( e Cash Memooc[ERI'if3
b. (q;sf{{l'{, qJl@q, 'lc"r|{{lit, 'rc"lr{ "ifui, "lC"R-{,4T-s
b. sitdF{ qRrH lellu
)o. 'ffi-R mtDqNeI"flre
I

)). c{Tffi

Q.og

qR$ff{q'l{

\3

{filTq'I{qHl\g

'

.E*lrffi{

ffr'r(Frowchart)
cqH|'[ frqli.t arsi qqrf< sr qfr ,iro mrur& TI{rm 6c=ttm qr r
mud qE qr{ TEscEI eR rr
rT${ltsr6oqrq
"f<"fgfr-strsqsq-{q65qf.{ r .'qro 6ilD.F<E11-{o3rcr celrs
cqF$F{ir
(r_row) ft-qr{ q6E sl c-{Rf Tts r mfuF cqHtT
{<$
dqRs qW :tRF, Tc{ +re frtrA
ccmo6{f<|l{Wq:u0"f

FrnBlfrr:rro, afuBEK<r<qtftffiTxw arr'mqrpr< lcomiunic","nriqfroTqo,

cqFgrmr etlqfrlr ffi<nilqT Glutd{ Tt{rF
"rRnr-asnq Era {fi qs e<( trffin S"rs &fr or<
c{pffi q5-4161 {s I qtrq etfutesrr< c+re ffF cEHIT <rrt cs Fcr ccr r q*r cs-rq
G{otf
gFnq{ eFt emfsRrqin$Mccr r eFFv{srRT{ @.ffi ffirFr.qfrqr eqnscr r'
) I T{q cqHmmbcmrtr+f srr
t cenqmr{ qnfr{rnworurora
cfFll.rBt'

I ccfFnq qffi ig qR-q{lnryqFrst o.cr

8l cqHflt(s4lsrr{lssIsGlt
c I Tqrq s q\rrrerqf{ cqHIT 6q{IrB?Tq-T
e

@tu'td oq<i'etrn a.fifrfrs eR <r qmq'q'fr

8:"

.
r

,:=Ee

lsiFotrIt Ee rnru rtRI ErsIq;r qs 1 qil-{fr (ANSI)

FaqlqT bofr <rrsR-{, qgmf qtsq1fu$-'rTm fi-gu
ffiFElT eFnifrsri
Cnue"<s E{Frs Et skrt v-lrt Gf rBr r lr[> r ftnBq mutd esq

q{ r murd< qqr frq s (q{)F,

RT

qqrgl qK.

American Nationat standard tnstitute

qt

t I cgFIIrr cptutD
frG;trqffiflf
FrGf{ mDl#

cstT

fr&w qcrR qc{T EftT|s-{c.K eKq 6?"|fm[ qv r et firq rstr

qr r Efust+-<r"n ft"fq.il$,t et
I 66;a ffi6qs sl'fu.ltfr 5qFa[6s fiffiq anru]F <lqqs q$

EfrRIo{q

tq-t.g-<

ersf, qfuTF-{"t, cRTFcf \s r-ElFFr qq..fuir e-{R <t fr-s-GR$ s-sf

fffFrd orymaTf g
F@ FmfT ffiHfr wlr qirqe erqsr{q firirm ecre
qffieK

[]

LT

X
V
el

efrfl<Kq

C]

vTrr+
cotreF<tqq{fu

qvqlt{

GrR

c-{ERr cIrR

A
n

\o1

frqrgqrqq'{{
qffqTf q]q'mf

"ils

6'f

ql6{r esfr's-{q

q{S/

qtEb"lB

\oqT

il

\:7

o
a

fim

e c{lrffc{FI

E{e

TrtTcrqtq$
$r$sE

etFF <116

T'lsr

ftq"ff,g.f+
wfrnqB-$

[3

e"$

.-

TRNF{

<- -i

/t\

1-

qnTrcc

WslE

ur@qnorryq

ry-R

cwr<

csFft,c{Itt TITBT

--->'

qtfr(q,R.rq

q{

+
I

ffiT

er<rqrfro

c+sq fr4crr q-{r qrF

ffiflf cq{Iril qmq r Esfu c{ qt fftflrE qfr'flGlq-s
.,.
<r"fut {f fr'[T qfrF{ffi"f
't6Br frG{ \{(r.K qc$' 6sFt el-{R cn{xm qcsrq

ffis

rrR-qr4frc'rtr

\ob

cqw{frqF{

cQpS trtFF
cqptlq
{D-{1

fflt-[f

ffi|{r

ffis

cEtttcr{ R&d. qk"K

y-n fifr-a \e

r vBrgl cEHIs{

fr-qs.f cq$ qs r

q3 r EG Rir"filTq cEHrx mtuttds qqi <I<qs Eq-<Fc{q

svflls'

cq-affmt

frqls

(Decision)

eqt/

wD"{b

"Ffr{fr-o

<- -+ t.J

-f
I

CEHTC:K

ffir6 C{g,6ffi (gfi,rfq"f

reDte1-ar crirl q[E srsirft-s-{Gr

eF r+uqfr4*
s r ?F-ffi{ qftnJqfrfr
c' r o'E c<sqqpffi<tqfrcs
g r c<sr$r 666fr<rq
c I q?[T {KeI qqn<s{
rr r Rq'Ko.r<

ffi 6qg{ffi

eQ {Hc{q c{rc Gsrfi R{r<T qlr <r{qs

cqHtnK Tq {Fnl efNsTlTlT r m'wcfs E?N {fr"l
!'r.Ft ccrrq cn{lq EG{'cq r sfi em qr{ cEFffcfir
sM c$r q(K qEi, fu ulTfrm q-{ firEr rRc{J
fi-{i];[ qrra I qKK ultrK s"fiqfuTg tqFffcr{ stq
frcu-* qpfafr.6se1-<1fuq{

qfuxmaq (Process)

cesqRc.lr{{q-qr,{sF cqwT mEtr cn{l[{tqcscE Et

I
\r

cemlf q{gLT sFtEA< cEFnT

q-qr et GflD'6 <r{qr{ T<T
qmrq

(Terminal symbol)

sftnb-{

et

qRr$fi qq( cqHN "ffts|{

easr{ TSk r{qrfiT 6E-o cfitrt 6.11T'ffsltr ?R<f

T,ft{ S-{t E?tT {fet (atrr q< qf'f {|<f{R<ssl-c<
qv-qfto q* r qFf c.lT sT E\3{I 'F(s qq qfu
6EiF EIItrF
I

FE - c.r.,e

' eaF cEFil{ ffi

Q.ob

Efu-qT

e<Tq{fi-s
A-sr

E${ ffisrfiqq -

\0?R

(qFffc{Ft eRG

ff'Ff

g
'rtGK ffiprorqrr
TFflEfir cEloffm r{clr{:ftg {tscs 'ft{rE qt r q-+-q 16 q<R {F nFffi
pfrr

sm-{Fnsq<ns
rqc$
5 I {<qq{ST (Simple Sequence)

qrg q6{ r oFqBtn

{ I fr-{rF{Trfr"6n-o{t{ (Setection)
rr r Ta-*qfrqf frFnt fq<t{f (Loop)
8 I ql'4 (Jump)
{gdf \5lT4q (simpte sequence}
r-{dr q{@T e$fr T{g.sT tu r et ttrF
Frq+r,efrcs fr-6cEr \trdtrc{ fflqstm {Mr{
?firsGce'q-+qq{oqq6-{

lslm q 1ryryqqq

muf

fi-stqE

r1!r4q'{sn

tection)
lTq-rs frrr s't-si s3rK q-{] ei qu q-{s'tr
fra-rs {drcs sl TsIt$ \Ff qE 8 ?tF c({n3r
yE.{T{ "K rT(fi q[tr w.n, esF qrs
s"Kfr <g <l emF qco q"f<F ceB- et
q-o-q Rq'{ r <ss rFtBnr
{Eo qA rrF
(Se

