saqarTvelos sapatriarqo

konrad adenaueris fondi

saqarTveloSi arsebuli
konfliqtebi da mSvidobis
perspeqtivebi

Tbilisi, 2009

1
  2008 wlis 2-3 dekembers saqarTvelos sapatriarqom da
konrad adenaueris fondma Caatares samecniero konferencia
Temaze: “saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebi da mSvidobis
perspeqtivebi.

      konferenciis mTavari mizani iyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli

konfliqtebis arsis warmoCena da maTi gadawyvetisTvis
obieqturi samecniero da sainformacio bazis momzadeba.

      krebulSi ibeWdeba konferenciaze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi,

agreTve, diskusiis masalebi, romlebic saredaqcio sabWos TxovniT
msjelobaSi monawile pirebma statiebis saxiT warmoadgines. 
 

gamomcemlebi: meufe anania (jafariZe)

katia kristina plate
biZina lebaniZe
nato asaTiani

saredaqcio sabWo:

arqimandriti adami (axalaZe), Tamaz beraZe, rozeta gujejiani,

roland TofCiSvili, mariam lorTqifaniZe, lela margiani,
tariel futkaraZe, beJan xorava.
recenzentebi: zurab TvalWreliZe
revaz Serozia
giorgi WeiSvili
oTar janeliZe 

saredaqcio sabWo gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis madlobas uxdis:  irina

bibileiSvils, merab gvazavas, nia gogoxias, ekaterine dadians, zviad
qviliTaias,  giorgi nukris-Ze WeiSvils, kaxaber wulaias.

ISBN 2345632456

gamomcemloba “`kalamusi”

2
 S i n a a r s i 
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesi
da unetaresi ilia II-is misasalmebeli sityva 5

konrad adenaueris fondis regionuli programis

`samxreT kavkasiis politikuri dialogi” xelmZRvanelis
katia kristina plates misasalmebeli sityva 9

afxazeTi: istoriul-politikuri da eTnikuri procesebi 

Tamaz beraZe, konstantine Tofuria, beJan xorava,

Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva 11

rozeta gujejiani, dalis svaneTis (kodoris xeobis/zemo afxazeTis)

istoriul-eTnografiuli mimoxilva 15

beJan xorava, eTnikuri procesebi afxazeTSi 24

jemal gamaxaria, afxazeTis politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi

1917-1937 wlebSi 37

nodar SoSitaSvili, soso WanturiSvili, nino mindaZe, qeTevan

xuciSvili, rozeta gujejiani, giorgi WeiSvili,
afxazeTis eTnografiuli samyaro 55

goCa gvaramia, afxazeTis (saqarTvelo) konfliqtis gamomwvevi

faqtorebi da misi mogvarebis procesSi ruseTis politikis
mizez-Sedegobrivi aspeqtebi 70

cxinvalis mxare: istoriul-politikuri da eTnikuri procesebi 

roland TofCiSvili, eTnikuri procesebi Sida qarTlSi 135

bimurza dadeSqeliani-afrasiZe, Sida qarTlis erTi nawilis

(cxinvalis mxaris) politikur-samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb 172

enobriv-kulturuli situaciis istoriuli dinamika

saqarTveloSi  

mitropoliti anania jafariZe, eklesia - saqarTvelos kuTxeTa

makavSirebeli duRabi 178

qeTevan pavliaSvili, rusuli imperialisturi proeqti

da saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia 184

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manana tabiZe, saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebis
lingvokulturologiuri analizisaTvis 192

Teimuraz gvancelaZe, imperiuli enobrivi politika

afxazeTSi da misi Sedegebi 206

saqarTvelo: geopolitikuri veqtorebi  

tariel futkaraZe, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri

strategiis ramdenime aspeqti 221

lia axalaZe, epigrafika - afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis  

eTnokulturuli istoriis wyaro 235

Tamaz futkaraZe, demografiuli procesebis marTvis

erTi magaliTi: muhajirobis istoria
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 245

guram marxulia,
somxuri diasporis istoriidan saqarTveloSi 254

dazmir jojua, afxazeTis konfliqtis arsi

_ ruseT-saqarTvelos omi 269

giorgi qavTaraZe, kavkasionis geopolitikuri

roli istoriuli perspeqtividan 280

4
 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,
uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is misasalmebeli
sityva msoflio politikuri forumis mier
organizebuli konferenciis, `adamianis uflebebi
da demokratia globalizebul msoflioSi
monawileebisadmi.

qalbatonebo da batonebo!

guliTadad mogesalmebiT saqarTvelos eklesiisa da piradad

Cemi saxeliT, im qveynisa da xalxis saxeliT, romelsac 3000 welze
meti xnis saxelmwifoebrivi da 2000-wlovani qristianuli cxovrebis
istoria aqvs. igi mcirericxovani, magram mravalerovani qveyanaa
da, SemiZlia vTqva, rom CvenTan TiTqmis arasdros yofila devna
religiuri da eTnikuri niSniT. es ganapiroba, upirveles yovlisa,
Cveni xalxis mosiyvarule xasiaTma da, ra Tqma unda, qristianulma
rwmenam, romelsac mosaxleobis udidesi nawili aRiarebs. amas
imitom vusvam xazs, rom agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdeg
zogierTi cdilobs agresorad warmogvaCinos maSin, rodesac swored
qarTuli mosaxleoba aris cxinvalis regionidan devnili, gaZarcvuli
da darbeuli. amasTan, ukve Cvidmeti welia imave mdgomareobaSi
imyofebian afxazeTidan devnilnic, da dRemde, samwuxarod, ar
gadadgmula qmediTi nabijebi usafrTxoebis garantiebis Sesaqmnelad
da maTs dasabruneblad.
saerTod, am viTarebas rom swori Sefaseba mieces, vfiqrob,
aucilebelia Cveni qveynis axlo warsulis gaxseneba.
Tumca, winaswar minda SevniSno isic, rom me ara var politikosi
da, bunebrivia, Cemeuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba Tqvengan gansxvavebuli
iyos, magram religiur liderebs, romlebic qveynis mosaxleobis
absolutur umravlesobas moicaven, Tavisi xalxis winaSe garkveuli
politikuri pasuxismgeblobac aqvT, swored amitom mogmarTavT aq
dRes Tqven da yvelas, vinc am forumis muSaobas Tvals adevnebs,
da giziarebT Cems mosazrebebsa da gulistkivils.
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, rodesac komunistebma daipyres

5
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, Cveni teritoriebis nawili mezobel
saxelmwifoebs gadaunawiles, xolo darCenil nawilSi, yovelgvari
istoriuli da samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, Seqmnes aWaris,
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri erTeulebi, riTac neli
moqmedebis naRmebi Cades saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi asamoqmedeblad, da
es dro axla dadga.
marTalia, dRes sabWoTa kavSiri aRar arsebobs, magram is
ideologia da gayalbebuli istoria, romelic samocdaaTi wlis
manZilze (manamde ki mefis ruseTis dros, as welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi) aRniSnul regionebSi inergeboda, Cvens winaaRmdeg
ganawyobda aq mcxovrebT da imis iluzias uqmnida maT, TiTqos
isini dapyrobilni iyvnen qarTuli saxelmwifos mier.
faqtobrivad ki, es teritoriebi Cveni iseTive ZirZveli
miwebia, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, rusebisaTvis suzdali, novgorodi,
smolenski... amasTan, aq mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas
yovelTvis qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen.
dasavleTis mxardaWera gvWirdeba, rom SevZloT araswori
sainformacio velis garRveva. maSin saqarTvelos mimarT aRniSnuli
erovnuli umciresobebis damokidebuleba, darwmunebuli var,
radikalurad Seicvleba, radgan Cvens qveyanaSi maT, iseve rogorc
aq mcxovreb sxva umciresobebs, ganviTarebis SesaniSnavi pirobebi
hqondaT da aqvT.
afxazeTSic da e.w. samxreT oseTSic afxazur da osur enebze
funqcionirebda universitetebi da sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebi,
Teatrebi da skolebi, ibeWdeboda wignebi da Jurnal-gazeTebi,
anu isini sargeblobdnen avtonomiis sruli uflebiT da mraval
warmatebasac miaRwies.
ase rom, arsebuli dapirispireba ar aris qarTul-osuri, an,
Tundac qarTul-afxazuri eTnokonfliqti. amas isic adasturebs, rom
saomari moqmedebebis periodSi da dResac saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
qalaqebsa da soflebSi mravlad mcxovreb osebs ar dautovebiaT
Tavisi kar-midamo da arc raime problema SehqmniaT qarTvelebTan.
igive iTqmis afxazebTan mimarTebaSic;
me ar vambob, rom am periodis ganmavlobaSi Cveni mxridan
Secdomebi ar iyo daSvebuli da Tanac seriozuli Secdomebi,
magram isic bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc nebismieri

6
sxva qveyana, ver Seegueba Tavisi teritoriebis dakargvas.
qarTveli xalxi da saqarTvelos eklesia madlieria saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebisa, romelmac Tanadgoma gamogvicxada da mxari ar
dauWira aRniSnuli avtonomiebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad
aRiarebas, Tumca minda vTqva isic, rom yvela, vinc mxars uWers
saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas, amave dros icavs sakuTari
qveynis sazRvrebsa da mSvidobas, radgan is mizezebi, romlebic
afxazeTisa da cxivnalis regionis damoukideblad cnobisaTvis iqna
gamoyenebuli, usafuZvloa, da yvelasTvis, maT Soris - ruseTisTvisac,
momavalSi Seqmnis seriozul problemebs, radgan es aris xelSewyoba
separatizmisa, iseTi centridanuli Zalisa, romelic daangrevs
nebismier saxelmwifos. es aris eTnowmendis legalizebis mcdeloba,
romlis dakanonebac ar SeiZleba moxdes.
saqarTvelo sakuTari miwa-wylis dabrunebisaTvis yovelTvis
izrunebs.
aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad me Zaladobis meTods kategoriulad
gamovricxav. Cveni eklesia axlac da konfliqtamdec yovelTvis
winaaRmdegi iyo sisxlisRvrisa da es araerTxel davafiqsireT.
diplomatiuri (gansakuTrebiT saxalxo diplomatia), ekonomiuri,
kulturuli, religiuri da sxva berketebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs
Soris Catexili xidis aRdgenas, vfiqrob, SesaZlebels gaxdis.
qveyana, romelmac warmoSva wmida sergi radoneJeli,
serafim saroveli, ioane kronStadteli, optineli mamebi, didi
mRvdelmTavrebi da mowameni, cnobili filosofosebi da mwerlebi,
axlobelia CvenTvis.
is, rac moxda, ar unda momxdariyo. Cven SegveZlo urTierTobis
sxva gza agverCia. axla ki gaCenilia seriozuli bzari da undobloba.
aRmarTulia kedeli, romlis dangreva Znelia, magram aucilebeli.
Cven unda davexmaroT erTmaneTs, raTa aRdges saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianoba.
cnobili politikosebi amboben, rom, vinc flobs evrazias,
is flobs msoflioso. evraziis mniSvnelovani regioni ki kavkasiaa.
amitomacaa, rom aq ikveTeba didi qveynebis interesebi da yvela
cdilobs, Tavisi gavlenis sferod aqcios igi. amasTan, yoveli maTgani
gvTavazobs misTvis sasurvel pozicias, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
interesebs naklebad iTvaliswinebs. mogexsenebaT, Sedegad miviReT

7
is, rom saxezea gavlenis sferoebad qveynis dayofis mcdeloba. es
ki, vimeoreb, safrTxes mxolod saqarTvelos ar uqmnis.
diax, momxdarma omma isic aCvena, rom aq Zaladobrivi meTodebis
gamoyeneba msoflioSi seriozuli dapirispirebis mizezi xdeba da
globalur problemebs iwvevs. amitomac vfiqrob, aucilebelia,
yvelam erTad veZeboT samSvidobo gzebi. Cven, Cvenis mxriv, mzad
varT saamisod saTanado nabijebi gadavdgaT, risi dasturia Tundac
is faqti, rom swored dRes da xval dagegmilia saqarTvelos
eklesiis delegaciis Sexvedra ruseTis eklesiis meTaurTan da
sagareo ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelTan...
rogori iqneba Sedegi, ar vici, magram faqtia, rom Cvenma
marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma, rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, SeZles
keTili urTierTobis SenarCuneba, rac, vimedovneb, kidev ufro
gaRrmavdeba.
Cven gvinda viyoT megobrul urTierTobaSi yvelasTan da
gvinda Cveni qveyana, iseve, rogorc mTeli kavkasia, dapirispirebis
mizezad ki ara, TanmSromlobis asparezad iqces, magram mSvidoba
samarTlianobis gareSe ver damyardeba.
wmida werilSi vkiTxulobT: `eswrafe samarTlianobas da
ufali RmerTi ibrZolebs SenTvis, (sibrZne ziraqisa”, 4, 28)
RmerTma SegvaZlebinos samarTlianobis gziT siaruli.
kidev erTxel madlobas mogaxsenebT mowvevisaTvis da gisurvebT
did warmatebebs mSvidobiani msofliosaTvis zrunvis saqmeSi.

bosko-marengo, italia, 6-7 noemberi, 2008

8
konrad adenaueris fondis regionuli programis
`samxreT kavkasiis politikuri dialogi””
xelmZRvanelis katia kristina plates
misasalmebeli sityva
2007 wlis 1 noembridan, mas Semdeg rac saqarTveloSi Camovedi,
CemTvis manamde ucnob politikur movlenaTa qarcecxlSi aRmovCndi.
sakuTari TvaliT vixile 7 noembris Zaladobrivi Setakebebi
Tbilisis quCebSi, rasac prezidentis gadadgoma da ianvarSi axali
saprezidento arCevnebi mohyva; 2008 wlis maisis saparlamento
arCevnebi, agvistos saSineli omi saqarTvelos teritoriaze, romlis
drosac adamianebi daiWrnen da daixocnen; bevri gaZarcves da
sakuTari saxlebidan gamoyares; isini dResac ver brundebian saxlSi
da devnilobaSi rCebian.
romis yofilma papma ioane pavle meorem erTxel aRniSna, rom
yoveli omi kacobriobis marcxia. 2008 wels me am sityvebis
mniSvnelobas Cavwvdi. davibade ra germaniaSi 1978 wels, meore
msoflio omidan 30 welze meti xnis Semdeg, mqonda bedniereba, rom
gavzrdiliyavi omis gamocdilebis gareSe. dasavleT da aRmosavleT
germaniis gamyofi kedeli 1989 wels mSvidobianad daangries da mcire
xnis Semdeg rkinis fardac aixada. maSin 11 wlis viyavi. vcxovrobdi
msoflioSi, romelic bipolarulidan multipolarul sistemad
gardaiqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri da samoqalaqo omebi
da islamisti fundamentalistebis mier mowyobili teroristuli
aqtebi iugoslaviis yofili respublikis teritoriaze sadRac
Cvens axlomaxlo mimdinareobda, Cemi ojaxis arcerT wevrs da Cems
arcerT megobars am omebTan Sexeba ar hqonia. agvistoSi ki sakuTar
Tavze gamovcade Tu ramdenad myife SeiZleba iyos mSvidoba da
ramdenad saSiSia omi. mSvidobis simyife da omisgan gamowveuli
humanitaruli katastrofa Cvengan moiTxovs, rom kargad gaviazroT
agvistos omis mizezebi da ganvixiloT mSvidobis perspeqtivebi,
raTa Tavidan aviciloT Semdgomi Zaladoba.
konrad adenauers, dasavleT germaniis pirvel kanclers, romelic
qveyanas 1949 wlidan 1963 wlamde marTavda, erTxel uTqvams:
`Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia imoqmedo marTebulad, Tuki ar iswavli
warsulidan da ar gaiTvaliswineb warsul gamocdilebas”. zogierTi
gamowveva romlis winaSec gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi
konrad adenaueri idga, Zalian hgavs im gamowvevebs, romlebic dRes
saqarTvelos winaSe dgas. adenauers mouwia safuZveli Caeyara omisgan
gaCanagebuli germaniis rekonstruqciisTvis. SimSili, miusafroba,
umuSevroba, dangreuli infrastruqtura omisSemdgomi germaniis
problemebs warmoadgenda. adenauerma Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika
warmatebiT daukavSira socialuri pasuxismgeblobis qristian-
demokratiul principebs. man warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi milionobiT
germaneli ltolvilis da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris dasavleT

9
germaniis sazogadoebaSi integracias. konrad adenauerma xeli Suewyo
demokratiis, mSvidobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri usafrTxoebisa da
samarTlianobis konsolidacias germaniaSi. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa
konrad adenauerisa da safrangeTis prezidentis Sarl de golis
mier germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris saukunovani sisxliani SuRlis
dasruleba. Sarl de golTan, alisid de gasperTan, robert SumanTan
da sxva mowinave qristian-demokratebTan erTad konrad adenauerma
evropas ieri Seucvala: maT daiwyes evropuli integraciis procesi,
romelic dResac grZeldeba. saxelmwifoebma, romlebic saukuneebis
manZilze ibrZodnen erTurTis winaaRmdeg, daiwyes sakuTari
suverenitetis nebayoflobiTi SezRudva mSvidobiani, demokratiuli
da gabrwyinebuli saerTo momavlis misaRwevad.
konrad adenaueris saxeli mxolod Sidapolitikur warmatebebTan
rodia dakavSirebuli. meore msoflio omis dasavleTis mokavSireebis
mier germaniis okupaciis Semdeg adenauerma SeZlo dasavleT germaniis
suverenitetis aRdgena. man SeZlo germaniis iseT stabilur da
sando demokratiad gardaqmna, rom miuxedavad misi orad gaxleCvisa,
qveyana 1955 wels natoSi iqna miRebuli.
`konrad adenaueris fondi” konrad adenaueris saxels atarebs.
Cven xels vuwyobT qristian-demokratiuli msoflxedvelobis,
im ideebisa da Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas, romlebic konrad
adenauerma Camoayaliba. Cveni fondi 1955 wels germaniaSi
daarsda. am droidan moyolebuli Cven viRwviT mSvidobis,
Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, evropul ideas da
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis principebis gavrcelebisTvis. Cven
yoveldRiurad vmuSaobT germaniaSi da msoflios 120 qveyanaSi am
miznebis misaRwevad. vinaidan konrad adenaueris fondi qristian-
demokratiuli politikuri tradiciis gamtarebelia, eklesiebisa
da religiuri gaerTianebebis Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi CvenTvis
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens.
Cven, 2008 wlis dekemberSi, wilad gvxvda pativi, Cagvetarebina
erToblivi konferencia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
sapatriarqosTan erTad saxelwodebiT: `saqarTveloSi arsebuli
konfliqtebi da mSvidobis perspeqtivebi”. konrad adenaueris
fondisTvis aRniSnuli konferencia iyo mniSvnelovani amosavali
wertili imisaTvis, raTa kargad SeviswavloT qarTuli samecniero
sazogadoebis xedva saqarTvelos teritoriuli konfliqtebis
istoriuli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. konferenciaze daswrebisa da
konferenciaze warmodgenili samecniero statiebis gacnobis Semdeg
CemTvis ufro metad gasagebi gaxda im Zaladobisa da siZulvilis
fesvebi, romlebmac Tavisi wvlili Seitana 2008 wlis agvistoSi
momxdar omSi ruseTis federaciasa da saqarTvelos Soris.
winamdebare publikaciis mizania, safuZveli Cauyaros teritoriuli
konfliqtebis monawile yvela mxares Soris erTob saWiro diskusias.
Tu ki Tqven gsurT upasuxoT publikaciis romelime statias, gTxovT
gamogvigzavnoT Tqveni statia Semdeg misamarTze: info.georgien@kas.de

19. 03. 2009, Tbilisi

10
 Tamaz beraZe, konstantine Tofuria, beJan xorava

Tanamedrove afxazeTis
istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva

saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi mxare _ afxazeTi

Savi zRvis piras, mdinareebs fsousa da engurs Soris mdebareobs. am
sazRvrebSi misi Camoyalibeba rTuli eTno-politikuri procesebis
Sedegia.
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze adamiani qveda paleoliTis
xanaSi dasaxlda. am regionSi kargad aris warmodgenili neoliTis,
brinjaos da adre rkinis xana.
Zv. w. XVs. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifo _ kolxeTis
(kulxa/kilxas) samefo Camoyalibda. es samefo saukuneTa manZilze
mTel samxreT _ aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTs (Zvel
egriss), maT Soris, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritorias moicavda.
Zveli berZnuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemebis mixedviT, ax.
welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde, mdinareebs _ fsousa da engurs Soris
moqceuli teritoria mxolod da mxolod qarTuli modgmis
tomebiT _ kolebi, kolxebi, svano-kolxebi, henioxebi, _ iyo
dasaxlebuli.
Zveli berZnebi, romaelebi da bizantielebi kolxeTis samefos
memkvidred lazikas miiCnevdnen. am samefos sazRvrebSi III-IV ss.
mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris, Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoria Sevida. bizantiel avtorTa monacemebiT, am teritoriis
samxreT-aRmosavleTi monakveTi zRvispiras, mdinareebs _ kodorsa
da engurs Soris, odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. md. kodoris
saTaveebi qarTul toms _ misimielebs ekava, romelic uSualod
egrisis (lazeTis) mefes emorCileboda. md. kodoris Sua da
qvemo weli webels (webelda) da afSileTs, traqeas (qarTulad
uRaRis) igive anakofiis (dRev. axali aToni) cixe-qalaqiTurT ekava,
romelic uSualod egrisis mefis administracias eqvemdebareboda.
traqeas (uRaRis) cixe-simagridan md. aqeuntamde (dRev. md. Saxe)
teritoria abazgias (afxazeTi) eWira, romelic egrisis mefisadmi
daqvemdebarebul or saerisTavod iyofoda.
VIII s. dasasruls dasavleT saqarTvelo kidev erTxel erT
samefod gaerTianda. axal samefos, mmarTveli dinastiis warmomavlobis
mixedviT, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi afxazTa samefos eZaxdnen.
es samefo rva saerisTavod iyofoda. md. nikofsiidan (dRev. md.
negofsuxo) ,,anakofiis mdinaremde” (dRev. md. fsircxa) afxazeTis
saerisTavos ekava; mis samxreT _ dasavleTiT, md. kodoramde _
cxumis saerisTavo mdebareobda; md. kodoris saTaveebi, yofili
misimianeTi, svaneTis saerisTavos ekuTvnoda, xolo md. kodoris
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, iseve rogorc Zvelad, odiSis saerisTavo
mdebareobda. X-XI ss. mijnaze Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria

11
axlad Camoyalibebul saqarTvelos samefoSi gaerTianda, sadac
CvenTvis saintereso teritoriaze administraciul-teritoriuli
dayofa ucvleli darCa. aq, saerisTavoebis sazRvrebi mxolod XIVs.
dasawyisSi Seicvala, rodesac cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi
gaerTianda. amis Semdeg, saukuneTa manZilze, Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze mxolod ori _ afxazeTisa da odiSis saerisTavoebi
arsebobda, romelTac Tavdapirvelad ,,anakofiis mdinare” mijnavda.
XV saukunis bolos saqarTvelos samefo daiSala. mTeli
dasavleT saqarTvelo imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda, romelSic
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria, rogorc odiSisa da afxazeTis
saerisTavoebi Sevida. am droisaTvis, afxazeTis saerisTavo
gagris viwroebsa da ,,anakofiis mdinares” Soris mdebareobda. am
mdinaris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md. enguramde zRvispireTi, iseve
rogorc adre, odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. afxazeTis erisTavi
erTdroulad odiSis erisTavsa da imereTis mefes eqvemdebareboda.
XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi imereTis samefos zRvispireTi CamoSorda,
odiSis erisTavi dadiani damoukidebel mmarTvelad - mTavrad iqca,
romelsac afxazeTis erisTavi daeqvemdebara.
XVI s. 80-90-ian wlebSi osmaleTis uSualo CareviT, afxazeTsa
da odiSs Soris sazRvari Seicvala da md. kelasurze gavida. mokle
xanSi, afxazeTis saerisTavo damoukidebeli gaxda. odiSis mTavarma
levan II dadianma (1611-1657) afxazebi droebiT daimorCila, magram
maTi marbieli Tavdasxmebis mTlianad aRkveTa ver moaxerxa. amitom
is iZulebuli gaxda md. kelasuris marcxena napirze, daaxloebiT
60 km. simagreTa sistema aego, romelic istoriaSi ,,kelasuris
kedlis” saxeliT Sevida.
XVII s. 70-90-ian wlebSi odiSis samTavro Zalze dasustda.
amiT, upirveles yovlisa, afxazma feodalebma isargebles, romlebmac
afxazeTis teritoria md. kelasuridan md. enguramde gaafarToves.
am dapyrobebis Sedegad, md. kelasursa da md. RaliZgas Soris
qarTulma mosaxleobam, faqtobrivad, genocidi ganicada, maTi didi
nawili an monebad gaiyida, an iZulebuli gaxda Tavi saqarTvelos sxva
mxareebisTvis Seefarebina. adgilze mxolod ZirZveli mosaxleobis
Zalze mcire nawili darCa, romelic gadmosaxlebul afxazebSi
Seeria.
XVIII s. dasawyisSi, am movlenebis Sedegad, afxazeTis
politikuri ruka mTlianad Seicvala. md. bzifidan md. gumisTamde
zufu mdebareobda; md. gumisTasa da md. RaliZgas Soris abJua
Camoyalibda. es saxelwodeba qarTuli `Sua soflis” afxazuri
Targmania. md. RaliZgasa da md. engurs Soris kidev erTi afxazuri
feodaluri samflobelo Camoyalibda, romelsac samurzayano
ewoda. odiSis mTavrebma, XVIII s. dasawyisSi, afxazeTisa da odiSis
samTavroebs Soris sasazRvro mijnis md. enguridan md. RaliZgaze
gadatana moaxerxes. ase rom, TiTqmis mTeli XVIII saukune,
samurzayano odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.

12
 XIX s. dasawyisSi odiSis (samegrelos) samTavro ruseTis
imperiis avtonomiuri erTeuli gaxda. samegrelos avtonomiur
samTavroSi samurzayanoc Sedioda da sazRvari samegrelosa da
afxazeTs Soris md. RaliZgaze gadioda. md. kodoris Sua da zemo
wels _ webelsa da dals marSaniebis feodaluri saxli marTavda,
romelsac aseve md. bzifis saTaveebSi mdebare fsxus mxarec
emorCileboda. ase rom, afxazeTis samTavro, romelic 1810 wels,
rogorc saqarTvelos erT-erTi mxare, ruseTis imperiis avtonomiuri
erTeuli gaxda, mxolod SavizRvispireTs md. RaliZgidan md.
bzifamde moicavda. Tanac, afxazeTis mTavris realuri xelisufleba
am teritoriaze mxolod zufuze vrceldeboda. afxazeTis mTavarma
mixeil SarvaSiZem (1823-1864) mxolod XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi ruseTis
samxedro nawilebis daxmarebiT moaxerxa Tavisi xelisuflebis md.
bzifidan md. RaliZgamde SavizRvispireTze gavrceleba. ase rom,
afxazeTs, rogorc erTian politikur warmonaqmns, safuZveli
mxolod am droidan Caeyara.
1864 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma,
mis nacvlad, imave sazRvrebSi ,,afxazeTis samxedro ganyofileba”
Camoyalibda. ori wlis Semdeg, 1866 wels, am ganyofilebis nacvlad,
quTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi ,,soxumis okrugi” Seiqmna,
romelSic pirvelad samurzayano, anu teritoria md. RaliZgasa da
md. engurs Soris, Sevida. XIX s. 40-iani wlebidan, ruseTis imperia
yovelnairad cdilobda afxazeTi teritoriul-administraciulad
saqarTvelosgan CamoeSorebina. ruseTis xelisuflebam aseTi ramis
pirdapir gakeTeba uxerxulad CaTvala, amitom ,,mcocavi agresiis”
gzas daadga. 1903 w. ruseTis xelisuflebam gagris seqtori soxumis
okrugs CamoaSora da axlad Seqmnil SavizRvispireTis gubernias
miuerTa. ukve arsebobda gegmebi, romelic Tanamedrove afxazeTis sxva
nawilebis SavizRvispireTis guberniasTan mierTebas iTvaliswinebda.
aseT gegmebs wertili 1917 wels Tebervlis revoluciam dausva.
jer kidev 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebamde, saqarTvelos
erovnulma sabWom ruseTis droebiT mTavrobas afxazeTisaTvis
gagris seqtoris dabruneba sTxova. es teritoria afxazeTis
da Sesabamisad saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi imave wlis bolos, ukve
droebiTi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg dabrunda.
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika
gamocxadda, romlis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTi soxumis olqis saxeliT
Sevida. TviT saxelwodeba ,,afxazeTi” administraciul-politikuri
mniSvnelobiT saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi 1919
wlis martSi sagangebo aqtiT Sevida. saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis konstituciam afxazeTs avtonomia mianiWa.
1920 wlis 7 maiss sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos
Soris moskovSi xelmowerilma xelSekrulebam SavizRvispireTSi
saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris sazRvrad fsou daadgina.
es xelSekruleba, iseve rogorc ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris

13
dadebuli yvela xelSekruleba, ruseTma maleve daarRvia da 1921
wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelos okupacia da aneqsia moaxdina.
sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba Tavdapirvelad Seecada,
saqarTvelosTvis afxazeTi CamoeSorebina, magram qarTveli xalxisa
da msoflio sazogadoebriobis uaryofiT azrs moerida; amitom
rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli, samokavSireo respublikis saxeliT,
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi
datova, Tumca sazRvari md. fsous nacvlad md. mexadirze gavida.
mxolod 1929 wels, sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebis daJinebuli
TxovniT, sazRvari sabWoTa ruseTsa da sabWoTa saqarTvelos
Soris md. fsou gaxda. 1931 wels afxazeTis realuri statusi
iuridiuladac gaformda, man avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikis statusi miiRo. aseTi viTareba 1992-1993 ww. afxazeTis
konfliqtamde gagrZelda, romelic faqtobrivad, XX saukuneSi
ruseT-saqarTvelos meore oms warmoadgenda.

14
 rozeta gujejiani

dalis svaneTis
(kodoris xeobis/zemo afxazeTis)
istoriul-eTnografiuli mimoxilva
uZvelesi saistorio wyaroebiT (berZnuli, romauli, bizantiuri,
qarTuli), dRevandeli zemo afxazeTi, romlis istoriuli saxel-
wodebaa dalis svaneTi (igive ucxouri wyaroebis misimianeTi) da
romelsac mogvianebiT kodoris xeobac ewoda, ZvelTaganve svaneTis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da, cxadia, mudam saqarTvelos ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgenda.
svaneTi (dalis xeobiTurT) erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli samefos
_ egrisis (Zv. w. XV_XIV ss.) arsebobis droidan vidre saqarT-
velos samefo-samTavroebad daSlamde (XV_XVI ss.) mdinare kodo-
ris zemo welidan lixis qedamde dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel
mTianeTs moicavda.
dalis svaneTi1 balsqvemo svaneTs jerildis uReltexilze gama-
vali bilikebiT ukavSirdeboda (Wuberis Temidan)2.
cnobilia, Zveli berZnebi egrisis samefos “oqromraval kolxi-
das” eZaxdnen. kolxeTis “oqromravlobaSi“ didi wvlili sva-
neTs Sehqonda. oqros warmoebis erT-erT uZveles kerad dalis
xeobis mezobeli Wuberis Temi iTvleboda da swored am or xe-
obaze gadioda gza CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (TonRuz-orunisa da
basis uReltexilebi) (Берадзе, 1989)3.
Zv. w. IV saukunidan svaneTi (daliTurT) farnavazis mier Se-
qmnili didi saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan regions warmoadgenda.
1 dalis anu afxazeTis svaneTis soflebi ZiriTadad sakuTriv kodoris da
misi saTaveebis (sakeni, gvandra) napirebze mdebareobs. mdinare sakenis xeobaSi
yvelaze maRla mdebare sofelia sakeni, mis qvemoT omariSaraa. md. gvandras
xeobaSi sofeli gvandraa gaSenebuli. sakuTriv mdinare kodorze yvelaze
maRla soflebi _ marjvena da marcxena genwviSi mdebareobs. ufro qvemoT,
mdinareebidan moSorebiT, aris patara sofeli xutia. md. kodoris marjvena
napirze, zemo da qvemo aJara//ajaraa, xolo marcxena napirze patara sofeli
mrambaa. md. CxalTis kodorTan SesarTavSi, orive mdinaris marjvena napirze
ganlagebulia sofeli CxalTa. ufro zemoT, mdinare CxalTis xeobaSi aris
soflebi marjvena da marcxena ptiSi. sofel CxalTis qvemoT, kodoris marcxena
napirze sofeli SabaTkvara, xolo marjvena napirze sofeli qvabCaraa. ufro
qvemoT zemo laTa iwyeba, romelic sakuTriv sofel laTas esazRvreba. laTas
qvemoT mdinare kodoris xeoba viwrovdeba, is bagadas viwroebSi Sedis da am
viwroebTan dalis xeobac sruldeba.
2 bolo wlebSi istoriuli svaneTis saerisTavos am or nawils Soris gay-
vanil iqna samanqano gza.
3 svaneTze ucxoeli vaWrebis mimosvla gansakuTrebiT intensiuri Zv. w. IV_I
saukuneebSi iyo da am mizniT ZiriTadad dalis da Wuberis xeobebs iyenebdnen.
amas mowmobs aleqsandre makedonelis da misi erT-erTi memkvidris _ lisimaqes
_ monetebi, rac gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi am xeobaSi didi raodenobiT
aRmoCnda.

15
 Semdegac, strabonis aRwerilobiTac, dalis mxareSi kvlav
qarTvelebi (svanebi) cxovroben:`dioskuriis anu dRevandeli sox-
umis maxloblad “arian svanebi. svanebi simamacis da Zalis mxriv
saukeTesoni... da isini floben irgvliv yvelafers da kavkasionis
mwvervalebi upyriaT, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT arian” (T.
yauxCiSvili, 1957: 126).
VI_VII saukuneebis dalis xeobas berZeni avtorebi (agaTia sqo-
lastikosi, menandre protiqtori, Teodosi gangreli), “misimianTa
mxares” uwodeben (georgika, 1940: 236). cxadia, misimianelebi
qarTvelebi, igive svanebi arian. es saxelwodeba am ZirZveli
qarTuli jgufis _ svanebis _ dialeqturi saxelidan _ muSuan-
idan momdinareobs (qaldani, 1999).
dalis xeoba aqtiurad figurirebs mTeli adreuli Suasauku-
neebis saqarTvelos istoriaSi: IV_VII saukuneebSi saqarTveloze
gabatonebas sparseTi da bizantia cdilobdnen. maT Soris xSiri
omianoba gansakuTrebiT mZimed svaneTsa da mis nawilze - dalis
xeobaze (misimianeTze) aisaxa (aTanelaSvili, 1959; musxeliSvili,
2003; gasviani, 1995; arRvliani, 2003). mizezi svaneTis strate-
giuli mdebareoba iyo: svaneTs, CrdiloeT kavkasia esazRvreba,
saidanac IV_VI saukuneebSi “`xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis” epoqaSi,
samxreT kavkasiasa da mis momijnave qveynebs hunuri da alanuri
modgmis tomebi utevdnen. bizantia da sparseTi maTi agresiis
Tavidan acilebas da meore mxarisaken mimarTvas cdilobdnen. aseT
pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda kavkasionis uReltexilebis
gadmosasvleli gzebis kontrols, rasac dasavleT saqarTveloSi
svaneTi axorcielebda, romlis dalis monakveTis gavliTac Cr-
diloeT kavkasiidan gzebi Savi zRvis sanapirosaken miemarTe-
boda. amasTanave, IV_VI saukuneebSic, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTSi
eqsportis mTavar sagans abreSumi warmoadgenda. VI saukunis II
naxevarSi bizantiam abreSumis mTavar mimwodeblebTan _ CineT-
Tan da Sua aziasTan _ savaWro urTierToba axali “abreSumis
CrdiloeTi gziT” daamyara. es gza Sua aziis Semdeg kaspiis
zRvas CrdiloeTidan Semouvlida, kavkasiis mTavari qedis Cr-
diloeTis kalTebs miuyveboda da dasavleT saqarTvelos uRel-
texilebiT Savi zRvisaken eSveboda. ase rom, svaneTis dakavebiT
sparseTi “abreSumis CrdiloeT gzazec” kontrols daamyarebda
da aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris abreSumis satranzito
vaWrobaSi monopolias kvlav aiRebda xelSi (Берадзе, 1989: 32-70).
miT ufro, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan svaneTisaken pirdapiri
gza miemarTeboda.4
4 es gza mdinareebis ioris Tu aragvis xeobebiT Tergis saTaveebSi mdebare
xevSi da TrusoSi adioda, saidanac dvaleTSi gadadioda. dvaleTidan gza
mamisonis uReltexiliT rionisa da cxeniswylis saTaveebiT enguris xeobi-
saken miemarTeboda. aqedan ki gza Wuberis gavliT dalis xeobaSi gadadioda
da Semdeg dRevandeli soxumis midamoebSi Savi zRvis sanapiros aRwevda.
am gzas Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiT `gza garesa” an kidev, `gzani dvaleTisani”
ewodeboda.

16
 V saukunis II naxevarSi svaneTi (daliTurT) vaxtang gorgasalma
uSualod qarTlis samefos SeuerTa5 (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955:
185.).
542 wels dawyebuli “didi omianoba egrisSi” mkveTrad aisaxa
svaneTis or nawilze _ misimianeTsa (dalis xeoba) da balsqvemo svane-
Tze. am drois bizantiur wyaroebSi xSirad ixsenieba dalis xeobis
mTavari cixesimagreebi: “bukolusis”//bokeris cixe da “rkinis”//
CxalTis cixe (georgika, 1940).
562 wels sparseTi da bizantia dazavdnen, magram dava svaneTis
irgvliv Semdegac grZeldeboda. 571 wels bizantiasa da sparseTs
Soris omi ganaxlda. 575 wels bizantielTa laSqari SeiWra sva-
neTSi, 590 wels ki _ sparselebisa (georgika, 1941: 32-34).
VII saukuneSi egrisis nawili bizantiis gavlenis qveS iyo da
mas mefis nacvlad patrikiosi ganagebda, romelsac dalis xeobac
_ misimianeTic emorCileboda.
697 wlidan arabebma dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili daipyres,
arabebs daqvemdebarebuli mecixovneebi idgnen rkinis/CxalTis cix-
eSic (sanaZe, beraZe, 2004).
arabTa Semosevebis dros (735-738 ww.) dalis xeoba qarTlis
erismTavars stefanoz III-s da mis STamomavlebs eqvemdebareboda.
Semdeg ki istoriuli saqarTvelos did nawilSi erT-erTi qarTuli
mxaris - afxazeTis - erisTavma leon II-m Seqmna axali qarTuli
saxelmwifo, romelsac afxazTa samefo, igive egris-afxazeTis
samefo ewoda (lorTqifaniZe, 1973).
afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda svaneTis saerisTavo
da misi nawili dalis xeoba, romelsac maruSianTa sagvareulo
ganagebda. maruSianebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen `afxazTa
samefos” politikur cxovrebaSi6. amave dros, afxazTa samefos
erT-erT uZlieres feodalur saxls svanuri warmoSobis SavlianTa
sagvareulo warmoadgenda, romelic samefo dinastias metoqeobasac
ki uwevda. `afxazTa samefoSi” SavlianTa dinastiis ori mefea
cnobili (861-881 ww.).
5 swored amitom vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli erisTavebis siaSi moxseniebu-
lia `samnaRir, erisTavi Sida egrisisa da suaneTisa”. Semdeg ki am didma
mefem mTeli saqarTvelo gaaerTiana (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955: 185.).
6 maruSiania zviad erisTavi, romelic moxseniebulia 864 wels kumurdos
taZris samSeneblo warweraSi. warweris mixedviT igi afxazTa mefis erisTavia
javaxeTSi. svaneTis erisTavebs “afxazeTis samefo” karze sapatio adgili
ekavaT. maT movaleobas “afxazTa mefeTa” kurTxevis ceremonialis dros
mefisaTvis xmlis Sebma anu “dadeba” Seadgenda. maruSianTa sagvareulo
bagrat III_s erTgulad emsaxureboda. am sagvareulodan iyo saqarTvelos mefis
uaxloesi TanamebrZoli zviad erisTavi, romelmac 1014 wels taoSi gardacv-
lili bagrat III_is cxedari warmoiRo da damarxa bedias, am mefisave agebul
bediis brwyinvale taZarSi.. maruSiania udidesi qarTveli moRvawe erisTavi
qarTlisa... kaci Zlieri da ermravali” _ ioane maruSisZe, romelsac udide-
si wvlili miuZRvis bagrat III-is garSemo mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebis
saqmeSi (978 w.).

17
 XI saukunidan afxazeTis erisTavebad ixseniebian SarvaSisZeebi//
ServaSisZeebi7.
maruSianebi da SarvaSiZeebi gvianSuasaukuneebidan, mas Semdeg,
rac am regionidan ucxotomelebma qarTvelebi TiTqmis gandevnes,
marSaniebisa da CaCbebis gvarsaxeliT moixseniebian, isini gaafx-
azdnen.
XVI saukunis miwurulidan iwyeba afxazeTis eTnikuri Semad-
genlobis mkveTri cvlileba (xorava, 1998: 87-100). Crdilo-
kavkasiidan gamudmebuli Semosevebis gamo dalis xeobidan adgi-
lobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba svaneTis siRrmisken iwyebs gad-
aadgilebas. gvianSuasaukuneebSi kodoris xeobaSi abazur-adiReur
tomTa CrdiloeTidan, kavkasionis uReltexilebidan Semosvlas
adasturebs arqanjelo lambertis, Jan Sardenis, evlia Celebisa
da sxvaTa cnobebic, agreTve 1654 wlis laTinur-franguli rukac,
romelzec afxazTa gansaxlebis ukidures aRmosavleT sazRvrad md.
kodoria miTiTebuli (gvancelaZe, 1998: 29).
abazur-adiReur tomTa Semosevebs daerTo yaraCaelTa xSiri
Semosevebic, rac sistematur xasiaTs atarebda. erT-erTi aseTi
SemoWris ambavi gadmocemis saxiTaa Semonaxuli da igi mogviTxrobs
mravali Taobis win dalisaken mimaval gzaze mdebare Wuberis xe-
obaSi ori Temis _ salis da faJis (salis Temi spilenZis, rkinis
da oqros mopovebiT iyo saxelganTqmuli. faJis Temis simdidris
wyaros ki tyviisa da vercxlis mopoveba Seadgenda) sruli amowyve-
tis da iqaurobis gaveranebis Sesaxeb. mteri kodoris xeobaSi yara-
Caidan gadmosasvleli bilikiT Semosula da maT uricxv urdoebs
Wuberis soflebTan erTad, dalic sastikad auoxrebiaT (Иессен,
Деген-Ковалевский, 1935: 319-323). eTnodemografiuli procesebis am-
saxvel sxva gadmocemebSi dalis xeobeli qarTuli sagvareulos _
qaldanebis tragikuli istoriaa moTxrobili (prozauli teqstebi,
1957: 242-245), aseTive tragizmiTaa aRsavse gvarmianTa sagvareulo
istoria, masSi moTxrobilia Crdilo-kavkasiidan gadmosuli mtris
mier 40 gvarmianis amoxocvis ambavi da a. S.
XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasielTa gamudmebuli
Semosevebis Sedegad Wuberis xeoba mosaxleobisagan didi xniT
daicala, xolo dalis xeobis qarTuli (svanuri) mosaxleoba
TiTqmis gawyda da is TandaTanobiT axlad mosulma adiReur//
abazurma eTnikurma jgufma (afsua) Secvala.

7 es feodaluri sagvareulo, msgavsad Savlianebisa, svanuri warmoSobisaa, sva-

neTSi dResac cxovroben SarvaSiZeebi, romelTac, saistorio sagvareulo gad-
mocema SavlianebTan da afxazeTis Semdgomi drois mTavrebTan - SarvaSiZeebTan
akavSirebs (mibCuani, 1996; gvancelaZe, 1998). enaTmecnierTa dakvirvebiTac, “gva-
ris qarTul variants safuZvlad unda edos mamakacis qarTuli SaorS saxelis
svanuri SaverS/SavreS varianti (Sdr. gvarsaxeli SavreSiani). svanuri SavreS
saxelisagan bgeraTgadasmis gziT iolad SeiZleboda migveRo mamakacis saxelad
SarvaS//ServaS-i… swored SarvaS//ServaS mamakacis saxelisagan da ara SarvanSa
titulisagan aris miRebuli gvarsaxeli SarvaSisZe//ServaSisZe” (gvancelaZe,
1998: 56).

18
 eTnografiuli masaliT, dalis xeobis cocxlad gadarCenil
qarTvelTa nawili gansaxlda balsqvemo svaneTis soflebSi. 10-mde
qarTul sagvareulos svaneTSi Semonaxuli aqvs xsovna maTi winapre-
bis dalis xeobaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb (gvarmianebis, qaldanebis, gur-
Cianebis, gerlianebis, subelianebis, Cxvimianebis... TiTo Sto).
dalis xeobis demografiul procesebTan dakavSirebiT sayura-
dRebo masalas gvawvdis am sagvareuloTa warmomadgenlebis yofaSi
dRemde moqmedi erTi Cveuleba: tradiciuli locvis ritualis
dasrulebis Semdeg, romelic sruldeba eklesiebSi, an saxlebSi,
salocav kuTxed gamoyofil aRmosavleTis kedelSi datanebul sark-
melTan, mlocvelebi Semotrialdebian Crdilo-dasavleTisken,
dalis xeobis mimarTulebiT da locvas aRavlenen dalSi mde-
bare salocavebis (Syeris wmida giorgis eklesia, ajaris wm.
giorgis eklesia...) saxelze, romelTa mrevlnic yofilan maTi
winaprebi dalis xeobaSi cxovrebis dros (bardaveliZe, 1939: 60-
61). es faqti mravlismetyvelia da igi asaxavs ara mxolod qarT-
vel mTielebSi dRemde arsebul Zlier religiur muxts, aramed
qarTvelTa istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis uflebasac dalis
svaneTze.
Sesabamisad, XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, rodesac daiwyo
qarTvelebis Casaxlebis procesi dalis xeobaSi8, es iyo ara
axali, ucxo da ucnobi miwebis aTvisebis procesi, aramed
qarTvelebis dabruneba TavianT istoriul sacxovrisSi, dalis
svaneTSi (qaldani, 1999: 58). miuxedavad orsaukunovani wyvetilisa,
qarTvelTa istoriul sacxovriss dapatronebulma rusebma da af-
suebma/afxazebma ver aRmofxvres dalis xeobis qarTuli toponimika.
mxolod saliteraturo an qarTuli enis svanuri dialeqtebiT
aixsneba am xeobis toponimTa udidesi nawili: bokeri, buCyuri,
buZguri, genwviSi, lagvana, laTa, dali, CxalTa, Caxari, gvandra,
aJara, aZgara, tvibraSeri, xewkvara, xutia, Siyeri, nahari... (qaldani,
1999; mibCuani, 1989; mibCuani, 1998).
dalis xeobis mTebSi nayofieri sabalaxoebiT sargeblobisaTvis
afxazi mejogeebi da mwyemsebi XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebamde
gadasaxads uxdidnen balsqvemo svaneTis mTavrebs, dadeSqelianebs,
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli okupaciis Semdeg ki, afxa-
zebma gadasaxadebis gadaxda TandaTanobiT Sewyvites, rasac mohyva
araerTi Setakeba svaneTis samTavrosa da afxazebs Soris9. mas Sem-
degac, rac ruseTis xelisuflebam daxvrita saqarTvelos erovnuli
gmiri konstantine (murzayan) dadeSqeliani da gaauqma svaneTis

8 es procesi ZiriTadad dasrulda XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. 1926 wlis mo-

nacemebiT, dalis xeoba mTlianad qarTvelebiTaa (svanebiTa) dasaxlebuli),
laTis qvemo soflebSi ki (34% _ qarTvelebi, 9% _ afxazebi, 4% _ rusebi,
3%) _ Sereuli mosaxleobaa (aslaniSvili, 1933: 10).
9 bolo aseTi Setakeba 1863-1864 wels momxdara, svanebs gadasaxadis sazRau-
rad afxazebisTvis 3000 cxvari waurTmeviaT (niJaraZe, 1964; gelovani, 2003:
42-43).

19
samTavro, svaneTis Cubexevis Temebis mosaxleoba XIX saukunis 80-
90-ian wlebamde moiTxovda xelisuflebisagan samarTlianobis aR-
dgenas da gadasaxadebis gadaxdas afxazi mejogeebisgan (Teltobis,
larakvakvas, darCviWenWolis mTebisa da mimdebare teritoriebis
gamo, romelTac sabalaxoebad iyenebdnen afxazebi) (niJaraZe, 1962;
gelovani, 2003: 42-43).
rasakvirvelia, ruseTis batonobis pirobebSi, arc eTnikuri afxa-
zebi (TviTsaxelwodeba _ afsua) iyvnen dalxenil dReSi. 1840 wels
aq mRelvarebam ifeTqa, rac dampyrobelma sastikad CaaxSo, xolo
1867 wels ruseTma ayara da osmaleTSi gadaasaxla webelis mosax-
leobis didi nawili, aseve, dalis xeobaSi, qarTvelTa genocidis
Sedegad Casaxlebul afxazTa STamomavlebic10. gaCnda ew. Tavisu-
fali miwis fondi, sadac xelisufleba mizanmimarTulad asaxlebda
mxolod rusebs (Sua ruseTidan), `maTi mosaxleoba damkvidrda...
laTaSi, aJaraSi, genwuiSSi... dawesda rusuli monastrebi, eklesia”
(aslaniSvili, 1933: 16). qarTvelebis Casaxlebas ki xelisufleba
mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda. qarTvelebs ar aZlevdnen soflebSi
dasaxlebis uflebas, ris gamoc svanebma tyeebis gakafva daiwyes da
pirvelmosaxleTa ojaxebi 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi tyeebSi cxovrobd-
nen. qarTvelebs Semdegac, didxans Tavisufali miwebis damuSavebis
neba ar eZleodaT (aslaniSvili, 1933: 17-18). miuxedavad aseTi
siZneleebisa, 1926 wlisaTvis dalis xeobaSi ukve 29 sofeli iyo
qarTvelebisa11.
dalis xeobis qarTuli mosaxleoba xangrZlivi drois manZilze
moklebuli iyo saganmanaTleblo da samkurnalo dawesebulebebs,
xalxi gausaZlis pirobebSi cxovrobda.
meurneobis mTavar dargebad aq Camoyalibda mesaqonleoba da
miwaTmoqmedeba, gaaSenes xexili, ganviTarda mefutkreoba.
dalis xeobis tradiciuli yofa mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda
svaneTis eTnografiuli yofisagan. aqaurma qarTvelebma dRemde
Semoinaxes yvela im ZvelqarTuli religiuri dReobis aRniSvnis
tradicia, romelic svaneTis yofaSia fiqsirebuli12.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos II okupaciis Semdeg afxazeTis av-
tonomiuri olqi daiyo 5 mazrad. kodoris xeoba sxvadasxva admin-
istraciul sazRvrebSi Sedioda: mag., 1930 wlisaTvis igi soxumis
mazris SemadgenlobaSia: aJaris sas. sabWos saxeliT; 1977 wlis
monacemebiT ki dalis xeoba ukve gulrifSis raionis Semadgen-
lobaSia aJaris sas. sabWos saxeliT (saqarTvelos ssr...…1977: 132).
saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (1991 w.) dalis xeoba afx-

10 1867 wlis agvsto-seqtemberSi soxumis olqis ufrosma, general-maiorma v.

geimanma Semoiara misdami rwmunebuli mxare. 26-28 seqtembers is iyo webeldasa
da dalSi mxare TiTqmis mTlianad iyo “gawmendili” mosaxleobisagan” (xorava,
2004: 72-73).
11 asive procenti svanebia, vinaidan TandaTanobiT rusoba gadasaxlda dalidan
da maTi adgilebi Seisyides svanebma. am mdgomareobas xeli Seuwyo imperialis-
turma omma da Semdeg revoluciam” (aslaniSvili, 1933: 19-20).
12 erTi ZvelqarTuli dResaswauli Seswavlili aqvs d. devdarians (devdari-
ani, 2003).
20
azeTis avtonomiuri respublikis gulrifSis raionis aJaris Temis
sakrebuloSia moqceuli.
dalis xeobis qarTuli kulturis Zeglebi cnobilia antikuri
xanis ucxoeli avtorebisa da Semdgomi drois istorikosebisTvis.
maTgan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ori cixesimagre dRemde Semor-
Ca am mxares: bukulusis//bokeris13 cixe gaSenebulia md. kodoris
saTaveebSi, gvandrisa da yuluCis SesarTavTan. igi alanebTan egri-
sis damakavSirebel mTavar gzas akontrolebda. CxalTis kompleqsi
_ `rkinis cixe”, romelic aRmarTulia md. CxalTisa da kodoris
SesarTavTan qluxoris uReltexilisaken mimaval gzaze, akavSireb-
da am mxares CerqezeTTan. aseTive koSkebis nangrevebi gvxvdeba
mTeli gzis gayolebiT uReltexilamde da maTi meSveobiT icavdnen
qarTvelebi TavianT sazRvrebs.
cnobilia, rom saqarTvelSi, maT Soris afxazeTsa da svaneTSi,
qristes sjuli TviT mociqulebma iqadages (jafariZe, 1996: 20-55;
afxazeTi, 2007: 75-78). dalis xeobis qarTuli qristianuli Ze-
glebidan aRsaniSnavia Siyeris wminda giorgis eklesia (sofel
Siyeri, md. gvandrasa da sakens Sua maRal goraze) da s. ajaris
wm. giorgis eklesia, orive maTgani aRdgenilia da iq dResac
gausaZlis pirobebSi moRvaweoben qarTveli sasuliero pirebi.
amJamad dalis xeobidan devnilia 2600 - ze meti qarTveli.

damowmebuli literatura:

aTanelaSvili, 1959 _ aTanelaSvili, g., svaneTis sakiTxi bizantia-

iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi, Tb., 1959.
arRvliani, 2003 _ arRvliani, i., bizantiuri wyaroebi misimianTa
tomis Sesaxeb. _ saistorio Ziebani, 6, Tb., 2003.
aslaniSvili, 1933 _ aslaniSvili, i., afxazeTis svaneTi, 1926
wlis mogzaurobis mimoxilva 25 suraTiT da rukiT teqstSi,
tf., 1933.
afxazeTi, 2007 _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, afxazeTi,
uZvelesi droidan dRemde, Tb., 2007.
bardaveliZe, 1939 _ bardaveliZe, v., qarTul (svanur) xalxur
dReobaTa kalendari, I, axalwlis cikli, tf., 1939.
gasviani, 1995 _ gasviani, g., bizantia-iranis brZola egris-svaneTis
gamo, _ qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli, II, Tb., 1995.
gelovani, 2003 _ gelovani, a., dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi
(svaneTi) XIX saukuneSi, Tb., 2003.
georgika, 1941 _ georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarT-
13 662 wels bizantiam, romelic am dros mwvaleblobas uWerda mxars, didi
RvTismetyveli maqsime - aRmsarebeli Tavis or mowafesTan erTad saqarTvelos
cixeebSi Seamwyvdia: erTerTi mowafe anastasi Seayenes bukolusis cixeSi
(georgika, 1941: 40-48).

21
 velos Sesaxeb, t. IV, nakv., I, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targ-
maniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb.,
1941.
gvancelaZe 1998 _ gvancelaZe, T., enobrivi monacemebi da maTi
mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis. _ kr.,
afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998.
devdariani, 2003 _ devdariani, d., religiuri dResaswaulebi
dalis svaneTSi. `lamprob”. _ kr., saistorio Ziebani, 6, Tb.,
2003.
ezugbaia, 1973 _ ezugbaia, v., saqarTvelos ssr axali adminis-
traciul-teritoriuli dayofa da sabWoebis rolis Semdgomi
amaRleba (1921-1932 ww.), Tb., 1973.
zardaliSvili, 1970 _ zardaliSvili, g., saqarTvelos ssr ekono-
miuri daraioneba, Tb., 1970.
ingoroyva, 1954 _ ingoroyva, p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954.
lorTqifaniZe, 1973 - m. lorTqifaniZe, axali feodaluri samTav-
roebis warmoqmna, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad,
t. II, Tb., 1973
mibCuani, 1997 _ mibCuani, T., afxazeTis mefeebi da mTavrebi, Tb.,
1997.
mibCuani, 1998 _ mibCuani, T., afxazeTis toponimika, _ kr., afx-
azeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998.
mibCuani, 1989 _ mibCuani, T., dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel
mTielTa eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan,
Tb., 1989.
mibCuani, 1996 _ mibCuani, T., Savlianebi _ afxazeTis mefeebi
(IX). kr., aia, I, Tb., 1996.
musxeliSvili, 2003 _ musxeliSvili d. saqarTvelo IV-VIII sau-
kuneebSi, Tb. 2003
niJaraZe, 1964 _ niJaraZe, b., ialbuzis garSemo, _ kr., istoriul-
eTnografiuli werilebi, II, Tb., 1964.
prozauli teqstebi, 1957 _ svanuri prozauli teqstebi, balsqve-
mouri kilo, II, Tb., 1957.
sanaZe, beraZe, 2004 _ sanaZe, m., beraZe, T., VIII s-is I naxevris
qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan. _ kr., qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, X, Tb., 2004.
saqarTvelos ssr... 1961 _ saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-ter-
itoriuli dayofa 1961 wlis 1 ivlisisaTvis, gamocema meore.
saqarTvelos ssr... 1977 _ saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-ter-
itoriuli dayofa 1977 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis, gamocema meoTxe,
Tb., 1977.
qaldani, 1999 _ qaldani, m., mivsianeTisa da mivsianTa tomis

22
 vinaobis sakiTxisaTvis, _ afxazeTis moambe, #2-3, Tb., 1999.
qarTlis cxovreba, 1955 _ qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I,
Tb., 1955.
yauxCiSvili, 1957 _ yauxCiSvili, T., strabonis geografia, Tb.,
1957.
yauxCiSvili, 1936 _ yauxCiSvili, s., misimianTa tomi, Tsu Srome-
bi, I, Tb., 1936.
xorava, 2004 _ xorava b., afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, Tb.,
2004.
xorava, 1998 _ xorava, b., eTnikuri procesebi Crdilo kavka-
siaSi da afxazeTi, _ kr., afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb.,
1998.
jafariZe, 1996 _ mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis istoria, Tb., 1996.
Берадзе, 1989 – Берадзе Т. Н. Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой
грузии, Тб., 1989.
Иессен, Деген-Ковалевский – Иессен А. А., Деген-Ковалевский Б. Е. Из
истории древней металлургии Кавказа. ОГИЗ. М-Л., 1935.

23
 beJan xorava

eTnikuri procesebi afxazeTSi

(uZvelesi droidan dRemde)
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mimdinare eTnikuri
cvlilebebisTvis Tvalis gadevneba brinjaos xanidan aris
SesaZlebeli.
adre brinjaos xanidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tanamedrove
afxazeTis CaTvliT, eTnikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti xazi dasturdeba.
Sua brinjaos xanis dasasruls, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze, yalibdeba erTiani qarTveluri kultura, romelic
kolxuri kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili.
Zv.w. XV saukuneSi istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze uZvelesi
qarTuli saxelmwifo _ kolxeTis samefo Camoyalibda, romelic
Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze md. yubanis Sav zRvaSi
Zvel SesarTavamde aRwevda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, es
teritoria qarTvelTa saxelmwifoa, romlis erTi nawili _ ,,qveyana
lixis mTidan mdinaremde ,,mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebis
wueri kavkasiisa”, e.i. md.yubanis SesarTavamde _ qarTvelTa erT-
erTi eTnarqis _ egrosis samkvidroa (,,qarTlis cxovreba,” 1955:
5); es aris iribi gamoZaxili im faqtisa, rom es mxare qarTvelTa
samkvidroa.
saistorio wyaroebis monacemebiT, winaantikur da elinistur
xanaSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad moqceulia
kolxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi da qarTuli modgmis tomebiTaa
dasaxlebuli. sainteresoa is faqti, rom ax.w. II saukunis avtorebi
_ flavius ariane da klavdios ptolemaiosi Savi zRvis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sanapiroze (Tanamedrove qalaq tuafses maxloblad)
asaxeleben geografiul punqts _ lazikas (Sua saukuneebis q.nikofsia).
sagulisxmoa, rom ariane am punqts ,,Zvel lazikas” uwodebs,
rac Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi qarTuli mosaxleobis
gansaxlebis utyuari mowmobaa (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976).
sakuTriv Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze, Zv.w. VI _ ax.w.
II ss. Zvel berZnul saistorio mwerlobaSi (hekataios mileteli,
skilaqs kariandeli, klavdios ptolemaiosi da sxv.), moxseniebulia
Semdegi tomebi _ kolebi, koraqsebi, svano-kolxebi, kolxebi, _
romelTa qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs (T. yauxCiSvili,
1976).
Zv.w. II s. dasasruls kolxeTis samefos dacemam aRmosavleT
da Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aramyari situacia Seqmna,
ramac am regionSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosaxle tomebis SemoWras
misca biZgi. am garemoebam, Tavis mxriv, aRmosavleT da Crdilo-
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomebis gadaadgileba gamoiwvia.

24
aseT viTarebaSi, Zv.w. I saukuneSi, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sanapiroze md.aqeuntasa (Saxe) da md.nikofsias (negofsuxo) Soris
mkvidrdeba jiqebis afxazur-adiRuri tomi, romelic adre CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi mosaxleobda.
Zv.w. I saukuneSi Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi, md. aqeuntadan
dioskuriamde (amJ. q.soxumi) teritoriaze sanigebi cxovrobdnen.
sanigebi is dasavlurqarTuli tomia, romelic ufro adre lazebis
saxeliT Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gvxvdeba. I_II ss.
antikur wyaroebSi (plinius sekundi, flavius ariane) dRevandeli
afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi pirvelad ixseniebian afsilebi
da abazgebi, da qveynebi _ afsilia da abazgia. berZnuli wyaroebis
,,afsilia” da ,,abazgia” saxelebs qarTul Suasaukunovan wyaroebSi
(,,qarTlis cxovreba”) ,,afSileTi” da ,,afxazeTi” Seesatyviseba. I-IV
ss. dasavleT saqarTvelo lazikis samefoSi gaerTianda, romlis
sazRvrebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriac Sedioda, sadac
afSilebi, abazgebi, sanigebi, misimianebi, egrebi cxovrobdnen.
sagulisxmoa, rom am mxaris toponimika mTlianad qarTulia. ase,
magaliTad: ,,dioskuria”, ,,cxumi” (< rcxila)1, biWvinTis rogorc
qarTuli, ise Zveli berZnuli saxeli pitiunti qarT. fiWvidan
(berZn. Pitios) momdinareobs; `”gagra, qarTuli `gagaridan” modis, rac
gasasvlels niSnavs; `soWi” (,,sonC” - svanebisa) da a.S.
I saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoriaze, qristianoba vrceldeba, romelsac aq
mociqulebi _ andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon kananeli
qadagebdnen. es ukanaskneli jiqeTSi aResrula da nikofsiaSi
dakrZales. qristianuli Temebi aq imdenad mravalricxovani iyo, rom
ukve IV saukuneSi biWvinTaSi episkoposi ijda. biWvinTis episkoposi
stratofile monawileobda I msoflio saeklesio krebaSi, romelic
q.nikeaSi 325 w. gaimarTa. 326 wels egrisSi qristianoba saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadda.
VI-VIII ss. abazgebma SeierTes sanigebis, afSilebis, misimianebis
miwa-wyali da am teritoriaze gavrcelda termini abazgia. qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebi am politikur erTeuls afxazTa saerisTavos
uwodeben. VIII s. Sua xanebSi egrisis samefo daiSala, xolo
ori aTeuli wlis Semdeg, afxazTa erisTavma leon I-ma, romelic
egrisis mefeTa gverdiT Stos ekuTvnoda da, amasTanave, dinastiuri
qorwinebis Sedegad egrisis taxtis memkvidre iyo, mTeli dasavleTi
saqarTvelo erT samTavrod gaaerTiana.
VIII s. miwuruls leon I-is Zmiswuli leon II gaTavisuflda
bizantiisadmi vasaluri damokidebulebisagan da Tavi mefed
gamoacxada. mmarTveli dinastiis mixedviT, am saxelmwifos ,,afxazTa”
samefo ewoda. zogierTi somxuri wyaro mas ,,egriss” uwodebs, mis
mefes _ ,,egrisis mefes”, xolo samefos mosaxleobas _ ,,egriselebs”
(ioane drasxanakerteli, 1965: 38, 64, 109, 111, 119, 257).
1 ,,soxumi” am saxelwodebis arabul-Turquli formaa.

25
 dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da ,,afxazTa” samefos Seqmnis
Semdeg gafarTovda cneba ,,afxazeTis” mniSvneloba. am droidan is
sakuTriv afxazeTs da mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos aRniSnavda, xolo
,,afxazi” sakuTriv afxazs da yvela dasavlelqarTvels ewodeboda
(m.lorTqifaniZe, 1990: 17).
XI s. dasawyisSi ,,afxazTa” samefo saqarTvelos erTian monarqiaSi
gaerTianda. saqarTvelo saerisTavoebad iyo dayofili. dRevandeli
afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebobda afxazeTis, cxumis, odiSis
saerisTavoebi, romelTac qarTuli feodaluri sagvareuloebi _
SarvaSiZeebi, amanelisZeebi, dadianebi ganagebdnen. saqarTvelos
mefeTa titulaturaSi _ ,,mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa...” imis gamo,
rom pirvelad ,,mefe afxazTa” moixsenieboda, XI-XIIIss. zogierT
ucxour wyaroSi ,,afxazeTi” da ,,afxazebi” xSirad saqarTvelosa
da qarTvelis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba (З.В.Анчабадзе, 1959: 171-177;
m.lorTqifaniZe, 1990: 17).
XIII saukunidan saqarTvelos mZime dro daudga. jalaledinis
TareSma, monRolebis aswlovanma uRelma da Temur-lengis Semosevebma
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo daasusta. XV s. meore naxevarSi erTiani
saqarTvelos samefo daiSala. dasavleT saqarTvelo imereTis
samefoSi gaerTianda, romlis SemadgenlobaSi afxazTa saerisTavoc
Sedioda. am droidan qarTvelebi da ara mxolod qarTvelebi,
afxazeTs am administraciul-politikur erTeuls, xolo afxazebs
mis mcxovrebT uwodebdnen. afxazTa erisTavebi isev SarvaSiZeTa
qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulodan iyvnen.
saqarTvelos dasustebiTa da daSliT isargebles
Crdilokavkasielma mTielebma, romlebmac saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebi
daiwyes. es procesi, romelic ,,mTis Camowolis” saxeliTaa cnobili,
mimdinareobda Crdilo-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic, _ lekebis
Camosaxleba aRmosavleT kaxeTSi, alan-osebis _ Sida qarTlSi,
Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ abaza-adiRelebis Camosaxleba. samefo
xelisuflebis morCilebidan gamovidnen jiqebi, romlebic adiRuri
tomebis mowoliT samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moiwevdnen. amis Sedegad,
XV s. meore naxevarSi saqarTvelom dakarga Savi zRvis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTi sanapiro, q.nikofsia da misi mimdebare teritoria
gagris viwroebamde. es faqti adiRur folklorSic aisaxa, romlis
Tanaxmadac, adiRelTa winamZRols _ inals afxazeTi daupyria,
magram moulodnelad gardacvlila da aqve, fsxuSi daukrZalavT
(Ш.Б.Ногмов, 1970: 54-55).
kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobis ltolva saqarTvelos barisaken
gamowveuli iyo monRolebis mier maTi SeviwroebiTa da adrindeli
sacxovrisidan gamodevniT, ris Sedegadac isini iZulebulni gaxdnen
saarsebo miwa eZebnaT. darbeuli da dasustebuli saqarTvelo maT
saTanado winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda. mTas Tan mohqonda misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli primitiuli sameurneo da socialuri yofa, wes-
Cveulebebi, warmarToba. saqarTvelos bari Tavidan iTvisebda mas,

26
mosuli elementi damxvduris kulturas eziareboda, misi sameurneo
da sazogadoebrivi tradiciebis matarebeli xdeboda da erwymoda
damxvdurT, magram Tavis mxrivac axdenda gavlenas masze (b.xorava,
1996: 53-54).
XV saukuneSi ,,mTis Camowolis” procesi afxazeTSi sakmaod Sorsaa
wasuli, risi aSkara dadasturebaa afxazTa gawarmarTeba, rac aisaxa
daaxloebiT 1470-1474 ww. Sedgenil ZeglSi ,,mcneba sasjulo”. aq
pirvelad gamoCnda qarTuli samyarodan afxazTa ,,gaucxoebis” kvali:
,,afxazeTi qristeanobisagan sruliad midrekil iyunes, qristes
mcnebaTagan ganSorebul iyunes” (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
1970: 222). imave xanebSi xobis eklesiisadmi Sewirul sigelSi
naTladaa naCvenebi im dros afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTareba: ,,mas
Jamsa uRmTod da usjuloebad miiqcnes afxazni”, ,,afxazTa garyunes
sjuli da kaTalikozoba” (saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1920: 26). am
dros saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilis eklesia-monastrebidan
usafrTxo adgilas, qveynis siRrmeSi, gadmohqondaT saeklesio
siwmindeebi. rogorc Cans, svimon kananelis neSti nikofsiidan
anakofiaSi (amJ. d. axali aToni) am dros gadmoasvenes.
mTis Camowolis Sedegad afxazeTSi mkvidrdebian Crdilo-dasavleT
kavkasiidan wamosuli tomebi, romelTac qarTuli wyaroebi jiqebis,
xolo ucxouri wyaroebi abazebis krebiTi saxeliT moixsenieben.
afxazeTis mkvidrma mosaxleobam veRar SeZlo mTis Camowolis
saTanado socialur-religiuri aTviseba, Camosaxlebulma masam waleka
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, ris Sedegadac am mxareSi radikaluri
eTnikuri cvlileba moxda. Camosaxlebul mTielTa adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Sedegad Camoyalibda Tanamedrove afxazuri
(afsua) eTnosi (b. xorava, 1996: 87). samwuxarod, am axal eTnikur
jgufs qarTvelebma, sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, meqanikurad
afxazi uwodes, isini ki Tavs afsuas uwodeben. ,,afsua” da ,,afxaz”
eTnonimebis gaigivebam afxazeTis istoriis kvlevaSi qaosi da
areuloba Seitana, ris tragikul Sedegebs dResac vimkiT. aRsaniSnavia,
rom afxazTa TviTsaxelwodeba ,,afsua” eTnonim ,,abazas” fonetikuri
saxecvlilebaa; enaTmecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom afxazuri (afsua)
ena abazur enasTan erTad qmnis erT enobriv erTeuls da maT
Soris mxolod dialeqturi gansxvavebaa (К.В. Ломтатидзе, 1967: 123).
afxazeTSi momxdari radikaluri eTnikuri cvlileba afxazur
(afsuur) folklorsa da eTnogenetikur gadmocemebSic aisaxa.
abaza-adiRelebis Camosaxleba afxazeTSi yovelTvis saomari
gziT rodi xdeboda. isini umTavresad mainc afxazTa mTavrebisa
da Tavadaznaurebis, miwis mepatroneTa nebiT saxldebodnen aq,
rogorc umiwawylo mTielebi. afxazeTSi Camosaxlebul mTielebs
mTavrebi umTavresad molaSqreebad iyenebdnen TavianTi miwa-wylis
gafarToebisaTvis brZolaSi. XVI s. miwuruls afxazebma miitaces
odiSis (samegrelos) samTavros miwa-wyali md.kelasuramde qarTuli
qalaqebiT _ anakofia (SemdegSi _ fsircxa, amJamad _ axali aToni)

27
da cxumi (amJ. soxumi), xolo XVII s. miwuruls md. egriswylamde
(amJ. RaliZga) gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo. afxazTa mier
mitacebul teritoriaze SeuZlebeli gaxda qristianuli eklesiis
funqcionireba, ris gamoc 1681 w. drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi
gauqmda. afxazebi Tavs esxmodnen da Zarcvavdnen odiSis (samegrelos)
eklesia-monastrebs, maT Soris, sakaTedro taZrebs _ bedias, caiSs,
walenjixas, sxva eklesia monastrebs (b.xorava, 1996: 70-113). am
Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb weren ara marto qarTveli mematianeebi, aramed
ucxoeli avtorebic, romlebic im dros saqarTveloSi imyofebodnen:
kaTolike misionerebi _ arqanjelo lamberti, kristoforo kasteli,
juzepe judiCe, frangi komersanti da mogzauri Jan Sardeni,
ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (1669-1707), antioqiis patriarqi
makariosi (1647-1672) da sxvebi. XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi afxazTa
eqspansiis gamo bediis saepiskoposoc gauqmda.
XVI-XVIII ss. qarTuli saeklesio sabuTebidan kargad Cans, Tu
rogor mimdinareobda qarTuli mosaxleobis ayra da gandevna
Tavisi samkvidrodan. mdinareebs _ kelasursa da egriswyals Soris
mosaxleobis nawili afxazTa mier aoxrebisa da aklebis dros
gadaixvewa; vinc maxvils, SimSilsa da avadmyofobas gadaurCa,
afxazebma tyved mihyides Turq-osmalebs. dacarielebul adgilebze
afxazebi saxldebodnen. imavdroulad mimdinareobda gadarCenili
qarTuli mosaxleobis gaafxazebis procesi, rac yvelaze adre
afxazeTis mTis TemebSi (webelda, dali, fsxu) daiwyo. amitomac
aris, rom afxazTa didi nawili dRes qarTul gvarsaxelebs atarebs.
eTnikurma cvlilebebma afxazeTSi da afxazTa mier mitacebul
odiSis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi adgilobrivi saxelwodebebis
Secvla gamoiwvia (b.xorava, 1996: 140-156).
gviani Sua saukuneebis ,,afxazebi” kavkasieli mTielebia, romelTac
ver SeuTvisebiaT feodaluri meurneoba, feodaluri socialuri
wyoba, qristianoba. isini, TavianTi primitiuli yofiTa da
warmarTuli religiiT, aSkarad ar arian im afxazTa STamomavalni,
romlebic feodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifos kulturul-
politikur mSeneblobaSi monawileobdnen. es genetikuri xazi
mosaxleobis ZiriTad masaSi, dabal fenebSi, gawyvetilia da mxolod
afxaz feodalTa wreSi Cans SenarCunebuli qarTuli kulturuli
tradiciebi. eTnikuri cvlilebebis Semdeg afxazeTSi mkvidrdeba
axali salocavebi, maT Soris, _ inal-kuba, inalis saflavi fsxuSi;
xeebisa da wminda Walebis kulti da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazTa
salocavebis erTi nawili dangreuli, gauqmebuli eklesiebis adgilas
iyo.
XVIII saukuneSi afxazeTSi Turqebi gabatondnen. TurqTa batonobam
ver SeZlo afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan odindeli istoriuli kavSiris
gawyveta. qarTul-afxazur istoriul-kulturul erTobas xeli ver
SeuSala islamis gavrcelebamac, rasac didi masStabebisTvis arc
miuRwevia. afxazebi religiis mimarT sakmaod gulgrilni iyvnen.

28
damaxasiaTebelia, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze ar arsebobs islamuri
arqiteqturis Zeglebi. afxazTa religia sinkretizmiT xasiaTdeba
_ mxaris Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi warmarTobisa da islamis,
xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi warmarTobisa da qristianobis
nazaviT.
miuxedavad mwvave politikuri gaTiSulobisa, mTeli gviani Sua
saukuneebis manZilze afxazTa mTavrebi qarTvel mefeTa uzenaesobas
aRiarebdnen; maTTvis qarTuli ena iyo sakomunikacio ena, am enaze
muSaobda mTavris kancelaria. es yovelive cxadyofs, rom qarTuli
ena am mxaris mravalsaukunovani kulturul-istoriuli ganviTarebis
procesis mTavari waxnagi iyo. es tradicia Taobidan TaobaSi
gadadioda istoriuli pirobebis Sesabamisad da saqarTvelos
danarCen nawilebTan afxazeTis Sinagani erToba arasodes gawyvetila
(s. janaSia, 1988: 35).
XIX saukuneSi ruseTis imperiam qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi
nawil-nawil SeierTa. 1810 wels ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida afxazeTi, rogorc saqarTvelos erT-erTi mxare. aRsaniSnavia,
rom afxazeTis samTavro taxtis memkvidris _ giorgi SarvaSiZis
Txovna ruseTis imperatorisadmi afxazeTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis
Sesaxeb qarTul enazea Sedgenili.
saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdeg ruseTi CrdiloeT kavkasiis
dapyrobisTvis zrunvas Seudga. mefis xelisuflebas surda kavkasia
,,samoqalaqo da politikuri TvalsazrisiT mWidrod Seekra ruseTTan
da mis ganuyofel nawilad eqcia”, xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
,,eniT, gonebiT da grZnobiT rusi gamxdariyo” (История СССР, 1967:
384). am gegmis ganxorcielebas carizmi kolonizaciis saSualebiT
cdilobda, radgan mxaris aTvisebis erT-erT umTavres saSualebad
es RonisZieba miaCnda.
carizmis mizans yovelTvis warmoadgenda dapyrobili qveynis
kolonizacia da asimilacia. cnobili rusi istorikosi v.kliuCevski
kolonizacias ,,ruseTis istoriis ZiriTad faqtorad” miiCnevda (В.
О. Ключевский, 1956: 30). ruseTis imperatori nikoloz I (1825-1855)
savsebiT iziarebda kavkasiaSi koloniuri politikis gatarebis
aucileblobas, radgan miaCnda, rom kolonizacias xeli unda
Seewyo ,,rusuli mflobelobis ganmtkicebisaTvis, uzrunveleyo
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sruli morCileba da, saboloo azriT,
mxaris imperiasTan Serwyma” (Акты,1881: 381). iseTi liberaluri da
demokratiuli Zala im xanis ruseTSi, rogoric dekabristebi iyvnen,
aseTsave poziciaze idgnen. dekabristTa ,,samxreTis sazogadoebis”
lideri p.pesteli saprogramo dokumentSi ,,russkaia pravda”,
kavkasiis xalxebs yofda mSfoTvare, daumorCilebel da mSvid,
damyol tomebad. misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo pirvelTa gadasaxleba
imperiis Sida guberniebSi, xolo meoreTa kavkasiaSi Casaxlebul
rusul mosaxleobaSi TandaTanobiTi asimilacia da sruli gaTqvefa
(П.И.Пестель, 1906: 48). SemdegSi carizmi swored ase moiqca.

