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Learning Objectives
Features of Fungi
Have membrane enclosed
organelles (Eukaryotic)
They do not make their own
food
They are mostly multi-cellular
They are made up of threads
called hyphae
Hyphae combine in masses to
form a mycelium
Their walls are made of a
carbohydrate called chitin
Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophs i.e. they take in food
made by other organisms
Fungi are either:
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Saprophytic fungi
Most fungi are
saprophytic
obtain nutrients from
dead material
As they digest it
minerals are released
and recycled
Play a vital role in the
environment as they
are responsible for
decay
E.g. mushrooms and
moulds
Parasitic Fungi
Absorb their food
from live hosts
Parasitic Fungi
Obligate parasites
live on live hosts but do not
normally kill them E.g.
athletes foot, ringworm
Facultative parasites
E.g. fungi causing soft rot in
fruit may kill the host and
feed on the remains
Rhizopus
(common bread mould)
Structure of Rhizopus
Rhizopus
Consists of threadlike
structures called
hyphae
These have no
crosswalls (aseptate)
They are
multinucleate
Each nucleus is
haploid
They digest and
absorb substrate on
which they grow
Structure of Rhizopus
Sporangium
Spores
Columella
Apophysis
Sporangiophore
Asexual reproduction
Sporangiophores grow up from the substrate after a
number of days
Their tip swells to form a sporangium
Cells within the sporangium divide by mitosis to produce
spores (haploid)
In dry conditions, the black
sporangium dries out, and bursts
open to release many spores
If the spore lands on a suitable
substrate it grows into a new hypha
and mycelium
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
in Rhizopus can only
occur between a plus
and a minus strain
(although they look
identical).
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
When hyphae from
opposite strains grow
close together
swellings grow on
both strains and touch
each other.
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
Nuclei (which are the
sex cells or gametes)
from both hyphae
move into these
swellings which are
now called
progametangia.
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
Cross-walls form to
produce gametangia.
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
The walls of the
gametangia dissolve
and a number of
fertilisations take
place producing
diploid zygote nuclei.
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
A tough walled black
zygospore forms around
these nuclei.
The zygospore can remain
dormant for a long time
When conditions are suitable
the zygospore germinates by
meiosis.
+ Strain
- Strain
Sexual reproduction
A hypha grows out of
the zygospore and
produces a
sporangium at the tip.
The sporangium
opens releasing many
haploid spores which
grow into new
individuals.
Sexual Reproduction
Yeast
Structure of yeast
(Saccharomyces)
Reproduction in Yeast
Budding
Budding
Depth of treatment
Practical Activities