-t

yE{lT{offifrro

)
)
)
)
)

"n'c<

-)

fr-{o-qofrcq-s.ffi

-*l
(Selection)

tmtffr' <t RPRt"n <t qor (Loop)

-)
o-wfr aM <I fir,{-f t{s TT8 T-dr{ q-{i qei q-<-$IT | 6Ef4'q-6q W{6Ctr qF SI\3TK
"lir "I{dls .b
q-{@TF< qqo frcr fi-ftq s{ F{K q-{r u-o
tru q-<-sm r qdts "trrqfr.{rs efuflr q{r
r-t
Gq'c$ft

ir

Loop
qr"f R{k< {rqifur X-q cfiffi s-K s6R?F EEF ,fffif{
r-s{rq'r

)
)
)
)
)
fivr q*t

T{r<-?r cTFtsdr ftfr-Tr

sto I q?it6{ cstrr< qfuTI q<E,
q-qr
c\5'rr
<l
cRqiK
e<E EfumT a*aqfr'v6
Tcr T-r<F
^\e$tE
q(Frq mlctl{ qlF <tT TFr qqsFv
qrq I sr< qreK c({lt -q? Fm <rq frro qs ceN$6i I ErElil
q<-\t{ c(<lT fr{-q'rK qqi frfr{ E"flT <Frqs qr

t)o

(EIWTffi.r,'

vd

qel thrr<

cEFtfclg c$|q

) r Slt C+gP lFor next)

r g c<m{o
o r gwffiqqn

a 1 fuffiffiqf TrciTQ-{

q({m tri< con qqr"t frRcs c{s]I.t I q'f qFrlT fuq <Knr q$ I {ell-

q{

cqF (For next) s s-{ c{AE qr"r fl1E

c{sE{<r{qKs3rrq3
g ffi
(Do white) Tf s qr e"mt esF

qs.?iTl

iE|{t qlfs qqhte, cqF qr'FT cs{jt

qm

elrscdr

+-{

sinoqms'5q,{TFfiffiff$qft

firq-<r"lTq
ut5-q

*nro I q{fr{\e

frffi

ffTf +fu

ert

F.Iq <l3Frkr

atqQTq'f {lnfinite loop) t 6{sA{ qrq q<q sfsi qK-{K

E{<r{qTsiilq{

qlF{

Tl-<qir

Y!ffiFE (Do untit) EI't s ,cR efc{ fr6ffi5{l{

?Fit[sQg

qt{ *firs I ,ct q{ c{R{t{ qst Tlq

dr

T3res qS r olsr

p{w flT qr qT EFT ,{t

(Jump)

citr{ q{o-cr{ "rffiffi q-{i ril'c$ <i ffF

eF <K{T T-{t qr r qc{ s "i'uIc tsTI
ersFr ET qo effcr r ftq Fnrf"t q.|q' frc{
cirE w{@rq "iffi T-6{ cqnnr 6r.fuq<
w{r qc{ s?p q-fslT I \Tl3t D-@ qnsiryE q-ql
9I'D'RffFq:TS'KqT

rt*

'.t6

qT

V].'l

cEHfffir Eq-{T rFlDtr c{r{|f qr{o :rqq r q-JTqrTtftq'q

{lT

l
)

)
)
)

(Jump)

,u* *1grE& c+tm <uql GIT oLs

e-c qF{rT{o I
cEFIN a-{K
cqm qqnt- ffiu.tr ?sfr crs w{4K cqigq
sm< B"f* fu6n s66 Tf TFr trFfiF C<frs', rs6q
R 6s|E cqWfr1 stslT T,{sRe $Tl qr
qimffiq{

W-

qrt

rnclT qrFfl?c{-{

?FC{Efm

trFF fres\,-ft< tsfr Til

ffiFF qrst< ffi

\r

r
I
I
vI
qI
e
8
c

frq' s'f{t

o;rtr

q{

ffffi

esF qq-gf tsR

csriK{T3tK qr{M-{qs

ifl's r trlD"F ?sR e-Em q6q E?kN

Erfiqmioq.\r{Fflnc<qffom4firs qr

crflf qr+trfu

ffi

t*srffis qrRIqR-{lK

q.({

g|

r<Rn'rqt qS t {Kl{qE b"r< cqnre frro <t

q{q'{
q{
et-<'rq
uFfrrT
6alrs
eelfrs q-{Rc<rlt 'K93n*r cqq'q.{Fs Etrm qr<T 56raq&-s}]qq-"t-6sr cq't'ffcfl'f 6ff$lg{t
Feemr cqtrsr<v s crr{ {Rtsr{qrs fit{fi:-qvrrmfrFE qlTC F-{Tq'lr effrs
EI6FF tr-l5t#T esFrl{ QIFFGI, ETelgTaufr'st<qtq s urfr?tfrcsqm
ql-qqffitr6Tifca$s<r 6q\e{rqlT
{-e?-< wT c<{r{ aq TTqs{IslEI
ffiqgqpg ffia;1-{ "ifii<ntaqrqfi erfro<l<qKs-$sl-q

er{R rtrfiT srff

ql

6s1-{

BcqT "m csl-{

fuqs

41sT

\)5

\5qj's crFfrr{Fiq{fu

b I qBFgroa cq$c\ffic'f \TqD'qqsm{rq\erlq,rroK

b I ft6.|dftrrF rsr{ a{Ftfcrir strqg cq{tfroq*
)o I fffD'ffr csr{ q(r{3r ffie <"fil ePdstsir qrE cct qsrR
I

cilsFr

qfE

q-{T

TrssT6{

ffis

ffiurf <r<{<

,qolfrs "ilqT dtfir emtqqqrs {tm I qrscr cst{ qtslT Rqrq esF frfr'{
cF qr{rq ffi|ra ,qr6 c(rrFI
rr"l dzo qn fus5s 5E1-4 {(qll <r qr-{ (cqr{ n) <"rnri qr
qlqF rn-{' ettsts Rqrq & eftryF \flig qcr[q cc..ttrq erB qqrqr fre eia qT frsra Q ert
c$8T<f qs'(q{q A) T{tF qc I
q:FTnT @JFF

fr

(Pseudo code)
lrut (Pseudo) eoF ft-+ +q r ryvT rlrr< qd <uq qE <I Tf rgi Etr I cEHf{ <D-{r{ qqr q(i-6st
cEF$rr{ {rutrrt\r FmT s'r{ effr<5.r I ce|HI{ <rilT qsfrT{s "$-o"i qmr{ Ws't(ols eFrs{ T'6it