29
 kavkasiis kolonizaciis process mravalwliani kavkasiis omi (1817-
1864) mohyva. omis ukanasknel etapze carizmi daumorCilebeli
kavkasieli mTielebis samSoblodan ZaldatanebiT gasaxlebas Seudga.
es procesi cnobilia muhajirobis saxeliT.
muhajiroba (arab. ,,muhajereT” _ gadasaxleba) anu kavkasiis
mkvidri mosaxleobis ZiriTadad iZulebiTi gadasaxleba TurqeTis
imperiaSi XIX saukuneSi dakavSirebuli iyo kavkasiis omebTan _
samxedro moqmedebaTa wyebasTan, romelsac mefis ruseTi XVIII-
XIX ss. kavkasiaSi awarmoebda. ruseTis xelisuflebas surda
daumorCilebel kavkasiel mTielTa TurqeTSi gadasaxlebiT mieRwia
politikuri simSvidisaTvis am mxareSi, gaTavisuflebuli miwebi
ki farTo kolonizaciisaTvis gamoeyenebina, esargebla mxaris
xelsayreli strategiuli mdebareobiT. muhajirobis procesSi, erTi
SexedviT, religiuri momenti dominirebda, magram ZiriTadi mainc
iyo politikuri faqtori _ ruseTis dampyrobluri politika.
ruseTis kolonizatorulma politikam gadamwyveti biZgi misca
mTielTa gadasaxlebas.
1859 w. ruseTis mier Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis _ CeCneT-
daRestnis dapyrobis Semdeg TurqeTSi gadasaxldnen daRestnelebi,
CeCnebi, osebi, _ sul 100 aTasamde adamiani. Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobdnen
dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi. 1864 wlis maisSi ruseTma dasavleT
kavkasiac daipyro da kavkasiis omi damTavrebulad gamocxadda.
ruseTis imperiasTan kavkasiis SeerTebis xangrZlivi procesi
dasrulda.
omis ukanasknel etapze, 1858-1864 ww. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sanapiroze da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi adiRelebi _
jiqebi, SafsuRebi, naTxvajebi da abazuri Temebis mniSvnelovani nawili,
TurqeTSi gadasaxldnen; zogierTi xalxi, mag., ubixebi _ mTlianad. Savi
zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze TiTqmis ar darCnen adiRelebi
da abazebi, mxolod maTi mcire nawili Caasaxles yubanispireTSi.
oficialuri monacemebiT, dasavleT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi sul 470
aTasi adamiani gadasaxlda, xolo yubanispireTSi _ 90 aTasi (b.
xorava, 2004: 62).
kavkasiel mTielTa ZaldatanebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis
gamo evropaSi didi xmauri atyda. ruseTis xelisufleba Tavs
imarTlebda, rom mTielTa TurqeTSi gadasaxleba maTi neba-surviliT
ar momxdara da yovelive maTi Carevis gareSe moxda. rogorc
cnobili publicisti, generali r.fadeevi aRniSnavda, kavkasiis omSi
ruseTis xelisuflebis mizans warmoadgenda ,,Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapirodan moeSorebina mTielebi da es mxare rusebiT daesaxlebina.
es zoma aucilebeli iyo Cveni samflobeloebis usafrTxoebisaTvis”.
rogorc igi cinizmiT aRniSnavda, araviTar aucileblobas ar
warmoadgenda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gandevna. ruseTs
sakmarisad hqonda miwebi maT dasasaxleblad md.yubanis marcxena

30
napirze, magram aseve araviTari mizezi ar arsebobda daekavebinaT
isini maTi survilis winaaRmdeg (Р.Фадеев, 1865: 146-147). r. fadeevi,
romelic oficialur azrs gamoxatavda, gulaxdilad aRniSnavda, rom
,,es miwa sWirdeboda saxelmwifos”, xolo rac Seexeba adgilobriv
mosaxleobas, misi TqmiT, ,,maTi saWiroeba ar arsebobda” (Р.Фадеев,
1865: 147).
kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmma vrceli teritoria
miiRo sakolonizaciod. 1861-1864 ww. dasavleT kavkasiaSi kazakTa
111 stanica (14 239 ojaxi, 85 aTasi suli) Caasaxles (Г.А.Дзидзария,
1982: 208). imavdroulad, am mxareSi asaxlebdnen ruseTis Sida
guberniebidan gadmosaxlebul rusebs, ukrainelebs, TurqeTidan
gadmosaxlebul berZnebsa da somxebs.
dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, rodesac kavkasiel mTielTa
nawili brZolaSi gawyda, xolo nawili TurqeTSi gadasaxlda,
carizmma kavkasiaSi Tavi myarad igrZno. ukve ar arsebobda
afxazeTis avtonomiuri samTavros SenarCunebis aucilebloba da
TviTmpyrobeloba dapyrobili mxaris samxedro-administraciuli
mowyobisa da kolonizaciisTvis zrunvas Seudga. ruseTis
xelisuflebas Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros mimarT specialuri
gegma hqonda SemuSavebuli, romelic md.yubanidan md.enguris
SesarTavamde kazakTa dasaxlebebis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. amitom
mkvidri mosaxleobisagan am miwa-wylis ,,gawmenda” iyo saWiro.
1864 wlis ivlisSi carizmma afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da
uSualo rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo. imavdroulad, ruseTis
jaris nawilebma afxazeTis mTis Temi fsxu, md. bzifis zemo
welSi, daikaves, xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba _ 3500 kaci
TurqeTSi gaasaxles. amis Sedegad md.bzifis zemo weli mTlianad
dacarielda (b.xorava, 2004: 61). afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis
Semdeg Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyofileba, romlis ufrosad am
mxareSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebis sardali dainiSna. afxazeTis
ukanaskneli mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe ruseTSi gadaasaxles, sadac
1866 wels gardaicvala. misi neSti afxazeTSi Camoasvenes da
moqvis taZarSi dakrZales. saflavs qarTuli warwera amkobs, rac
SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis kulturul-politikur orientaciaze
naTlad metyvelebs.
1865 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT (,,Кавказ,” 1866) afxazeTis
mosaxleobis raodenoba olqebis mixedviT aseTi iyo:

soxumis okrugi 2 826 ojaxi 16 475 suli

bzifis ,,_” 3 726 20 090
abJuis ,,_” 5 049 32 182
webelda 1 436 10 443
sul 13 037 79 190

31
 1866 wels carizmis kolonizatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg
afxazebi ajanydnen, romelic imperiis xelisuflebam sastikad CaaxSo.
ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg xelisuflebam gadawyvita TurqeTSi
gaesaxlebina mis mimarT gansakuTrebiT mtrulad ganwyobili
muslimani da warmarTi afxazebi, pirvel rigSi, kodoris xeobidan
da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolidan. imavdroulad, carizmma 1866
wels afxazeTSi axali administraciuli reforma gaatara. imis
gamo, rom gadawyvetili iyo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros
md.enguris SesarTavamde kolonizacia kazak-rusebiT, qarTuli olqi
samurzayano (amJ. galis raioni) afxazeTs SeuerTes.
1867 wels carizmma afxazeTidan ZaldatanebiT gaasaxla 3
358 ojaxi, 19 342 suli. muhajirobis Semdgomi statistikuri
monacemebiT (1867w.) afxazeTis mosaxleoba 64 933 Seadgenda.
aqedan 22 aTasi samurzayanos (oqumis olqis) qarTuli mosaxleoba
iyo. qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen afxazeTis sxva mxareebSic. TiTqmis
mTlianad daicala kodoris Sua da zemo weli _ webelda da
dali. am Temebis 15 aTasiani mosaxleoba TavianTi samkvidrodan
ayares da ucxoeTSi gadaasaxles (b.xorava, 2004: 69-74). 1868 wlis
monacemebiT, webeldaSi sul 13 ojaxi cxovrobda, xolo dalSi _
arcerTi (Сборник, 1869: 39).
1877 wlis aprilSi ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi daiwyo, romlis
asparezi kavkasiac gaxda. carizmis koloniuri reJimiT gamowveulma
ukmayofilebam am droisaTvis afxazeTSi kulminacias miaRwia da
ajanyebam ifeTqa. aseT rTul viTarebaSi afxazeTSi Turquli
desanti gadmosxda, romelic ZiriTadad afxazi muhajirebisagan
Sedgeboda. maisSi Turqebma TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikaves.
imavdroulad, ajanyebuli afxazebi TurqTa desants SeuerTdnen.
magram male, ivlisSi, ruseTis jaris nawilebi Setevaze gadavidnen
da ukve agvistoSi mTeli mxare gawmindes Turqebisagan. afxazeTidan
gaqcevisas Turqebs afxazTa nawilic gahyva, magram maTi meti nawili,
agreTve mcire raodenobiT qristiani qarTvelebi da berZnebi ZaliT
waiyvanes. sul muhajirobaSi am dros daaxloebiT 32 aTasi kaci
wavida. Tuki adre afxazeTis mTis Temebi _ fsxu, webelda, dali,
_ daicala, axla TiTqmis mTlianad dacarielda afxazeTis sanapiro
zoli (b.xorava, 2004: 79-82).
muhajiroba iyo carizmis mier kavkasiis omSi warmoebuli
genocidis politikis gagrZeleba, eTnocidi, ramac am mxareSi
eTnodemografiuli viTareba radikalurad Secvala. afxazebi,
faqtobrivad, fizikuri ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe dadgnen. es
safrTxe Tavidan ver aiciles da istoriis asparezidan gaqrnen
qarTvelTa uaxloesi mezoblebi _ jiqebi da ubixebi. qarTveli
sazogadoebrioba didi TanagrZnobiT Sexvda afxazTa da kavkasiel
mTielTa tragedias. XIX saukunis gamoCenilma qarTvelma mwerlebma
da sazogado moRvaweebma: gr.orbelianma, i.WavWavaZem, g.wereTelma, s.
mesxma, z. WiWinaZem, p. Waraiam, n. janaSiam, i. meunargiam, T. saxokiam

32
da sxvebma gulwrfeli TanagrZnoba gamoxates afxazTa da kavkasiel
mTielTa muhajirobis gamo.
carizmi Seecada afxazeTSi rusebi Caesaxlebina, magram isini
xalisiT sulac ar modiodnen am mxareSi: uWirdaT adgilidan
daZvra, aSinebdaT gadasaxlebis sirTule, bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebi da sxv. aseT viTarebaSi, dasavleT saqarTvelodan miwis
simwiriTa da siviwroviT sulSexuTuli mosaxleoba gadmodioda
da mkvidrdeboda afxazeTSi, aSrobda Waobebs, kafavda buCqnarebs
da meurneobas misdevda. qarTveli sazogadoebrioba Tvlida, rom
dacarielebuli afxazeTisTvis saukeTeso kontingents Seadgendnen
dasavleT saqarTvelos mxareebis: samegrelos, guriis, imereTis, raWa-
leCxumis mkvidrni. amasTan, es iqneboda istoriuli samarTlianobis
aRdgenac _ qarTvelebis dabruneba TavianT istoriul miwa-wyalze.
miuxedavad xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobisa, qarTvelebi mainc
damkvidrdnen afxazeTSi: sanapiro zolSi _ megrelebi, gorak-
borcvian adgilebSi _ raWvelebi da leCxumlebi, mTian nawilSi, _
kodoris zemo welSi _ svanebi. qarTvelebis damkvidreba afxazeTSi
xelisuflebis SeSfoTebas iwvevda, amitom, raki rusebi naklebad
modiodnen, carizmma arCevani ucxoelebze (slavebi, somxebi, berZnebi
da sxv.) SeaCera.
carizmis politika afxazeTSi mimarTuli iyo afxazTa da
qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg. igi cdilobda ar daeSva afxazeTis qarTul
eTno-kulturul sivrceSi dabruneba. 1877 wlis anticaristuli
ajanyebis gamo 1880 wels afxazebs ,,damnaSave mosaxleobis” statusi
mieniWaT. maT CamoarTves miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba da aukrZales
afxazeTis sanapiro zolSi dasaxleba. ,,damnaSave mosaxleobis” statusi
afxazebs mxolod 1907 wels mouxsnes. 1879 wels xelisuflebam
sami wliT muhajirebis nawilobrivi repatriacia dauSva. amis
Sedegad, 1881 wlisTvis 15 aTasamde muhajiri samSobloSi dabrunda
(Г.А.Дзидзария, 1982: 384-385).
1886 wels ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT Sedga
amierkavkasiisa da, nawilobriv, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis
saojaxo siebi. mosaxleobis am aRweris Tanaxmad, afxazeTis mosaxleoba
67 371 kacs Seadgenda. maT Soris, afxazi _ 28 320, qarTveli _
34 078, rusi _ 1241, somexi _ 1037, berZeni _ 2056 iyo. amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia, rom q. soxumSi sami afxazi cxovrobda _ 1 qali da
2 mamakaci (Свод..., 1893).
1897 wlis sruliad ruseTis mosaxleobis pirveli aRweris
mixedviT, afxazeTSi cxovrobda 106 179 kaci, maTgan: afxazi _
39.6; qarTveli _ 44.8; rusi 6.0; somexi _ 6.5; berZeni _ 5.4 aTasi
(Первая...,1905).
sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi, afxazeTis mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobaSi afxazebis xvedriTi wilis gazrdis mizniT,
uxeSi administraciuli zewoliT, qarTvelebs aiZulebdnen
afxazebad Caweriliyvnen. 1926 wlis mosaxleobis sakavSiro aRweris

33
monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobam 201 016 Seadgina. maTgan,
qarTveli _ 67 494, afxazi _ 55 918, rusi _ 12 553, berZeni
_ 14 045, somexi _ 25 677 iyo. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom 9
aTasi afxazi mSobliur enad qarTuls aRiarebda, magram arc erTi
maTgani qarTvelad ar Cawerila (a.ToTaZe, 1995: 88).
1937-1953 ww. afxazeTSi, sakolmeurneo mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos mciremiwiani raionebidan
mosaxleobis Casaxleba mimdinareobda, Tumca mas infiltraciis
xasiaTi ar hqonia. qarTvelebis Casaxleba gamouyenebel miwis masivebze
moxda. imavdroulad, mimdinareobda rusebis, ukrainelebis, somxebis
da sxv. Semodinebis procesi. es faqti gamowveuli iyo obieqturi
realobiT: industrializaciis kursis gatareba _ samrewvelo
sawarmoebis Seqmna, mxaris bunebrivi simdidreebis aTviseba,
pirvel rigSi, tyvarCelis qvanaxSiris sabadoebis eqsploataciaSi
Sesvla, mxaris socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, avtonomiuri
respublikis garedan muSaxelsa da kvalificiur sainJinro-teqnikur
kadrebs moiTxovda. amis gamo afxazTa xvedriTi wili respublikis
mosaxleobaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
afxazeTis mosaxleobis erovnul SemadgenlobaSi ZiriTadi
cvlilebebi swored 1926-1959 ww. moxda. mosaxleobis saerTo
raodenobaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda qarTvelebisa da afxazebis
xvedriTi wili, xolo somxebisa (3-jer) da rusebis (6-jer) gaizarda.
aseTi tendencia Semdeg wlebSic SeimCneoda (a.ToTaZe, 1995: 104).
saerTod, 1886 wlidan 1989 wlamde, afxazeTSi rusebis raodenoba
60-jer, somxebis ki 70-jer gaizarda.
afxazeTis 1992-1993 ww. omSi afxazma separatistebma qarTul
mosaxleobas genocidi mouwyves. iseve, rogorc gvian Sua saukuneebSi,
mxaris eTnowmenda ganxorcielda. afxazeTis 300 aTasamde mcxovrebi,
maT Soris, 240 aTasi qarTveli, devnilad iqca; imavdroulad,
omis, omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri qaosis, mZime
sayofacxovrebo pirobebisa da sxvaTa gamo, sxva erovnebebis
warmomadgenlebi _ berZnebi, ebraelebi, estonelebi, rusebi...
iZulebulni gaxdnen, mSobliuri kera daetovebinaT. daaxloebiT 30
aTasma afxazmac datova samSoblo da dsT-s qveynebSi (ZiriTadad,
ruseTsa da ukrainaSi) gadasaxlda. amJamad, afxazeTis mosaxleoba
daaxloebiT 200 aTass Seadgens. maT Soris, afxazi _ 55, qarTveli
_ 40 (ZiriTadad galis raionSi), rusi _ 35, somexi _ 70 aTasia
(T.nadareiSvili, 2002). postkonfliqtur afxazeTSi qarTuli
mosaxleoba ZiriTadad kodoris zemo welsa da galis raionSi darCa.
amasTan, am ukanasknel regionSi, qarTuli mosaxleoba separatistebis
permanentuli terorisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi cxovrobda. 2008
wlis agvistos omis Sedegad, rodesac ruseTis jaris nawilebi
da afxazi separatistebi kodoris zemo wels _ zemo afxazeTs
(istoriuli dali) daeuflnen, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam (2 600
kaci) xeoba datova da devnilad iqca.

34
 amrigad, afxazeTSi eTno-demografiuli viTarebis radikaluri
Secvla moxda gvian Sua saukuneebSi, Semdeg ruseTis (carizmis)
batonobisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros, rodesac imperiuli
xelisuflebisa da afxazi separatistebis mier qarTvelTa da
antiimperiulad ganwyobil afxazTa genocidi ganxorcielda.

afxazeTis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba XX saukuneSi

1926 w. 1939 w. 1959 w. 1970 w. 1979 w. 1989 w

abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. %

qarTveli 67494 35,8 91967 29,5 158221 39,1 199595 41,0 213322 43,9 239872 45,7
afxazi 55918 25,6 56197 18,0 61193 15,1 77276 15,9 83097 17,1 93267 17,8
somexi 25677 1,6 49705 15,9 64425 15,9 74860 15,4  73350 15,1 76541 14,6
rusi 12553 1,8 60201 19,3 86715 21,4  92889 19,1 79730 15,4  74914 14,3
berZeni 14045 3,1 34621 11,1 9101 2,2 13114 2,7 13642 2,8 14664 2,8
sxva 25329 12,6 19194 6,15 2583 6,19 29225 6,0 22941 4,71 25803 4,9
sul 201016 100,0 311885 100,0 404738 100,0 486959 100,0 486082 100,0 525061 100,0
mosaxleoba

damowmebuli literatura:

a.ToTaZe, 1995 _ a. ToTaZe, afxazeTis mosaxleoba. istoria da

Tanamedroveoba, Tb., 1995.
ioane drasxanakerteli, 1965 _ ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis
istoria, Tb., 1965.
m. lorTqifaniZe, 1990 _ m. lorTqifaniZe, afxazebi da afxazeTi,
Tb., 1990.
T. nadareiSvili, 2002 _ T.nadareiSvili, SeTqmuleba saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg, Tb., 2002.
saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1920 _ saqarTvelos siZveleni, t.1, tf.,
1920.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970 _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
t. III, Tb., 1970.
,,qarTlis cxovreba”, 1955 _ ,,qarTlis cxovreba”, t.1, Tb.,1955.
T. yauxCiSvili, 1976 _ T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis
Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976.

35
b. xorava, 1996 _ b. xorava, odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII
ss. Tb., 1996.
b. xorava, 2004 _ b. xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, Tb.,
2004.
s.janaSia, 1988 _ s.janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe, kulturul-istoriuli
narkvevi, _ Sromebi, VI Tb., 1988.
Акты, 1881 _ Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, т.VIII,
Тифлис, 1881.
З.В.Анчабадзе, 1959 _ З.В.Анчабадзе, Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-
XVIIвв.), Сухуми, 1959.
Г.А.Дзидзария, 1982 _ Г.А.Дзидзария, Махаджирство и проблемы истории
Абхазии XIX столетия, Сухуми, 1982.
История СССР, 1967 _ История СССР с древнейших времен до наших дней,
т. IV, М.,1967.
,,Кавказ“, 1866 _ ,,Кавказ“, 1866, #76.
В. О. Ключевский, 1956 _ В. О. Ключевский, Сочинения, т. I, М.,1956.
К.В. Ломтатидзе,1967 _ К.В. Ломтатидзе, Абхазский язык. Языки народов
СССР, 4, М.,1967.
Ш.Б.Ногмов, 1970 _ Ш.Б.Ногмов, История адыгейского народа, Нальчик,
1970.
П.И.Пестель,1906 _ П.И.Пестель, Русская правда, СПб., 1906.
Первая,1905 _ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи,
1897г. СПб., 1905.
Сборник, 1869 _ Сборник статистических сведений о Кавказе, т.I, Тифлис,
1869.
Свод, 1893 _ Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края,
Тифлис, 1893.
Р.Фадеев, 1865 _ Р.Фадеев, Письма с Кавказа, СПб., 1865.

36
 jemal gamaxaria

afxazeTis politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi

1917-1937 wlebSi
1917 w. Tebervlis demokratiuli revoluciis Sedegad viTareba
Seicvala mTels ruseTis imperiaSi, Sesabamisad, cvlilebebi
ganxorcielda samxreT kavkasiaSic. aq Seiqmna ruseTis droebiTi
mTavrobis adgilobrivi organo amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli
komiteti, soxumis olqi (afxazeTi), rogorc administraciuli
erTeuli, rCeboda amierkavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi da mas 1917
w. 10 marts regionis mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze
Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis droebiTi saolqo
komiteti (Tav-re al.SarvaSiZe) marTavda. 1917 w. 2 ivliss soxumis
saolqo saTaTbiros arCevnebi gaimarTa. 30 mandatidan 18 social-
demokratebs ergoT. arCevnebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, jer moxda
saolqo komitetis reorganizacia, xolo 1917 w. 12 oqtombers
gaimarTa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis _ saolqo komitetis
arCevnebi. komitetis Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZe gaxda (narkvevebi...,
2007: 285).
afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleobis didi nawilisagan gansxvavebiT,
sakuTriv afxazTa politikuri liderebis umravlesoba TanaugrZnobda
Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa gamaerTianebel moZraobas. 1917 w.
maisSi Seiqmna gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiri da misi mTavroba _
centraluri komiteti. imave wlis 20 oqtombers mTielTa kavSirma
kazakTa radasTan erTad Camoayaliba samxreT-aRmosavleT kavSiri,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi dasaxelebulia „soxumis olqis mTieli
xalxi (afxazebi)“ (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 389).
afxazeTSi mivlinebuli mTielTa kavSiris warmomadgenlis
a.Seripovis rCeviTa da ZalisxmeviT 1917 wlis 7-8 noembers
soxumSi gaimarTa afxazi xalxis yriloba. mis mier miRebul
deklaraciaSi naTqvamia, rom `afxazi xalxi Sedis CrdiloeT
kavkasiis, daRestnisa da afxazeTis gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirSi”
(afxazeTisa..., 2004: 11). yrilobam airCia afxazTa saxalxo sabWo
da daamtkica misi konstitucia. saxalxo sabWo warmoadgenda afxazi
xalxis (da ara afxazeTis) nebis gamomxatvel erovnul-politikur
organos. man miavlina sakuTari warmomadgeneli CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mTielTa kavSiris mTavrobaSi. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas,
rom mTielebTan afxazi xalxis saxeliT politikuri kavSiris
damyareba sulac ar niSnavda afxazeTis gaerTianebas CrdiloeT
kavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi. administraciulad soxumis olqi kvlavac
amierkavkasiis nawilad rCeboda, amitomac afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos
konstitucia aRiarebda adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo struqturebis
kompetencias da moiTxovda, rom am struqturebis saqmianoba
warmoebuliyo `saxalxo sabWosTan kontaqtSi nayofieri Sedegebis

37
miRwevis interesebisaTvis” (afxazeTisa..., 2004: 9).
afxazeTze pretenzias arc mTielTa kavSiri da misi mTavroba
acxadebdnen, rac kargad Cans am mTavrobis 1917 w. 4 dekembris #1
dekretidan, romelSic naTqvamia: „zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis
mimarT mTielTa droebiT mTavrobas Zalaufleba aqvs erovnuli
da politikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebSi, xolo mTielTa mTavrobis
saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis axlave da mTlianad gavrceleba am
olqebze gadasawyvetad miendos zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis
saxalxo sabWoebs“ (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 397).
arc 1917 wels da arc momdevno wlebSi afxazTa saxalxo sabWos,
rogorc regionis realur xelisuflebas, ar miuRia gadawyvetileba
afxazeTze mTielTa Zalauflebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
1917 wlis 7 noembers peterburgSi ganxorcielebul bolSevikur
saxelmwifo gadatrialebas amierkavkasiaSi saxelisuflebo struq-
turebis reorganizacia mohyva. 1917 wlis 11 noembers amierkavkasiis
gansakuTrebuli komiteti droebiTma mTavrobam _ komisariatma
Secvala. axal mTavrobas saTaveSi e.gegeWkori Caudga. bolSevikebis
mier 1918 w. 18 ianvars damfuZnebeli krebis ZaliT garekvis
Semdeg amierkavkasiis komisariatma kursi damoukideblobisaken aiRo.
1918 wlis 10 Tebervals ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebma
amierkavkasiidan Camoayalibes amierkavkasiis seimi (parlamenti),
romelmac imave wlis 9 aprils damoukidebloba gamoacxada da
Seqmna mTavroba ak. Cxenkelis TavmjdomareobiT. afxazeTi amjeradac
amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos nawils warmoadgenda.
amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis paralelurad
mimdinareobda masSi Semavali xalxebis, maT Soris qarTvelebis,
afxazebis da sxvaTa TviTgamorkvevis procesi. 1918 wlis 9 Tebervals
am procesis farglebSi TbilisSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos erovnul
sabWosa (arCeul iqna I erovnul yrilobaze 1917 wlis 19-23
noembers) da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra,
romelmac, ganixila ra sakiTxi `saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris
urTierTobaTa damyarebis Sesaxeb”, SeimuSava Semdegi SeTanxmeba:
„1.`aRdges erTiani ganuyofeli afxazeTi sazRvrebSi mdinare
enguridan mzimTamde, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Seva sakuTriv afxazeTi
da samurzayano _ amJamindeli soxumis olqi” (Дж. Гамахария, Б.
Гогия, 1997: 402).
afxazeTis momavali politikuri mowyobis forma demokratiul
sawyisebze arCeul afxazeTis damfuZnebel krebas unda gadaewyvita.
afxazeTis aRdgena SeTanxmebaSi miTiTebul farglebSi moxdeboda
mxolod im pirobiT, Tu igi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semovidoda,
wanaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, samurzayanos warmomadgenelTa gancxadebiT,
`samurzayano, rogorc afxazeTis nawili, afxazebs ar gahyveba,
Tu saqarTvelosTan ar iqoniebs zneobriv-politikur kavSirs”
(afxazeTisa..., 2004: 14).
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis calke erTeulad Sesvlis

38
SemTxvevaSi aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda soxumis olqisagan 1904 w.
25 dekembers CamoWrili gagris zonis kvlav afxazeTis farglebSi
dabrunebis Taobaze amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis 1917
w. 30 oqtombrisa da amierkavkasiis komisariatis 1917 wlis 7
dekembris gadawyvetilebaTa Sesruleba (afxazeTisa..., 2004: 7-8,
13).
1918 wlis 9 Tebervlis SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda erT nabijs
afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebisken. morigi aseTi nabiji
gadadga soxumis olqis glexTa II yrilobam (1918 wlis 4-9 marti),
romelmac gadawyvita, rom afxazeTi Sevides amierkavkasieli erebis
saerTo ojaxSi, rogorc misi Tanasworuflebiani wevri da Tavisi
momavali demokratiul saqarTvelos daukavSiros (Дж. Гамахария,
Б. Гогия. Абхазия..., 1997: 409).
ruseTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosul bolSevikebs xels ar
aZlevdaT afxazeTSi politikuri procesebis mSvidobiani warmarTva,
amitom 1918 wlis zamTarsa da gazafxulze orjer scades regionis
xelSi Cagdeba da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba, magram uSedegod.
amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT qarTulma
erovnulma gvardiam 1918 wlis 17 maiss da momdevno dReebSi afxazeTi
gaaTavisufla bolSevikuri okupaciisagan, aRadgina dampyroblebis
mier ZaliT daSlili afxazTa saxalxo sabWo. am ukanasknelma 1918
wlis 20 maiss miiRo rezolucia, ,,romlis mixedviT kategoriulad
mtkicdeba afxazTa saxalxo sabWos da saolqo glexTa sabWos (4-10
marti) gadawyvetileba, rom afxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis xalxTa
sazogado ojaxSi, rogorc misi Tanaswori wevri, rac dauyovnebliv
euwyeba baTumis sazavo konferencias” (saqarTvelo, 1918, 23). aseTi
rezoluciis miRebis aucilebloba ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom
1918 11 maiss q. baTumSi gamocxadda mTielTa kavSiris respublikis
damoukidebloba; amierkavkasiasTan da TurqeTTan erTad igi
monawileobda baTumis sazavo konferenciis muSaobaSi. baTumSi
TviTneburad Casuli ramdenime afxazi moRvawe (al. ServaSiZe da
sxv.) am mTielTa respublikasTan afxazeTis mierTebas iTxovda.
saWiro iyo konferenciisaTvis ara kerZo pirebis, aramed afxazeTis
namdvili nebis gacnoba. `sakuTari delegatebis piriT” swored es
neba gamoxata saxalxo sabWom 1918 wlis 20 maiss.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, separatistuli istoriografia
amtkicebs, rom mTielTa respublikis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
dRe _ 1918 w. 11 maisi TiTqos aris ,,afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenis” dRec im motiviT, rom afxazeTi viTom Sedioda im
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, 2006: 297-298).
jer erTi, mTielTa respublikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis
meore punqtSi, romelic axladdafuZnebuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs
exeba, afxazeTi arc moxseniebulia da arc nagulisxmevi. masSi
naTqvamia mxolod, rom samxreTiT respublikis sazRvrebis ,,detalebi
ganisazRvreba SeTanxmebiT amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan” (afxazeTisa...,

39
2004: 15). araviTari SeTanxmeba mTielTa respublikisa da
amierkavkasiis mTavrobebs Soris 11 maisisTvis arsebuli sazRvrebis
gadasinjvis Sesaxeb ar momxdara. meore, gaugebaria, 1918 wlis 11
maiss rogor aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba jer kidev bolSevikuri
okupaciis qveS myofma afxazeTma? cxadia, es yvelaferi ruseTisgan
marTul separatistTa SeTxzuli morigi tyuilia.
1918 wlis maisSi saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze arsebul
SidauTanxmoebaTa gamwvavebis gamo amierkavkasiis saxelmwifo daiSala.
imave wlis 26 maiss qarTulma saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom
gamoacxada saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, romlis mTavari
garanti germania gaxda. germaniis warmomadgeneli fon-losovi 1918
wlis 28 maiss saidumlo werilSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi
aRniSnavda, rom soxumis olqi gagris CaTvliT Seadgens saqarTvelos
nawils manamde, sanam kavkasiis farglebSi saqarTvelo iqneba
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos monawileobiT kavkasieli
xalxebis konfederaciis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, fon-losovis azriT,
soxumis olqis mosaxleobas unda miscemoda am konfederaciis
farglebSi sakuTari mdgomareobis gansazRvris SesaZlebloba
(А. Ментешашвили, 1998: 17-18).
1918 wlis 11 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da afxazTa saxalxo
sabWos warmomadgenlebma gaaformes xelSekruleba, romelic qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis wiaRSi afxazeTis dabrunebis safuZveli gaxda.
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wardginebiT
saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris miwvevas,
regionis Sinagani marTva-gamgeobis saxalxo sabWosTvis gadacemas,
saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier afxazeTisaTvis saxsrebis gamoyofas,
saxalxo sabWos gankargulebaSi wiTeli gvardiis razmebis gagzavnas,
afxazeTSi socialuri reformebis saqarTvelos kanonebis safuZvelze,
magram adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gatarebas;
xelSekrulebis mixedviT, axlo momavalSi demokratiul sawyisebze
unda mowveuliyo afxazeTis mosaxleobis yriloba ,,afxazeTis
mowyobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis sabolood gadawyvetisaTvis”
(Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 414).
1918 wlis 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze afxazeTi
de-faqto saqarTvelos avtonomiuri erTeuli gaxda. aRniSnuli
xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi afxazeTis saqmeTa
ministrad daniSnuli r. Cqotua 1918 wlis 20 seqtembers afxazTa
saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares v.SarvaSiZes werda: „Tu afxazma xalxma
Tavisi bedi avtonomiur sawyisebze qarTvel xalxs daukavSira,
maSin saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan urTierTobisaTvis aucilebelia
ufro naTeli da araorazrovani pirobebis SemuSaveba. imave
dRes r.Cqotuam saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares n.Jordanias
warudgina gancxadeba, romelSic werda, rom miuxedavad gaformebuli
xelSekrulebisa (1918 wlis 11 ivnisi), calkeuli saxelmwifo
`dawesebulebebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi afxazeTs uyureben ara

40
rogorc avtonomiurad Semavals saqarTvelos respublikaSi, aramed
rogorc am ukanasknelis provincias” (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия,
1997: 753). im periodis bevr sxva oficialur Tu araoficialur
dokumentSi afxazeTi saqarTvelos avtonomiis statusiT moixsenieba,
rac realurad Seesabameba 1918 wlis 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis
Sedegad mxareebs Soris faqtobrivad Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs.
rusi Sovinistebi da garedan marTuli separtatistebi Zlier
SeaSfoTa afxazeTSi mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis damyarebam. 1918
wlis ivnisSi soWis mxridan afxazeTSi rusuli bolSvikuri razmebi
kidev erTxel SemoiWrnen. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos TxovniTa da
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT general g. mazniaSvilis
meTaurobiT soxumSi gadasrolilma samxedro razmma ara marto
afxazeTi gaaTavisufla, aramed 1918 wlis 26 ivliss q.tuafse
daikava, Tumca, Semdeg agvistosaTvis soWamde daixia.
separatistulad ganwyobilma jgufebma maTTvis xelsayreli viTareba
gamoiyenes da 1918 wlis 27 ivniss anu im dRes, roca g. mazniaSvilis
razmebi Setevaze gadavidnen, afxazeTSi Turquli desanti (TurqeTis
armiaSi momsaxure afxazi muhajirebis STamomavlebi) Semoiyvanes.
qarTulma jarebma da bolSevikur sasaklaos gamoqceulma rusma
kazakebma desanti gaanadgures. dakarges ra warmatebis yovelgvari
imedi, separatistebma atexes gangaSi gen. g. mazniaSvilis mier
afxazeTis `okupaciis” Taobaze. Tezisi „okupaciis“ Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
separatistulma istoriografiamac aitaca (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба,
2006: 307-308). igi bolSevikuri warmoSobisaa. jer kidev 1918 w.
maisSi, roca qarTuli gvardia afxazeTidan erekeboda bolSevikebs, am
ukanasknelebma mimarTes `ciliswamebas” viTomc qarTveloba afxazeTis
dasapyrobad modioda“ (saqarTvelo, 1918, 1).
separatistebi `okupaciaSi” gulisxmobdnen da gulisxmoben
g.mazniaSvilis general-gubernatorad daniSvnas, mis mier viTom
mTeli Zalauflebis miTvisebas. marTalia, generals hqonda
gadacdomebi, risTvisac saxalxo sabWom mas mkacrad miuTiTa, magram
ar arsebobs erTi faqtic ki, romelic g. mazniaSvilis mier
politikuri Zalauflebis miTvisebas daadasturebda. miuxedavad
gadacdomebisa generlis mxridan, afxazTa saxalxo sabWo mxars
uWerda g.mazniaSvilis Stabs da kategoriulad ar eTanxmeboda
separatistTa Tu bolSevikTa mxardamWeri elementebis moTxovnebs
qarTuli jarebis afxazeTidan gayvanis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, 1918
wlis 17 ivliss saxalxo sabWom ganixila g.mazniaSvilis Stabisadmi
ndobis sakiTxi da TiTqmis erTxmad (mxolod orma Tavi Seikava)
gadawyvita: `xelaxla dadasturdes araerTi Cveni gadawyvetileba da
iTqvas saqarTvelos (samxedro) nawilebis aq yofnis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb” (j. gamaxaria, 1991: 62).
saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenelma is. ramiSvilma 1918 wlis
18 ivliss afxazeTidan qarTuli jarebis gayvanis sakiTxi saxalxo

41
sabWoSi dasva, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli provokaciebi
antidemokratiuli Zalebis (separatistebis, bolSevikebis,
Turqofilebis) mxridan. ”umjobesia droulad gaviyvanoT jarebi,
vidre velodoT sisxlisRvras,“_ganacxada man” (j. gamaxaria, 1991:
62-63). is. ramiSvils saxalxo sabWos arc erTma wevrma mxari ar
dauWira. diskusia am sakiTxze gagrZelda 19-20 ivlisis sxdomazec,
sadac d. marSaniam aseTi gancxadeba gaakeTa: `moRalaturi nabijebi
Cveni mxridan ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan qarTuli nawilebi
mowveulia mZime wuTebSi CvenTvis daxmarebis gasawevad da
saerTod qarTvelebTan Cven yovelTvis megobrulad vcxovrobdiT.
arian adamianebi, romelTac surT wagvkidon qarTvelebTan, magram
Cven es ar gvinda” (j. gamaxaria, 1991: 65). aseTi iyo saqmis
realuri viTareba _ `okupantebs” surdaT afxazeTidan gasvla,
`okupirebulebi” ki gadawyvetilebas gadawyvetilebaze iRebdnen
qarTuli jarebis afxazeTSi dasatoveblad. afxazTa saxalxo sabWo,
romelsac viTom politikuri Zalaufleba CamoarTva g.mazniaSvilma,
miuxedavad mcire gaugebrobebisa, mxars uWerda qarTuli jarebis
afxazeTSi yofnas, vinaidan isini warmoadgendnen mSvidobis,
stabilurobis, regionis mTlianobisa da avtonomiurobis mTavar
garants. amitomac s. Cervonnaiam `okupacia-aneqsiis” separatistul-
Sovinistur Teorias savsebiT marTebulad uazro da ucnauri
uwoda (С. Червонная, 1993: 39).
1918 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi bolSevikuri da separatistuli
Zalebis avantiuris aRkveTam Seqmna winapirobebi afxazeTSi
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. am mimarTulebiT
gadadgmul mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda afxazTa saxalxo sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi erovnuli niSniT Seqmnili da afxazeTSi moqmedi
sxva sabWoebis (qarTvelTa, berZenTa, somexTa, rusTa, estonelTa da
a.S.) warmomadgenlebis Seyvana, amiT misi legitimurobis xarisxisa
da gavlenis gazrda. saxalxo sabWos reorganizacia, romelic
1918 wlis 15 agvistosaTvis dasrulda, separatistebma afxazTa
saxalxo sabWos garekvad Seracxes. am sicrues dRemde imeorebs
afxazuri istoriografia (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, 2006: 314).
1918 wlis agvistodan separatistebma gezi soWTan momdgar
antibolSevikur samxedro Zalaze - TeTrgvardielebze (m.aleqseevi,
a. denikini) aiRes. swored maTi waqezebiTa da mxardaWeriT 1918
wlis 9 oqtombers separatistebma soxumSi scades politikuri
gadatrialebis mowyoba, Zalis gamoyenebiT saxalxo sabWos
xelmZRvanelobis gadayeneba. mcdeloba CaiSala. saxalxo sabWos
Tavmjdomaris v.SarvaSiZisa da sabWos sxva wevrebis TxovniT,
saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1918 wlis 10 oqtombers saxalxo sabWo
daiTxova, daniSna arCevnebi, SeTqmulebi ki daapatimra. axali
saxalxo sabWos demokratiuli wesiT arCevnebamde mTeli Zalaufleba
soxumis olqis komisrad daniSnuli b.CxikviSvilis (soxumis yofili
qalaqis Tavi) xelSi gadavida (narkvevebi..., 2007: 296-297).

42
 1918 wlis 27 dekembers saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica
afxazeTis saarCevno debuleba, romelic moamzada saarCevno komisiam
v.SarvaSiZis TavmjdomareobiT. pirvelad afxazeTis istoriaSi
tardeboda `sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri” arCevnebi `faruli
kenWisyriT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sawyisebze”. arCevnebSi
monawileobis uflebiT sargeblobdnen pirebi, romlebmac afxazeTSi
binadrobis ufleba 1914 wlis 19 ivlisamde (pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebamde) moipoves; saxalxo sabWoSi arCevis ufleba afxazeTSi
armosaxle saqarTvelos qveSevrdomebsac eZleodaT (Дж. Гамахария,
Б. Гогия, 1997: 426).
winasaarCevno kampania droSi daemTxva soWsa da gagraSi SemoWrili
rusi TeTrgvardielebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis periods,
roca mterma md. bzifze gamagreba moaxerxa. miuxedavad amisa, 1919
wlis 13 Tebervals saxalxo sabWos arCevnebma organizebulad Caiara.
arCevnebis demokratiulobaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti, rom
masSi monawileoba miiRes vadaze adre gaTavisuflebulma soxumSi
9 oqtombris avantiuris moTaveebmac ki. afxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi
40 deputati airCies, romelTa Soris iyo 27 social-demokrati,
4 - damoukidebeli socialisti, 3 - eseri, 3 - memarjvene, TiTo
deputati gaiyvanes socialist-federalistebma, erovnul-demokratebma
da kolonistebma. erTdroulad Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli
krebis arCevnebic (1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervali). gamarjvebuli
social-demokratiuli partiis siiT afxazeTidan qveynis umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo organos wevrebi gaxdnen: d. emuxvari, v. SarvaSiZe, v.
Rurjua, d. zaxarovi da i. faSalidi (narkvevebi..., 2007: 299).
axladarCeuli afxazTa saxalxo sabWos pirveli sxdoma 1919
wlis 18 marts gaimarTa, sadac airCies Tavmjdomare (d. emuxvari),
moadgile (m. berulava) da pirveli mdivani (v. koroliovi). 20
marts Sedga morigi sxdoma. man miiRo istoriuli dokumenti
`aqti afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb”, romlis pirvel punqtSi
naTqvamia: „afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli, ris Sesaxebac
ecnobos saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas da mis damfuZnebel
krebas” (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 433-434, 772-774). am
dokumentis miRebiT moxda regionis TviTgamorkveva. mosaxleobis
didi umravlesobis nebiT, saqarTvelos es uZvelesi mxare, gareSe
mtruli Zalebis mxridan misi mitacebis araerTgzisi mcdelobis
miuxedavad, kvlav saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunda.
1919 wlis 8-10 aprilis, 13 da 20 maisis sxdomebze saxalxo
sabWom miiRo umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebi marTvis organoebis,
pirvel rigSi komisariatis (mTavrobis) Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romlis
Tavmjdomare gaxda dimitri (arzayan) emuxvari, soxumis olqs
daubrunda namdvili saxeli - afxazeTi, ubnebs ewodaT mazrebi,
afxazTa saxalxo sabWos - afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo. 1919 wlis 20
maisidan am ukanasknels saTaveSi kvlav v. SarvaSiZe Caudga.

43
 1919-1920 wlebi iyo afxazeTis avtonomiis cxovrebaSi
gatarebis, saxelisuflebo struqturebis ganmtkicebis, gagridan
TeTrgvardielTa gandevnis (1919 wlis aprili), bolSevikTa
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis aRkveTis, saqarTvelos sazRvrebis
saerTaSoriso arenaze aRiarebis, konstituciis proeqtis SemuSavebis
sakmaod rTuli periodi.
qveynis erTianobis SenarCunebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda
didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris kerzonis iniciativiT
mokavSire qveynebis (antantis) umaRlesi sabWos mier 1920 wlis
12 ianvars saqarTvelos de-faqto aRiarebas. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1920 wlis 7 maiss
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba. or qveyanas Soris moskovSi
xelmowerili xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTma saqarTvelos udavo
teritoriebad cno yofili imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
soxumis olqi da gagris zona, romelic 1904-1917 wlebSi soWis
guberniaSi Sedioda. `saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris saxelmwifo
sazRvari gadis Savi zRvidan mdinare fsous gayolebaze axaxCas
mTamde...”, - naTqvamia xelSekrulebaSi (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997:
458-459). ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba
warmoadgenda samarTlebriv garantias qveynis damoukideblobisa
da teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebisaTvis, Tumca
sul male naTeli gaxda, rom sabWoTa ruseTs sruliad sapirispiro
miznebi amoZravebda.
yvelaze did uTanxmoebas saxalxo sabWoSi da afxazeTis
sazogadoebaSi iwvevda konstituciis miRebis sakiTxi. sakonstitucio
komisia 1919 wlis 30 martidan muSaobda, 23 maiss igi or qvekomisiad
gaiyo da, Sesabamisad, ori proeqti momzadda. Semrigebluri mesame
proeqti Seadgina afxazeTis komisariatis iuridiulma ganyofilebam,
romelsac g. sidamon-erisTavi xelmZRvanelobda. maT Soris verc erTma
ver miiRo saxalxo sabWoSi xmebis aucilebeli raodenoba, magram
yvelaze meti mowoneba (20 xma) Semrigeblurma proeqtma daimsaxura.
1919 wlis 15 noembers afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri m.
ubiria saxalxo sabWos moaxsenebda, rom konstituciaze muSaobisas
Tavidanve warmoqmnil or mimdinareobas erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda
istoriuli momentisadmi, regionis politikur-ekonomikuri
amocanebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomebi. erT mimdinareobas, momentis
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, saWirod miaCnda afxazeTis rac SeiZleba
male saqarTvelosTan SeerTeba, rac misi usafrTxoebis, momavalSi
ki mxaris ekomomikur-kulturuli ganviTarebis sawindari iqneboda.
meore mimdinareobac scnobda afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis
aucileblobas, magram istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT mas
ufro marTebulad miaCnda respublikasTan rac SeiZleba susti
kavSiris damyareba, meti damoukideblobis mopoveba, rac viTarebis
Secvlis SemTxvevaSi sxva gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas
miscemda. separatistTa erTi nawili (`internacionalistebis”

44
fraqcia) arc malavda, rom momavalSi igi mxars dauWerda
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis ruseTTan mierTebas ise, rom winaswar
ar ayenebda pirobebs ruseTis SigniT maTi politikuri mowyobis
Sesaxeb. amitom brZola konstituciis garSemo realurad qveyanaSi
viTarebis destabilizaciis mizans ufro emsaxureboda, vidre
namdvili TviTmmarTvelobis mopovebisaTvis zrunvas. saxalxo sabWos
wevris m.Tarnavas TqmiT, avtonomiisa da konstituciis sakiTxebze
saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan molaparakebebSi monawileoba miznad
isaxavda mxolod SeTanxmebis CaSlas da mTavrobis kritikas
(narkvevebi..., 2007: 306).
miuxedavad separatistTa destruqciuli miznebisa, konstituciaze
muSaoba ar Sewyvetila. 1919 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi, roca
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegacia TbilisSi imyofeboda,
damfuZnebeli krebis xuTkacian komisiasTan erTad moxerxda
respublikasa da avtonomias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis
proeqtis (`afxazeTis marTva-gamgeobis ZiriTadi debulebebis
Sesaxeb”) momzadeba, romelSic aisaxa centrsa da regions Soris
realurad Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebi (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия,
1997: 451-452). miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli dokumenti ar
iyo damtkicebuli, igi faqtobrivad aregulirebda samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs Tbilissa da soxums Soris. dokumentis mixedviT,
afxazeTi aRiarebuli iyo saqarTvelos avtonomiur nawilad,
romelsac hyavda Tavisi sakanonmdeblo (saxalxo sabWo) da
aRmasrulebeli (komisariati) organoebi. saxalxo sabWo
uflebamosili iyo damoukideblad gamoeca kanonebi yvela sakiTxze,
garda iseTi sferoebisa, rogoricaa sagareo politika, jarebi
(Tavdacva), navsadgurebis marTva, safinanso, fuladi, sagadasaxado
da sabaJo sistemebi, saerTo sasamarTloebi da senati (umaRlesi
sasamarTlo), samoqalaqo, sisxlis samarTlisa da saerToerovnuli
kanonmdebloba, fosta, telegrafi, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis
rkinigza da gzatkecilebi.
xangrZlivi muSaobisa da TbilisTan konsultaciebis (1920 w.
zafxuli) Sedegad saxalxo sabWom 1920 wlis 16 oqtombers moaxerxa
konstituciis sakuTari proeqtis damtkiceba, romelsac safuZvlad
daedo zemoTxsenebuli proeqti `afxazeTis marTva-gamgeobis ZiriTadi
debulebis Sesaxeb”. imave wlis 4 noembers konstituciuri sakiTxebis
gansaxilvelad TbilisSi Camovida afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegacia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arc damfuZnebel krebas, arc mTavrobas
eWvqveS ar dauyenebiaT afxazeTis avtonomiuri statusi, centri
mainc ar Cqarobda regionis konstituciis miRebas respublikis
konstituciis miRebamde. xelSemSlel faqtorad iqca agreTve is
garemoeba, rom damfuZnebeli kreba ar daeTanxma krebisa da saxalxo
sabWos paritetuli sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnas, rogorc amas
1919 wlis 20 martis aqti da delegaciis mandati iTvaliswinebdnen.
Seqmnili viTarebiT ukmayofilo afxazeTis delegacia soxumSi

45
dabrunda n.Jordanias dapirebiT, rom afxazeTs samarTlebrivad
avtonomia miecemoda saerTo konstituciis miRebis Semdeg; Tu
qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis miReba gaWianurdeboda, maSin gamoicemoda
droebiTi kanoni afxazeTis marTva-gamgeobis Sesaxeb, romelic
SemdgomSi qveynis konstituciis calke Tavi gaxdeboda. avtonomiuri
afxazeTis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis proeqti damfuZnebeli krebis
mcire sakonstitucio komisiam 1920 wlis 21 dekembers daamtkica.
mas safuZvlad daedo afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos mier 1920 wlis 16
oqtombers miRebuli konstituciis proeqti.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals, roca mimdinareobda saqarTvelos
okupacia ruseTis mier, damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica saqarTvelos
konstitucia, romlis 107-e muxliT `saqarTvelos respublikis
ganuyofel nawilebs afxazeTs (soxumis olqi)”, aWarasa da zaqaTalas
eniWebodaT `adgilobriv saqmeebSi avtonomiuri mmarTveloba”. 108-e
muxli iTvaliswinebda avtonomiur mmarTvelobaTa debulebebis
calke kanoniT miRebas“ (afxazeTisa..., 2004: 64). `afxazeTis
avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis debuleba” damfuZnebelma krebam
saqarTvelos konstituciasTan erTad miiRo. masSi dafiqsirda,
rom afxazeTi „saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofeli nawilia“ da
sakuTar teritoriaze `avtonomiurad uZRveba Tavis Sinaur saqmeebs”.
avtonomiuri afxazeTis sakanonmdeblo organo - saxalxo sabWo
irCeoda„ori wliT, `sayovelTao, pirdapiri, Tanaswori, faruli
da proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT”. avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis
srul gamgeblobas ganekuTvneboda iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa
adgilobrivi finansebi, saxalxo ganaTleba, kulturuli mSenebloba,
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, samomrigeblo sasamarTlo, piradi
da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba, wesrigis dacva, administracia,
jandacva, medicina, veterinaria, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebi,
biujetis damtkiceba, sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis
kerZo pirTa uZravi qonebis CamorTmeva respublikis kanonebis ZaliT,
yvela adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis miwa, mamuli, tye, samkurnalo
wyali; saxelmwifo enas warmoadgenda qarTuli, magram skolebSi
da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi daSvebuli iyo adgilobrivi
enebis gamoyeneba; adamianis uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofdnen
respublikis konstitucia da kanonebi; saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
organoSi arCevnebisaTvis afxazeTi calke saarCevno olqs Seadgenda;
saxalxo sabWo amtkicebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas afxazeTis
komisariats (afxazeTisa..., 2004: 61-62; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия,
1997: 466-469,787).
marTalia, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damtkicebulma konstituciam,
miT ufro `afxazeTis avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis debulebam”
amoqmedeba ver moaswro, magram avtonomiuri afxazeTi de-faqto
sargeblobda yvela am uflebiT zemoTnaxsenebi dokumentis (`afxazeTis
marTva-gamgeobis ZiriTadi debulebebis Sesaxeb”) mixedviT. sruliad
gansxvavebuli viTareba Seiqmna sabWoTa periodSi.

46
 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos
okupacia misi Semdgomi aneqsiiT. soWis mxridan Semosulma IX armiam
soxumi 4 marts daikava. amis Semdeg Zalaufleba ruseTis kompartiis
centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuros (kavbiuro) mier e. eSbas
(Tavmjdomare), n.lakobasa da n. aqirTavas SemadgenlobiT Seqmnil
saokupacio organos - revoluciur komitets (revkoms) gadaeca.
maSinaTve dRis wesrigSi dadga afxazeTis politikur-samarTlebrivi
statusis, saqarTvelosTan misi urTierTobis sakiTxi.
saokupacio organoebis - kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kompartiis
centraluri komitetis, afxazeTis revkomis warmomadgenelTa baTumis
TaTbirze (1921 wlis 28 marti) moxda SeTanxmeba, afxazeTis sabWoebis
yrilobamde ruseTTan Tu saqarTvelosTan afxazeTis federirebis
sakiTxis Riad datovebisa da misi socialistur sabWoTa respublikad
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. TaTbiris es gadawyvetileba gaxda safuZveli
1921 wlis 31 marts afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis
gamocxadebisa. sabWoTa ruseTis centralur saxelmwifo struqturebs
arasodes ganuxilavT afxazeTis statusTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
da arc raime gadawyvetileba miuRiaT. es Tema ar yofila sabWoTa
liderebis (maT Soris v. leninis) msjelobis saganic. yvela sakiTxi
TbilisSi kavbiuros sxdomebze, mis xelmZRvanel g. orjonikiZesa
da ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisar i. stalins Soris
sityvieri SeTanxmebiT wydeboda, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis, Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis survilis CaxSobisa da
ara erTa TviTgamorkvevis interesebidan gamomdinare. amitomac
afxazeTis damoukidebloba wminda wylis fiqcias warmoadgenda da
mxolod imaSi gamoixateboda, rom regionis xelmZRvaneli pirebi
ara saqarTvelos mTavrobis, aramed kavbiuros mier iniSnebodnen.
ukve im periodSi muSavdeboda afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan
sabolood Camocilebis gegmac. ase, magaliTad, ruseTis yofilma
samxedro ataSem saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi p.
sitinma, romelic sabWoTa periodSic agrZelebda Tavis jaSuSur
saqmanobas TbilisSi, 1921 wlis 22 aprils moskovs ,,qarTuli
Sovinizmis” daTrgunvis, misi ,,teritorialurad da materialurad”
dasustebis gegma warudgina. sxvadasxva zomebis (ruseTis jarebis
ganlageba TurqeTis sazRvarTan, samegrelos avtonomizacia, rusuli
mosaxleobis mxardaWera da gaaqtiureba, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
moskovisTvis gadacema) miRebasTan erTad, igi iTvaliswinebda
ruseTis federaciis sazRvrebis md. bzifamde gadatanas, afxazeTSi
plebiscitis Catarebas da ruseTTan mis uSualo mierTebas (Дж.
Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия..., 1997: 470-472). rogorc Cans, es gegma
arasodes moxsnila dRis wesrigidan, Tumca im periodSi afxazeTis
realur damoukideblobaze saubari arcerT doneze ar yofila.
TviT sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelebsac (e. eSba, n. lakoba) kargad
esmodaT, rom 1921 wlis martSi ,,damoukidebloba” gamocxadda
droebiT, ,,erTi wuTiT,” rom es iyo mxolod ,,abra” da a.S. (j.

47
gamaxaria, 1991: 118). am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT afxazeTis
mSromelTa pirvelma yrilobam ukve 1921 wlis 28 maiss miiRo
gadawyvetileba yvela sabWoTa respublikis mSromelebTan, ,,pirvel
rigSi, kulturiT, ekonomikuri da geografiuli mdgomareobiT,
yofiT yvelaze axlos mdgomi sabWoTa saqarTvelos muSebTan da
glexebTan” umWidroesi kavSiris damyarebis Sesaxeb. am kavSiris
formebi ki saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis sabWoebis I yrilobas unda
ganesazRvra (Укрепление..., 1957: 44-51).
saxelmwifoebrivi (maT Soris sabiujeto) urTierTobis garkveuli
formebi saqarTvelosa da ,,damoukidebel” afxazeTs Soris gasabWoebis
Semdegac arsebobda. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo
struqturebi, maT Soris revkomi, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro
afxazeTis revkoms ugzavnidnen TavianT gankargulebebs qarTul
enaze ,,cnobad da saxelmZRvanelod”, ,,sisworiT Sesasruleblad”,
Rebulobdnen gadawyvetilebebs afxazeTisaTvis kreditebis gaxsnis,
bzifis xe-tyis koncesiebis gaformebis, tyvarCelis maRaroebis Sesaxeb
da a.S. afxazeTis realuri statusi ufro dabali Cans, vidre
daRestnisa da mTielTa avtonomiuri respublikebisa, naxiWevanisa
da yabardosi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTi uSualod ar Sedioda
kavkasiis ekonomikur kavSirSi (Seiqmna 1921 wlis agvistoSi);
,,damoukidebeli” afxazeTi ver Sevida aseve kavbiuros mier 1921 wlis
16 agvistos Seqmnil ekonomikur biuroSi, romelic saqarTvelos,
somxeTsa da azerbaijans aerTianebda (j. gamaxaria, 1991: 118-122).
afxazeTi ki saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi igulisxmeboda rogorc
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, ise yvela sxva viTarebaSic. afxazeTs
saqarTvelos nawilad ganixilavda TviT ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis
saxalxo komisariati. misi xelmZRvaneli i. stalini 1921 wlis 1
seqtembers sruliad ruseTis centralur aRmasrulebel komitets
(sabWoebis yrilobebs Soris periodSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo
organo) acnobebda: ,,afxazeTi aris damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
nawili. amis gamo damoukidebeli warmomadgenlobebi ruseTSi ar
hyavs da arc unda hyavdes. amitom kreditis miReba rsfsr _ dan
mas ar SeuZlia” (А. Ментешашвили, 1998: 67).
vinaidan moskovisTvis, TbilisisTvis da agreTve soxumisTvis
afxazeTis realuri statusis sakiTxi sruliad naTeli iyo, 1921
wlis 5 ivliss kavbiurom miiRo gadawyvetileba, warimarTos
partiuli muSaoba im mimarTulebiT, rom afxazeTi avtonomiuri
respublikis saxiT Sevides saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. imave wlis
23 ivliss afxazeTis pasuxismgebel muSakTa TaTbirma, moismina ra
n. lakobas moxseneba, axlo momavalSi saqarTvelosTan federaciuli
kavSiris damyarebis rwmena gamoTqva (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997:
475, 792). 1921 wlis1 noembers kavbiurom saWirod miiCnia afxazeT-
saqarTvelos Soris momavali xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSaveba,
risTvisac specialuri komisiac Camoayaliba. imave wlis 16 noembers
kavbiurom Semdegi gadawyvetileba miiRo:

48
 1. ekonomikurad da politikurad mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvalos
damoukidebeli afxazeTis arseboba.
2. winadadeba mieces amxanag eSbas, warmoadginos Tavisi saboloo
daskvna saxelSekrulebo sawyisebze afxazeTis saqarTvelos federaciis
SemadgenlobaSi an avtonomiuri olqis sawyisebze rsfsr-Si Sesvlis
Sesaxeb” (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 481-482).
kavbiuros am gadawyetilebiT afxazeTs uari eTqva Camoyalibebis
procesSi myofi amierkavkasiis federaciaSi uSualod Sesvlaze. es
gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom masSi gansazRvrulia
afxazeTis statusi sabWoTa ruseTis kriteriumebis mixedviT _
avtonomiuri olqi. saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ki mas eZleoda
ufro maRali statusi imisaTvis, rom moskovis xelSi yofiliyo
urC saqarTveloze zewolis efeqturi berketi.
1921 wlis 16 dekembers saqarTvelom da afxazeTma xeli moaweres
xelSekrulebas samxedro, politikuri da finansur_ekonomikuri
kavSiris damyarebis Sesaxeb. afxazeTi am xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelos
nawili xdeboda da yvela samxareo (amierkavkasiis) organizaciaSi
ara uSualod, aramed saqarTvelos meSveobiT Sedioda (Дж.
Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 483-484). afxazeTis sabWoebis I yrilobam
1922 wlis 17 Tebervals moiwona xelSekruleba saqarTvelosTan.
afxazeTis ssr saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi gaerTianeba daadastura
saqarTvelos sabWoebis I yrilobaze 1922 wlis 28 Tebervals
miRebulma saqarTvelos ssr pirvelma konstituciam. masSi naTqvamia:
,,saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikaSi Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis
safuZvelze Sedian: aWaris avtonomiuri socilisturi sabWoTa
respublika, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTis
socialisturi sabWoTa respublika; ukanaskneli ukavSirdeba
saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikas - am respublikaTa
Soris dadebul gansakuTrebul sakavSiro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze”
(saqarTvelos..., 1983: 73).
faqtobrivad da iuridiulad afxazeTis ssr warmoadgenda
avtonomiur respublikas. am statusiT moixsenieba igi saqarTvelos
kompartiis ck-is 1922 wlis 27 Tebervlis dadgenilebaSi
centralur aRmasrulebel komitetSi adgilebis gadanawilebasTan
dakavSirebiT: ,,mieces centrs 35, afxazeTis, aWaris avtonomiur
respublikebs... sam-sami adgili” (z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., 2007: 98).
saqarTvelos kompartiis III yrilobaze 1924 wlis maisSi gaimarTa
msjeloba saqarTvelos konstituciidan sityvebis ,,saxelSekrulebo
respublika” amoRebis Sesaxeb. yrilobaze gamosvlisas (1924 wlis
8 maisi) n. lakobam ganacxada, rom aRniSnul sakiTxze mas esaubra
centraluri komitetis mdivani beso lominaZe. afxazeTis liderma,
Tavis mxriv, aRniSna: ,,Cven vambobT, rom varT saxelSekrulebo
respublika, da me myofnis gambedaoba, ganvacxado, rom afxazeTis
glexoba or weliwadSi am sityvebsac amoSlis”. n.lakobam afxaz
xalxzec isaubra: ,,afxazebs istoriuli TvalTaxedviT rom miudgeT,

49
ra Tqma unda, araviTari rolis TamaSi kacobriobis istoriaSi
ar SeeZloT, Tundac imitom, rom am xalxs ara aqvs arc Tavisi
istoria, arc Tavisi damwerloba, arc Tavisi literatura” (Л.
Тоидзе, 1996: 29-30).
afxazeTis namdvili politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi
dafiqsirebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris pirvel konstituciaSi (1924
wlis), romlis meoTxe TavSi (muxli 15) SaviT TeTrze weria:
,,avtonomiuri respublikebi aWara da afxazeTi da avtonomiuri
olqebi samxreT oseTi, mTiani yarabaxi da naxiWevani erovnebaTa
sabWoSi TiTo warmomadgenels agzavnian” (История..., 1957: 229).
gamodis, rom ,,damoukidebeli” afxazeTi sinamdvileSi avtonomiur
respublikad iTvleboda da ssr kavSiris umaRles sakanonmdeblo
organoSi avtonomiuri olqebis doneze iyo warmodgenili.
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis konstituciebi aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi
modiodnen ssr kavSiris konstituciasTan, vinaidan afxazeTi am
konstituciebSi kvlav saxelSekrulebo respublikad moixsenieboda.
afxazeTis ssr pirveli konstituciis miRebis warumatebeli
mcdeloba iyo 1925 wlis 1 aprils, roca sabWoebis mesame yrilobam
yovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe TiTqos daamtkica konstitucia. ssr
kavSiris, amierkavkasiis federaciisa da saqarTvelos konstituciebis
sruli ignorirebiT, afxazeTi suverenul saxelmwifod cxaddeboda,
romelsac viTom hqonda amierkavkasiis federaciisa da ssr kavSiris
Semadgenlobidan gasvlis ufleba (saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan
gasvlis an masTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis gauqmebis uflebaze
konstituciaSi saubari ar iyo). konstituciis pirveli Tavis meoTxe
muxli aregulirebda saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas: ,,afxazeTis
ssr, gaerTianda ra gansakuTrebuli samokavSireo xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze saqarTvelos ssr-Tan, misi meSveobiT Sedis amierkavkasiis
socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikaSi...” (Дж. Гамахария,
Б. Гогия, 1997: 490-491).
afxazeTis 1925 wlis konstitucia, romelsac TviT n. lakobam
,,konstituciuri sisulele” uwoda, zemdgomi organoebis miTiTebiT
ar gamoqveynebula da, Sesabamisad ZalaSi ar Sesula. ufro
metic, sabWoebis III yrilobis biuletenSi, romelic afxazeTis
centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma gamosca, naTqvamia:
,,yrilobam gadawyvita, dasruldes muSaoba yrilobisTvis wardgenil
proeqtze, moyvanil iqnes igi SesabamisobaSi saqarTvelos ssr
da amierkavkasiis sfsr konstituciebTan” (Съезды..., 1964: 673).
amrigad, afxazeTis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma 1925
wlis konstitucia mxolod proeqtad aRiara. misi gadasinjvis
sakiTxi ganixiles ruseTis kompartiis amierkavkasiis samxareo
(1925 wlis 6 seqtemberi), saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma
komitetma (1925 wlis 6, 31 ivlisi, 27 seqtemberi) da saqarTvelos
kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis biurom (1925 wlis 11
seqtemberi). afxazeTis konstituciis proeqtze muSaoba 1926

50
wlisTvis dasrulda, imave wlis 11-16 ivniss soxumSi gamarTulma
sruliad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis
III sesiam saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Seitana axali V Tavi -
,,mokavSire afxazeTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublika”. igi
ucvlelad Sevida 1926 wlis 27 oqtombers afxazeTis centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komitetis III sesiis mier damtkicebul afxazeTis
pirvel konstituciaSi II Tavis saxiT. igi sabolood daamtkica
afxazeTis sabWoebis IV yrilobam (1927 wlis 5-10 marti).
masSi orjer (muxlebi 2, 17) aris dafiqsirebuli, rom afxazeTis
ssr ,,gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT Sedis” saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi, xolo misi meSveobiT - amierkavkasiis federaciaSi;
saxelmwifo enebad aRiarebulia afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli
(muxli 8), Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebas mijnavda
21-e muxli. afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis, ganaTlebis,
jandacvis, miwaTmoqmedebisa da sociluri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo
komisariatebi (saministroebi) moqmedebdnen saqarTvelos saTanado
komisariatebisgan damoukideblad. afxazeTis saxalxo meurneobis
umaRlesi sabWo ormag daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda; afxazeTis
mTavrobaSi gadamwyveti an saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT (amis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebas afxazeTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti
iRebda) Sediodnen finansTa, Sromis, muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis
rwmunebulebi, romlebic saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis
organoebs warmoadgendnen, magram periodulad angariSs udgendnen
afxazeTis centralur aRmasrulebel komitets da mTavrobas.
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gasavrceleblad gamocemul
saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis kodeqsebs,
dekretebs, dadgenilebebs savaldebulo Zala hqondaT afxazeTis
ssr teritoriaze; konstituciasTan Seusabamo afxazeTis sabWoebis
yrilobebis, centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis sesiebisa
da mTavrobis dadgenilebebis gauqmebis uflebamosileba hqonda
saqarTvelos sabWoebis yrilobas an centraluri aRmasrulebeli
komitetis sesias. 125-e muxlis mixedviT, afxazeTis ssr biujeti
misi damtkicebis Semdeg xdeboda saqarTvelos biujetis nawili
(Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 498-500). miuxedavad sabWoTa
konstituciebis formaluri xasiaTisa (partiuli organoebis
xelSi mTeli Zalauflebis Tavmoyris gamo), SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosileba sakmaod mkafiod iyo
gamijnuli. amave dros, amierkavkasiisa da ssr kavSiris konstituciebi
afxazeTis (Tundac saqarTvelos) gansakuTrebul gamgeblobaSi
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arc erT sferos ar tovebdnen.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze,
roca imperiis mesveurTa azriT, misi damoukideblobis aRdgenis
safrTxe moixsna, afxazeTis ssr-s Semakavebeli funqcia amowurulad
CaiTvala. garda amisa, 20-30-ian wlebSi mimdinareobda ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali avtonomiebis reorganizacia. afxazebze

51
bevrad ufro mravalricxovani da ganviTarebuli erebi avtonomiuri
olqebis, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi avtonomiuri respublikebis
statuss Rebulobdnen an inarCunebdnen. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris 1921
wlis 16 dekembers dadebuli xelSekruleba ar Seesabameboda
konstituciurad ganmtkicebul urTierTobebs. Seqmnil viTarebaSi
savsebiT bunebrivad daisva afxazeTis samarTlebrivi statusis
ssr kavSiris konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis sakiTxi.
1930 wlis 17 aprils afxazeTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli
komitetis III sesiam ganixila saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis gadasinjvis winadadeba. sesiam
konstituciidan amoiRo sityvebi ,,saxelSekrulebo respublika” da
igi ,,avtonomiuri respulika”-Ti Secvala. 1931 wlis 11 Tebervals
es cvlilebebi daamtkica afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobam. sityviT
gamosulma n. lakobam amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna: ,,saqarTvelosa
da afxazeTis mSromelebs Soris urTierTobebis sakiTxi mTlianad
gadawyvetilia” (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997: 503-504). xazi unda
gaesvas im garemoebas, rom 1931 wlis afxazeTis saxelis gadarqmevas
1926 wlis konstituciiT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebaTa Secvla
ar mohyolia.
30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT mimdinareobda xelisuflebis
centralizaciis, unitarizaciis, marTvis totalitaruli sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesi. igi moiTxovda mokavSire da avtonomiur
respublikebSi konstituciebis, kanonmdeblobis unificirebas. am
SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sistema afxazeTisaTvis gamonakliss ver
dauSvebda. afxazeTis sabWoebis VII yrilobam 1935 wlis 7 ianvars
daamtkica konstituciis axali redaqcia, saidanac gaqra Tbilissa
da soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa gammijnavi muxlebi, dafiqsirda
marTvis sruli centralizacia-avtonomiuri respublikis yvela
saxalxo komisariati saqarTvelos saTanado uwyebebs dauqvemdebara
(muxli 42) (Съезды..., 1964: 766-773). konstituciis axal redaqciaSi
SenarCunebuli iyo saxelmwifoebriobis mxolod iseTi atributebi,
rogoricaa sakuTari Rerbi da droSa (muxli 83, 84). Sesabamisi
cvlileba Sevida saqarTvelos konstituciaSic, romelic sabWoebis
VII yrilobam (1935 wlis 10-14 ianvari) daamtkica (sruliad...,
1935: 248).
sabWoTa kavSirSi totalitaruli politikuri sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesi 1936 wlis 5 dekembers sakavSiro sabWoebis
VIII sagangebo yrilobaze ,,stalinuri konstituciis” miRebiT
dasrulda. gauqmda amierkavkasiis federacia. saqarTvelo uSualod
Sevida ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. respublikis axali konstitucia
saqarTvelos sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobam 1937 wlis 13
Tebervals miiRo. saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze afxazeTis
sabWoebis VIII yrilobam, moismina ra centraluri aRmasrulebeli
komitetis Tavmjdomaris a. agrbas moxseneba, 1937 wlis 2 agvistos

52
daamtkica avtonomiuri respublikis axali konstitucia, romelSic
SenarCunebulia marTvis sferos sruli centralizacia. cvlileba
Seexo simbolikasac. afxazeTis droSad da Rerbad aRiarebulia
saqarTvelos droSa da Rerbi (muxli 111, 112) (narkvevebi..., 2007:
322). afxazeTis saxelmwifo enebad kvlav afxazuri, rusuli da
qarTuli darCa. es ganasxvavebda afxazeTis konstitucias ruseTis
federaciaSi Semavali avtonomiebis konstituciebisagan, romlebSic
saxelmwifo enad rusuli iyo aRiarebuli.
20-30-ian wlebSi afxazeTi, erqva mas sabWoTa socialisturi
Tu avtonomiuri respublika, warmoadgenda ara suverenul,
damoukidebel, saqarTvelosTan Tanasworuflebian saxelmwifoebriv
warmonaqmns, aramed saqarTvelos ssr Semadgenel nawils. misi
realuri uflebamosileba (iseve rogorc uflebamosileba yvela
mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikisa) ssr kavSirSi marTvis
totalitaruli sistemis Camoyalibebis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT
Semcirda da 1937 wlis konstituciis miRebis Semdeg minimumamde
davida.

damowmebuli literatura

afxazeTisa..., 2004 - afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

regionebis statusi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi (1917-1988),
politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Semdgeneli da
mTavari redaqtori T. diasamiZe, Tb., 2004.

j. gamaxaria, 1991 - j. gamaxaria, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa

istoriidan, Tb., 1991.

narkvevebi, 2007 - narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, afxazeTi

(uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2007.

z. papasqiri, 2007 - z. papasiri, narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis

istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. II, Tb., 2007.

saqarTvelo, 1918, 23 maisi.

saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 ivnisi.

saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Tb.,

1983.

sruliad..., 1935 - sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa VII yriloba

(stenografiuli angariSi), Tb., 1935.

О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, 2006 - О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, История Абхазии,

Сухуми, 2006.

53
Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, 1997 - Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия, Абхазия,
историческая область Грузии. Историография, документы и материалы,
комментарий. С древнейших времен до 30 - годов XX века, Тб.,
1997.

История.., 1957 - История советской Конституции. Сборник документов,

1917-1957, М., 1957.

А. Ментешашвили, 1998 - А. Ментешашвили, Исторические предпосылки

современного сепаратизма в Грузии, Тб., 1998.

Съезды.., 1964 - Съезды Советов союзных и автономных советских

социалистических республик Закавказья. Сборник документов (1923-
1937гг.), т. 6, М., 1964.

Л. Тоидзе, 1996 - Л. Тоидзе, К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии,

Тб., 1996.

Укрепление.., 1957 - Укрепление Советской власти в Абхазии. Сборник

документов (1921-1925 гг.), Сухуми, 1957.

Червонная..., 1992 - С. Червонная, Абхазия - 1992, постокоммунистическая

вандея Грузии, М., 1993.

54
 nodar SoSitaSvili, soso WanturiSvili, nino mindaZe, qeTevan
xuciSvili, rozeta gujejiani, giorgi WeiSvili

afxazeTis eTnografiuli samyaro

afxazeTi, msgavsad saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli

mxareebisa, odiTganve saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils warmoad-
genda. afxazebi iseTive qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc saqarT-
velos sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis warmomadgenlebi
(qarTlelebi, megrelebi, klarjebi, taoelebi, svanebi, fxovelebi,
dvalebi da a. S.). swored es erTiani warmomavloba ganapirobebda
imas, rom mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi mTel saqarTveloSi iqm-
neboda erTiani eTnikuri _ qarTuli kultura da xSirad swored
afxazeTi gamodioda saqarTvelos politikuri erTianobis mesaZirkv-
led da iniciatorad1.
afxazebi da afxazeTi uZvelesi droidanve qarTul kulturul-
politikur sivrceSi moiazrebodnen (n. berZeniSvili, 1990; m.
lorTqifaniZe, 1990; g. alasania, 2004), saqarTvelos samefo-samTa-
vroebad daSlis Semdeg ki afxazeTis socialur-kulturulma
cxovrebam TandaTanobiT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi SeiZina: dasavleT
kavkasiidan abazur-adiReuri tomebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze
intensiuri Camosaxlebis Sedegad mkveTrad Seicvala afxazeTis
eTnodemografiuli viTareba, ramac ganapiroba am mxaris socia-
lur-kulturuli ganviTarebis regresi, radikalurad Seferxda
afxazuri (afsuuri) eTnikuri jgufis organuli Tanamonawileoba
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da kulturis ganviTarebis Tval-
sazrisiT (b. xorava, 2000).
Camosaxlebul abazur-adiReur tomTa adgilobriv qarTul mosa-
xleobasTan Serwymis Sedegad Camoyalibda Tanamedrove afxazuri
(afsua) eTnosi2, romelic Tavis Tavs ukve aRar miiCnevda eT-
1 S. inal-ifas marTebuli SeniSvniT, afxazeTi naklebad hgavda saqarTvelos
Soreul provinciul olqs, aramed jer kidev bagrat III aq erTiani saqarT-
velos politikur rezidencias qmnida sofel bediaSi, SesaniSnavi sasaxliTa da
taZriT (Инал-Ипа, 1965: 135).

