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  • Social Support Questionnaire

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    Adrian Borlea
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    social support questionnaire

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 просмотров13 страниц

    Social Support Questionnaire

    Загружено:

    Adrian Borlea
    social support questionnaire

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 13
    ee A aN oT Assessing Social Support: The Social Support Questionnaire Irwin G. Sarason, Henry M. Levine, Robert B. Basham, and Barbara R. Sarason Univenity of Washingion ‘A measure of sacial support, the Social Support Questionnaire (S8Q), is described, land four empirical sdies employing it are presented, The SSQ yields scores for (2) perceived number of social supports and {b) satisfaction with social support thats avalible, Three ofthe studies deal with the SSQ's psychometric proper, itsconcetations with measures of personality and adjustinent, andthe felation of the S8Q to positive and negative life changes. The fourth study isan experimental investigation of the relation berseen social support and persistence in working fon a comple, frustrating tak, The research reported suggests tra the SSQ isa Teliable instrument and that socal support (a) more strongly elated to postive than negative life changes, (b) more related ina negative direction (o psychological fiscomfort among women than men, and (6) an asst in enabling @ person 10 persist ata task under frustrating conditions. Rescarch ane clinical implications re discisted Observations in a variety of settings have highlighted the positive roles played by social attachments in psychological adjustment and health, Psychotherapists try to provide their clients with the acceptance needed to pursue self-examination, Soldiers develop strong. ‘mutually reinforcing ties with each other that contribute to thei success and survival. Phy- sicians daily note the salutary effects of theit attention and expressed concern on their pa- tients’ well-being and recovery from illness. ‘These types of observations have led to the idea that social support (a) contributes 10 positive adjustment and personal develop- meat and (b) provides a bulfer against the effects of stress. Social support is usually defined as the existence or availability of people on whom we can rely, people who let us know that they ‘care about, value, and love us. Bowiby's the- cory of attachment (1969, 1973, 1980) relies heavily on this interpretation of social sup- port. When social support, in the form of an attachment figure, is available early in life, Bowlby believes children become self-reliant, lear to function 25 supports for others, and. have a decreased likelihood of psychopathol- ogy in later life. Bowlby has also concluded “Tis exeareh was suppored by Office of Naval Re- search Contract No, NOOOI 40-C-0522, NR. 170808, Request for ceprits should be 019 Iwi. Sar- sson, Department of Parbalagg, NERS, Univeriy of ‘ashingon, Seattle, Washington 98193. thatthe availablity of social support bolsters the capacity to withstand and overcome fus- trations and problem-solving challenges. 'A sxirieyy of types of evidence seems 10 ‘uippart this concepe of socal support. For example, Miller and Lefcoun fave reccotly obtained resulis consistent with this inter pretation (Miller & Lefcourt, Note 1, Note 1), as did Hirsch (1980). Bronfenbreaner (1361) found that the rated ieadership and responsibility of 16-year-old boys and girls was related to family interaction patiems. “Those adolescents showing the greatest lead- ership and responsibilty deserted thei gar- ents as being more affectionate and support ive than did adolescents low of these char acteristics, Murphy and. Moriany (1976) ound that the availability of family supports increased children’s resilience in the face of stress. Sandler (1980) found significant rla- ‘ions between suress and social suppor, on the one hand, and children's malagjustrnents (om the other In a 30-year longitudinal study of Harvard University mate undergraduates, Vaillant (1974, 1977) found that a suppocive carly family environment was comcelated with Positive adult edjustment and lack of y5y- Chiatrie disorder. Te addition to evidence that he availability of childhood social suppon is related ta ger sonality development and adult behavior pat~ terns, there is also evidence of the detrimental ‘flects of ack of suppor in adults. De Arauo and aswciates (De Araujo, Dudley, & Van ‘Aide, 1972; De Araujo, Van Arsdel, Holmes, & Dudley, 1973) reported that asthmatic pax tients with good social supports required lower levels of medication t produce clinical improvement than did asthmatics with poor ‘social supports. There is much evidence that medical and surgical patents beneht from attention and expressions of friendliness by physicians and nurses (Auerbach & Kilmann, 1997), Nuckolls, Cassel, and Kaplan (1972) studied lower-middle-class pregnant women living in an overseas miliary community “Thee authors studied two factors of special interest: recent stressful life events and poy choracial assets, a major component of which was defined as the availability of social sup- pons. Neither life changes nor psychosoci assets alone correlated significantly wi ‘complications of pregnancy. However, women bight in life changes and low in psychosocial aets had many more biah complications than any other group. Sosa, Kennel, Klaus, Robertson, and Urrutia (1980) found that the presence ofa supportive person had a favor- Able effet on length of labor and on mother infant interaction ater delivery. Eaton (1978) ceported that the occurrence of stressful life events is associated with more psychiatric disorder among thos living alone for unmarried than those living with others or martied. Andrews, Tennant, Hewson, and Schonell (1978) found thatthe combination of recent stressful life cvents, low level of 30- ial supeor, and adverse childhood experi- ences successfully predicted the ogeurence of maladjustment in adults. There sevidence that depressves tend to report the lack of availablity of supportive others (Wineficld, 1979). Henderson (1980) concluded that & deficiency in social bonds may, independent of other factors, be a cause of ome forms of behavioral dysfunction. Reasonable as an emphasis on the impor- {ance of social support appears tobe, the task ‘of empirically demonstrating the effects of Social support has barely begun. One of the barriers to objective rescarch has been the dex of social suppon. Miles. Ingham, and Davidson (1976) and Miller and Ingham (1976) sieply determined who their subjects? Cconfidants and acquaintances were. Medalie and Guidboun (1976) focused ther attention lems. Brim (1974) devised a Ubitem scale intended to measure certain aspects of soc support, particularly value similarity. Lubor- sky, Todd, and Katcher (1973) developed a selfadministered Social Assets Scale tended to weigh both interpersonal assets and liabilities. Renne’s Socal Health Index (1974) ‘was directed particularly toward the indi uat's level of functioning in the community and yields measures of employability, marital satisfaction, community involvement, and saviability. A measure devised by Barrera, Sandler, and Ramsay (1981) assessed the fre ‘quency with which peuple are recipients of Supportive actions. A comprchensive but complex vehicle for measuring Social support is one developed by Henderson (1980). His '50-question structured interview assesses (2) ‘perocived availablity and adequacy of people ‘who can be counted on for asistance in prob- Jem solving and emotional support and (b) social integration, its availabilty and ade- quacy, The diversity of measures of social support is matched by the diversity of eonceptualiza- tions concerning its ingredients. Weiss (1974) discussed six dimensions of social support. integration, nurturance, ‘worth, alliance, and guidance. Convenient ‘operationalization of these dimensions has not yet occurred, Kelly, Mufoz, and Snow- den (1979) delineated three types of social support: personal, intraorganizational, and ‘extraorganizational. According 10 Caplas’s theory (1974), social support implies an en-

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