{[9KTI9

6{wt stt I {6sfrsts qnqqfrqrqr t{-ffi <f qcrorqm wlqrfRq,rqr frsg\s <cTf crro
oflr{ I (EFffcrK {{cl q<\ Tf{E"fift qq<fu ftq c$lrs frrof't <f fficqd-{ mffi
Wqmv r-{l

{sr

TrqrsM ft'rs erF cetFtFno qr{sr{ E"rqr"r+ f qr rt m|trrl fiffi sFflStsK <t cettttfi ststr
$ag fr-Gsfuqs r eFf Wr e :rqq tg<ft vtlt-rr qrryrt q{Ffrff qffi $'f qfiTs'r<
r

Err{<Ffr
nF q<orK mFFFq ..{<R rtg fr{T

?F-{K

q-{I ersF TrsR-ol\r fr<I

{${f{8
epffi

qqqTf

s'trf a.Gr 4v

qF oe9iBrnm q]{fts'q3 1 vlT'l3r q$BT Efrrr 6Tt'f TK Kt'lq-E

c{dsTf qr I qlFiluirTll{fiFdpurroufrxnt<r<

,4<R

c{l'irF{rr

wsttrFlg.t
INPUT NUMBERl
INPUT NUMBER2
TOTAL = NUMBER1 + NUMBER2
AVERAGE = TOTAL/2
PRINT AVERAGE
STOP

tsrnrq*rc

frK, ao?fr, ffi,

Et, {3,
'flfr,u't{D', st't,{R.qtsfi'6q'$f
qrqnFil qnEERqr e etoFSro
r

a.)t

\TIcq

rQYsWtfrrsEtqlqrrqqc<

ElTf

a
C$Elqffi{
'T:[KHI
qqqiltrdqnrrRq{ffirta

ffi

r r c+?frrp ffiqm:l-o
fimRtsnnqcrroqffi
q 1 frBtca-* ltn qq r-{cs qcq
,e r
"llfr ur*qEmcF<FTrElTfifr, ur, qlfrFkFtroroqcE
e r sTrr.FIc-T cil<rdt-q Tir6o q5q

crcf{t
".p

qlflsflr

&fis,rpqqc

Rtm, r+ifr, Gfr, ur,

E{, "flfr, EllF, Tt't

cstfuE qfirn:rs "nftfrLs

Rbrmcqmo<q

Enrq+rg

1+2+3+ 4+ S +..
oars'esF etoF?sRo<

..+ N et{f$FrR'Ffs-qc<T

Rilm<cqt\ffi'lsrre'q6{

lrEtaBfr, n, wftFrrgtrscaEr<

orq frts qa-egq<rcroqc<

S=S+l

l=l+1

Eq.rq<Ftc

qfrrflT {paflqiFnt slFrot cenm

(rfirrro, frflq) {qFFTstT{t
I

Q.)e

s?R's cqFlRNtf

wr
ffi

qR?BT

celm<gc$ilF

1fur c<-<onr

q{b

esfr cpfFff?qRrr

CE

ax2 + bx + c = 0

eFF ftqIrtTftsrq r et qft{-{c"R Tq

-b +tlb2 -4ac

errt-

X2= -b-"1b2 -4ac

'2a2a

rTfts-fltT &efiF\?rEK (a, b, c) $rffi E"K qfqr ETe (<ts<, \T{v{, rTfl{) Fdd
s3l;r q-{r qoF \{]trycrttRn:{ e mu'F?ER qr

56

qm$al 6$r

iT{F{r{E

q{lrq b2-4ac co fi'u'F-s(discriminant) <l D Tcar I D qT Frqr E"fs ft& <tcif {rry{ eq& 6tu<,
qElv<[, qrt{) fr{-Ts-$slT
ftslg ;rftfrem {ry frftr* wnnnRm frwr{lel-)s a, b, c qr $q t19{E qts
qtet-qr ffi 2 = 0qTslqrq erfrTtEIFcfiq lqrF, x1= -c q?fl\e q<i, et{<rit;rFFn-g er6q
-D
{ftofqls
{tef-et D = b24acRfry<o<
$'f-8r D = b24ac er fr eRyl sir I D qr Fe is.-{ctm fr[il{ cs con erF \{-{Jr!fft ffi
q<( c{s<sit
(9 D = g qrst{caFSrscTF qM{Er{ I FE{X1, X2 =
r

(.1)Dt0qse"Rrn'Fq-qqfif{\eTlv{qitE,

^aep||rca
2o

CqFIlTffi{
EREIT,

(tf)
ftqtg

sr$r<rycqr

X2 = -o-Jo
X1=-n+Jo
*
--

g qs tr'R[4 q.ms T.tqfr-s,

{q fifrTd

@Tqf

CJls.FI

TlsT

qqls qT( C.f{ Gt

IF Ot em,s ({q( cl|s s-?t

f{Fr-

".p

qqFF4 XET'INg

ootrwoqp

1=

o+JD

2a

sEr{Fq x1 s x2q-Ifis

qaqEc'fl{

\)c

qqTqxl s x2Ef'fl\e
gtntrqq$q

selT

CTt'nr{H

q{fu

fi'rq"sq$BlTTrqE cfiT-qKq-{r,{TF tr'ffiqtr I qqm

Tssrfl c(qfi cq's'f qtre r tEf6q-{ Tr$ 6{ qqs q\1lT {rqlvs qs -qfcqa qdTq
mrflf fr.I

EqTqTcB irserFTl

ff{

oaf<

s-{' eisF

q(ufr<dqF

c<-?{ffi

trqs <{qq rc*o-*t<

etu'F
G-qc

<TT<FfuTqFr cc{rq{lsrl-{

trFF

ER cstr{ <TK TlB str{ r rslqK <T'{fr <t&' .mre ERT{ ionm Etrs cq*co TleTl{ F?g <qr{ | fi
<G qrqTtrs 6q-afro $r< '{<\ qtro cq'{r 6{c{ <{rs <t& r{re frrs yR cq{R <l& Ttr< r et
ffi{ erFwtq'fRq{ e mtnFfr.I
ga qrm iRmF fiTfr"f{ef-) r TfQ- \eF GI
qPf-t
<x< <rfr w
ifPf-\e g <f,q|q efi.q6q ,aqq{F{rfirn'orfftq6E\5npfu-qqtro cq{ca$\e tq{T{fs ssr. tffc'lrt\B
{In-8 r qrtra EflrsIT a-{
r

r
ttt'f-\e 8
qt'l-1 s
r$'f-c

T{c{-E-lRqrscs'cfirqqNe

fiqqfqcsfr-cr.arfl'f
Trq c.f{ s-{

CEFfITffi{
tsn-qtrra
Q., 8, s, b,

. . . n qkrFg mrl+dTfr{.gr-flTqqtesF q.fulf f"-frR{ IqclET,

rirFFI6q]9c(?BFr CqnT*E

c{{T-{K Cpfotrfr{

Eqrqtrrs
rot"i wq-s

ffio-c

ciiir{

witri:
EE

r,,

8.,

s,

a. cqtrF

ldg

b,. . . . . . n {klit

t.) c

TnBfrTlq ql{

ff-{ s?ffi q-{r erF ffitilr

EalT \e c{FflrTltf

Eqtqstc
qft xarn {.qLe

eRfu

o;ffir s-{t esF \ryrtmRq'T, trtD'F s qrurrov fr+

q
Ec RF cq{TK rl.qt
r<r Gflir \{itE{ffi fumr
.
{tef-) s F.lqsFs;tl
{fef-t s c(?BIqR
rEVF t- e<i @FF s
c<ir

t{Srr

g L rs S Effi g.Fl +,cr strfrF fi{* w r (L MOD S)