2 saintereso da erTob calsaxa suraTs gvaZlevs anTropologiuri monacemebi.

S. inal-ifas mohyavs v. bunakis mosazreba, romelic msjelobs afxazTa da qarT-
velTa xazgasmuli anTropologiuri msgavsebis Sesaxeb, rac mravali parametriT
dasturdeba (Бунак, 1947: 39); xolo TviT inal-ifa, Tavis mxriv, dasZens, rom
Tanamedrove afxazebi anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian dasavleT kavkasiur tips,
romelic msgavsebas amJRavnebs, erTis mxriv, dasavlurqarTul mosaxleobasTan
(megrelebTan, gurulebTan, aWarlebTan...), meore mxriv, CerqezebTan. amasTan,
dasavleT qarTvelebTan msgavseba gacilebiT mkveTradaa gamoxatuli, vidre
CerqezebTan, imisda miuxedavad, rom afxazebi lingvisturad am ukanasknelebTan
erT enobriv jgufSi erTiandebian (Инал-Ипа, 1965: 50). aseve, Tanamedrove an-
Tropologiuri monacemebiTac, afxazebi miekuTvnebian dasavlurqarTul, Savi-

55
nikurad Tu kulturul-politikurad qarTvelad. am eTnikur
jgufze TandaTanobiT gadavida damxvdurTa Temonimi `afxazi” (t.
futkaraZe, 2005: 140-141), Tumca maT TviTsaxelwodebad darCa
`afsua” (b. xorava, 2000: 39-40; g. gasviani, 1998: 113-137). mdgo-
mareoba mkveTrad gauaresda ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos
dapyrobis Semdeg. ruseTisagan (ruseTis imperia, sabWoTa ruseTi)
marTuli afxazTa nawilis qarTvelTagan gaucxoebis mizanmimarTuli
politika grZeldeboda mTeli XIX-XX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi (z.
cincaZe, 1998) da igi dasrulda am ZirZveli qarTuli regio-
nis eTnikuri qarTvelebis genocidiTa da cocxlad gadarCenil
qarTvelTa, antirusulad ganwyobil afxazTa da sxva eTnikur
jgufTa am mxaridan gamoZevebiT.
winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenlia afxazeTis teritoriaze
mcxovreb Tanamedrove afxazTa (TviTsaxelwodeba _ `afsua”)
eTnografiuli yofis amsaxveli masala, gamovlenilia qarTuli
tradiculi yofis gavlena afxazTa (afsuaTa) sulier, socialur
da materialur kulturaze3. aseTi masala uamravia da moicavs
yofa-cxovrebis yvela sferos. amjerad erT nawils warmovadgenT.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTvelTa da afxazTa (afsuaTa)
kulturis erTsa da imave elementebs, politikuri taqtis gamo,
eTnografiul paralelebs uwodebdnen. faqtobrivad, es paralelebi
ki ara, erTiani, originaluri eTnokulturuli samyaroa, romel-
Sic TvalSisacemia adgilze damxvedri, uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo
tradiciebis mqone qarTuli eTnosis gavlena etapobrivad Camo-
saxlebul momTabare abazur-adiReur tomebze.
eTnologiuri masala avlens afxazTa (afsuaTa) migraciis Zi-
riTad etapebs. `afxazur eTnogenetur da genealogiur Tqmuleba-
Ta umetesoba, ara dafaruli miniSnebiT, aramed, aSkarad da udaod
gvamcnobs afxazebis Crdilo kavkasiidan dasavleT saqarTvelos mTa-
Si Camosaxlebis faqts da eTnogeneturisa da kulturuli kavSiris
arsebobas Cerqezuli warmoSobis kavkasielebTan. am Tvalsazriss
eTanxmeba “afxazuri narTuli eposic”, romelSiac afxazebis Ta-
vdapirveli binadrobis mxared md. yubanis xeobaa miCneuli” (s. ba-
xia, 2000: 3-4). am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania afsuaTa
sagvareulo salocavebis istoriebi, romlebiTac TvalnaTelia,
rom TiTqmis yvela afxazuri sagvareulo legenda gvaris warmo-
mavlobas Crdilo kavkasias ukavSirebs (s. baxia, 2000).
cnobilia, sameurneo da materialuri kultura is upirvelesi
zRvispirul jgufs (SavizRvispireli aWarlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, lazebi,
afxazebi); radgan anTropologiuri gamokvlevebis SedegebiT afxazebi, faqto-
brivi monacemebiT, ufro hgvanan qarTvelebs, gansakuTrebiT, megrelebs, vidre
eniT monaTesave araqarTvelebs _ abazebsa da adiReelebs (m. abduSeliSvili,
2004;. l. biTaZe, 2007: 173-177).
3 cxadia, afxazeTSi qarTuli eTnosis gverdiT cxovrobdnen ara marto afxa-
zebi (afsuebi), aramed sxva eTnikuri jgufebic: rusebi, somxebi, berZnebi,
estonelebi da sxv., romelTa didi nawili aseve devnilia afxazeTidan.

56
sferoTagania, romelSic gamokveTiladaa asaxuli yofiTi erToba.
cnobilia, saxnav miwaTmoqmedebaSi qarTuli didi guTnis gamoye-
nebamde dasturdeboda miwis xvnisa da Semdgom dasvenebis sam-sam
wliani cikli. qarTlis masaliT, ”Svid weliwadSi erTxel saxnisma
oqros unda wamohkras wveri”. e.i. meSvide wels, anu miwis das-
venebis Semdeg yvelaze xvaviani mosavali modis. aseTive masalaa
Cawerili 1949 wels sofel WlouSic da masSi areklilia, igive
miwis dasvenebis wesi, romelic saerToa qarTlisa da afxazeTi-
saTvis da dakavSirebulia miwis damuSavebis erTian sistemasTan.
cxadia, SeuZlebelia aseTi damTxveva SemTxveviTi iyos (g. Citaia,
2000: 123).
afxazeTis yofaSi saxvnelis sami saxeoba dasturdeba, romlebic
saxvneli iaraRebis erT ZiriTad tips ganekuTvnebian. es tipi xa-
siaTdeba grZeli, moxrili da quslSi Camjdari mxriT, qusliTa da
xelnaTi. am iaraRis gamwevi Zalis raodenoba erTi uRliT ganisa-
zRvreba da Tavisi funqciiT mxolod niadagis aCeCvis SemZlea. am
tipis iaraRebi uxvadaa warmodgenili saqarTvelos mTasa da barSi,
oRond sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT: `kavi”, `agafa-ogafa”, `oqoqa”, `aCa-
Ca”, `xarsaraRi” da sxv. es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba isevea Sedgeni-
li, rogorc afxazuri saxvnelis saxelwodeba `acamaTa”, rac xaris
saWurvels, xaris iaraRs niSnavs (g. Citaia, 2000: 123).
sruliad identuria mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli
qarTuli da afxazuri kulturul-sameurneo tradiciebi. afxazebis
yofaSi damowmebuli vazis meurneoba, vazis movla-moSenebisa da
Rvinis dayenebis xalxuri wesebi, rogorc ZiriTadi elementebiT,
aseve calkeuli detalebiTac, vazis movla-moSenebisa da Rvinis
dayenebis qarTuli wesebis identuria. am dargSi msgavseba imdenad
srulia, rom is dasturdeba ara marto materialuri kuTxiT, ara-
med am meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedvi-
Tac. magaliTad, amgvaria Rvinis zedaSeebTan dakavSirebuli yvela
umTavresi saweso Cveuleba: Rvinis Sewirvis adgili, sazedaSe Rvinis
movla, locva-vedreba, sazedaSe Rvinis moxmareba, Sewiruli Rvinis
saxeebi da sxva (g. Citaia, 2000: 125). damTxveva srulia Rvinis
dayeneba-Senaxvis wesebSic: sawnaxelSi Rvinis dawurva, zogjer da-
duReba. ZiriTadad ki daduRebac da dacva-Senaxvac miwaSi Cayril/
Caflul qvevr-WurebSi xdeboda, rac saerToa qarTulTan, radgan
es afxazebs adgilobriv qarTvelTagan aqvT SeTvisebuli.
aseTive gavlena SeimCneva mesaqonleobaSic: rZis nawarmi, misi
damzadebis wesi da am meurneobisaTvis saWiro xelsawyo-iaraRi, xSi-
rad maTi saxelebic, qarTulia. asevea saqonlis movla-moSenebis we-
sebic. mTaSi, barSi da zeganze saqonlis yola zafxulSi, zamTarsa
da Semodgomaze; mwyemsebis Seamxanageba mTaSi wasvlisas, gamocdili
mwyemsis arCeva, romelsac mTeli `mTobis” manZilze emorCilebian.
yvelis dedod aqac Zroxis, Txis da cxvris kuWs xmaroben, romel-
sac acanawi ewodeba. aqac saukeTeso yvelis dedad, rogorc sxva

57
qarTul TemebSi dvrita iTvleba, romelic imave wesiT mzaddeba,
rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi.
dasaxlebis tipi da kar-midamo afxazeTSi iseTivea, rogorc
danarCen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, e.w. gafantuli saxisa. sacxovre-
beli da sameurneo nagebobani erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT, hori-
zontalur WrilSia warmodgenili. karmidamos centrSi Cveulebriv
sacxovrisia, romlis win sagangebod movlili molia ramdenime
saCrdilobliT. sacxovrisis ukan ki, e.w. Savi ezoa sameurneo nage-
bobaTa ganlagebiT.
xis sacxovreblis uZvelesi tipi, romelic Taviseburi lakonu-
robiT da silamaziT gamoirCeva, aris wnuli nageboba _ `afacxa”4,
romlis gavrcelebis areali dasavleT saqarTveloa (T. aCugba,
1978: 132).
afxazuri ZiriTadi sacxovrisisgan aTiode metris moSorebiT,
agebdnen momcro zomis facxas _ amxaras, romelic gankuTvnili
iyo axlad daqorwinebulTaTvis da afxazuri karmidamos ganuyo-
fel elements warmoadgenda. igi specialurad qorwinebis dRisa-
Tvis igeboda (Малиа, Акаба, 1982: 159). sagangebo adgilis gamoyofa
axaldaqorwinebulTaTvis saqarTvelos sxva mxareebisaTvisac iyo
damaxasiaTebeli (svaneTi _ maCvibi, mesxeTi ajilaki darbazovanSi),
xolo raWaSi, afxazeTis analogiurad, sagangebo, e.w. sanTiobo sa-
xli (saxl-beReli) arsebobda am daniSnulebiT.
afxazeTis sacxovrisis ufro ganviTarebuli tipi iyo `ajargual”-i
- morebisagan agebuli Zeluri saxli. mogvianebiT, mis asagebad iye-
nebdnen Suaze gaxeTqil morebsac. aseTi Zeluri saxlebi saqarTve-
loSi sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli da samegrelos, raWis, svane-
Tis, aWaris, imerxevis mTian adgilebSi axlac gvxvdeba. sulxan-sabas
ganmartebiT “jarguali es ars `Zelni moWdobilni sam-oTxkuTxedad”
(sulxan-saba, 1949). es sityva qarTuli enis megrul dialeqtze
mrgval xes niSnavs (ji/ja Zelis Sesatyvisobas warmoadgens, `rgual”
kidev mrgvalisas. e. i. mrgvali xisgan agebuls niSnavs (iv. javaxiS-
vili, 1946). ra Tqma unda, afxazur xalxur metyvelebaSi gavrce-
lebuli termini `a-jargual” qarTuli enis megruli dialeqtidanaa
SeTvisebuli.
afxazeTSi tradiciuli sacxovrebeli nagebobis yvelaze ganvi-
Tarebuli tipi iyo klasikuri qarTuli (kolxuri) oda saxli _
farTod gavrcelebuli mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ximinjebze an
qviT amoyvanil saZirkvelze Semdgar odas erTi an ramdenime aivani
hqonda, romelic xSirad morTuli iyo ornamentirebuli xis far-

4 es termini jer kidev sulxan-saba orbelians aqvs dadasturebuli. wnuli

saxli sabas ganmartebiT aris facxa saxli (sulxan-saba, 1949). facxa gansaku-
TrebiT farTod iyo gavrcelebuli afxazeTSi (`afacxa”) da samegreloSi. misi
adrindeli forma iyo mrgvali formis wnuli, romelsac samegreloSi `facxa-
kunWulas” uwodebdnen. momdevno safexurze misgan ganviTarda oTxkuTxa wnuli
karkasuli nageboba igive saxelwodebiT.

58
debiT da rikulebiT. kedlebi ZiriTadad wablis xis masaliT iyo
amoyvanili. ostatebi mosulni iyvnen. gansakuTrebiT abJuis afxa-
zeTSi, anu oCamCire-tyvarCelis mxareSi umetes SemTxvevaSi raWidan
gadmosuli qarTveli xelosnebi muSaobdnen (Малиа, Акаба, 1982: 188).
afxazeTSi aseT oda saxls `akvaskas” uwodebdnen5. misi sacxovrebe-
li farTi segmentirebuli iyo funqciurad datvirTul oTaxebad,
anu afxazurad `aoTaxebad”, romelTa Soris izolirebuli iyo
calke oTaxi saqorwino asakis axalgazrdebisaTvis. am oTaxma fa-
qtobrivad Secvala afxazur karmidamoSi calke mdgari saqorwino
`amxara” (Малиа, Акаба, - 1982: 188).
afxazTa sameurneo nagebobani: TxebisaTvis gankuTvnili `maraka”,
saqonlis sadgomi, boZebze an ximinjebze Semdgari sasimindeebi da
sxva, Cveulebriv mrgvali an oTxkuTxa, rododendronis wnulebi
iyo, samegrelos, guriis, imereTis masalis identuri. asasvlel
kibes dasavleT saqarTveloSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli safexu-
rebad amoWrili mori warmoadgenda.
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze, gviani Sua saukuneebidan
eTnikur-demografiuli suraTis Secvlis Sedegad, aq XIX sauku-
nisaTvis warmoiqmna saqarTvelos sxva mxareebisagan gansxvavebuli
socialuri viTareba: feodaluri urTierTobebi klasikuri saxiT
mxolod odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi darCenil afxazeTis na-
wilSi SemorCa, dasavleT afxazeTsa da mTian raionebSi ki, sadac
Casaxldnen Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmosuli abazur-adReuri tomebi,
Temur-gvarovnuli urTierTobebi damkvidrda. saenaTmecniero ga-
mokvlevebiT dadasturebulia, rom afxazur enaSi Sesuli qarTuli
socialuri terminebi (a-Tauad _ Tavadi, a-ufSil _ ufliswuli,
a-Snayuma _ Sinayma da sxva) asaxaven gvianSuasaukuneebis viTarebas
(T. gvancelaZe, 1998: 46-49), anu, im periods, rodesac xdeba maTi
Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi _ afxazeTSi.
afxazTa saojaxo yofa patriarqaluri iyo. or-sam Taobiani didi
ojaxebis paralelurad XIX saukunidan afxazebSi ukve arsebobda
mcire monogamiuri ojaxebi. ojaxis ufrosi erTpirovnulad ganage-
bda saojaxo qonebas, igi wyvetda yvela sakiTxs. qonebis gayofisas
mciredi upiratesoba ufros da umcros vaJebs eniWebodaT, mSoble-
bis saxlSi umcrosi vaJi rCeboda da mis valdebulebas moxuci
mSoblebis movla warmoadgenda. ojaxSi garkveuli privilegiebiT
sargeblobda ufrosi diasaxlisi, Tumca qalebi mamakacebTan Seda-
rebiT nakleb uflebebs flobdnen.
saqorwino urTierTobebSi arsebobda naTesauri da wodebrivi
saxis akrZalvebi. egzogamia vrceldeboda rogorc mamis, aseve dedis
xaziT naTesavebze. dauSvebeli iyo qorwineba xelovnur naTesaoba-
5 akvaskis erTi aseTi nimuSi, romelic XIX s. II naxevars ganekuTvneba, 1977
wels tyvarCelidan aris gadmotanili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis g. Ci-
taias eTnografiul muzeumSi.

59
Sic. sisxlis aRreva (`amaxaga”) mkacrad isjeboda. afxazebSi gavr-
celebuli iyo levirati da sororati. icodnen qalis gamosyidva
saqonliT an fuliT, akvanSi daniSvna (akvanze niSnis dadebiT, go-
gos akvanSi ki tyvia-wamlis CadebiT), motaceba (`amcarsa”). am gzas
uaris Tqmis SiSiT an sapatarZlos ojaxis mxridan sityvis gatexis
SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen. motaceba, rogorc wesi, SerigebiT Tavde-
boda, raTa Tavidan aeridebinaT sisxlis aReba da motacebulsac
`Sercxvenilis” saxeli ar hqonoda. qorwinebis aucilebeli piro-
ba iyo sapatarZlos mSoblebisTvis gadasaxadis (`aCma”) gadaxda. aCma
ZiriTadad saqonlis saxiT gadaixdeboda. qorwineba saqmrosa da
sapatarZlos naTesavebis molaparakebiT wydeboda. niSnobaze vaJis
ufrosi naTesavi ramdenime TanmxlebTan erTad saCuqrebiT midioda
sapatarZlos saxlSi. Tanxmobis Semdeg sapatarZlos ojaxic saCuqars
ugzavnida sasiZos. qorwilis dRes patarZals saCuqrebs Cuqnidnen
da SehyavdaT amxaraSi, sadac ori-sami kvira unda darCeniliyo.
nefe am xnis manZilze dRisiT amxanagebTan iyo, RamiT malulad
stumrobda patarZals. Semdeg imarTeboda siZe-patarZlis amxaridan
gamoyvanisa da did saxlSi Seyvanis rituali. wyalze gasvlis ri-
tualis Semdeg patarZali erTveboda ojaxis sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
pirvel mSobiarobamde igi ramdenime TviT brundeboda mSoblebis
saxlSi, Semdeg ki sabolood gadadioda qmris ojaxSi.
ojaxSi daculi iyo e. w. ganridebis Cveuleba, urTierTobebi
sqesobriv-asakobrivi statusis mixedviT regulirdeboda. axalda-
qorwinebulebi niSnobidan qorwilamde da Semdeg did saxlSi
Seyvanis ritualamde Tavs aridebdnen ufros naTesavebs. col-qmari
sxvebis TandaswrebiT erTmaneTs ar elaparakeboda, arc saxeliT
mimarTavdnen da arc axsenebdnen erTmaneTs, aseve ar axsenebdnen
mamamTil-dedamTilisa da sidedr-simamris saxelebs. gavrcelebuli
iyo gaZiZavebis Cveuleba (`aaZara”), amasTan, aRmzrdeli yovelTvis
socialurad ufro dabali fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. mas bavSvis
mSoblebi amaragebdnen saWiro inventariT, WurWliTa da mewveli
saqonliT.
afxazebSi gavrcelebuli iyo samezoblo da sagvaro urTierTda-
xmarebis formebi (mag. mesaqonleebis gaerTianeba (`agup”), miwaTmoq-
medebis gaerTianeba (`keraz”) da sxv.), stumar-maspinZlobis, sisxlis
aRebisa (`aSaura”) da ufrosTa pativiscemis Cveuleba. sisxls ucxo
gvarisgan iRebdnen. gvaris SigniT mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi mkvlels
mxolod moikveTdnen. sisxlis aRebaze `xani da vadis gasvla” ar
moqmedebda da SurisZiebis aucilebloba Taobebze gadadioda. Se-
rigebis xerxs warmoadgenda aseve bavSvis aRsazrdelad ayvana (`aTa-
likoba”), am gziT naTesauri kavSiri myardeboda or gvars Soris
da sisxlis aReba dauSvebeli xdeboda. Serigeba SesaZlebeli iyo,
agreTve, Tu mkvleli moaxerxebda da moklulis ojaxis wevr rome-
lime qals ZuZuze kbils daadgamda, an mkvlelis ojaxis wevri qali
moklulis ojaxis wevri bavSvisTvis ZuZus wovebis imitacias moa-

60
xerxebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, miiCneoda, rom xelovnuri danaTesavebis
ritualia Sesrulebuli da aRar daiSveboda sisxlis aReba.
eTnomusikologTa dakvirvebiT, afxazuri mravalxmianobis safu-
Zvels orxmianoba warmoadgens, samxmianoba ufro gviandel xanas
miekuTvneba. anu mravalxmianoba qarTuli (megruli) mravalxmiano-
bis gavleniTaa afxazurSi warmoqmnili. rac gvianSuasaukuneebidan
afsuaTa saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebas ukavSirdeba. arc afxazuri
orxmianoba Cans ganyenebulad ganviTarebuli. bunebrivia, amierka-
vkasiisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa mravalsaukunovanma eTno-
kulturulma kavSirebma ganapirobes am xalxebis sasimRero Semoqme-
debis urTierTgavlena (Ахобадзе, 1957; Аргун, 1977; Кортуа, 1959; И.
Хашба, 1967; М. Хашба, 1983; n. maisuraZe, 1989; m. SilakaZe, 2007).
qarTuli kulturis gavleniTaa Seqmnili afxazuri xalxuri
sakravebi: afxiarca, aiumaa, abik-i, aCamgur//aCangur-i da aWarpin//
aWarpan-i. aWarpin//aWarpan-i orive mxridan gaxsnil grZel mils
warmoadgens. igi mzaddeba mcenaris Rerosagan, romelsac aWarpin//
aWarpan-i hqvia. garda aWarpanis Rerosi, am instruments amzadeben
gogris Reros, Txilis an xurmis totisaganac. aWarpani afxazeTSi
gavrcelebuli iyo mwyemsTa Soris. sakravs magiur Zalasac miawerd-
nen (И. Хашба, 1967: 80-86; m. SilakaZe, 2007: 105).
afxiarca orsimiani, xemiani sakravia. saqarTveloSi gavrcele-
bul xemian sakravTagan igi mxolod garegnuli formiT gamoirCeva.
xalxur musikalur praqtikaSi afxiarca saakompanento instrumentia
solo da sagundo simRerebisaTvis. masze damkvreli (ZiriTadad
mamakaci) TviTonvea simReris teqstis avtori da Semsrulebeli.
simRerebis mTavari Tema sagmiro eposia. afxiarcas TanxlebiT, da-
RupulTa gamo mwuxarebis gamoxatva simReriT xdeboda. masve miewe-
reboda tkivilis Sesamsubuqebeli, samkurnalo funqcia. afxiarcaze
sruldeboda agreTve saweso simRerebi (monadireTa, wvimis gamowve-
vis wes-Cveulebis dros da ubeduri SemTxvevisagan gardacvlilis
sulis gamoxsnis wesebis Sesrulebis dros (И. Хашба , 1967: 31-39; m.
SilakaZe, 2007: 37).
afxazuri sasignalo sakravia abik-i. am instrumentis saSuale-
biT cxaddeboda gangaSi, uxmobdnen Temis yrilobas. abik-i, cxadia,
qarTuli bukisgan warmomdgaria da igi svaneTis tradiciul yofSi
arsebuli bukis sruliad identuria (И. Хашба, 1967: 78-79; m. Silaka-
Ze, 2007: 108).
afxazuri sakravi aiumaa mogvagonebs arfas. sakravze Sesrulebis
dros aiumaa edoT marjvena muxlze. orive xelis meore da mesame
TiTis baliSebiT xdeboda simebis aJRereba. sakravi ZiriTadad ga-
moiyeneboda simReris akompanimentisaTvis. misi TanxlebiT srulde-
boda istoriuli da sagmiro simRerebi. saxelwodeba aiumaa niSnavs
`orxelas”. i. xaSbas azriT, es saxelwodeba analogiuria svanuri
`SimekvSe”-si, rac saliteraturo qarTuliT motexil xels niSnavs
(И. Хашба, 1967: 54-76).

61
 aCamgur//aCangur-i afxazurSi Sesulia qarTulidan. es oTxsimia-
ni qarTuli sakravi Conguria. i. xaSbas azriT, sakravi da masze
dakvris xerxebi afxazebSi iseTivea, rogorc guria-samegreloSi ga-
vrcelebul sakravze (И. Хашба, 1967: 77).
afxazur xalxur simRerebSi SeiniSneba qarTuli folkloris didi
gavlena: akompanimentis faqtura, instrumentis wyoba, ritmul-in-
tonaciuri suraTi, akordika. mniSvnelovani Tvisebebia _ kvartuli
sayrdenis xazgasma akompanimentSi, punqtirebuli da sinkopirebuli
ritmis siWarbe, damaxasiaTebeli forma _ mravaljer gameorebuli
fraza, winadadeba. instrumentuli musikis saerTo niSnebi qarTul
instrumentul musikasTan Tavs iCens melodiur-intonaciur sfe-
roSi (intonaciuri msgavseba aWarpanis hangisa larWemis hangTan),
sakadanso formebSi (gansakuTrebiT kvartuli kadansis siWarbe),
qarTulidan afxazurSi aTvisebuli sakravis, kerZod aCanguris Tan-
xlebis faqturaSi, metro-ritmuli, intonaciur mimoqcevebsa da
akordikaSi (М. Хашба, 1983: 5; m. SilakaZe, 2007: 141).
afxazeTis xalxuri samedicino kultura moicavs qirurgiuli,
Terapiuli da a. S. mkurnalobis tradiciebs, romlebic saqarTve-
los sxva mxareebSi dadasturebul xalxur samedicino tradicieb-
Tan sakmaod axlo dgas da xSirad maTi analogiuria.
afxazeTis mTianeTSi, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mTis regionebSi,
travmebis mkurnaloba maRal doneze idga. travmebs aq efeqturi me-
TodebiT aRWurvili adgilobrivi `profesionali” dastaqrebi mkur-
nalobdnen. umeteswilad swored afxazeTsa da svaneTSi dasturdeba
mZimed daWrilis movlis erTi SesaniSnavi tradicia _ Ramis Teva,
`Ramis texva” (М. Хашба, 1983: 59), daWrilis garToba musikiT da iq
myofTa mier moyolili ambebiT, rac daWrils mdgomareobas umsu-
buqebda. cnobilia, rom mZime avadmyofisaTvis Ramis Tevis tradicia
gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic.
afxazebi iyenebdnen sisxldenis SeCerebis efeqtur saSualebas
_ mSral sisxls (Шабловский, 1886: 38), romelic saqarTvelos sxva
regionebis samkurnalo praqtikaSic dasturdeba. es meTodi aRwe-
rilia XVI saukunis qarTul samedicino xelnawerSi `iadigar dau-
dSi” (daviT bagrationi, 1985: 535).
igive unda iTqvas Sinagan, yel-yur-cxvirisa da sxva daavadebaTa
mkurnalobis praqtikaze, naturopaTiuri, mcenareuli, cxoveluri
Tu mineraluri saSualebebiT. afxazebi icnobdnen floras, mcena-
reTa samkurnalo Tvisebebs, rac, albaT, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
afxazTa xangrZliv sicocxles ganapirobebda. bunebrivi ingredien-
tebiT damzadebuli wamlebis receptebi xSirad gasaidumloebuli
iyo da iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, Taobidan Taobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli afxa-
zeTSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa da magiur-religiuri
samkurnalo saSualebebis Sesaxeb. magiur-religiuri medicina aq

62
sinkretuli xasiaTisaa. masSi ikveTeba warmarTuli, qristianuli
da musulmanuri religiis gavlenis kvali. aq, iseve rogorc sa-
qarTvelos sxva regionebSi, sulieri daavadebebis dros Svelas
wmida giorgis SesTxovdnen da iloris eklesiaSi loculobdnen.
imavdroulad, sxvadasxva saxis mZime daavadebaTa SemTxvevaSi, mo-
lebs mimarTavdnen da dawerili amuletiT _ nusxiT cdilobdnen
gankurnebas.
afxazeTSi SemorCenilia warmarTuli religiidan momdinare be-
vri samkurnalo saSualeba _ Selocvebisa Tu sxva saxis ritua-
luri qmedebebis saxiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom swored
aq ikveTeba bavSvTa infeqciuri daavadebebiT, e. w. batonebiT da-
avadebulis movlis ritualuri sistemis uZvelesi plastebi, rom-
lebic `didi deda nanas” kults SeiZleba daukavSirdes. saxadebis,
batonebis dros ojaxSi daculi mTeli rigi wesebi: sxvadasxva saxis
akrZalvebi, `batonebisTvis” sufris gaSlis tradicia, saqarTvelos
sxva regionebSi gavrcelebuli wesebis analogiuria. Tavad afxaz
mecnierTa mier retrospeqtuli analizis Catarebis Sedegad dad-
genil iqna qarTuli ”batonebis iavnanis” da afxazuri `yvavilis
simReris” genetikuri kavSiri (М. Хашба, 1983: 53-54).
ama Tu im daavadebis afxazeTSi SemorCenili arqauli samkurnalo
rituali xSirad avsebs saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi fragmentuli
saxiT SemorCenil ritualebs. ase magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelo-
Si sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli daavadebis _ ciebis erT-erTi
saxeobis _ uJmuris mkurnalobis magiuri rituali, sruli saxiT
iSviaTad dasturdeba da umetesad avadmyofobis gamomwvevad miCneu-
li `miwis sulisaTvis” comis an Tixisagan gamoZerwili adamianis
figuris miwisTvis SewirviT Semoifargleba, isic ara yvelgan. maSin
rodesac afxazeTSi `uJmuris” ritualuri `mkurnalobis” SedarebiT
sruli saxe m. janaSvilis mier aris dadasturebuli da aRwerili.
es rituali, miwisTvis Tojinis SewirvasTan erTad gulisxmobs fe-
tvis namcxvris gamocxobas, misi naWrebis gzajvaredinze gatanas, gza-
jvaredinze sanTlebis danTebas, `adgilis dedisadmi” savedreblis
warmoTqmas da sxva.
afxazur monadireobasTan6 dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebsa da
folklorul masalaSi ikveTeba rogorc arqauli, aseve qristianu-
li rwmenis plastebi. cxadia, afxazebis samonadireo wes-Cveulebe-
bsa da terminologiaSic SeiniSneba qarTuli samonadireo eposisa
da saritualo praktikis didi kvali.
saerTod, afxazuri folklori mdidaria samonadireo leqs-si-
mRerebiT da es masala mWidro kavSirs avlens qarTul, gansakuTre-
biT dasavlur-qarTul (svanur, megrul) folklorTan, aseve, bevri
6 monadireobas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan misdevdnen. igi uZvelesi `xe-
lobaa”, tradiciuli dargia. feodalur saqarTveloSi monadireoba TiTqmis
gadajaWvuli iyo molaSqreobasTan da samxedro begaris erT-erT saxeobas war-
moadgenda. mravalferovania nadirobis wesebi, meTodebi da iaraRebi. arsebobs
sagulisxmo niuansebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eTnografiul mxareSi.

63
paralelis gavleba SeiZleba aRmosavlur qarTul samonadireo war-
modgenebTanac.
afxazeTSic, msgavsad saqarTvelos yvela sxva istoriul-eTnogra-
fiuli mxarisa, monadireoba wminda saqmed iTvleboda. arsebobda
mkacrad dadgenili qcevis wesebi da akrZalvebi, reglamentirebuli
iyo, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo monadire nadirobamde, nadirobi-
sas da nadirobis Semdeg. Semonaxulia mravali samonadireo aRkve-
Ta, romelTa dacva warmatebuli nadirobis winapirobad miiCneoda.
aRniSnuli saxis afxazuri da qarTuli wesebi srulad emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
sanadirod wasvlis win afxazi monadire valdebuli iyo ta-
buirebis rTuli sistema daecva, raTa ar SeebRala nadirobis
siwminde. mamakacs, sanadirod wasvlis win ar hqonda urTierToba
araTu ucxo qalTan, aramed sakuTar meuRlesTanac ki. mkacrad
gansazRvruli iyo sagzlis Semadgenloba. dadgenili iyo Tu ro-
meli nadiris mokvla SeeZlo monadires da mokluli nadiridan
ra nawili unda Seewira nadirobis RvTaebebisadmi. imis gamo, rom
nadirobac da nanadirevic wmindad iTvleboda, monadiris ojaxs ar
hqonda ufleba nanadirevis Zvali gadaegdo an daewva, aucilebeli
iyo misi damarxva sufTa adgilze, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, sva-
neTSi. aRniSnuli warmodgena dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom afxazTa
rwmeniT nadirT mwyemss/aJveifSaas hyavs cxovelTa jogebi, saidanac
RvTaebis nebiT monadires eZleva maTi garkveuli raodenoba. cxo-
velis mokvlis Semdeg Zvlebi nadirT patrons ubrundeba, nadi-
ris mkvdreTiT aRsadgenad ki yvela Zvalia saWiro. aseTive saxis
rwmena-warmodgenebi arsebobda qarTvelebSic (e. virsalaZe, 1964).
qarTulsa da afxazur folkorSi mravali gadmocemaa daculi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daaklda nadirT patrons erT-erTi Zvali da
mis magier xe Caudga mkvdreTiT aRmdgar cxovels, msgavsad svanu-
ri masalisa. saerTod, afxazuri masala gansakuTrebul msgavsebas
svanur masalasTan avlens, radgan Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmosul
tomebs, saerTod, afxazeTSi da gansakuTrebiT kodoris zemo welSi
qarTvelTa sxva jgufebTan erTad es istoriul-eTnografiuli Temi/
jgufic daxvdaT. Sesabamisad, bevri paralelic dafiqsirda tradi-
ciul yofaSi. RvTaebis gulis mogebis mizniT monadire nanadire-
vidan garkveul nawils nadirT RvTaebas swiravda. gansazRvruli
iyo, Tu ra nawilis Sewirva iyo aucilebeli da aseT organoebad
afxazursa (s. zuxba, 1988: 83) da qarTul (e. virsalaZe, 1964: 27)
samonadireo tradiciaSic gul-RviZli iTvleboda.
mravalferovani qarTuli eTnografiuli masaliT, nadirobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebebi, folklori,
nadirobis sami mfarveli _ `nadirT patroni”, `oCopintre” da
`nadirT mwyemsi” _ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi garkveuli va-
riaciebiT yvelgan figurirebs. afxazuri da qarTuli samonadireo
`RvTaebebis” sistema erTmaneTs emTxveva. afxazeTSi nadirobisa da

64
tyis mTavar mfarvel RvTaebad aJveifSaa iTvleba. afxazTa rwme-
niT, aJveifSaas wyalobis gareSe aravis SeeZlo nadiris mokvla.
rwmena-warmodgena aJveifSaas Sesaxeb, faqtiurad, imeorebs Sexedu-
lebas svanuri `afsaTis”, aWaruli `tyis kacis”, megruli oCokoCisa,
da aRmosavlur-qarTuli `oCopintre” // `oCopintes” Sesaxeb (iv.
javaxiSvili, 1960: 85).
afxazebs sjerodaT, rom aJveifSaas hyavda qaliSvilebi, romle-
bic irCevdnen saukeTeso monadireebs. monadireebs ar hqondaT am
saidumlos gamxelis da sxva qalebTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobis
damyarebis ufleba. monadire sicocxlis bolomde aJveifSaas qaliS-
vilis erTguli unda darCeniliyo. aRniSnuli rwmena-warmodgena
zustad imeorebs zogadqarTul Sexedulebas `nadirT patro-
nisa” da misi lokaluri variaciebis _ svanuri dalisa da
megruli `tyaSi mafas” Sesaxeb. tyis mfarvel RvTaebebTan dakav-
Sirebuli qarTuli da afxazuri zepirsityvieri masalac absolu-
tur TanxvedraSi modis erTmaneTTan, faqtobrivad, erTi da igive
Sinaarsis matarebelia.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom afxazurSi Cveulebrivi sasaubro
enis gverdiT arsebobda specialuri samonadireo ena, romelic mxo-
lod monadireebisTvis iyo cnobili. afxazebis rwmeniT nadirobisas
dauSvebeli iyo Cveulebriv enaze saubari, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi
nadiri gaigebda, rom mis mokvlas apirebda monadire da dafrTxe-
boda (Гулия, 1926: 14). aRniSnuli movlenis zust analogs vxvde-
biT svaneTSi, nadirobisas aqac Cveulisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli
metyveleba _ monadireTa saidumlo ena gamoiyeneba (a. qaldani,
1978: 45).
arcTu iSviaTad, afxazebi aJveifSaas paralelurad iyenebdnen
saxels `airg”-s da mas gaiazrebdnen, rogorc TeTr cxenze amxe-
drebul meomars. sanadirod mimaval mamakacs Semxvedrni mimarTa-
vdnen Semdegi sityvebiT: `dae, nadirobaSi xeli mogimarTos airgma”
(Гулия, 1926). cxadia, aq wmida giorgis gaxalxurebul aRqmasTan
gvaqvs saqme, radganac qristianobis gavleniT, yvelgan da maT So-
ris afxazeTSic, nadirobis da monadireTa mfarvelad, sve-bedis
momcemad wminda giorgi iTvleba. afxazuri masaliTac TvalnaTliv
Cans, rom saubaria wm. giorgize, Tumca RvTaeba airgs vxvdebiT
afxazur narTul eposSic, sadac igi warmodgenilia, Weqa-quxilis
RvTaebad. d. gulias cnobiT, misi Tanamedrove afxazebic ambobdnen,
rom wminda giorgis iloris xati cidan Tvals adevnebs eSmaks da
drodadro xeebs esvris Subebs Weqa-quxilis saxiT. es imitom, rom
eSmaki cdilobs xis totebSi damalvas (Гулия, 1926: 6). aqedan Cans,
rom afxazur miTologiaSi moxda qristiani wminda mowame giorgis
Sesaxeb saeklesio gadmocemebis gaxalxureba, iloris wm. giorgis
xatze gamosaxuli scena, xalxur Tqmulebad iqca da wminda mowamis
saxeli, maTTvis ufro nacnobi saxeliT Seicvala. cnobilia, mo-
nadireebi svaneTSic swored wmida giorgis (qarTuli enis svanur

65
dialeqtebze _ jg 2 rg) SesTxovdnen nadirobaSi xelis momarTvas7,
rac cxadyofs, rom afxazi monadireebis mier airg-is moxmoba araa
gamowveuli ubralod, warmarTuli RvTaebisa da wmida giorgis
saxelebis fonematuri msgavsebiT. cnobilia, afxazTa nawilis ga-
qristianeba moxda maTi saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg (gvia-
ni Suasaukuneebi), rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifos dasustebam da
qveynis calkeul samefo-samTavroebad daSlam ganapiroba afxazTa
eqspansiuri migracia manamde qristiani qarTvelebiT (maT Soris,
qarTuli eTnosis Semadgeneli Zveli afxazebiT) dasaxlebul afxa-
zeTSi. swored damxvedri qarTveli mosaxleobisagan unda SeeTvise-
binaT mosul afxazebs substratis saxiT qarTvelizebuli berZnuli
qristianuli terminologia (T. gvancelaZe, 1998: 43). mogvianebiT
afxazebma swored aseTi saxiT SeinarCunes qristianuli gadmoceme-
bi. xolo ufro gvian, roca afxazebis nawilSi qristianobam mefis
ruseTis aqtiuri Carevis Sedegad kvlav moikida fexi, ra Tqma
unda, afxazTa cnobierebaSi wminda giorgis Sesaxeb arsebulma qris-
tianulma gadmocemebma ukve Tavisi adgili daikaves da airg-isa da
wm. giorgis erTmaneTisagan gaucxoveba moxda.
paralelebs afxazur miTologiaSi arsebul sinkretul warmod-
genebs wm. giorgis Sesaxeb vxvdebiT ara mxolod afxazTa uSualo
mezobel dasavleT qarTul eTnografiul jgufebSi (afxazebi, svane-
bi, megrelebi), aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSic. amis naTe-
li magaliTi Tundac xevsuruli xaxmatis jvaria, sadac ZiriTadad
loculobdnen `giorgi naRvarmSvenierisa da samZimar yelRilianis”
saxelze. am xatis daarsebis istoriac wminda giorgis cxovrebis
erTerTi epizodis gaxalxurebul variants warmoadgens (T. oCiau-
ri, 2001: 60).
saqarTvelos teritoriaze (afxazeTSi) etapobrivad Camosaxle-
bulma afxazebma adgilze damxvedr qarTvelTagan miTologiisa Tu
religiuri warmodgenebis mravali sxva elementic SeiTvises (n.
abakelia, 2000; T. gvancelaZe, 1998: 42-46; T. gvancelaZe, 2000).
cnobilia, qristianuli terminlogia afxazurSi (vgulismobT Ta-
namedrove da ara gvianSuasaukunebamdel afxazebs) saliteraturo
an qarTuli enis megruli dialeqtidanaa Sesuli. saliteraturo
qarTulis gavleniTaa warmoqmnili Semdegi terminologia: ajar
_ jvari, asakvmal _ sakmeveli, aber _ beri, azareba _ ziareba,
agalaba _ galoba, asarkial _ sarekeli (zari); xolo qarTu-
li enis megruli dialeqtidan momdinarea: qirsa _ qriste, Sobis
7 warmatebuli nadirobis Semdeg monadire svaneTSi am saxis samadlobels
warmoTqvamda: `dideba RmerTs, madli RmerTs, dambadebelo, batono qveynisao,
nanadirevi da monadire yvela Seni gaCenilia, ra drosac ki mogmarTo, yovel
dros Seni kargi jvari damwere, madli da saxeli iqneba Seni. qriste macxovaro!
dideba Senda... mwyalobelo, cxovelo wm. giorgi! dideba Senda. adamianis
mwyalobeli Sena brZandebi, dRe da Rame marjvniv” momyevi, qaj-eSmaki maSore
Cems mwyalobel RmerTs didebas... dals kldisas dideba!.. (b. niJaraZe, 1964:
36-37).

66
dResaswauli, qirsian _ qristiani, aaxvama _ eklesia, Targalaz _
mTavarangelozi, aWyvandar _ Wyondideli (episkoposi), wyarkuTxia
_ wyalkurTxeva, amqamgaria _ miqel-gabrielis saxelze Sesrulebu-
li locvis rituali da sxva (T. gvancelaZe, 2000: 57-66).
amrigad, afxazeTis eTnografiuli samyaros erTi nawilis _
eTnikur afxazTa (afsuaTa) tradiciuli yofis sxvadasxva elementi
(anTropologiuri, istoriuli, enaTmecnieruli da eTnografiuli
monacemebi) naTlad warmoaCens afxazeTis odiTganve arsebobas qar-
Tul kulturul-politikur sivrceSi da qarTuli yofisa da kul-
turis mniSvnelovan gavlenas gvianSuasaukuneebidan saqarTveloSi
(afxazeTSi) etapobrivad Camosxlebul abazur-adiReur tomTa ad-
gilze _ saqarTveloSi (afxazeTSi) Seqmnil kulturaze. am kultu-
raSi gamoiyofa ori Sre, erTi aris substratuli fena, romelic
abazur-adiReur tomTagan asimilirebuli qarTvelebis (afxazebis)
kulturul-sameurneo yofis maxasiaTebeli iyo, xolo meore _ su-
perstratuli fenaa da igi mezobeli qarTvelebis _ megrelebisa
da svanebisgan aqvT SeTvisebuli afxazebs (afsuebs).

damowmebuli literatura:

n. abakelia, 2000 _ n. abakelia, winaparTagan dawesebuli erTi wes-

Cveulebis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi. _ J. artanuji, 10, Tb., 2000.
m. abduSeliSvili, 2004 _ m. abduSeliSvili, qarTveli xalxis
anTropologiuri Taviseburebebi, _ kr., daskvniTi sityva, Tb.,
2004.
g. alasania, 2004 _ g. alasania, gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefos
saTaveebTan, _ analebi, 2, Tb., 2004.
T. aCugba, 1978 _ T. aCugba, aWaraSi mcxovreb afxazTa materi-
aluri kulturis istoriidan. kr., samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-
velos yofa da kultura, Tb., 1978.
d. bagrationi, 1985 _ daviT bagrationi, iadigar daudi. Tb.,
1985.
s. baxia-oqruaSvili, 2000 _ s. baxia-oqruaSvili, afxazTa eTno-
genezis sakiTxisaTvis (sagvareulo salocavebi), _ J. klio, #7,
Tb., 2000.
n. berZeniSvili, 1990 _ n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990.
l. biTaZe, 2007 _ l. biTaZe, anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa
eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis. wgn narkvevebi saqarTvelos isto-
riidan, afxazeTi, Tb., 2007.

67
g. gasviani, 1998 _ g. gasviani, afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri
Semadgenloba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. _ kr., afxazeTis
istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998.
T. gvancelaZe, 1998 _ T., gvancelaZe, enobrivi monacemebi da maTi
mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis. _ kr.,
afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998.
T. gvancelaZe, 2000 _ T. gvancelaZe, qarTveluri qristianuli
terminebis afxazur enaSi sesxebis drois sakiTxisaTvis. _ J.
artanuji, 10, Tb., 2000.
e. virsalaZe, 1964 _ e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi.
Tb., 1964.
s. zuxba, 1988 _ s. zuxba, afxazuri zepirsityviereba. Tb. 1988.
lorTqifaniZe, 1990. _ m. lorTqifaniZe, afxazebi da afxazeTi,
Tb., 1990.
n. maisuraZe, 1989 _ n. maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da
misi istoriul-eTnografiuli aspeqtebi. Tb.,1989.
b. niJaraZe, 1964 _ b. niJaraZe, istoriul-eTnografiuli wer-
ilebi, II, Tb., 1964.
T. oCiauri, 2001 _ T. oCiauri, xaxmatis jvari. kr. qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001.
sulxan-saba, 1949 _ sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona. Tb.,
1949.
t. futkaraZe, 2005 _ t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, quTaisi,
2005.
a. qaldani, 1978 _ a. qaldani, koSkebis samyaroSi, Tb., 1978.
m. SilakaZe, 2007 _ m. SilakaZe, tradiciuli samusiko sakravebi
da qarTul-Crdilokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli urTierTobani.
Tb., 2007.
g. Citaia, 2000 _ g. Citaia, Sromebi, t. 2, Tb., 2000.
z. cincaZe, 1998 _ z. cincaZe, afxazeTis saqarTvelodan mowyvetis
saTaveebTan. kr. afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998.
b. xorava, 2000 _ b. xorava, eTnikuri procesebisaTvis gviani Sua
saukuneebis afxazeTSi. _ J. artanuji, 10, Tb., 2000.
iv. javaxiSvili, 1946 _ iv. javaxiSvili, mSeneblobis xelovneba
Zvel saqarTveloSi, t. 1, Tb., 1946.
iv. javaxiSvili, 1960 _ iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria,
t. I, Tb. 1960.
Аргун, 1977- Аргун А. Искусство Абхазии, Тб., 1977.
Ахобадзе, 1957- Ахобадзе В. Предисловие. Абхазские песни. М., 1957.
Бунак, 1947- Бунак В. Антропологический состав населения Кавказа.
Вестник Государственного музея Грузии. Тб., 1947.

68
Гулия, 1926 _ Гулия Д. Божества oхоты и oхотничний язык у абхазов. Сухум,
1926
Инал-Ипа, 1965 - Инал-Ипа Ш. Абхазы. Cухуми, 1965 .
Кортуа, 1959 - Кортуа И. Абхазские народные песни и музикалъные инструменты
Сух., 1959.
Малия, Акаба, 1982 - Малия Е. Акаба Л. Одежда и жилище Абхазов. Tб.,
1982.
Хашба, 1967 _ Хашба И. Абхазские народные музикалъные инструменты.
Сух., 1967.
Хашба, 1983 _ Хашба М. Жанры Абхазской народной музики. Сух., 1983.
Шабловский, 1886 _ Шабловский И. Медикаменты и способы лечения
употребляемие народными врачами Абхазии и самурзакани. Медицинский
сборник, № 41. Тифлис, 1886.

69
 goCa gvaramia

afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo konfliqtis gamomwvevi

faqtorebi da
misi mogvarebis procesSi ruseTis politikis
mizez-Sedegobrivi aspeqtebi
winasityvaoba

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTareba ar aris mxolod bolo pe-

riodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebiT gamowveuli da saTaves gac-
ilebiT Soreul warsulSi iRebs. saqarTvelos geopolitikuri da
geoekonomikuri mniSvneloba, rac misi geografiuli mdebareobiT
aris ganpirobebuli, yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva imperiis TvalTaxed-
vis areSi.
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aRniSnuli sakiTxi imdenad didia,
rom ramdenime etapad SeiZleba daiyos. amjerad ganvixilavT saqarT-
veloSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesebSi ruseTis
politikis mizez-Sedegobriv aspeqtebs.
ruseTis politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelo-ruse-
Tis urTierTobis aTvlis wertilad georgievskis traqtats (1783
w.) miiCneven, rac am urTierTobaTa istoriis damaxinjebul formas
warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis eqs-
pansiuri politika da dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Tu miRweuli
SeTanxmebebis darRvevebis istoria georgievskis traqtatis xelmow-
eramde gacilebiT adre iwyeba.
sanam ZiriTad nawilze gadavidodeT, unda aRiniSnos, rom geor-
gievskis traqtati, romliTac ase daJinebiT apelireben ruseTis
politikuri wreebis warmomadgenlebi, iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis, eklesiis avtokefaliisa da saqarTvelos monar-
qiis SenarCunebas, mefis gvirgvinis memkvidreobiT gadacemas. yvela
es piroba darRveul iqna. gauqmda rogorc monarqia, aseve saqarT-
velos eklesiis avtokefalia, gauqmebul iqna saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifoebrioba da misi samefo-samTavroebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT
Zaladobrivad iqna Seyvanili ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
swored aqedan iwyeba ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT eqs-
pansiuri politikisa da dadebuli SeTaxmebebis calmxrivad dar-
Rvevis faqtebis vrceli CamonaTvali.

afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo konfliqtis mizezebi da maTi

gamomwvevi faqtorebi

imisaTvis, raTa gasagebi gaxdes afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo 1992

wlis konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezebi, aucilebelia `didi sabWo-

70
eTis” periodSi kremlis saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebaSi patara
eqskursi gakeTdes.
ruseTSi carizmis damxobis Semdeg (1917 w. Tebervali), imperiis
yofil teritoriebze, TandaTanobiT daiwyo e.w. `wiTeli tero-
ris” gavrceleba. oqtombris revoluciis (1917w.) Semdeg saqarT-
velom damoukidebloba gamoacxada 1918 w. 26 maisi gamomdinare
iqidan, rom Tavis droze saqarTvelo erTianad iyo aneqsirebuli,
savaldebulo ar iyo damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dros CamoT-
vlili yofiliyo qveynis calkeuli regionebi (afxazeTi, aWara,
guria, samegrelo, imereTi, cxinvalis mxare (gviandeli e.w. samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqi), svaneTi da a.S.) ramdenadac, saqarT-
velos saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi isini saqarTvelos
ganuyofel teritoriebs warmoadgendnen. metic, Tu ruseTis im-
periis Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT sepa-
ratistTa da ruseTis warmomadgenelTa `logikas” gavyvebiT, maSin
ruseTis imperiis Semadgenlobidan ar gamosulan arc aWara, guria,
svaneTi, samegrelo, imereTi da saqarTvelos sxva regionebi da
damoukidebloba ki mxolod Tbiliss gamoucxadebia.
aqedan gamomdinare, mtkiceba imisa, rom afxazeTi ar gamosula
ruseTis imperiis Semadgenlobidan (romelic imxanad ukve aRarc
arsebobda), rbilad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebis SecdomaSi Seyvanis
mcdelobaa da realobasTan aranairi kavSiri ar gaaCnia.
saqarTvelos dakargvas ruseTi ver egueboda da cdilobda is
ukve sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi daebrunebina. damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos mTavroba ki yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa bolSevikur
ruseTTan normaluri diplomatiuri urTierToba daemyarebina.
1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi bolSevikur ruseTsa da damoukideb-
el saqarTvelos Soris samSvidobo da samokavSireo xelSekruleba
gaformda. Tumca ruseTma, georgievskis traqtatis msgavsad, daar-
Rvia es xelSekrulebac da saqarTvelos aneqsia ganaxorciela.
1921 wlis 12 Tebervals sabWoTa armia saqarTveloSi Semovida
da Tbilisisaken daiZra. paralelurad, soWis mxridan, ruseTis me-9
armia SemoiWra. ruseTis samxedro nawilebi Semovidnen Crdilo-
eTidan, samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidanac. 25 Tebervals TbilisSi
sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armia Semovida. orkvirian uTanasworo brZo-
laSi saqarTvelo damarcxda - ruseTma meored moaxdina damoukide-
beli saqarTvelos aneqsia.
iZulebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg saqarTvelom 17 aTas kvadratul
kilometrze meti teritoria dakarga: 1925 wels ssrk-is cen-
tralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma ruseTis federacias
pilenkovos mxare (afxazeTis nawili) da duSeTis mazris nawili
gadasca.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis, ufro zustad rom iTqvas, xelmeore
aneqsiis Semdeg, afxazeTisaTvis avtonomiuri respublikis, xolo
istoriuli Sida qarTlis nawilisTvis `samxreT oseTis avtonomi-

71
uri olqis” statusis miniWebiT saqarTveloSi politikuri Tval-
sazrisiT SorsgaTvlili naRmebi Caido, romelTa Sedegebs dRes
vimkiT.
saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan ruseTis federaciis Semadgen-
lobaSi afxazeTis Seyvanis survili arc ruseTis sabWoTa imperias
daukargavs. am mimarTulebiT kremlSi araerTi gegma muSavdeboda.
am mxriv saiteresoa ramdenime faqti:
1945 wels afxazeTSi dasasveneblad myofma centraluri komite-
tis (ck) erT-erTma yofilma maRalCinosanma afxazeTis komunisturi
partiis saolqo komitetis maSindel pirvel mdivan mgelaZesTan
Sexvedrisas ganucxada mas ck-s mosazreba: `aris mosazreba moskovis
daqvemdebarebaSi afxazeTis kurortebisa da soWis erT saku-
rorto olqad gaerTianebisa”.
1948 wels soxumSi dasasveneblad myofi poskrebiSevi kvlav
ubrundeba moskovis daqvemdebarebaSi erTiani sakurorto olqis
Seqmnis sakiTxs: `rogor Sexedaven afxazi da qarTveli amxanagebi
moskovis daqvemdebarebaSi soxumis, axali aTonis, gudauTisa da
gagris soWTan gaerTianebas erTian sakurorto olqSi?~
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi nikita xruSCovma
moskovSi daibara afxazeTis kompartiis saolqo komitetis maS-
indeli pirveli mdivani da mosTxova Seekriba afxazeTis saolqo
komitetis partiuli aqtivi, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina mimarTva
centraluri komitetisaTvis afxazeTis krasnodaris mxarisaTvis
mierTebis moTxovniT.
`Tu qarTvelebi WkuiT ar iqnebian, afxazebs mivusev... miay-
eneT vagonebi da gaasaxleT yvela qarTveli saqarTvelodan...~ - es
muqarac nikita xruSCovs ekuTvnis.
yvelaze niSandoblivia kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdi-
vnis, partiis mTavari ideologis mixeil suslovis mier 1961 wels
gakeTebuli moxsenebis saidumlo nawili:
`...dRes Tu xval qarTvelebi komunizmis winaaRmdeg daiwyeben
brZolas. qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZola afxazeTidan unda da-
viwyoT. samegrelosa da svaneTs unda mivceT avtonomiebis sta-
tusi. TiToeul am regionSi gavaRvivoT kuTxur-nacionalisturi
grZnobebi. unda davarwmunoT yvela, rom afxazeTSi qarTvele-
bi Casaxlebuli arian. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo davupirispiroT
dasavleT saqarTvelos. amis Semdeg Suamavlisa da Semrigeblis
rolSi gamovideT...”
ruseTma, afxazeTSi separatistuli ganwyobilebebis gaRvivebis
mizniT, aqtiuri muSaoba swored suslovis am moxsenebis Semdeg
daiwyo. aqtiurad mimdinareobda saqarTvelos istoriis kremlisaT-
vis `sasurveli kuTxiT” gadawera. yalbdeboda istoriuli, eT-
nografiuli, arqeologiuri mniSvnelobis faqtebi. amgvari muSaobis
Sedegebma 70-ian wlebSi iCines Tavi. aqedan iwyeba afxazeTSi sepa-
ratistuli moZraobebis ganviTarebis aqtiuri faza.

72
 Tu paralelebs gavavlebT dRevandel situaciasTan, Zneli misax-
vedri ar aris, rom konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi spontanuri movlena
ar yofila da e.w. `eTnikuri” dapirispirebebi kremlis mier kargad
organizebul aqciebs warmoadgens.
sanam ZiriTad Temaze gadavidodeT, unda aRiniSnos, rom kon-
fliqti afxazeTSi ar dawyebula 1992 wels. pirveli konfliq-
ti 1989 wlis martSi moxda. ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvridan (md.
fsou) soxumisken avtobusebiT mimaval qarTvelebs gudauTaSi Sei-
araRebul afxazTa jgufi daxvda. avtobusebi daarbies, daiWrnen mg-
zavrebi. rom ara avtobusis mZRoli, romelmac moaxerxa avtobusis
samSvidoboze gayvana, Setakeba msxverpliT dasruldeboda. morigi
Setakeba, romelic amjerad, samwuxarod, msxverpliT dasrulda 1989
wlis 15 ivliss moxda. gudauTidan specialurad Camoyvanili Sei-
araRebuli jgufebi Tavs daesxnen mSvidobian uiaraRo qarTvelebs,
romlebic soxumis erT-erT parkSi mSvidobian mitings atarebdnen.
am Setakebisas 20-ze meti qarTveli mokles. maT Soris erovnuli
moZraobis lideri vova vekua lursmnebisgan specialurad damzade-
buli samkapebiT arnaxuli sisastikiT mokles.
radganac, miuxedavad eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, im droisaTvis
saqarTveloSi erovnuli TviTSegneba maRal doneze iyo, ruseT-
ma ver SeZlo afxazebisa da qarTvelebis farTomasStabiani da-
pirispirebis provocireba. rusul provokacias pirvel rigSi TviT
eTnikuri afxazebis udidesi nawili ar ahyva.
ase rom, konfliqti afxazeTSi ara 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
aramed gacilebiT adre daiwyo. miuxedavad amisa, afxazeTSi kon-
fliqtis dawyebis aTvlis periodad oficialurad 1992 wlis 14
agvisto aris dafiqsirebuli. Cvenc konfliqtis daregulirebis
procesebis aRweras am droidan SevudgebiT.

konfliqtis mogvarebis procesi

konfliqtis dawyebidan pirveli SeTaxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisa

da saomari moqmedebebis ganuaxleblobis Sesaxeb oficialurad kon-
fliqtis dawyebidan or kviraSi, 1992 wlis 3 seqtembers moskovSi
gaformda (danarTi #1).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavidanve yvela oficialur dokuments
mxareebis saxiT mxolod saqarTvelo da ruseTi awers xels. rac
Seexeba afxazeTis warmomadgenlobas, romelSic rogorc separat-
istuli, aseve legitimuri struqturebis warmomadgenlebi Sedian,
warmoadgenen pirebs, romlebic eTanxmebian miRweul SeTanxmebebs,
anu konfliqtis mxareebad Tavidanve saqarTvelo da ruseTi iyo
dafiqsirebuli.
moskovis 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris xelSekrulebis preambulaSive
xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom `ruseTis federaciis prezidenti da
saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare, ganix-

73
iles ra afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad (aq igulisxmeba
rogorc separatistuli, aseve legitimuri struqturis warmomad-
genlebi g.g.), Tvlian ra dauSveblad saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli
mTlianobisa da maTi sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli principebis nebismieri saxiT Selaxvas, afxazeTSi
politikuri daregulirebisaTvis srulmasStabiani pirobebis Se-
qmnas, SeTaxmdnen...”
rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis federacia da separatistuli xelisu-
flebis warmomadgenlebi Tavidanve eWvqveSac ki ar ayeneben saqarT-
velos teritoriul mTlianobas da mis saerTaSoriso sazRvrebs.
am SeTanxmebis ganxilvisas sakmarisia misi pirveli punqtis sa-
Tauris wakiTxvac ki, rom gaverkveT danarCeni dokumentis SinaarsSi
- `uzrunvelyofilia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba”.
rogorc vxedavT, pirvelive punqtis dasaxeleba, romelsac ara
marto ruseTi, aramed separatistuli xelisuflebis warmomad-
genlebic daeTanxmnen, iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos teritoriuli
mTlianobis uzrunvelyofas da xelSeuxeblobas.
ra realobis winaSe vdgavarT dRes - Tu ruseTi adre arade-
klarirebuli formiT axdenda separatistuli reJimebis mxardaW-
eras, ruseTis dRevandeli pozicia miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi ara
Tu arRvevs adre miRweul SeTanxmebebsa da gaeros rezoluciebs,
aramed arafrad agdebs saerTaSoriso normebs da cdilobs, msof-
lioSi sakuTari, Zaladobriv meTodebze damyarebuli wesebi daam-
kvidros.
moskovis 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris SeTaxmebis anlizisas ikveTeba
Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:
1. eWvgareSea saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba.
iTvleba, rom `dauSvebelia saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli
mTlianobisa da maTi sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobis sayov-
elTaod aRiarebuli principebis nebismieri saxiT Se-
laxva...”
2. miRweulia SeTanxmeba `cecxlis Sewyvetisa da erT-
maneTis winaaRmdeg Zalis ar gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;
3. cecxlis Sewyvetisa da erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg Za-
lis argamoyenebis, afxazeTSi arakanonieri SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis da jgufebis SeRwevis aRkveTis, aseve afxazeTSi
ukve arsebuli ukanono formirebebis daSlisa da maTi
afxazeTidan gayvanis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seiqmna komi-
sia saqarTvelos saxelisuflebo organoebis mier, maT
Soris afxazeTis da ruseTis, daniSnuli warmomadgen-
lebisagan;
4. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs `rkinigzis magis-
tralebisa da sxva garkveuli obieqtebis dacvaze” pasux-
isgebloba ekisrebaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari komisia marTlac Seiqmna, sepa-
ratistuli reJimis warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac

74
saSualeba hqondaT SeesrulebinaT maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba
konfliqtis srul, maT Soris qarTuli mxaris mier kontro-
lirebad teritoriaze, qarTuli mxaris warmomadgenlebi amgvar
SesaZleblobebs moklebuli iyvnen. anu rusuli mxare, romelic
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis garantis rolSi gamodioda, araTu
xels ar uwyobda qarTul mxares movaleobis SesrulebaSi, aramed
arc fiqrobda separatistuli reJimis warmomadgenlebze zewolis
ganxorcielebas, raTa maT pirnaTlad SeesrulebinaT miRweuli
SeTanxmebebi.
ufro metic, 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris xelSekrulebis miRebidan
zustad erTi Tvis Semdeg, 3-5 oqtombers afxazeTis separatistuli
reJimis ukanono SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, kazakTa SenaerTebis, Cr-
dilo kavkasiidan da arabeTis qveynebidan daqiravebulTa razmebma
sruli kontroli daamyares gagris zonaze. am samxedro operaciis
Sedegad afxazeTSi qarTvelTa eTnowmenda ganxorcielda. devnilebi
pirvelad oficialurad swored am periodidan dafiqsirdnen.
rogorc vxedavT, afxazeTis separatistuli reJimis warmomad-
genlebisa da ruseTis mxaris mier (separatistebisgan gansxvavebiT,
ruseTi aRniSnul SeTanxmebaSi garantorad da erT-erT mxared
gamodioda - g.g.) darRveul iqna miRweuli SeTanxmebis yvela pun-
qti, romelTac konfliqtis mogvareba unda uzrunveleyo.
sagulisxmoa aseve am SeTaxmebis is punti, sadac naTqvamia, rom
`saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs `rkinigzis magistralebisa da
sxva garkveuli obieqtebis dacvaze pasuxisgebloba ekisrebaT”.
rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli formulirebiT aRiarebulia rkinigzis
magistralebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani obieqtebis dacvis aucilebloba,
risTvisac Tavis droze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier, arZinbasTan
SeTanxmebiT, afxazeTis, sakuTriv saqarTvelos teritoriis dasavleT
nawilSi, Seyvanil iqna am RonisZiebebisaTvis saWiro Sinagani jarebisa
da samxedro nawilebis SezRuduli kontigenti. Tu amas davumatebT
arZinbas mier 80-iani wlebis bolos naTqvam sityvebs: `me vaiZuleb
qarTvelebs esrolon afxazebs”, maSin yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT
separatistTa mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom konfliqti afxazeTSi
qarTulma mxarem daiwyo, realobas moklebulia.
1992 wlis gagris ambebTan mimarTebaSi gaeros uSiSroebis sab-
Wos Tavmjdomaris mier `saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakav-
SirebiT” 8 oqtombers gakeTda sagangebo gacxadeba (danarTi #4),
sadac gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos saxeliT, romlis mudmivmoqmed
wevrs vetos uflebiT aseve ruseTi warmoadgens, mouwodebs mxa-
reebs Sewyviton SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba da daicvan moskovis
1992 wlis 3 seqtembris SeTanxmeba, romelic Tavis mxriv `...adas-
turebs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuvalobas,
iTvaliswinebs saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetas, valdebulebas
mxareebis mier cecxlis Sewyvetisa da erTmaneTis sawinaaRmde-
god Zalis argamoyenebas da konfliqtis srulmasStabiani poli-

75
tikuri mogvarebis safuZvels warmoadgens...”
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan aRniSnuli gancxadeba gaeros
uSiSroebis sabWos saxeliT keTdeba, igi SeTanxmebulia uSiSroebis
sabWos yvela wevrTan da xelmowerilia maT mier. anu gancxadebis
formulirebas srulad ruseTic eTanxmeba.
miuxedavad amisa, Semdgom periodSi moskovis 1992 wlis 3 se-
qtembris SeTanxmeba, aseve mis safuZvelze SemdgomSi miRweuli
SeTanxmebebi da gaeros rezoluciebi mudmivad irRveoda separat-
istuli reJimisa da ruseTis mxaris mier, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
separatistuli reJimisadmi mxardaWeriT, konfliqtis mogvarebis
xelSewyobis nacvlad yovelnairad xels uwyobda mis eskalacias.

afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo konfliqtis periodSi 1992-93

wlebSi warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebis qronologia

qvemoT warmodgenili sabrZolo moqmedebebis qronologia naT-

lad asaxavs separatistuli reJimisa da ruseTis mxaris yvela im
darRvevas, romelsac adgili hqonda 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris mosk-
ovis SeTanxmebis `cecxlis Sewyvetisa da afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo
konfliqtis politikuri daregulirebis Sesaxeb” oficialurad
gaformebis Semdeg.
1992 wlis 3-5 oqtomberi - afxazeTis separatistuli reJi-
mis ukanono SeiaraRebulma Zalebma, kazakTa SenaerTebma, Crdilo
kavkasiidan da arabeTis qveynebidan daqiravebulTa razmebma sruli
kontroli daamyares gagris zonaze. am samxedro operaciis Sedegad
afxazeTSi qarTvelTa eTnowmenda pirvelad ganxorcielda.
1992 wlis 3 noemberi - Crdilo kavkasiidan da arabeTis
qveynebidan daqiravebulma SeiaraRebulma dajgufebebma soxumis ir-
gvliv strategiuli simaRleebis aRebis mcdeloba ganaxorcieles
Sroma-axalSenis mimarTulebiT (soxumis CrdiloeTi Semogareni).
am Semotevis dros qarTvelebis mier tyved iqna ayvanili siriis
moqalaqe. rogorc Semdgom gairkva, igi profesionali samxedro
mzveravi iyo.
1993 wlis 5 ianvari - afxazeTis separatistuli reJimis ukanono
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma gumisTis frontis garRvevis mcdeloba ga-
naxorcieles.
1993 wlis 16 marti - ganxorcielda yvelaze farTomasStabiani
Seteva gumisTisa da oCamCiris mimarTulebiT. aseve Sroma-axalSenis
mimarTulebiT warmoebul iqna dazverviTi ieriSebi. am farTomas-
Stabian samxedro operaciaSi, garda separatistuli reJimis Sei-
araRebuli Zalebisa, monawileobas iRebdnen daqiravebuli boevikebi
Crdilo kavkasiidan da arabeTis qveynebidan, SeiaraRebuli jgufebi
dnestrispireTidan, aseve ruseTis regularuli jarebis SenaerTebi,
maT Soris gudauTaSi dislocirebuli ruseTis sadesanto-moieriSe
polkis nawilebi, romlebic ruseTis maSindeli Tavdacvis minis-

76
tris pavle graCovis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebodnen. aRniS-
nul samxedro operaciaSi monawileoba pirvelad miiRo ruseTis
aviaciam, romlis TviTmfrinavebma ieriSi miitanes soxumze. soxumis
sxvadasxva ubnebSi aTeulobiT saxli ganadgurda, rasac mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis msxverpli mohyva.
1993 wlis ivlisi - separatistTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da
ruseTis sadesanto-moieriSe SenaerTebis mier ganxorcielda Seteva
gumisTis, Sroma-axalSenisa da oCamCiris mimarTulebebze. pirvelad
iqna gamoyenebuli sazRvao desanti. miuxedavad didi danakargebisa,
separatistebma mainc SeZles soxumis SemogarenSi strategiuli si-
maRleebis dakaveba, rac am samxedro operaciaSi maT ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgenda.
1993 16 seqtemberi - ruseTis regularuli jarebis SenaerTe-
bis uSualo monawileobiT, romlebic ukve arc ki malavdnen saku-
Tar monawileobas da javSanteqnikaze rusuli droSebiT gadaadg-
ildebodnen, separatistebma farTomasStabiani operacia wamoiwyes
soxumis mimarTulebiT. vinaidan am droisaTvis qarTuli mxaris
SeiraRebuli Zalebi afxazeTSi soWis 1993 wlis 27 ivlisis SeT-
axmebis Tanaxmad (danarTi # 13 - dokumentis me-6 gverdi - g.g.).
praqtikulad ganiaraRebuli iyo, maT ver SeZles soxumis dacva,
Sesabamisad afxazeTSi konfliqtis aqtiuri faza amiT damTavrda.
separatistebma 30 seqtembrisaTvis afxazeTis mTels teritoriaze,
garda kodoris xeobisa (zemo afxazeTi), sruli kontroli daam-
yares.
unda aRiniSnos, rom 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris moskovis
xelSekruleba mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi ar yofila erTad-
erTi dokumenti, romelsac separatistuli mxare ruseTis aqtiuri
mxardaWeriT arRvevda.
saomari moqmedebebis periodSi miRebul iqna ramdenime rogorc
e.w. `jentlmenuri”, aseve oficialuri SeTanxmeba; gaeros uSiSroe-
bis sabWos mier viTarebidan gamomdinare araerTi gancxadeba da
rezolucia iqna miRebuli. kerZod:
1992 wlis 3 seqtemberis moskovis xelSekruleba S /24523 (dan-
arTi # 1 - gv.74).
1992 wlis 10 seqtemberi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdo-
maris sagangebo gacxadeba S /24542 (danarTi # 2 - gv.79).
1992 wlis 7 oqtomberi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdo-
marisadmi gaeros generaluri mdivnis werili S/24633 (danarTi #
3 - gv.80).
1992 wlis 8 oqtomberi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdo-
maris gancxadeba S /24637 (danarTi # 4 - gv.86).
1992 wlis 10 noemberi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdo-
marisadmi gaeros generaluri mdivnis werili S/24794 (danarTi #
5 - gv.87).
1993 wlis 28 ianvari - gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxseneba

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`afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos respublika Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakav-
SirebiT~ S/25188 (danarTi # 6 - gv.93).
1993 wlis 29 ianvari - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdomaris
gancxadeba S /25198 (danarTi # 7 - gv.99).
1993 wlis 14 marti - ruseTis SuamavlobiT Sedga e.w. `jentl-
menuri” SeTanxmeba cecxlis ganuaxleblobis da erTmaneTis wi-
naaRmdeg samxedro Zalis argamoyenebis Sesaxeb (16 marts ruseTis
aviaciis gamoyenebiT soxumze farTomasStabiani Seteva daiwyo).
1993 wlis 5 maisi - gaeros generaluri mdivnis werili uSiS-
roebis sabWos Tavmjdomarisadmi saqrTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebasTan
dakavSirebiT S/25756 (danarTi # 8 - gv.101).
1993 wlis 14 maisi - ruseTis SuamdgomlobiT Sedga e.w.
`jentlmenuri” SeTanxmeba `sabrZolo moqmedebebis ganuaxleblobisa
da erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod Zalis ar gamoyenebis Sesaxeb”, razec
informirebuli iyo gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo, rac Tavis mxriv asax-
vas povebs mis Semdgom rezoluciebSi. ruseTis aqtiuri mxardaW-
eriT SeTanxmeba kvlav iqna darRveuli afxazeTis separatistuli
reJimis mier.
1993 wlis 1 ivlisi - gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxseneba
afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT S/26023
(danarTi # 9 - gv103).
1993 wlis 2 ivlisi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdomaris
gancxadeba S/26032 (danarTi # 10 - gv108).
1993 wlis 7 ivlisi - gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxseneba afx-
azeTSi, saqarTvelo Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT S/26023/dd.2
(danarTi # 11 - gv.109).
1993 wlis 9 ivlisi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucia 849
(1993) (danarTi #12 - gv.111).
1993 wlis 27 ivlisi - soWSi ruseTis SuamdgomlobiT gaformda
morigi SeTanxmeba afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetisa da mis Sesrule-
baze kontrolis meqanizmis Sesaxeb (danarTi # 13 - dokumentis
me-6 gverdi).
1993 wlis 6 agvisto - gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxseneba
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 849 (1993) rezoluciis SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebiT S/26250 (danarTi # 13 - gv.113).
1993 wlis 6 agvisto - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucia
854 (1993) (danarTi #14 - gv.122).
1993 wlis 24 agvisto - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucia
858 (1993) (danarTi #15 - gv123).
1993 wlis 17 seqtemberi - gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmj-
domaris gancxadeba soxumis aRebis mizniT samxedro operaciebis
ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT S/26463 (danarTi #16 - gv.125). aRs-
aniSnavia, rom am gancxadebiT, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdo-
mare mouwodebda ara marto cecxlis Sewyvetas, aramed moiTxovda
konfliqturi mxareebi dabrunebodnen im poziciebs, romelic dafi-

78
qsirebuli iyo 27 ivlisis xelSekrulebiT.
yvela CamoTvlil dokumentSi upirobod figurirebs:
1.
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblo-
ba mis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi;
2. cecxlis Sewyvetisa da erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg Zalis
argamoyenebis moTxovna;
3.
konfliqtis politikuri srulmasStabiani mogvarebis
aucilebloba;
4. da yvelaze mTavari - yvela SeTaxmebasa da gaeros re-
zoluciebs 1992 wlis 3 seqtembris moskovis xelSekrule-
ba udevs safuZvlad.

samwuxarod, yvela aRniSnuli dokumenti mxolod qaRaldze dar-

Ca da ar Sesrulebula. aseve samwuxaroa, rom saqarTvelosadmi
mxardaWera da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis survili saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan mxolod deklarirebul xasiaTs
atarebda. miRebuli SeTanxmebebisa da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
mier miRebuli rezoluciebis ugulebelyofisaTvis separatiste-
bisa da gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mimarT, romelsac pirnaTlad unda
Seesrulebina Suamavlisa da Semrigeblis funqciebi, saerTaSoriso
normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli araniri qmediTi sanqciebi ar gatare-
bula.
aqedan gamomdinare, 1992-93 wlebSi afxazeTSi separatistuli
reJimis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis, Crdilo kavkasielTa da arabe-
Tis qveynebis daqiravebuli teroristebis, aseve kazakTa da ruseTis
federaciis regularuli jarebis mier ganxorcielebul qarTvelTa
eTnowmendaze, 530 aTasi afxazeTis mosaxleobidan daaxloebiT 400
aTasze met usaxlkarod darCenil afxazeTis pativayril macxovre-
belze, garkveuli wili pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso organizacie-
bmac unda aiRon.

daskvniTi nawili
1993 wels afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo saomari moqmedebebis damTavre-
biT dasrulda konfliqtis aqtiuri faza. misi mogvarebis pro-
cesma diplomatiur WrilSi gadainacvla, magram konfliqti dRemde
mougvarebeli rCeba. konfliqtis mogvarebis mTeli procesis gan-
mavlobaSi ruseTi mfarvelobda ra mis mier Seqmnil `separatis-
tul” reJimebs, mizanmimarTulad arRvevda gaeros rezoluciebs
da sxvadasxva formatebis saerTaSoriso molaparakebebze miRweul
SeTanxmebebs.
ruseTis provocirebiT molaparakebaTa araerTi formati saer-
Tod iqna CaSlili, yvelaferSi ki ruseTi qarTul mxares adana-
Saulebda. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisadmi qarTuli
mxaris mier gakeTebuli araerTi gancxadebisa da mimarTvisa, reaq-
cia maTi mxridan mxolod deklarirebul xasiaTs atarebda.

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 saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxridan aseTi midgomis politikis
Sedegis winaSe dRes vimyobebiT - ruseTma, Tu igi adre separat-
istul reJimebs amofarebuli moqmedebda, dRes aSkara, daufaravi
agresiiT ganaxorciela saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia. garda
amisa, ruseTi ara Tu arRvevs Suamavlisa da momrigeblis adre
nakisr valdebulebebs, romelsac arc arasodes asrulebda, aramed
Tavisi Zalismieri, SantaJis politikiT saerTod ugulvebelyofs
konfliqtis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT medvedevi-sarkozis gegmas,
romlis Semavali punqtebis SemuSavebaSi ruseTma uSualod miiRo
monawileoba da xelic moawera.
ufro metic, mas Semdeg rac ruseTi darwmunda am gegmis
efeqturobaSi, saqarTvelos istoriuli, afxazeTisa da samaCablos
(dRevandeli cxinvalis regioni) teritoriebi erTpirovnulad, yve-
la saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT damoukidebel respublikebad
gamoacxada, Caayena sakuTari jari da praqtikulad daepatrona maT.
amiT ruseTma daakanona saqarTvelos teritoriebis aneqsia, qarT-
velTa eTnowmenda, 530 aTasi afxazeTis mosaxlidan 400 aTasze
met devnils, maT Soris eTnikur afxazebs, rusebs, estonelebs,
ebraelebs da sxv., waarTva ufleba sakuTrebaze, waarTva ufleba
Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze sakuTar samSobloSi.
niSandoblivia isic, rom ruseTis amgvar gadawyvetilebas mx-
olod nikaraguam da teroristulma organizaciebma hamasma da
hezbolam dauWira mxari.
mniSvnelovania, rom msoflio sazogadoebam kargad gaiTavisos es
faqtori da gaakeTos Sesabamisi daskvnebi ruseTTan mimarTebaSi.
eWvs ar iwvevs, rom ruseTi agvistos movlenebisaTvis serio-
zulad emzadeboda da ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros winaswar
hqonda saomari moqmedebebis gegma SemuSavebuli. amis dasturad
kidev erTi faqtis moyvana SeiZleba.
afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo 2008 wlis martis Tvidan situacia da-
iZaba. yvela arsebuli xelSekrulebisa da gaeros rezoluciebis
uxeSi darRveviT mimdinareobda ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros Sei-
araRebuli Zalebis sadesanto nawilebis koncentracia. am fonze,
ra Tqma unda, daiZaba urTierTobebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs
Soris.
situaciis ganmuxtvis mizniT, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri
frank-valter Stainmaieri pirveli iyo dasavleTis warmomadgen-
lebidan, vinc ara marto gamoexmaura saqarTvelos konfliqtur
regionebSi Seqmnil viTarebas, aramed konkretuli gegmiT Cavida
afxazeTSi. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom, samwuxarod, es gegma
farTo sazogadoebisaTvis dRemde ucnobi rCeba. afxazeTis separat-
istulma xelisuflebam, romelic kremlis gareSe arafers wyvets,
gegma ubralod daiwuna, riTac molaparakebebis dawyebis SesaZlo
axali etapi dawyebamde CaSala. aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ruseTs
ar surda saqarTvelos mimarT dagegmili saomari kampaniis CaSla.

80
amitomac, separatistuli reJimis saxeliT, germaniis mcdeloba -
mSvidobiani molaparakebebi realuri gamxdariyo, ruseTma sawyis
etapzeve dabloka.

bolosityvaoba
rogorc vnaxeT, afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo 1992 wels dawyebu-
li konfliqti, ruseTis samxedro da politikuri elitis mier
aTwleulebis manZilze saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg kargad dagegmili
SeTqmulebis logikuri dasasrulia.
2003 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier konfliqtebis mSvido-
biani mogvarebis gegmis Tanmimdevrulma realizaciam ruseTs naT-
lad daanaxa, rom konfliqtebis mogvareba TandaTanobiT realuri
xdeboda, rac maT gegmebSi namdvilad ar Sedioda. es naTlad dag-
vanaxa 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma. samwuxarod unda iTqvas, rom
am movlenebamde saqarTvelo araerTxel mimarTavda saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebas, rom ruseTi provokaciebis gziT gegmavda regionis
destabilizacias, magram amjeradac maTi reaqcia deklarirebul xa-
siaTs atarebda.
dReisaTvis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis
procesebis regulirebiT, dasavleTs SeuZlia aCvenos ruseTs, rom
21-e saukunis civilizebul samyaroSi separatizmi miuRebelia da
miRweuli SeTanxmebebi upirobod unda sruldebodes.

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 danarTi #12
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɹ 849 (1993)

ɨɬ 9 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞa

ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɨɬ 1 ɢ 7 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ1,

ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ 10 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ2 ɢ 8

ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ3 1992 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ 29 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ4 ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɢ, Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ,

ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ 3 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ5,

ɨɞɨɛɪɹɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɨɬ 5 ɦɚɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɹ
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ6,

ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɸɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɋɭɯɭɦɢ,

ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 2 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ7, ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋɨɜɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ ɨɬ 14 ɦɚɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ,

ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ,

1. ɫ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ;

2. ɩɪɨɫɢɬ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɚ

ɞɥɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɸ ɩɹɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ;

3. ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɢɬɶ ɋɨɜɟɬ — ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦ

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ — ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɵɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɢɯ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ;

4. ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ,

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟ ɢ ɫ

119
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ;

5. ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɫ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɢɯ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ;

6. ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ

ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɫɢɥ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɋɨɜɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɨɛ
ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ;

7. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ.

ɉɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚ 3252-ɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ.

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ 1993 ɝɨɞ.

1. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɪɨɤ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ
1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ S/26023 ɢ Add.1 ɢ 2.

2. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫɨɪɨɤ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ S/24542.

3. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ, ɧɨɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ S/24637.

4. S/25198.

5. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɪɨɤ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ
1992 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ S/24523.

6. S/25756.

7. S/26032.

ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ

120
danarTi #13

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Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ danarTi #14
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɹ 854 (1993)

ɨɬ 6 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞa

ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɸ 849 (1993) ɨɬ 9 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ,

ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɟɫɹ 27 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ

ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ ɜ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɢ, Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ,

1. ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɨɬ 4

ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɹ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ1, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ, ɫ
ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ;

2. ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ

ɦɢɫɫɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɪɨɤɢ ɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ;

3. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ.

ɉɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚ 3261-ɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ.

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ 1993 ɝɨɞ.

1. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɪɨɤ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ
1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ S/26254.

ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ

130
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ danarTi #15
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɹ 858 (1993)

ɨɬ 24 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞa

ɋɨɜɟɬ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɸ 849 (1993) ɨɬ 9 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ,

ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɣ Ƚɪɭɡɢɟɣ ɢ

ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɜ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɢ ɨɬ 27 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ,

ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɸ 854 (1993) ɨɬ 6 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ,

ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɨɬ 6 ɢ 7 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ1,

ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 2 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ2,

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ,

ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɟ ɫɢɥ ɢɡ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɢ ɢ
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ,

1. ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɨɬ 6 ɢ 7 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ;

2. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɶ Ɇɢɫɫɢɸ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɜ

Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɞɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ
ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ Ɇɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɨɦ:

ɚ) ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ ɨɬ 27 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɫ

ɭɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɋɭɯɭɦɢ;

b) ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ

ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ;

ɫ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɸ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɨɛ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ,

ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ;

3. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɢɫɫɢɹ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɚ ɞɧɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɛɵɥ ɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ

131
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ;

4. ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ — ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɢɫɫɢɢ;

5. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ

ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ;

6. ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨ-

ɚɛɯɚɡɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɨɜ;

7. ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɹ ɨɬ

27 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɬɶ ɫ Ɇɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ;

8. ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɫɢɥ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ Ɇɢɫɫɢɢ;

9. ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɸ — ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɚ —

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɦɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;

10. ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ;

11. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ.

ɉɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚ 3268-ɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ.

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɋɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ 1993 ɝɨɞ.

1. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɪɨɤ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɨɞ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ
1993 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ S/26250 ɢ Add.1.

2. S/26032.

ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ

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danarTi #16

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134
 roland TofCiSvili

eTnikuri procesebi Sida qarTlSi

eTnikuri viTarebis mokle mimoxilva saqrTveloSi.

saqarTvelo monoeTnikuri qveyana arasodes yofila. eTnikurad
qveyana gansakuTrebiT aWrelda ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis Sem-
deg (1801 weli). sxvadasxva eTnosTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze
dasaxleba carizmis mizanmimarTul politikas warmoadgenda. ru-
seTis imperiisaTvis arafers warmoadgenda xalxTa sakuTari miwa-
wylidan ayra da sxvaTa teritoriaze gadasaxleba. amave dros,
mefis ruseTi adgilobriv mosaxleobas erTi adgilidan meoreze
dasaxlebis nebas ar aZlevda da yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom
maT daetovebinaT winaparTa sacxovrisi (am SemTxvevaSi afxazTa
da qarTvel muslimTa TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis magaliTic ikmarebs).
saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa procentuli raodenoba ruseTis imperi-
is SemadgenlobaSi mudmivad iklebda. XIX saukunis dasawyisisaT-
vis saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis 90%-s Tu qarTvelebi war-
moadgendnen, 1939 wlisaTvis maTi procentuli raodenoba 61-mde
davida. XIX saukuneSi carizmma saqarTveloSi eTnikuri somxebi
da berZnebi gadmoasaxla osmaleTis imperiidan, agreTve rusebi,
germanelebi... ufro adre saqarTveloSi mkvidrobdnen somxebi (Zi-
riTadad qalaqebSi. somxebSi ori fena gamoiyofoda: a) migrire-
bulebi da b) qarTveli monofizitebi, romlebic aseve somxebad
iwodebodnen. orive fenisaTvis dedaenas qarTuli warmoadgenda.
maTi wignisa da dokumentebis ena qarTuli iyo); ebraelebi (es
ukanasknelni Tavs `qarTvel ebraelebs” uwodebdnen. qarTvel ebra-
elTa adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan ganmasxvavebeli mxolod reli-
gia iyo); TaTrebi (ase iwodebodnen Tanamedrove azerbaijanelebis
winaprebi. borCaloeli TaTrebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Rir-
seuli moqalaqeebi iyvnen. mtrebis SemoWris dros qarTvel mefeTa
mowodebaze erT-erTi pirvelni ebmebodnen brZolaSi. gansakuTre-
biT Tavi gamoiCines maT erekle mefis dros. cnobilia qveynisaTvis
Tavdadebuli mebrZolis saxelic; es iyo xudia borCaloeli _
faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri); afxazebi da osebi.
sanam Cvens Temas _ saqarTveloSi osTa migraciisa da qarTul-
osur urTierTobebs vrclad SevexebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom
qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi ruseTis impe-
riis mizanmimarTul qmedebamde mxolod da mxolod keTilmezo-
bluri iyo, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT Crdi-
loeT kavkasiidan gadmosaxlebis winadroindel TareSebs. saerTod,
saqarTvelos xangrZlivma istoriam ar icis arc erTi SemTxveva
ara mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtisa, aramed raime eTnikuri dapi-
ripirebisa qarTvelebsa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva eTnosebs
Soris. erT-erTi xalxuri leqsis mixedviT ki, qarTvelebsa da

135
somxebs Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar iyo da TaTrebi da qar-
Tvelebi erTmaneTis Zmebi iyvnen. saqarTveloSi eTnosTa Soris
dapirispireba mxolod ruseTis imperiis mizanmimarTuli politi-
kis Sedegad gaCnda da man Tavi mxolod XX saukuneSi iCina. xaz-
gasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri
urTierTobebi rom keTilmezobluri iyo, es kargad Cans im sa-
qorwino urTierTobebidan, romelic am xalxebs Soris arsebobda.
integracia gansakuTrebiT Sors iyo wasuli aRniSnul eTnosTa
sakontaqto zolSi.
axla dawvrilebiT saqarTveloSi osTa migraciis Sesaxeb. unda
aRvniSnoT, rom bolo ori-sami aTeuli wlis manZilze mizanmi-
marTulad xdeboda saqarTveloSi osTa gadmosaxlebis istoriis
damaxinjeba, rac Tavidanve igrZnoboda, rom imperiis garkveuli
Zalebis mier iyo provocirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, garkveul
sibraluls iwvevda im osi `boevikebis” moqmedeba, romlebic qar-
TvelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, romlebsac bavSvobidan agonebdnen,
rom `samxreT oseTis” teritoria osTa gansaxlebis uZvelesi
arealia da rom Turme yvelaferSi damnaSave qarTveli feodale-
bi iyvnen (sabWoTa periodSi mxolod klasobrivi mtris lanZRva
SeiZleboda), romlebic osebs batonebad moevlinen; Semdeg ki
salanZRavad qarTveli social-demokratebi (`menSevikebi”) iqcnen,
romlebic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritorias bolSevikTa mier
waqezebuli ajanyebuli osebisagan icavdnen.
sanam uSualod SevexebiT osTa saqarTveloSi migraciis namdvil
TariRs, aucieblad unda aRiniSnos ori ram:

1. bolo wlebSi osi istorikosebis mier dasaxelda sxvadasxva

TariRi saqarTveloSi osTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. erTTa `mtki-
cebiT,” es moxda xuTi aTasi wlis win (nafi jusoiTi), xolo
ufro zomierni migraciis periodad XIII_XIV saukuneebs asaxe-
lebdnen. mesame kategoriisani ki aRniSnul or Zalian daSorebul
TariRs Soris sxvadasxva qronologiur periods gvTavazobdnen.
bolo wlebSi miTologemebis SeqmniT gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina
Tavi sabWoTa istorikosma mark blievma, romlisTvisac, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saistorio wyaro arc arsebobs, an, Tu arsebobs, im
interpretaciiT, rogorc mas es warmoudgenia. mark blievis mixed-
viT, Turme adre Sua saukuneebis qarTlis (iberiis) samefo sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara qarTul-osuri konfederacia. ufro Sorsac
ki midis zogierTi mezRapre da sabWoTa periodis `samxreT ose-
Tis” teritorias sarmatias uwodebs. nebismieri istorikosisaTvis
kavkasionis qedis samxreTisaTvis `sarmatiis” wodeba, albaT, gama-
ognebeli iqneba.
2. yvela dameTanxmeba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis mosagvare-
blad istorias mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes _ xalxi, romelic
cxovrobs garkveuli eTnosis teritoriaze, qveynis sruluflebia-

136
ni wevri unda iyos (asec iyvnen osebi saqarTveloSi cxovrebis
periodSi). postsabWoTa sivrceSi warmoqmnili qarTul-osuri da-
pirispireba rom sinamdvileSi klasikuri eTnikuri konfliqti ar
yofila da rom is provocirebuli da marTuli iyo imperiuli
Zalebis mier, es kargad warmoaCina swored istoriuli Tematikis
zedmetma Semotanam, rac daagvirgvina jer _ 2004 wels ruseTis
dumis gancxadebam da bolos _ maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis
pirebis gancxadebebma. am gancxadebebis Sinaarsi ki aseTia: ruseT-
ma CrdiloeTi da samxreT oseTi erTad SeierTa 1774 wels, e.
i. `samxreT oseTi” saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawili ar yofila.
mizani cxadia: imperiul Zalebs surT saqarTvelos teritorie-
bis mitaceba daakanonon _ am SemTxvevaSi osebi mxolod iaraRad
arian gamoyenebulni, arc eTnikuri osisa da arc eTnikuri qarT-
velis bedi imperias ar aRelvebs.

aRniSnul problemas qvemoT mokled kvlav davubrundebiT. axla

realur istorias SemogTavazebT. is ki aseTia:
istorikosTa Soris eWvs ar iwvevs, rom osebi iranulenovani
alanebis uSualo STamomavlebi arian, Tumca osTa saboloo for-
mireba kavkasiis mTebSi moxda adgilobriv kavkasielebTan Serevis
Sedegad. aseTi kontaqtebi alanebs ufro adre sxva eTnosebTanac
hqondaT, magaliTad, Turquli da monRoluri modgmis xalxebTan.
iranulenovani alanebis eTnogenezi Sua aziis teritoriaze mo-
xda. am TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia, rom pirvelad isini Zveli
welTaRricxvis II saukunis Cinur wyaroebSi arian moxseniebulni
(alemani, 2003). am wyaroTa Tvalsawieri ki kaspiis zRvis aRmosa-
vleT monakveTs ar scildeboda. klasikur avtorTa TvalsawierSi
ki alanebi axali welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi Cndebian, mas Semdeg,
rac evraziis sivrcis evropul monakveTSi daiwyes momTabareoba
da gamocalkevdnen azieli alanebisagan. osTa winapari alanebis
Sesaxeb monacemebi, rac ki msoflios sxvadasxvaenovan saistorio
wyaroebSi arsebobs, Tavmoyrilia katalonieli avtoris _ augu-
sti alemanis wignSi da masSi dainteresebuli mkiTxveli naxavs,
rom saqarTvelos siaxloves mTeli adre Sua saukuneebis ganmavlo-
baSi alanebi (osebi) ar mkvidrobdnen. maTi samomTabaro areali
evraziis sivrce iyo (wyaroebi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan aziel
da evropel alanebs). volgisa da azovis zRvis monakveTSi mom-
Tabare alanebi IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi hunebma gaanadgures,
gadarCenilTa nawili hunebs dasavleTSi gahyva, nawilma ki Crdi-
loeT kavkasiis velebSi Camoinacvla, sadac binadar cxovrebaze
gadavidnen, Seqmnes saxelmwifo da am droidan alanebTan (oseb-
Tan) qarTul saxelmwifos intensiuri urTierToba hqonda. es
urTierToba metwilad keTilmezobluri iyo, xdeboda dinastiuri
qorwinebebi da, rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaure-
bi alan-osebs xSirad qiraobdnen, rodesac qveynis gareSe mterTa

137
Tavdasxmebs igeriebdnen.
alan-osebis istoriaSi meore, samwuxaro, etapi iwyeba XIII
saukunidan. monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg, xangrZlivi winaaRmde-
gobis miuxedavad, damarcxebulma alan-osebma dakarges ara marto
saxelmwifoebrioba, aramed gansaxlebis arealic. XIII_XIV sauku-
neebSi stepebSi mcxovrebi alan-osebi mTielebad iqcnen. Tumca,
samarTlianoba moiTxovs, iTqvas, rom alanebis nawili mTielebad
ufro adrec _ adre Sua saukuneebis Semdegac iqca. hunTa Semo-
sevebis Semdeg isini ara mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis baris mkvi-
drebi gaxdnen, aramed dasaxldnen kavkasiis mTianeTis dasavleT
nawilSi _ Tanamedrove yaraCaisa da balyareTis teritoriazec.
gviani Sua saukuneebis digoreli osebi swored Zveli Camosaxle-
buli alanebis STamomavlebi arian (CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi
mcxovrebi osebi saerTod oTx sazogadoebad, Temad cxovrobdnen.
zemoT dasaxelebuli digoris garda, eseni iyo agreTve alagiri,
qurTauli da Tagauri). XIII_XIV saukuneebidan alan-osebi swo-
red aRniSnul sam xeobaSi _ alagirSi, qurTaulsa da TagaurSi
_ saxldebian. es teritoria geografebis mier centralur ka-
vkasiadaa saxeldebuli. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia
is, rom Tanamedrove osur enaSi swored or dialeqts gamoyofen,
esenia: digoruli, romelic ufro arqaulia da ironuli.

osebs XX saukunemde erTiani endoeTnonimi arc hqoniaT. aRmo-

savleT oseTis sam xeobaSi mcxovrebi osebi TavianT Tavs `irons”
uwodebdnen, xolo dasavleTiT, digoris xeobaSi mcxovrebni _
`digorons”. digorelebi pirvelad VII saukunis `somxur geogra-
fiaSi” arian moxseniebulni, xolo ironelebi XVII saukunemde
arsad ixseniebian. eTnologi n. volkova wers, rom osTa aRmosa-
vleT jgufebis TviTsaxelwodeba _ `ironi” saistorio wyaroebSi
iSviaTad moixsenieba. is iqve dasZens, rom es garemoeba gauge-
baria, riT unda aixsnaso, rac, Cveni azriT, sruliad axsnadia,
Tu alanur-osuri tomebis gansaxlebis arealebsa da migraciis
mimarTulebas adre Sua saukuneebidan gvian Sua saukuneebamde
dawvrilebiT davakvirdebiT. XIII-XIV saukuneebamde, anu monRolTa
Semosevebamde, osebi (ufro marTali viqnebiT, Tu vityviT _ maTi
winapari alanebi) aRmosavleT oseTis zemoT dasaxelebul sam xe-
obaSi (alagiri, qurTauli, Tagauri) ar cxovrobdnen. maT saxel-
mwifo CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi hqondaT Seqmnili. rac Seexeba
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTas, isini aq digoriaSi da mis dasavleTiT
dRevandeli balyareTisa da yaraCais teritoriaze adre Sua sau-
kuneebidan, VI-VII saukuneebidan cxovrobdnen. ai, es aris ZiriTadi
mizezi, Tu ratom ixseniebian adreul wyaroebSi digorelebi da
ratom ar ixseniebian ironelebi. sxvaTa Soris, balyarelebSi Se-
morCenilia gadmocema, rom digoreli da balyareli feodalebis
_ badeliatebis da basiatebis winaprebi CrdiloeTidan, md. yumis

138
Suawelze mdebare adgil majaridan gadmosaxldnen.
miuxedavad amisa, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mezobeli xalxebi
osuri eTnosis am or nawils sxvadasxva xalxebad aRiqvamdnen. er-
Tiani TviTsaxelwodebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, CrdiloeT kavka-
siis centralur nawilSi mcxovreb am iranulenovan xalxs erTiani
TviTSegneba mainc hqonda. rac Seexeba eTnonims: `osi”, is qarT-
velTagan gavrcelda. am egzoeTnonimiT osebs, qarTvelTa garda,
faqtobrivad, aravin icnobda.
dRes osi mecnierebi calke gamoyofen `Tualebs”, anu TualTaSi
mcxovreb osebs. TualTa ki sxva araferia, Tu ara saqarTvelos
istoriul-eTnografiuli kuTxe dvaleTi, sadac qarTveli mTiele-
bi (dvalebi) cxovrobdnen. isini eqvs Temad cxovrobdnen da gan-
saxlebulni iyvnen JRelis, zramagis, naras, zrogos, zaxas, kasris
xeobebSi. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi dvaleTs osma mecnierebma
`centraluri oseTi” uwodes.
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, xdeba alan-osebis
binadrobis adgilis kidev erTxel Secvla. CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mTebSi Sesuli alan-osebi adgilobriv kavkasiur tomebs Seerivnen.
eseni iyvnen qarTuli wyaroebis `kavkasianni” da inguSTa winapari
tomebi. osebis adrindeli sacxovrisi CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi
yabardoelebma daikaves da mTidan barSi gamosasvlel adgilebSi
Seqmnes mtkice simagreebi, raTa mTebSi Serekili osebi Crdilo-
eT kavkasiis barSi sacxovreblad aRar gasuliyvnen. maT migracias
baridan mTaSi toponimebis gadatanac ki mohyva. XIII-XIV sauku-
neebidan moyolebuli, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde, osebs
raime saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni ar hqoniaT; ar hyoliaT sa-
erTo mmarTveli. iseve, rogorc kavkasiis sxva eTnosTa umetesoba,
osebic aq xeobebSi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT, teritoriuli
Temebis saxiT cxovrobdnen.
samxreTisaken osTa migracias qvemoT davubrundebiT. amjerad ki
maT ruseTTan urTierTobas da CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswineTsa
da barSi migraciis sakiTxs unda SevexoT. rusul samecniero li-
teraturaSi aRniSnulia, rom rusul-osuri urTierTobebi XVIII
saukunis Sua xanebidan ganmtkicda. osebis didi nawili ruseTze
iyo orientirebuli da araerTxel mimarTavdnen ruseTis xeli-
suflebas, mieRoT isini qveSevrdomebad. pirvelad aRmosavleT
oseTis uxucesebs aseTi TxovniT 1770 wlis dasawyisSi yizlaris
komendantisaTvis miumarTavT. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi oseTis Seer-
TebiT dainteresebuli iyo, radgan osur xeobebs samxreT kavka-
siasTan dasakavSirebeli mniSvnelovani strategiuli mdgomareoba
ekavaT. oseTis ruseTTan SeerTebis procesi quCuk-kainarjis zavis
dadebis Semdeg daiwyo. cnobilia, rom aRniSnuli zaviT ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi Sevida yabardo. samSvidobo xelSekrulebaSi oseTi
saerTod naxsenebi ar iyo. es bunebrivicaa, aseTi qveyana, saxel-
mwifoebrivi erTeuli im dros ar arsebobda. ruseTis saxelmwifo

139
moRvaweebi ki piriqiT acxadeben. ar arsebobs arc erTi sabuTi,
dokumenti, romelSic naxsenebi iqneboda raime funqciis matare-
beli osuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni. miT umetes, ar arse-
bobs ori oseTis erTianobis damadasturebeli sabuTi. saerTod
ar arsebobda iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: `CrdiloeTi oseTi” da
`samxreTi oseTi”. XVIII saukunis bolosTvisac da Semdegac ori
oseTis, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis arseboba da, miT
umetes, erTiani oseTis da Tanac saxelmwifos arseboba, sruli
nonsensia. Tu oseTis saxelmwifo arsebobda ruseTis Semadgen-
lobaSi Sesvlis surviliT, astraxanis gubernators 1774 wels
ratom maincdamainc osTa `Cenilebi” (xalxis arCeulebi) da ara
saxelmwifos meTauri an misi elCi ar ewvia? quCuk-kainarjis sa-
zavo xelSekrulebaSi mxolod yabardozea saubari da ara e. w.
oseTze. maSin osebi mxolod yabardoze formalur damokidebule-
baSi imyofebodnen. sabWoTa periodis saistorio gamokvlevebSic
xom xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom CrdiloeT oseTis oTxi xeobidan
(sazogadoebidan) mxolod sami Sevida formalurad ruseTis da-
qvemdebarebaSi (CrdiloeT kavkasiis... 1988: 422_449; blievi, 1990:
44_45). rusul istoriografiaSi 1774 weli mainc osTa rusebTan
SeerTebis wladaa miCneuli. 1774 wlis oqtomberSi osi xalxis
surviliT cixe-simagre mozdokSi daiwyo molaparakebebi astraxa-
nis gubernatorsa da osur ockacian delegacias Soris. molapara-
kebebis procesSi Semdegi sakiTxebi ganixiles: osebis centraluri
kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi Casaxleba; osebiT dasaxlebuli teri-
toriebis ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTeba; mezobeli feodalebis
Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad samxedro simagreebisa da forpostebis
Seqmna. yvela am sakiTxze orive mxarem SeTanxmebas miaRwia. erT
rames unda gaesvas xazi, rom am molaparakebebSi mahmadianur da-
savleT osebs (digorel osebs) monawileoba ar miuRiaT da 1774
wels, Sesabamisad, isini arc ruseTis qveSevrdomebi gamxdaran. rac
Seexeba saqarTveloSi (dvaleTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi mcxo-
vrebi osebs, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsiis Semdeg isini ruseTis
xelisuflebas didxans uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas. magaliTad, isini
ruseTis xelisuflebas 1830-ian wlebSic ajanyebian. rusi kolo-
nizatorebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT gamouCeniaT Tavi sofel
rokSi mcxovreb Tomaevebs _ (kaloevi, 1999: 268). osebis ZiriTadi
mizani CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi samosaxlo adgilebis
mopoveba iyo. amis Semdeg ki iwyeba osTa intensiuri migraciuli
procesi CrdiloeTisaken, rac gansakuTrebiT intensiuri XIX sau-
kunis 20-iani wlebidan gaxda. migraciis am mimarTulebam osebis
samxreTisaken, anu saqarTvelos teritoriaze migracia faqtobri-
vad SeaCera, Tu ar CavTvliT dvaleTSi mcxovreb osebs, radgan
maTi gansaxlebis areali geografiulad ufro saqarTvelosTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan.
CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebis dawyebamde XVII saukunis bolos

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osTa gansaxlebis mijnebi iyo digoris, alagiris, qurTaTis da
Tagauris xeobis gasasvlelebi, riTac isini yabardoelebs esazR-
vrebodnen. XVIII saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi digorelTa ramdenime
dasaxleba mTiswineTSi gaCnda. maT Soris, karajaevo, yobani, va-
Stili, vaseligo da tuma md. uruxze, kubaTi _ md. dur-duris
xeobaSi. axali dasaxlebebi karajaevebma, kubataevebma da tugano-
vebma Seqmnes, romlebic am miwebze Tavis qveSevrdomebTan erTad
dasaxldnen. ufro adre, XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi osebma
eTnikuri sazRvari aRmosavleTiTac gaifarToves. aq, md. Tergis
marcxena napirze, XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi dasaxldnen lars-
Si, CmiSi, balTaSi (samive es sofeli darialis xeobaSi mdebare-
obs). rusuli wyaroebis cnobebiT, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi larsis
midamoebSi, md. Tergis marcxena mxareze inguSuri mosaxleoba
mkvidrobda. aRniSnul soflebSi dasaxlebuli osebi alagiris xe-
obidan iyvnen migrirebulni (volkova 1974: 125_126). klaprotis
monacemebiT, larsSi, CmiSi da balTaSi mosaxle osebi inguSebs mi-
wiT sargeblobisaTvis gamosaRebs uxdidnen. imave avtoris cnobiT,
slonates gvaris osebs aq SemdegSi Tagauris xeobidan sxvadasxva
gvarebi damatebiaT. gaZlierebul osebs inguSebisaTvis xarkis ga-
daxda SeuwyvetiaT, Tumca 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mcireyabardoel
Tavadebs _ mudarovebs kvlav uxdidnen gadasaxads. araerTi sabu-
TiT dadgenilia, rom Tanamedrove oseTis dedaqalaqi _ vladika-
vkazi 1774 wlisaTvis, rodesac aq rusebma es cixe-simagre aaSenes,
inguSur sofels warmoadgenda da mas zauregi erqva, romelSic
zaurovebis gvaris inguSebi cxovrobdnen. XIX saukune osTa mTia-
ni xeobebidan barSi intensiuri da jgufuri gadasaxlebis perio-
dia. XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi osuri dasaxlebebi vladikavkazis
dablobze Seiqmna. aq axladwarmoqmnil osur soflebSi ZiriTadad
ironeli osebi efuZnebodnen (berozovi, 1980).
axla osebis saqarTveloSi migraciis Sesaxeb. yovelgvar argu-
mentebsa da faqtebsaa moklebuli da mxolod zogierTi avtoris
axirebas emyareba Tezisebi osebis saqarTveloSi Zveli droidanve
mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. arc erTi saistorio wyaroTi, sabuTiT ar
dasturdeba osebis saqarTveloSi migracia da aq sabinadrod gad-
mosvla arc Zveli welTaRricxvis sxvadasxva monakveTSi da arc
ax. w.-is IV saukuneSi hunebis Semosevas alan-osebis saqarTveloSi
dasaxlkareba ar mohyolia. rogorc zemoT iTqva, am dros osebma
donispira da azovispira velebidan SedarebiT samxreTiT, Crdi-
loeT kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi wamoiwies.
ar dasaxlebulan osebi saqarTveloSi arc VII da arc XIII
saukuneebSi, rogorc es zogierT avtors warmoudgenia. XIII sau-
kuneSi osebma mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeobebSi daiwyes
Sesvla, rac karga xans gagrZelda da es migraciuli procesi
dasrulda XV saukunis dasawyisSi. XIII saukunis meore naxevar-
Si mxolod osebis erTma jgufma scada Sida qarTlSi dasaxleba,

141
romelic darubandis gziT iyo Semosuli. maTi samxedro raz-
mi ilxanTa monRoluri saxelmwifos brZanebiT moqmedebda. 1292
wels umefobis periodSi `iwyes ovsTa oxrebad, xocvad da rbe-
vad da tyvevnad qarTlisa da qalaqi gori wartyuenes da Tvisad
daiWires ovsTa” (JamTaaRmwereli, qc, II, 296). osebma isargebles
saqarTvelos dasustebiT da monRolTa mxardaWeriT cdilobdnen
Sida qarTlSi samosaxlo adgilebis mopovebas. osebis monRolTa
es faqtobrivad `sapolicio razmebi”, garkveuli xnis Semdeg, mefe
giorgi V brwyinvalis mier ganadgurebul da gaZevebul iqnen sa-
qarTvelodan (`ganasxna da aRfxurna”). brZolaSi centraluri xe-
lisuflebis mxareze ibrZoda mTis mosaxleobac: qsnis saerisTavos
laSqari girSel erisTavis meTaurobiT da `mTiulni aragvisani”.
osTa am razmebis ganadgurebisa da gaZevebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos mesveurebma karga xniT mtkiced Caketes oseTis xeo-
bebidan saqarTveloSi Semosasvleli orive kari (dariali, kasris-
kari) da garkveuli xniT SeaCeres osTa saqarTveloSi migracia.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom osebs ufro adrec hqon-
daT mcdeloba saqarTveloSi damkvidrebisa. maSinac isini ucxo
Zalas eyrdnobodnen; magaliTad, IX saukunis Sua xanebSi arabma
mxedarTmTavarma buRa Turqma darialis gadmosasvleliT 100 kom-
li osi Semoiyvana da qvemo qarTlSi, anu samxreT saqarTveloSi,
Sida qarTlidan sakmaod daSorebiT, qalaq dmanisSi daasaxla. wya-
roebiT ar Cans, SemdgomSi ra bedi ewia eTnikuri osebis am 100
ojaxs. savaraudod, isini an maleve asimilirdnen qarTvelTagan,
an gavidnen saqarTvelodan. XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi, monRolTa
xanis brZanebiT, mefe daviT VII-m miiRo monRolTa mokavSire osTa
samxedro razmebi da sacxovreblad dmanisi da Jinvani misca. arc
am samxedro razmebis Semdgomi bedia cnobili. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
araviTari osuri eTnikuri anklavi qarTuli wyaroebiT am qala-
qebSi ar Cans.
kavkasiis mTavari qedis CrdiloeTiT mdebare istoriuli saqar-
Tvelos provinciaSi _ dvaleTSi osebis Semosaxleba XV sauku-
nis bolodan iwyeba. es procesi aq ZiriTadad ganxorcielda XVI
saukuneSi, XVII saukuneSi ki dvaleTSi dasrulda adgilobriv
qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufis (teritoriuli erTeulis) _
dvalebis asimilacia osebis mier. magram, rogorc b. kaloevis mier
Cawerili eTnografiuli masalebiT irkveva, dvaleTis zogierT
xeobaSi, magaliTad, zaxaSi orenovneba didxans iyo SemorCenili
(kaloevi, 1999). zaxelebis umetesobam qarTuli ena kargad icoda.
dasaxelebuli avtori amas saqarTvelosTan xangrZlivi eTnokul-
turuli kavSirebiT xsnis, agreTve, zaxis eklesiebSi qarTuli
sasuliero pirebis moRvaweobiTa da maT mier qarTul enaze qa-
dagebiT. es masala pirdapir miuTiTebs ara or sxvadasxva eTnoss
Soris arsebul eTnokulturul kontaqtebze, aramed imaze, rom
dvalebi qarTveli mTielebi iyvnen da mosulma iranulenovanma

142
erTobam maTi asimilacia moaxdina. zaxaSi qarTuli eklesiebis
arseboba, qarTveli mRvdlebis moRvaweoba da qarTul enaze qa-
dagebac imis damadasturebelia, rom dvaleTi qarTuli mxare iyo
Tavisi qristianuli religiiT. imave b. kaloevs Tavis naSromebSi
imis damadasturebeli masalac moaqvs, rom XVIII saukunis bo-
losac dvaleTis mkvidrni, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos
jarSi iseve ibrZodnen, rogorc sxva mxareebis warmomadgenlebi.
osebis dvaleTSi dasaxlebamde, osebis mowolis, TareSis, laSqro-
bebis gamo, dvalebis mniSvnelovani nawili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi (Sida qarTli, qvemo qarTli, imereTi, raWa) gansaxlda.
adgilze darCenili dvalebi, osTa eTnikur-enobriv garemoSi am
ukanasknelTa aq jgufuri Semosaxlebisa da swrafi gamravlebis
Sedegad asimilirebul iqnen. qarTveli mTieli dvalebi iyvnen
warmoSobiT: xadurebi, CifCiurebi, bigulebi, Tvaurebi, CoCourebi
(igive CoCiSvilebi), beRelurebi, gudiaurebi, bagaurebi, gergau-
lebi, Tabaurebi, xerxeuliZeebi, qesaurebi, faruxaulebi; agreTve:
biganebi (biganiSvilebi), xabarelebi, xeTerelebi, xaCiZeebi (adrin-
deli xaCiurebi).… rac Seexeba nar-mamisonis qvabulSi (anu dva-
leTSi) mosaxle yvelaze did osur gvars xeTagurs (xeTagurebs),
maTi winapari aq yabardodan iyo mosuli da, bunebrivia, qarTul
enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi gvarsaxelic -ur sufiqsiT gaiformes.
Semdeg osur eTnikur garemoSi es gvaric gaosda.
istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ dvaleTSi osebma Za-
liT rom gaikafes gza, maT aq dasaxlebas, Tavdasxmebi rom uZRoda
win, kargad Cans folkloruli monacemebiTac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
xalxuri leqsi `maRla mTas modga ucxo frinveli”, romelic swo-
red dvaleTis mezobel, saqarTvelos erT-erT istoriul-eTnogra-
fiul mxareSi _ raWaSia Seqmnili. amitomac am leqsis, rogorc
saistorio wyaros, mniSvneloba, Zalze didia. pirvel rigSi, unda
aRvniSnoT, rom xalxuri leqsiT kargad Cans, rom saqarTvelos
erT-erTi istoriuli provincia _ dvaleTi, oseTSi arasdros ar
Sedioda da dvaleTSi osebma dasaxleba brZoliT SeZles:
`maRla mTas modga
ucxo frinveli,
TeTri frTosani.
JReles Camodga
didi laSqari,
didi laSqari _ osi da dvali.
omi Seiqna ciskrisa Jamsa,
ciskrisa Jamsa, gamTeniasa:
qneva xmlisa, Zgera Subisa.
xmali orpiri sisxlSi curavda,
Subis nalewi zecas cvioda,
mesame dResa Camocvioda.
vaJkacT yviriliT miwa iZroda,

143
 sisxlisa Rvarsa kacni moqonda.
jafar gaiqca, viT rom kakabi,
osi misdevda, viT rom arwivi.
jafar, ver waxval
Sina mSvidobiT,
cols ver miutan
laSqruls anbavsa,
laSqruls anbavsa,
wiTel kabasa,
sityva gaTavda, jafar waiqca,
jafar waiqca sveti oqrosi.
omi gaTavda, omi gaTavda,
ager modian mowifulebi.
jafar moayve:
Tavi godriTa,
tani lastiTa,
wvrili welebi _
xelkalaTiTa” (Zveli..., 1911-1913: 115).
am xalxuri leqsis 15-ze meti varianti arsebobs, ufro sru-
lyofilic. SesaZlebelia am leqsis Tavdapirveli variantis aR-
dgena. mecnierTa miTiTebiT, Tavisi agebulebiT es leqsi sakmaod
Zvelia (qurdiani, 1997: 176-178). daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom
xalxur leqsSi asaxulia dvaleTSi SemoWrili osebis brZo-
la adgilobriv dvalebTan. samosaxlo teritoriebs dvaleTSi
osebi brZoliT moipoveben. osebi dvalebTan brZolaSi ima-
rjveben. mravali dvali daiRupa. gadarCenilebi ki mama-papaTa
sacxovrisidan gaiqcnen (da dasaxldnen Sida qarTlSi, qvemo
qarTlSi, raWaSi, zemo imereTSi). dvalTa erT-erTi lideri ja-
fari, damarcxda ra uTanasworo brZolaSi, gaiqca, `viT kakabi”.
gaqceuli jafari, romelic dvalebs asaxierebs, osebma akuwes.
rac Seexeba imas, rom es brZola namdvilad moxda, kargad Cans
xalxuri leqsidan. leqsSi naxsenebi orive toponimi (`maRla mTa”
da `JRele”, sadac brZola moxda) dvaleTSia. `maRla mTa” es igive
`maRla dvaleTia”. aseTi geografiuli erTeuli naxsenebi aqvs
ioane bagrations (bagrationi, 1986: 79). `JRele” ki dvaleTis
eqvsi xeobidan erT-erTi xeobaa, romelic geografiulad mTian
raWasTan axlosaa (mTiani raWidan dvaleTis JReles xeobaSia
gadasasvleli). leqsis ramdenime variantSi naxsenebia toponimi
`qalaqa~. `qalaqac~ dvaleTis erT-erTi dasaxlebuli punqti iyo.
leqsSi naxsenebi `ucxo frinveli TeTri frTosani”, ra Tqma unda,
saomrad mosuli osebi iyvnen, romlebic didi laSqriT daupirisp-
irdnen adgilobriv dvalebs. xalxuri leqsidan aSkaraa, rom erT-
maneTs upirispirdeba ori erTmaneTisaTvis ucxo xalxi: brZoliT
mosuli osebi da adgilobrivi, qarTvelTa teritoriul-lokalu-
ri jgufi _ dvalebi. am leqsiT safuZveli ecleba osi avtorebis

144
`mtkicebas”, rom dvalebi osebi iyvnen. leqsSi asaxuli brZolis
Semdeg moxda swored mosaxleobis eTnikuri Secvla saqarTvelos
mTianeTis erT-erT uZveles provinciaSi _ dvaleTSi.
osuri gadmocemebic adastureben, rom osuri eTnosi dvaleTSi
brZoliT aris mosuli. adgilobriv mosaxleobas isini ebrZodnen,
amarcxebdnen da ise ikavebdnen maT sacxovrebel adgilebs. aseTi
gadmocemebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba davadginoT dvaleTis adgilo-
brivi da mosuli osuri gvarebi. dvaleTSi fexis mokidebis Sem-
deg osebma Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi gadmoinacvles.
nar-mamisonis qvabulSi (anu istoriul dvaleTSi) XVIII sauku-
nisTvis gansaxlebuli osuri gvarebi ZiriTadad alagiris xeobi-
dan iyvnen gadmosaxlebulni. amis damadasturebeli eTnografiuli
monacemebi moyvanili aqvs rus eTnologs _ natalia volko-
vas: «Другим более массовым и давним по времени движением алагирцев за
пределы своего ущелья следует считать, видимо, их поселение в Центральной
(bolo dros osebi am terminiT dvaleTs moxsenieben; is b. kalo-
evma daamkvidra _ r. T.) и Южной Осетии. Народная традиция выводит
многих жителй верховьев Большой Лиахвы и Ардона из алагирских селений
Цамат, Дагом, Луар, Урсдон, Цей и др.» (volkova, 1974: 122). «Формирование
населения области Туалта (osebi dvaleTs `TualTais” uwodeben _ r.
T.), как уже отмечалось, происходило в основном за счет переселявшихся
алагирцев. В Зругском ущелье (igive zrogos xeoba _ r. T.) поселились
предки Козаевих, Хозиевых, Бираговых, в Закинском ущелье (zaxas xeoba _
r. T.) – Калоевых, в Гибе – Кучиевых из Мизура. Из Туалта длительное время
шел активный процесс расселения туалцев в район Военно-Грузинской дороги
(Коби, Ухате), Урс-Туалта, откуда некоторые фамилии (например, Абаевы)
впоследсвии перешли в Коби, в Трусовское ущелье, где имеются переселенцы
из Нара (dvaleTis eqvsi xeobidan erT-erTi naras xeobaa _ r. T.),
а также в Джавское и Кударское ущелья» (volkova, 1974: 124). igive avtori
Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Tergis xeobis
saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. mkvl-
evarT SeniSnuli aqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba
yvelaze nakleb nayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri mi-
graciis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavka-
siur safuZvelze warmoqmnis utyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic
aRniSnavs, rom isini Camoyalibdnen alanebis mier adgilobrivi
kavkasiuri tomebis _ dvalebis asimilaciis gziTo, Tumca dvaleb-
is eTnikuri qarTvelobis aRiareba uWirs (kaloevi, 1999: 5).
saerTod, osebis Sida qarTlSi migracia ZiriTadad dvaleTis
gziT xorcieldeboda. dvaleTSi mosaxleobis eTnikur cvlilebas
am provinciis saqarTvelodan Camocileba ar mohyolia. saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoebriobis mTel manZilze da ruseTis koloniad
gadaqcevis Semdegac dvaleTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis _ a. bariatinskis 1858 wlis 3 aprilis
brZanebiT dvaleTi, anu rogorc maSin uwodebdnen, naras ubani,

145
Tanamedrove nomenklaturiT fiagdonisa da ardonis saTaveebi (Se-
dioda Tbilisis guberniis goris mazraSi), romlis farTobic 3.
581 kv. km.-s Seadgenda, CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tergis olqis `oseTis
samxedro olqs” SeuerTda (ivanenko, 1873: 450-451). 1858 wliT
daTariRebul erT dokumentSi dvaleTis zaxas xeobaSi mcxovrebi
abaevebi aRniSnaven, rom maTi winaprebi erTgulad emsaxurebodnen
qarTvel mefeebs, icavdnen maT urjulo lekebisa da sparselebi-
sagan. b. kaloevis mier moxmobili es sabuTi pirdapir miuTiTebs
imaze, rom dvaleTi, miuxedavad aq mosaxleobis eTnikuri cvlisa,
mudmivad saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. qarTuli wyaro-
ebiT, dvaleTi yovelTvis saqarTvelos ganuyofili nawili iyo.
vaxuSti bagrationic aRniSnavda, rom dvaleTi mefe farnavazis
droidan (IV_III saukuneebis mijna) Semodioda saqarTvelos Semad-
genlobaSi (qc, 1973: 633). iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis
sxva mxareebic, dvaleTic uSualod samefo karis daqvemdebarebaSi
iyo, aq feodaluri erTeuli _ saTavado ar Seqmnila (aseve iyo
mezobel mTis mxareebSi: fSavSi, xevsureTSi, TuSeTSi...). mTielebs,
saerTod, SedarebiT Tavisufleba hqondaT boZebuli, maTi movale-
oba ZiriTadad sazRvrebis dacva iyo. saqarTvelos erTiani samefos
daSlis Semdeg, XV saukunis meore naxevridan, dvaleTi qarTlis
samefos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. mxares mefeTa mier daniSnuli
moxeleebi _ mouravebi ganagebdnen. cnobil pirovnebaTagan dvale-
Tis mouravi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi iyo giorgi saakaZe. iseve
rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxva mxareebis mkvidrni, dvaleTSi
mcxovrebi osebic zogjer daumorCileblobas acxadebdnen. aseTi
mcdeloba hqondaT dvaleTSi mcxovreb eTnikur osebs XVIII sauku-
nis dasawyisSi. mefe vaxtang VI-s specialuri eqspediciis mowyoba
dasWirda da dvaleTSi mcxovrebma osebma kvlav qarTlis mefis
uzenaesoba aRiares.
dvaleTi ara mxolod saxelmwifoebriv-politikurad, aramed
sameurneo-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac saqarTvelosTan iyo dakav-
Sirebuli. b. kaloevi dvaleTis zaxas xeobis (Temis) Sesaxeb wers,
rom maT moweuli mosavali mxolod sami-oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
hyofnidaT da oseTis samxedro gzis gaxsnamde da administra-
ciulad Tergis olqSi Sesvlamde (XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebi),
sursaTs iZendnen qarTul qalaqebSi: cxinvalSi, onSi, gorSi, qu-
TaisSi da sxva; aq isini ZiriTadad mecxoveleobis produqtebs
miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebsa da xelosnur nawarmze cvlidnen.
Sida qarTlidan gatanil produqtebs Soris, eTnografiuli mona-
cemebiT, Rvinosac asaxeleben (kaloevi, 1999: 270_271, 276). dva-
leTSi mcxovrebi osebi saerTod arasdros ar unaTesavdebodnen
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb osebs, rac, pirvel yovlisa, imiT
aixsneba, rom dvaleTi CrdiloeTTan Zneladmisadgomi gadasasvle-
lebiT iyo dakavSirebuli, im dros, rodesac didi liaxvisa da
rionis xeobasTan maT TerTmeti gadasasvleli akavSirebdaT da

146
isini zamTarSic ki advilad gadasavleli iyo.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze osTa pirveli dasax-
lebebi Cndeba Trusosa (md. Tergis saTave) da maRran-dvaleTSi
(md. didi liaxvis xeobis saTave). osebis aq dasaxleba CrdiloeT
kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda.
XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi osebs jer kidev ar hqondaT da-
kavebuli Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mniSvnelovani nawili. isini aq
mxolod didi liaxvis xeobis saTaveSi (maRran-dvaleTSi, romelic
cxra `mTuri soflis” erTobliobas warmoadgenda) iyvnen migrire-
buli. mTeli rigi saistorio monacemebiT, XVII s-is pirvel naxe-
varSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTi (didi da patara liaxvis xeobebi)
nasoflarebiT iyo mofenili. adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba
aqedan ayrila da barSi sacxovreblad gadasula. vaxuSti bagra-
tioni xazgasmiT werda, rom dvaleTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi
osebi qarTvelTa nasaxlarebze iyvnen dasaxlebulni: `xolo rao-
denni osni davswereT am adgilTa Sina, pirvelad saxlebulan qar-
Tvelni glexni. SemdgomTa mepatroneTa maTgan gardmosaxlebulan
osni, da qarTvelni barTa Sina Camosulan, vinaiTgan mterTagan
barsa Sina kacni Semcirebulan”.
Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, mdinareebis _ didi liaxvisa
da patara liaxvis zemo welSi, osTa migracia xdeba XVII saukunis
meore naxevridan. saqarTveloSi namyofi rusi elCis _ m. i. ta-
tiSCevis (1604_1615) CanaweriT, CerqezeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
mxolod 200-suliani osuri dasaxleba arsebobda. didi liaxvis
xeobis sofel zemo javaSi XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi osuri mo-
saxleoba rom jer kidev ar mkvidrobda, Cans erTi dokumentidan.
sabuTSi weria, rom `amowyda zemo java da daukacurda osTagan,
RmerTi iyos mowame asre amowyda, rom kacis naSenebi aRara iyo-
ra” (dokumentebi, 1940: 364). sabuTSi laparakia, rom zemo javaSi
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba osTa Tavdasxmebisa da mekobreobis Sede-
gad amowyda. gaukacrielebul zemo javas erTi feodalisagan meore
feodali yidulobs. amave dokumentSi amowyvetil qarTul gvareb-
zecaa saubari. miuxedavad amisa, osma istorikosebma is damaxinjebu-
lad Targmnes, rom Turme zemo javaSi osuri mosaxleoba amowyda:
«Вымерла Верхняя Джава и не стало там осетин…». sinamdvileSi Targmani
aseTi unda yofiliyo: «Вымерла Верхняя Джава и опустошена (буквально:
обезлюдена) осетинами… так вымерла, что никаких признаков людской жизни
там не было». am dokumentis mixedviT, zemo javis mkvidrni iyvnen: Zi-
ganiZeebi, efeniaSvilebi, gurjiSvilebi. 1634_1658 wlebis sabuTiT
mefe rostomi Tavis moxeleebs ubrZanebs, rom araferi daeSave-
binaT oseTidan ayrili da javis zemoT dasaxlebuli osebisaTvis
da Tu vinme kvlav Camosaxldeboda oseTidan, arc misTvis See-
SalaT xeli (saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi
1448, dokumenti #10326). ufro adrindeli, XVI saukunis meore
naxevris sabuTiT javis mkvidrni yofilan garayaniZeebi. aqve isic

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unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTveli mefeebi da Tavadebi zogjer TviT
iwvevdnen osebs dasasaxleblad qarTvelTa nasaxlar-nasoflarebSi.
amis damadasturebeli araerTi dokumenti arsebobs. osebi saqarT-
veloSi XVII saukunis Sua xanebidan rom arian migrirebulni, amas
maTi gadmocemebic adasturebs _ yvela gvars aqvs gadmocema Crdi-
loeT kavkasiidan saqarTveloSi 10_12 Taobis win gadmosaxlebis
Sesaxeb (vaneevi, 1936). osebis saqorwino asaks Tu gaviTvaliwinebT,
erT saukuneSi mxolod oTxi Taoba ibadeboda. realurad es gad-
mocemebi wyaroebsa da dokumentebTan srul TanxvedraSia: migracia
XVII saukuneebis Sua xanebidan ganxorcielda. Tumca osma mecnie-
rebma gamosavali aqac moZebnes _ es migrantebi bolo, meore tal-
Ris migrantebad monaTles da `uwindeli osebis” cneba Semoitanes,
romlebic Turme ufro adre iyvnen saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebulni
da qarTvelebma isini gaaqarTveles. saamisod asamde qarTuli gvar-
saxelis matarebelni Zirad osebad miiCnies, anu maTeburi termini
rom vixmaroT, `uwindel osebad”.
osebi TandaTan moiweven samxreTisaken da XVIII saukunis 30-
iani wlebisaTvis iTviseben didi liaxvisa da patara liaxvis xe-
obaTa mTian zols mTlianad. aq, aRniSnul periodSi, zogierT
mTian sofelSi osebi Tanacxovrobdnen adgilze darCenil qarTul
mosaxleobasTan erTad (giuldenStedti, 1961: 277_279).

XVIII saukunis mTel manZilze osebi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTSi,

faqtobrivad, arsad ar iyvnen gansaxlebuli. osTa mier Sida qarT-
lis mTiswineTis soflebSi (ufro xSirad, nasoflarebSi) Casaxle-
ba iwyeba XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi.
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi osebi saxldebian jejoris xeobis sa-
TaveSi (kudaro) da qsnis xeobis saTaveSi (Jamuri). JamurSi osTa
migracia xdeba, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan,
ise didi liaxvis xeobis mTiani zolidan. sxvaTa Soris, cnobili
osi mecnieri vasil abaevic aRniSnavda, rom qsnis xeobaSi osebi
sul orasi wlis dasaxlebuli ariano (abaevi, 1949: 50). kudaroSi
isini ZiriTadad migrirebulni arian dvaleTidan. Sida qarTlis
mTianeTSi osebi jer saxldebian didi liaxvis xeobaSi, Semdeg
patara liaxvis xeobaSi, qsnis saTaveSi (JamurSi). XVIII saukunis
dasawyisSi mcire raodenobiT osuri mosaxleoba Cndeba mejudas
xeobis saTavesa da isrolisxevSi. mejudas xeobis saTaveSi isini
patara liaxvis xeobis saTavidan gadmodian. zemoT rusi eTno-
logis n. volkovas monografiidan citatebi moviyvaneT. kvlav mas
unda davesesxoT: «Многочисленные исторические предания осетинского
народа подтверждают данные письменных источников о миграциях осетин на
южные склоны хребта. Факты, сообщаемые этими преданиями, показывают,
что хронологические рамки подобных переселений, для некоторых районов
представлявших, видимо, вторую волну миграций, охватывают 3_5
поколений. Большинство ныне живущих в Кударском ущелье осетинских

148
фамилий, как свидетельствуют полевые материалы, _ потомки переселенцев
из Алагирского ущелья (селения Цей, Бад и др.) и Туалты (селения Тиб, Нар,
а также Заккинское и Мамисонское ущелья), которыми были образованы
селения: Лет (Калоевыми), Гулианта (Гуларовыми), Стырмасыг (Гагиевыми),
Кобет (Джаджиевыми), Сагилзас (Наниевыми и Нартыкоевыми). Четвертое
поколение Хугаевых, обосновавшихся несколько выше по Джоджоре в
местности Часавали (рядом с современным Кваиси), образовало сел. Къозита.
Предок этой фамилии, по преданию, ушел из Мамисона из-за отсутствия
пахотных земель» (volkova, 1974: 134). XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaT-
vis osebi rom mxolod Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, uvenaxo-uxilo
adgilebSi mkvidrobdnen, kargad Cans vaxuSti bagrationis saqarT-
velos atlasidan. osTa dasaxlebebi mas *-iT aqvs aRniSnuli.
XVIII saukunis bolosaTvis samxreTiT osTa gansaxlebis uki-
duresi punqtebi iyo (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT):
kudaro (mdinare jejoris saTave raWaSi) _ gufTa (md. didi
liaxvis xeoba) _ awerisxevis xeobis zemoT (patara liaxvis
xeobaSi) _ mejudis xeobis saTaveSi ori sofeli _ Jamuri
(qsnis xeobis saTave) _ Ruda (md. TeTri aragvis xeobis saTave
mTiuleTSi) _ Truso (md. Tergis saTave). XVIII saukunis bo-
losaTvis osebi saerTod ar iyvnen lexuras xeobaSi, mejudas
xeobaSi (misi saTavis gamoklebiT), qsnis xeobis mTianeTis did
nawilSi, froneebis xeobaSi. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, rogorc
vaxuSti bagrationis dros, ise XVIII saukunis dasasruls, osebi
saqarTvelos calkeuli xeobebis mxolod `uvenaxo-uxilo” zonaSi
anu `mTis adgilebSi” cxovrobdnen.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osebi
ikaveben patara liaxvis xeobis mTiswineTis mniSvnelovan monakveTs.
am periodidan da gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis pirvel aTeul wels
xdeba osTa gaJonviTi, anu individualuri ganTesva Sida qarTlis
mTianeTidan Sida qarTlis mTiswineTisa da baris soflebSi. am
droisaTvis osTa aseTi gansaxleba gansakuTrebiT ganxorcielda
patara liaxvis xeobis mTiani monakveTidan (XIX saukuneSi osTa
mTidan mTiswineTsa da barSi gadanacvlebis faqtebi aRnusxulia
1818, 1830, 1840, 1860, 1873, 1886 wlis mosaxleobis kameraluri
aRweris davTrebsa da saojaxo siebSi, romlebic daculia saqarT-
velos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis 254 fondSi).
XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan faqtobrivad Sewyda osTa migracia
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT,
radgan ruseTis oficialurma xelisuflebam maT dasaxlebis saSu-
aleba misca CrdiloeT kavkasiis baris raionebSi. gansakuTrebul
gamonakliss warmoadgenda mxolod dvaleTis osuri mosaxleoba,
romelsac dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze migracia ar Seu-
wyvetiaT TiTqmis mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze. saerTod, osebis
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gansaxleba umetesad dvaleTis gziT
xorcieldeboda. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan dvaleTSi

149
Semosaxlebulebi garkveuli xniT aq damkvidrebis Semdeg Sida
qarTlis mTianeTSi gadmodiodnen sacxovreblad. Tumca araerTi
faqtia dadasturebuli osTa gadmosaxlebisa uSualod CrdiloeT
kavkasiis mTianeTidan, gansakuTrebiT migraciis adreul, sawyis
etapze.
sinamdviles ar Seesabameba zogierTi avtoris mtkiceba XVII_
XVIII saukuneebSi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTsa da barSi osTa gan-
saxlebis Sesaxeb. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan iwyeba osTa migracia
froneebis xeobaSi, mejudas xeobaSi, lexuras xeobaSi da qsnis
xeobis mTianeTis sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi. froneebis xeobaSi
osebis mier qarTvelTa nasoflarebSi dafuZneba xdeba ZiriTadad
didi liaxvis xeobidan, Tumca TvalSisacemia, rom pirveli osi
migrantebi froneebis xeobis qarTvelTa nasoflarebSi dvaleTidan
wamosuli osebi iyvnen. patara da didi liaxvis xeobebidan gad-
modis mosaxleoba mejudas xeobaSi. lexuras xeobaSi osebis migra-
cia ZiriTadad qsnis xeobidan (Jamuri, WurTa) xdeboda. miuxeda-
vad amisa, XIX saukunis pirvel sam aTeul wels lexuras, mejudasa
da froneebis xeobebSi osTa dasaxlebas intensiuri xasiaTi ar
hqonia. intensiurad am xeobebis moSeneba ZiriTadad moxda XIX
saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, vidre 1880-ian wlebamde.
XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Cndeba TiTo-orola osuri ojaxi
Sida qarTlis gaRmamxarSi, sadac maTi migracia ZiriTadad XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi ganxorcielda. XIX saukunis meore nax-
evarSi dasaxldnen osebi dRevandeli borjomis raionSi (gujareTis
xeoba).
kaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi osebi Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan
XX saukunis dasawyisSi gadasaxldnen. XX saukunis bolo sabWoTa
aRweriT, osebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi 164 aTasi kaci iyo.
am raodenobidan `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis” terito-
riaze mxolod 65 aTasi eTnikuri osi cxovrobda. TiTqmis 100
aTasi ki danarCeni saqarTvelos teritoriaze mkvidrobda, zogan
kompaqturad, zogan qarTul mosaxleobaSi Sereulni. 1886 wels
eTnikuri osebi 72 000-s iTvlidnen. XVIII saukunis dasasruls
dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze 2. 130 komli (15. 000
suli) osi cxovrobda. zogierTi osi avtori ki XVIII saukunis
meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi osTa raodenobas xan 6 000 da xan
7 000 komliT gansazRvravs, rac ararealuria da wyaroTa monace-
mebs ar iTvaliswinebs. sinamdvileSi, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT,
am eTnosis raodenoba 2 130 komli iyo. saerTod, mTeli XIX_XX
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osebis procentuli raodenoba saqarT-
veloSi 3-dan 4-mde meryeobda.

osebis saqarTveloSi Semosvla da dasaxleba mTlad mSvidobiani

ar iyo. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeobebSi momwyvdeulma osebma
zogjer ZaliT gamoikafes gza. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis migraciis

150
adreul etapze rogorc dvaleTSi, ise Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi.
saistorio sabuTebiT, gadmocemebiTa da folkloruli masalebi-
Tac aSkaraa, rom adgilobrivi mTieli qarTveli glexebi osTa
TavdasxmebiT Sewuxebulni, tovebdnen mama-papaTa sacxovrebel adg-
ilebs da barSi saxldebodnen. barSi ki maTTvis am TvalsazrisiT
xelsayreli mdgomareoba iyo. mterTa xSiri Tavdasxmebisagan Sida
qarTlis mTiswina da baris regionebi demografiul katastro-
famde iyo misuli.
dvaleTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi osTa migracias erTg-
varad xeli Seuwyo agreTve, imdroindeli saqarTvelos social-
politikurma viTarebam. mterTa xSiri Tavdasxmebisagan daSlili
da daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo veRar axorcielebda kontrols
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Semosasvlel Camket karebze _ kasris karsa
da darialze. sxvaTa Soris, kasris-kari dvaleTis CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobda, saidanac oseTSi iyo gasasvleli. mis Sesaxeb vaxuSti
bagrationi werda: `da ars aq kari kldisagan da qviTkiriT
qmnuli, didkamarovani, mdinaresa zeda, mefeTagan qmnuli, raTa
ara vidodnen Tvinier maTsa ovsni” (vaxuSti, 1973: 644_645).
momdevno periodisaTvis (XVIII saukune) imdenad daeca qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTareba da imdenad katastrofuli Seiqmna de-
mografiuli situacia Sida qarTlSi, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos mesveurebi (mefe, Tavadebi) Tavad uwyobdnen xels da xSirad
iwvevdnen osebs saqarTveloSi dasasaxleblad. magaliTad, ioane
bagrationis mixedviT, sofel diRomSi Tu diRmis siaxloves os-
ebs ucxovriaT. diRomTan osebis droebiT mkvidrobis damadas-
turebelia XIX saukunis dasawyisis sofel diRmis mosaxleobis
kameraluri aRwerebi, romlebSic arc erTi komli osi da osur-
Ziriani gvari araa miTiTebuli, agreTve 1799 wlis erTi sabuTi,
romelic gacemulia mefe giorgi XII-is mier Tagaureli osebi-
sadmi. sabuTis mixedviT irkveva, rom Tagaurel osebs gamouTqvamT
survili saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebisa. amisaTvis mefes oseTSi
gaugzavnia aznauri ninia gabaSvili. gadmosaxlebis msurvel osebs
mefe uTvlis, rom Tqven iqnebiT Cveni saxaso glexebio da sxvas
aravis eqneba TqvenTan saqmeo. pirvel xanebSi Tqven unda moxvideT
diRomSi da gaCerdeT aq, Semdeg ki SegirCevT karg adgils, romel-
ic mogewonebaT. sanam xvna-Tesvas moekidebiT, Cven mogexmarebiT
sursaT-sanovagis momaragebaSi (xelnawerTa institutis sabuTi,
# 1617). diRomTan osebis droebiTi mkvidroba eTnografiuli
masalebiTac dasturdeba. XVIII_XIX saukuneebis mijnaze aq 32_33
koml oss ucxovria. imis gamo, rom osebi qurdobdnen (diRmel
glexebs Wapani da Rvedic ar dautoves), diRmel glexebs osebi
saxreebiTa da ketebiT gauyriaT. maT osebi bebriscixemde mi-
ucilebiaT.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTisa da XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTiswineTis araerT sofelSi osTa erT

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Taobaze mets ar mouxda cxovreba. mTisa da mTiswineTis ama Tu
im sofelSi mcire xniT mkvidrobis Semdeg osebi ufro samxreTiT
eSvebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia XIX saukunis mosax-
leobis aRweris masalebze Tvalis gadevnebiT. XIX saukunis da-
sawyisSi mTiswineTis soflebSi dasaxlebulni, amave saukunis Sua
xanebidan intensiurad gadadian sacxovreblad baris soflebSi.
ase rom, XVIII saukunis bolodan da XIX saukunis mTel manZilze
saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTis soflebidan dablobis mimarTulebiT
osTa TandaTanobiTi, intensiuri win wamoweva aSkaraa, rasac
udavod miesadageba qarTul istoriografiaSi xmarebuli termini
`Camowola”. imdenad didi moZraoba axasiaTebdaT osebs, rom XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi baris soflebSi dasaxlebulni, barisave
sxva soflebSi gadadiodnen sacxovreblad. 1886 wlis saojaxo sie-
biT, mdinareebis didi da patara liaxvis xeobebis 76-ze meti mTis
soflidan XIX saukunis 60_70-ian wlebSi 1 340 komlze meti osi
ayrila da baris sxvadasxva sofelSi damkvidrebula.
osebi rom didi xnis Camosaxlebulni ar iyvnen Sida qarTlis
mTianeTSi, amis damadasturebelia maTi socialuri mdgomareobac.
XIX saukunis mosaxleobis aRweris davTrebSi didi liaxvis xeobaSi
mosaxle osebis sakmaod didi nawili xiznebadaa Cawerili. xizani
ki, rogorc qarTuli saistorio wyaroebiTa da saTanado gamokv-
levebiT cnobilia, sakuTari samkvidreblidan ayrili da sxvagan
TavSefarebuli glexia. xizani feodalur saqarTveloSi glexis
garkveuli kategoria iyo, romelic yma-glexisagan gansxvavebiT pira-
dad Tavisufali iyo da misi damokidebuleba feodal-memamuleze am
ukanasknelis miwa-wyliT sargeblobiT ganisazRvreboda. xizani wy-
aroebSi yovelTvis dapirispirebulia mkvidr mosaxleobasTan, rad-
gan is mosuli glexi iyo.
dvaleTi da Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawili rom osTa sacx-
ovrisi ar iyo da rom aq qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen, es aSkarad
dasturdeba iseTi monacemebiT, rogoricaa oikonimebi (soflis
saxelebi). aq daTariRebuli arc erTi toponimi osuri araa.
soflebi qarTul gamWvirvale saxelwodebebs atarebdnen, mxed-
velobaSi gvaqvs rogorc toponomTa Zirebi, ise maTi mawarmoebeli
sufiqsebi. mxolod mTis sofelTa ramdenime saxelwodebis CamoT-
vliT davkmayofildebiT: sacxenisi, edemqalaqi, beloTi, awerisx-
evi, inauri, CabaruxeTi, wifori, Sambiani, isrolisxevi, qoloTi,
qviTkiri, moxisi, bieTi, andoreTi, gufTa, patara java, zemo java,
sxlebi... dvaleTi rom eTnikurad qarTuli iyo, kargad Cans XV
saukunis dasawyisis minaweriT Rudis (Rundis) saxarebaze. saxareba
`TaTrobis” dros dakargula. is xoraulis ivanes upovia. Semdeg
ki saxareba gasayidad dvaleTSi faruxaulis gvaris kacs dedami-
sisTvis gaugzavnia. minaweriT dasturdeba, rom dvaleTi qarTuli
mxare iyo qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo eniT, sadac moTxovnileba
iyo qarTul saxarebaze, sadac qarTul saxarebas myidveli hyavda.

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minaweri mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiTac, rom masSi moxsenie-
buli anTroponimi _ faruxauli qarTuli gvarsaxelia. gvarsaxeli
nawarmoebia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis gvarebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli ur (-ul) sufiqsiT.
sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTi” rom ZvelTaganve saqarT-
velos ganuyofeli nawili iyo da rom aq gvianobamde mxolod
qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen, amis damadasturebelia ramdenime aTeuli
qarTuli qristianuli arqiteqturuli Zegli, romlebic V_XVIII
saukuneebiT TariRdeba (mefisaSvili, cincaZe, 1975) da mrava-
li epigrafikuli Zegli, romlebic mxolod da mxolod qarTul
enazea Sesrulebuli da romlebic saqarTvelos istoriis ama Tu
im viTarebas asaxaven (oTxmezuri, 1994). Sida qarTlis osebiT
dasaxlebuli teritoria mofenilia cixeebiTa da koSkebiT. iqneb
vinmem daasabuTos, rom qsnis xeobis saTaveSi, Jamuris TemSi arse-
buli cixe _ `bercixe” qarTvelebis agebuli ar aris? aqve gavr-
celebulia mxolod Sida qarTlis mTianeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
nalis formis e. w. `zurgiani koSkebi”, romlebsac ukana, mTisaken
miqceuli mxare momrgvalebuli aqvT. msgavsi tipis koSkebi osTa
samSobloSi _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arsad dadasturebuli araa,
isini mxolod saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTe-
beli (specialistebis mier dadgenilia, rom Sida qarTlis mTia-
neTSi osebis Semonaqmedia mxolod XVIII saukunis zogi oTxkuTxa
gegmis mqone sagvareulo koSki didi liaxvis xeobis saTaveSi _
gvasalia, 1997: 68). sabWoTa periodis samxreT oseTis terito-
riaze arsebuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebze Sesrulebul
warwerebSi moxseniebuli qtitorebi _ tbelebi, yanCavelebi,
favnelebi, korinTelebi, maCablebi, amirejibebi, falavandiSvilebi,
erisTavebi _ qarTvelebi arian. warwerebSi moxseniebulni arian
saqarTvelos samefo ojaxis warmomadgenlebic, maT Soris, daviT
IV aRmaSeneblis (1089_1125) qaliSvili Tamari, giorgi XII-is
(1798_1880) rZali qeTevan wereTeli, agreTve samefo adminis-
traciis warmomadgenlebi, episkoposebi (niqozeli, mroveli...) da
eklesiis sxva msaxurebi. qtitorebTan erTad moxseniebulni ar-
ian xuroTmoZRvrebi (TaflaiZe, bavreli, giorgiZe, kurdRelaS-
vili...). yvela warwera qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli da naxsenebi
anTroponimebi mxolod da mxolod maT eTnikur qarTvelobaze
miuTiTebs (lorTqifaniZe, oTxmezuri, 2007: 127_137). SemorCe-
nilia aseulobiT Sua saukuneebis saistorio sabuTi, romlebic
Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawils, anu sabWoTa periodis `samxreT
oseTis” teritorias exeba. am dokumentebSi mxolod eTnikuri
qarTvelebi arian dasaxelebuli, rogorc maRali socialuri wris,
ise dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi. aq, am teritoriaze _ largvi-
sis monasterSia dawerili XIV_XV saukuneebis mijnis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani qarTuli saistorio Zegli, qsnis erisTavTa sagva-
reulo matiane _ `Zegli erisTavTa” (avtorebi mama-Svili avgaroz

153
da grigol bandaisZeebi).
eklesiurad dvaleTica da Sida qarTlic organizaciulad
mTlianad niqozis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. vaxuSti bagrationis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `sarwmunoebiT arian Zvelad qristiane-
ni...” vaxuStis dros dvaleTSi dasaxlebuli osebi mxolod iyvnen
`saxeliT oden qristianeni... ara uvisT mRudeli, da unaTlisRe-
boni arian, Tvinier romelni qarTlsa da raWas moinaTvlian”. vax-
uSti imasac wers, rom dvalebi `aw ubnoben osursa sakuTrad”, e.
i. maTi enobrivi transformacia dasrulebuli iyo, Tumca TviT-
mxilveli-istorikosi imasac aRniSnavs, rom dvaleTSi mcxovrebi
zogierTi osi, romelic qarTlsa da raWas daiareba, qarTuladac
laparakobso. dvaleTSi cota ar iyo qristianuli kulturis
Zeglebi, Tumca aq mTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qristianobamdeli
salocavebic iyo, romlebic osur enaSi qarTuli terminiT `Zuar”
(=jvari) aRiniSneboda (`jvar”-iT aRiniSneboda qristianobamdeli
salocavebi, agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxvadasxva
istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi). es qristianobamdeli salocave-
bi dvaleTSi dasaxlebul os mosaxleobas adgilobrivi mTieli
dvalebisagan hqondaT SeTvisebuli. magaliTad, `aTinagis Zuari”
SeiZleba davasaxeloT. aTengenoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos is-
toriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi gavrcelebuli dResaswauli iyo,
gansakuTrebiT xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi.

osebi udamwerlobo xalxi iyo. dRes maTi damwerloba Seqm-

nilia rusuli grafikis safuZvelze. Tumca pirveli osuri anbani
qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili. misi avtori qarTu-
li kulturis safuZvelze aRzrdili ioane ialRuziZe (gabaraTi)
(1775-1830) iyo. 1820 wlidan is Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi
moswavle os bavSvebs qarTul da osur enebs aswavlida. swored
am periodSi Seqmna man osuri anbani. rusul asoebze dafuZnebuli
osuri anbani pirvelad osuri enis mcodne rusma mecnierma andria
Segrenma Seadgina.
1922 wels saqarTveloSi bolSevikma xelisuflebma samxreT os-
eTis avtonomiuri olqi Camoayalibes da pirvelad saqarTveloSi
osebs administraciuli erTeuli Seuqmnes. samxreT oseTis av-
tonomiuri olqi yofili Sida qarTlis feodaluri erTeulebis
teritoriebze Camoyalibda, ise, rom qarTveli xalxisagan amis
neba ar miuRiaT. avtonomiuri olqis centrad ki Sida qarTlis
mTiswineTis zolSi mdebare patara qalaqi cxinvali gamoacxades.
SemorCenilia XIX saukunis ruseTis xelisuflebis mier Catare-
buli mosaxleobis aRweris davTrebi. XIX saukunis yvela aRweriT
cxinvalSi arc erTi eTnikuri osi ar cxovroda. amjerad mxolod
1818, 1830, 1860, 1873 da 1886 wlebis saarqivo masalebis miTiTe-
biT davkmayofildebiT. mxolod 1830 wlis cxinvalis aRweraSia
erTi ojaxi eTnikuri osi (xuTi suli) miTiTebuli, romlebic aq

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mTidan 1828 wels mosulan da maleve aqedanac ayrilan (ixileT:
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi. fondi 254, anaweri
1, saqme # 1244, gv. 170_191. sxadasxva aRwerebic amave fond-
Sia, magaliTad, 254_1_1243, 254_1_541, 254_1_252). samecniero
literaturaSi cxinvalis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb xSirad
uTiTeben 1886 wlis saojaxo siebs, romlis statistikuri monace-
mebi ruseTis xelisufalTa mier dabeWdilicaa (krebuli..., 1893).
am dros cxinvalSi namdvilad arc erTi osi rom ar mkvidrobda,
dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia saqarTvelos centraluri arqi-
vis 254 fondis me-3 anaweris #1717 saqme ixilos. qalaqi, iseve
rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, kvlav dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT,
qarTulenovani somxebiTa da qarTveli ebraelebiT (XIX saukunis
I mesamedis avtoris ­ _ aixvaldis mixedviT, `osebi cxinvalis
iqiTa mxares, mTebSi cxovrobdnen. adre isini cxinvals gau-
Taveblad Zarcvavdnen da xocavdnen. axla ki qarTvelebs, cxin-
valis mosaxleobas Tavs anaTvlineben”). pirvelad mxolod 1922
wlis monacemebiTaa qalaq cxinvalSi dafiqsirebuli osuri mosax-
leoba _ 613 suli, 1926 wels aq ukve 1152 suli osi cxovrobda
(qalaqis mosaxleoba mTlianad 1926 wels 5 352 suls Seadgenda).
es mateba, ra Tqma unda, meqanikuri matebis xarjze xdeboda. cx-
invalSi osurma mosaxleobam qarTul mosaxleobas mxolod maSin
gadaaWarba, rodesac aqauri qarTveli ebraelebi sabWoTa periodis
bolo wlebSi israelSi wavidnen da maTi saxlebi ki javis raioni-
dan Camosaxlebulma osebma daikaves.
oriode sityviT unda aRvniSnoT termin `samxreT oseTis”
Sesaxeb. arc erTi qarTuli saistorio wyaro, sabuTi da doku-
menti aseT termins ar icnobs. XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac saqarT-
velos saxelmwifo moRvaweebi qveynis teritoriul erTeulebs
(istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs, feodalur erTeulebs) CamoT-
vlidnen, arasdros `oseTs” (miT umetes, `samxreT oseTs”) ar
axsenebdnen. verc axsenebdnen, radgan aseTi erTeuli bunebaSi
ar arsebobda. mxolod moixseniebdnen terminiT _ `Cveni osebi”.
im dros eTnikuri osebi saqarTvelos Sida qarTlis istoriul-
eTnografiuli istoriul-geografiuli mxaris mTiani, CrdiloeTi
monakveTis mkvidrni iyvnen. sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTis”
teritoriaze sxvadasxva qarTuli feodaluri erTeulebi (samaCab-
lo, qsnis saerisTavo, saamilaxvro, Tavad daviTiSvil-bagrationeb-
is, TaqTaqiSvilebis, xerxeuliZeebis SedarebiT patara feodaluri
erTeulebi) arsebobda. termini `samxreT oseTi” mxolod ruseTis
imperiis CinovnikTa mieraa Seqmnili XIX saukuneSi (am sauku-
nis presaSi es termini mxolod samjer aris moxseniebuli). XIX
saukuneSi ruseTis imperias kavkasiis areaerTi ruka aqvs Sedge-
nili da verc erT maTganze `samxreT oseTs” ver amovikiTxavT.
maTze mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi oseTia datanili yovel-
gvari gansazRvrebis _ `CrdiloeTis” gareSe. magaliTisTvis

155
SeiZleba moviyvanoT natalia volkovas mier ruseTis ofi-
cialuri pirebis mier Sedgenili XVIII saukunis meore nax-
evris mcire yabardos, oseTis, inguSeTisa da CeCneTis nawilis
ruka, romelzedac oseTi aweria mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis
Sesabamis teritorias. kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds ki
aweria: «Грузинская граница» (volkova, 1974). (sxvaTa Soris, amave
rukaze dRevandeli CrdiloeT oseTis dedaqalaqi vladikavkazi,
romelsac maSin `zauri” erqva, inguSeTis teritoriazea aRniSnu-
li). amdenad, miTologemis, siyalbis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, cinizmis
didi gamoxatulebaa, rodesac ruseTis saxelmwifos erT-erTi
meTauri acxadebs, rom `mxolod XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi iqna
gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis Tbilisis guberniisaTvis gadacemis
Sesaxeb”. Turme ruseTis sabWoTa imperatorma, rogorc eTnikurma
qarTvelma, i. stalinma gadawyvita sabolood `samxreT oseTis”
saqarTvelosaTvis gadacema. iqneb vinmem migviTiTos raime saarqivo
dokumenti, romliTac sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTi” Tbilisis
guberniis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda, 1801 wlidan moyolebuli,
vidre 1917 wlamde da Semdegac saqarTvelos pirveli respubliki-
sa (1918_1921) da sabWoTa periodSic? sinamdvileSi mxolod 1843
wels carizmma saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaxsna oseTis okrugi,
romelic sam ubnad (javis, patara liaxvis da naris) iyofoda.
`oseTis okrugis” javisa da patara liaxvis sapolicio ubnebi 1922
wels Seqmnili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriis
mxolod erT mesameds Seadgenda (gvasalia, 1997: 58). samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis farglebSi bolSevikma xelisuflebma
Seiyvanes agreTve saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis
_ raWisa (kudaro) da zemo imereTis nawilic.
rogorc cnobilia, 1783 wels aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTl-
kaxeTsa) da ruseTs Soris daido e. w. georgievskis traqtati.
traqtatis dadebis drosac da 1801 welsac ruseTis mier xel-
Sekrulebis darRvevisa da saqarTvelos aneqsiis drosac, rogorc
dvaleTi, ise Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawili mTlianad (sabWoTa
periodis `samxreT oseTi”) saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
aRniSnul teritorias aravin oseTad ar moixseniebda. qarTul
wyaroebs Tavi rom davaneboT, amas yvela rusuli wyaroc adastu-
rebs. magaliTad, traqtatis dadebidan Zalian male _ 1784 wels
ruseTidan movlinebulma s. burnaSovma Seadgina qarTul samefo-
samTavroTa generaluri ruka saqarTvelos mimdebare mosazRvre
regionebiT. am rukaze `oseTi” aweria iq, sadac sinamdvileSi iyo
_ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, xolo sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTs”
`qarTli” aweria.
saqarTvelom 1918_1921 wlebSi ruseTisagan koloniuri uReli
droebiT gadaigdo da saxelmwifoebrioba aRidgina. am period-
Si damoukidebel saqarTveloSi daiwyo bolSevikuri ruseTisagan
inspirirebuli osuri separatistuli moZraoba. amis sanacvlod
saqarTveloSi komunisturi diqtaturis damyarebisa da saqarT-

156
velos isev ruseTis imperiasTan mierTebis Semdeg, komunisturma
xelisuflebam osebs saqarTvelos ZiriTadi provinciis _ Sida
qarTlis CrdiloeT teritoriaze avtonomiuri olqis administra-
ciuli erTeuli Seuqmna, romelsac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle
osTa teritoriuli erTeulisagan gasamijnavad `samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqi” ewoda. am avtonomiuri olqis centrad ga-
moacxades qalaqi cxinvali, romelSic, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,
im droisaTvis arc erTi eTnikuri osi ar cxovrobda. amave dros,
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis farglebSi moaqcies kompaqtu-
rad dasaxlebuli qarTuli soflebic. am garemoebam, sxvaTa Soris,
Tavis droze qarTuli soflebis protesti gamoiwvia da am pro-
testis ZiriTadi mizezi enobrivi faqtori iyo. magaliTad, sofel
nedlaTis mcxovrebni werdnen, rom `Cven nedlaTis mcxovrebni
miwerili viyaviT oqonas. dRes oqona samxreT oseTs daeqvemdeba-
ra da Cvenc mZime pirobebSi CavcvivdiT, sxvaTa Soris imitomac,
rom warmoeba rusulad da osuradaa, raic CvenTvis gaugebaria”.
sofel Zarwemis mkvidri qarTvelebi werdnen: `risTvis unda viyoT
moqceuli oseTis farglebSi erovnebaTa TviTgamorkvevis aRsasru-
leblad. miTumetes, rom maTi ena CvenTvis sruliad gaugebaria
da ucxo. mxolod rac Seexeba erovnebaTa umravlesobas, mTeli es
CrdiloeTi mxare raionisa (igulisxmeba cxinvalis raioni _ r.
T.), mcire gamonaklisiT, dasaxlebulia qarTul enazed mosaubre,
memkvidre qarTvelebiT” (boWoriZe, 1996).

XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi mosuli osebi qarTuli saxelmwifos

sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi xdebodnen da maTma didma umravle-
sobam icoda saqrTvelos saxelmwifo ena _ qarTuli ena, oreno-
vanni iyvnen. osebs amisken realuri viTareba ubiZgebda. mTianeTSi
dasaxlebul osebs aucileblad sWirdebodaT saqarTvelos barTan
urTierToba, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs istoriulad arsebuli sameur-
neo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi. barTan kavSirebis aucileblobis gamo,
isini iCendnen qarTuli enis Seswavlisadmi did swrafvas. imave
dros SexvdebodiT araerT qarTvels, romlebic osebis sakontaqto
zolSi cxovrobdnen da osur enazec laparakobdnen. qarTvelTa da
osTa gansaxlebis sakontaqto zolSi eTnografiuli monacemebiT
dadasturebulia osi bavSvebis qarTul soflebSi (ojaxebSi) miba-
rebis SemTxvevebi, qarTuli enis Seswavlis mizniT, rac ZiriTadad
xorcieldeboda naTelmironobis, danaTesavebis saSualebiT (sxvaTa
Soris, es uZvelesi kavkasiuri Cveulebaa). saqarTvelos terito-
riaze dasaxlebuli osebisagan saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba
ZiriTadad iTxovda, rom migrantebs qristianoba mieRoT. osebic
garkveul dainteresebas iCendnen qristianobis mimarT. qristiano-
bis miReba aseve gzas uxsnida osebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad,
radgan saRvTismetyvelo ena qarTuli iyo. mTaSi mcxovrebi gaqri-
stianebuli osebi barSi mcxovreb naTlia qarTvelebTan xSirad ag-

157
zavnidnen TavianT Svilebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad. istoriuli
da eTnologiuri monacemebiT aseve Zalian xSiri iyo, gansakuTre-
biT sakontaqto zolSi, qarTul-osuri qorwinebebi, rac aseve
erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori iyo ori eTnosis daaxloebisa da
urTierTis enis SeswavlisaTvis.
osebis saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dasaxlebas mohyva adgilze damx-
vdur qarTvelTa mcire nawilis mier osuri enis SeTviseba da
osTa mier maTi eTnikur-enobrivi asimilacia. dRemde qsnis xeo-
bis Senakad WurTis xevze sofel doreTkarSi mcxovrebi qarTve-
li iluriZeebi (40-mde ojaxi) orenovanni arian. orenovneba ki
ZiriTadad Sereulma saqorwino urTierTobebma warmoqmna. XVIII
saukunis bolos WurTis xevidan barSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis
nasoflarebSi osebi dasaxldnen. iluriZeebi faqtobrivad osur
eTnikur-enobriv garemocvaSi aRmoCnden. marTalia, maT qvemoT, ba-
ris mimarTulebiT qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, magram aqedan doreT-
karSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs colad TiTqmis aravin ar miyveboda,
radgan baridan mTaSi qali iSviaTad Txovdeboda. isini iZule-
buli Seiqnen maT zemoT mTaSi mcxovrebi osis qalebi SeerToT
colad. osis qalebma TavianT vaJebs isev osis qalebi SerTes
colad. XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan aseTma saqorwino urTierTo-
bebma da osur enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi cxovrebam iluriZeebi
orenovanni gaxada. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom doreTkar-
Si mcxovreb qarTvelebs eTnikuri cnobiereba ar SecvliaT. qsnis
xeobaSi analogiuri situacia sxvaganac dasturdeba. magaliTad,
sofel naxidSi, mTxrobelis sityviT, `bevri fsuturi gaosda da
fsuturebi TviTon ufro osurad laparakoben”.
1987 wels am striqonebis avtorma fexiT Semoiara mejudas
xeobis osuri soflebi. xeobis ukiduresi zemo welis ori mcire
osuri soflis garda, osebi aq XIX saukunis 30-80-ian wlebSi
dasaxldnen. mejudas xeobis baris ukanaskneli didi qarTuli so-
felia mejvrisxevi. mejvrisxevs uSualod esazRvreba sof. Rromi,
romelic osebiTaa dasaxlebuli. Rromi avtonomiuri olqis sazR-
vrebSi Sedioda. 1886 wlisaTvis RromSi jer kidev qarTvelebi
saxlobdnen, romelTa mejvrisxevSi gadmosaxlebis Semdeg aq osebi
dasaxldnen. mejvrisxevSi araerTi Sereuli qarTul-osuri ojaxi
mkvidrobs. zemoT xeobaSi ZiriTadad osebi cxovroben, Tu ar Ca-
vTvliT sofel isrolisxevs, sadac ramdenime qarTuli ojaxi kvlav
SemorCenilia. araerT eTnikur osTan gvqonda Sexvedra. xeobaSi
TiTqmis erTTviani mivlinebis dros mxolod erTi xnieri qali
Segvxvda, romelmac qarTuli ena ar icoda, danarCenebi yvelani
mSvenivrad laparakobdnen qarTulad. sayuradReboa, rom xeobis
arc erT skolaSi, iseve rogorc samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri ol-
qis skolebSi, konstituciiT aRiarebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
ena _ qarTuli ena ar iswavleboda. aq arsebobda e.w. osur-
rusuli skolebi, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom dawyebiT

158
klasebSi (1_4 klasi) sagnebi osur enaze iswavleboda, xolo oTxi
klasis zemoT yvela sagani rusul enaze plus osuri enisa da li-
teraturis Seswavla. miuxedavad amisa, xeobaSi mcxovrebma osebma
ara marto qarTuli ena icodnen, aramed qarTuli wera-kiTxvac.
qarTul anbans isini damoukideblad swavlobdnen, radgan, rogorc
TviTon xsnidnen, sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi ZiriTadad hqon-
daT ara avtonomiuri olqis mosaxleobasTan, aramed xeobis baris
nawilis qarTul mosaxleobasTan. aseTive viTareba davafiqsireT
lexuras xeobis osur mosaxleobaSi. saerTod, es Cveulebrivi su-
raTi iyo TiTqmis mTeli avtonomiuri olqis osuri mosaxleobi-
saTvis, garda javis raionisa. javis raioni moicavda didi liaxvis
xeobis mTian nawils. osuri eTnosiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul am
raionis mosaxleobas SedarebiT naklebi kontaqtebi hqonda qar-
Tul mosaxleobasTan. sabWoTa periodSi maTTvis e.w. osur-rusuli
skolebis gaxsnam da qarTuli enis ugulebelyofam aq mcxovrebi
osebis qarTuli enobriv-eTnikur samyarosagan gaucxoeba gamoiwvia,
rac erTgvari mizezi gaxda sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg olqis
teritoriaze osuri separatistuli moZraobis warmoqmnisa.
rogorc aRvniSneT, mejudas xeobis ukidures mTian monakveTSi
kvlav SemorCenilia Zveli qarTuli mosaxleoba, Tumca sabWoTa
periodSi maTma raodenobam ukiduresad iklo. adgilze darCenili
qarTvelebi osur eTnikur-enobriv garemoSi mSvenivrad lapara-
kobdnen osurad. aqvT xSiri saqorwino urTierTobani osur mo-
saxleobasTan. erT-erT aseT ojaxSi stumrobis saSualeba gvqonda.
ojaxi gengiurebis qarTuli gvaris matarebelia. ojaxis ufrosi,
60 wlis mamakaci eTnikurad qarTvelad Tvlida Tavs, laparakobda
SesaniSnavi qarTuli eniT. mas deda da meuRlec osi hyavs. ma-
gram mis xuT Svils ukve gaorebuli cnobiereba hqonda. pirveli,
rac TvalSisacemi gaxldaT is iyo, rom xuTive mozrdili Svili
osuri aqcentiT metyvelebda. amasTanave, isini msjelobdnen imaze,
qarTvelebs miekuTvnebodnen Tu osebs. qaliSvilebi ufro osur
eTnikur samyaros akuTvnebdnen Tavs. arc vaJebs hqondaT miswra-
feba qarTulisadmi. ojaxis erT-erT vaJs gadawyvetili hqonda
ruseTSi saswavleblad wasvla. rodesac davinteresdi, Tu ratom
unda wasuliyo ase Sors, ruseTSi, man aRniSna, rom Tbilisi ar
uyvars. Tbilisisadmi misi aseTi damokidebuleba ki gamowveuli
iyo qarTuli enis arasrulyofili codniTa da saerTod qar-
Tuli wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobiT. rogorc gairkva, gengiurebs
Svilebi miubarebiaT saswavleblad q. cxinvalis e.w. osur-rusul
skolaSi, ramac sabolood gamoiwvia maTi qarTuli eTnosidan
osur eTnosisadmi mikuTvneba.

gengiurebis magaliTi mxolod erTi gamonaklisi rodi iyo

avtonomiuri olqis mTian nawilSi.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze gansaxlebul

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osebs, isini yvelgan mSobliur osur enasTan erTad Tavisuflad
laparakobdnen da laparakoben qarTulad. aris SemTxvevebi, ro-
desac osuri eTnosis warmomadgenlebs Tavi gaazrebuli aqvT
qarTvelad.
manam, sanam saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osTa Tanamedrove enobrivi
viTarebis Sesaxeb sabolood visaubrebT, mcire eqskursis saxiT
XIX saukunes unda davubrundeT. am dros qarTuli presa did
yuradRebas iCenda osuri enisadmi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia mweral s. mgalobliSvilis statiebi. osebs ar
hqondaT swavla-ganaTlebisadmi miswrafeba. qarTuli sazogado-
ebrioba ki cdilobda osur soflebSi gaexsnaT skolebi. isini
mSoblebs arwmunebdnen, rom SvilebisaTvis ganaTleba miecaT. ru-
seTis xelisufleba osebis soflebSi rus maswavleblebs agzavnida.
osis bavSvebma ki rusuli ar icodnen. isini mxolod osurad da
qarTulad laparakobdnen. s. mgalobliSvili aRniSnavda, rom `aq
unda iyvnen maswavleblad an osebi, an qarTvelebi. Tu ar dau-
SliT, rusebi gaagzavnon mTasiqiTa osebSi, sadac laparakoben
osurs da rusul enaze”. qarTveli publicistebi werdnen imaze,
rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle osebi garusebis gzas adgnen
da amasTanave erovnuli saxis dakargvis saSiSroebis winaSe iyvnen.
saqarTveloSi ki SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen, osebs vuSveloT, ena
da erovneba SevunarCunoTo. n. TadeoziSvili 1884 wlis gazeT
`droebis” erT-erT nomerSi werda, rom `mTasaqeTa osebSi didi
gavlena aqvT qarTvelebs. osi mamakacebi yvela laparakobs qar-
Tulad, xolo is nawili osebisa, romlebic dasaxlebulni arian
qarTuli soflebis” siaxloves, qalebic da bavSvebic laparakoben
qarTulad. araTu laparakoben, aramed wera-kiTxvac ician. mTi-
siqiT osebi ramdenadac rusobas misdeven, imdenad qarTvelobas
misdeven mTisaqeTa osebi. maT Tavi moaqvT imiT, rom qarTuli
wera-kiTxva ician, axlo soflebis mcxovrebni erTmaneTs aZleven
colad qalebs. ase rom, Sereuli ojaxebi Cveulebrivi saxea maTi
cxovrebisa”. s. mgalobliSvili werda, rom qarTvelebs saTanado
RonisZiebebi unda gaetarebinaT, rom osebs ar daekargaT ena da
erovnuli saxe. amisaTvis is osTaTvis skolebis gaxsnas moiTxovda.
sxva avtori (grigol liaxveli, igive saZagliSvili) imave gazeTSi
yvelas mouwodebda osebisa da maTi enis gadasarCenad. aucile-
blobad miaCnda osTaTvis sakuTari anbanis Seqmna.
osuri enisadmi did interess iCenda gazeTi `cnobis furce-
lic”. 1903 wlis erT-erT nomerSi aRniSnulia, rom kudaroSi
mcxovrebma TiTqmis yvela osma icoda qarTuli, qarTvelTa eTno-
grafiul (teritoriul) jgufebTan _ raWvelebsa da imerlebTan
mezoblobisa da axlo urTierTobis gamo. igive gazeTi 1901 wels
werda: `aris ganzraxva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis skolaSi
osuri saxelmZRvaneloTi swavlebisa. amisaTvis miumarTavT mcodne
pirebisaTvis, warmoadginon saxelmZRvaneloebi, rom yvela osur

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saswavlebelSi axlo momavalSi SemoiRon osuri enis swavleba”.
aRniSnuli damokidebuleba qarTveli ganaTlebuli adamianebisa
da saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa osuri enis mimarT XX saukuneSic
grZeldeboda. avtonomiuri olqis teritoriasa da mis farglebs
gareTac yovelgvari piroba hqondaT osebs Seqmnili osuri enisa
da kulturis gansaviTareblad. ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
presaSi Tu samecniero literaturaSi xSirad adareben saqarTve-
loSi Semaval samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da ruseTis
federaciaSi Semaval CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis
enobriv-eTnikur situaciebs. CrdiloeT oseTSi yvelaferi rusul
enaze iyo gadasuli, rusul enaze xdeboda saqmis warmoeba, swavla-
ganaTleba. raRa Sors wavideT. 1972 wels am striqonebis avtori
monawileobda sabWoTa kavSiris student-eTnografTa konferen-
ciaSi q. leningradSi. aq iyvnen CrdilooseTeli studentebic,
romlebic gaocebas ver faravdnen imis gamo, rom Cven qarTvele-
bi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi, erTmaneTTan
qarTulad vlaparakobdiT da qarTulad vwerdiT.
qalaq cxinvalSi iyo da aris pedagogiuri instituti, saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis q. cxinvalis samecniero-kvleviTi
instituti, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda osuri enisa
da literaturis Seswavlas. aq sxva mniSvnelovan gamokvlevebTan
erTad, momzadda `osuri enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”. cxinvalSi
funqcionirebda da funqcionirebs saxelmwifo osuri Teatri.
gamodioda da gamodis gazeTebi da Jurnalebi osur enaze. osur
enaze xdeboda da xdeba radiogadacemebis mowyoba. saqarTveloSi
1990-1991 saswavlo wels 97 osuri skola iyo, aqedan 90 samx-
reT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze. xolo Svidi osuri
skola olqis farglebs gareT iyo, kerZod, lagodexSi, qarelSi,
borjomSi. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
daiwyo osuri skolebis gaxsna saqarTvelos im raionebSi, sadac
kompaqturi osuri mosaxleoba iyo.
sayuradReboa, rom 1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monaceme-
biT samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mosaxle 65 aTasi osidan
64.257 osur enas Tvlida mSobliur enad. osur enas ar Tvlida
dedaenad mxolod 820 eTnikurad osi (e.i. 1,3%). olqis teri-
toriaze mcxovreb qarTvelebs ki ar hqondaT saSualeba sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis
_ qarTuli enis Tavisuflad gamoyenebisa. sabWoTa periodis man-
Zilze osebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen SeecvalaT ZirZveli qarTuli
toponimebi osuri naTargmni da kalkirebuli toponimebiT. sinam-
dvileSi araerTi uZvelesi qarTuli toponimi osebma xelovnurad
daamaxinjes da saxeli Seucvales. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen
bolSeviki da teroristi osebis gvarsaxelebis mikuTvnebiT.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos 97 skolaSi mimdinare-
obda osur enaze swavleba, maSin, rodesac ruseTis federaciaSi

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Semaval CrdiloeT oseTSi, saidanac arian migrirebuli osebi
saqarTveloSi, arc erTi osuri skola ar iyo. osebi mxolod
rusul skolebSi swavlobdnen. CrdiloeT oseTis yofili prezi-
denti a. galazovi amis Sesaxeb gazeTSi `pravda” (1983, 11/XI)
werda: `me gulwrfelad mecodeba Cemi erovnebis axalgazrda ada-
mianebi... roca isini sakuTar saxlSi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobdnen
osuri kulturis elementaruli ucodinrobis gamo. magaliTad,
erovnul axalgazrdobas warTmeuli aqvs sakuTari mSobliuri
ena. gasul wlamde CrdiloeT oseTSi ar iyo arc erTi skola
osuri enis swavlebiT”. saqarTveloSi Semaval samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis pasuxismgebeli muSakebi ki xels uwyobdnen
rusuli enis poziciebis gaZlierebas qarTuli enis xarjze. XX
saukunis 20-iani wlebis enobrivi viTareba aRwera samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze istorikosma g. boWoriZem. is
werda:‘`qarTuli ena idevneba qarTul soflebSi: miwer-mowera
da sxva jer rusulad warmoebda, xolo axla osurad, qarTuli
ki gandevnilia”. `1929 wlidan sasamarTloebSi saqmis warmoeba,
Cvenebis micema da procesi osurad SemoiRes, xolo amaze adre _
1928 wels, axalgorSi, Tedeevis dros, TviT gancxadebac ki osu-
rad, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, rusulad unda yofiliyo dawerili.
Zlier iSviaTi SemTxveva unda daeSvaT, rom qarTuli gancxadeba
mieRoT”. `skolebs uxsnian osebs, qarTvelebs ki iSviaTad. 1921-
1924 wlebSi qarTvel maswavleblebs eqvsi-Svidi Tvis jamagirebi
ar misces, ris gamoc bevri maswavlebeli iZulebuli gaxda Tavi
gaenebebina skolisaTvis da wasuliyo. amis Semdeg skolac ikete-
boda. mosaxleoba Txoulobda skolas, eubnebodnen: `Tu gnebavT
osur skolaSi atareT Svilebi, Tu arada TqvenTvis skolas ver
gavxsniTo”. `osuri ena savaldebulo sagania qarTul skolebSi
(SvidwledebSi), xolo qarTul enas osur skolebSi adgili ara
aqvs”. `zogierTi osi Txoulobda, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis eswav-
lebinaT qarTuli ena, rogorc gamosayenebeli sagani, magram amaze
mtkice uari uTxres”.
dabolos, oriode sityviT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom XX sauku-
neSi qarTvelma mecnierebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osuri
enis Seswavlis saqmeSi. sakmarisia akad. g. axvledianis mecnieruli
gamokvlevvebi davasaxeloT. g. axvledianis redaqtorobiT gamoica
osuri enis akademiuri gramatikis ortomeuli.
amrigad, osTa saqarTveloSi migraciisa da dasaxlebis Semdeg,
maT enobriv viTarebaSi SeiZleba sami periodis gamoyofa. pirveli
periodi esaa osTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi
cxovreba. osebi aRiqvamdnen ra Tavs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
moqalaqeebad, iseve rogorc sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi, pa-
tivs scemdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas. osebis umetesoba
flobda qarTul enas. osebTan Tanacxovrebis sakontaqto zolSi
bevri qarTvelic Tavisuflad laparakobda osurad. yovelive amas

162
ganapirobebda qarTvel xalxTan osebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri da
naTesauri kavSirebi.
XIX saukunidan saqarTvelos ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis
Semdeg osTa enobrivi viTareba saqarTveloSi erTgvar cvlilebebs
iwyebs, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ruseTis xelisuflebis aqtiuri
CareviT. ruseTi yvela koloniaSi ZaliT avrcelebda rusul enas
da sxvadasxva eTnosebs erTmaneTs upirispirebda. ruseTis xelisu-
fleba cdilobda qarTuli enis nacvlad osebisaTvis meore enad
rusulis Canacvlebas. XIX saukune da gansakuTrebiT misi meore
naxevari bevri osisaTvis rusul enaze gadasvlis dawyebis periodi
iyo. am periodisaTvis qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi dauRalavad
iRvwodnen, rom osebs SeenarCunebinaT mSobliuri osuri ena da
eTnikuri TavisTavadoba. Tumca XIX saukuneSic bevri osi flobda
qarTul enas, rac praqtikuli saWiroebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
mesame periodi esaa sabWoTa periodi, rodesac bolSevikurma
xelisuflebam sabolood moaxerxa osebis qarTvelebisagan gaucxo-
veba. rusul enaze totaluri swavlebis pirobebSi osuri eTnosis
warmomadgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili aRar flobda qarTul
enas. Tumca am periodSi aSkarad gamoikveTeba aseTi tendenciac:
osebis erTi nawili, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebuli adamianebi, flo-
ben qarTul enas, kiTxuloben qarTul enaze, magram Segnebulad
ar saubroben.
mTaSi osebi ZiriTadad gvarebis mixedviT iyvnen dasaxlebulni.
erT sofelSi erTi gvari mkvidrobda, anda erTi gvari ramdenime
sofelSi iyo gansaxlebuli. mTis soflebs quCebi ar hqonda. mis
viwro SesaxvevebSi mxolod fexiT mosiarules anda mxedars Tu
SeeZlo gavla. oseTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, Cveu-
lebriv, soflis moedani warmoadgenda, romelsac osebi `nixass”
uwodebdnen. aq ganixilavdnen mniSvnelovan saTemo sakiTxebs. barSi
osebis tradiciuli saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba (xorbali, simindi,
qeri, fetvi...). mTebSi miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad ganviTarebuli
iyo mesaqonleoba (cxvari, Txa, msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli).
cxvris rZisagan akeTebdnen yvels. Zlier dawinaurebuli iyo meT-
xeoba. mTebSi saxvneli miwebi da saTibebi cakleuli komlebis
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, romelsac memkvidreobiT gadascemdnen.
mxolod saZovrebi da tye iyo soflis saerTo sargeblobaSi. ose-
bis baruli da mTuri saxvneli erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda. da-
blobSi xis saxvnels `guTon”-s uwodebdnen, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom maT es saxvneli qarTvelebisagan hqondaT SeTvisebuli. aseve
qarTuli enidan iyo Sesuli samkali iaraRi `lamgam” (namgali),
romelsac didi radiusi da mWreli dakbiluli piri hqonda. qar-
Tuli namgali, garda CrdiloeT oseTisa, CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva
xalxebSic iyo gavrcelebuli.
barSi gadasaxlebamde oseTSi mecxvareobas didi masStabebi ar
hqonda, radgan sazamTro saZovrebis ararseboba amis saSulebas ar

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iZleoda. vaxuSti bagrationis sityvebiT: “cxovari udumo-kudiani
da momcro, Zroxa, cxeni, Txa, aramed ara mravlad, garna friad
gemoianni sxuaTa adgilebTagan umetes da vinaTgan aquT saZovarni
da saTibni mcired, amisaTvis ver inaxaven cxovarTa, Tvinier k
(20), m (40) da r(100) kide, egreTve cxenTa da ZroxaTa i (10), k
(20) da m (40) da ufrosi arRara”. mTidan barSi gadasaxlebuli
osebi mecxvareobas ver iviwyebdnen, piriqiT, aq maT misi ganviTare-
bis saSualeba miecaT. rac Seexeba Txebs, isini, Cveulebriv, cxvris
faraSi hyavdaT Sereuli. mxolod alagirisa da digoris ramdenime
sofelSi meTxeoba mecxvareobaze dawinaurebuli iyo. osTa sameur-
neo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda msxvilfexa rqosani
saqoneli. saqoneli iZleoda rZes, xorcs, iyo gamwevi Zala, hqonda
sasaqonlo mniSvneloba. osi xalxis sameurneo saqmianobaSi didi
mniSvneloba hqonda mecxeneobas, rac maTTvis tradiciulic iyo,
radgan osTa winaprebi, rogorc cnobilia, momTabareebi iyvnen.
osuri folkloruli monacemebiT aSkaraa, rom alanebi SesaniSna-
vi mxedrebi iyvnen, romlebsac cxenTa didi jogebi hyavdaT. XIX
saukunis meore naxevramde mTebSi cxeni erTaderTi satransporto
saSualebac iyo.
rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvela xalxSi, osebSic iaraRis
araerTi saxeoba iyo gavrcelebuli: maxvili, mSvildi, isari, fari,
jaWvis perangi, Cafxuti. klaprotis cnobiT, Trusoeli osebi kv-
lav magari tyavisa da xisagan gakeTebul ovaluri formis farebs
iyenebdnen, romlebsac zed rkinis gvergvebi hqonda mimagrebuli.
saqonlisa da cxvris rZisagan yvelis damzadeba osebis Zvel-
TaZveli saqmianobaa. magram fantaziis nayofia zogierTi osi
mecnieris akviatebuli azri, TiTqos dasavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobam yvelis originaluri saxeobis _ sulugunis damza-
debis kultura osebisagan SeiTvisa, es maSin, rodesac osebma
saerTod ar icodnen misi damzadeba.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. e.w. samxreT oseTSi jer kidev XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ZiriTadad erTi gvariT dasaxlebuli
soflebi arsebobda. xSirad mezoblad mdebare ramdenime sofel-
Sic erTi gvaris xalxi mkvidrobda. mTidan dablobSi Camosaxle-
buli osebi veRar axerxebdnen naTesauri principiT dasaxlebas.
gadmocemiT, Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi dasaxlebuli osebi xSirad
ebrZodnen erTmaneTs da es brZola ZiriTadad calkeul soflebs
Soris mimdinareobda. es dapirispireba arc Tu iSviaTad, erT-
erTi gvaris gawyvetiT anda sxvagan gaqceviT mTavrdeboda. am br-
Zolis Sedegad miaCnia m. kosvens mravali nasoflaris arseboba.
sinamdvileSi es nasoflarebi, nangrevebi adrindeli qarTveli
mosaxleobis sakuTreba iyo.
mTian oseTSi jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisamde micvalebu-
lebs akldamebSi, xSirad miwiszeda akldamebSi krZalavdnen. dakr-
Zalvis es forma gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve inguSeTSi, CaCneTSi,

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yaraCaisa da balyareTSi. miwiszeda akldamebi mxolod mTisaTvis
iyo damaxasiaTebeli. barsa da mTiswineTSi aseTi akldamebi dada-
sturebuli araa. mTis bunebriv-geografiul pirobebSi akldamaSi
Setanili micvalebuli mumificirebas ganicdida. yvela aseT aklda-
mas aqvs ori an sami saZromi, romlis saSualebiTac Sig micvale-
buli SehqondaT. TiToeul akldamaSi mowyobili iyo xis an qvis
taxtebi, romlebzedac micvalebulebs asvenebdnen. akldamebi osebSi
ZiriTadad sagvareulo iyo. akldamebSi dakrZalvis wesi ewinaaRm-
degeba qristianul normebs da, TavisTavad cxadia, qristianuli
eklesia mas ebrZoda kidec. akldamebi kavkasiuri warmoSobisaa.
sxvaTa Soris, osuri gadmocemebi miwiszeda akldamebis mSeneblobas
miawers sxva xalxs, romelic maT mosvlamde aq cxovrobda. osuri
gadmocemebiT, bevri miwiszeda akldamis mSeneblebi inguSebi iyvnen.
inguSebs aSenebinebdnen ara mxolod akldamebs, aramed sabrZolo
koSkebsac. sagulisxmoa, rom mTian oseTSi, osuri gadmocemebiT,
zogierTi miwiszeda akldama ekuTvnodaT noRaelebs, romlebsac
odesRac osebTan erTad aq ucxovriaT. araerTi micvalebulis no-
Raeloba maTi anTropologiuri tipiT, CacmulobiT da akldamaSi
arsebuli WurWliTac dasturdeba. qurTaTis, Tagauris, da digoris
xeobebSi osebTan erTad noRaelebis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb gadmoceme-
bi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daufiqsirebiaT. baridan noRaelebi
osebTan erTad migrirebulan XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze. mTaSi
Semosaxlebulma osebma (noRaelebTan erTad) adgilobrivi aklda-
muri kultura SeiTvises. osuri miwiszeda dasakrZalavi nagenobebi
_ akldamebi tipur inguSur koSkebs mogvagonebs Tavisi pirami-
dul-safexurebrivi gadaxurviT. akldamebi ucnobi iyo dvaleTis
regionisaTvis (kaloevi, 1999), rac pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom
dvaleTi eTnikur-kulturulad osuri ar iyo.
mTian oseTSi koSkuri arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi iyo.
osebs hqondaT rogorc sadarajo, ise sabrZolo da sacxovrebeli
koSkebi. sabrZolo koSkebi oseTSi Zalian maRali ar iyo da maTi
oTxkuTxovani kedlebi, Cveulebriv, swori gadaxurvisa iyo. osebi
arc erT koSks osebis aSenebulad ar Tvlidnen. gadmocemiT, mTian
oseTSi koSkebi adrindeli mosaxleobis agebuli iyo. b. kaloevs
aseT adrindel mosaxleobad alanebi miaCnia, rac, ra Tqma unda,
veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs. koSkebis amSenebelni adgilobrivi
kavkasielebi iyvnen, romelTa nasaxlarebzec alan-osebi dafuZndnen.
osebis ZiriTadi nawili qvis saxlebSi cxovrobda. TiTqmis yvela
osur sofelSi warmarTuli salocavi arsebobda, romelsac isini
`Zuars” uwodebdnen. bunebrivia, salocavis aRmniSvneli es osuri
sityva qarTulidan iyo Sesuli, rodesac aq qarTvelebi qristia-
nobas avrcelebdnen.

ara mxolod erTi sasoflo Temis, aramed mTeli xeobis mosax-

leobam icoda daxmareba rogorc qorwilis, ise dakrZalvis dros.

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osTa ramdenime axlod mdebare sofeli teritoriul-samezoblo
gaerTianebebs warmoadgenda. isini erTmaneTTan ficiT iyvnen da-
kavSirebulni. fics salocavTan gvaris uxucesebi sdebdnen. ficis
gansamtkiceblad xis joxze amonaWdevebs akeTebdnen, rasac saerTo
salocavSi inaxavdnen. sasoflo Temis wevrebs miwaze hqondaT ro-
gorc kerZo, ise koleqtiuri sakuTreba: saxvneli da saTibi kerZo
iyo, saZovari da tye ki _ saerTo.
osTa sakvebi TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc sxva CrdiloeTkavkasie-
li mTielebisa. icodnen Rvezelis gamocxoba xorcis SigTavsiT,
Rvezeli yvelis SigTavsiT (`xabizjini”). osebSi farTod iyo gavr-
celebuli ludi (`bagani”), romelsac mTaSi qerisagan amzadebdnen,
barSi ki _ xorblisa da simindisagan. narTebis eposis mixedviT,
ludi gamoigona am eposis erT-erTma gmirma, satanam. mas, Cveu-
lebriv, didi saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi dResaswaulebis dros
uzarmazari spilenZis ludis saxarS qvabSi amzadebdnen. adre
osebs umzadebiaT maTrobela sasmelic `rongi”. rongs Taflisagan
amzadebdnen.
osuri sazogadoeba ramdenime socialur jgufad iyofoda. osebi
gvarebad cxovrobdnen. osuri gvarebis umetesobas safuZvlad mama-
kacis saxeli udevs. TiToeuli gvari (`miggag”) ramdenime patro-
nimiis (`fidi-firt”) erTobliobas warmoadgenda. os mecnierTa
varaudiT, osuri gvarebis warmoqmnis dro XVI saukunea. saqarT-
veloSi osuri gvarebi pirveli migrantebis saxelebidan momdina-
reoben. araerTi osuri gvaris Ziri momdinareobs mezobeli xal-
xebidan (inguSebi, balyarelebi, qarTvelebi). osebSi meore rigis
gvarebicaa dadasturebuli, romlebSic oTxi-xuTi da meti gvaria
gaerTianebuli. es gvarebi saerTo Soreuli winaprebisagan mom-
dinareoben. dRemde am sanaTesao jgufebis SigniT mkacrad icaven
egzogamias. egzogamiis damrRvevi mkacrad isjeboda, misi adgili sa-
zogadoebaSi faqtobrivad aRar iyo. egzogamia imdenad mkacri iyo,
rom sxvadasxva gvaris matarebelnic, romelTac hqondaT gadmocema
saerTo warmomavlobis, erTi winapridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb,
erTmaneTze ar qorwindebodnen. magaliTad, ar qorwindebodnen
erTmaneTze saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Semdegi osuri gvarebis _
kokoevebis da gasievebis, sanakoevebisa da gagloevebis warmomadgen-
lebi. qorwineba ikrZaleboda xelovnurad danaTesavebulebs Sori-
sac (magaliTad, SeZmavebul gvarebs Soris). qorwineba ikrZaleboda
ara mxlod erTi ubnis, aramed erTi soflis farglebSic, rac
Tavdapirvelad imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom dasaxlebuli punqte-
bi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erTi gvaris xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
Semdeg es tradiciad iqca. osur gadmocemebSi gvaqvs magaliTebi
sisxlis amRvrevTa mkacrad dasjisa. yoveli osur gvars Tavisi sa-
saflao da salocavi (`Zuar”) hqonda. osTa Soris gabatonebuli
iyo monogamia. orcolianoba Zalian iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da
is mxolod pirveli colis uSvilobis SemTxvevaSi iyo daSvebu-

166
li. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tanxmoba ara marto pirvel cols,
aramed mis naTesaobasac unda miecaT. samecniero literaturaSi
aRniSnulia, rom qorwinebis dros aucilebeli iyo sapatarZlos
Tanxmoba. amave dros, Tanxmoba unda miecaT dedas, Zmebs da bo-
los, dedis Zmas.

osebSi SemorCenili iyo bevri Zveli instituti, romelTa So-

ris mesisxleoba SeiZleba davasaxeloT, masSi ara mxolod axlo,
aramed Soreuli naTesavebic iyvnen CarTuli. mesisxleobas warmo-
Sobda Rirsebis Selaxva, qalis motaceba, dava miwis irgvliv da
a.S. Serigeba mTavrdeboda damnaSave mxaris mier didi raodenobiT
saqonlisa da Zvirfaseulobis (iaraRi, ludis saxarSi qvabi) ga-
daxdiT da trapezis mowyobiT. m. kosvenis aRniSvniT, Zvel dros
meuRleebs saerTo sareceli daufaravad mxolod weliwadis or
Tves: noembersa da dekemberSi hqondaT. danarCen dros meuRlee-
bi farulad xvdebodnen erTmaneTs. gabatonebuli iyo umZraxoba.
mamas arasdros ar ahyavda Svili xelSi. mama Svils saxeliT ar
mimarTavda.
osebs stumarTmoyvareobis, yonaRobis (Zmobilobis), daZmobile-
bis, urTierTdaxmarebis iseTive wes-Cveulebebi hqondaT, rogorc
kavkasiis sxva xalxebs. didi ojaxebi sabWoTa wyobilebis pirvel
wlebSic ki iyo SemorCenili. saqorwino asaki kacebisaTvis 17-
18 wlidan iwyeboda, qalebisaTvis _ 14-16 wlidan. daqorwinebis
aucilebeli piroba iyo yalimis (urvadis) gadaxda, rac xSirad
qalis motacebasac iwvevda. qorwili, Cveulebriv, Semodgomaze,
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis damTavrebis Semdeg imarTeboda.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi xSirad qorwindebodnen qarTveleb-
ze, oRond migrirebuli osisaTvis mTavari piroba qristianobis
miReba iyo. soflis marTva yrilobis _ `nixasis” xelSi iyo. `ni-
xasi” im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi imarTeboda.
nixasi Temis yvela srulwlovani mamakacisagan Sedgeboda. magram
yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols uxucesebi TamaSobdnen.
sikvdilis Sesaxeb yvela naTesavs atyobinebdnen. dakrZalva me-
ore dRes xdeboda. icodnen qelexi. micvalebulebs swiravdnen
cxens, mis saxelze awyobdnen doRs, isrodnen mizanSi. icodnen
qvrivisaTvis nawnavis moWra da saflavze dakideba.
dRes osebi ZiriTadad qristianebi arian; gvxvdebian mahmadiane-
bic. mahmadianoba gansakuTrebiT digorel osebSi iyo gavrcelebu-
li. os xalxSi qristianoba VI_VII saukuneebSi jer bizantiidan,
Semdeg ki saqarTvelodan Sevida, Tumca am sarwmunoebam aq fexi
myarad ver moikida da gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTis xeobebSi mcxo-
vrebni winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mimdevrebi iyvnen.
saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda migrirebuli osebisaTvis
qristianoba mieRebinebina. islami dasavleT oseTSi yabardodan
XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi gavrcelda. osebs hyavdaT qristianize-

167
buli RvTaebebi: uac-giorgi, uastirji (wminda giorgi); uacila
_ wminda ilia; uacnikola _ wminda nikolozi; uactotur _
wminda Tevdore da sxv. oseTSi iyo saerToosuri salocavebic
(`Zuarebi”), saxeobo, sasoflo da sagvaro kultebi. magaliTad,
alagirelTa salocavi iyo `rekomi”. am salocavSi arsebul zarze
qarTuli nusxaxucuriT Sesrulebuli warweraa. locvebSi xSirad
axseneben `miqalgabritas” da `Taranje-lozs”, rac sxva araferia,
Tu ara miqel-gabrieli da mTavarangelozi. rac Seexeba qurTaTi-
sa da Tagauris xeobebs, aq saerTo saxevo kultebi ar yofila,
mxolod sasoflo salocavebi iyo. magaliTad, aseTi iyo `Zigvisi
Zuar” wm. giorgis saxelze. osebma, iseve rogorc qarTvelma mTie-
lebma, icodnen salocavisadmi miwis Sewirva (uSvilo mSoblebs
Svili Tu SeeZinebodaT, memkvidris aryolis SemTxvevaSi, sofli-
dan gadasaxlebisas).

mdidaria osuri folklori. narTul eposze mxolod imas aRv-

niSnavT, rom v. mileri mas CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi warmoqm-
nilad miiCnevda, rac, misi azriT, imiT mtkicdeboda, rom eposSi
mravaljer moixsenieba didi mdinareebi, zRvebi, stepebi da a.S.
narTebi Tevzs did mdinareebsa da zRvaSi iWerdnen. es masala
pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom Tavdapirvelad osebi mTielebi ki
ara, stepebis mkvidrebi iyvnen. narTul eposSi alanebis mTebSi
mosaxleobis Sesaxeb araviTari monacemi araa. narTebi ZiriTadad
iremze nadirobdnen. oseTSi gavrcelebuli gareuli cxovelebi
ki eposSi saerTod ar arian naxsenebi. Sinauri cxovelidan ki
narTebs Zalian uyvardaT da afasebdnen yvela momTabarisaTvis
ganuyofel cxens. osTa winaprebi rom stepebis mkvidrni iyvnen,
amas maTi samiwaTmoqmedo kalendaric mowmobs, radgan, mecnierTa
daskvniT, is barSia formirebuli da ara mTaSi. sakmarisia agreTve
istoriuli simRerebis dasaxelebac. erT-erTi aseTi simRera Te-
mur-lengis digoris xeobaSi laSqrobas asaxavs. osTa kulturul
cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
nacionaluri literaturis Casaxvas, romlis fuZemdebelia kosta
xeTagurovi (1859-1906).
dasasruls unda aRvniSnoT, rom oseTis istoriisa da mTeli
rigi sxva sakiTxebis Seswavla ZiriTadad qarTuli wyaroebiT xde-
ba. osebs araerTi striqoni aqvs daTmobili vaxuSti bagrationis
naSromSic. is maT Sesaxeb wers: `xolo kacni da qalni arian Sue-
nierni, haerovanni, Sav-Tualwarbani, Sav-Tmosani, TeTr-yirmizni,
tanovanni, werwetni, garna umetes qalni werwetni, mkvrcxlad
ficxelni, TvisTa queyanaTa Sina mcired mWamelni, rameTu kma
iyofen Tvinier wyalsa da pursa da Sratsa, sxuaTa adgilTa da
stumrobaTa Sina gauZRomelni, ver SemmarTebelni brZolasa Sina,
rameTu eSinisT laSkarTagan friad. aramed RamiT SemmarTebelni
da Semparavni laSkarTa Sina da gamomsvlelni... queyanaTa TvisTa

168
laRni da amayni, sxuaTa queyanaTa Sina mdabalni, gonierad mou-
barni... mesisxleni... tyvis myidvelni, garna ara TvisTa hyidian”.
rogorc irkveva, osebis saukunovani ocneba yofila ori oseTis
gaerTianeba.
naSromi cnobili osi mecnieris _ vasil abaevis sityvebiT
unda davamTavroT, romelic 1992 wels `nezavisimaia gazeta”-Si
daibeWda (22 ianvari): `kavkasionis mTavari qedi _ bunebrivi sazR-
varia saqarTvelosa da oseTs Soris da yoveli cda am sazRvre-
bis moSlisa gamoiwvevs Tavis mxriv qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris
permanentuli konfliqtis mdgomareobas... pirvel yovlisa saWiroa,
damTavrdes saubrebi saqarTvelosagan samxreT oseTis Camoglejaze.
saqarTvelos arc erTi mTavroba amaze arasdros ar daTanxmdeba
da iqneba marTali, radgan es aRniSnavs saqarTvelos teritoriu-
li mTlianobis darRvevas. visac surs mSvidoba samxreTel osebsa
da qarTvelebs Soris, samudamod unda ukuagdos samxreT oseTis
CrdiloeT oseTTan SeerTebis idea. visac surs mSvidoba saqarT-
velosa da ruseTs Soris, agreTve unda dasTmos es idea. aseTia
realoba”. samwuxarod, os mecniers aravin ar mousmina. osi xalxi
SecdomaSi gayalbebulma istoriam da ruseTis umaRlesi xelisu-
flebis veragulma gegmebma Seiyvana. rogori iqneba momavali, amas
istorikosi ukve veRar iwinaswarmetyvelebs. erTi kia, prognozi
aseT pirobebSi arc Tu saimedoa.

damowmebuli literatura

abaevi, 1949 _ В. Абаев. Осетинский язык и фольклор. М. 1949.

alemani, 2003 _ А. Алемань. Аланы в древних и средневековых источниках.
М. 2003.
bagrationi, 1986 _ i. bagrationi. qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera, T.
enuqiZisa da g. bedoSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1986.
berozovi 1980 _ Б. Берозов. Переселение осетин с гор на плоскость 18-
20 вв. Орджоникидзе. 1980.
blievi, turgievi 1990 _ М. Блиев, Т. Тургиев. История Северной
Осетии, часть 1. Орджоникидзе. 1990.
boWoriZe, 1996 _ samxreT oseTi giorgi boWoriZis TvaliT. _
`osTa sakiTxi”, gori-Tbilisi, 1996.
gamyreliZe, 1996 _ b. gamyreliZe. osTa gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis

169
 saqarTveloSi. _ `osTa sakiTxi”, gori_Tbilisi, 1996.
gamrekeli, 1961 _ В. Гамрекели. Двалы и Двалетия в 1-15 вв. н. э. Тб.
1961.
gaCeCilaZe, 1986 _ m. gaCeCilaZe. samaCablos osTa yofa-cxovreba,
zne-Cveuleba, kultura (1857_1905 ww. qarTuli presis masa-
lebis mixedviT), Tb. 1986.
gvasalia, 1991 _ Дж. Гвасалиа. Историческая география Восточной Грузии
– Шида Картли, Тб., 1991.
gvasalia, 1997 _ j. gvasalia. Sida qarTli da osuri sakiTxi,
Tb., 1997
giuldenStedti, 1961 _ giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTvelo-
Si, t. 1, g. gelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1961.
dokumentebi, 1940 _ dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri is-
toriidan, wigni I, n. berZeniSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1940.
vaneevi, 1936 _ З. Ванеев. К вопросу о времени заселения Юго-Осетии.
– Известия Юго-Осетинского научно-исследовательского ин-та, вып. 3.
Сталинири, 1936.
vaxuSti, 1973 _ vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa, qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. 1973.
volkova, 1974 _ Н. Волкова. Этнический состав населения Северного
Кавказа в 18 – начале 20 века, М. 1974.
TofCiSvili, 1989 _ Р. Топчишвили. Посемейные списки Тифлисской
губернии 1886 г. как этнографический источник. – СЭ. №6. 1989.
TofCiSvili, 1997 _ r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi osTa Camosax-
lebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1997.
TofCiSvili, 2006 _ Р. Топчишвили. Грузино-осетинские этноисторческие
очерки. Кутаиси, 2006.
ivanenko, 1873 _ З. Иваненко. Гражданское управление Закавказьем.
Тифлис. 1873.
kaloevi, 1999 _ Б. Калоев. Осетинские историко-этнографические этюды.
М. 1999.
krebuli, 1893 -- Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского
края… Тифлис. 1893.
lazaraSvili, 1966 – Г. Лазарашвили. О времени переселения осетин в
Грузию. – СЭ. №2. 1966.
lorTqifaniZe, oTxmezuri 2007 _ М. Лордкипанидзе, Г. Отхмезури.
Осетины в Грузии. – Кавказ и Глобализация. Том 1 (4), 2007.

170
lorTqifaniZe, musxeliSvili 2008 _ М. Лордкипанидзе, Д.
Мусхелишвили. Открытое письмо премьер-министру РФ В. Путину. –
Аналеби, №3, 2008.
mefisaSvili, cincaZe 1975 _ Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе. Архитектура
нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида Картли, Тб.,
1975.
oTxmezuri, 1994 _ Г. Отхмезури. Эпиграфика северной части Шида
Картли. – Осетинский вопрос, Тб., 1994.
qurdiani, 1997 _ m. qurdiani. saerTo-qarTveluri epikuri (nara-
tiuli) leqsis erTi metruli sqemis Sesaxeb. _ kr. `giorgi
rogavas”, Tb., 1997.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis 1988 _ История народов Северного Кавказа с
древнейших времен до конца 18 века. М., 1988.
Zveli... 1911 _ `Zveli saqarTvelo”, II, tf., 1911_1913.
javaxiSvili 1919 _ iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi is-
toriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli, tf.,
1919

171
 bimurza dadeSqeliani-afrasiZe

Sida qarTlis erTi nawilis (cxinvalis mxaris)

politikur-samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb
XIX saukunidan ruseTis xelisufleba kavkasieli xalxebis geno-
cidiT, eTnowmendiT, deportaciiT, demografiuli eqspansiiT axor-
cielebda mTeli kavkasiis da, pirvel rigSi, Savi zRvis sanapiros
`aTvisebas”. mefis ruseTis xelisuflebis da aseve dekabristebis
`proeqtiT” (pesteli, 1991) principulad iyo dasmuli sakiTxi
kavkasieli“`SfoTiani” xalxebis (qarTvelebi, CeCnebi, daRestnele-
bi, adiReebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, afsuebi/afxazebi...) Sua
ruseTSi gadasaxlebisa. kavkasiaSi unda daetovebinaT ruseTis
morCili, `uSfoTveli” erebi Camosaxlebul rusebTan erTad. es
procesi grZeldeboda mTeli sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis manZilze
da grZeldeba dResac qarTvelTa, CeCenTa, inguSTa da a. S. geno-
cidiTa da eTnikuri wmendiT.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mis
legitimur xelisuflebas (farnavazianTa dinastias, bagrationTa
dinastias, saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas da saqarTvelos
respublikis xelisuflebas) qveynis SuagulSi _ Sida qarTlSi
(cxinvalis mxareSi) arasodes uRiarebia raime saxis avtonomiuri
erTeulis arseboba.
1921 wlis Teberval-martsa da 1991-1993 wlebSi ruseTis
imperiis samxedro Zalebis (VIII, IX, XI armiebi, amierkavkasiis
samxedro olqis jarebi da specsamsaxurebi, Savi zRvis samxedro-
sazRvao floti, rostovis specdaniSnulebis razmi, ZerJinskis
saxelobis divizia, 345-e sahaero-sadesanto polki) da adgilo-
brivi renegatebis mier damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis
Sedegad Seiqmna antikonstituciuri e. w. samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqi da Semdgom e. w. samxreT oseTis respublika.
1918-1921 wlebsa da 1990-1991 wlebSi saqarTvelos legit-
imurma xelisuflebam saqarTvelos konstituciebsa da saerTaSor-
iso samarTalze dayrdnobiT aRkveTa Sida qarTlis teritoriis
saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebis mcdelobebi.
1989-1991 wlebSi ruseTis (kremlis) propagandis Sedegad ucx-
oeTSi vrceldeboda cru, yalbi informaciebi qarTvelTagan eT-
nikur umciresobaTa TiTqosda Cagvrisa da Seviwroebis Sesaxeb.
ase, magaliTad, qarTveli patriotis mindiaSvilis jgufis wevrebis
osebis mier cocxlad dawvis foto-video masala erTma qarTvelma
opozicionerma osebis cocxlad dawvis faqtad gaasaRa sazRvarga-
reT. amasTanave, praRaSi disidentTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
saqarTvelos e. w. erovnuli kongresis wevrebma qarTveli eri os-
ebis genocidis mcdelobasa da eTnikuri umciresobebis diskrimi-
naciaSi daadanaSaules.

172
 garda amisa, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa
dacvis sababiT ruseTis xelisuflebam 1989-1991 wlebSi Seqmna
samxedro-politikuri organizaciebi: `aidgilara”, `adamon-nixasi”,
`krunqi”, `soiuzi”, `kazakTa kavSiri”, `slavuri saxli”, `mTiel
xalxTa kavSiri”, `maStoci” da sxva.
1921-1922 wlebsa da 1991-1993 wlebSi suverenuli saqarT-
velos respublikis mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresiis Sedegad
dairRva ra gaeros wesdeba, gaeros 1965 wlisa da 1974 wlis
deklaraciebi, euTos konferenciebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis el-
ementaruli normebi, ganxorcielda afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis
okupacia.
1922 wlis 20 aprils ruseTis saokupacio reJimis mier Seiqmna
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. mis Seqmnas mkveTrad ewinaaRm-
degeboda am teritoriaze mcxovrebi 20000 qarTveli da 1100
eTnikuri osi (am mxareSi mcxovreb osTa umravlesoba).
1988-1990 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT
moqceulma saqarTvelos komunisturma reJimma faqtobrivad da-
karga kontroli e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqze da masze
sabWoTa saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda.
1990 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam
(ruseTis saokupacio administraciam), sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1921
wels saqarTvelos okupaciis aRiarebiT, TviTlikvidacia gamo-
acxada. Sedegad, 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli yvela samarT-
lebrivi aqti, maT Soris, avtonomiebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb arsebuli
dadgenilebebic, iuridiuli Zalis armqoned iqca (dadgenileba,
20. 08. 1990).
1990 wlis 28 oqtombridan, saqarTveloSi demokratiulad ar-
Ceuli legitimuri erovnuli xelisuflebis mosvlis pirvelive
dReebidan, ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba osi separatistebisa da
Tavisi samxedro-saokupacio Zalebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs, qarTu-
li saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis SeCerebas. 1990 wlis 9
dekembers ruseTis xelisuflebis miTiTebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT
osma separatistebma Caatares e. w. samxreT oseTis sabWoTa res-
publikis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi, riTac saqarTvelos respub-
likis teritoriul mTlianobas didi safrTxe Seeqmna.
1990 wlis 11 dekembers saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos mier miRebul 363-e kanonSi `samxreT oseTis avtonomi-
uri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb” (kanoni, 12. 12. 1990) aRniSnulia,
rom “samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi separatistuli Zalebi
cdiloben, e. w. ”samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis” SeqmniT
moaxdinon saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uzurpacia, xelyon saqarT-
velos istoriuli, ganuyofeli nawili, rac aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba
ara marto saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucias, aramed TviT
ssrk-s konstituciasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis elementarul
normebs...”. saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis 104-e muxlis

173
me-3 da me-11 punqtebis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos respublikis uze-
naesi sabWo adgens:
1. gauqmdes samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi.
2. ...
3. Zaladakargulad CaiTvalos sruliad saqarTvelos cen-
traluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saqarTvelos saxalxo
komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilis 2 dekreti `samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb” da saqarTvelos
ssr 1980 wlis 12 noembris kanoni `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis Sesaxeb”;
4. `...cnobil iqnas baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned e.w.
samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis “umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis
9 dekembris arCevnebi da misi Sedegebi...”.
1991 wlis 23 marts daba yazbegSi saqarTvelos respublikisa
da rsfsr-s saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs _ zviad gamsaxurdiasa da
boris elcins Soris xelmoweril dokumentSi dafiqsirda termini:
`yofili samxreT oseTis avtomomiuri olqi”. amave dros, yo-
fili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis, rogorc saqarTvelos
ganuyofeli nawilis, sakiTxis gadawyveta ruseTma saqarTvelos
saSinao saqmed cno da daTanxmda am zonidan ssrk-s samxedro Se-
naerTebis gayvanas (`saqarTvelos respublika”, 24. 03. 1991).
1991 wlis maisSi ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos, ruseTis federaci-
uli respublikis umaRlesi sabWosa da saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos warmomadgenlebis mier, osuri mxaris rogorc
meTvalyuris TandaswrebiT, parafirebul iqna xelSekruleba, rom-
lis safuZvelze cxinvalis regionis problemis gadawyveta saqarT-
velos respublikis prerogativad gamocxadda. aRniSnulis safuZ-
velze ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma analogiuri Sinaarsis
dadgenileba miiRo.
1991 wlis 31 martis sayovelTao saxalxo referendumSi saqarT-
velos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas cxinvalis
raionSi xma misca 99,68%-ma amomrCevelma, axalgoris raionSi ki _
99,44%-ma. saqarTvelos respublikis mTel teritoriaze mcxovrebi
eTnikuri osebis didma umravlesobam 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers,
1991 wlis 31 marts, 1991 wlis 26 maiss (samivejer) xma misca
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, teritoriul mTlianobas, mrgvali
magida _ Tavisufali saqarTvelos” programas, zviad gamsaxurdias
saxelmwifoebriv politikas (`xma erisa”, 1995: 94-98, 470-475).
1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebidan gamomdinare,
1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
blobis aRdgenis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos respublikis konsti-
tuciidan da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebidan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom 1991 wlis 15 se-
qtembers miiRo 657-e dadgenileba _ saqarTvelos respublikaSi
sabWoTa kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, _ romelSic

174
naTqvamia:`1. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganlagebuli ssrk-s Sei-
araRebuli Zalebi gamocxaddes saokupacio samxedro Zalad; 2.
saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam daiwyos molaparakeba ssrk-s
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gayvanis Taobaze; 3. saqarTvelos respub-
likis teritoriidan ssrk-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis srul gayvana-
mde ssrk-s winaSe daisvas sakiTxi afxazeTis assr da yofili
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriebidan sabWoTa armi-
is nawilebis dauyovnebliv gayvanis Sesaxeb, radgan maTi yofna da
moqmedeba xels uSlis mdgomareobis stabilizacias am regionSi”
(dadgenileba, 16. 09. 1991).
saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis, 1991 wlis 31 martis
referendumis Sedegebis, 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis, gaeros wesdebis, euTos 1986
wlis venis Semajamebeli dokumentis, saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos 15 seqtembrisa da 1992 wlis 13 martis dadge-
nilebis ignorirebiT, 1992 wlis 24 ivniss dagomisSi SevardnaZis
saokupacio reJimma xeli moawera xelSekrulebas ruseTTan, rom-
lis ZaliTac ruseTis samxedro Zalebs ufleba miecaT, `mSvido-
bismyofelTa” statusiT ganTavsebuliyvnen cxinvalis regionSi.
ramdenadac, saqarTvelos teritoriaze myof ruseTis imperiis
samxedro SenaerTebs jer kidev 1991 wels saqarTvelos kanonieri
xelisuflebis mier miniWebuli hqonda saokupacio jaris statu-
si, dagomisis xelSekrulebiT aRebuli “valdebuleba warmoadgens
saxelmwifo danaSauls saqarTvelos winaSe; garda amisa, is iu-
ridiuli Zalis armqonea, ramdenadac mas xeli moawera ukanono
reJimma. Sdr.: am dros arsebobs da devnilobaSi funqcionirebs
ruseTis mier saqarTvelodan devnili kanonieri xelisufleba
(saqarTvelos prezidenti, sakanonmdeblo organo saqarTvelos re-
spublikis uzenaesi sabWo, saqarTvelos mTavroba da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi)1.
paralelurad, SevardnaZis saokupacio reJimi xels uwyobs e.
w. samxreT oseTis saparlamento arCevnebs da borjomis, cxinvalis,
moskovis, vladikavkazis Sexvedrebze afiqsirebs samxreT oseTis
saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmns Sida qarTlSi. amave dros, ruseTis
xelisuflebasa da os separatistebTan erTad cdilobs, saqarT-
velos kanonier xelisuflebas daabralos ruseTis mier cxinvalis
mxareSi provocirebuli konfliqti.
SevardnaZis reJimma aseve ukanonod mianiWa saokupacio jars
`mSvidobismyoflis” roli afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi2.

1 paradoqsia, magram faqtia: ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris dagomisis “xelSekrule-

bas saqarTvelos mxridan xeli moawera ruseTis moqalaqe eduard SevardnaZem.

2 Sdr.: ufro adre, saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, ruseTis bolSevikurma

imperiam sergo orjonikiZis saokupacio administraciis xelSewyobiT, saqarT-
velos kanonieri xelisuflebis gverdis avliT Seqmna e. w. samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqi.

175
 dRes putin-medvedevis reJimi cxinvalis mxareSi qarTvelTa
genocidis Semdeg cdilobs, es faqtobrivi mdgomareoba iuridi-
ulad gaaformos da `ori oseTis” respublikis dafiqsirebiT
Seqmnas samarTlebriv-politikuri safuZvlebi ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi erTi oseTis CamoyalibebisTvis.
2008 wlis 7 agvistodan ruseTma sakuTari da saqarTvelos
konstituciebis (saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995) garda daarRvia
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi3, kerZod:

1. saxelmwifo-teritoriuli mTlianobisa;
2. saxelmwifoTa suverenobisa da Tanasworobis;
3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamouyeneblobisa;
4. sazRvris urRvevobisa;
5. sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobisa;
6. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativisce-
misa;
7. xalxTa Tanasworoba da TviTgamorkvevisa;
8. davebis mSvidobiani mowesrigebisa;
9. saerTaSoriso samarTliT gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa da
xelSekrulebaTa Sesrulebisa da a.S.
ruseTma amJamad qsnis xeoba _ axalgoris raionic miitaca, rac
Zaladobis da cinizmis gamovlinebaa.
Sida qarTlis ruseTTan mierTebas arc samarTlebrivi da arc
politikuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia.

damowmebuli literatura:

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti,Tb.,

1991.
xelSekruleba qarTul-osuri konfliqtis daregulirebis Sesaxeb,
Tb., 1992.
saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba, gazeTi `komu-
nisti”, 1990 w. 20 agvisto.
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika” 1990
w. 12 dekemberi.
gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika”, 1991 w. 24 marti.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos 657-e dadgenileba,
gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika”, 1991 w. 16 seqtemberi.
saqarTvelos respublikis referendumis Sedegebi; gazeTi `saqarT-
3 gaeros wesdeba; adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 1990;

176
 velos respublika”, 1991 w. 8 aprili.
saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia, Tb., 1991.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tb., 1995.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, Tb., 1990 w.
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad, Tb., 1991 w.
pesteli p.i. russkaia pravda, sankt-peterburgi, 1906 w.
xma erisa; red. g. saluaSvili, Tb., 1995.

177
 mitropoliti anania jafariZe

eklesia - saqarTvelos
kuTxeTa makavSirebeli duRabi
wmida ilia marTlis TqmiT - CamoyalibebisTanave saqarTvelos
wmida eklesia warmoadgenda mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis makonsoli-
direbel Zlier Zalas. is ar iyo Caketili viwro eTnikur CarCoe-
bSi, aramed warmoadgenda qveynis sxvadasxva warmoSobis moqalaqeTa
eklesias. misTvis, rogorc wmida werili moiTxovda, ar iyo elini
Tu iudeveli, qarTveli da araqarTveli; misi mrevli saqarTvelos
Svilebi iyvnen - erTi qveynisa da erTi moqalaqeobrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobis mqoneni. TviT wmida nino, damfuZnebeli saqarTvelos
eklesiisa, kapadokiidan iyo Camosuli, saqarTvelos eklesiis wmind-
ani - pirvelmowame raJdeni da evstaTi mcxeTeli iyvnen sparselni;
monofizitobasTan da cecxlTayvanismcelobasTan mebrZoli saxe-
lovani wmida 12 mama - asurelebi (sirielebi) iyvnen, neofite urb-
neli episkoposi - arabi, aseve arabi iyo saxelovani wmindani abo
Tbileli, somexi iyo wmida SuSanik dedofali da sxva mravalni.
aRniSnuli siidan kargad Cans, rom saqarTvelos eklesia aerTia-
nebda qveynis yvela moqalaqes eTnikuri warmoSobis miuxedavad. ama-
ve dros, saqarTvelos eklesia qmnida erTian kulturul sivrces;
saqarTvelos eklesia aduRabebda qveynis kuTxeebsa da sxvadasxva
eTnografiul jgufebs.
saqarTvelos qristianuli kultura da qarTuli samwignobro
ena urTierTganmsazRvreli movlenebia. imTaviTve qarTuli ena da
masze dafuZnebuli qarTuli qristianuli kultura moicavda
sruliad saqarTvelos, mis yvela kuTxes. RvTismsaxureba, yoveli
saeklesio wesi mTasa Tu barSi Savi zRvidan somxeTamde da alba-
neTamde mxolod qarTulenovani iyo. yovel kuTxeSi qarTuli ena
da qarTuli kultura dominirebda. Zveli saqarTvelo amiT gansx-
vavdeboda XX saukunis saqarTvelosagan.
cxadia, saqarTvelos eklesiis ZiriTadi mreveli dasavleT, samx-
reT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebi iyvnen. amasTan, ro-
gorc aRniSnuli siidan Cans, qarTuli eklesiis mrevli iyo sa-
qarTveloSi mcxovrebi sparselebi, arabebi, asirielebi, somxebi da
sxv. saqarTvelos eklesia qarTuli eniTa da kulturiT aerTianebda
aseT mravalferovan mrevls.
qarTuli samwignobro ena - saqarTvelos mosaxleobis integra-
ciis safuZveli - Zveli mamebis cnobiT, TviT uflis mier iyo da-
culi. magaliTad, asurel mamaTa cxovrebaSi aRwerilia aseTi amba-
vi: euwyaT, rom saqarTveloSi unda eqadagaT, maT maSinve ganacxades
rom ar icodnen qarTuli ena. saqarTvelos saxeli zogierTs arc
ki gaegona, magram wamosvlis win suliwmindis mier ,,wamisyofiT”
mieniWaT qarTuli enis codna, msgavsad imisa, rogorc wmida moci-
qulebs sulTmofenobisas eboZaT sxvadasxva enebis flobis unari.