{t"f-8 3 sFf6'N o qF C4q $caf ql\9 I qqiqK
$let-rr

,.r

vFfrq{tr temp Ttrl

q{lT E?r6{ s qT Tr{ L q TFf Er{eR
temp qT$q S q ilRl
r

{lef-c

$el-\9

(L=S;S=temp)
s{( {fef {13 qT( eqRcq
cDr{

I
{fel-b I
{?t-q

?F3r

9rd-{f

ffivrql

sEl+alql"fi\9(print "Gco=.;S)
Trq 6'l{qEr I

temP=LMODS

{6srr{lss
INPUT "lnsert the largest number"; L
lNPUT "lnsert the smallest numbef'; S

trea@wrvn'tqt'.effi
<r{laq*{t

qtnF

DO

temP=LMODS
lF temP = 0 THEN EXIT DO

L=S

S = temp
LOOP WHILE temp <> 0

PRINT "The Greater Common Divisio(GCD)= l'; S

Gqlqif"fa
R%

ffi

{cq P qRflq tfof* ru <qqGK D.aFffr {E (Compound

+-sn wi qxs{Rqr, ffiFF s ryunrcnrfr.t

interest)

lnput P, R, N

{qrcq = p(

t*3)"
100)

total= P(1+R/100)*.N

Foeuo-1frg
fi"f*<r-<t's c,FtuF

\)b

cEFllTfrqlRq

Snfqtrfc
o crfts' n
"tdg ry+q Fibonacci c({Tl c<K s-iGr q-{I ,{sF e.ru]tffi TT I EqR7,
o, 5, ), l, 9, C, b, )rl, \), . . . n EmF Cfis;If{S-{, eeF
Cp-tu.FWo
r

Eq|.{{"fB
), -e, c, -q, . . . n ffalF*rnFt+e r<:lcrRs-$ esfr mru.rf qi-$

,?

Fqs ), -e, c, -1,. . . n qlTtFrqTq-E

fi.{r*-* e'tutr r
a.)b

s-?rt

s c{FfilqH e{&

a.).)) cefBfmffiqTcwT
W cefpnft (structured programming)

e<( cqF r q:Ir \e emMTi,rt qftrqt cqHlR ,4T <r{q;r <rq?Feftrt

<lvcs {rF q<( {t-ouni ceHfit Eq< qr r
cqwfr(rr{ qq ?<fi}r
esF c,{Ftfnrr
cfiffi,ern'r frS e{ c{ftcg (Group) frqs <ira c{rtt EF r elfterqrr\o
<rqqlr<T c$fi
xqfrq ffq|<h-sf of r fu Gg Onro eErtsr-{ q,i{Tfr 6$ffi <KqK f TEr r dt?{rfi* c$Irt
qrnqt c$fr{ sT{r qr$ipso:r qcs-etffir r srs EFToF cgftasq,-qcEenfrnom<rcir qItrF r q6qr$F
qFt- Er<rI s-fir q<\ rfi q\erK qr+Er TFIcs qr I rF[q csr+ eftd {ifr \fl-{El;r cll"F.tF}l furrffi
Tl<qIT sil sfs qt I qrs. Ecsi-sF eftT q5F rr{v?lxt6f qTq
(Branching) {'f (Loop) ffif,

6f

. .,:

c*wtfin

R{ {{

q<-8, qqq'

lffi

w
dffi

dffi

c\rfl<-6ffisrq'{{qs{qs

fu

cqnrfo q Top Down approach qT TIKIT{ (qFtIIns TsErqI q(If <I Tfutr-rq sltf irtfl qT
q q&v{arElT qao' eFF r[a rfrE" (Main Modute) enrq eq( ftq ql{ cEFW Tf s't$lT Qt<ro {Iar
{r q$t fi{RtqFtr dffi< qrfl cR cefFftr rl TR.l{ frdtq <mn "n offitt< qF$il Tr q('l <I
.t{ qfrbq e ftrg {lg r cefHlcr{ frTq"t (Program Controt) Eor* cqrm frcET frcr {ffi qs,
F{-d\s 'fFff'fift 4ffiqs {ff qt r erF ffi
cEFffm qtrFFeCEt sr elFFcs eifr< r Enrq{q'rfr'f
ffi$, c{fro, flilqrFE, c$rGlF{ qq N'nfrsnl{r<-qrif rr<Tout6 cqpnfu.qrT{rs
r

trqTltFf GefHft, pisuat Prosrammins)

PtFKo'$ft-o.tlq qOsflT t+KGm (Graphical User tnterface - GUt) qR'cr.t s,fq ?FrlT eFr'lgt q\o
fR ttcq r efRrerr{ WutT ttr<rvl qfrr<c.F w,qRm-st $$ {RcqRtu cqwfurr* csrcrs qr
EEs;r eF qrrrq I et (cut) qRr{fi <icqFstftr,,r T,lrwr {R{tr reff fisr red cen{lfucm
v.tsterqtv Bfiso-<mom\3{qs tTftwr qRc<.f ss c<Fiqli:ilT{TqTfiGqtrr, ss c<Ft"sMR--{t
TG{ Etr{ r cgtEtfincrs rlqs qr <IF-qr rr I cEHfs Tuqkr Efu T'fflq qrq, q?frs Gs&fr-r FK:f.l
dt srts cqr{ m'c{t s'fq <ntT {6TFt fE <q ceHtT <Eql=r rtq {qqu{ qc<-efit'fletft,o
r

cEutfurs{ orhm'r s stflr<F qtfr-snE IEsfl( tit-{rsm s"flEfis ors ?oR a<T cerpnftvrs
q=g qRc<t-+t CqTstq cerpnft. <FrI qr r Gqrcn cenenR. efur'ot s{RFrsr EF 1'r{cq r frqslq
ceHlRrr rrq r-<1;r trF=trsFti nFm qrq E=fiTq'-Ntrs qrd|iF <r:r frcuf.r q dBc{n <rrrqFr <rrr
(EHI{ <E;rl s-{t TlT 1 <r{qlT{'lfr dm oq qqfu \s-<F w{rqt <t &rffi o$s, cw{-<rrt|q <FT
(Control Button),
cg (Text Box), Tr{I <i[ (Combo Box), stsErt {g tsTtfr'<r{{T <Fcr
.{tftTilE tEsflr tfirrsq kF|?r cRlifu sfrcs 'ffGn r qtir$Erpb eE:rg|q c<frs, {|trcnc'rb
qJlo.trqq, s{rsq cq6sE tK{ looo
frqTrrq +.qcefi,
fuTR]-q cerpnfu er
EqI{{"[|

ffi

flffi

ffi

W<ffi '- gR6{ft\5 CefFl|fr( (o bje cr o rie nte d p ros ra m m n g -oo p }

q-{6qt efirndrr cqgrftl, (oop) {aF em esF wt{frs s gnn"rmtft qnB sf
"lg{il tq$e-s
g.lFrt
rK
qR\s
slr{t
{q-G frrF T'Gt shuctured ffi*
frosrEtm c*l-s 6{c{
ftq ryT ry4 {R.fi
<f Concept rqr qrnrm 4q Eftq I ToKREl en sd${ qqftNT EIT
r OOp <e iqem
'f'Fqft
e<,{TF "rqfu, sfcqQ efr confrrrq cEwfrqqlT{cgffi{qrc{qolsiw<ir( cqGFI;t Language T
$$rnt q etqG <r+qK crt { r sm16 W & Language co rrq.Bt OOP qtc"IF wrg qm
i

Q.Q,o

CEHITfuIIT

q-{rst qftrr+s
Variable tsfrora

qqss qr{ qsF qfr,Tl Tr nibr e<\ tT{t{r-kffi qfircr erF Dzro rt
r OOp qrlm E-{ Objectqftqqftfu r ct OOpct 6t,6{rrtsi (message)
E ittrt{
rFrrq qf{f qstr fiffi orq r-{6o {Et qr r oop ,qon*
\tr{G-cB-{
wqu
qcs]rs$ fi-qt CS fr{ Attribute <T f{fi?t R(
"tr*t-Gvs-sard$
"op
Behavior \Tlrg
t
convnrionnr p,osril,,,$

ffi

ql{irrcrm cqwrfu. csv <r fn$^rfi ess. cobm T{fu E

qce q{cqb I cstu qq\ cvfiT crrs]m otss esrR ekr q{6{qt wE
qr[T qR6ls, q-T, fiqr {RFr 4s FGr I e-{{ v{qfq-offfro st{tT
el6gl'w-{ qs rf c{ fr s'tr< q-{cq?F Aofr T-{f q.ffia ql frekT q<m<AF
qnmAu osFf emn ercE c'F q<csi} fu'r
Tlq e.r* r ffi e{ 6m
frsFfr rt:l Trq qr',fiq-{ TGr effrs I iTK-(EFIfffir Ev c$r{ q<cqtro
\Tlfitqqr caFffi<l-qqrrtr{q-{rcRT{F6t (save) <5stf Tl{
qrF EtRerrrq cs qfi"l{ q-{6q} qffis cqwR Et$rrq qris qrdr
sT'f[sffi qf{fiqf Conceptqtr{Fc-sroqr< r et qFTct&rEI@-

rqr"Fft

,".p

I {ffiq.{ (potymorphism)
a. I tqrqRdq (lnheritance) s
e I q;rsiterymfr (Encapsulation)
,fffiM,T (potymorphism)

6L

s slq

# *wL
Exg% ffi
@L

@il

ffiffi

oblect-Orteilled Phrgram$

{frnKfr\qr qd <ue fr{ fr{ q{rqb (object) 6e6a1fiffi estr CTrsrq,

(Message) ,sR E*s'r< unq< firqrqfr Tc6t lF5g cM mrT r qfq?'t
Rrcrr <6il rt{- sfr qFF ffi{ w<rqt, qffi TTa q-<rqt e<R, qrfi
t<F urccqftT 'p;fr mt qTEr qlnf s?ff <dT t" q cTtrrrqfr ffiln ogf g
w{ ffi q<rq?t e{ Bsr-T satt <En?r 1 v6{ FTGr eEar frcq.&-{ :rcal
,,frsls"
.ffi"
FriT qefn\ slcq3r frq-{ v-fTls r frsJE TEr{
Tgf qq6q
qK rltr'<Eltr{ "ffi"
I

ft6{Rd\

(tnheritance)
qnRerrq
ircqRdq
Eqs ,4q{ ,4TF sqst KT Power Tlst rtcftm rortrn q5fu etft qt ctass GF
(l
Extend sGT_qR{ qcrsF cgft Tr class
<sill tw I {ryue tnheritance ea rFr4 erfi
"fR{'fi{
qr
class
{lr{l{cl e"n-+fr qrq<"t FGI qlst\3 iyr iET qcfl-qftg qryEg qFr* qme
class
qt<rg qp{ qt{ ctass lofr a3$ riK T{|;t qr<RilGt
Er_t ql{l?f et TET class q<
frcr
I
6{{r
"rtKft
ctft sf class q< coFr object bc-fr s-fi qs.slt{'sl3r wcfr "I6Te
ctass qr qr{Kct e"frft
<dflT cnrc r UqRs.f Rrnr; Tst Tls- eem" eFF c$ft <| CLss r TR- Attribute @ eDr {Ers
q<\
'ff cT6q r et 'o[Fr' ctass 6s tnherit oGr qRs EF ctass qtr
er{ "fift ("1) Ews 'ttr{ {t er{ "ftFI r ql?tK Evcs ollrd er{ "fiFR ctass cqtrp w*o qb cn$
q65 qfr{ r c{n"r (5) TtT (\) 5qt
qqt\qrFrt e<fi
"ttFt r elTTlqrftEf
"llftqfrEgt ffit class cr
qr
q[{r
ollFl
qs
qr\B
Ef{rq
eoF Onlect
Class
T{ Eqmft TEi'fs {|s'r< r q.fn edT.e {rfir q<R.

ffi

qffi

ffi

** ,*- i"iw*'*

cn<F6{

'[

qT$tlq{Cflq

(E n

ca ps u latio

qq-sileqcqfi
6qra ffi6a5qm{ cgDr e<1. tfrT-<sfi erfrs, q{er emor r eQ
=d qa
w{qrs qr-s rr unit Rcc'K rtctr s-fi qs I cs ffiarc<ffi'n qqr 6{ 65?1, CCt Csftm<rqr

qfu

T|tcfr

\\)

qT

E?R"s tr]ltfEsl{ eKfu

qT cst{ qfrg

cqa I TrE cEtElrq{

q{r q(r-J{ eMr{

6s?,T

{ffi wrF cs'F ersK qt ff rqt r cs

fi-q-tnsf KI Blue print cers et csfrcTr<E ?efr qs, caa frq-E-{I]frro <-qt eil Class q<R OOP lcr
smm u-q-sfrrs <Ef qr object r qGfr object re Effi Attribute 4( Behavior qrr$it'ITrqds q-{ql's
qfcq r oop T object erEI cT{ a6a-afr sfi-<s <-c I c$-<Fr 6IrTq qt5Trqt qT I object Fnqt qnn

sfro

eT

VsK fte-lm

fr Response srrs

q(E

Qs6-uF3E-{ cer*[R(
frsn$E c{HtRerm,qcuq t6s$-$qpq c$+tfre, r e qqfurg csFr iFB rFlq csl;t q(r.F{ r<fls
otrffi T-{K qqr cfur rc{ ERFrt q.k'qsfi? ffif (tnstruction) Tlfsr qs r fi-R@? csr{ c{ls{6q
E'ft cq\srf, 6614 frH{ a-r&tc6m t"r< $Bq "ffiErs fr_c e<r W o-rwt Ewn (Event) Rc{c{
qefu r GsTr-TtE cq$frqm-{ q(ft? EFA qqqFs qsTrt< {6{ rrcq qPrfl qfqfit sUB Procedure
fr-dkqr T.lq q-,r{ qs r qqtrs <j<qR-ffr Ter{ rs'roT s{ts ffir\oTc{ &-o omq, E-<l{ & srlrs c{lElr{'rT
wq qq?6{s "taG (Rrocedure) o-lfo< qr <l fr,fiRs q-{ r {{l {l<F, RUN (Command Button) fro
or< esF qqe fr-.fR n-<'cg qcE I q (sm Command Button qruq M <f o.6&lq .'c<( &-$ (Click)
qst <q !fe't levent) r {q&tie cqElfr(w{ vffis (Procedural Programming Language) <fu
c{lqtrq qCF qlt{ qqs {fu q-$tft {Logically) qq1q-@m ftfiRs qrr lxsffi qs <t et<tfu qg r Go
To ffif q<\ ql<r-rElqtcq{ cal fini.i qKT esHl'c:K "Fffis q<rq qn!il{R-rslrE qs6s{ Gil
qs I frq "rq.furts cqHfcq{ {{ ?<Ft?l q(R et{ r'fu ffifu-r fiRq("K ffqT6sl' "r,ffiosnn erdfu'
q\ent I
?d-$t6s-{ ( Eve n t- D rive n ) utarfi flq.CK kfi?i q-'i{ qfqlqt
"f{Ftg'ca