178
marTlac, CamosvlisTanave asureli mamebi qarTuli eniT qadagebd-
nen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da moaqcies mravali adamiani.
qarTul enasa da kulturas gansakuTrebuli rudunebiT uvlidnen
sxvadasxva kuTxidan gamosuli wmida mamebi. magaliTad, warmoSobiT
kaxeTidan iyo wmida ilarion qarTveli, romelic saberZneTSi qar-
Tuli eniT adidebda ufals, amis gamo mas erTi monastris winamZ-
Rvarma aukrZala RvTismsaxureba, magram yovladwmida RvTismSobeli
gamoecxada am berZen mamas da qarTul enas ,,cxonebis ena” uwoda.
aseve yovladwmida RvTismSobeli gamoecxada saberZneTis erT-erT
monasterSi momakvdav, warmoSobiT taoel - eqvTime mTawmindels
da Seaswavla qarTuli ena, is iqamde mxolod berZnulad lapara-
kobda.
afxazeTSi, samegreloSi, svaneTSi, kaxeTSi, mesxeTSi, argveTSi,
TakverSi, guriaSi, aWaraSi, TianeTSi da sxva kuTxeebSi mudam mxo-
lod da mxolod dedaeniT - qarTuliT - adidebdnen ufals. arc
erT kuTxeSi ar arsebobda regionaluri kuTxuri kulturebi -
sruliad saqarTveloSi iyo mxolod erTi dedaenobrivi qarTuli
kultura, erTi saeklesio ena, romelic yvela kuTxis qarTvelis
saerTo ena iyo.
qarTuli samwignobro ena qristianobis produqti ar aris, iva-
ne javaxiSvils garkveuli aqvs, rom jer kidev warmarTobis dros
yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris samegrelosa da svaneTSi qarTuli ena
iyo warmarTuli RvTismsaxurebis ena. maSasadame, e.w. qarTizaciis
Sedegad qarTlis erTi provinciidan ar gavrcelebula qarTuli
ena saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi; gaqristianebamde didi xniT adre
- warmarTobis drosac `yovelTa qarTvelTa” RvTismsaxurebis ena
qarTuli iyo. arsebobda saerTo qarTuli warmarTuli religia
gaqristianebamdec qarTul sazogadoebebs erTiani kultura da ena
aerTianebda.
wmida ninos epoqidan vidre kavkasiaSi rusebis gamoCenamde, e.i.
uZvelesi xanidan XIX saukunemde, rogorc iTqva qarTuli ena da
kultura aerTianebda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikuri
warmoSobis xalxebs. qarTuli ena, rogorc wesi, icoda saqarTve-
los yvela mcxovrebma, qarTuli enis saukeTeso mcodneni iyvnen
Tbiliseli da araTbiliseli somxebi, mTieli tomebi, musulmanebic
ki. ufro metic, qarTuli ena erTaSorisi urTierTobisaTvis gamoi-
yeneboda kavkasieli tomebis mier. araa SemTxveviTi, rom qarTuli
lapidaruli (qvaze Sesrulebuli) Tu sxva saxis warwerebi bune-
brivia Crdilo kavkasiaSic; kerZod, daRestanSi, CeCneT-inguSeTsa da
Crdilo oseTSi bevri qarTuli warweraa aRmoCenili. aras vityviT
saqarTvelos iseT regionebze, rogoricaa afxazeTi Tu Sida qarT-
li, romelnic TviTon warmoadgendnen kerebs qarTuli kulturisa
ara mxolod saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebisas, aramed
misi daSla-danawevrebis drosac ki. magaliTad, TbilisSi arabTa
oTxaswlovani batonobisas, VIII-XI saukuneebSi, afxazeTi da tao-
klarjeTi warmoadgenda qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciis ke-
rebs, savanes qarTuli kulturisa da saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebisa.
aseve SemdgomSic, magaliTad, XVII saukuneSi, roca aRmosavleT

179
saqarTvelo sparseTma daipyro, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da
kulturis keris funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRo samegrelom, levan
II dadianis dros. aseve iyo saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebi. arasdros
arc erT kuTxeSi ar warmoqmnila adgilobrivi, lokaluri xasiaTis
kultura, yoveli regionis kultura iyo saerTo qarTuli kul-
turis nawili.
amgvarad, mociqulebis epoqaSi, aseve wmida mefis mirianisa da
wmida ninos xanaSi, saqarTvelos anu qarTlis saxelmwifo moicavda
mTel Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritorias, romelzec warmarTul
epoqaSive, ganvrcobili iyo erTiani qarTuli kultura. leontis
(mroveli episkoposis) cnobiT, saqarTveloSi qristeSobamde 300
wliT adre `ara izraxeboda sxva ena Tvinier qarTulisa”. mefe mi-
riani, `qarTlis cxovrebisa” da `moqcevai qarTlisais” cnobiT, er-
Tiani saqarTvelos mefe iyo (egriswylidan albaneTamde), wmida nino
ki ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis cnobiT `yovelTa qarTvelTa” gan-
manaTlebeli, anu daarsebisTanave wmida ninos xanidanve saqarTvelos
eklesia moicavda rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vTqvaT:’
qarTuli ena da kultura moicavda sruliad saqarTvelos
uZvelesi xanidanve. uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde qarTveli
eris Sida konsolidaciis wyaro iyo qarTuli ena da kultura; igi
aseve warmoadgenda im civilizebul safuZvels, romelic saqarTve-
loSi sxva da sxva dros mosul eTnikur jgufebs saSualebas aZlev-
da, integrirebuliyvnen erTian qarTul saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi.
istoriulad dadasturebul am faqtSi eWvi aravis Seutania
XX saukunemde.
saqarTvelos istoriis araadekvaturi xedva Camoyalibda rusebis
batonobis dros; kerZod, e.w. `qarTizaciis” Teoriis Tanaxmad, TiT-
qosda, dasavleT saqarTvelo 600 wlis manZilze konstantinepolis
iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, Semdeg IX-X saukuneebSi qarTuli ekle-
sia SeiWra ucxo iurisdiqciaSi da gaauqma dasavleT saqarTveloSi
berZnuli saepiskoposoebi da mis nacvlad daaarsa qarTuli, rasac
Semdeg mohyva qarTuli enisa da kulturis ganvrcoba dasavleT
saqarTveloSi - anu moxda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
`qarTizacia”. aseve, Turme, `qarTizebuli” tomebi arian mesxebi,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi da her-albanelebic ki. XIX sau-
kunis rusuli imperiuli politikis am ideologias (`qarTizaciis
Teorias”) zogi dResac aqtiurad icavs, ramdenadac dResac surT,
saqarTvelos CamoaSoron Tavisi istoriuli mxareebi.
aqve aRvniSnav, rom ruseTis imperiis mier sabWoTa istorio-
grafia gamoiyeneboda viTarca ideologiuri iaraRi. kerZod,
Tuki Zveli qarTuli istoriografia amtkicebda, rom erTiani sa-
qarTvelos saxelmwifo Camoyalibda qristesSobamde aswleulebiT
adre mefe farnavazis dros, sabWoTa istoriografia amtkicebda,
rom es ase ar iyo da erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mxolod
XI saukuneSi Camoyalibda bagrat III-is dros. Tuki Zveli isto-
riografia amtkicebda, rom wmida nino da andria pirvelwodebuli
iyvnen sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamaqristianeblebi, axali

180
qarTuli istoriografia amtkicebda, rom wmida nino mxolod aRmo-
savleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli iyo, andria pirvelwodebuli
ki - dasavleT saqarTvelosi.
Zveli qarTuli istoriografia amtkicebda, rom qarTuli ena
da qarTuli kultura sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda. mefe far-
navazis droidanve ,,ara izraxeboda sxva ena Tvinier qarTulisa”,
sabWoTa istoriografia ki amtkicebda, rom qarTuli ena dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gavrcelda mxolod IX-X saukuneebSi. Tuki qarTuli
istoriografia amtkicebda, rom vaxtang gorgasali da misi yvela
winamorbedi mefeebi dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeebic iyvnen, sab-
Wouri istoriografia amtkicebda, rom isini mxolod aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mefeebi iyvnen. TviT bagrat III-is dros sruliad
saqarTvelos pirvel mefed miiCneoda farnavazi. sabWoTa qarTvelo-
logiam Ziri gamouTxara qarTvelTa erTianobis Tvalsazriss - far-
navazi amJamadac ki mxolod ,,qarTlis” e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mefed miiCneva.
Tuki Zveli qarTuli istoriografia amtkicebda rom dasavleT
saqarTvelo wmida ninos droidanve qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqcia-
Si iyo, sabWoTa istoriografia amtkicebda, rom dasavleT saqarT-
velo konstantinepolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo.
sabWoTa wlebSi yvelaferi keTdeboda imisTvis, raTa afxazeTi,
samegrelo, svaneTi rogorme CamoeSorebinaT saqarTvelos istori-
isagan. amisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna mZlavri istoriografiuli baza
samtkiceblad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda kol-
xuri da Semdeg lazuri saxelmwifoebi Tavisi sakuTari eniTa da
kulturiT, maSin roca wyaroebi miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom kol-
xuri ena iyo ara viwro kuTxuri movlena - aramed zogadqarTuli
movlena; Zveli kolxeTis ena zogadqarTuli enaa, kolxeTi ki
qarTvelTa uZvelesi saxelmwifo - Zveli qarTlia. kerZod, g. me-
liqiSvilisa da sxva gamoCenili istorikosebisa Tu enaTmecnierebis
mtkicebiT, kolxuri ena aris jer kidev dauyofeli erTiani e.w.
zanur-qarTuli (sxva TvalsazrisiT - saerToqarTveluri) ena; xolo
kolxuri kultura moicavda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosTan erT-
ad mTel Tanamedrove saqarTvelos. saerToqarTveluri kolxuri
saxelmwifoebriobis wiaRSi Camoyalibda istoriuli qarTli - far-
navazis saxelmwifo (msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix., statiis bolos
miTiTebuli naSromebi).
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove viTareba savsebiT gansxvavdeba Zvel-
qarTulisagan. amJamad, rusebis oraswlovani batonobis Sedegad,
saqarTveloSive erTaSorisi urTierTobis ena aris ara qarTuli,
aramed rusuli. igive iTqmis kulturis mimarTac; Tu Zvel saqarT-
veloSi qarTuli kultura aerTianebda sxvadasxva kuTxeebs, amJamad
rusuli kultura aerTianebs saqarTveloSi arsebul sxvadasxva
eTnosebis kulturebs (igulisxmeba, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovre-
bi azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, TviT qarTvelebi, osebi Tu afxazebi
erTmaneTTan ZiriTadad urTierToben rusuli eniT, aseve rusuli
kulturuli sivrce maTTvis nacnobi, saerTo da gasagebia). maSasa-
dame, rusulma enam da kulturam ara mxolod SezRuda saqarTve-

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loSi qarTuli ena da kultura, aramed Caanacvla mas - daiWira
misi adgili.
grZeldeba istoriis gayalbebac:
mag., axlaxan, 2007 wels, gamocemuli `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia”-s
me-13 tomSi erTaderT eWvmiutanel WeSmaritebadaa gamocxadebuli
meore Tvalsazrisi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IX-X ss-Si berZnu-
li eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, Sesabamisad, uaryofilia
Zveli qarTuli saeklesio Tvalsazrisi. aRniSnuli enciklopediis
me-13 tomSi wmida nino mxolod qarTlis, am avtoris sityviT,
mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebladaa warmodgenili
da miwodebulia mkiTxvelisadmi, TiTqosda is erTaderTi Tval-
sazrisi iyos, maSin roca ivane javaxiSvilis sityviT: `wmida nino
qarTvelebs imTaviTve erTiani qveynis, erTiani saqarTvelos gan-
manaTleblad miuCneviaT da ara misi erTi romelime nawilisa”.
marTalia, `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia”-s me-13 tomis avtorebi
miuTiTeben dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciis wyaroTa
simwiris Sesaxeb, magram Zalze samwuxaroa, rom duman da odnav
miniSnebasac ki ar akeTeben imis Sesaxeb, rom am sakiTxs Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia ruis-urbnisis krebam da miiRo
Sesabamisi gansazRvreba. rogorc Cans ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglis-
wera `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia”-s avtorebs ar miaCniaT wyarod
dasavleT saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis kvlevis saqmeSi.
globalizaciis Tanamedrove epoqaSi qarTvelma erma unda
ganamtkicos Tavisi saxelmwifo, unda SeZlos saqarTveloSi mc-
xovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobisa da konfesiis mosaxleobis
Camoyalibeba saxelmwifos erTgul moqalaqeebad; am mimarTulebiT,
upirvelesi mniSvneloba isev unda mieniWos qarTul kulturas;
kerZod, saqarTveloSi yvelasTvis misawvdomi da saWiro unda
gaxdes qarTuli ena, kultura, musika. amave dros daculi unda
iyos umciresobaTa uflebebi. saxelmwifom qveyanaSi unda gaataros
Sesabamisi enobriv-kulturuli politika.
aRniSnulis gansaxorcieleblad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces sainformacio saSualebebis (telexedvis, radiomauwyeblobi-
sa da internetis) qarTulenovnebas. qarTulma telearxebma yvela
gadacema unda ganaxorcielon saxelmwifo eniT, iseve rogorc es
sxva qveynebSia. qarTuli kulturisaTvis damamcirebelia, rom sa-
qarTvelos mxareebis udidesi nawili qvemo qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi,
CrdiloeTis mTianeTi, qveynis sxva olqebi warmoadgens azerbaija-
nul, rusul, somxur da ucxoenovan tele da radio sivrces (da
ara qarTuls). TviT Tbilisis radio da telearxebis 30-40% ru-
sulenovania.
saqarTvelo - mcirericxovani qveyana, rogorc aRiniSna, ufro
metad unda Seemzados globalizaciis procesis Sesaxvedrad cen-
tralizebuli saxelmwifos gaZlierebiT. Sesabamisad, teritoriul-
administraciuli mowyobis mizniT, amJamad, saqarTvelo ar unda
daiyos kuTxuri niSniT Seqmnil regionalur mxareebad. samomavlod
aman SeiZleba qveynis mTlianobas safrTxe Seuqmnas. SesaZloa,

182
amgvarma dayofam xeli Seuwyos separatistuli tendenciebis Canerg-
vasa da ganviTarebas regionaluri xelisuflebis mxridan (mag. ise,
rogorc es moxda e.w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi”).
federaluri mowyoba SeiZleba damRupveli aRmoCndes saqarT-
velosaTvis. miT umetes, saxifaToa am niSniT jaris (Tundac sare-
zervosi) Camoyalibeba; aseve samxareo prokuraturebisa, Zalovani
struqturebisa da ganaTlebis sistemisa. ivane javaxiSvils gark-
veuli aqvs, rom saqarTvelos erTianobas mudam emuqreboda Temo-
brioba, kuTxuroba, erTiani saqarTvelos daSla-danawevreba XV-XVI
saukuneebSi am mizeziT moxda _ `Temobriobam Tavisi gaitana da
sruliad saqarTvelos mefe damarcxda” (iv. javaxiSvili, t. IV,
naw. I, gv. 191).
feodalizmis droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `qarTveli eris wiaRSi
arsebuli (tomobriv-geografiuli) Temobrivi Tavisebureba” aryevda
saqarTvelos mTlianobas Sua saukuneebSi. feodaluri danawevre-
bis etapi ukve ganvles globalizaciis momlodine sxva qveynebma
(magaliTad, TurqeTma, azerbaijanma, rumineTma da sxva) da Camoya-
libdnen centralizebul saxelmwifoebad. amJamad, Suasaukunobrivi
samarTlebrivi modelis mixedviT saqarTvelos regionebad daquc-
maceba aris saxelmwifoebrivi daqucmacebis perspeqtivis reanima-
cia. es Zlier SeuSlis xels qarTveli eris konsolidaciasa da
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnojgufebis integracias saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebad, rac ase Zlier surT Cvens imperiul mezoblebs da
aiZuleben saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebs saqarTvelo feder-
aciul saxelmwifod Camoayalibon.
sabolood, unda davaskvnaT, rom rusebis mier saqarTvelos
dapyrobamde, anu XIX saukunemde, qarTuli ena da kultura war-
moadgenda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis konsolidaciisa da saxelmwi-
foebrivi integraciis saSualebas; gansakuTrebiT me-20 saukuneSi
qarTuls rusuli Caenacvla, magram, imedia, rom Cveni qveynis sa-
zogadoeba SeZlebs problemebis mogvarebas da saqarTveloSi isev
aRorZindeba qarTuli enobriv-kulturuli sivrce, tradiciulad
daculi iqneba sxva eTnikur-enobriv jgufTa uflebebi da saqarT-
velos yvela moqalaqisaTvis (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad),
qarTuli ena gaxdeba sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifo ena.

damowmebuli literatura:

didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975.

mitropoliti anania jafariZe, ena da saxelmwifo, Tb., 2008.
mitropoliti anania jafariZe, dedaRvTismSobeli _ Semwe qarTuli
enisa, Tb., 2008.
mitropoliti anania jafariZe, Teoria saqarTvelos eklesiis pro-
zelitizmis Sesaxeb da misi kritika, Tb., 2007.
mitropoliti anania jafariZe, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos la-
zikis eparqia, Tb., 2008.

183
 qeTevan pavliaSvili

rusuli imperialisturi proeqti da

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli
eklesia
msoflio istoriam calsaxad aCvena, rom Teokratiuli tipis
didi imperiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia globalizaciuri proeqtis
Sedgena: imperia samyaroSi gabatonebas eswrafvis da am miznis miR-
wevaSi eklesiis gamoyenebas cdilobs.
aseTi saxis pirveli universaluri imperia bizantiaa. rusi mecn-
ieri a. dvorkini aRniSnavs: `bizantiaSi imperiis gageba iyo saxelm-
wifo sxeulisa ori TaviT - msoflio patriarqi da msoflio
imperatori. es sxeuli moicavda mTel marTlmadidebel msoflios,
ufro zustad msoflios, romelic gaxdeboda marTlmadidebluri”.
Teokratiuli ideis matarebeli bizantia marTlmadidebluri glo-
balizaciis pioneri gaxda da misi dedaqalaqi - konstantinopoli
iwodeboda `maradiul qalaqad”, `aRmosavleTis romad”, `Teokra-
tiuli imperiis centrad”.
mogvianebiT Teokratiuli ideiT axalgazrda mzardi saxelmwi-
foebic dainteresdnen; kerZod, XV saukunis Sua wlebSi rodesac
politikuri rukidan gaqra `meore romi”, ar gamqrala imperiuli
globalizaciis idea: msoflios imperiuli ambiciiT moevlina
moskovis saxelmwifo `mesame romis” doqtriniT.
ruseTma imTaviTve aiTvisa Teokratizmis yvela niSani: 1. xili-
azmi - ruseTis istoriuli misiis saxiT, 2. esqatologizmi - `me-
same romis” Teoriis SedgeniT, anu `meoTxe romi” ar iqneba, 3.
mesianizmi - RvTivrCeuli rusi eris TeoriiT.
am droidan mesianisturi idea rusuli nacionaluri azrovnebis
ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. n. berdiaevi aRniSnavda: `Zveli droidan
arsebobs azri, rom ruseTi didi saqmeebis qveyanaa da sxva qveynebi-
sgan gansxvavdeba. rusuli nacionalizmi rusi eris RvTivrCeulo-
bis ideiT ikvebeba da momdinareobs `mesame romis” Zveli ideidan”.
`mesame romis” ideam ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis
cvlileba moiTxova da moskovmac miznad daisaxa samyaros gadarCe-
nis bizantiuri misia aeTvisebina da msoflio imperia gamxdariyo,
xolo misi eklesia msoflio statusis matarebeli.
bizantiuri globalizaciiT moxiblulma ruseTma mas proeqtebis
SedgeniT mibaZa da pirveli proeqti bizantiis dacemisa (1453 w.)
da `oqros urdos” daSlisTanave (1480 w.) Seadgina. am droidan
moskovis samTavrom daiwyo aRmosavluri qristianobis zesaxelmwi-
fod formirebisaTvis swrafva da am saqmeSi nayofierad gamoiyena
eklesia.
ruseTma erTdroulad ramdenime proeqtze daiwyo muSaoba: max-

184
lobeli aRmosavleTisaTvis - wminda miwa, aTonis mTa, aRmosavleT
evropisaken - reC-pospolitas saxelmwifos Serwyma, kavkasiisaken
- marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelos ruseTTan asimilacia. winamde-
bare naSromis kvlevis obieqtia kavkasiis saeklesio globalizaciis
proeqti, romelSic wamyvani datvirTva gaaCnda saqarTvelos ekle-
sias.
ruseTi gamoirCeoda daxvewili saeklesio proeqtebiT, romelTa
Soris sirTuliT xasiaTdeboda kavkasiuri proeqti. am ukanasknelma
ganviTarebis mZime evoluciuri gza ganvlo da epoqis Sesatyvisad
cvlilebebs ganicdida. kavkasiuri proeqti SesaZloa ramdenime eta-
pad daiyos: XVI-XVII ss., XVIII s., XIX-XX ss. es ukanaskneli,
Tavis mxriv, Sida etapebad iyofa: XIX s-is, XX s-is 10-iani wleb-
is, `axali” e.w. `demokratiuli ruseTis”, 20-iani wlebis lenin-
trockis, 30-40-iani wlebis stalinis, e.w. `gardaqmnis” epoqis da
Tanamedrove post-sabWouri globalizaciis proeqtebi. proeqtis
TiToeuli etapi ruseTis sagareo politikur kurss ejaWveboda da
kavkasiuri proeqtic ruseTis samyaroSi gabatonebis didi proeq-
tis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. niSandoblivia, rom proeqtSi xe-
lisuflebam gadamwyveti funqcia rusul eklesias daakisra da am
ukanasknelmac erTmorwmune saqarTvelos eklesiaze aiRo orientiri.
naSromis mizanic am procesebis ganzogadeba da miRebuli Sedegebis
analizia.
XVI-XVII saukuneebi msoflios Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris
samyaros gadanawilebisaTvis brZolebis epoqaa. aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis xelisufalTa dapirispireba saqarTveloze gadioda da
e.w. `gurjistanis sakiTxs” aqtualurs xdida. am epoqaSi osmale-
Tis, iranis, evropisa da ruseTis interesebi erTmaneTs Seejaxa da
sruliad gamoricxavda maT Soris diplomatiur SeTanxmebebs. aseT
SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos politi-
kur arCevans. marTlmadidebluri mrwamsis gamo, am mxriv, ruseTs
upiratesoba hqonda, ramac gansazRvra misi globaluri proeqtis
meTodologia - saqarTvelos aTviseba rusuli eklesiis daxmare-
biT. ase daedo safuZvlad rusul dampyroblur politikas mar-
Tlmadidebloba da proeqtmac saeklesio globalizaciis xasiaTi
SeiZina.
evropul kaTolicizmsa da aRmosavlur qristianobas Soris
moqceulma saqarTvelos eklesiam arCevani ruseTis saxelmwifoze
gaakeTa. es ukanasknelic guldasmiT swavlobda saqarTvelosTan
daaxloebis gzebs da isargebla ra misi mZime garemoebiT, Tavi
qarTvelTa sjulis damcvelad gamoacxada. am gzaze ruseTi dae-
jaxa vatikanis interesebs da kaTolicizmis propagandis dagmobiT
daaCqara imperialisturi proeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZola.
ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiur molaparakebebSi aqtiur prob-
lemad idga kaTolicizmis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. rusi diplomatebi
sayvedurobdnen qarTvelebs vatikanisadmi loialur politikas da

185
maT `wesis SeSlaSi” adanaSaulebdnen. aRniSnulis naTeli dasturia
1589 wels ruseTis patriarqis sigeli alaverdis mitropoliti-
sadmi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo ruseTis misia _ daecva saqarTvelo
kaTolicizmis agresiisagan. XVII s-is 30-40-iani wlebis elCobis
wevri arsen suxanovi ruseTis mefes atyobinebda saqarTveloSi Se-
qmnil mdgomareobas da saWirod miiCnevda `iverielTa sarwmunoebis
gadasinjvas”. aRniSnul magaliTebs Sedegad mohyva ruseTis moTxovna
qarTuli eklesiis rusul yaidaze mowyobisa, rasac qarTvelma mefe-
mTavrebma da samRvdeloebam mkacri protesti gamoucxada. saqarT-
velos dasjis mizniT ruseTma ar SeaCera misi darbeva osmalo-
iranis mxridan. ase warumateblad dasrulda rusuli pirveli
saeklesio imperialisturi proeqtis ganxorcielebis mecadineoba
saqarTveloSi.
XVIII s-Si ruseTisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi amocana gaxda kavkasiis
dapyroba. ruseTs ukve saTanadod hqonda aTvisebuli mxaris prob-
lemebi da mahmadianuri agresiisagan erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
brZolebSi daxmareba kavkasielTa satyuarad gamoiyena. ruseTma axal
proeqts mtkice Teoriuli safuZvelic Seumzada - `kavkasielTa ga-
darCenis Teoria”. am Teorias ramdenime amocana gaaCnda: politi-
kuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri. radgan tradiciulad ruseTisaT-
vis kavkasiis aTvisebis gasaRebi saqarTveloSi iyo, man erTmorwmune
qarTul eklesias mimarTa da proeqtis ganxorcielebis sayrdenad
gamoiyena. saqarTvelos eklesias misioneruli saqmianoba daekisra
kavkasiis mTielTa Soris. qarTveli samRvdeloebis misionerobam
ganamtkica kavkasielebSi erovnuli TviTSegneba, gadagvarebisagan ix-
sna maTi kultura, tradiciebi da maT Soris qarTuli kulturis
gavlena gaaZliera. TviT ruseTis xelisuflebac ki maRal Sefasebas
aZlevda qarTveli samRvdeloebis muSaobas kavkasiel mTielebSi. gen-
erali tormasovi aRniSnavda: `qristianoba kavkasielebSi qarTveli
misionerebis damsaxurebiT arsebobda. kavkasielebi davalebulni ar-
ian saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe.”
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi saerTaSoriso garemoeba ar iZleoda
saSualebas kavkasiaSi ruseTis realuri interesebis gamomzeurebi-
saTvis, magram viTareba Seicvala meore naxevarSi, rodesac ruseTma
aRar SeniRba es zraxvebi da misTvis saqarTvelos miRwevebi kavkasia-
Si gamaRizianebeli gaxda. ruseTisaTvis qarTulma eklesiam amowura
Tavisi misia da xelisufleba Seudga sagangebo RonisZiebebis ga-
tarebas, raTa qarTveli samRvdeloeba CamoeSorebina kavkasiisagan.
amis Semdgom, xangrZlivi droiT saqarTvelos eklesia iZulebis
wesiT Camoscilda tradiciul misias.
XIX saukune ruseTis imperiis aRmavlobis xanaa, ramac gazarda
misi samyaroze gabatonebis ambiciebi. aqedan gamomdinare, imperi-
alisturma miznebma farTomasStabiani saxe miiRo, kidev ufro
mniSvnelovani datvirTva SeiZina proeqtSi religiurma faqtorma,
radganac kavkasiis konfesiuri siWrele imperiis miznebis ganxor-

186
cielebas aferxebda. ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi ideologia rusuli
marTlmadidebloba iyo da, bunebrivia, is ver Seegueboda gansxvave-
buli mrwamsis eTnosebs. rameTu isini nacionalizms gansazRvravd-
nen, xolo imperiuli interesebi am eTnosTa ruseTSi asimilacias
iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis xelisuflebam win wamoswia
marTlmadidebloba da is saxelmwifo miznebs daudo safuZvlad.
axal proeqtSi isev saqarTvelos eklesiaze gamaxvilda yura-
dReba, magram am SemTxvevaSi es yuradReba calsaxad agresiuli
iyo, radgan pirvel etapze mxolod qarTuli eklesiis likvidaciiT
unda momxdariyo rusuli saeklesio ujredis dadgineba kavkasiaSi;
proeqtis meore etapze ki unda dawyebuliyo am ujredis meSveo-
biT kavkasielTa garusebis procesi. aRniSnulis gamo mTeli XIX
saukunis manZilze ruseTi mizanmimarTulad eweoda saqarTvelos
eklesiis ganadgurebis reformacias. am mimarTulebiT muSaobisas,
ruseTi seriozul sirTuleebs waawyda; Seejaxa uZvelesi qristian-
uli tradiciebis mqone qarTul eklesias, romelic nacionaluri
interesebis medgari damcveli aRmoCnda. qarTvelma samRvdeloebam
qveynis gaerTianebis iniciatoroba itvirTa, Caeba sazogadoebriv-
politikur moZraobaSi da eris kulturul cxovrebas Caudga saTa-
veSi.
rusul imperialistur programaSi ramdenime mimarTuleba gam-
oikveTa: politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturul-ideologiuri da
saeklesio. yovel maTgans Tavisi moqmedebis sfero ebara. maTi meS-
veobiT unda momxdariyo rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba, TviTmpy-
robeluri ideologiis damkvidreba qarTuli eklesiis gadagvarebis
xarjze, romlis samRvdeloebas ambionidan unda gaewia propaganda
rusuli monarqizmisaTvis.
qarTvelma samRvdeloebam saqarTvelos sazogadoebasTan erTad
brZola gamoucxada rusul proeqts da CaerTo saerTo saxalxo
mRelvarebis ferxulSi. es brZola ar iTvaliswinebda ruseTisaken
politikuri orientaciis uaryofas, rameTu samRvdeloebam kargad
uwyoda saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaTa politikur-sarwmunoe-
brivi mniSvneloba. maTi mizani iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa
da erovnuli eklesiis uflebaTa aRdgena-aRiareba, rac bunebrivad
winaaRmdegobriobaSi modioda rusul imperialistur proeqtTan.
mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze am winaaRmdegobriobam rTuli gza
ganvlo da miuxedavad araerTgzisi marcxisa, eklesiis hegemonobiT
qarTuli sasicocxlo Zalebi energias ikrebda, xelaxal aRorZinebas
ganicdida da Seupovar winaaRmdegobas agrZelebda.
XX saukunis pirveli aTwleuli rusuli TviTmpyrobeluri im-
perializmis agoniis periodia da miuxedavad Sida da gare poli-
tikur-sulieri krizisisa, ruseTi agrZelebda `mesame romobis”
uflebisaTvis brZolas. Seqmna axali proeqtic. wina proeqtebisagan
es ukanaskneli imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom is srulad mimarTuli
iyo kavkasiaSi miRweuli politikur-saeklesio uflebebis SenarCu-

187
nebisaken. am saqmeSi mas isev samizned saqarTvelos eklesia hyavs;
proeqtSi gaCnda sxvadasxva varianti saegzarqosos reformaciisaT-
vis: saeklesio administraciuli uflebis xelyofa, samitropolito
sazRvrebis rRveva, qarTuli eparqiebis uwmindes sinodze daqvemde-
bareba da sxv. qarTveli samRvdeloeba ideiT, kalmiT Tu praqti-
kuli qmedebebiT medgar winaaRmdegobebs uwevda proeqtis reali-
zebas da moqmedebda imperiaSi mimdinare procesebis Sesatyvisad.
qarTvelma samRvdeloebam itvirTa proeqtis winaaRmdeg brZolis
xelmZRvaneloba da piradi RvawliT xeli Seuwyo qarTvelebSi rw-
menisa da erovnulobis gaRvivebas, Seamzada eri saxelmwifoebrivi
da saeklesio Tavisuflebisadmi organizaciuli midgomisaTvis, rac
sabolood erovnul ZalTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
1918-1921 wlebSi kavkasiaSi da konkretulad saqarTveloSi,
ganviTarebuli movlenebi cxadyofen, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo ga-
datrialebis (1917w. II) Semdeg, qveyanaSi moqmedi Zalebi droebiTi
mTavroba (kontrrevoluciuri da bolSevikuri) globalur kavka-
sias isev `axali ruseTis” sazRvrebSi moiazrebdnen. isini am miznis
miRwevas sxvadasxva meTodiT cdilobdnen: bolSevikebi provokaciiT,
anu kavkasiis rusi mosaxleobis amxedrebiT; droebiTi mTavroba -
carizmisdroindeli institutebis reformaciiT; TeTrgvardielebi
- samxedro operaciebiT. ruseTSi xelaxla daiwyo axali proeqtis
momzadeba, romelsac unda daekmayofilebina ukve `axali ruseTis”
moTxovnebi da, romlebic carizmisdroindeli moTxovnebisagan ara-
friT gansxvavdeboda, sxvaoba mxolod moqmedebis meTod-xerxebSi
iyo. axali proeqti iTvaliswinebda axali saeklesio ujredis _
kavkasiis saegzarqosos daarsebas, romelic religiuri asimilaciiT
Seamzadebda kavkasielebs rusuli marTlmadideblobis niSniT im-
periaSi SerwymisaTvis. amrigad, `axal ruseTSi” kvlavindeburad
Sedga eklesia-saxelmwifos kavSiri imperialisturi mizniT. eklesia
ibrZoda politikuri batonobisaTvis kavkasiaSi, xolo saxelmwifo
_ saeklesio Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis. pirveli iqneboda
rusuli eklesiis batonobis garanti, xolo meore axali imperiis
ideoligiis damnergavi, misi politikuri interesebis damcveli
kavkasiaSi.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebam imTaviTve auRo alRo e.w. demokra-
tiuli ruseTis gamowvevas da mas erovnuli eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgenis gamocxadebiT upasuxa (1917 w. 12.III). amiT qarTvelma
samRvdeloebam axali brZola gamoucxada saeklesio proeqts da is
qarTuli eklesiis sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda: gauqmda kavkasiis
saegzarqoso (1920 w.). ase warumatebeli aRmoCnda axali proeqtis
danergvis mcdeloba; masTan erTad arseboba Sewyvita ruseTis bur-
Juaziulma xelisuflebam.
ruseTis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosulma axalma xelisuflebam
socializmis mSenebloba religiis sakiTxiT daiwyo. es mTavroba
faqtobrivad, wina xelisuflebis saeklesio politikis gamgrZele-

188
beli aRmoCnda gansxvavebuli meTod-xerxebis gamoyenebiT.
sabWoeTis globalizaciur politikaSi imTaviTve gamoikveTa ori
mimarTuleba da Sesatyvisad ori proeqtic SemuSavda: lenin-trock-
is da stalinis saeklesio proeqtebi. lenin-trockis proeqtiT
evropuli aTeisturi azrovneba saxelmwifo ideologiis doneze
dadga da religia carizmis gadmonaSTad gamocxadda. proeqtis
Tanaxmad, sabWouri sistemisaTvis miuRebeli iyo zogadad religia
da gansakuTrebiT marTlmadidebloba misi maRali avtoritetis
gamo masebSi. eklesiis adgilis dakaveba proeqtis avtorebisaTvis
SesaniSnavi saSualeba iyo mosaxleobis mizidvisa da socializmis
gamarjvebisaTvis. proeqti 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSive saxelmwifos
strategiul gegmad gamocxadda da amoqmedeba eklesiis diskredi-
taciiT daiwyo. sul male gamovlinda proeqtis ideis winaaRm-
degobrioba sabWour miznebTan, rodesac masiuri xasiaTi SeiZina
eklesia-monastrebis darbeva-dabegvram, gauqmebam, qonebis xelyofam,
samRvdeloebis represiebma da sazogadoebac xelisuflebisadmi un-
doblobiT ganawyo.
aRniSnulis gamo, 20-iani wlebis meore naxevridan saeklesio
politikaSi daiwyo koreqtivebis Setanis procesi, romelic ukav-
Sirdeba stalinis saeklesio politikis dasawyiss. es etapi gan-
sakuTrebuli windaxedulobiT, sifrTxiliTa da kompromisebiT
gamoirCeva. stalinis axali proeqti radikalur winaaRmdegobaSi
aRmoCnda winamorbed proeqtTan. axali proeqtis mizani sulac
ar iyo aTeisturi ideologiis uaryofa, aramed, piriqiT, misi
gaZliereba axali saeklesio kursis meSveobiT. xelisuflebisaTvis
sul erTi ar iyo eklesiis politikuri pozicia da amitom miiRo
gadawyvetileba mis CarTvaze sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi.
stalinma gaiazra eklesiis istoriuli funqcia da daiwyo misi
gamoyeneba sabWoTa sistemis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.
stalinis proeqti iTvaliswinebda tradiciuli eklesiis daSlas
da mis adgilze axali eklesiis formirebas, romelic sabWouri
ideologiis gamtarebeli iqneboda masebSi. proeqts sazogadoeba
unda daerwmunebina imaSi, rom istoriuli eklesia ver pasuxobda
Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da iTxovda gadaudebel reformacias. xe-
lisuflebam Seqmna reformaciis mxardamWer samRvdeloTa jgufi da
tradiciuli eklesiis samRvdeloebas daupirispira. ase daiwyo e.w.
`ganaxlebis moZraoba”, romelmac safuZveli daudo eklesiaSi did
sqizmas. mTavrobam aRiara `ganaxlebis moZraoba” da amiT sabWoTa
imperiaSi Seqmna axali eklesia, romelic saeklesio istoriaSi
`cocxali eklesiis” saxeliT Sevida. am ukanasknelma itvirTa so-
cializmis ideologiis funqcia sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi. XX s-is
30-iani wlebis miwuruls xelisuflebam daasrula eklesiis mod-
ernizacia, `ganaxlebis moZraobamac” amowura Tavisi misia da ganx-
orcielda saeklesio kontrrevoluciuri frTis likvidacia. ase
Seiqmna imperiisTvis misaRebi e.w. `wiTeli eklesia”.

189
 sabWoTa politika ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa da Sesatyvisad
ori proeqtic SemuSavda: sagareo da Sidaimperiuli proeqtebi.
sagareo proeqti vrceldeboda amerikaze, aRmosavleT evropasa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTze, Sida imperiuli ki _ sabWoeTis marTlma-
didebel eTnosebze. orive proeqtma srul apogeas meore msoflio
omis periodSi miaRwia. sagareo proeqtis ZaliT ganxorcielda
msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa `didi daaxloeba”; ruseTis
eklesiis struqturul orbitaSi moeqcnen: bulgareTis, rumine-
Tis, Cexoslovakiisa da poloneTis eklesiebi, anu politikuri
`socialisturi bloki” gamyarda `saeklesio blokis” SeqmniT; rac
Seexeba Sida imperiul proeqts, aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
isev saqarTvelos eklesias mieniWa. kavkasiis erTaderT marTlma-
dideblur eklesias daevala sruliad kavkasiis marTlmadidebelTa
gaerTianeba rusuli marTlmadideblobis niSniT. saamisod ki Tavad
qarTuli eklesiis modernizacia unda ganxorcielebuliyo.
qarTuli eklesiis modernizacia rTulad mimdinareobda. saekle-
sio ganaxlebis mxardaWerT saqarTveloSi `quTaTurebis” saxeliT
moixseniebdnen, quTaisSi mowyobili saeklesio krebis gamo, xolo
ruseTSi `axali qarTuli eklesiis” saxeliT icnobdnen. `ganaxlebis
moZraoba” saqarTveloSi samRvdeloTa ori jgufis saxiT arsebobda:
rusi ganmaaxleblebi ruseTis sinodis iurisdiqciaSi da qarTveli
ganmaaxleblebi, romlebic erovnuli eklesiis gadarCenas mTavrobis
interesTa gaTvaliswinebaSi xedavdnen. orive dajgufebas erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavebuli interesebi amoZravebdaT: pirvels - qarTuli
eklesiis `cocxal eklesiaze” morCileba, meores - qarTuli ekle-
siis istoriuli iersaxis aRdgena. aqedan gamomdinare, `progresis-
ti” qarTvelebis gamoyeneba rusuli interesebisaTvis faqtobrivad
gamoricxuli iyo; amitom iyo, rom ganaxlebis ideam nayofieri
niadagi mxolod araqarTvel mrevlSi hpova.
amrigad, Tu sabWoTa xelisuflebam rusul eklesiaze gaimarjva,
nacionalur eklesiebTan marcxi ganicada mas Semdeg, rac qarTuli
eklesiis modernizaciis mcdeloba kraxiT dasrulda.
saqarTvelos eklesiam da misma samRvdeloebam droulad auRo
alRo sabWoeTis saeklesio kurss da absoluturad uaryo eklesiaSi
ganaxlebis idea. qarTveli samRvdeloeba mixvda, rom `axali ekle-
siis” daxmarebiT unda momxdariyo axali sazogadoebis formireba.
warumatebeli eqsperimentis gamo, xelisufleba saqarTvelos ekle-
sias CamorCenil, karCaketil, `mkvdar eklesiad” ixseniebda. Semdgom-
Si ganviTarebulma movlenebma daadastura, rom qarTul eklesias
msoflio saeklesio kanonebis dacviT Seswevda unari winaaRmdegoba
gaewia sabWoTa xelisuflebis provokaciebisaTvis.
XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi sabWoTa imperiaSi ganviTarebulma
mZime krizisma saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis Secvlis sakiTxi
daayena da ruseTmac demokratiuli ganviTarebis gza airCia. miuxe-
davad amisa, ruseTis politikaSi kvlavindeburad mniSvnelovania

190
saero da sasuliero xelisufalTa harmoniuli TanamSromloba.
demokratiuli ruseTis samsaxurSi yofnis sanacvlod eklesiam
moiTxova dangreuli sabWoTa ideologiis adgilis dakaveba mar-
Tlmadideblobis mier da saamiso Tezisic Camoayaliba rusi eris
gansakuTrebul msoflio istoriul misiaze samyaroSi marTlma-
dideblobis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
90-ian wlebSi rusuli Teokratiis momxre samRvdeloebam Se-
qmna organizacia - `sayovelTao rusuli saeklesio kreba”, rom-
lis mizania Teokratiuli ideis propaganda da marTlmadidebluri
globalizaciis proeqtis Sedgena. am proeqts Tanamedrove samecni-
ero wreebSi `neoimperiul-marTlmadideblurs” uwodeben. proeqtSi
ikveTeba sami ZiriTadi debuleba: marTlmadidebluri mesianizmi,
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis uaryofa da `civilizaciis dialogSi”
ruseTis arbitris rolze ambicia. proeqti iTvaliswinebs samyaros
dayofas teritoriul-religiuri principiT.
postsabWour epoqaSi saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis eklesiis Zveli
kursi ar Secvlila; ruseTi kvlavindeburad uqmnis safrTxes
saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas da am saqmeSi SeiniSneba
ruseTis eklesiis pasiuroba.
Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri rusul eklesiaze
didwilad uaryofiTia. qarTveloba grZnobs masTan sarwmunoebriv
erTobas, axsovs saerTo istoriuli gamocdileba, pativs miagebs
rus wmindanebs da iq aRsrulebul RvTiur saswaulebs, magram
amavdroulad, axsovs rusuli eklesiis saqarTvelosadmi agresiuli
damokidebulebis kursi da bunebrivad masTan frTxil damokideb-
ulebaSia. am ukanasknels amZafrebs bolo ocwleulSi afxazeTsa da
samaCabloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, ramac qarTveli sazogadoeba
daarwmuna mis politizebulobaSi.

191
 manana tabiZe

saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebis

lingvokulturologiuri analizisaTvis
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis warmodgena eTnikuri da enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT msoflios erT-erT yvelaze mravalferovan da mra-
valricxovan regionad ukve Seicavs Tavisebur gafrTxilebas, rom
am mravalricxovani Taviseburebebis daregulireba rTuli saqmea
da “mravali `arbitris” Carevas saWiroebs Sinagani wonasworobis
mopovebis, regulirebisa da dacvis saqmeSi.
imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom am mravalferovnebaze saubrisas
qaTinauris miRma iseTi faruli sayveduric ismis, rogoricaa
kavkasiis mosaxleobis Znelad integrirebadoba da am sivrceSi mcx-
ovrebi mosaxleobis kulturuli izolacionizmisaken miswrafeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari imiji kavkasiisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli da
arabunebrivia, xolo saqarTvelosTvis, romelic xSirad amgvari
tendenciebis kerad cxaddeba, usamarTlocaa.
swored am regionma da kerZod, saqarTvelom, istoriul warsul-
Si sazogadoebrivi integraciulobis SesaniSnavi magaliTebi mogvca,
swored mis warsulSi iZebneba msofliosaTvis is ideali, romelic
tolerantobis, sxvaTa uflebebis dacvisa da Sinagani erTianobis
atmosferos aRwevda imaTTan urTierTobaSic, vinc aqaurobas Tav-
Sesafris Ziebisas akiTxavda da ise cxovrobda am qveyanaSi xangr-
Zlivad, rom aravin aiZulebda asimilirebuliyo, warmoSobis qveyana
daeviwyebina da rjuli an dedaena daeTmo. mxolod XIX saukuneSi
Seiqmna is precedenti, rom kavkasiis xalxebi maTi kuTxuri da di-
aleqturi nairsaxeobebis mixedviT damoukidebel erebad aRiwera da
TviT sakuTari TanamoZmisaganac ki gamoirCa.1• saqarTvelos mosax-
leobasac ase moekida imperiuli mmarTveloba da administraciuli
erTeulebis SigniT demografiuli koreqtivebis Setana daiwyo. amo-
qmedda mosaxleobis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadayvanis, masobrivi
gadasaxlebebisa da gasaxleba-Casaxlebebis meqanizmi da saqarTvelos
teritoriaze TandaTanobiT xelovnurad Seiqmna araqarTulenovani
1 • magaliTisaTvis Tundac erTi tipobrivi statiis anotacias movixmobT: Journal
of Refugee Studies 1995 8(1):48-74; doi:10.1093/jrs/8.1.48 © 1995 by Oxford University Press B. G.
HEWITT , Demographic Manipulation in the Caucasus (with Special Reference to Georgia) ; SOAS,
University of London ; The Caucasus contains Europe’s richest patchwork of peoples, languages and
cultures. As the Soviet Union collapsed, a number of ethno-territorial problems needed to be handled
with extreme sensitivity if open conflict was to be averted. The gross insensitivity on the part of
nationalists in Georgia that led to the bloody wars in South Ossetia and, primarily, Abkhazia are ex-
amined and placed in the historical context that has seen mainly North Caucasian minorities subjected
to frequent demographic manipulation by two of the region’s imperial powers, Russia and Georgia,
who have regularly acted in concert over the last 200 years. Parallels between Shevardnadze’s war in
Abkhazia and Yeltsin’s assault on Chechenia are drawn, and the case of such minorities in Georgia
as the Mingrelians, the Armenians and the Meskh(et)ians is touched upon. The West’s blind
adherence to the principle of ‘territorial integrity’ is criticized for abandoning minorities to the whim
of the local bully.

192
mosaxleobis kerebi. am mosaxleobis saintegracio enad ki, `SeTava-
zebul” iqna rusuli. ruseTis caristuli imperiis, mogvianebiT ki
komunisturi saxelmwifos, koloniur sivrceSi moqceuli saqarT-
velo (zogjer sagubernio, zogjer ki formalurad sarespubliko
statusiT) sakuTari enobrivi politikis gatarebas mxolod sa-
zogadoebrivi aqtiurobiTa da SezRuduli mmarTvelobiTi manipu-
laciebiT cdilobda, Tumca is verasodes axerxebda (xsenebuli ori
saukunis manZilze) iseTi moTxovnis xmamaRla, oficialurad gaJR-
erebas, rogoricaa qarTuli enis savaldebulo codna saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi yvela pirisaTvis, romelic sazogadoebrivad aqtiur cx-
ovrebas eweva (laparakia daaxloebiT iseT moTxovnaze, romelic aqvs
nebismier evropul saxelmwifos _ enis codnis doneebis mixedviT
sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT). am moTxovnas
saqarTvelo dResac ver uyenebs veravis imis SiSiT, rom rusuli
sapropagando manqanis gavleniT nacionalizmi ar dabraldes.
Tanamedroveobas erTi ucnauri seni dasCemda: rodesac sabWoTa
kavSirsa da komunistur reJimebze saubroben, uaryofiTad fasdeba
is ideologiuri da samxedro RonisZiebebi, romelsac sabWoeTi
axorcielebda aRmosavleT evropisa Tu saerTod dasavleTis mi-
marT, magram e.w. sabWoTa respublikebis SigniT maSin gavlebuli
oficialuri sazRvrebisa da e.w. avtonomiuri struqturebis kanon-
ierebaSi eWvis Setanasac ki tabu aqvs dadebuli.
sabWoTa kavSirs ki saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebisa da Sida sazRvre-
bis moxazvis TvalsazrisiT mravali danaSaulebrivi RonisZieba aqvs
gatarebuli. danaSaulebrivi iyo enobrivi politikac, romelic
mosaxleobis rusifikaciis Canafiqrs etapobrivad axorcielebda da
yovel respublikaSi eTnikuri diasporebis kerebis SeqmniTa da av-
tonomiaTa gamoyofis specifikuri logikiT rusul enas respubli-
kuri sakonstitucio enis metoqed nergavda, miT ufro, rom Zala
mis xelSi iyo.
rusuli enis Seswavla saqarTveloSi masobriv xasiaTs iRebs XX
saukunidan, gasabWoebis (1921 wlidan) Semdgom, gansakuTrebiT mas
Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiri iwyebs `kulturul revolucias” da
sayovelTao ganaTlebis programis ganxorcielebas. swored am pro-
gramiT rusuli ena yvela skolis savaldebulo sagani xdeba da
e.w. rusul skolebTan erTad mosaxleobaSi rusuli enis codnas
uzrunvelyofs.
statistikuri monacemebi (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnuli
Semadgenloba, statistikuri krebuli, mosaxleobis 1989 wlis sakav-
Siro aRweris mixedviT, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes sabWosTan
arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis komiteti, Tbilisi,
1991) naTlad aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos araqarTuli mosaxleobis
im nawilis enobriv arCevanSi, romelmac asimilacia ganicada da
eTnikuri enis nacvlad sxva ena aRiara mSobliurad, 1989 wlis
monacemebiT qarTuli ena rusulTan SedarebiT meore adgilze

193
idga (erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgendnen qarTveli ebraelebi,
romelTaganac (14314 kacidan) mSobliur enad rusuli mxolod
657-ma daasaxela).
saqarTveloSi 1989 wels iyo 341172 rusi, romelTaganac rusuls
mSobliur enad Tvlida 336718, qarTuls mSobliurad miiCnevda
4000 rusi, ssrk-s xalxTa sxva enebs _ 454 rusi.
rusebidan meore enad Tavisuflad flobda: Tavis enas _2436,
qarTuls _ 76898, sxva enebs _ 9166
ar flobda ssrk-s xalxTa meore enas saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
rusebidan _ 252 672.
Tavis mSobliur enad rusuls asaxelebda: 2212 afxazi (qar-
Tuls ki _ 1233 afxazi), 4246 osi (qarTuls _ 33694 osi),
23069 ukraineli (qarTuls _ 1259 ukraineli), rusuls 3716
belorusi (qarTuls _ 176). 3972 azerbaijaneli (qarTuls _
2899), 40312 somexi (qarTuls _ 24947), 1464 - TaTari (qarTuls
_ 169). 5926 ebraeli (qarTuls _ 3065), garda qarTveli ebrae-
lebisa, romelTagan (14314-dan) mxolod 657-ma daasaxela rusuli
mSobliur enad), 1261 asirieli (qarTuls _1520), 35084 berZeni
(qarTuls _ 4987) sxva enas _ 3023), qurTi rusuls _ 4105, da
qarTuls _ 3834.

1989 wlis monacemebiT meore enad Tavisuflad flobda:

erovneba mudmivi rusuls qarTuls ar flobda

mosaxleoba meore enas

qarTveli 3787393 1203788 - 2565532

afxazi 95853 77193 2283 15921
osi 164055 60004 53518 42769
rusi 341172 - 76898 252672
ukraineli 52443 21805 7377 18581
belorusi 8595 3217 949 3672
azerbaijaneli 307556 105083 28598 171511
somexi 437211 187666 88699 145467
TaTari 4099 2037 574 1228
ebraeli 10481 2517 2905 4542
qarTveli ebraeli 14314 7086 - 6683
asirieli 6206 1934 2234 1915
berZeni 100324 44822 15456 29763
qurTi 33331 8720 14592 9279

194
 es statistika cxadad miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelebis misamarTiT
wayenebuli braldeba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi-
saTvis qarTuli enis Tavs moxvevis Taobaze, yovelgvar safuZv-
elsaa moklebuli.
samagierod rusuli skola is instituti iyo, romelic zr-
dida respublikis moqalaqes, aramed ruseTis moqalaqes, ruseTSi
Seqmnili, velikorusuli idealebis Semcveli, rusuli istoriisa
da geografiis, rusuli literaturis saxelmZRvaneloebiT (diaxac
saintereso, magram ara Tavisi qveynisa). evropelebi ukeT gagvigeben,
Tu maT aseT analogias SevTavazebT: warmoidgineT, dasavleTi
evropis ama Tu im qveyanaSi sxvadaxva dros Semosuli mosaxleo-
bisaTvis (ukve arc Tu ise xanmoklea amgvar SemosulTa sacxovre-
beli staJi) ucxo qveynis skolebis amuSaveba, adgilobrivi enis
sruli ignorirebiT, rodesac saxelmZRvaneloebs es ucxo qveyana
akontrolebs, saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesis dagegmvisa da
gakontrolebis CaTvliT.
cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mxare, miT ufro komu-
nisturi reJimiT SeboWili, ver moaxerxebda saqarTveloSi mcx-
ovrebi araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis saxelmwifo cnobierebisa
da TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebaze zrunvas. es iyo kidec mizezi, rom
saqarTvelos respublikaSi izrdeboda Taobebi, romelTac respub-
likis mTlianobisa da siZlierisaken, erTi SexedviT, sruliad bune-
brivi miswrafebis nacvlad, am respublikis daSla surdaT.
dResac, globalizaciis problemaTa Soris erT-erTi umwvavesi
postsabWoTa respublikebSi swored maTi enobrivi situaciebis
mowesrigebis (Tuki amgvari mizani arsebobda2•) sakiTxi aRmoCnda.
nacionaluri avtonomiis teritoria, mosaxleoba da calkeuli
teritoriuli jgufis simWidrove aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom avto-
nomiaTa simravle procentulad swored kavkasiaSia TvalSisacemi,
sadac mosaxleobac, teritoriac da mosaxleobis simWidrovec
aSkarad CamorCeba im regionebisas, sadac uzarmazar sivrceebze,
da sxvadasxva erisa da erovnebis kuTvnil istoriul terito-
riebze mxolod erTi - ori avtonomiaa (miT ufro, avtonomiuri
olqi) Seqmnili. Crdilo evropuli nawili (teritoria 574.811,
mosaxleoba 471.891, simWidrove 0,8) _ nac. avtonomiebi: komis
(zirianis) avtonomiuri olqi, kareliis assr. saqarTvelo ki am
mxriv gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSia 2 avtonomiuri respubliki-
Ta da 1 avtonomiuri olqiT. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ufro vrcel
statistikur suraTsac warmovadgenT:
1. cimbiris CrdiloeTi _ (ter.,4.023.407; mosaxl., 278.809;
simWidrove - 0,06) iakutiis assr

2 avtonomiuri respublikebi da avtonomiuri olqebi Seadgendnen mTeli ssrk-s

teritoriis 42,2%-s, romlis mosaxleobac 1926 wlis aRweriT iyo 21.820.812
kaci (anu 14,8% ssrk-s mTeli mosaxleobisa).

195
 2. volga_urali (ter.,382.962; 8.171.850; simWidrove - 21,3):
mariis, votskis, yalmuxeTis avtonomiuri olqebi da CuvaSe-
Tis, TaTreTis, baSkireTis, volgispireTis germanelTa assr.

3. ruseTis samxreTi evropuli nawili (ter., 34.063; mosaxl.,

1.287.333; simWidr., 37,3) yirimis, moldovas assr.

4. cimbiris samxreTi (ter., 505.200; mosaxl., 622.093; simWidr.,

1,2): buriat-monRoleTis assr da oiratis avt.olqi.

5. Crd.kavkasia (ter., 97.900; mosaxl., 1.745.621; simWidr., 17,8):

daRestnis assr da adiRes, inguSeTis, yabardo-balyareTis,
yaraCaeTis, Crd.oseTis, CeCneTis, CerqezeTis avtonomiuri
olqebi.

6. amierkavkasia (ter., 23.050; mosaxl., 643.829; simWidr., 26.8):

aWaris assr, naxWevanis assr, afxazeTis assr da mTiani
yarabaRisa da samxreT oseTis avt.olqebi.
yazaxeTi da Sua azia (ter., 3.378.133; mosaxl., 8. 619. 586;
simWidr., 2,5): kazakTa assr, yirgizeTis assr, tajikeTis assr da
yara-yalpayeTis da mTiani badaxSanis avt. olqebi.
ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi dRes aris 16 avtonomiuri
respublika (baSkireTis, buriatiis, daRestnis, yabardo-balyareTis,
yalmuxeTis, kareliis, komis, mariis, mordveTis, CrdiloeT oseTis,
TaTreTis, tuvis, udmurtiis, CeCneT-inguSeTis, CuvaSeTis, iaku-
tiis), 5 avtonomiuri olqi (adiRes, mTiani altais, ebraelTa,
yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis, xakasis), 6 mxare, 49 olqi da 10 nacionaluri
okrugi.
ssrk-s avtonomiuri respublikebi: baSkireTis, buriat-monRole-
Tis, daRestnis, kazakTa, kareliis, yirgizeTis, yirimis, volgispire-
Tis germanelebis (1928 wels Seiyvanes qvemovolgispireTis mxaris
SemadgenlobaSi), TaTreTis, CuvaSeTis, iakutiis.
ukrainis ssr-Si _ moldovas;
saqarTvelos ssr _ afxazeTis da aWaris
azerbaijanis ssr _ naxiWevanis
uzbekeTis ssr _ tajikeTis.
avtonomiuri olqebi
rsfsr-s avt. olqebi: votskis, yalmuxeTis, yara-yalpayeTis, (Sedis
kazakTa assr-Si), komi, mariis, oiratis (Sedis cimbiris mxareSi) da
Crd.kavk.mxaris: adiRes (CerqezeTis, inguSeTis, yabardo-balyareTis,
yaraCaeTis, CrdiloeT oseTis, CerqezeTis da CeCneTis.
saqarTvelos ssr-Si : samxreTi oseTi; azerbaijanSi _ mTiani
yarabaRi; uzbekeTis ssr-Si _ mTiani badaxSani (Sedis tajikeTis
avtonomiur respublikaSi).
“sabWoTa enobrivma politikam Tavisi mavne SedegebiT gansaku-

196
TrebiT iCina Tavi konfliqtur teritoriebze. afxazur-qarTul
da osur-qarTul urTierTobebSi rusuli ena am urTierTobaTa
dapirispirebis mizezi aRmoCnda. is afxazebi da osebi, romlebsac
rusul enaze hqondaT miRebuli swavla-ganaTleba, gadasaxldnen
rusulenovan samyaroSi da arsebiTad rusi eris nawili gaxdnen da
saqarTvelos suverenitetis gafarToebisaTvis mimdinare procesSi
erTgvarad daupirispirdnen qarTvelebsac da qarTuli orientaciis
osebsa da afxazebsac (fuxaevi, 1989, 43•), `qarTvelebs erTgulebdnen
da saqarTvelos icavdnen is afxazebi da osebi, romelnic qarTul
enas flobdnen, e. i. qarTuli kulturuli samyaros wevrebi iyvnen.
afxazisa da osisaTvis ganaTlebis, kulturis, religiis, saxelmwi-
fo enis qarTulis nacvlad rusuliT Secvlas, mohyva afxazisa da
osis eTnikuri gaucxoeba da yovelive qarTulTan dapirispireba”
(baqraZe, 2005: 314-3154•).
orenovneba rom marTlac seriozul safrTxes uqmnida erovnul
enebs, amas statistikuri monacemebic adasturebs, magaliTad, 1959
wlis aRweriT, mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi rusuli Tavis mSobliur
enad daasaxela ararusi warmoSobis daaxloebiT 10 milionma mo-
qalaqem, 1970 wlis aRweriT _ 13 milionma (Проблемы двуязычия и
многоязычия, 1972: 245•), xolo 1979 wlis cnobiT am ricxvma 16, 3
milion kacs miaRwia (Tofuria, 1989: 116•). amave wlis monacemebiT
sabWoTa kavSirSi rusul enas Tavisuflad flobda 214, 8 mln
adamiani anu mTeli mosaxleobis 82% (xidaSeli, 1989: 67•).
1989 wlis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi rusul enas Tavis mSo-
bliur enad miiCnevda 3 787 393 qarTvelidan _ 8 877; 95 853
afxazidan _ 2 212, 164 055 osidan _ 4 246; 307 556 azerbaija-
nelidan _ 3 972, 437 211 somxidan _ 40 312, da a. S., Tavisu-
flad icoda rusuli ena 1 203 788 qarTvelma, 77 193 afxazma,
60 004 osma, 105 083 azerbaijanelma, 187 666 somexma da a. S.
(saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba, 1991: 62-63).
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv avtonomiur res-
publikebsa da olqebSi.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, cxadi xdeba, rom `erebis
Serwyma”, anu maTi garuseba da enebis gaqroba rusuli enis he-
gemoniis Sedegad, marTlac realuri faqti iyo. magaliTad, `mo-
saxleobis pirveli sabWoTa aRwerisas 1926 wels daregistrirda
190-ze meti eTnikuri gaerTianeba (erToba) da daaxloebiT 150
ena. 1959 wlis aRwerisas ki eTnikuri erTeulebis ricxvi 90-mde
3 anzor fuxaevi, Zmobas gafrTxileba unda, `soflis cxovreba”, #192, 19. VIII.
1989.
4 akaki baqraZe, Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 2005.
5 Проблемы двуязычия и многоязычия, Москва, 1972.
6 pavle Tofuria, `orenovnebis buneba anu ramden enaze vilaparakoT?!”, `lit-
eraturuli saqarTvelo”, #5, 3. II. 89, gv. 10-11; #7, 17. II. 89, gv. 10-11
7 Salva xidaSeli, fiqrebi partiis erovnul politikasTan dakavSirebiT Tana-
medrove pirobebSi, `saxalxo ganaTleba”, #41, 13. IX. 89.

197
Semcirda” (Демографический энциклопедический словарь, 1985: 433).
1972 wels iwereboda: `Cvens Tvalwin xdeba karelielebis (maTi
ricxvi 100 aTasze metia) enis dakargva. isini erTenovnebaze
gadadian (mSobliuri ena xdeba rusuli)” (Проблемы двуязычия
и многоязычия, 1972: 24). bevrma afxazma aseve ar icoda afxa-
zuri ena. zogierTi, maT Soris, afxazur-qarTuli, ojaxisTvis
salaparako ena rusuli iyo. mosaxleobis aseTi gadasvla erTi
enidan meoreze sabWoTa kavSirSi kanonzomier movlenad miiC-
neoda (Проблемы двуязычия и многоязычия, 1972: 24).” winamdebare
masala moxmobilia nino markozias sakvalifikacio naSromidan (n.
markozia, -“enobrivi diskusiebi 70-90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi”
(xelmZRvaneli m. tabiZe).

erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi, romelic unda gaviTvaliswinoT

qarTul sinamdvileSi e.w. umciresobaTa umwerlobo enebis kvali-
fikaciis dros, aris im perspeqtivebis Sefaseba, romelsac Seicavs
qarTvelTa metyvelebebis enebad (kerZod, umciresobis umwerlobo
enad) SefasebisSemdgomi RonisZiebebi;
saerTaSoriso normebiT is, rac umwerloboa, `gadarCenis” miz-
niT samwerlobo unda gaxdes, anu unda gaemijnos imas, rac adre
mas samwignobro enis magivrobas uwevda. es niSnavs, rom mwignobro-
bisa da kulturis istoria daiwyos sufTa furclidan da pirveli
Canaweri gaxdes oden lokaluri kuTxis folklori; werilobiTi
versiis Seqmna mTel rig RonisZiebebTanaa dakavSirebuli:
a) enisa da, Sesabamisad, eTnosis statusis gansazRvra da misi
moqmedebis iuridiuli aspeqtebis Camoyalibeba;
b) samwerlobo koines Camoyalibeba: es rTuli sakiTxia, radgan
tradicias saWiroebs, xolo tradiciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi axlad-
Seqmnili samwerlobo enis standartizacia ver xerxdeba, warmoiS-
oba davebi sxvadasxva kilos upiratesobis Taobaze da xelovnuria
saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da mediis samuSao enis sakiTxebi;
g) axladSeqmnili samwerlobo ena ver aswrebs da amis gamo
veRarc axerxebs dargobrivi enebis ganviTarebas da samwignobro
enad iyenebs romelime `Suamaval enas” (ase daemarTa mag., afxazurs,
romelic faqtobriv, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis meore etapze (III-IV
klasidan) iwyebs rusulis gamoyenebas da misi enobrivi situacia
funqcionaluri stilebis interferirebul variants iZleva: Sin
da zog sazogadoebriv sferoSi afxazuri ena muSaobs, samecniero
dargebsa da politikur-ekonomikur sakiTxebSi _ rusuli;

gasaTvaliswinebelia siZneleebic, romelic eqmneba umwerlobo

enidan samwerlobo enis Seqmnas iq, sadac es procesi gamarTlebuli
da sasurvelia.
ra enobriv problemebze davoben CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi yvelaze
xSirad?

198
 a) romeli dialeqti unda edos safuZvlad samwerlobo enas?
ramdeni samwerlobo ena SeiZleba hqondes erT eTnoss?
magaliTad: daRestanSi bolo xanebSi gamoiyo sami axali ena;
yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi fiqsirebulia xan erT da xan or xa-
lxad ori samwerlobo eniT, romelTac sakuTriv yabardoul an
yabardoul-Cerqezul enaTa saxeliT ixsenieben; osebs ori salite-
raturo (samwerlobo) ena aqvT: erTis safuZvelia ironuli diale-
qti, meorisa - digoruli dialeqti, da sxv.
b) romeli anbani unda gamoiyenos erTi da imave enis mqone erTi
da imave erovnebis xalxma, romelic sxvadasxva adgilas (sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoSi) cxovrobs?
g) enobriv diskusiebze specialuri ganxilvis sagania e.w. rusu-
lenovani mwerlebis kulturuli mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi; Crdi-
loeTi kavkasiis enobrivi mowyoba da ganaTlebis sistemis enobrivi
politika xels uwyobda CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxebis samwerlo
kulturis specifikuri fenomenis _ rusulenovani mwerlis warmo-
Sobas; diskusia ramdenime aspeqts moicavs, aqedan yvelaze saintere-
soa: 1) `Targmnian” Tu `qmnian” rusulenovani kavkasieli mwerlebi
TavianT nawarmoebebs; 2) visia es qmnilebebi: rusebisa (romelTa
enazec isini iqmneba8•) Tu adiRelebis, daRestnelebis, osebisa da
sxv. (visi kulturiTacaa nasazrdoebi maTi avtorebis azrovneba da
gemovneba)?
Znelad mosagvarebeli Cans saxelmwifo enasTan dakavSirebiT
konstituciisa Tu qvemdebare sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis Sesaty-
visi debulebebis realurad ganxorcielebis sakiTxebic.
v) enobrivi situacia Sefasebasa da daregulirebas moiTxovs
ganaTlebis sferoSi. daismis swavlebis enisa da Sesaswavli ene-
bis, orenovani swavlebis, saswavlo programebSi nacionaluri enisa
da kulturis asaxvis sakiTxebi, ganaTlebis yvela rgolSi saxel-
mwifo enaze swavlebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi da sxv. sadiskusio
TemaTagan erT-erTi mwvave sakiTxi Crd. kavkasiis respublikebSi
swavlebis enas exeba. am sakiTxs gansakuTrebulad arTulebs yovel
respublikaSi erTze meti saxelmwifo enis arseboba da avtoqToni
mosaxleobis enaze (saxelmwifoebrivi statusis miuxedavad) sruli
saganmanaTleblo programis amoqmedebis SeuZlebloba. satitulo
eTnosTa enebze swavleba mxolod dawyebiT klasebSi xerxdeba, da-
narCen klasebSi swavleba rusuladaa, nacionaluri enebi ki iswavle-
ba sagnobrivad (saswavlo disciplina: ... ena da literatura)9•.
magaliTad, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis
e.w. suverenizaciis Semdgom saxelmwifo enebad gamocxadda: abazuri,
yaraCauli, noRauri, rusuli da Cerqezuli anu dawyebiT klasebSi
swavlebis ena xuTia.
8• sxvaTa Soris, rusulis garda azerbaijanul enasac aqvs garkveuli gavlena
daRestnis mwerlebze, kerZod e.w. samxreTi daRestnis mweralTa Soris arian
azerbaijanulenovani mwerlebic (ix., Бедирханов С.А., 2003: 28).
9 ix., Лезина В., 2007.

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 respublikaSi, romlis mosaxleoba 428,6 aTasi kacia, amJamad
funqcionirebs: 189 zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola, 5 profesiuli
liceumi, 3 profsaswavlebeli, 10 saRamos skola, 12 sabavSvo spor-
tuli skola, 20 sabavSvo skolisgareTa dawesebuleba, 86 skolam-
deli da 38 sauwyebo dawesebuleba. am dawesebulebebSi enobrivi
situacia aseTia: yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis ruseTis federaciis Semadgen-
lobaSi suverenizaciis Semdeg 99 skolaSi nacionaluri skolebis
saswavlo gegmebis Sesabamisad swavleba rusul enazea. abazuri ena,
rogorc sagani iswavleba 13 skolaSi, yaraCauli _ 57-Si, noRauri
_10-Si, Cerqezuli _ 20 saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebaSi10. amis
garda, kidev 53 skolaSi (mravalerovani SemadgenlobiT) Seqmnilia
pirobebi mSobliuri enebis Sesaswavlad (iq dedaena sagania da
ara swavlebis ena). 9 saSualo saswavlebelSi iswavleba yaraCaeT-
CerqezeTis respublikis xalxTa ramdenime ena.11• enaTa simravle
arTulebs mosaxleobis konsolidacias. integraciis nacvlad dezin-
tegraciasTan gvaqvs saqme. saSualo, specialuri da umaRlesi ga-
naTlebis saxelmwifo enebze gadayvana am momentisaTvis SesaZlebeli
ar Cans mosaxleobis mravalerovnuli Semadgenlobis gamo da arc
maswavlebelTa kadrebi hyavT (Шишканова А.В., 2003: 187-188).
osuri samwignobro ena ar aris erTgvarovani da mTliani. igi
ori dialeqtisagan Sedgeba da es orive dialeqti samwerlobocaa
(da Sesabamisad, saswavloc). esenia ironuli da digoruli diale-
qtebi (romlebic mSobliuria, Sesabamisad, 70% da 30% Crd. ose-
Tis mosaxleobisaTvis).
1992 w. Crd. oseTis respublikur gazeTSi gamoqveynda Crd. ose-
Tis avtonomiuri respublikis kanonproeqti _ “`Crd. oseTis ssr
xalxebis enebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac respublikis sazogadoebriobis
didi interesi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT im osebisa, romlebic la-
parakoben osuri enis digorul dialeqtze.
jer kidev 1934 wels saliteraturo osuri enis safuZvlad dai-
do ironuli dialeqti. 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi digoris sazogadoebriobam aqtiurad daiwyo digoruli
dialeqtisaTvis damoukidebeli enis statusis miniWebis moTxovna. es
sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT daisva zemoT xsenebuli kanonis
(enis kanonis) ganxilvis periodSi. 1996 wlis dasawyisSi respub-
likaSi Seiqmna axali komisia “Crd. oseTis xalxebis enebis Sesaxeb”
10 5sT.-dan 7 sT-mde kviraSi.
11 mag., hablis adiRur skolaSi iswavleba yabardoul-Cerqezuli da noRauri
enebi. fsiJis #1 da #2 skolebSi _ abazursa da yabardoul-Cerqezul
enebs aswavlian. erovnuli skola-internati aswavlis /arCeviT/ abazurs, yara-
Cauls, balyaruls, noRaurs da yabardoul-Cerqezuls. habezis r-nis skolebSi
pirvelad yaraCaeT-CerqezeTSi Semotanilia yvela sagnis swavleba dawyebiT
skolaSi yabardoul-Cerqezul enaze. saxelmw.enebi Seiswavleba yaraCaeT-Cer-
qezeTis saxelmwifo pedagogiur universitetsa da pedagogiur saswavlebelSi,
sadac iswavleba: ”yCr-s xalxebis literatura da istoria”, `yCr-s xalxebis
kultura”;“`mTis etiketi”, moqmedebs fakultaturi kursebi rusuli da yCr-s
sxva nacionaluri enebis gaRrmavebuli SeswavlisaTvis.

200
kanonis axali proeqtis dasamuSaveblad. 2000w. mniSvnelovnad ganax-
lda komisiis Semadgenloba. 1998-2002 wlebSi am kanonis variantebs
araerTgzis ganixilavdnen parlamentis komitetebi da sruliad
oseTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba `alanTi nixasi”, magram
saboloo varianti dRemde ar aris damuSavebuli.
1999 w. Crd. oseTis prezidentis brZanebulebiT Seiqmna Crd.
oseTis prezidentTan arsebuli osuri enis dacvisa da ganviTarebis
komisia, Tumca am komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli saqmeebi jerac
ar Cans.
1994 w. miiRes respublika Crd. oseTi _ alanias konsti-
tucia, romelSic osuri ena (rusulTan erTad) gamocxadebulia
saxelmwifo enad (muxli 15, punqti 10): osuri ena (ironuli da
digoruli dialeqtebi) - aris safuZveli osi xalxis nacionaluri
TviTSegnebis dacvisa. dacva da ganviTareba osuri enisa aris `Crd.
oseTi-alanias respublikis saxelmwifo saxelisuflebo organoebis
umTavresi amocana” (muxli 15,2).
miuxedavad sakonstitucio ganacxadisa, mTeli rigi obieqturi
da subieqturi mizezebis gamo osuri enis statusi rogorc saxelm-
wifo enisa, xSirad oden nominaluria.
enaTmecnierTa da sociologTa azriT, Tanamedrove eTnoenobrivi
situacia Crd. oseTSi da misi dinamika iseTia, rom osuri ena (iseve
rogorc, sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis federaciaSi ufro mravalricxo-
vani satitulo eTnosebis enebi) uaxloes aTwleulebSi ver SeZlebs
rusulis Tanabari statusis mopovebas sakuTar respublikaSi.
enis kanonTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli Crd. oseTSi `nacio-
naluri skolis ganviTarebis koncefcia,” romelic 1992 wels gam-
oitanes sajaro ganxilvaze, daigegma skolis ganviTarebis etapebi
2000 wlamde. proeqtis mixedviT osur enaze swavleba ukve 2000
wlidan unda dawyebuliyo profesiul, saSualo specialur da um-
aRles saswavleblebSi. Tumca realuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT
damuSavebuli koncefcia arsad Cans. 2000 wels agvistoSi iqna
miRebuli kanoni `ganaTlebis Sesaxeb”. masSi 60 punqtidan mxolod
ori exeba uSualod enasa da kulturas (muxli 6 “swavlebis ena
(enebi)” da muxli 7: “aRzrda _ Crd. oseTis resp. oseTi-alanias
mravalerovani xalxis (многонациональный народ) istoriisa da kul-
turis Seswavla”.
osuri enis sakiTxi zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi amgvarad
idga: 2002-2003 sasw. wels osi erovnebis bavSvebis dawyebiTi
swavleba dedaenaze mimdinareobda respublikis 62 skolaSi; or
raionSi, sadac metwilad is osebi cxovroben, visTvisac mSobliu-
ria osuri enis digoruli dialeqti (28 dawyebiTi skolidan 22-Si)
swavleba mSobliur dialeqtze - digorulze mimdinareobs.
2002-2003 wlebSi Crd. oseTis dawyebiT skolebSi osur enaze
sul 4 aTasi moswavle swavlobda, anu osi erovnebis saSualo
skolis moswavleTa 17%; dawyebiT skolaSi osurs (rogorc sagans)

201
aswavlian respublikis yvela raionSi, garda rusuli mozdokis
raionisa (sadac osebis xvedriTi wili 9%-ia, rusebisa _ 50%).12•
q. vladikavkazSi ukve 117 welia arsebobs qarTuli skola, sadac
swavleba qarTuladaa. 2000-2003 wlebSi iq 250 moswavle iyo (2002
wlis dasawyisisaTvis Crd. oseTSi 12,3 aTasi qarTveli cxovrobda,
ZiriTadad q. vladikavkazSi.13••
2000-2002 wlebSi telegadacemaTa 30% teleradiokompania `ala-
niaze” osurad mimdinareobda, osur enaze iyo radiogadacemaTa
50%.
2002 w. Crd.oseTSi 2 respublikuri gazeTi gamodioda osurad
(`rastZinadi” _ ironul dialeqtze) da `digora”(digorul diale-
qtze), osurenovania ramdenime sxva gazeTic: `alanTi nixasi” `noR
gazeT” (=axali gazeTi), `iri nifsi” (oseTis imedi) da sxv. mweral-
Ta kavSiris Jurnalebi gamodis orive dialeqtze: ironulzec da
digorulzec. Crd. oseTSi moqmedebs ramdenime Teatri: Crd. oseTis
dramatuli Teatri (ironul dialeqtze), digoris Teatri (digorul
dialeqtze), Crd.oseTis musikaluri Teatri (rusul enaze), bavSvTa
Teatri `sabi” (rusulad da ironulad) da rusuli dramatuli.

enobrivi problemebi, romlebic Tavs iCens CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,

ar aris ucxo sxva mravalenovani saxelmwifoebrivi erTobebisaTvi-
sac. enas, romelsac saxelmwifoebrivi funqcionirebis miswrafeba
aqvs, specialur literaturaSi am funqcionirebisaTvis ramdenime
aucilebel e.w. sabazo pirobas uyeneben, esenia:
energetikuloba (uzrunvelyofs enis komunikaciur potencials;
mas gaaCnia 1) wmindad lingvisturi mxare: Sinagani struqtura,
dialeqtebi, sametyvelo moqmedebis saxeebi, da 2) lingvistur-kul-
turuli mxare: damwerloba, saliteraturo forma, fiqsirebuli
werilobiTi istoria, sazogadoebrivi funqciebi);
e.w. transportuloba (am enaze informaciis gadmocema-gavrcele-
bis saSualebas iZleva);
daculobis moTxovnileba (am enaSi sakuTari Tavis dacva-Senar-
Cunebis saSualebaTa arseboba);
•mwarmoebluroba (gulisxmobs am enaze arsebuli teqstebis mo-
culobasa da mniSvnelobas) da informaciuloba (enis mzaoba axali
codnis aRqmisa da asaxvisaTvis).

12 2002-2003 sasw.wels osuri ena da lit. savaldebulo sagnebia 1-li an 2-5

klasidan (programis Sesabamisad) me-11 klasis CaTvliT yvela moswavlisaTvis
miuxedavad erovnebisa. am sagnebs yovel klasSi kviraSi 5 saaTi eTmoba.

13 2002 wlis oqtombris dasawyisisaTvis Crd. oseTSi cxovrobda: 2 000 yab-

ardoeli, 10 000 yumuxi, 22-23 aTasi inguSi. 2000-2003 wlebSi mozdokis r-nis
3 sofelSi daaxl. 2 000 yumuxi swavlobda da 100-ze meti yabardoeli (кабар-
динской национальности); sakvirao skolebSi aswavlian somxur, ebraul, berZnul,
TaTrul, polonur da germanul enebsa da literaturas.

202
 am CamonaTvalSi energetikuloba yvelaze mniSvnelovan piroba-
daa miCneuli (Караулов Ю.Н., 2005). CrdiloeTi kavkasiis enobrivi
situaciis Rrmad SeswavlisaTvis yvela dasaxelebuli piroba,
upirveles yovlisa ki, energetikulobis aspeqti, sagangebodaa ga-
saanalizebeli.

imaze, rom Sida qarTlis demografiuli suraTi sul mudam

osebis sasargeblod viTardeboda (1926-dan da 1989-mde) da ara
qarTvelebis an vinme sxvisa, naTlad Cans im statistikidanac,
romelsac qvemoT movixmobT. miT ufro, rom xsenebuli wlebi
sabWouri reJimis wlebia, rodesac respublikebi sakuTar saSinao
Tu sagareo politikas veranairad ver marTavdnen da mosaxleobis
eTnikuri dapirispirebis danergvac im reJimis bralia da ara res-
publikis mxriv ”gatarebuli” ama Tu im kursisa.

literatura

T. gvancelaZe, afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikaze gaday-

vanis istoriisaTvis. Jurn. `bedia”, #6-7, 2000
m.tabiZe, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovreb qarTvelTa eno-
brivi orientaciisaTvis, lazeT-WaneTi _ istoria da Tanamedro-
veoba (Tezisebi), Tbilisi, 2005.
m.tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funq-
cionirebis sakiTxebi, gamomc., `qarTuli ena”, Tbilisi, 2005.
t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi,, 2005;
Агаджанян Михаил, Ситуация на Северном Кавказе, (sainterneto ma-
salebidan), 2004
Баков Х.И. (Черкесск), К проблеме письменности в черкесском зарубежье,
Международная научная конференция. „Актуальные проблемы общей и
адыгской филологии“, Материалы конференции, Майкоп, 2003
Бедирханов С.А. (Махачкала), Южный Дагестан: Специфика двуязычия
как литературного явления, „Актуальные проблемы общей и адыгской
филологии“, Материалы конференции, Майкоп, 2003.
Бурыкин А. А. Язык малочисленного народа в его письменной форме:
Социолингвистический и собственно лингвист ические аспекты. СП., 2004.
Бурдаков В. П., Эффективность жизни. Введение в экоматермику. М., 1997
Мамий Р.Г. (Майкоп) Литературное двуязычие. проблемы и размышления,

203
 „Актуальные проблемы общей и адыгской филологии“, Материалы
конференции, Майкоп, 2003
Гукова Е.Ф. (Нальчик), Русскоязычная литература Кабардино-Балкарии,
„Актуальные проблемы общей и адыгской филологии“, Материалы
конференции, Майкоп, 2003.
Дзадзиев А., Этнодемографическая ситуация в Северной Осетии: 1989-2002
годы, 2004.
Каракаев Ю.И., Из терминов коневодства в ногайском языке (Материалы третьей
всероссийской научной конференции, «Лингвистическое кавказоведение
тюркология традиции и современность», Карачаевск, 2004.
Карасова С. Я., Термины трудовой деятельности в ногайском фольклоре
(Материалы третьей всероссийской научной конференции, «Лингвистическое
кавказоведение и тюркология: традиции и современность», Карачаевск,
2004.
Караулов Ю.Н. Этнокультурная и языковая ситуация в современной России:
лингвистический и культурный плюрализм. Языковая ситуация в регионах
современной России (sainterneto masalebi), 2005.
Лезина, В.В., Национально - языковая образовательная политика в
поликультурном обществе Северного Кавказа : Дис. ... д-ра пед. наук :
13.00.01 М., 2004.
Переверзев Ал. Е., Русские на Северном Кавказе. Социокультурная роль и
статусные позиции. (Специальность 22. 00. 04. - социальная структура,
социальные институты и процессы). Автореферат диссертации на соискание
ученой степени кандидата социологических наук . Ростов-на-Дону, 2001.
Табыш М.А. Тематическая характеристика медицинской лексики адыгского
языка, „Актуальные проблемы общей и адыгской филологии“, Материалы
конференции, Майкоп, 2003.
Шишканова А.В. (черкесск) Социолингвистические аспекты функционирования
языков народов карачаево-черкесии в сфере образования. „Актуальные
проблемы общей и адыгской филологии“, Материалы конференции, Майкоп,
2003.
The Population Census of 2002..www.nplg.gov.ge/caucasia/Abstracts/Eng/2004/
No3/Summary/12.htm - 65k.