Ersqf
c$qlr <l rsF frr{r sr{ qE{IqTJK E&T'I' Sffi?T
TF|EEIT cetFtt{ :
{<I{IRa qr{ clqlrfi fuiriq1-q1;6 4$rffi3 cssfq qeE
qqqrT

CEHT6:K

gFl{

: oF"tEBr< w{ o (Tql") ,s<\ b (qs) fr+co "rn-* r ql;r

C{FlTElrl[
frrs cqrtTsmlco eftqq'sf (Machine Language) 4r.el
qtl'GTqfr EtT[ (lss".bty tanguasey : \mffi{h gtsin 6srq
(nnacrrine Lansuasel

t o s )

c\?rK qrqlcT':Tr frcs c(rs.6F{ cRr6{i 6q\erl qs.

ffit

e csAK qi|qc

<lffi

<l Rg

(Translator sofhlrare) : Sqq (Source) CEHI;ICa T (Object) CEFtI-m qfus

'ITb$TfiT
T<r-cs cr ry+tssxrrc<-< ErrlqqElr-ormq{ilqs
ft-tllt'ilil (compirer) : T'rontElGK olq qlt fEesE smfs Bsq cEWqrs rg 6EHl6q \T'{Etq rrl
qSrcFK : ttt<'c$tc+< Flq qE et rqesq gtsrr oFnsrw qRqs RqT r er{ T."ntEr{
c$fln q.o1{ cewFrcs' \trflq' $r< sf{et{ ef ola{ qfrq\o om ifnrrpm 6T{lrl eaF frmar
clFr+smm qT<Iq scr sT Ttd {R"i6 46E, re*t{ffi ,K<q ffi""f qs cq-s
qtrGfiffir{ (Assembrer) : \{rffrq'fl6ss re"fsr qfiGryqfr effi frFlv cEHITrs cqft{ eKtT Tg cEFrRn

q[{tq'S

wstq'a?il

Tf{ (augs) : cEHlcr{ EEcs fff (Buss) T.6{

\qnafpilRn (Atgorithm) : q'rrE, 6fiRqr *mfr q<<
r

6qr;.'R affiq 'q|q c|tm T Tlq c?ftrF ERIfr

qinrrnRqr
qd
qf6{
q'{Jl'l
qdR
<lc't
csT$.T
e.Ffr {sqn-FF s-R-$F fi{ reffi qrstrF {pf
{c{cq r
qT{tI
qrf{r{
F-{i
"K"K CTt${ SF CqE
i

a.a.a,

CEHlqffiq,
{Flowchartins) : cqHFi ftqr< Tfq <t{r< q qR dro rgrutrd cqlnril qs r trIEf qE eq-{
irpofr gR rl cefm 6ql.slf qlg rrffiil' q'{tKI{ T-{rs qffi
'fTqR fr$efr{ \sE-rK qcs qr{
TFqGfir <1
{[\6l(Tt9 : tostrotv frc.r erF cEHI{cs qmstm B"rqprq <qf q{'st cotffi

Gftdft

srflT E"K Fs-ffi-q qs r ebt {-qr

cetFnfiR
TGT

\e

qqq tqrn& qq|T

fiffi

TIl'cIT

{TKtr{d efrfr

qf"f

<"FrTt

FFFtftrFrr
{:F$gt6<t: csFr cRlTf {lt{ ft ilE} stFR r-fls q-{r erF qrtqrifrq{ trr{ F|ry-$[-{ cq-<rtg
qqrfgv[6;: cqft'srsr Frqfftfi e-G a16q's e$ erf qE ffi or< efu qqt <ts< ftsriK erF
r

qqcfi ftfuqn or{ El FrTTrr cq{rc{ I qsseK Bs crc'n rrrrt{Irfi qql' esF qnqrfRq'{
F'f+-o.ro cr?ffr< 1fi6'6ga16-a 6.ffi 6ry-flqqro Xruss-{rfi'I

ffi

qqffi-C.)
T. qqfi':fiEft

)t
a,t

llrultpte chioce euestion-Mce)

sFqEBta cEHrrffi smr {ffiR v* rorqFl
("i) Qt rEcw sr{I
1r; clfi'rvwr
({) 5-gderq'cqKetsr
1ty wrrerft vmr
qrinl
66ra syqK frFlg cetpRq rffiDK
"mmR tr4rco
(1) cqfirsm
("1) qtrEcsalslTl

(t)
\e

Q1$

wrnmfivwr

csFT

19 clFnvmr

(t) qrrtrftsmt

F) DgdEqcu-{vtrt

q$ft'[T qffiitr<< cqrfr-wterq-{

qrE rratqR ccRt'f qltFr w?f?

("f) qrtrqce'IsNI
(q) ryf fqrqEslTr

w{ilRtr frr-T TTf cqwnF qs crcet e-q<tq crl w?r?

qfirrwqlr
(a)
1+; o""tt?Cn
('t) ?tmqDm
19 Elr<-<ur<$sE
cr cEHfrffirsNf fr4D'rffi 5q6a 6$.tqffifiron
(9 "rrmim er1fre
({) vlsl<r{qfrd{ s c-fnrqfr<t
(rt) stsK
19 Ben<-* q<osF
8

6r+

"ttr{ts ffi
gt cefPt|{ffiq
$r{ Csr{ffiwfuu

(+)t{$ffi{

("f)

cl
bt

t{S

rg

qBDTct-s

erfrol

({)\flEb$ffi{

qcvq*r6

19 Eerm< +<resB

collF qtr<lnorEFfriTql2
(R') wn-ryc-4r

(rl) s'FItEqlT

('r) tsmcafir
ron 1s18 qnEr?fiRF{ fr6 F'r{r
1o) qft:qq$B-s {kcf qr'{rt{q\Frl+{rE
(4) qrmr'fiRqr rqq'r<r$ qr{