204
 Demographics

Before the Georgian-Ossetian conflict about two thirds of the population of South Ossetia were Ossetians and 25-30% Georgians. The pre-
sent composition of the population is unknown.

census census census census census census

1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989
60,351 72,266 63,698 66,073 65,077 65,200
Ossetians
(69.1%) (68.1%) (65.8%) (66.5%) (66.4%) (66.2%)
23,538 27,525 26,584 28,125 28,187 28,700
Georgians
(26.9%) (25.9%) (27.5%) (28.3%) (28.8%) (29.0%)
157 2,111 2,380 1,574 2,046
Russians
(0.2%) (2.0%) (2.5%) (1.6%) (2.1%)
1,374 1,537 1,555 1,254 953
Armenians
(1.6%) (1.4%) (1.6%) (1.3%) (1.0%)
1,739 1,979 1,723 1,485 654
Jews
(2.0%) (1.9%) (1.8%) (1.5%) (0.7%)
216 700 867 910 1,071 5,100
Others
(0.2%) (0.7%) (0.9%) (0.9%) (1.1%) (4.8%)
Total 87,375 106,118 96,807 99,421 97,988 99,000

205
 Teimuraz gvancelaZe

imperiuli enobrivi politika afxazeTSi da

misi Sedegebi
2008 wlis agvistos saomarma moqmedebebma cxinvalis regionsa da
saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis ofi-
cialurma aRiarebam ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis mier mTel
msoflios aSkarad daanaxa ruseTis WeSmariti saxe da am saxelm-
wifos Seufaravi imperiuli zraxvebi. specialistTaTvis sruliad
naTelia, rom demokratiis lozungebs amofarebuli ruseTi dRemde
agrZelebs mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa reJimis politikas saqarT-
velosa da misi mosaxleobis mimarT, magram zedmeti ar iqneboda,
kidev erTxel gagvexsenebina zogi metad niSandoblivi istoriuli
faqti, romlebic dagvexmareboda dRes mimdinare calkeuli movle-
nebis logikis gaazrebaSic da samomavlo kontrzomebis miRebaSic.
winamdebare naSromic swored amas isaxavs miznad. Cven gvsurs,
istoriis moSveliebiT gamovaaSkaraoT ruseTis federaciis amJamin-
deli antiqarTuli politikis lingvokulturologiuri arsenali,
romelic memkvidreobiT miiRo putin-medvedevis xelisuflebam car-
izmisa da sabWoTa reJimisagan.
cnobili faqtia, rom imperiebs sxva qveynebis dapyrobis dros
erTdroulad ramdenime miznis miRweva surT, kerZod: am dros
yvelaze arsebiTad miiCneva axali teritoriebis mopoveba, wiaRiseu-
lisa da sxva materialuri simdidris xelSi Cagdeba, geostrategiu-
li da samxedro poziciebis gamyareba-gaumjobeseba, demografiuli
situaciis Tavis sasargeblod Secvla da sxva. aRniSnulTan erTad
mniSvnelovania dapyrobili mosaxleobis enobrivi, kulturuli,
religiuri da eTnikuri asimilireba, raTa es mosaxleoba ar aR-
moCndes Seurigebel opoziciaSi dampyroblis mimarT.
XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze, roca ruseTi Seudga saqarTvelos
dapyrobas, misTvis aqtualuri iyo TiTqmis yvela dasaxelebuli
miznis miRweva religiuri asimilaciis CaTvliT, vinaidan qveynis
satitulo eTnosis, qarTveli xalxis erTi nawili konfesiuri
TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdeboda marTlmadideblur-qristianuli um-
ravlesobisagan da aRiarebda sunitur islams (aWarlebi, mesx-
ebi, javaxebi, tao-klarjeTisa da SavSeTis mosaxleoba, ingiloebi...),
grigorianul qristianobasa da kaTolikobas. garda qarTvelTa am
jgufebisa, konfesiurad gansxvavebul jgufebSi Sediodnen qveynis
sxvadasxva regionSi mosaxle ebraelebi, mahmadiani borCaloeli
TaTrebi da afxazebis nawili, agreTve grigorianeli somxebi. am
mozaikur religiur viTarebas emateboda aseve mozaikuri enobrivi
suraTic: qarTul enaze molaparake umravlesobis paralelurad
qveyanaSi warmodgenili iyo afxazur, osur, somxur, Turqul enebze
mosaubre kompaqturi jgufebi. bunebrivia, qarTvelTa da qveyanaSi

206
mosaxle sxva eTnikur jgufTa eTnikuri, enobrivi da konfesiuri
identoba didwilad gansazRvravda maT politikur orientaciasac:
marTlmadidebeli qarTveli, afxazi da osi mosaxleoba grigorian
somxebTan erTad im etapze mainc SedarebiT loialurad iyo ganw-
yobili ruseTis mimarT da masSi iranisa da osmaleTis agresiuli
politikisagan damcvels xedavda, xolo mahmadiani qarTvelebis, afx-
azebis, borCaloeli TaTrebisa da Turqebis ganwyoba osmaleTisaken
ufro ixreboda, osmaleTi ki maSin ruseTis aSkara politikuri
da samxedro oponenti iyo. ra Tqma unda, ruseTis xelisuflebac
xedavda amas da cdilobda kidevac religiuri faqtoris saTavisod
gamoyenebas.
swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoR-
wevis Semdgom carizmi aqtiurad Seudga marTlmadidebluri qris-
tianobis aRdgena-gavrcelebasa da ganmtkicebas saqarTvelos mTian
regionebSi, afxazeTSi, saingiloSi da am metad mniSvnelovani saqmis
ganxorcieleba miando qarTvel misionerebs, romlebic kargad ic-
nobdnen am regionTa mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebas, adaT-wesebs,
icodnen agreTve afxazuri da osuri enebi, xolo afxazebi da
osebi tradiciuli istoriuli mWidro kavSiriT iyvnen dakavSireb-
ulni qarTvel xalxTan, rac xels uwyobda misionerTa saqmianobis
warmatebas afxazeTsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos im mxareebSi, sa-
dac warmodgenili iyo osebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi (Sida da Sua
qarTli, kaxeTis calkeul soflebSi). am konteqstSi erTi SexedviT
auxsneli da alogikuri Cans is faqti, rom carizmis qristianma xe-
lisuflebam saTanado yuradReba ar dauTmo qristianobis aRdgenis
saqmes mesxeT-javaxeTSi, sadac mosaxleobis didi nawili qristian
qarTvelTa STamomavali iyo, magram ukve islamsac aRiarebda da
intensiuradac kargavda dedaenas (qarTuls) Turquli enis aTvise-
bis xarjze. Sdr. afxazeTi, sadac XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda qristianobis aRdgenas da
saamisod didZali dro, energia da Tanxa ixarjeboda.
sakiTxis Rrma analizi gviCvenebs, rom carizmis am alogikur
saqciels gansazRvravda metad mtkice imperiuli logika: mesxeT-
javaxeTi uSualod esazRvreboda ruseTis metoqe osmaleTs, mahma-
dianTa gaqristianeba erTjeradi da myisieri Sedegis momcemi aqcia
ar iyo da osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi mahmadian mosaxleobas
SeeZlo ruseTisaTvis seriozuli problemebis Seqmna, afxazeTi ki
osmaleTisagan Sors iyo.
1864 wlamde ruseTi iaraRiT ebrZoda afxazTa mezoblad mosax-
le Cerqezebsa da ubixebs da mas afxazeTi placdarmad sWirdeboda.
misTvis im dros jer kidev xelsayreli ar iyo afxazTa mimarT mkac-
ri politikis ganxorcieleba. aq rusi samRvdeloebis nacvlad mis-
ionerebad qarTvelebis wargzavna ufro umtkivneulo iqneboda (Tu
mahmadian afxazebs protesti gauCndebodaT maT Soris qristiano-
bis qadagebis gamo, maTi ukmayofilebis adresatebad qarTvelebi

207
iqceodnen da ara rusebi, riTac imperia ori moZme xalxis da-
pirispirebasac miaRwevda). magram afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa
(1864 w.) da gansakuTrebiT afxazTa antirusuli ajanyebebis (1866,
1877-78 ww.) Semdeg carizmma dainaxa, rom regionSi qarTveli sam-
Rvdeloebis avtoriteti saxifaTod amaRlda, xolo afxazi xalxi
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iaraRiT brZolazec ar ityoda uars, ami-
tom man amjobina gadaedga is nabiji, rac ukve gadadgmuli hqonda
XIX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis mijnaze mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi, roca
samSoblodan osmaleTSi masobrivad gaaZeva mahmadiani qarTvelebi
da maT nasaxlarebSi Camoasaxla rusi seqtantebi, Turqulenovani
pontoeli berZnebi da grigoriani somxebi.
afxazeTSic 1867 da 1878 wlebSi moxda afxazi xalxis arsebobis
istoriaSi udidesi tragedia:
aTasobiT afxazi masobrivad ahyares da ZaliT gandevnes TurqeTSi,
maT adgilas ki aseve masobrivad Camoasaxles rusebi, ukrainelebi,
somxebi, berZnebi, estonelebi, germanelebi da a.S. samwuxarod, arc
caristul, arc sabWour da arc amJamindel rusul xelisuflebas
dRemde ar gaxsenebiaT kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili es saSineli
danaSauli da bodiSi ar mouxdiaT afxazi xalxis winaSe (sx-
vaTa Soris, imave 1878 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam mahmadiani
qarTvelebisa da Turqebis didi nawilic gaaZeva TurqeTSi).
carizmi saqarTveloSi fexis mokidebisTanave Seudga zrunvas
qveynis mosaxleobis masobrivad garusebisaTvis. saamisod imperiis
ideologebma sxvadasxva gegma Seadgines, romelTa gacnoba naTlad
gviCvenebs imperiis namdvil saxes. magaliTad, XIX saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi carizmis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani ideologi pla-
ton zubovi afxazeTis Sesaxeb werda: `...mTielTa daSoSmineba [e.i.
damorCileba _ T.g.] Semdegs gulisxmobs: savaWro urTierTobaTa
gziT davnergoT maTSi midrekileba fufunebisaken; vaqcioT igi
aucileblobad da gavanaTloT mTielni qristianobis SuqiT. [...]
mTielebi icxovreben mTavari gzebisagan moSorebul dablobebSi...
da mTavrobis SemweobiT miiReben pirvel rigSi aucilebel sacx-
ovreblebs, gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnav eklesiebs yovel mniSvnelovan
sofelSi; ...eklesiebTan unda gaixsnas saswavleblebi rusuli enis
Sesaswavlad da Tundac dasawyisisaTvis saRvTo wirva Sesruldes
mTielTa enaze, magram TandaTanobiT saqme ise unda waviyvanoT,
rom maT miatovon sakuTari kilokavebi da gaecnon rusul enas,
romelic maTi STamomavlebisaTvis ukve gabatonebuli ena gaxdeba,
radganac damwerlobis armqone maTi mravalgvari kilokavebi io-
lad miecema daviwyebas” (gamaxaria, gogia, 1997: 308-309). rogorc
vxedavT, am gegmaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garusebis ramdenime
mTavari xerxia dasaxelebuli: adgilobrivi mosaxleobis zneobrivi
garyvna fufunebis siyvarulis Canergvis gziT; mosaxleobis Camosax-
leba Znelad sakontrolo mTebidan barSi da maTi koncentrireba
centraluri magistralebidan moSorebiT; mTielTa gaqristianeba

208
da RvTismsaxurebis enad rusulis gabatoneba; saeklesio-samrevlo
skolebis gamoyeneba mTielTa dedaenebis dasaviwyeblad. carizmis
xelisuflebam am xerxebidan praqtikulad yvela gamoiyena, garda
pirvelisa, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki zogi sxva xerxic gamoigona,
kerZod:
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis, roca aSkara gax-
da, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare xangrZlivi ruseT-kavkasiis
omi imperiis gamarjvebiT dasruldeboda, carizmma daiwyo aqtiuri
muSaoba afxazeTSi eTnikur-demografiuli viTarebis Sesacvlelad,
agreTve afxazi da osi mosaxleobis qarTuli kulturuli samya-
rosagan mosawyvetad da am ori eTnosis qarTvel xalxTan dasa-
pirispireblad. am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebad gamoyenebul iqna
afxazuri da osuri enebisaTvis rusul grafikaze dafuZnebuli
damwerlobis Seqmna, afxazur da osur soflebSi manamde moRvawe
qarTveli misionerebis gawveva, samurzayanos (amJamindeli galis
raionis) teritoriaze mosaxle qarTvelebis afxazebad gamocxadeba,
maTTvis RvTismsaxurebasa da skolaSi qarTuli enis gamoyenebis
akrZalva rusuli enis daZalebis paralelurad da a.S.
ganvixiloT afxazuri enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis miznebi
da am aqciis Sedegebi.
afxazuri ena 1862 wlamde damwerlobis armqone ena iyo. am
dromde, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, afxazebi iyenebdnen qarTul sam-
wignobro enas oficialuri mimoweris, religiur-qristianuli da
kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. qarTuli ena
maRal doneze icodnen afxazuri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebma
da dabali socialuri fenebis nawilma. ufro metic, XIX sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTis mTavrebic da sxva Tavadebic rusul
xelisuflebasTan oficialur mimoweras mxolod am enaze awar-
moebdnen, xolo inteligencia qarTul enasa da werilobiT kul-
turas Tavis mSobliur enad da kulturad miiCnevda. magaliTad,
afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris vaJi giorgi SarvaSiZe zedmiwevniT
Rrmad icnobda qarTul literaturas, TviTonac werda SesaniS-
nav leqsebs am enaze, xolo rodesac erTma germanelma Jurnal-
istma Tavis statiaSi udierad moixsenia saqarTvelo, qarTveli eri
da qarTuli kultura, g. SarvaSiZem mas sakadrisi pasuxi gasca.
msgavsi damokidebuleba hqondaT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osebsac
saqarTvelos, qarTveli xalxis, qarTuli kulturisa da enisadmi.
bunebrivia, ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo afxazTa,
osTa da qarTvelTa siaxlove, amitom XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi,
ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasrulebis moaxloebisTanave gansakuTrebuli
aqcenti gakeTda am siaxlovis mosaSlelad da dasaxelebuli sami
eTnosis gadasamtereblad. ukve 1862 wels ruseTis armiis generali
petre uslari Seudga afxazuri enis mecnierul gamokvlevas, magram
mis winaSe wamoiWra problema: romeli enis damwerlobiT unda
gadmoeca afxazuri enis bgerebi? generalma, romelsac lingvistis

209
didi niWic hqonda, icoda, rom kavkasiaSi gavrcelebul im ena-
TaTvis, romlebic im dros jer kidev udamwerlobo iyo, yvelaze
gamosadegad qarTuli anbani unda CaTvliliyo, magram mas ar surda
am damwerlobis gamoyeneba wminda politikuri mosazrebebis gamo.
igi werda: `...[qarTuli anbani] lamis yvelaze srulyofilia arse-
bul anbanTa Soris... yoveli bgera gadmoicema sagangebo niSniT da
yoveli aso mudam gamoxatavs erTsa da imave bgeras. yvela evro-
pul enaSi arsebobs dabrkoleba _ esaa orTografia; qarTvelebs,
maTi anbanis srulyofilebis wyalobiT, es sirTule TiTqmis ara
aqvT... aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli saanbano sistema SeiZleba aRebul
iqnes aqamde damwerlobas moklebuli yvela kavkasiuri enisaTvis
saerTo anbanis safuZvlad; magram Tu Cven qarTvelebisagan visesx-
ebT ara marto saanbano sistemas, aramed asoTa moxazulobasac,
amiT sruliad uneburad SevqmniT sirTuleebs, romlebic miT ufro
sagrZnobi iqneba, rac ufro metad gavrceldeba rusuli wera-kiTxva
kavkasiaSi” (gamaxaria, gogia, 1997: 353). igi iqve dasZenda: `wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven vqmniT imis risks, rom qarTuli da sxva
avtonomiebis garda SevqmniT afxazur avtonomiasac”-o (gamaxaria,
gogia, 1997: 720). p. uslars didxans ar uyoymania da Seqmna dam-
werloba afxazuri enisaTvis, romelic emyareboda rusul grafi-
kas (kirilicas), magram masSi SeZlebisdagvarad gamoyenebuli iyo
qarTuli damwerlobis principi _ asoebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sx-
vadasxvagvarad ar ikiTxeboda. sayuradReboa, rom imave dros, roca
p. uslari werda afxazuri enis gramatikul mimoxilvas, amave
enaze pirveli saanbano wignis Seqmnaze muSaobda jgufi general
i. barTolomeis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba
afxazuri sityvebis Casawerad gamoeyenebina qarTuli grafika. aman
p. uslari saSinlad ganarisxa da misi energiuli Carevis Sedegad
i. barTolomeis jgufi aiZula, uari eTqva Tavis gadawyvetilebaze
da gamoeyenebina p. uslaris mier Sedgenili axali damwerloba
rusuli grafikis gamoyenebiT ( i. barTolomeis jgufis mier daw-
erili `afxazuri anbani” gamoica 1865 wels).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom axal afxazur damwerlobas praqti-
kuli gamoyeneba TiTqmis ar hqonia 1912 wlamde, roca dimitri
guliam TbilisSi gamosca Tavisi leqsebis pirveli krebuli, riTac
safuZveli Caeyara afxazuri mxatvruli literaturis istorias
(aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom 1892 wels rusuli eklesiis xelmZ-
Rvanelobam afxazeTSi Seqmna mTargmnelobiTi komisia, romelmac
afxazur enaze Targmna da gamosca ramdenime religiuri wigni). am
mizezis gamo XIX saukuneSi SeuZlebeli iyo saero da sasuliero
ganaTlebis organizeba afxazur enaze _ am enaze ar arsebobda
saswavlo literatura, romlis Seswavlac SeeZlebodaT afxaz mos-
wavleebs. amgvarad, xelovnurad Seiqmna dilema: xelisufleba acxa-
debda, rom raki afxazebi qarTvelebi ar arian, maTTvis qarTuli
enis swavleba da qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis Sesruleba am enaze

210
dauSvebelia, afxazebs arc sakuTari originaluri an Targmnili
literatura moepovebaT, amitom upriania, afxazma bavSvebma iswav-
lon da ilocon rusul enazeo. rusifikaciisa da `Divide et impera”-s
es kvintesencia araerT rus moxeles gamouTqvams. davimowmebT erT-
erTis, evgeni veidenbaumis gulaxdil gamonaTqvams: `afxazuri ena,
romelsac ara aqvs damwerloba da literatura, raRa Tqma unda,
ganwirulia met-naklebad axlo momavalSi gasaqrobad. sakiTxi ase
dgas: romeli ena Secvlis mas? cxadia, rom [afxazur - T.g.] mosax-
leobaSi kulturuli ideebisa da cnebaTa damnergavis roli unda
Seasrulos ara qarTulma, aramed rusulma enam. amitom me mimaCnia,
rom afxazuri damwerlobis dafuZneba TviTmizani ki ar unda iyos,
aramed is unda gaxdes eklesiisa da skolis meSveobiT qarTuli
enisadmi moTxovnilebis dasustebisa da misi [e.i. qarTuli enis
- T.g.] saxelmwifo eniT [e.i. rusuliT - T.g.] Secvlis iaraRi”
(gamaxaria, gogia, 1997: 720). sxvaTa Soris, e. veidenbaums aq un-
eburad wamoscda, rom afxazur mosaxleobaSi carizmis dros didi
iyo moTxovnileba qarTuli enisadmi.
swored carizmis WeSmariti miznebis amocnoba gviwyobs xels
imis axsnaSi, Tu ratom axdenda carizmis xelisufleba qarTvel
saero da sasuliero moRvaweTa im winadadebebis ignorirebas, rom-
lebic afxazeTSi ganaTlebisa da RvTismsaxurebis afxazur enaze
warmarTvas gulisxmobda. magaliTad, jer kidev manam, sanam ruse-
Ti oficialurad gaauqmebda afxazeTis samTavros, magram mkacrad
akontrolebda viTarebas am regionSi, afxazeTis mTavris piradma
moZRvarma, qarTvelma dekanozma ioane ioselianma ruseTis xelisu-
flebis winaSe wamoWra sakiTxi sof. lixnSi, afxazeTis mTavris
rezidenciis axlos sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnis Sesaxeb, sadac
afxazi bavSvebi sxva sagnebTan erTad dedaenasac Seiswavlidnen, ma-
gram am proeqts uari eTqva. analogiuri winadadeba mogvianebiTac
araerTxel daisva, magram sakiTxi mudam gadauWreli rCeboda. sxva
magaliTi: daaxloebiT 100 wlis Semdeg, XX saukunis dasawyisSi
afxazeTis qarTveli episkoposi kirioni (saZagliSvili) momxre iyo
afxazur enaze literaturis Seqmnisa da RvTismsaxurebis dawesebi-
sa. imave winadadebas ayenebda didi qarTveli pedagogi da sazogado
moRvawe iakob gogebaSvilic, romelic 1907 wels werda:`gazeTebis
zogi korespondenti mtrulad epyroba afxazur enaze saRvTismsax-
uro wignebis Targmnas da am enaze RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebas. es
metismetad maocebs. marTalia, afxazeTi mravali saukunis manZilze
Seadgenda saqarTvelos politikuri sxeulis nawils, iq RvTismsax-
ureba sruldeboda qarTul enaze da damwerlobac qarTuli iyo
TviT afxazTa survilisamebr, magram ueWveli faqtia, rom afxazuri
ena qarTuli enis kilo ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli enaa, Tumca
qarTuli enis monaTesave. rogorc damoukidebel enas, mas udavod
aqvs ufleba Tavis RvTismsaxurebaze, Tavis damwerlobaze, Tavis
xalxur [e.i. erovnul - T.g.] literaturaze”.

211
 i. gogebaSvili iqve mouwodebda soxumel qarTvelebs, daxmareba
gaewiaT afxazi moRvaweebisaTvis afxazuri enis saskolo saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebis SedgenaSi da Tu amgvari wignebis soxumSi gamocema
gauWirdebodaT, gadaegzavnaT teqsti TbilisSi, sadac qarTvelTa
Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romlis gamgeo-
bis wevric i. gogebaSvili iyo, Tavisi xarjiT dabeWdavda wignebs
(gamaxaria, 2005: 473-474). imave i. gogebaSvilis mier Sedgenili
qarTuli saanbano wignis `deda enis” principebi gamoiyena afxazma
pedagogma andrei WoWuam afxazuri saanbano wignis Sedgenisas. bedis
ironiaa, rom dRes i. gogebaSvili afxaz separatistebs `Sav siaSi”
hyavT da mas sruliad usafuZvlod afxazTa gaqarTvelebis ideol-
ogobaSi sdeben brals, xolo general p. uslars lamis RmerTad
warmoaCenen.
vfiqrobT, aq warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze obieqturi
mkiTxveli Tavad gansjis, Tu vin iyo afxazi xalxis uangaro mego-
bari da vin _ misi gadajiSebis mosurne: p. zubovi, p. uslari, e.
veidenbaumi, ruseTis xelisufleba Tu dekanozi i. ioseliani, i.
gogebaSvili, episkoposi kirioni, episkoposebi aleqsandre oqropi-
riZe da gabriel qiqoZe... (maT xeli Seuwyves aTasobiT afxazis
gaqristianebas da amiT gadaarCines isini afxazeTidan deportacias),
afxazeTSi moRvawe is qarTvelebi, romlebic XIX-XX saukuneTa
mijnaze uangarod daexmarnen afxaz moRvaweebs afxazTa Soris wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi da am sazogadoebis
muSaobis farTod gaSlaSi?
zemoT dasaxelebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia
Semdegi daskvnis gamotana:
1862 wels afxazuri enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnas, marTalia,
Zalze didi kulturologiuri mniSvneloba hqonda am enis arse-
bobis istoriaSi, magram es aqti ar yofila am enis matarebeli
eTnosis bunebrivi istoriuli ganviTarebiT gamowveuli movlena
(rogorc msoflios istoria gviCvenebs, damwerlobas eTnosi Tavisi
ganviTarebis maRali etapis miRwevis dros qmnis da amas ganapi-
robebs TviT am eTnosis Sinagani moTxovnilebis bunebrivi simwife.
afxaz xalxs ki, kavkasiis sxva mravali mcirericxovani eTnosis ms-
gavsad, arc XIX saukuneSi da arc manamde ar hqonia moTxovnileba
sakuTari damwerlobis Seqmnisa _ ar arsebobs araviTari doku-
menti, romelSic asaxuli iqneboda msgavsi moTxovnileba). afxazuri
damwerloba Seiqmna mxolod da mxolod politikuri mosazrebiT
da miznad isaxavda, erTi mxriv, afxazTa izolirebas qarTuli kul-
turuli velisagan, meore mxriv ki maTi saboloo garusebisaTvis
niadagis Semzadebas rusul grafikasTan da rusul enasTan SeCvevis
gziT.
am daskvnis marTebulobas, zemoT aRniSnuli garemoebebis garda,
adasturebs isic, rom carizmis xelisufalni xSirad uaryofdnen
afxazuri damwerlobis arsebobis faqtsac ki; krZalavdnen afxazuri

212
da qarTuli enebis gamoyenebas afxazeTis skolebsa da eklesiebSi;
aZalebdnen afxazebsa da qarTvelebs rusul enaze swavlasa da
RvTismsaxurebas da a.S. magaliTad, 1864 wels `kavkasiaSi marTlma-
didebluri qristianobis aRmdgenma sazogadoebam” gamosca `wesebi
samrevlo skolebis Sesaxeb”, romelic am sazogadoebis egidiT gax-
snil saeklesio-samrevlo skolebs nebas rTavda, swavleba waremar-
TaT dedaenazec, miuxedavad amisa, samurzayanoSi (amJamindel galis
raionSi), sadac mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas qarTvelebi
Seadgendnen, swavleba qarTul enaze mxolod samrevlo skolaTa
mcire nawilSiRa mimdinareobda, xolo danarCen skolebSi, agreTve
afxazeTis afxazur soflebSi bavSvebs maTTvis sruliad gaugebar
rusul enaze aswavlidnen, rasac Sedegi ar mohqonda.
1866 wels ramdenime afxazuri soflis samrevlo skolebSi
SemoRebul iqna swavleba afxazur enaze, magram 1884 wels `kavkasia-
Si marTlmadidebluri qristianobis aRmdgenma sazogadoebam” saer-
Tod akrZala samurzayano-afxazeTSi swavleba qarTul da afxazur
enebze. “saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1889 wlis
17 martis brZanebiT, soxumis olqSi, e.i. afxazeT-samurzayanos
eklesiebsa da samrevlo skolebSi wirva-locva da swavleba unda
warmarTuliyo mxolod rusul enaze. msgavsi akrZalvebi periodu-
lad meordeboda xolme SemdgomSic: 1896, 1898 wlebSi (vrclad
ix.: gvancelaZe, tabiZe, Serozia, Wanturia, 2001: 105-106; gamax-
aria, 2005: 669-672). ruseTis saero da saeklesio xelisufleba am
akrZalvebs aseTi `logikiT” amarTlebda:
1868 wlis oficialuri gadawyvetilebiT afxazuri ena ganu-
viTarebel enad gamocxadda, mas ara aqvs damwerloba, am enaze
ar arsebobs arc religiuri da arc saero literatura, amitom
afxazebi unda swavlobdnen da loculobdnen rusulad, anu
saxelmwifo enaze. afxazebi ar arian qarTvelebi, e.i. maT ar
sWirdebaT arc am enis Seswavla da arc qarTulad locva. rac
Seexeba samurzayanos mosaxleobas, isini, imperiis ideologTa
azriT, qarTvelebi ki ara, afxazebi arian da raki asea, arc maT
sWirdebaT qarTuli enis Seswavla da am enaze locva, amitom
samurzayanoelebmac, afxazTa msgavsad, unda iswavlon da ilocon
rusulado. ra Tqma unda, didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imis mix-
vedras, rom amgvari `logikiT” imperia afxazeT-samurzayanos afxa-
zuri da qarTuli mosaxleobis erTbaSad garusebas cdilobda.
samwuxarod, 1878 wlis masobrivi deportaciis Semdeg afxaze-
Tis umciresobad qceul afxazebs, romlebic or rezervaciaSiRa
iyvnen SemorCenilni, oficialurad hqondaT miniWebuli `damnaSave
xalxis” statusi, ekrZalebodaT magistralebisa da zRvis siaxloves
cxovreba, TiTqmis ar hyavdaT inteligencia da liderebi, ar See-
ZloT seriozuli winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT imperiis rusifikatoru-
li politikisaTvis. amitom rogorc sakuTari, ise afxazi xalxis
erovnul-enobriv-religiur-kulturuli identobis gadarCenisaTvis

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brZolis simZime afxazeT-samurzayanoSi mcxovrebma qarTvelma li-
derebma ikisres:
roca 1898 wlis 17 marts “saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalurma
kantoram # 2771 brZanebulebiT kvlav akrZala RvTismsaxureba
da swavleba qarTul enaze soxumis olqis eklesiebsa da samrevlo
skolebSi, amas afxazeT-samurzayanos qarTuli mosaxleobis imdenad
mZlavri protesti mohyva, rom am ambavma TviT ruseTis imperato-
ris yuramdec ki miaRwia. imperatorma sakiTxis gadawyveta ruseTis
eklesiis uwmindes sinods daavala. sinodma 1898 wlis 3 seqtembers
gamosca # 4880 brZanebuleba, romliTac ganisazRvra, rom soxumis
olqis im samrevloebSi, sadac mrevli megruli, e.i. qarTuli iyo,
RvTismsaxurebac da sasuliero ganaTlebac unda warmarTuliyo
qarTul enaze, xolo afxazur samrevloebSi... Zvel slavur enaze.
es brZanebuleba soxumis olqis 42 samrevlodan mxolod 3-Si Ses-
rulda, rasac soxumis eparqiis xelmZRvaneloba zemoT moyvanili
`logikiT” amarTlebda. qarTveli moRvaweebi ar Sehguebian beds
da ganagrZes brZola. erT-erTma maTganma, Tedo saxokiam SeZlo
peterburgis gazeT `sanqt-peterburgskia vedomosti”-Si saprotesto
statiis gamoqveynebac ki, romelSic avtori icavda rogorc qarT-
veli, ise afxazi mosaxleobis interesebs da moiTxovda RvTism-
saxurebasa da swavlebaSi afxazuri da qarTuli enebis danergvas.
sapasuxod xelisuflebam sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra piradad
T. saxokiasa da misi xelmZRvanelobiT afxazeTSi moqmedi `qarTuli
partiis” liderTa winaaRmdeg, ris Sedegadac 1904 wlis 1 maiss
kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblis sabWom `damnaSave” 8 pirs kavkasiidan
uvado gasaxleba miusaja (vrclad ix.: silagaZe, guruli, 1999).
am saqmis Ziebis dros quTaisis guberniis samxedro gubernatori
gerSelmani umaRlesi xelisuflebisagan iTxovda nebarTvas, raTa
soxumis olqis mosaxleobis garusebis daCqarebis mizniT, im sam-
revloebSi, sadac cxovrobdnen afxazebi da samurzayanoelebi (e.i.
qarTvelebi), gaemwesebinaT mxolod rusi, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
afxazi sasuliero pirebi; rusebiT SeecvalaT olqSi moRvawe qarT-
veli maswavleblebi, xolo qarTveli sasuliero pirebi da peda-
gogebi gaeZevebinaT regionidan (silagaZe, guruli, 1999, dokumenti
# 2, gv. 83-84).
mefis ruseTis xelisuflebis mier afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli
enobrivi politikis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi misi agresiuloba
da rusifikatoruli buneba iyo. am politikis Sedegi gaxldaT
is, rom ukve 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis droisaTvis gaCnda
dapirispirebis pirveli niSnebi regionis afxazur da qarTul
mosaxleobas Soris: afxazTa nawilma irwmuna, rom qarTvelebi maT
mSobliur miwas edavebian da surT afxazTa gaqarTveleba; maT aita-
ces rusi ideologebis mier Seqmnili `samecniero Teoria”, romlis
Tanaxmadac afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTvelebs arasodes ucxovriaT
XIX saukunemde; gaCnda qarTvelis, rogorc afxazTa dauZinebeli

214
mtris, miTologizebuli saxe; Seiqmna damRupveli lozungi: `sjobs
zRvam Cagvylapos, vidre nakadulma”, romelSic `zRva” ruseTs gu-
lisxmobs, `nakaduli” ki _ saqarTvelos; gavrcelda nihilisturi
damokidebuleba afxazi xalxis, afxazuri enisa da kulturis moma-
vlis mimarT. aseT viTarebaSi daemxo carizmi. bunebrivia, saqarT-
velos damoukideblobis aRdgenis xanmokle periodSi (1918 wlis
26 maisidan 1921 wlis Tebervlamde) SeuZlebeli iyo carizmis
danatovari ukiduresad mZime viTarebis safuZvlianad Secvla, miT
umetes, rom rogorc sabWoTa ruseTi, ise misi mowinaaRmdege Za-
lebi erTnairi mondomebiT ereodnen saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi
da cdilobdnen afxazeTSi areulobasa da erovnebaTSorisi SuR-
lis gaRvivebas. am etapze gaCndnen separatizmis ideologebic (s.
basaria, s. aSxvawaa, s. Wanba...), Tumca jer kidev didi iyo im afx-
azTa raodenobac, vinc momxre iyo tradiciuli afxazur-qarTuli
keTili urTierTobis SenarCunebisa da visac esmoda, rom ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi afxaz xalxs kargi araferi eloda (giorgi Sar-
vaSiZe, varlam SarvaSiZe, vianor anCabaZe...). miuxedavad arsebuli
siZneleebisa da mcire droisa, 1918-1921 wlebs Soris afxazeTSi
mainc moxerxda ramdenime sasikeTo enobrivi RonisZiebis ganxor-
cieleba, kerZod, 1919 wels d. gulias TaosnobiT daarsda pirveli
afxazurenovani gazeTi `afsni” (`afxazeTi”), daiwyo mzadeba afxa-
zur skolebSi afxazuri enis swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad, afxazur
enaze daidga ramdenime speqtakli da a.S.
1921 wlis 4 marts afxazeTSic damyarda sabWoTa reJimi, romel-
mac maSinve daiwyo aqtiuri muSaoba regionis afxazuri da qarTuli
mosaxleobis gadasamtereblad da maT gasaruseblad. sxva RonisZie-
bebTan erTad axali tipis imperia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevda provokaciul-madenacionalizebeli enobrivi politikis ga-
tarebas. imperiis arsenalSi axal meTodebTan erTad carizmiseul
modificirebul xerxebsac didi adgili eWiraT. kerZod, mTel sab-
WoTa kavSirSi wamyvani meTodebi iyo: 1. SedarebiT mravalricxovan
eTnosTa danawevreba yalbi enobrivi da eTnikuri niSnebis mixedviT;
2. regionTa TviTneburi avtonomizacia da eTnosTa Soris kon-
fliqtis maprovocirebeli administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa;
3. enaTa samarTlebrivi statusis problemis gaaqtiureba polieTni-
kur regionebSi; 4. e.w. erovnuli, realurad ki rusuli skolebis
Seqmna; 5. damwerlobis mqone enaTa grafikuli safuZvlebis cvla
(jer maTi laTinizacia, Semdgom ki rusifikacia); 6. rusuli enis
iZulebiTi Tavsmoxveva sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis,
erovnul-rusuli bilingvizmis safexuris gavliT rusuli mono-
lingvizmis masobrivad gavrcelebis mcdeloba; 7. ararusul enebSi
rusizmebis, sovetizmebisa da internacionalizmebis procentuli
Semadgenlobis xelovnurad zrdis waxaliseba; 8. `toponimikur-
onomastikuri da istoriografiuli omebis” provocireba mezoblad
mcxovreb eTnosTa Soris; 9. eTnikuri rusebisa da e.w. rusuleno-

215
vani mosaxleobis Casaxleba sxva eTnosis/eTnosTa miwaze da region-
Ta polieTnikurobis waxaliseba; 10. masmediaSi rusuli enis pri-
oritetulobis miRweva; 11. erovnul enebze Seqmnili literaturis
tiraJis SezRudva; 12. mTeli eTnosebis oficialurad gamocxadeba
`damnaSave xalxebad” da maTi deportireba mSobliuri adgilebidan
da mravali sxva. sabWoTa periodSi praqtikulad yvela es meTodi
da xerxi gamoiyeneboda afxazeTSic. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am re-
gionSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda afxazi da qarTveli
mosaxleobis monacvleobiTi “privilegirebis” taqtikasac, rac
gamsWvalavda yvela zemoT dasaxelebul xerxs. es taqtika saSuale-
bas aZlevda metropolias, mudmivad SeenarCunebina daZabuloba am
or eTnoss Soris da gamoericxa maTi gaerTianeba imperiuli poli-
tikisagan Tavis dasacavad.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebamde 4 dRiT adre, 1921
wlis 21 Tebervals qveynis kanonierma xelisuflebam moaswro dae-
mtkicebina konstitucia, romlis mixedviTac soxumis olqs (amJamin-
del afxazeTs) mieniWa avtonomiis statusi, amiT sabWoTa ruseTis
xelisuflebas aRar darCa safuZveli, brali daedo kanonieri xe-
lisuflebisaTvis afxazi xalxis uflebis SelaxvaSi, magram komu-
nistebma mainc scades, `ejobnaT” evropaSi emigrirebuli xelisu-
flebisaTvis da sruliad usafuZvlod Seqmnes afxazeTis sabWoTa
socialisturi respublika, romelsac realurad avtonomiuri res-
publikis uflebebi hqonda 1931 wlamde. afxazeTis ssr-s SeqmniT
waaqezes afxazi separatistebi da gaanawyenes qarTveli mosaxleoba,
vinaidan amis Semdgom erTi nabiji rCeboda regionis saqarTvelosa-
gan mTlianad Camocilebamde. arsebobda aseTi gegmac: generali
sitini urCevda kremls, SeeerTebina afxazeTi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
mdebare mTielTa respublikisaTvis, romelic rsfsr-s avtonomia
iyo (ix.: gamaxaria, gogia, 1997: 470-472). 1931 wels afxazeTis
ssr-s moskovma dauqveiTa statusi da avtonomiur sabWoTa respub-
likad gadaaqcia, riTac amjerad ukve afxazebi ganawyendnen da zog
separatists dRemde hgonia, TiTqos amaSi damnaSaveni qarTvelebi
arian.
sxva magaliTi: XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mTel sabWoTa kav-
SirSi daiwyo masobrivi kampania axaldamwerlobian enaTa laTinur
grafikaze gadasayvanad. misi mizani iyo, erTi mxriv, mahmadian
xalxTa enebisaTvis manamde gamoyenebuli arabuli grafikis (ajam-is)
gauqmeba da, meore mxriv, taqtikuri manevris Sesruleba saimisod,
rom daerwmunebinaT es xalxebi, garusebas ar gipirebTo. anbanTa
masobrivi laTinizacia gagrZelda 1936 wlamde, ris Semdgomac
erTxel ukve laTinizebuli enebi masobrivad gadaiyvanes rusul
grafikaze (kirilicaze). laTinizaciis procesi Seexo afxazur ena-
sac: igi 1926 wels gadaiyvanes akad. n. maris mier Sedgenil `anali-
zur anbanze”, 1928 wels _ prof. n. iakovlevis unificirebul
laTinizebul anbanze, xolo 1938 wels, roca masobrivad mimdinare-

216
obda axaldamwerlobian enaTa gadayvana kirilicaze, afxazuri ena
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul osur enasTan erTad rusuli grafikis
nacvlad qarTul grafikaze gadaiyvanes. bunebrivia, aseT pirobeb-
Si afxazuri enis gadayvana qarTul grafikaze saqmis detalebis
ucodinar masas maSinac uqmnida da axlac uqmnis STabeWdilebas,
TiTqos es aqti qarTvelTa dagegmili iyo da afxazTa asimilacias
isaxavda miznad. magram sakiTxis realuri istoriis mcodne special-
istTaTvis sruliad naTelia, rom es RonisZiebac moskovSi, axali
anbanis centralur komitetSi daigegma da misive meTvalyureobiT
ganxorcielda afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi. am
aqts win uZRoda metropoliis umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier 30-
iani wlebis Sua xanebSi sagangebod miRebuli brZanebuleba, romlis
mixedviTac `mokavSire respublikebis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval `av-
tonomiebis satitulo erTa” da avtonomiis armqone eTnosTa enebi
laTinizebuli damwerlobidan unda gadayvaniliyo imave grafikaze,
romelic safuZvlad edo Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikis `satitu-
lo eris” enas. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mTel ssrk-Si rusulisagan
gansxvavebuli grafika hqondaT mxolod qarTul da somxur enebs,
anbanTa rusifikaciis dros qarTul grafikaze gadaiyvanes afxa-
zuri ena da osuri enis samxreTuli varianti, somxeTSi ki somxur
grafikaze gadayvanil iqna qurTuli ena (vrclad ix.: narkvevebi,
2007: 324-327). mTavari aq isaa, rom imperiam moxerxebulad miaR-
wia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT afxazTa ukmayofilebis warmarTvas
qarTvelTa misamarTiT.
afxazi separatistebi gansakuTrebiT xSirad asaxeleben kidev
erT faqts, romelic, maTi azriT, yvelaze cxadad aCvenebs qarT-
velTa moZaladeobas: Turme qarTvelebma 40-iani wlebis bolos
daxures afxazuri skolebi, akrZales afxazuri enis swavleba da
afxaz bavSvebs ZaldatanebiT aswavlidnen qarTul enas. konkretu-
li istoriuli faqtebi ki gvikarnaxeben, rom afxazuri skolebis
daxurva ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan iseTi instituti,
rogoricaa afxazuri skola, samwuxarod, arasodes arsebula
arc afxazeTis samTavros arsebobis dros, arc carizmis xanaSi,
arc sabWoTa periodSi da, rac yvelaze gaugebaria, ar arsebobs
arc amJamad _ e.w. damoukidebel afxazeTSi. ararsebuls ki ve-
ravin gaauqmebs! saqme isaa, rom is skola, romelic moqmedebda XX
saukunis 40-ian wlebamde da moqmedebs 50-iani wlebidan dRemde,
realurad rusulenovani skolaa afxazuri enis swavlebis el-
ementebiTurT: mis pirvel safexurze (I-III klasebSi) disciplinaTa
umravlesoba iswavleba afxazur enaze rusuli enis gaZlierebuli
swavlebis TanxlebiT, meore da mesame safexurebze ki (IV klasidan)
yvela humanitaruli, sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri disciplina
(istoria, geografia, botanika,zoologia, algebra, fizika, qimia da
a.S.) iswavleba mxolod rusul enaze, gamonakliss qmnis 2 disci-
plina: afxazuri ena da afxazuri literatura, romlebic afxazur

217
enazeve iswavleba. 1945 wels e.w. afxazur skolebSi ar gauqmebula
afxazuri enisa da literaturis swavleba, qarTulma enam mxolod
rusuli enis adgili daikava, rac qarTvelTa moZaladeobis ki
ara, sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis centraluri komitetis saorga-
nizacio biuros 1938 wlis gadawyvetilebis 7 wlis dagvianebiT
Sesrulebis Sedegi iyo. dadgenilebaSi ki ewera: `...aucilebelia,
gansakuTrebuli erovnuli skolebis reorganizacia moxdes Cveu-
lebrivi tipis sabWoTa saxelmZRvaneloebsa da saswavlo programe-
bze maTi gadayvanis gziT, Sesabamisi respublikis enaze an rusul
enaze swavlebis SemoRebiT” (ix.: narkvevebi, 2007: 327). ase rom, am
SemTxvevaSic separatistTa braldeba umarTebuloa, Tumca imperiam
Tavis mizans amjeradac miaRwia: separatistebsac da, samwuxarod,
araseparatistebsac hgoniaT, TiTqos iseTi faqti, rogoricaa afxa-
zuri skolis gauqmeba, marTlac momxdariyos.
amjerad amiT SemovifargloT da vupasuxoT mTavar kiTxvas: ra
Sedegebi moutana afxaz xalxs TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze
mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris mier ganxorcielebulma
enobrivma politikam?
daviwyoT dadebiTi mxariT:
a) udavod mniSvnelovani iyo afxazuri enisaTvis damwerlobis
Seqmna, miuxedavad am aqtis politikuri miznebisa;
b) misasalmebeli iyo 1912 wels afxazur enaze dawerili pirveli
originaluri Txzulebebis gamocema da amiT afxazuri mxatvruli
literaturisaTvis safuZvlis Cayra, Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom
ruseTis xelisuflebas am aqciaSi araviTari monawileoba ar miu-
Ria;
g) ueWvelad kargi iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave
afxazi mosaxleobisaTvis saskolo ganaTlebis masobrivad miRebis
SesaZleblobis Seqmna, saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgena-gamocema da mogvi-
anebiT soxumis pedagogiur institutSi filologiuri fakultetis
afxazuri seqtoris gaxsna;
d) dadebiTad unda Sefasdes afxazur enaze Jurnal-gazeTebisa
da sxvadasxva Sinaarsis originaluri Tu Targmnili literaturis
gamocema saxelmwifos xarjze;
e) mniSvnelovani iyo afxazuri Teatris daarseba da radiosa da
televiziis afxazuri redaqciebis Seqmna da a.S.
gacilebiT meti da mZimea is uryofiTi Sedegebi, rac afxaz xa-
lxs moutana TiTqmis 200-wlianma imperiulma enobrivma politikam.
aq mxolod yvelaze arsebiT sakiTxebze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas:
a) afxazuri ena, kultura da identoba TiTqmis mTlianad
moswyda qarTul enas, kulturasa da identobas, romlebic aranair
safrTxes ar uqmnidnen afxaz xalxs, vinaidan arcerT qarTvels
arasodes daugegmavs afxazTa asimilireba. samagierod afxazuri ena,
kultura da identoba aRmoCnda rusuli enis, kulturisa da iden-
tobis guldasmiT dagegmili agresiis samizne, rac, Tu kvlavac ase

218
gagrZelda, TviT afxazi xalxis arsebobas ayenebs ueWveli gaqrobis
safrTxis qveS;
b) e.w. afxazurma skolam, romelic realurad rusulia da ru-
sifikaciis mZlavr iaraRsac warmoadgens, SeaCvia mravali Taoba
rusul msoflxatTa sistemas da moswyvita isini erovnul fesve-
bs. amJamindel afxazTa umravlesoba ar kiTxulobs dedaenaze arc
Jurnal-gazeTebs da arc mxatvrul literaturas, ar usmens ra-
diogadacemebs, ar uyurebs afxazurenovan telegadacemebs, dascinis
sakuTari dedaenis specifikur Taviseburebebs, ar SeuZlia afxazur
enaze isaubros bunebismetyvelebis, teqnikuri da sxva sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. isini amjobineben rusul enaze weras, kiTxvas, msjelobas
TviT yoveldRiur, sayofacxovrebo sakiTxTa Sesaxebac ki.
g) elcinis xelisuflebis mier inspirirebuli da SevardnaZe-
arZinbas danaSaulebrivi klanebis mier 1992-1993 wlebSi ganxor-
cielebuli omis Sedegad da umZimesi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
mizeziT amJamad afxazeTSi daaxloebiT 50 aTasi afxazi Tu cxo-
vrobs, rac aseve, safrTxes uqmnis afxazi xalxis, afxazuri enisa
da kulturis momavals.
d) marTalia, afxazur enas 1925 wlidan aqvs oficialu-
rad miniWebuli saxelmwifo enis statusi, magram arc mas da arc
qarTul enas realurad arasodes SeusrulebiaT am statusidan
gamomdinare funqciebi. afxazuri ena dRemde rCeba araprestiJul
enad da igi mxolod monoeTnikur sociumSi gamoiyeneba Zalze
SezRudulad. yvelaze sagangaSo is aris, rom am enas aRarc swav-
lobs da aRarc iyenebs afxazi axalgazrdoba. TviT soflebSic ki,
sadac wesiT yvelaze ukeT unda iyos daculi enis ekologia da
bunebrivi iersaxe, axalgazrdoba saTanadod ver flobs dedaenas da
laparakobs rusul-afxazur konglomeratze.
e) is kvazisaxelmwifo, romlis moCvenebiTi damoukidebloba
provokaciulad aRiara putin-medvedevis ruseTma, praqtikulad ara-
nairad ar zrunavs afxazuri enis funqcionirebis aris gasafar-
Toeblad da afxazi mosaxleobis TvalSi misi prestiJis asamaRle-
blad, bagafSis fsevdoxelisufleba ver bedavs da verc momavalSi
gabedavs am sakiTxebis gadawyvetaze seriozul muSaobas, vinaidan
mas amis nebas ar darTavs moskovi _ amiT xom kremls wyalSi
Caeyreba ori saukunis manZilze regionSi gatarebuli enobrivi
politikis Sedegebi, Tanac sakuTari enebis uflebaTa dacvasac
mosTxoven CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebi?!

damowmebuli literatura:

gamaxaria, 2005 _ j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba (I

s. _ 1921 w.). Tbilisi, 2005.
gamaxaria, gogia, 1997 _ j. gamaxaria, b. gogia, afxazeTi _
saqarTvelos istoriuli olqi (istoriografia, dokumentebi da

219
 masalebi, komentarebi). uZvelesi droidan XX saukunis 30-ian
wlebamde. Tbilisi, 1997 (rusul enaze).
gvancelaZe, tabiZe, Serozia, Wanturia, 2001 _ T. gvancelaZe, m.
tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero
ganaTlebis ena, rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis ganxor-
cielebis saSualeba. _ krebuli `qarTveluri memkvidreoba”, t.
V, quTaisi, 2001.
narkvevebi, 2007 _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan. afxazeTi.
uZvelesi droidan dRemde. Tbilisi, 2007.
silagaZe, guruli, 1999 _ a. silagaZe, v. guruli, saqarTvelos
ganuyoflobisaTvis brZolis istoriidan. nakveTi II. Tedo sax-
okias qarTuli partia afxazeTSi (1895-1904). Tbilisi, 1999.

220
 tariel futkaraZe

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri strategiis

ramdenime aspeqti
(qarTvelologiis politizebis sakiTxisaTvis)

Sesavali

yvela normalur qveyanas aqvs Tavisi geostrategia, romlis

mixedviTac ganisazRvreba geopolitikuri interesebi; am ukanasknelis
mixedviT xdeba geopolitikuri Zlierebis gansazRvra da strategiis
SemuSaveba. Warbi ambiciis mqone zogi xelisufleba Tavis strategias
agebs sxva qveyanaTa Tu xalxTa sasicocxlo interesebis sazianod.
tradiciulad, ZiriTad geopolitikur simZlavreebad miiCneva:
mocemuli miwa-wylis strategiuli Rirebuleba, sazogadoebis/qveynis
unarianoba da mosaxleobis TviTaRqma (zogadad, demografiuli
mocemuloba).
Sdr., qveynis geopolitikuri simZlavreebis ZiriTad kriteriumebad
iTvleba: strategiuli teritoria, zRvaze gasasvleli, bunebrivi
resursebi (wiaRiseuli, mtknari wylis maragi...), finansuri siZliere,
ekonomikisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis done, politikuri stabiluroba,
socialuri integraciis done, mosaxleobis raodenoba, eTnikuri
erTgvarovneba da erovnuli cnobiereba.
agresiuli geopolitikuri moTamaSeni saintereso regionebis
xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT kontrolisaTvis, rogorc wesi, pirvel
rigSi cdiloben, saTavisod Secvalon maTTvis ”saintereso” regionis
demografia. gegma orgvari SeiZleba iyos: barbarosuli formaa
genocidi; SedarebiT civilizebulia - sazogadoebrivi azris
marTva.
geopolitikuri interesebis gamo sazogadoebrivi azris marTva
ori mimarTulebiT xdeba:
- geopolitikurad saintereso regionis mosaxleobis TviTaRqmis
regulireba;
- geopolitikurad saintereso regionis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb
danarCeni msoflios damokidebulebis marTva (dezinformirebis
gziT).
warmodgenil moxsenebaSi gavaanalizebT humanitaruli dargis
mecnierebis gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ganwyobisa da
qarTveli eris mimarT msoflios sxva xalxebis damokidebulebis
marTvis rusul sqemebs.
pirvel rigSi, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT saqarTvelos istoria
geopolitikur WrilSi.

geopolitikuri retrospeqcia: evrazia, kavkasia

msoflios geopolitikur sivrceSi centraluri adgili uWiravs

221
evrazias; evraziaSi erT-erTi gamorCeulad strategiuli regionia
kavkasia; kavkasiaSi ki saqarTvelo - Tanamedrove sazRvao, saxmeleTo
da energoresursebis magistralebis Tavmoyris adgili.
sxvadasxva droSi saqarTvelosTvis ibrZodnen: sparseTi, bizantia,
arabeTi, monRoleTi, osmaleTi, ruseTi...
regionis geopolitikuri sivrcisTvis ZvelTaganve ganuzomeli
roli hqonda kavkasions, rogorc bunebriv sazRvars; Sdr., magaliTad,
Zveli laTinebis azriT, kavkasioni aris mijna civilizebul da
barbarosul samyaroebs Soris (pliniusi).
qarTvelebi kavkasiis avtoqToni mosaxleobaa. odiTganve kavkasionis
mTavar uReltexilebsa da amierkavkasiis sxva ZiriTad magistralebs
qarTvelTa saxelmwifo akontrolebda; garda amisa, saqarTvelo
pirveli saukuneebidan dRemde aris qristianuli kulturisa da
cnobierebis avanposti. faqtobrivad, es ori gamokveTili funqcia
ganapirobebs qarTuli saxelmwifos regionalur arss.
sxvadasxva imperiebi mudam cdilobdnen saqarTvelos
`Seziarebodnen” am kontrolis ganxorcielebaSi; iSviaTad yofila
iseTi droc, roca qarTul saxelmwifos warTmeuli hqonda es
istoriuli roli; kerZod, 1801 wlidan 1990 wlamde saqarTvelos
geopolitikur simZlavreebs faqtobrivad marTavda ruseTi.
me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavleTTan geopolitikur WidilSi
sustdeba ruseTis imperia (sabWoTa kavSiri). am fonze saqarTveloSi
Zlierdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic zviad
gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT legitimuri gziT saqarTvelos
xelisuflebaSic modis. kanonierad arCeulma xelisuflebam 1991
wlis 31 martis saerTo-saxalxo referendumis safuZvelze 1991
wlis 9 aprils aRadgina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeni dadgnen faqtis winaSe:
saqarTvelom dRis wesrigSi daayena kavkasiis regionSi geopolitikuri
situaciis Secvlis aucilebloba. kerZod, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis
mosaxleobam 1991 wlis 9 aprilis `damoukideblobis aRdgenis
aqtiT” mTel msoflios aCvena: erTian saqarTvelos surs, Tavad
akontrolos sakuTari geopolitikuri sivrce. paralelurad,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom saqarTveloSi myofi
ruseTis jari okupantad gamoacxada.
amierkavkasia ruseTis agresiuli geopolitikuri strategiis erT-
erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa; bunebrivia, arc 1991 wels ruseTi ar
Seegua saqarTvelodan wasvlis perspeqtivas. miuxedavad warmatebuli
referendumisa da damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis gamocxadebisa,
1991-93 wlebSi saqarTvelo aiZules mainc rusul geopolitikur
sivrceSi darCeniliyo; kerZod:
maltis SeTanxmebis (03.12.1989) Semdeg, aRmosavleTi evropa da
baltiis qveynebi moeqca dasavleTis geopolitikur velSi, kavkasia,
ukraina, belorusia, moldova da Sua azia ki darCa ruseTis

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faqtobriv mflobelobaSi1.
1991-1992 wlebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi ZaladobiT icvleba
kanonieri xelisufleba; ”Tavisad” datovebul geopolitikur
sivrceSi ruseTma iaraRis ZaliT daamxo aseve azerbaijanisa da
iCqeriis kanonieri xelisuflebebi2. Semdeg, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis
mxareSi konfliqtebis provocirebiT ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma
am istoriuli qarTuli miwebidan gandevna avtoqToni mosaxleobis
udidesi nawili (qarTvelebi, kremlis mowinaaRmdege afxazebi...).
amis miuxedavad, SevardnaZis xelisuflebam saokupacio jaris
statusi mouxsna ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs; metic, dampyrobeli
megobar qveynad gamoacxada da rusul jars e.w. qarTul-”afxazuri”,
sinamdvileSi: qarTul-rusuli konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo misia
daekisra3.
1993 wlidan kavkasiaSi iwyeba rusuli eqspansiis axali etapi:
genocidisa da kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg rusuli
kapitalis dro dgeba: saqarTvelos strategiul simZlavreebs
ZiriTadad ruseTi eufleba.
dasavleTisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
da baqo-Tbilisi-baTumis magistralebi; Sdr.:
amerikisa da dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisTvis aRmosavleTi
evropa ufro Rirsebisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxi iyo; Sua aziis
resursebi da amierkavkasiis energomatareblebi ki maTTvisac da
TurqeTisTvisac sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa:
mxolod amierkavkasiidan ruseTis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi iqneba
evropa energetikulad damoukidebeli.
SevardnaZis bolo 10-wliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg am da sxva
faqtorebma maleve ganapiroba amierkavkasiaSi geopolitikuri
balansis garkveuli koreqtirebis aucilebloba:
2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis” mxardaWeriT dasavleTma
SesamCnevad gaaZliera saqarTveloSi evroatlantikuri orientaciis
Zalebi; Sedegad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis, rogorc geopolitikuri
moTamaSis roli gaizarda; aman ruseTSi kidev ufro gaaZliera
amierkavkasiaze gavlenis aRdgenis survili; Sedegad miviReT 2008
wlis agvistos agresia - rusuli revanSis morigi etapi.
1 msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, `raca RmerTsa ara swaddes,
anu mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb”, gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika”, 28
seqtemberi, 1991 w.
2 aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli Zalebi dRemde Cqmalaven am movlenis arss
da saqarTveloSi kremlis mier ganxorcielebul samxedro gadatrialebas
samoqalaqo omad” naTlaven.
3 e. SevardnaZe saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego bevr SeTanxmebaSi monawileobda;
ix., mag., SevardnaZisa da baltinis Sexvedra 1993 wlis 3 noembers fo-
Tis portSi myof rusul gemze; SevardnaZis mier xelmowerili zogi sxva
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve: t. futkaraZe, afsirtedan gamsaxur-
diamde, anu awmyos udabnoSi, Tb., 1999; t. futkaraZe, imerxevis metyveli
miwa-wyali, quTaisi, 2007; t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi da
evropuli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, quTaisi, 2005.

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 SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris aqtiurobiT, rusuli
agresia dedaqalaqis - Tbilisis - misadgomebTan SeCerda; am
istoriul movlenas saqarTvelosTvis bevri uaryofiTi da zogi
dadebiTi Sedegi mohyva:
daiRupa saqarTvelos bevri moqalaqe (qarTuli Tu osuri
warmomavlobisa), aTasobiT qarTveli iqca devnilad; saqarTvelom
faqtobrivad kidev dakarga teritoriebi (dalis/kodoris xeoba
anu zemo afxazeTi, axalgoris raioni, cxinvalis mxaris qarTuli
soflebi, saCxeris raionis sofeli perevi...); dasustda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo; didi zarali miadga samxedro potencials; gaizarda
albaToba, ruseTisgan marTuli “separatistuli“ Zalebis
gamoyenebiT daiSalos qarTuli saxelmwifo. garda amisa, ruseTis
mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiarebiT, gaCnda realuri
safrTxe, Crdilo kavkasia iqces mudmivi qaosis, terorizmisa da
radikaluri islamis forpostad.
agvistos movlenebis dadebiT da samarTlian Sedegad miviCnevT
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier ruseTis jarisTvis okupantis
statusis aRdgenasa da amierkavkasiaSi evrokavSiris gaaqtiurebas.

dRes ra surs ruseTs?

ruseT-saqarTvelos agvistos (2008) omis Semdeg kremli

akontrolebs saqarTvelos ufro met nawils. putin-dugin-medvedevis
ruseTs es ar akmayofilebs; ruseTis agresiul xelisuflebas ara
mxolod amierkavkasiaze, aramed mTel evraziaze surs kontroli.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos sruli izolaciis mizniT, ruseTi
aqtiurad muSaobs ruseT-somxeT-iranisa da ruseT-azerbaijan-somxeT-
TurqeTis urTierTobebis mimarTulebiTac; regionSi mravalmxrivi
geopolitikuri veqtorebi ikveTeba, rac ufro arTulebs saqarTvelos
prodasavluri kursis perspeqtivas.
naTelia:
1801-1917, 1921-1990 wlebSi ruseTs geopolitikuri kontroli
ukanonod da ualternativod hqonda damyarebuli amierkavkasiaSi da
axla ver egueba regionSi sxva didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebis
gamoCenas.
or saukuneze metia, qarTveli eri keTilmezoblobas eswrafvis
rus xalxTanac, magram ruseTis amJamindeli xelisufleba yvela
aralegitimuri xerxiT cdilobs, Tavisi geopolitikuri ambicia
daikmayofilos saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebis xarjze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba arasodes Seegueba Tavisi sasicocxlo
interesebis Selaxvas.
es ruseTmac icis, amitomac, gamudmebiT cdilobs, Tvisobrivad
Secvalos demografiuli situacia saqarTveloSi da demografiuli
simZlavris marTviT samudamod damkvidrdes kavkasiaSi; kerZod:
- XIX-XXI saukuneebSi jer e.w. muhajirobiT, Semdeg ki ruseT-

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saqarTvelos 1992-2008 wlebis omiT ruseTma ganaxorciela qarTvelTa
da antirusulad ganwyobil afxazTa genocidi saqarTvelos
istoriul kuTxeSi - afxazeTSi4. aq jer xelovnur sazRvrebSi Seqmna
afxazeTis sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublika; axla ki cdilobs, es
procesi daasrulos sateliti ”saxelmwifos” warmoqmniT, sadac
afxazeTidan gamodevnili ZiriTadi mosaxleobis - qarTvelebis -
nacvlad icxovreben prorusulad ganwyobili afxazebi, migranti
somxebi, axalCamosaxlebuli rusebi.
- XX-XXI saukuneebSi ruseTis xelisuflebam SeZlo Sida
qarTlSi - cxinval-javis raionebSi oseTidan (Crdilokavkasiidan)
Camoesaxlebina Tavisi mxardamWeri osebi, romelTac jer
aralegitimurad da ulogikod Seuqmna e.w. ”samxreT oseTis
avtonomia”; axla ki cdilobs, am xelovnur warmonaqmnze daamynos
kokoiTis rusulenovani ”saxelmwifo”. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis aq
mokled vityvi: sabWoTa periodSic da amJamadac Crdilo oseTis
avtonomiad wodebul nominalur avtonomiaSic - realur oseTSic
- kremli faqtobrivad klavs osur enasa da kulturas; mag.,
oseTSi ar arsebobs osurenovano saSualo Tu umaRlesi ganaTlebis
SesaZlebloba da osuri kulturis aRorZineba-ganviTarebis
perspeqtiva; oseTSic aqtiurad mimdinareobs garusebis politika.
paralelurad, beslanis tragediam aCvena, rom CeCenTa da inguSTa
kvalad, kremli axorcielebs osTa genocidsac5.
- bolo 150 welia ruseTis imperiuli xelisuflebis SekveTiT
politizebuli enaTmecnierebi, eTnologebi da istorikosebi
amaxinjeben ra qarTveli eris realur enobriv-kulturul da
eTnikur-politikur istorias, cdiloben, qarTvelTa didi nawili
araqarTvelebad, maTi istoriuli sacxovrisebi ki araqarTul miwebad
gamoacxadon. am miznis misaRwevad ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba
sami mimarTulebiT muSaobs:
1. fsevdomecnieruli debulebebis saqarTveloSi propagandiT
cdilobs, rom qarTvelTa nawils mainc Seucvalos erovnuli
meoba (identoba); mag., ruseTisgan dafinansebuli pirebi dRemde
warumateblad cdiloben daajeron svanebi, rom maTi dedaena ar
aris qarTuli ena, rom isini qarTvelebi ar arian6;
4 muhajirobis miuxedavad garkveuli mizezebis gamo genocids gadaurCa
aWaris qarTveloba.
5 ruseTis enobrivi politikis Sesaxeb ix., m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia
saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005; T.
gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, 2006.
6 dokumenturi masalisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, n. nakani, “svanebi saliter-
aturo enisa da svanuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb (qarTvelTa erovnul-enobrivi
TviT-mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi)”, samecniero-popularuli gazeTi `qarTu-
li”, 2001, 7, gv. 2; t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005; T.
gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; m. tabiZe,
enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTx-
ebi, Tb., 2005; r. gujejiani, mama besarioni (niJaraZe), `uZleveli mxedari”
mestiisa da zemo svaneTis eparqiis gazeTi, 4 ivnisi, 2007; t.futkaraZe,

225
 2. mZlavri sainformacio propagandiT cdilobs, daajeros
mTeli msoflio, rom qarTvelebi ar arian: aWarlebi, megrelebi,
lazebi, svanebi, xevsurebi, mesxebi, TuSebi da a.S. maTi monacemebiT,
saqarTvelod wodebul saxelmwifoSi es `eTnikuri jgufebi”
`iCagrebian” qarTvelebisgan (/qarTlelebisgan), ramdenadac maT
sakuTari `dedaenebis” mixedviT ara aqvT samwignobro kultura.
am `xalxebs” e.w. `qarTizaciiT” Tavs moxveuli aqvT `dampyrobeli”
qarTvelebis ena; msoflio unda daexmaros am `daCagrul”
`eTnosebs”.
3. saeWvo Rirebulebis `samecniero kvlevebiT” cdilobs, daajeros
msoflios elituri wreebi, rom ar arsebobs erTiani qarTuli
kultura; rom saqarTvelo mcire imperiaa; rom qarTvelebma
(qarTlelebma) Tavis droze daipyres da dResac Cagraven
”umwignobro enebis” mqone ”xalxebs”: mesxebs, aWarlebs, megrelebs,
lazebs, svanebs...
am fonis Seqmnis Semdeg ruseTisgan dafinansebuli politikuri
Zalebis daxmarebiT undaT qarTuli mxareebis avtonomizacia da e.w.
federacia-konfederaciis gziT - saqarTvelos daSla.
erTi sityviT, movlenebis araadekvaturi terminologiuri
SefasebiTa da faqtebis arsis gayalbebiT7 ruseTi cdilobs,
daarwmunos mTeli msoflio, rom saqarTvelo dasaSleli ”mcire
imperiaa”, rom agresori qarTvelebi ”Cagraven” ”ganuviTarebel” sxva
”eTnikur jgufebs” da sxv.

ra surs saqarTvelos?

mravali saukunea, saqarTvelo igeriebs moZalade imperiebs; am

brZolaSi Camoyalibda qarTveli eri. dRes qarTvelobas erovnul-
kulturuli meobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis dacva surs.
mravali saukunis manZilze Seqmnili dokumenturi wyaroebidan
Cans, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni: megrelebi,
lazebi, svanebi, mesxebi, fxovelebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi Tu
kaxelebi Tavs aRiqvamen qarTuli eTnosis, qarTuli kulturis
nawilebad; arcerT qarTvels amis Sexseneba ar sWirdeba, vinaidan
eamayeba, rom mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi istoriisa da
kulturis Semoqmedi eris Svilia.
aseve, dokumenturad dasturdeba, rom, sul mcire, 15-20
saukunea qarTveli eri qmnis qarTul samwignobro kulturas da
Tavadac iZerweba masSi. es erTiani qarTuli samwignobro (saero
da sasuliero) kultura efuZneba Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi arsebul
saerToqarTvelur enas. aseve, mravali faqti cxadyofs, rom igi
Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmneboda saqarTvelos yvela istoriuli

qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008.

7 ruseTma mis mier gaxorcielebul saxelmwifo gadatrialebasa da qarT-
velTa genocids qarTvelTa Soris samoqalaqo omi daarqva; Tavisi agresia
samSvidobo misiad monaTla da a.S.

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sazogadoebis (Temis) mier. swored aman ganapiroba qarTuli
nacionaluri kulturis saocari mdgradoba saqarTvelos yvela
kuTxeSi: afxazeTSic (kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlamde), samegreloSic,
aWaraSic, lazeTSic, tao-klarjeTSic, mesxeTSic, qarTlSic, kaxeTSic,
TuSeTSic, saingiloSic da sxv.8 ZvelTaganve am kuTxeTa mosaxleoba
eTnonim ”qarTveliT” moixsenieba9.
cnobili faqtia isic, rom erTiani saqarTvelos daSlis
Semdegac, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi samefo-samTavroebad daqucmacebuli
warmonaqmnebic ki Tavs patar-patara saqarTveloebad miiCnevdnen
da SesaZleblobis farglebSi aviTarebdnen tradiciul qarTul
kulturas. arc erT regionSi arasodes yofila mcdeloba, kuTxuri
metyvelebiT CaenacvlebinaT istoriuli dedaena.
saistorio wyaroebis garda, Tanamedrove akademiuri samecniero
kvlevebic cxadyofs, rom me-10 saukunidan saqarTvelod wodebul
saxelmwifos (ingl. Georgia) Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi qoronimi
”qarTli”, ucxour wyaroebSi ki qoronimebi: ”kolxa” da ”iberia”
Seesabameba. saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba Tu
aRorZineba swored im kuTxeebis qarTvelTa (megrel-lazebi, svanebi,
mesxebi...) aqtiurobiT xdeboda, romelTac rusuli dezinformaciuli
manqana araqarTvel ”eTnikur jgufebad” da ”qarTebisgan” ”daCagrulad”
acxadebs.
dResac qarTvelobas Tavisi erTianobis dacva surs, vinaidan
icis: qarTvelTa erovnuli energia erTobaSia.

ra saxis informaciebia qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove msoflioSi?

danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ruseTis didi ”mecadineobiT”

Tanamedrove msoflios samecniero-sainformacio sivrceSi TiTqmis
ualternativod dRemdea gabatonebuli politizebuli antiqarTuli
debulebebi, romlebic rusul geopolitikur miznebs emsaxureba;
samagaliTod warmogidgenT ramdenime kvalifikacias:

8 samecniero literaturis analizisasTvis ix.: t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi,

nawili I, quTaisi, 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelo-
logiaSi, Tb., 2006; m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli
enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005; m. naWyebia, saqarTvelos eTno-
lingvisturi terminebi, Tb., 2006; r. Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo
enisa da sulxan-sabas `sityvis konis” zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, XI, 2007; t.futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi,
quTaisi, 2008; r.TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri isto-
riis problemebi, Tb., 2008.
9 mag., egrisis mkvidrebis: iovane minCxisa da stefane sananoisZis Sesaxeb
me-10 saukunis dokumenturi masalis analizisTvis ix., d. musxeliSvili,
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis istoriisaTvis, krebuli saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, Tb., 1993,
gv. 360

227
 1. 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi ”safrangeTi da
samyaro” (La France et le Monde, Atlas) sxvadasxva feriT da eTnikuri
saxeliT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi,
aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi.
2. ”evropis enebis centris” grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi
gamoqveynebul wignSi “Europe of the Peoples” sxvadasxva droSiT da
eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi,
megrelebi, svanebi da osebi.
3. msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri
enciklopediis mixedviT (2008 wlis mdgomareobiT), saqarTveloSi
cxovroben Semdegi eTnosebi/xalxebi:
azerbaijanelebi - 308 000,
asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000,
afxazebi - 101 000,
bacbebi - 3 420,
berZnebi - 38 000,
lazebi - 2 000,
megrelebi - 500 000,
osebi - 100 000,
rusebi - 372 000,
svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls) - 15 000,
somxebi - 448 000,
urumebi (musulmani berZnebi) - 97 746,
qarTvelebi (imerlebi, raWa-leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi,
imerxevleb-qarTlelebi (imerxev Kartlian), kaxelebi, ingiloebi,
TuSebi, moxeveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi, mTiulebi, fereidnelebi,
mesxeb-javaxebi) - 3 901 380,
qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000,
qurTebi - 40 000 da sxv. (Ethnologue report for Georgia http://www.
ethnologue.com).
4. qarTvelTa erTi nawili (megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi)
araqarTvelebadaa gamocxadebuli msoflios virtualuri istoriis
Tanamedrove gverdze; kerZod, aziis ganyofilebaSi arsebul
saqarTvelos vebgverdze gamoqveynebulia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
“eTnikur umciresobaTa gansaxlebis Semdegi ruka:

228
 rukas darTuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi
umciresobebis enebad miiCneva: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wova-TuSuri; 3.
xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijanuli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri
anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri; 11. osuri.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am kvalifikaciebis Camosayalibeblad avtorma
(P.J. Hillery) cxra weli iSroma (1996-2004); aseve wlobiT aqvs
saqarTveloSi naRvawi saqarTvelos vebgverdis avtors, b-n adrian
briskus (ix.http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html).
5. hokaidos universitetis slavistikuri gamokvlevebis centris
profesoris, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris kimitaka macuzatos
Sesavali weriliT 2007 wels gamoqveynda krebuli: «Историографический
диалог вокруг непризнанных государств: Приднестровье, Нагорный Карабах,
Армения, Южная Осетия и Грузия». hokaidos universitetis slavuri
kvlevebis centri (sapporo, iaponia); masSi vkiTxulobT (gv. 7):
saqarTvelos farglebSi afxazebs yvela priviligia hqondaT,
imitom rom maT hqondaT avtonomia; magram sxva eTnikur jgufebs,
magaliTad, megrelebs, rom ar hqondaT sakuTari saxlmwifoebrivi
warmonaqmni, amitomac bevri winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva mouxdaT,
raTa SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari ena da identoba10.
6. qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis didi xania cnobilia prof. j.
hiuitis antiqarTuli moRvaweoba; am etapze is `axali” iniciativiT
gamodis; misi azriT, megruli enis saxelmwifo enad aRiarebiT
unda Seiqmnas samegrelos buferuli saxelmwifo, romelic xels
Seuwyobs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebas... aseve, unda
Seiqmnas kavkasiis konfederacia11 (romlis subieqtebadac ivaraudeba:
10 masala kritikuli analiziT warmoadgina prof. vaJa kiknaZem iv. javax-
iSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis 2007 wlis 3 dekembris
samecniero sabWos gafarToebul sxdomaze.
11 j. hiuitma es mosazreba gamoTqva 1999 wels werilSi: `TanamSromloba
kavkasiis sakeTildReod” (statia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn.
Ciqobavas instituts sarecenziod gadasca TurqeTSi gamomavali Jurnalis
`Cveneburebis” redaqciam 1999 wels); ix., agreTve: Hewitt, B.G. Abkhazia: a prob-
lem of identity and ownership. Central Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 267–323, 1993; Hewitt,
B.G. Demographic manipulation in the Caucasus. The Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 8, no. 1,
pp. 48–74, 1995; Hewitt, G. (ed.) The Abkhazians. Curzon Press, 1999. kritikisaTvis ix.:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2273647/Conflict-in-Abkhazia-Cases-of-Cooperation-in-Favour-

229
afxazeTi, samegrelo, saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, yarabaRi, somxeTi,
samxreTi oseTi...)12.
7. prof. iuri koriakovis mier ganxorcielebul proeqtSi:
”msoflios enaTa reestri” qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri samyaro
warmodgenilia 5 cocxal da 1 mkvdar enad; kerZod: damoukidebeli
enebia: megruli, lazuri, axali qarTuli, zemosvanuri (baluri
ena) da qvemosvanuri; mkvdari enaa Zveli qarTuli. misive azriT,
damoukidebeli eTnosebia (EG): megreli, lazi, qarTveli, baleli
(zemo svani) da qvemo svani.
gasakviri isicaa, rom Tanamedrove qarTveluri enobrivi
samyaros aRsawerad qarTulenovan vikipediaSic ki ualternativodaa
warmodgenili i.koriakovis produqcia (2008 wlis oqtomber-
noembris monacemebiT); kerZod, qarTuli vikipediis gverdze, linkiT
”kavkasiuri enebis atlasi, qarTveluri enebi” gavdivarT Semdeg
rukaze (http://linguarium.iling-ran.ru/maps/1-all.gif):

xolo, linkiT: ”ruka. qarTveluri enebi” (http://linguarium.iling-ran.

of-Caucasus-or-again-Confederation-of-Caucasus). “samegrelos buferuli saxelm-

wifos” ideis provocirebiT ruseTis imperiul wreebs surT, saqarTvelos
sabolood waarTvan afxazeTi.
12 Sdr., mag., a. duginis xedva saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb
(“Основы Геополитики“, Москва: Арктогея-центр, 1999): “Новый геополитический поря-
док на Кавказе” предполагает полный передел ныне существующих политических реаль-
ностей и переход от модели взаимоотношений государство-государство или нация-нация
к чисто геополитической системе Центр-периферия, причем структура периферии должна
определяться не политической, но этно-культурной дифференциацией. Это возможно
осуществить через план создания “Кавказской Федерации”, которая включала бы
в себя как три кавказских республики СНГ, так и внутрироссийские автономные
образования. Центр при этом уступал бы всему этому району культурно-экономическую
автаркию, но обеспечивал бы жесточайший стратегический централизм... (сс. 351-352).