19 blr<.<ronryFqs

({) crr {rqt

Ei?fr<tw qr< Tt

19B+tc<-aqsarF

a.te

scr

ET

sR['\t flltIkTIfI e{fu

{. Frqqqr$
)r

fur-{ft,rsft

o19

q<(4fenl{Vs<flrg

WFf ocqcq-{ qils

qslsfr"t "fAq.K TdI1.5q RqR s<13 S-{f ssfi fi\tftTltll

qRfrtr
ft-qrtm qq"im q{"t omq r qRfrF ftqri{ E${ qQ RTR
retHt{ ?sR{ qtfrv
qga-{ ic$w FicfT qJq1frS s ,{sq-{ cEHlTFt {q1g sep s'Gl-{ I eQ q-{T ffi qq 4Tq q-{
qttcD e<( ffir qfrolT
EqFr o.r+{ r frq"frq cM frm qrq-$ elft qfmrn T-rg{ l
qfsB$tcffir $:$1T Eq{-6' EI?ttT frrrttf ffi\e-{ qS I frdT qIqlfi* otrq c{tttffi Tr<t
FKf{ frem"f er. omq r &fr Es q''{qjm \mq'tRqq s ffi q'rg qqfrtr ftstclm q{ttrr<
eEsT q{(Tlqr{{ q-dl B"RLr{ G-rf{
(s) cqFnrfi?
(+) wroetRnr e m-mFftt
(ri) ffsI orE6F-{ q-srg.fr"t effiqf4 4-q14q ?"-R-s cqwq ;dHrq-{ qTqq{q fi fi ?
Fi fisf c<lnfr cFK"i Rscq ulsr srdnwr qsrsft+ "rftFK $-EITE tEfr< +-sn q-{r qsF
s m'tu'F?*ofr+.a
frru< cfi"rsF 1v q<( er{are]R Eq< qts
sl-ff{ qqfc{s 6qI6T{ d1ft<trnnmt s qnnfrOU\,-{'cqrtt<I{ifisr<-{ t<Rrfi qlTqksRrf
hoR
q:rg &fi mr.r< <tc< *nr${ | frfi fr{f<iTft \n-{-fltn T|fisri 5-s6 $qg
"qBen1q
q$rsilK
qtftg
ePsfift EGtlTq< clcei nfu-<6
esF
sTtF D'Fr r cqsqt frfr n<6TtqT?
6ffi. rs qlw{lT{tg'j1frq-oq
{{PBsilt{bSffi,
q6E{ tlfuq{flftfrGn Et6"1F16lB{frc1.{.I,
T'lq c'q{ qr{
1o) w{flt{'qrR-qi fil
("r) F r$r fr6d{"f qqcg ft TilTt
qtrIsl
(rf) q{lq qqf6\5 cqrsq 6fidfl1 q-dr'fu< cqH1q t$-{ F-{f q6< otT c'-ft6 cqTK
<rssT
ffitsli<T <rrqrq{ qtftT Effi cd'r $rffi{
F)
' ' q-{K qqtms 6{rln ft=t1flT ftri.t{f
qts
ceTEtR e1q; <K{f{ n-Ef BGs s6{ gfr wn a-{ I 6e-1af{- {vffip-{ "fcw {&
s1{

Frq-cci3t

tr

rt wfifl{ els
1fum cgercm bs-* wn

CEHXffit sWt

err+rn

ftl

c\fi? fiTcs{ WTqq qlTr Esr

CEHfc:l{ g.lsl

Ts

el-Ol*

6q'srf

s fr ftt (What is programing

o"'"'r!.-on,));

types of programing ranguages are there andwhat

\t

CqI CEc[a

gt$ fr?

T{s Er< r)
language? How manv

e.-ob; {-oq; fr.-o*, ob, )); Tr.-o5l

1fr.-obl

(wnot is low level language?)

\9t

8t

\rylq{Rri{ft?

,4R

{fr{q{q ful

cr

fr? Una
lT9](slv
'

is algorithm? lVrite clown i!'s advantages.)

oq; T.-oq, ov; Df'-oQ', ob, 5); KI'-o\, ob; q.-oo' o1;

t (What

[E-orl, o8, ob, ob, )); fr.-q), o\, o8,

is pseudocode?)

tfr.-)); {.-o1, }o ;3.-or9, )o; d'-o\,

I t6g+-gltp{ cqpfifr'\ q-{rd fu

oC,

I (writ" down about

a.a.8

))i

b-f'-o), oG, ob, ))r

{;o), o\]

{'-o), ol,

oC, oqi

fr.-og, oc, )o; E'-o\,

the event driven

)51

programming.) [T.-))]

CqH1TffiT
q

.QfuEBK cQHt:iftr (that is computer program?)

eoF qq4 cqpflrffi fr T aqrcfr en-fl wsrq-{ frcr
standard pt"ogram that should have in it.)' Qfif,

bI

qTE qtq{
b

fu

qn''tRqq s ffil'fty-< qr$ "fldry

r ffit ft I
.

55

)q I

cqqtr cEEtq

ob' !))

fr{

ffi(

t (write no*,

RErg

ft

,rrT,}rt'":r,n:;r::'};*i,'r1;:i'

fillT?

CEEW 6ffiR.

ftt

-:li

ut.-f :; <.-}oi T.-o1, obr T.-o9, obl

lwhat is debugging? or What is meant by
{<t

'debugging?)

C4H|cTf{

(Write down the desired features af a

[T.-or, o8, oe, ob, )); EL-oB, o1, ob; 1Tl.-o8, !o; T.-o9, ol, ob; (.-oe, ob, ]);
FL-o), o9, obi 6,-oa., :')l
cEHl"cvc Afi*t
I 1wru, down the featurey of a standard pragrami.)

flowchart.)

:o

lT.-:ol
1

[q.-lo; {.-o1;
QVhat is

fr.-ol, ));

program testing?)

glsl \9 tt5{ qqfd ffig

details")
)s I 6{Ff{ sl{I Tt'{.lfus qTI ftl

Et

-o1, ob]
[<'-:oj

fu

ywru" abo4t pragramndng language a4d s,rructure in

[S.-ol, o(; F.-o8; <:'o\, oGi FL-olt TL-o); fr.-o]l
e< qR{l *3 qlfr$ fqq t Wnrt is machine tanguage or mechanicat

language? Write down its advantages and disadvantages.)

)8 r qfiffi{fr sm

frl

F.-oy; <I.-orr, oqi t.-oo; ft.-o*?, obi T.-oui {.-oq, os, oql

\nfl{flE'fr s]n1T

{R$ q1fr{t ffi

fu

t Wrot is assembty tanguage?

Discuss in details about tlrc advantages and disadvantages ofassembiy language.)

)a r qtt

carr<rq

sNtfu

qR

cEC{E

slTl{ {frqf s q{F{T

Me fu

1q

t Wna is high

-oul

tever tanguage?

Disczss aboul the advantages and disodvantages ofhigh level language in details.l

)\9

I qT{t-s

ft

lfr.-l:; <.-l:; E.-]!; EL-)o; fr.-o9, ob, )); Tl.- o\, o8, ob,)o; T.-oC, ob, )); {.-oG, o1, }ol
RfrA efsK q-{-<fiT qet sxllT q-oir6 ffi\r fu t Wnot is a *anstator? Discuss in

details about dffirent kind of translator software.)

tT.-ob, )oi fr..-ob, )5; {.-o), oe, oc; RI.-ol, o8, og, ob, )51F[.-bb, o), oc, ob;
"
fr.-ot, 08, ob, )o; {.-o9, o1; F.-og, o1]

)q I T's1ltEK ftl +*'ntqfCfl< qR(f s CIF<T

dis advant age s of

omp

i le

fu

r.)

lWnot is a compiler? Write the advantages anel

lfr.-!o; {I.-bb; 6.-oo; TT.-oC; T.-oG]

tbmgb-R-T{ {Rql s qqR$frRI I (what

lu r tfnreDK ftl

is a interpreter? write down the advantages

[Ft.-lo; T'1.-o(i T.-oc,]

and dis adv antage s of int e rpr e t er.)

)b I

qilms6Tl{

ffl

9IIrfiE[LT{ qfrqf g q{R$ @I t rynu

)
.sqREK g
\o I
t+f{c$I[<T {c$ "fldoi' fffi t

is a assembler? I(rite down the advantages

and disadvantages of assembler

ff.-ovl
1writ" down the differences befiveen compiler and

interpreter.)

[fr.-ol, 5); (.-o]r )); q.-o9,

ob; d.-o), o\, o8, o1, )oi fr.-o8, o9, ob;

Tt.-o\, o8, oV, ob, )5t Dl.-o5, o9, oq! ob; E.-bb, o), o1, )ol

[ft'.-ol, )); {.-o\, o8, o1, ob, }5;5".-ol,:08, ots, )o; FI.'o), oo, oC, oq, 50i

))l S.-oo, oc, 5or {.-o9, oc, oe, obl

sFqEAr<K {F$F {jwlT {TKrfr-{ sl-ry cEHfq ?oRVh"nT mcqq FkqEIl..TT t (Discuss rhe
fr.-ot?, oci RL-oq, a8, og, ob,

steps

inwriting

program to solve problems using computers.)

[T.-o8, o\, {I"-oe, oc; DI.-o);

aec

fr.-o), o1,

ob; {..-o), obl

s"li ffitfxifl{e{fu
a.a.

fir E-qr s\r eFFIr rs fi fir

I trlfltr

cElttq'

ctrlfl#( erfterql qqtrq fr{ r cpmF d-om

chart? How many kinds of flow chart. are there and what are they?
chart
Write down the symbol with meaning of pragramJlavchart..Describe lhe rules af drm,uing aflow

ffi

.qcfal

eq I (lhtat is Jlow

diagram')

[q.-::i uL-o\, 08, oc, o9; ob, ob, 5); {'-o9, ob, ))i ('-o8,

fr.-o),
q\9 I

Eq'R{qTqffi CEFfiFRq'qfdffigfirf

oC, oq, ob, )oi E.-o9,

))

ots, )o;

; {1.-o9, obl

I 6Desri,be structuredprogrammingwithexample ')

KI.-ou; E.-ob, )o; T.-q; <.-ov, 50i {.-ov, ob]

lfr.-ll; fr.-to;

\g I &qilE
a.A

CaEflfrqf,R-{

ffig

<fdT qTe I (Describe abour visual programming in detail.)

lil'-)); E'-b); T'-oo' ol; fr'-o)l

I q-{ffi? qftc{6+\r CaWfrq qq5$

ffi

<4q't qNs I (Describe about obiect oriented programming

tT.-5)I

in detail.)
a.\9

qq

I q"{F c(qlf{ E9- C s-fit q-{f (SFfr qf.l-{TtftRqT,

algarithm, flowchart

{$il

and psuedocode to

Fbtr

'{{<\ {(gfcsfu

r (wrttu down an

Jind tlrc average of ten numbel"s.)

ccfrs<s./'F c(?r'|F 1fui

c+<

s-{F .4sF Fn-FZoA

zFil t (Draw aflowchart tofind

the smallest numberfrom three numbers')

o1]
lfr.-lo; t'[.-ob, )o; {'-ob; T'-ob; {'-o9, ob; fr'-ov, ob' ob' }o; Rt'-o)' ol' ob; D'-ol'
qy I 4uer{t q({fi fi-$ qlcq r w'q-< {c$ c{ ms c({il {t'llvr qr bqnn3 K"f{E 6<K S-{F Cqw{
'' ffi< q-ql gSfr Wlqrfftqq, ff'l^6ff g qcaft-<Flg- ful I 1sor" numbers are given. Design an algorithm,

flawchart an6 psuedocode to make

a,b

I EE q(qJ|{ et.qf.e C{{

flowchart

F?Tl-{

and pstredocode to

program

to

find the r:oot of posine numbers ftom

gl-{-|,{TF qtlE{Rq-{, tr-Ftr

/ind

eo I frV(q-T gfr s $D\51cffsffi

the

\e

{rsTrsls

t 1wrrt" an algorithm,

GCD of two numbers.)

[fi.-rl;

qn

ffi

the given numbers')

cr._or; T.-os; D.-o), o8, ob)

cq-qTe'fi{cTr< q-tlE fRq'{, ffitF.F \3 {csfr<Flv ffi1pr'rttn

algorithm, flowchart and pseudocode tofintl

the area af a triangle if the base and height are

on

given) lT'-obl

N "Ffu q-sE Trsift-S C(?rr{ mFro cffi T'TK qll-{ERq:I, trlD.lr s {Cul6$lg, frel
N.{q {f*ltr{ mftlT-{ CstT-{I{ qttE{Rq-{, mmff e
Wqt 1 + 2 +3 + 4 + 5 + . . .,+
toNnumbers.)16.-o\l
{Cgl6tf fr{ I (Writean algorithm,JlowchartandpsuedocoditoJindthentmof !
qtlsstRqr,
ffilD--6 {M[rsfs fr{
ea. I ) ccl-rs N ffi q-q-a a{csltg {(?fK crt'lTq c<-?T T-{K
[q'-og]
numbers
odd
sum
of
all
the
to
from ! to N )
(l4/rite an algorirhm, flowchart and psuedocode find
qflE
fRqq, mDtr s {rglrsM fu t (w,it,
ee I ) car<F N qtrg'q-oq reTlg c(crK FnTq cffi s-${
[q'->>]
numbers from I to N.)
even
of
all
the
sum
to
find
an algorithm, flowchart and psuedocode
e8 I ) Ccrrs N "F{s q-oq g1t{ qq?a cfi T-{lT qiqsiRqr, Ft6-r {culrsrs fu t (w'it' o'
algorithm, /lowchart and psuedocode to find the prime numbers in I to N')
ec I o Cal6S N qt6s l[is-{ pi[spscci qsl]t C{{ s-{RI qtlE fRqT, ffiDf \3 {rstrslir fu t 6n'it' o'
algorithm; flowchart and psuedocode tofind thefibonacci nuntbers in 0 to N )
qryqqT' 1uF s
qf-g ttcqmerat c<K
v41f, o, ), ), Q., er C, b, )e, q), ' r ' N
T-q
1' l' 2' 3' 5' 8' l3' ' N)
teirms
Wgf .fAlg ffi t (Writu an algoiithm, flowch,art and piuedocode to findihe
-0'
\!)\e I csF tnfqr {sBl{rFx?R$E ca<T-.<t1.slf{5fRqr, qry.s q(sfrols ffi t {wrt* anatgorithm'

s) I )

celrs'

sq

ofany positive number')

flowchart andpsuedocode tofinQ thefactoria!
qIlE
is nrv156p
q1t
X* ;K
I X \e N <4ws "l"f ;,"R,r
algorit:hm, Jlowch)'rt and psuedocode to Jind f , whtere X and N are positite nilmbers.)

*qtu...**
ea.\9

ftffi,

*W

t (w'it"