230
ru/maps/14-kartv.gif) vecnobiT Semdeg variants13:

Sdr.: TiTqmis analogiuria prof. i. gipertis mravalwliani

namuSevaric: (http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm):

saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb arsebobs i.

koriakovis mesame rukac14:
13 meore rukaze ratomRac sxvadasxva feriTaa aRmosavlurqarTuli kilo-
ebi da imerul-gurul-aWarul-imerxeul-taouri... Tanac, taouri mkvdar
dialeqtadaa miCneuli. sxvagan i. koriakovi qarTvelTa 6 enas gamoyofs:
megruli, lazuri, Zveli qarTuli, saSualo qarTuli, saeklesio qarTuli,
svanuri (i. koriakovi, 2006, gv. 39-42; Sdr., aqve i. koriakovi 1 darguuli
enis nacvlad 18 enas gamoyofs: darguul kiloebs enebad acxadebs).
14 prof. qevin TuiTis rekomendaciiT es ruka komentarebisTvis gadmo-
migzavna lingvisturi rukebis frangma specialistma patrik lemonierma

231
 aq arsebiTi `siaxle” is aris, rom erTmaneTTan gaTanabrebulia
terminebi: samegrelo da istoriuli kolxa (Colkhis), riTac
xazgasmulia qarTulisa da megrulis dacalkeveba-daSorebis
TiTqosda xangrZlivi istoria: i. koriakovis rukis mixedviT gamodis,
rom megrelebi enobriv-kulturul-eTnikurad sxva qarTvelebisgan
gamijnulni arian sul mcire 3000 welia.
sinamdvileSi, kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi da
berZnul-urartuli Zveli istoriuli cnobebi cxadyofen, rom
qarTvelTa istoriuli saxelmwifo kolxac da saerToqarTveluri
enis bazaze Seqmnili kolxuri kulturac, istoriuli saqarTvelos
ZiriTad nawils moicavda. im periodSic dRevandel megrelTa,
mesxTa, aWarelTa, svanTa, lazTa Tu taoelTa winaprebi erTian
qarTul (/qarTvelur) eTnoss warmoadgendnen da erTian kulturas
qmnidnen15.
nuravin ifiqrebs, rom i. koriakovi kargad ar icnobs qarTvelur
sinamdviles da, magaliTad, amitom hgonia, rom zemo da qvemo svanebi
sxvadasxva eTnosebia. i. koriakovis rukebidan Tu komentarebidan
Cans, rom is zedmiwevniT erkveva saqarTvelos istoriaSic da
awmyoSic. aSkaraa isic, rom prof. iuri koriakovma kargad icis
saqarTvelos yvela soflis mdebareobac da ama Tu im soflis
mosaxleobis metyvelebis Taviseburebanic.
bunebrivia, i. koriakovma isic icis, rom svanebic, megrelebic,
gurulebic, aWarlebic da sxva kuTxis qarTvelebic Tavs miiCneven
erTiani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis Semoqmedebad; icis
isic, rom mis mier enebad saxeldebul idiomebs zogi mecnieri
qarTuli enis kiloebad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, is mainc, ratomRac,
(PATRICK LEMONNIER).
15 sarwmuno Cans varaudi, rom kulxa warmoiqmna Woroxis xeobasa da kola-
artaanis mxareSi Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua periodSi; sakiTxis istori-
isaTvis ix., m.inaZe, terminebi: ”kolxa” da ”kolxeTi” antikur mwerlobaSi,
wgn.: saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli
terminologia, Tb., 1993; t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005.

232
megrelebs, lazebs, zemo svanebs da qvemo svanebs araqarTvelebad
- qarTvelebisgan (Georgian) gansxvavebul eTnosebad acxadebs da maT
dialeqtebsac damoukidebel enaTa rigSi warmoadgens16.
vfiqrob, es SemTxveviTi ar aris. i. koriakovis kvalifikaciebi
ar efuZneba mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebs; misi kvalifikaciebi
sabWouri, politizebuli mecnierebis inerciiTaa gakeTebuli (mizani:
”gaTiSe da ibatone!”).

daskvna
dRevandeli saqarTvelo msoflios yuradRebis centrSia. SeiZleba
iTqvas, aseTi saxifaTo globaluri dapirispirebis obieqti arasodes
yofila kavkasiis es mciremiwiani saxelmwifo. amJamad saqarTvelo
aqtiurad ganixileba amerika-ruseTis, evropa-ruseTis, TurqeT-
ruseTis, evraziis geopolitikur konteqstebSi; Sesabamisad, bevri
dainteresebuli mxare swavlobs saqarTvelos istorias, saqarTvelos
demografiul da enobriv-eTnikur situacias.
saqarTvelo jerjerobiT ar aris regionis Zlieri geopolitikuri
moTamaSe; ruseTi isev axerxebs, akontrolos saqarTvelos
geopolitikur simZlavreTa nawili; paralelurad, cdilobs:
- daakanonos avtoqToni qarTvelebis eTnowmenda afxazeTsa da
Sida qarTlSi (cxinvalis mxareSi);
- marTos politikuri speqtris nawili;
- qarTvelTa erTi nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebiTa da
ganaTlebis sistemis gamoyenebiT zog regionSi saTavisod momarTos
mosaxleobis erTi nawilis cnobiereba;
- globalur sainformacio da samecniero qselSi fsevdomecnieruli
eTnolingvisturi kvalifikaciebis gavrcelebiT SecdomaSi Seiyvanos
danarCeni msoflio: saqarTvelos daumkvidros `agresori mcire
imperiis” saxeli;
- qarTvelTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod, saqarTvelos Tavs moaxvios
federaciuli Tu konfederaciuli wyoba, sadac ”subieqtebi” iqnebian
saqarTvelos calkeuli mxareebi: aWara, samegrelo, imereTi, kaxeTi,
mesxeTi, qarTli, svaneTi da sxv17.
amierkavkasiaze geopolitikuri kontrolis aRdgenis mizniT,
ruseTi kvlav gegmavs axal agresias da emuqreba qarTveli eris,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo interesebs.

16 bolo aTwleulebSi aris mcdeloba, sxvadasxva semantikiT damkvidrdes

sinonimuri terminebi: Kartvelýan da Georgýan; kerZod, terminebis: `romanul-
germanulis”, `indo-evropulis” analogiiT, zogi mecnieri Tu politikuri
eqsperti Kartvelýan-s mizanmimarTulad iyenebs saerTo warmomavlobis `eT-
nosebis”, `damoukidebeli xalxebis”: `qarTvelebis”, `svanebis”, `lazebis”, `me-
grelebis”... aRsaniSnavad (ix., mag., i. koriakovis kvalifikaciebi) , xolo
Georgýan-s - mxolod `sakuTriv qarTvelebisas”; Sdr., bolo periodSi gaCnda
aralogikuri termini: sakuTriv saqarTvelo (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mx-
aris gareSe darCenili miwa). am problemas sagangebod sxvagan SevexebiT.
17 saqarTvelom uTuod unda misces avtonomia afxaz xalxs.

233
 mxolod erTiani da Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobiTaa SesaZlebeli
ruseTis diqtatisgan amierkavkasiis gaTavisufleba, evropa-aziis
damakavSirebeli uxifaTo saxelmwifoebrivi sivrcis aRdgena da
regionSi dasavlur (qristianul, demokratiul) Rirebulebebze
dafuZnebuli saazrovno sivrcis SenarCuneba.
kavkasiis geopolitikur istoriaSi axal etapad unda CaiTvalos
saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris damkvirveblebis ganlageba ruseTis
saokupacio jaris pirispir.
amierkavkasiaSi demografiuli situaciis barbarosuli gziT
Secvla (qarTvelTa da afxazTa genocidi) ruseTma rom ver
daakanonos da sakuTar saxlebSi dabrundes 500 000 devnili,
aucilebelia:
- demokratiuli institutebis srulad amoqmedebiT intensiurad
gagrZeldes saqarTvelos swrafva evrokavSirisken; saqarTvelo
realurad gaxdes evroamerikuli aliansis partniori; ruseTis
saokupacio jaris nacvlad samSvidobo mandati unda gadaeces
evrokavSiris policiur SenaerTebs;
- saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa da sxva saministroebma saqarTveloSi
akreditebuli saelCoebis daxmarebiT msoflio Tanamegobrobas
adekvaturi informaciebi miawodon saqarTveloSi mimdinare
procesebis Sesaxeb; mag., aWarasa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi
mcxovrebi eTnikuri afxazebisa da qarTvelebis, aseve, Tbilissa
Tu qarTl-kaxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri osebisa da qarTvelebis
megobruli TanacxovrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans, rom saqarTveloSi ar
arsebobs e.w. qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri eTnokonfliqtebi.
am araadekvaturi terminologiuri SefasebiT iniRbeba ruseTis
agresia saqarTveloSi da sxv.
da bolos, Tema, romelic am moxsenebaSi wamovwieT:
ruseTis imperiam rom ver SeZlos saqarTvelos demografiis
marTva, aucilebelia:
saqarTvelos samTavrobo Tu samecniero-saganmanaTleblo
institutebis ZalisxmeviT, rogorc saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi,
aseve msoflios samecniero-saenciklopedio sivrceSi, rusul-
sabWouri masalebis nacvlad droulad damkvidrdes mecnieruli
kvalifikaciebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis enobriv-kulturuli
TviTobis (identobis) Sesaxeb.
paralelurad, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministrom realurad unda ganaxorcielos ”boloniis procesis”
erT-erTi mTavari rekomendacia - erovnuli kulturebis Seswavla
da propaganda18.

18 Sdr., amJamad saskolo-saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi arsebiTadaa SezRudu-

li ara mxolod sasuliero mwerlobis, aramed qarTveli eris sulieri
ganZis - `vefxistyaosnis” swavlebac ki; garda amisa, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis
garda, jer kidev bevr universitetsa da sajaro skolaSi qarTveli erisa
da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria an saerTod ar iswavleba, an,
iswavleba sabWouri kvalifikaciebis mixedviT...

234
 lia axalaZe

epigrafika - afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis

eTnokulturuli istoriis wyaro
istoriuli warsulis kvlevis procesSi, Zvel saistorio wyaroebs
Soris, epigrafikuli Zeglebi xSirad umniSvnelovanes da erT-erT
sando saistorio wyaros warmoadgenen.
Tanamedrove afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis (cxinvalis mxaris)
- e. w. samxreT oseTis - eTnopolitikuri istoria SeuZlebelia
SeviswavloT saqarTvelos am mxareebis mdidari epigrafikuli masalis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris warwerebis
didi nawili moTavsebulia qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebze,
saflavis qvebze, saeklesio nivTebsa da materialuri kulturis
sxvadasxva sagnebze. aRniSnuli masala mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs
regionis mosaxleobis eTnopolitikuri, social-ekonomikuri, aseve
kulturuli da sulieri cxovrebis istoriis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis qristianuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebze moTavsebuli lapidaruli da freskuli
warwerebi (romelTa udidesi nawili qarTulia) mogviTxroben ama
Tu im taZrebis istorias: maTi qtitorebis, xuroTmoZRvrebisa
da mSeneblebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, orive regionma Semogvinaxa
mniSvnelovani raodenobis Weduri warwerebi, romlebic Semonaxulia
Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze: xatebze, jvrebze da sxvadasxva saxis
saeklesio nivTebze.
niSandoblivia, rom afxazeTisa da istoriuli `afxazTa samefos”
(dasavleT saqarTvelos) teritoriaze SemorCenili epigrafikuli
Zeglebi sam enaze gvxvdeba: qarTul, berZnul da Turqul enebze.
maT Soris berZnuli da Turquli Zeglebi SemorCenilia mxolod
lapidaruli warwerebis saxiT. berZnuli warwerebi daaxloebiT
22 (yauxCiSvili, 2004: 59-79). Turquli 6 (Бгажба, 1967; axalaZe,
2005b.: 71). xolo qarTuli asamde warwera (axalaZe, 2005a: 4). maTi
qronologia IX-XIX saukuneebs moicavs. samecniero literaturaSi
aseve cnobilia `afxazTa mefeTa” warwerebi da yvela maTgani Zveli
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobiT aris Sesrulebuli (axalaZe,
2004: 56-64).
rac Seexeba Sida qarTlis, e. w. samxreT oseTis teritorias,
am regionidan samecnieri literaturaSi daculia Sua saukuneebiT
daTariRebuli daaxloebiT 50-mde lapidaruli da 20-ze meti
freskuli warwera (Отхмезури, 1994: 112-142, da sxva).
fasdaudebelia am warwerebis paleografiuli Rirebuleba, radgan
maTSi naTlad ikveTeba qarTuli damwerlobisa da sadamwerlobo
kulturis ganviTarebis erTiani xazi. paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT
afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis epigrafikuli masala didi ganZia
qarTuli epigrafikuli fondisaTvis.
afxazeTis warwerebidan eTnokulturuli istoriis kvlevis
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs msigxuas, xofis,
anuxvis, lixnis, moqvis, bediis, iloris, webeldis, RumuriSis,

235
gudavis, wkelikaris, dixazurgis, warCes da a.S. mravalricxovan
warwerebs. maT Soris msigxuas warwerebi (46 warwera) gudauTis
raionidan warmoadgenen yvelaze Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis
nimuSebs dasavleT saqarTvelodan (suraTi #1).
istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis safuZvelze dazustda,
rom IX saukuneSi, gudauTaSi, msigxuas mTaze, sofel sanapiros
maxloblad aigo miqael mTavarangelozis saxelobis eklesia. odnav
mogvianebiT, 922-957 wlebSi, giorgi II `afxazTa mefem”, guranduxt
dedoflis dabadebis aRsaniSnavad aago xuafis (xofis) wm. nikolozis
saxelobis taZari. warwerebis mixedviT, orive taZris qtitorebi,
mSenebel-ostatebi da mrevli qarTul eTno-kulturul samyaros
ekuTvnodnen (axalaZe, 2005a: 140-153). garda xuafis taZrisa, giorgi
II-is dakveTiT aSenda martvilisa da qiaCis taZrebi. swored qiaCis
taZars Seswira man samwerobeli, romlis asomTavrul warweraSi
dasaxelebulia giorgi mefe (suraTi 1a).
X saukuneSi `afxazTa mefis” - leon II-is mier aSenda moqvis
RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari da iqve daaarsa saepiskoposo
kaTedra (suraTi #2). moqvi imTaviTve iqca qarTuli kulturisa da
eklesiis umniSvnelovanes kerad, rasac adastureben aq aRmoCenili
warwerebi da xelnawerebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia moqvis saxarebas (Х. С. Бгажба, 1967; axalaZe, 2005a: 109-116).
XII saukuneSi aq moRvaweobda mTavarepiskoposi grigol guZanis
Ze, romlis qtitoruli warwera moTavsebulia mis mier agebuli
taZris samrekloze (suraTi # 3).
XIII saukunidan, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli
sagareo-politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, moqvis, rogorc
qarTuli kulturisa da saeklesio centris mniSvneloba kidev
ufro gaizarda. qarTuli kulturisaTvis metad mZime periodSi,
daniel moqvelis iniciativiT Seiqmna da miniaturebiT moixata
moqvis SesaniSnavi saxareba. moqvis saxarebis minawerebisa da sxva
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, dazustebulia moqvel mTavarepiskoposTa
saxelebi, romelTa saqmianobis Sedegad, moqvi Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi qristianuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes centrs
warmoadgenda (xorava, 1998: 52; kalandia, 2004: 134; axalaZe, 2005:
116).
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis SesaniSnavma Zeglma, bediis samonastro
kompleqsma Semogvinaxa mravalricxovani lapidaruli, Weduri da
freskuli warwerebi (axalaZe, 2000: 43-54). aRniSnuli warwerebi
mogviTxroben, rom taZris dRevandeli nageboba (suraTi # 4)
agebuli unda iyos gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis
bagrat III-is (978-1014) epoqaSi, 989-999 wlebSi, xuroTmoZRvar
svimeon galatozTuxucesis mier, romelic gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos samefo karis xuroTmoZRvari iyo. X-XI saukuneebis
mijnaze galatozTuxucesis instituti saqarTvelos samefo karis
uxucesTa sagamgeo uwyebaSi Sedioda. bagrat mesamisa da dedofal
guranduxtis warwera amokveTilia qarTuli oqromWedlobis
SesaniSnav nimuSze - bediis barZimze (suraTi #5).
bediis warwerebis mixedviT samonastro kompleqsma, XIII-

236
XIV saukuneebis mijnaze 1293-1327 wlebSi, konstantine lixT-
imereTis mefis iniciativiT, safuZvliani gadakeTeba, restavracia -
rekonstruqcia ganicada, rasac adasturebs XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi da sarestavracio samuSaoebis
Sedegebi. aRniSnuli restavracia dakavSirebulia afxazeTis
(dasavleT saqarTvelo) kaTalikosis nikoloz gonglibaisZisa da
bedieli mTvarepiskoposis sofron gonglibaisZis saxelTan. am dros
aigo bediis samreklo, SekeTda taZris kedlebi, da galavani, taZris
interierSi ganaxlda freskuli moxatulobani (suraTi #6). bediis
taZris momdevno restavracia dakavSirebulia odiSis erisTavT
erisTavis vamey I-is (1384-1394) meuRlis `deofal deofali”
marixisa da misi Zis erisTavT erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi
giorgi dadianis saxelebTan (axalaZe, 1999: 61-71).
XVI saukuneSi bediis sakaTedro taZarSi moRvaweobdnen anton
da kirile JvanisZeebi. antoni gviani Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos
eklesiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo, romelic
bediis taZarSi farTo kulturul-ganmaaxleblur da saamSeneblo-
qtitorul saqmianobas eweoda. misi iniciativiT, XVI saukunis 40-
50-ian wlebSi aigo bediis saepiskoposo palati, rasac adasturebs
Sesabamisi lapidaruli warwera, ganaxlda da axali xelnawerebiT
Seivso bediis cnobili wignTsacavi, moiWeda araerTi qarTuli
siwminde. bediel mRvdelmTavarTa Soris igi pirveli atarebda
mitropolitis tituls, romelic XVI saukunis 40-iani wlebis II
naxevridan dawesda dasavleT saqarTveloSi (axalaZe, 2005a: 52-59).
XVII saukuneSi anton JvanisZis saqmis Rirseuli gamgrZelebelia
germane CxetiZe, romlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia daculia
sxvadasxva saxis werilobiT wyaroebSi, maT Soris bediis barZimis
sadgarze amokveTil warweraSi. germane CxetiZem taZarSi arsebuli
wignTsacavisa da xelnawerTa ganaxlebis mizniT, SavSeTidan Camoiyvana
im dros kaligrafiaSi ganTqmuli gadamwerTa jgufi, romlebmac
ganaaxles Zveli wignsacavi, maT Soris bediis cnobili gulani.
germane CxetiZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli 999 wliT daTariRebuli
bediis oqros barZimis fexis xelmeored Semkoba XVII saukuneSi.
aRniSnuli oqros fexi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi moipares.
bediis taZris epigrafikuli masalisa da sxva saistorio
wyaroebis monacemebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda bediel mRvdelmTavarTa
qronologiuri rigis dazusteba (xorava, 2000: 25-41; g. kalandia,
2004: 79-97 axalaZe, 2005a: 38-51). XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan,
saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,
bedia, rogorc qarTuli eklesiisa da qarTuli kulturis centri
aRar arsebobda (mxolod drois mcire monakveTSi - me-19 saukunis
meore naxevaridan me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi - aq droebiT
aRorZinda samonastro cxovreba).
X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze, sasuliero da saero pirebis
iniciativiTa da SemweobiT aigo dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi salocavi iloris wm. giorgis saxelobis taZari
(suraTi #7), romlis fasadebze SemorCenil qarTul epigrafikul
ZeglebSi dasaxelebulia qtitorTa saxelebi: saeklesio pirebi

237
mTavarepiskoposi giorgi da mRvdeli giorgi qoColava (suraTi #8).
saero pirebidan adgilobrivi feodali da mxaris gamgebeli giorgi
gurgenisZe. mSenebeli giorgi galatozi da a.S. taZris warwerebSi
dasaxelebuli istoriuli pirebi mTavarepiskoposi giorgi, mRvdeli
giorgi qoColava, mxaris gamgebeli giorgi gurgeniZe da mSenebel-
ostati giorgi qarTul eTnokulturul samyaros ekuTvnodnen
(gvancelaZe, 2005: 45;axalaZe, 2005a: 96-108).
afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebidan gansakuTreuli
yuradReba unda davuTmoT galis raionis sof. reCxo-cxirSi
agebul wkelikaris wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesiis warwerebs.
warwerebSi taZris Tavdapirveli mSenebeli saero da saeklesio
pirebis saxelebi dazianebulia da Znelad ikiTxeba. magram XVI-XVII
saukuneebSi wkelikaris eklesia ganaaxles msxvilma warCinebulma
pirebma, romelTa freskuli gamosaxulebani dazianebuli warwerebiT,
taZris interierSia moTavsebuli (suraTi #9, 10). aqvea adgilobrivi
Tavadis qtitor CiCuas freska warweris fragmentiT (axalaZe,
2005a: 87-96) (suraTi #11).
gudauTis raionis sof. anuxvis miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis
saxelobis eklesiis fasadebze SemorCenili qarTuli asomTavruli
warwerebis mixedviT, XI saukuneSi gudauTis raionis sofel anuxvasa
da mis Semogarens flobdnen giorgi basilis Ze (suraTi #12) da
misi feodaluri saxlis wevrebi, romelTa qtitoruli saqmianobis
Sedegad aigo jer stela-jvari (suraTi #13), xolo Semdeg mis
adgilze, anuxvis miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis saxelobis
eklesia.
qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa
webeldis regioni, saidanac jerjerobiT sami lapidaruli da sami
Weduri warwera aris cnobili (axalaZe, 2003: 43-61; silogava,
2004: 316-326). aRniSnuli warwerebi mogviTxroben, rom regionSi
erTdroulad ramdenime eklesia moqmedebda: wm. Tevdores, wm. andria
mociqulis, ioane naTlismcemlisa da wm. giorgis saxelobisa. maT
Soris andria mociqulisa da ioane naTlismcemlis eklesiebi aq
adridanve arsebobda, xolo XI saukuneSi aigo wm. Tevdores, XII
saukunis miwuruls ki - wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiebi (suraTi
#14, 15, 16).
saintereso masalas iZlevian gudavisa da warCes warwerebi
(silogava, 2004: 292-296; axalaZe, 2005: 131-138). istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis safuZvelze gudavis eklesia agebulia
adgilobrivi feodalis rabiasa1 da misi meuRlis nugamwiras mier
(suraTi #17).
namdvil epigrafikul krebuls warmoadgens gudauTis raionis
sof. lixnis taZari (suraTi #18), romlis interierSi daaxloebiT
17-ze meti warwera aris moTavsebuli. taZari mTlianad moxatuli
yofila da freskul gamosaxulebebs Tan axlda Sesabamisi
1 rabia garda gudavis warwerisa gvxvdeba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
ukanaskneli mefis giorgi VIII-is 1459 wlis epistoleSi da yuaryuare aTa-
bagis mier burgundiis mTavrisadmi gagzavnil wignSi CamoTvlil qarTvel
mefe-mTavarTa da msxvil feodalTa Soris.

238
ganmartebiTi qarTuli warwerebi (suraTi #18a). lixnis taZris
warwerebidan sayuradReboa 1066 wlis warwera kometis gamoCenis
Sesaxeb (suraTi # 19). warwerebSi dasaxelebulia istoriuli
pirebi, saqarTvelos mefeebi giorgi II kurapalati (1072-1089),
bagrat IV (1027-1072), mwignobarTuxucesi da Wyondideli, vaCe
ipertimosi, petre-patrik yofili da sxvebi (suraTi 18b).
oCamCiris raionis sof. Wlous (Walis) eklesiis ezoSi aRmoCenilia
msxvili feodalisa da saqarTvelos samefo karis moxelis erisTavT
erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi ozbeg dadianis warwera (suraTi
#20), romelic saflavis qvis epitafias warmoadgens. aseve
saflavis qvis epitafias unda warmoadgendes galis raionis sof.
dixazurgaSi aRmoCenili miqel galatozTuxucesis warwera (suraTi
20a), romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mxedruli
damwerlobis erT-erT yvelaze adreul nimuSs warmoadgens.
mravalferovania afxazeTis qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi
dasaxelebul istoriul pirTa socialuri speqtri. warwerebSi
vxvdebiT mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenas: mefeebis, mxaris
gamgeblebis, maRali saeklesio ierarqiis, mRvdlebis, ostat-
mSeneblebis da ubralo mlocvelebis saxelebs. warwerebSi
dasaxelebulia: ,,afxazTa” samefosa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
mefeebi: giorgi II (922-957), bagrat III (978-1014), bagrat IV
(1027-1072), giorgi II kurapalati (1072-1089), konstantine mefeTa
mefe (daviT narinis Ze) (1293-1227); msxvili samefo moxeleebi,
mxaris gamgeblebi da adgilobrivi msxvili feodalebi: erisTavT-
erisTavi da meWurWleTuxucesi abulasan iobis Ze, mwignobarTuxucesi
da Wyondideli, giorgi basilis Ze, giorgi gurgeniZe, ,,deofalT
deofali” sagduxti, erisTavT erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi
dadiani, ,,deofalT deofali” marixi, raWis erisTavT erisTavi
niania, erisTavT erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi ozbeg dadiani,
levan I dadiani, ,,anakosiis” mTavari rabia; saeklesio pirebi: xofis
(xuafis) taZris maSenebeli ucnobi ,,mamadmTavari”, mTavarepiskoposi
giorgi, afxazeTis kaTalikosi nikoloz gonglibaisZe, sofron
bedieli, mTavarepiskoposebi da mitropolitebi anton JuanisZe,
kirile JuanisZe, germane CxetiZe, grigol moqveli. iloris saydris
mRvdeli giorgi qoColava, wkelikaris taZris xucesi merkili,
gudavis eklesiis dekanozi da a.S. taZris maSeneblebi: svimon
galatozTuxucesi, giorgi galatozi, luka martineva, saba mlelis
Ze. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia ubralo mlocvelebi, adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba: miqaeli, giorgi, faSaZe, roSa, nugamwira da a.S.
es aris im istoriul pirTa arasruli nusxa, romlebic mTeli
Sua saukuneebis manZilze Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
materialur da sulier kulturas hqmnidnen (axalaZe, 2005a: 209-
210).

cxinvalis regionSi aRmarTuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
Zeglebidan qarTuli warwerebis simravliT gamoirCevian niqozis,
armazis, eredvis, ikorTis, largvisis, yanCaeTis, kabenis, TiRvis,
Tiris, qvemo kitreulis, dodoTis, wirqolis, tbeTis, ikoTas,

239
xeiTis, kvaisas, koJas, Warebis, doreTkarisa da gomarTas, Zeglevis,
oJaras, soxTas, zemo lisis da a. S. taZrebi.
saqarTveloSi erT-erT uZveles epigrafikul Zeglad iTvleba
cxinvalidan sami kilometris manZilze, sof. niqozSi mdebare
eklesiis warwera, romelSic zaqaria pirvelepiskoposi aris
dasaxelebuli. (SoSiaSvili, 1980: 70-71). niqozSi ori eklesia
dgas: erTi RvTaebisa, xolo meore mTavarangelozisa. RvTaebis
taZari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi saepiskoposo kaTedrali iyo,
romelic agebulia vaxtang gorgaslis mier V saukunis II naxevarSi.
taZarze amokveTili X saukunis warweris mixedviT RvTaebis taZris
ganaxleba-restavracia X saukuneSi Cautarebia miqael episkopozs.
niqozis mTavarangelozis eklesiis fasadebze amokveTilia ori
saamSeneblo warwera, romlebic mogviTxroben niqozeli episkoposisa
da misi diswulis mier taZris mSeneblobis istorias.
Sida qarTlis warwerebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs
afxazTa mefeTa warwerebi, romelTa Soris uZvelesia armazis 864
wlis warwera giorgi I-is (861-868) moxseniebiT (SoSiaSvili, 1980:
168). aRniSnuli warwera adasturebs `matiane qarTlisais” ucnobi
avtoris cnobas, rom IX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan afxazTa mefeebma
aqtiurad daiwyes brZola qarTlis dauflebisaTvis (yauxCiSvili,
1955: 258).
mdinare liaxvis xeobaSi sof. eredvSi daculi ori eklesiidan
erT-erTze, kerZod wmida giorgis taZris fasadze amokveTilia
oTxi qarTuli asomTavruli warwera (SoSiaSvili, 1980: 170-174;
oTxmezuri, 1994: 120-121.). warwerebi mniSvnelovan saistorio
wyaros warmoadgenen, rogorc am taZris istoriis Seswavlis, aseve X
saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlSi ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebis
Sesaxeb. warwerebis Sinaarsidan irkveva, rom taZari agebulia
xuroTmoZRvar Tevdore Taflais Zis mier konstantine afxazTa
mefis zeobis wlebSi (893-922). egris-afxazeTis mefes am dros myarad
uWiravs qarTli, romelsac mefis erisTavi ufliscixidan ganagebda.
aRniSnul movlenas kidev erTi epigrafikuli Zegli adasturebs,
kerZod samwevrisis taZris (suraTi #21) saamSeneblo warwera
(suraTi #22), romelic Sesrulebulia konstantine mefis zeobis
me-20 wels, e. i. 912 wels (SoSiaSvili, 1980: 222-223). eredvis
warwerebis mixedviT eredvi da misi Semogareni Sida qarTlis
msxvili feodaluri sagvareulos tbelebis sauflo yofila da
romelTa qtitoruli saqmianobis Sedegad aigo taZari. taZris
warwerebSi saocari sizustiT ikveTeba maSindeli saqarTvelos
socialuri ierarqiis suraTi: mefe - konstantine afxazTa mefe;
msxvili feodali - tbeli; xuroTmoZRvari - Tevdore TaflaisZe da
taZris mSenebeli da mlocveli yvaryvare.
afxazTa mefis leon III-is (957-967) saxeli gvxvdeba sof.
wirqolis eklesiis reliefebis sam fragmentul warweraSi, iqve
gamosaxulia mefis figura angelozebTan erTad (Чубинашвили, 1939:
207-208; SoSiaSvili, 1980: 221). warweris Sinaarsidan irkveva,
rom wirqolis taZari agebulia leon III-is mier, romelic am
dros myarad flobda Sida qarTls da javaxeTsac. afxazTa mefis

240
mier javaxeTis SemoerTebis faqti dadasturebulia axalqalaqis
raionSi mdebare kumurdos taZris saamSeneblo warweris SinaarsiT
(silogava, 1994. 39). saerTod, afxazTa mefis leon III-is aqtiuri
qtitoruli saqmianoba Cans, rogorc qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi,
aseve naratiul TxzulebebSic. aRniSnuli wyaroebis mixedviT leon
III-is mier agebulia moqvis, wirqolisa da kumurdos taZrebi. aseve
man Seamko xobis RmrTismSoblis xati (suraTi #23), romlis qveda
CarCoze amokveTilia leon mefis erTstriqoniani savedrebeli
warwera (Чубинашвили, 1959: 142).
mravalricxovania cxinvalis maxloblad mdebare tbeTis borcvisjvris
eklesiis qarTuli warwerebi (aTze meti warwera), romlebic mdidar
informacias iZlevian taZris mSeneblobis istoriisa da X saukuneSi am
regionis mflobeli msxvili feodalebis tbelebis Sesaxeb (SoSiaSvili,
1980: 175-178; Отхмезури, 1994: 121-123). warwerebis Sinaarsidan irkveva,
rom IX-X saukuneebSi cxinvali da misi Semogareni tbelebis sauflo
yofila. taZris epigrafikuli masala saSualebas iZleva aRvadginoT
am epoqis tbelebis genealogiuri suraTi: ivane tbeli, qavTar tbeli,
patrik tbeli da misi Svilebi oqropiri da qavTari. tbelebis
feodaluri saxlis wevrebi unda iyvnen warwerebSi dasaxelebuli
Tekla, vaxtangi da cuatai. garda tbelebisa, borcvisjvris eklesiis
warwerebSi dasaxelebulia istoriuli pirebi ivane da qobul abazas
Zeni. aqve dasaxelebuli arian dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi:
balavris damdebi Tixreveli iTxvaanT xelonebi, mSenebeli sandamir
papasZe da sxvebi. faqtobrivad, tbeTis warwerebSi Cans X saukunis
qarTuli sazogadoebis sami fena: warCinebuli feodalebi, aznaurebi
da ubralo xelosnebi.
ZvelqarTul folklorul eposs ukavSirdeba dodoTis cxrakaras
eklesiis dasaxeleba, romelic cxinvalidan 7 km. manZilze mdebareobs.
taZarze SemorCenili sami asomTavruli warwera (SoSiaSvili, 1980:
175-178) mogviTxrobs, rom igi agebulia adgilobrivi feodalis
ivane tbelisa da misi vaJis qavTar tbelis mier.
cxinvalis regionSi bieTis samebis eklesiam Semogvinaxa X
saukunis oTxi qarTuli warwera, romlebSic dasaxelebulia taZris
qtitorebi, istoriuli pirebi erisTavT erisTavi ioane, misi mama
bakur yanCaeli, vaCe da beSqeni. aqve aris savedrebeli warwerebi
(SoSiaSvili, 1980: 192-195; Отхмезури, 1994: 118-119).
IX saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba kabenis monastris warwera,
romelSic dasaxelebulia qarTlis erismTavari adarnase da misi
asuli latavri - aSot bagrationis da (Отхмезури, 1994: 114-115).
imave eklesiaSi daculia saflavis qva mxedruli warweriT, romelic
ekuTvnis zaza ratiSvils da daTariRebulia 1756 wliT.
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis garkvevis mizniT
sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi javis raionis epigrafikul masalebSi,
kerZod, qasaginas, soxTas, kvaisas, kroJas eklesiis warwerebSi
(Меписашвили, Цинцадзе, 1975: 81-83; 88-91). maTi umravlesoba
saamSeneblo xasiaTisaa da mogviTxrobs aRniSnuli taZrebis
mSeneblobis istorias adgilobrivi feodalebisa da ostatebis
mier. aqve daculia saflavis qvis epitafiebi.

241
 Sida qarTlis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kulturul centrs
warmoadgenda largvisis monasteri, romelic qsnis erisTavebis
samflobelo iyo. XIV saukuneSi aq moRvawobdnen cnobili
kaligrafebi, romlebic xelnawerTa ganaxlebasa da restavraciaze
muSaobdnen. largvisis monastridan iyo cnobili kaligrafi avgaroz
bandaisZe, romelmac XIV saukuneSi Seqmna qsnis erisTavebis sagvareulo
matiane `Zegli erisTavTa”. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT largvisis
Zveli XIV saukunis monastris adgilze daviT qsnis erisTavma
(1753-74) aago gumbaTiani taZari. am cnobas adasturebs largvisis
monastris xatis warwera, romelSic daviT qsnis erisTavTan erTad
dasaxelebulia misi deda qeTevani.
eTnokulturuli istoriis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi
epigrafikuli Zeglebia lisis jvris, cxavatis, oJaras, Zeglevis,
gomarTas, zRuderis, xeiTis ikoTas warwerebi. aRniSnuli masalis
mixedviT, lisis jvris eklesiis maSenebeli da qtitori iyo XI
saukunis adgilobrivi feodalis Tualois asuli febronia. warweraSi
dasaxelebulia febronias Zma abuleTi (Меписашвили, Цинцадзе, 1975:
103-104; SoSiaSvili, 1980: 190-191). cxavatis macxovris taZris
warwerebSi dasaxelebulia taZris kalatozi ina, ubralo mlocveli
nafenai da sxvebi (SoSiaSvili, 1980: 191-192). XII_XIII saukuneebis
warwerebis mixedviT, oJaras eklesiis qtitorebi iyvnen adgilobrivi
feodalebi TinaTi, fadloni da maTi Zeni. aqve napovnia saflavis
qvis epitafia, romelSic dasaxelebulia aleqsandres Ze siaoSi
(Меписашвили, Цинцадзе, 1975: 126).
sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi TiRvis monastris warwerebi. erT-
erTi warweris mixedviT XI saukuneSi taZris pirveli maSenebeli
iyo ruisis episkoposi giorgi mroveli. XII saukuneSi TiRvis
taZari ganuaxlebia daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) asuls _ Tamars,
romelic gaTxovili iyo Sirvanis Sahze, magram daqvrivebis Semdeg
Sirvanis dedofali samSobloSi dabrunda da TiRvis monasterSi
moRvaweobda. swored, misi iniciativiT ganaxlda taZari 1152 wels
(Отхмезури, 1994: 126).
ikorTis taZarSi daculia 1172 wlis saamSeneblo warwera, romelic
ekuTvnis adgilobriv feodalebs - taZris qtitorebs beSqensa da
vardans. aqve aris erisTavT erisTavi arsenis, Wiaberis, basilisa da
Tvalisgugas savedrebeli warwerebi. aRniSnuli istoriuli pirebi
cnobilia sxva istoriuli wyaroebiTac da isini giorgi III-is
(1156-1184) epoqaSi moRvaweobdnen. taZarze gamosaxulia mzis saaTi,
romelic taZris mSeneblobis periodiT TariRdeba. mogvianebiT,
1673 wels taZari ganaaxles qarTlis dedofalma rodamma (vaxtang
V-is meuRle) da iese erisTavma (Отхмезури, 1994: 128-129).
cxinvalis raionSi Tiris cnobil samonastro kompleqsSi Sedis
RmrTismSoblis saxelobis taZari, samreklo, satrapezo da kldeSi
nakveTi keliebi. aRniSnul nagebobebze amokveTilia sxvadasxva
epoqis (XIII-XVIII ss.) savedrebeli warwerebi, romlebic ekuTvnis
rati, siaoS, asaTi da xela maCablebs, bevroza maxaTliSvils, xela
TavxeliZes, ruisis episkoposs, mrovel filipe TaqTaqiZes da sxv.
aqve aris saflavis qvis warwerebi: zurab maCablis asulis 1654

242
wlis epitafia, ufliswul rostomis (giorgi XI-is vaJi) 1689
wliT daTariRebuli epitafia, 1775 wlis saflavis qvis warwera da
a. S. (andRulaZe, 1969).
sof. ikoTis eklesiis lapidaruli warwera mogviTxrobs 1798
wels eklesiis ganaxlebis ambavs mefis rZlis qeTevan wereTlis
mier. warweraSi dasaxelebuli qeTevani aris ioane batoniSvilis
meuRle. imave eklesiis SigniT aris XVIII saukunis miwurulis
epitafia, romelic ekuTvnis daviT korinTelisa da nanas asuls
magdan korinTels, romelic dasaflavebuli yofila eklesiaSi.
korinTelebis gvari saqarTveloSi cnobilia IX_X saukuneebidan.
adre isini msxvili feodalebi iyvnen, magram mogvianebiT dakarges
Zveli dideba da rigiTi aznaurebi gaxdnen (Отхмезури, 1994: 140).
Tanamedrove samxreT oseTis teritoriaze gvxvdeba ramdenime
berZnuli da somxuri warwera. maTgan berZnuli warwerebi ZiriTadad
adreul periods ekuTvnis, xolo somxuri warwrebi ufro gviani
periodisaa da dakavSirebulia gvian SuasaukuneebSi SiSianobis
dros qarTlSi somxuri mosaxlebis SemosvlasTan
sxva enaze daculi warwerebi am teritoriaze ar gvxvdeba.

amrigad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis mxareSi arsebuli Zveli

warwerebis absoluturi umravlesoba qarTulia; warwerebSi
dasaxelebulia adgilobrivi feodalebi, sasuliero pirebi,
taZris xuroTmoZRvrebi, kalatozebi da ubralo adamianebi.
am regionebis materialuri kulturis Semqmneli mosaxleoba
mSobliur enaze aRwerda im istoriul movlenebs da faqtebs,
romelsac adgili hqonda regionSi; am enaze utovebda
STamomavlobas taZris mSeneblobis istorias, am enaze iTxovda
savedrebelsa da Sendobas da, bolos am enaze werda saflavis
qvis epitafiebsac. bunebrvia, es mosaxleoba eTnikurad qarTul
samyaros ekuTvnoda.

literatura:

andRulaZe, 1969 - n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris warwerebi, macne

istoriis . . . seria, #6, 1969.
axalaZe, 1999 - l. axalaZe, bediis taZris freskuli warwera da
dadianTa mandaturTuxucesobis sakiTxi. weliwdeuli `saistorio
Ziebani”. t. II. Tb. 1999.
axalaZe, 2000 - l. axalaZe, `…. . . meox eqmen saydris amSenebels”.
weliwdeuli `saistorio Ziebani”. Tb. 2000.
axalaZe, 2005(a) - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc
saistorio wyaro (lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi). Tb.
2005.

243
axalaZe, 2005 (b) - l. axalaZe, qristianoba da damwerloba afxazeTSi.
marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis
sakiTxebi. moxsenebebis krebuli. I. Tb. 2005.
axalaZe, 2007 - l. axalaZe, qarTuli damwerlobis paleografiuli
maxasiaTeblebi afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi. Jurnali
`kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi”. #1. Tb. 2007.
axalaZe, 2004 - l. axalaZe, egris-afxazeTis mefeTa warwerebi,
asociacia `qarTuli kultura saqarTveloSi da mis sazRvrebs
gareT”. Tb. 2004.
gvancelaZe, 2004 - T. gvancelaZe, Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Sua saukuneTa lapidaruli
warwerebis mixedviT. marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli
TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi. moxsenebebis krebuli. I. Tb.
2005.
kalandia, 2004 - g. kalandia, odiSis saepiskoposoebi, Tb. 2004.
silogava, 1994 - v. silogava, kumurdo, taZris epigrafika. Tb.
1994.
silogava, 2004 - v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika.
Tb. 2004.
silogava, 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. t. II. lapidaruli
warwerebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. I (IX_X ss.)
Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silogavam. Tb. 1980.
SoSiaSvili, 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. t. I. lapidaruli
warwerebi, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-Xss.) Seadgina
da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma. Tb. 1980.
yauxCiSvili, 1955 - matiane qarTlisai, `qarTlis cxovreba”. t.
I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1955.
yauxCiSvili, 2004 - T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli
warwerebis korpusi. Tb. 2004
xorava, 1998 - b. xorava, moqvel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi,
weliwdeuli `saistorio Ziebani” I. Tb., 1998.
xorava, 2000 - b. xorava, bediis saepiskoposo, weliwdeuli
`saistorio Ziebani”. III. Tb. 2000.
Бгажба, 1967 - Х. С. Бгажба. Из истории письменности в Абхазии. Тб.
1967.
Меписашвили, Цинцадзе, 1975 - Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе, Архитектура
нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида Картли. Тб. 1975
Отхмезури, 1994 - Г. Отхмезури. Эпиграфика северной части шида Картли.
В кн. Осетинский Вопрос. Тб. 1994.
Чубинашвили, 1959 - Г. Чубинашвили. Грузинское чеканное искусство.
Тб. 1959.
244
 Tamaz futkaraZe

demografiuli procesebis erTi magaliTi:

muhajirobis istoria samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloSi

muhajiroba, rogorc mosaxleobis adgilmonacvleobis spe­ ci­

fikuri forma (muhajir - arab. emigranti, samSoblodan wa­ suli),
XIX saukunis sxvadasxva etapze kavkasiidan TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis
procesis aRmniSvnel terminad damk­ vidr­
da istoriografiaSi. TviT
muhajiri qarT­velebi Tavi­sia­
nebs `Cveneburebs” eZaxian (S. futkaraZe,
1993: 9).
muhajirobis pirveli tal­ Ra 1828-29 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis
omis msvlelobisa da mis Semdgom periodSi samcxe-javaxeTidan
muslimanuri mosax­ leo­bis TurqeTSi gada­ sax­lebas ukavSirdeba.
meore periodi ki iwyeba 1877-1878 wlebis cnobili omis dros da
grZeldeba 1882 wlis 3 Tebervlamde (m. svaniZe, 1996: 5), Tumca
es pe­riodi spon­tanurad 1921 wlamde grZeldeba.
muhajirobis aRniSnuli periodi literaturaSi osmaluri da ru­
suli etapis saxiTaa warmodgenili (i. baramiZe, 1999: 49). pirvel
etapze (1878 wlis agvisto-seqtemberi) osmaleTis imperiis siR­
r­meSi mosaxleobis emigracia osmaleTis/portas moqmedebiT iyo
ganpiro­bebuli, 1878 w. agvisto-seqtemberidan ki gadasax­ lebis
Ziri­Tadi mizezi gaxda ruseTis kolonizatoruli politika.
osma­­
lebi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdegac eweodnen agi­
tacia-propa­gandas privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT SeSinebul mola-
xojebze dayrdno­ biT, rac garkveul rols TamaSobda mosaxleobis
axali talRis emigra­ ciaSi wasvlis Tval­ sazri­siT.
qarTvels ar eTmoboda samSoblo, magram Seqmnili pirobe­
bis gamo iZulebuli iyo `damorCileboda Sav beds da gada­
saxlebuliyo” (z. WiWinaZe, 1914: 2-4). mas Semdeg, roca garkveul
iqna aWa­
risa da baTumis ruseTis imperiisaTvis gadacemis sakiTxi,
erT­gvarad daCqarda mkvidrTa (qarTvelTa) ayra-gadasaxlebis pro­
cesi. osmalebi arc Zalis gamoyenebas eridebodnen. devriS faSas
gan­
kargu­lebiT mxolod qobuleTSi mosaxleobis ZaliT ga­ dasaxlebis
mizniT moq­medebda 160 cxenosani (droeba, #190, 1878). mkvidrTa
ZaliT gadasaxlebis Taobaze nuri TavdgiriZes ucnobebia gr.
gurielisaTvis, romelsac imjerad osmalebi­ saT­vis gza ga­da­
uRobavs
da gasagzavnad gamzadebuli xalxi saxlebSi daubru­ nebia (droeba,
#190, 1878).
osmalTa Zaladobis mogeriebas qarTuli mosaxleoba sakuTari
ZalebiTac cdilobda. 1878 wlis 14-15 agvistos qobuleTlebma osmalebs
namdvili omi gaumarTes (,,Обзор,” #231, 1878). winaaRmdegobebisa da
protestis miuxedavad bevri sofeli nasoflarad iqca. es procesi

245
momgebiani iyo orive (ruseTi, osmaleTi) imperiisaTvis. amitomac
iyo, rom osmaleTis xelisufleba ar Cqarobda aWaris droulad
datovebas da savaraudoa, rom ruseTic Tavisi miznis miR­ wevamde
(saqarTvelos am nawilis mkvidrTagan/qarTvelTagan dacarieleba)
`didsulovnad iTmenda” `Tavis sazRvrebSi” TurqTa yofnas.
1878 wlis 25 agvistos baTumi oficialurad gadaeca ruseTs.
ruseTis moxeleebma aWaris mosaxleobas ganucxades imperiis neba,
romlis mixed­ viTac xelSeuxebeli iqneboda mkvidrTa/qarTvelTa
qone­ba da religia; mosaxleobas igive movaleobebi ekisreboda ru­
se­
Tis mimarT, rogoric iyo osmalTa ba­ to­nobis dros; ucv­ leli
darCeboda adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, gadasaxlebis msur­ velebs
miecemodaT qonebis gayidvis dro da saSualeba (x. axvlediani,
1978: 13). es gancxadeba praqtikulad ar Sesrulebula, radgan
ruseTis mTavari mizani mkvidrTa/qarTvelTa ayra da maT adgilze
sasur­ ve­
li eTnosis Camosaxleba iyo. es Cans ruseTis moxelis
_ sviatopolk-mirskis mier saimperatoro xelisuflebisadmi (1878
wlis 15 oqtombers) gag­ zavnili patakidan, romlis mixedviT
imperiis umTavresi amo­ canaa `baTumis olqis mosaxleobis Tavidan
mocileba. miT umetes, rom amis saSualebas gvaZlevs san-stefanos
sazavo xelSekrulebis 21-e muxli. mosaxleobis mimarT gatarebuli
unda iqnas rac SeiZleba mkacri zomebi, iaraRis gamoyenebis
CaTvliT maTi morCilebaSi moyvanis mizniT. msgavsi Ro­ nisZieba
saSualebas mogvcems gavwmindoT mxare CvenTvis miuRebeli ele­
men­
tebisagan” (saqarTvelos csa, f. 416, an. 3., s. 1172, furc.
2-4). aRniSnuli gancxadeba imperiis ZiriTadi samoqmedo doqtrina
iyo. rusuli mmarTveloba Tavi­ si saqmianobiT daejaxa xalxSi sau­
kuneebiT, tradiciulad dam­ kvid­rebuli cxovrebis normebs, riTac
mkvidri mo­ sax­
leobis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. garda amisa, aWaris
saqarTvelosTan dabrunebiT gaerTianda ori _ osmaleTisa da
ruseTis saqarT­ velo _ ucxo, rusuli saxelmwifos droSis
qveS, e.i. moxda araqarTul saxelmwifoebSi araqarTuli sis­ te­
miT aRzrdili qarTuli sxe­ ulebis aratradiciuli gaer­ Tia­ neba
(i. baramiZe, 1999: 50). am mdgomareobas alRo auRes osmalebma,
rom­lebic qristianuli qarTuli mosaxleobis, rogorc `urwmu­
noebis”/ “giaurebis” winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen musulman qarTvelebs
da Segne­ bu­
lad Tesdnen religiur SuRlsa da siZulvils. amitom
musu­lman qarTvelTa nawils daundobeli `ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
(Tundac Zmebis gverdiT) yofnas isev Zveli batonis mfar­ ve­
lobaSi
yofna erCivna” (i. baramiZe, 1999: 50-51). am TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva
faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli muhajiroba nebayoflobiTobis ele­­
mentebsac Seicavda.
rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Sem­ deg aWara kvlav rCeboda
mowinaaRmdegis mosazRvre terito­ ri­ad. amitomac aniWebda
imperiis xelisufleba mkvidri mosax­ leo­ bis ayra-gadasaxlebas
gansakuTrebul mniSv­ nelobas. `veli­ korusuli Sovinizmi” marjved

246
iniRbeboda mesianisturi fra­ zeologiiT, cdilobda obieqturi
sinamdvilis damalvas da gadasaxlebis mizezad `aqaurTa sibeces”
asaxelebda (j. vardmaniZe, 2002: 84).
ruseT-TurqeTis zavma ruseTis koloniur saqmianobas
oficialuri saxe misca. axal administracias sWirdeboda Ta­
visi `moRvaweobis” ga­ marT­leba, ideologiuri Sirma. oficialurad
is Cag­ rulTa mfarveli iyo. dRis wesrigSi mkvidrTa mimarT
gasatarebeli po­ li­tikis gamarTlebis sakiTxi dadga. gamosavalic
moinaxa, mefis mTavrobam mkvidr mosaxleobas `Turqoba” daswama.
os­malebi, marTalia, musliman qarT­ velebSi aRvivebdnen siZul­ vils
qristiani qarTvelebis mimarT, magram maT `Turqebad” ar miiCnevdnen
(gurjebs uwodebdnen), rusebi ki piriqiT, Tur­ qebad naTlavdnen.
igive politika carizmma cota ufro adre gaatara saqarTvelos
sxva nawilis _ samc­ xe-javaxeTis mimarT. ruseTis am politikas
did Secdomad miiCnevda e. vei­ denbaumi. misi azriT, aWaraSi `ar
un­da ganmeordes is Secdomebi, romelic 1829 wels davuSviT
axalcixeSi. Cven ar vicodiT an kidev daviviwyeT, rom aq bevria
gamahmadianebuli qarTveli” (Вейденбаум Е. 1901: 122). ru­ seTis
politika mkvidri mosaxleobis mimarT ucv­ leli darCa.
ruseTis mefis mTav­ robam qarTvelebs Seuqmna gausaZlisi pi­
robebi, raTa aeZulebina isini osma­ leTSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen
(m. svaniZe, 1996: 7). swored kolonizatoruli politika iyo
ZiriTadi mi­ zezi muhajirobisa. am politikas emsaxureboda omis
Semdgomi periodis aWaraSi ekonomikuri pirobebis xelovnuri
gauareseba. qobuleTis ubnis 20 soflidan darbeuli da ga­ damwvari
iyo: xucubani, qaquTi, qobuleTi, cixisZiri, muxa­ es­
tate, leRva,
sameba, kvirike. sofeli gvara saerTod aRar arsebobda (,,Голос”,
#102, 1879). gaCanagebuli iyo saxlebi, baRebi, sax­ nav-saTesi miwebi.
aseT gaZvaltyavebul adgilobriv mosaxleobas ruseTma da­ a­
kisra
gada­saxadebi, maSin roca osmaleTis xelisufleba gada­ saxlebis
SemTxvevaSi SeRavaTebs hpirdeboda. es faqtori kidev ufro
aZlierebda emigraciis sur­ vils.
ruseTma amave mize­ ziT Segnebulad daamZima/gazarda yarssa da
baTumSi sas­ melis, marilis, da Tambaqos vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli
gadasaxadebi (saqarTvelos csa, f. 416, an.3., s. 849, furc. 2) da
Woroxze naosnobisaTvis dawesebuli tari­ fe­
bi. male natu­ raluri
gadasaxadebi Seicvala fuladiT (saqarTvelos csa, f. 7, an.4., s.
1107, furc. 27). e.i. ruseTma yvela dapireba faratina qaRaldad
aqcia.
muhajirobas erTgvarad Seuwyo xeli sasuliero pirTa erTi
nawilis agitaciam. z. WiWinaZis TqmiT wamqezeblebis gareSe
qarTvelebi samSob­ lo­ dan `fexsac ar moicvlidnen” (z. WiWinaZe, 1914:
42). osmaleTi marjved axerxebda axali dampyroblebis (rusebis)
mi­marT mkvidri mosaxleobis negatiuri damokidebulebis gamoye­
nebas, agitatorebis meSveobiT unergavda SiSs, siZulvilsa da

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undob­ lobas, romelic bolo dromde gamohyva asakovani mosaxleobis
nawils. mTis calkeul soflebSi dRe­ sac patara bavSvebs `rusebiT”
aSineben (`gaCerdi, rusi modi­ so”), rac rusebis mimarT imdroindeli
da­mokidebulebis aSka­ ra dadasturebaa. erTi sityviT, ruseTisa
da TurqeTis inte­ resebi am TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTs daemTxva.
mkvidrTa/qarTvelTa ayriT ruseTs gauadvildeboda Tavisi
kolonizatoruli amocanebis Sesruleba, osmaleTi ki jer erTi,
maRali sameurneo kultu­ riT gamorCeuli mosaxleobis ga­ da­
saxlebiT qveynis calkeuli regionebis sameurneo aTvisebas
Seuwyobda xels (da momTabare Turqul tomebs `damjdari”
cxovrebis pirobebSi meur­ neobis warmarTvis magaliTs miscemda),
amave dros, perspeqtivaSi ru­se­
Tis winaaRmdeg SesaZlo omSi
muhajirTa saxiT eyoleboda dasayrdeni Zala.
literaturaSi muhajirobis erT-erT mizezad dasaxelebu­ lia
reli­ gi­
uri fanatizmi, magram `qristianebs raRa mouvi­ daT, rom
arTvinidan wle­ uls orasi komli apirebs gada­ sax­
lebas?’’(`droeba”,
#131, 1880). nuTu yovelive es `fana­ tobiT aixsneba? adamia­
ni, ra religiasac ar unda ekuTvnodes, upirveles yovlisa eZebs
damSvidebul cxovrebas” (S. megreliZe, 1964: 79), _ werda grigol
orbeliani. gada­ saxlebis mTavar mizezad i. WavWavaZe, gr. orbeliani,
s. mesxi, n. nikolaZe, g. wereTeli da sxvebi autanel pirobebs,
mmarTveli wreebis barbarosul damokidebulebas asaxeleben
qarTvelTa mimarT. religiuri fanatizmi xels uwyobda am pro­
cess, magram igi ar iyo misi ganmapirobebeli faqtori. didi
ilias TqmiT `sacodaoba miadga aWarasa da qobuleTs omis gamo,
aoxreba tyeebisa da mindvrebisa, wva da bugva sofle­ bi­
sa, dawiokeba
xalxisa, gadax­vewa zardacemulTa mcxovrebTa, amis gamo waramarad
daRupva xalxis qone­ bisa, uxvnel-uTe­sa­
vad darCoba, bolos sikvdili
da sisxlis Rvra sul imis­ Tana Tvisebis ubedurebaa, romelic
didxans gasdevs da didxans iqneba sagrZnobeli” (i. WavWavaZe, 1987:
467).
muhajirobis erT-erT mizezad (politikurTan erTad) mkvle­ var
i. baramiZes baTumisaTvis porto-frankos statusis miniWeba miaCnia
(i. baramiZe, 1999: 61). igive azri adre gamoiTqva kontrad­ miral
grevesa da v. siWinavas mier.
baTumis porto-fran­ kod gadaqcevam gaauaresa mosaxleobis ekonomi­
kuri mdgoma­ reoba, rac kargad Cans imdroindeli presis masalebSic.
gazeT `droebis” mixedviT `porto-frankod baTumis datovebam
bolo mouRo xalxs, xalxi Camotyavda da gatitvlda. yvelaferi
mamasisxlad unda iyi­ do.. col-SvilisaTvis tanisamosi rom iyido,
baJi unda” (,,droeba”, #35, 1879). es reJimi TavisTavad TamaSobda
sti­ mulatoris rols, magram erTmniSvnelovnad misi miCneva muha­
jirobis ganmapirobebel faqtorad gaumarTlebelia. porto-frankos
reJimi ar yofila soxumSi, axalcixeSi, magram mas xeli ar
SeuS­ lia aqedan qarTvelTa masobrivi gadasaxlebisaTvis.

248
 rusebma adgilobriv begebs (qarTvelebs) waarTves politikuri
ufle­ be­
bi, privile­ giebi, gaauqmes osmalebis mier daniSnuli
pensiebi. sazogadoebis am mcire nawilis xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo
var­gisi miwebis didi nawili, amitom isini rusuli xelisuf­ lebis
yuradRebis qveS moeqcnen. maTi Tavidan mocilebiT ruseTis im­ perias
ori kurdRlis daWera surda: jer erTi, rusebis xel­ Si aRmoCn­de­boda
upatronod darCenili miwebi da mkvid­ rTa Soris avtoritetuli
adamianebis gadaxvewa imave pro­ cess gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis dabal
fe­nebSi (j. vardmaniZe, 2002: 35). rusebis aseTma damokidebulebam
gavlena moaxdina begebis politikur orientaciaze. marTalia maT
dakarguli hqondaT privilegiebi, magram myar avtoritets mainc
inarCunebdnen, isini Cadgnen rusuli xelisuflebis opoziciaSi.
bevri maTgani saTaveSi Caudga gadasaxlebis process, Tumca mowinave
adamianebi (maT Soris musulmani sasuliero pirebic) da begebis
nawili (qedis mufTi axmed xalifaSvili, xulos yadi nuri beriZe,
mufTi loman qar­ ci­
vaZe (stambolSi fadiSahis karis maswavlebeli),
nuri beg ximSiaS­ vi­
li, Tevfiy beg aTabagi, dursun beg TavdgiriZe,
Tufan beg ServaSiZe, axmed xalvaSi, gulo kaikaciSvili, dede
niJaraZe da mravali sxva) calsaxad ewinaaRmdegebodnen mus­ liman
qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis process, magram `yve­ la kalia­ ze ufro
msunagi, ufro xarbi, ufro gaumaZRari wvrili Cinov­ nikoba” (i.
WavWavaZe, 1987, #136] dReniadag qmnida maT Tanacxovre­ bisaTvis
gausaZlis pirobebs. osmalobis dros xalxi Sinaur saqmeebSi
damoukideblobas inar­ Cunebda, rusebma ki elvi­ se­burad Semouties
da aiZules qarTvelebi ukeTesi bedis saZeb­ nelad osmaleTSi
gadaxvewiliyvnen (i. baramiZe, 1999: 74).
aseTi politikis Sedegad daicala istoriuli saqarTvelos
udidesi nawili _ SavSeTi, nigali/ligani/livana, maWaxeli,
murRuli, aWaris bari, tao da a.S. marto qobuleTSi 1879 w.
gadasax­lebis Semdeg 2 aTasi macxovreblidan mxolod 500 darCa.
kvirike, ereguna, arsenauli da sxva soflebi mTlianad daicala (i.
baramiZe, 1999: 77). sxvadasxva avtorebisa da monacemebis safuZvelze
S. megreliZe baTumis olqidan gadasaxlebulTa raodenobas 30 aTasi
kaciT, xolo aWaridan - 10 aTas kaciT gansazRvravs, romelTagan
4 aTasamde lazeTis qarTveli da afxazi iyo (S. megreliZe, 1964:
61-63). unda iTqvas, rom gadasaxlebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb
arsebobs sxva­ dasxva da zogjer urTierTgamomricxavi monacemebi.
zusti raodenobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, es arcaa Cveni amocana,
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maSindeli mosaxleobis rao­ de­no­bas da
SevadarebT zemoT dasaxelebul statistikur mona­ cemebs, naTeli
gaxdeba muhajirobis sakmaod didi masStabebi.
naTlad gamoikveTa ruseTis imperiis, mogvianebiT ,,diadi
sabWoeTis”, axla ki ruseTis federaciis ,,mastabilizebeli roli
(bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze) saqarTveloSi.
kavkasiis erebi rusuli politikuri Tu ,,inteleqtualuri”
azrovnebisaTvis mxolod eTnologiur klasifikacias eqvemdebarebian.
swored amitom aqveyneben media sivrceSi istoriuli Tu saqarTvelos
politikuri interesebis sawinaaRmdego rukebsa Tu damaxinjebul,
249
yalb ,,informaciebs” (t. futkaraZe, 2008).
kavkasiis mTeli istoria metyvelebs imaze, rom ruseTi Tavis
imperiul miznebs axorcielebda aq mcxovrebi xalxebis ,,damnaSave
erebad” gamocxadebisa da maTi gadasaxleba-ganadgurebis gziT.
amasTan, mizans igi aRwevda mxolod maSin, roca kavkasiis erebs
Soris arsebobda dapirispireba. dadga dro gaviazroT ara is, Tu
ra Secdoma dauSves kavkasiis erebma CvenTan mimarTebiT, aramed
Cveni Secdomebi maTTan mimarTebiT. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic,
rom am mxriv fasdaudebeli samsaxuris gaweva SeuZliaT qarTul
islamur sazogadoebebs (romel qveyanaSic ar unda moqmedebdnen
isini), romlebic realurad arseboben da maTi Cayeneba qarTuli
saxelmwifos interesebis samsaxurSi Cveni upirvelesi amocana
unda iyos.
muhajir qarTvelebs sacxovreblad mama-papaTa samkvidro
adgilebis msgavsi teritoriebi aurCeviaT. 1aWaris mTianeTidan
wasul gogitiZeebs (ozdili), vaxtangaZeebs (baSTurqi), fut­ karaZeebs
(forToqali), daviTa­ Zeebs (unuer), goCitiZeebs (axis­ xaloRli),
beriZeebs (CavdaroRli), qamada­ Zeebs (aiTeqni) da sxva gvaris
warmomadgenlebs sacxovreblad SeurCeviaT tyi­ Ta da civi wyaroebiT
mdidari inegolis raionis soflebi: baRCayaia, fazaralini, hilmie,
meziTi, guneqestana, TufeqCi qonaqi, yezeli, hairie..., adafazaris
vilaeTis soflebi: ahme­ die, gavxarmani, qiuCujeqi da a.S. baris
raionebidan wasulebi: lominaZeebi (erol), xevraZeebi (ienilmazi),
marga­Zeebi (suT­Ci), mesxiZeebi (Sahini), kvitaSvilebi (veliaSvili),
SaviSvi­lebi (qara), miRmaZeebi (saraCi) da sxvebi damkvidrdnen
dablob adgilebSi, zRvis sanapiroebze (farsis, samsunis, sinopis,
izmiris, adanis raionis soflebSi (S. futkaraZe, 1993: 18).
XIX s. II naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisis qarTul presaSi xSirad
qveyndeboda masalebi muhajiri qarTvelebis Sesaxeb. gazeTi `kvali”
gvamc­nobs osmaleTis Savi zRvis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTvelebis
raodenobas, kerZod: xofaSi _ 10 komli, birqavaSi _ 100, mafauraSi
_ 120, irozaSi _ 100, sur­ meneSi _ 150, ofa­ Si _ 120, trapizonSi
_ 100, flatanSi _ 100, bevgvelmanSi _ 120, Tri­ polSi _ 100,
giresunSi _ 100, orduSi _ 100, uniaSi _ 1000, TermaSi _ 100,
Cer­SegmeSi _ 100, samsonaSi _ 140, sinapSi _ 130. amave gazeTis
cnobiT q. bolo­ manSi 200 komli laparakobs qarTu­ lad (,,kvali”,
# 49, 1895). `saxalxo gazeTis” 1912 wlis erT-erT nomerSi
moTavsebulia `ruqa qarTvelTa mosaxleobisa osma­ leTSi” (,,saxalxo
gazeTi”, # 108, 1912), romelic warmodgenas iZleva qarTuli
ojaxebis dasax­lebaze marmarilos zRvis izmiTis yureSi. rukas Tan
erTvis soflebis sa­ xelebi da am soflebSi dasaxlebuli qarTveli
ojaxebis raodenoba cxri­ lis saxiT.
qarTvel muhajirTa STamomavlebi vardiZeebi, ColoyaSvilebi,
nasyi­
da­Svilebi, saRriZeebi, dabeliZeebi, zurabiZeebi, TavdgiriZeebi,
beriZeebi, lominaZeebi, vaxtangaZeebi, futkaraZeebi, dolabi­ Zee­
bi,

250
SaviSvilebi, gorgoSaZeebi da sxvebi. Tanamedrove Tur­ qeTis bevr
qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovroben, kerZod: tra­ pi­
zoni, giresuni, samsuni,
sinopi, zonduldaqi, izmiTi, izniqi, izmiri, quTaia, baliqerisi,
adana, qonia, esqiSehiri, ada­fa­
za­ri, bolu, Corumi, ama­ sia, ToqaTi,
ordu, unia, bursa, inego­ li, duzje, ialova, gemliqi, mezi­ fo­ri,
faTxa, goneni, Cumara, guglbaSi da sxvagan. qarTvelebi mravlad arian
ankarasa da stambolSi, ZiriTadad aWaridan da tao-klarjeTidan
gadasax­le­
bulTa STamomavlebi. iSviaTad vxvdebiT guriidan, sameg­
relodan da qarT­ lidan gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebsac, mag.
ToqaTis raionSi dResac cxovroben giorgi saakaZis amalaSi myofTa
STamomavlebi (S. futkaraZe, 1993: 18).
Tanamedrove TurqeTSi qarTvelTa raodenobis Sesaxeb zus­ ti
monace­mebi ar arsebobs. gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva varaudi. 1965 wlis
monacemebiT arTvinSi 17698 qarTveli cxovrobda, orduSi 4815,
saqariaSi _ 451543, amasiaSi _ 1378, baliqesirSi _ 1281, sinopSi
_ 1144, stambolSi _ 846, ToqaTSi _ 412 (r. baqraZe, 1995).
(igulisxmeba, rom qarTvelebi cxovroben dasaxlebul qalaqebsa da
mis olqebSi)
uaxlesi Turquli statistikis monacemebiT amJamad Tur­ qeTSi
cxo­v­
robs 130 aTasi qarTveli. aq igulisxmebian ro­ gorc muhajirTa
STamomav­lebi, ise sakuTar eTnikur teri­ to­riaze (TurqeTis
sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebic). es is raodenobaa, romlebmac
mSobliur enad qarTuli (da lazuri) daasaxela (a. ToTaZe, 1993:
11). magram ena araa erovnebis gansazRvris erTader­ Ti kriteriumi.
bevrma ar icis qarTuli, Tumca Tavs `gurjad” miiCnevs. amdenad,
qarTvelebis raodenoba TurqeTSi dasaxelebulze gacilebiT
meti unda iyos (Tumca yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe calkeul
publikaciebSi TurqeTSi qarT­ velTa raodenobis Sesaxeb metad
gazviadebuli (5-10 mln. da a.S) cnobebia warmodgenili.
saukuneze meti dro gavida muhajirobidan. maT STamo­ mav­
lTa
udides nawils jer kidev ar gauwyvetia sulieri kavSiri saqarTve­
los­ Tan da sufTa qarTu­ liT eloliavebian yovelive mSob­ li­
urs. am
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa goginauridan (Suaxevis r-ni) muhajirad
wasulTa STamomavlis dursun oz­ di­lis (gogi­ti­Ze) monaTxrobi:
`saqarTvelo Cveni dedamiwa ari. aWaraSi gam­ ravlebulan Cveni xalxi.
eqvs Zmidan erTi maq darCenila, xu­ Ti TurqieSi wasula. wasula
CvenTanai ramdeni? bevri Zalian, TlaT TurqieSi modeni­ lan, amsilan,
gurji soflebi guux­ snian, dedis ena yvelTvin ulapariknian.. RmerTma
Cven huqu­ma­
Tebsa imferi Wkua misces, rom gaayolavon wasla-mosla,
xisi­
mi xisimis natruli ar dation” (S. futkaraZe, 1993: 19).
amrigad, ucxoeTnikur garemoSi mosaxleobis migracia-mu­ ha­
jiroba
aWaris mosaxleobis adgilmonacvleobiTi procesebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi etapia. igi ganapiroba jer osmaleTis/portas Zalis­
mierma da ideologiurma (mosyi­ dulTa agitacia) saqmianobam,
Sem­
deg ki ruseTis kolonizatorulma poli­ tikam (poli­ tiku­ ri

251
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad ekonomikuri mdgomareobis xe­ lovnuri
gauareseba, gadasaxadebis naadrevi gawera, porto-frankos ru­ suli
reJimi, dausaqmebloba, begebisaTvis pri­
vi­
legiebis CamorTmeva, rusi
moxeleebis aRviraxsniloba, isla­ muri normebis ugulebelyofa da
a.S).
muhajirTa STamomavlebi cxovroben rogorc zRvispira qalaqebsa
da sof­ lebSi, ise qveynis Siga raionebSi. `Cveneburebs” dResac
ar daukargavT ena, zne-Cveulebebi, tradiciebi. dRemde Semoinaxes
qarTuli yofisa da kultu­ ris arqauli elementebi, adgilTa
saxelebi (ix. n. cecxlaZe, 2000), ena, tradicia, gvar-saxe­
lebi, wes-
Cveulebebi.
gasaTvaliwinebelia, rom TurqeTSi daCqarebuli tempebiT mimdina­
re­obs asimilaciis procesi da TandaTanobiT ikargeba unikaluri
qarTuli eTno-kul­ turuli faseulobebi. amitom, maqsi­ ma­
lurad
unda gamoviyenoT saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris dRes arsebuli
keTilmezobluri urTierToba muhajirTa STamomav­ lebis yofiTi
kulturis Seswavlis mizniT.

damowmebuli literatura:

x. axvlediani, 1978 _ x. axvlediani, narkvevebi saqarTvelos

istoriidan, baTumi, 1978.
i. baramiZe, 1999 _ i. baramiZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa
istoriidan samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999.
j. vardmaniZe, 2002 _ j. vardmaniZe, muhajiroba samcxe-javaxeTsa da
aWaraSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2002.
a. ToTaZe, 1993 _ a. ToTaZe, saqarTvelos demografiuli portreti,
Tb., 1993.
S. megreliZe _ S. megreliZe, aWaris warsulidan, baTumi, 1964.
m. svaniZe, 1996 _ m. svaniZe, qarTvelebi TurqeTSi, Tb., 1996.
t. futkaraZe, 2008 _ t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da
dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008.
S. futkaraZe, 1993 _ S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi,
1993.
n. cecxlaZe, 2000 _ n. cecxlaZe, SavSeT-imerxevis toponimia,
baTumi, 2000.
i. WavWavaZe, 1987 _ i. WavWavaZe, osmalos saqarTvelo, Txz., t. V,

252
 Tb., 1987.
z. WiWinaZe, 1914 _ z. WiWinaZe, qarTvel mahmadianTa didi
gadasaxleba osmaleTSi, tf., 1914.
Вейденбаум Е. 1901 _ Вейденбаум Е. Кавказские Этюди, Тиф., 1901.

saarqivo monacemebi:

1. aWaris arqivi, csa, f.1, an. 7, s. 3, furc. 2.

2. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi. 416,
anaweri .3., s. 1172, furceli 2-4.
3. saqarTvelos csa, f. 416, an.3., s. 849, furc. 2.
4. saqarTvelos csa, f. 7, an.4. s.1107, f. 27.

perioduli presa:

1. ,,aWara”, 14 oqtomberi, 1995 w., baqraZe r., saqarTveloze,

TurqeTSi qarTuli diasporis Sesaxeb.
2. droeba, N131, 1880.
3. droeba, N190, 1878.
4. kvali,N49, 1895.
5. saxalxo gazeTi N108, 1912.
6. Голос, N102, 1879.
7. Обзор, N231, 1878.

253
 guram marxulia

somxuri diasporis istoriidan saqarTveloSi

geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo da somx-
eTi mniSvnelovan geopolitikur sivrces qmnian.
qarTvelebi da somxebi msoflios im xalxTa ricxvs mie-
kuTvnebian, romlebic Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis saukuneebis manZilze ibr-
Zodnen. istoriulma bedisweram ise ineba, rom udidesi
Zalisxmevis fasad qarTvelma erma Tavisi samiaTaswlovani
saxelmwifoebrioba SeinarCuna da saqarTvelos samefos daSlis
miuxedavad, calkeuli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis saxiT XIX
saukunis dasawyisamde moaRwia. somxebs sxva bedi ergoT
wilad: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araTu somxuri saxelmwifoe-
briobis, aramed somxuri eTnosis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic
ki mwvaved idga.
Zv.w. VI s. dasawyisSi samxreT kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovani eTno-
politikuri cvlilebebi moxda. 590 wels midielebma erTdros Zl-
evamosil urartus saxelmwifos bolo mouRes. urartuelTa nawili
aiyara, CrdiloeTiT, qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze
gadmosaxlda da TandaTanobiT maTSi aiTqvifa. urartus teritori-
aze skviTuri tomebi dasaxldnen, misi ZiriTadi mosaxleoba ki mcire
aziis centraluri olqebidan ayril-gadmosaxlebulma frigiul-in-
doevropuli enis matarebelma somexTa winaparma tomebma Seadgina.
urartus saxeli bibliidan cnobilma araratis mTam Semogvinaxa,
romelic amJamad TurqeTis teritoriazea. Semdegi mniSvnelovani
eTno-politikuri cvlileba am regionSi aleqsandre makedonelis
imperiis ngrevas ukavSirdeba. didi mxedarTmTavris gardacvalebis
Semdeg imperiis ZiriTadi nawili mis erT-erT mxedarTmTavars
selevks xvda, romelmac istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreTiT didi
saxelmwifo Camoayaliba. Tavdapirvelad, am saxelmwifos Semadgen-
lobaSi, romelsac misi damaarseblis saxelis mixedviT selevkianebis
samefos eZaxian, TiTqmis mTeli wina azia, Sua azia da CrdiloeT
indoeTi Sedioda.
Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis da-
pirispirebas axali geopolitikuri cvlilebebi mohyva. Zv. w. 190
wels romis legionebma q. magneziasTan antioqos III-is jarebi sas-
tikad daamarcxes. amis Sedegad selevkianebis saxelmwifo Zalze
dasustda da mTeli mcire azia dakarga (История..., 1951: 34).
selevkianebis damarcxebiT upirveles yovlisa somxebma isargebles
_ imperiis somexma sardlebma artaSesma da zarehma samarTavad ga-
dacemuli olqebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gamoacxades. ase
Seiqmna ,,didi somxeTisa” da ,,mcire somxeTis” samefoebi. mogvi-
anebiT, Zv.w. 95 wels ,,didi somxeTis” mefem, tigran II-m, ,,mcire

254
somxeTi” SeierTa da somxeTis erTiani saxelmwifo Camoayaliba.
,,didi somxeTis” mefeebma qveynis teritoriis gafarToebisaTvis
zrunva, ZiriTadad qarTuli miwa-wylis xarjze, imTaviTve daiwyes.
somxeTisa da qarTlis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdapirispire-
bisa da brZolis periodebs, mSvidobiani keTilmezobluri urTier-
Tobisa da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis periodebi
cvlida. ase iyo IV-V saukuneebSi, rodesac qarTli da somxeTi
sparseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg erTad ibrZodnen. 428 wels sparse-
Tis mier somxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg somxebi TavianT im-
edebs qarTlis mefe vaxtang gorgasalze amyarebdnen da brZolis
velze mis laSqarTan erTad gamodiodnen. somexTa mxedarTmTavris
vardan mamikonianis asuli SuSaniki colad hyavda qvemo qarTlis
gamgebels varsqens. am ukanasknelma qristianoba uaryo da mazdeano-
ba miiRo, xolo qristianobis mtkiced damcveli meuRle sastikad
awama. vaxtang gorgasalma 482 wels varsqeni moakvlevina da sparse-
Tis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. rac Seexeba SuSaniks, saqarTvelos
eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa.
428 wels mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg, somexi xalxis cxovrebaSi
somxuri eklesiis roli gansakuTrebiT gaizarda. rogorc cnobil-
ia, 451 wels q.qalkedonSi IV msoflio saeklesio kreba gaimarTa,
romelic monofizitobisa da diofizitobis sakiTxs mieZRvna. xan-
grZlivi kamaTis Semdeg qristianobis WeSmarit mimarTulebad di-
ofizitoba gamocxadda, xolo monofizitebi mwvaleblebad aRiares.
qarTuli eklesia diofizitur mrwamsze idga, rac Seexeba somxeTs,
radgan uSualod sparseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, xolo es
ukanaskneli bizantiis sapirispirod monofizitobas uWerda mxars,
somxuri eklesia iZulebuli gaxda monofizitobaze gadasuliyo
(T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003: 105-106).
VII saukunis dasawyisSi somxeTis eklesiam gadawyvita qarTlis
eklesia diofizitobaze gadaeyvana da am gziT masze Tavisi gavlena
gaevrcelebina. monofizitoba-diofizitobis Taobaze qarTul da
somxur eklesiebs Soris didi kamaTi gaCaRda, ris Sesaxebac cnobebi
somxurma saeklesio mimoweraTa krebulma ,,epistoleTa wignma” Se-
mogvinaxa. somexTa kaTalikosi qarTlis eklesiis mwyemsmTavars,
kirions, WeSmariti rwmenis RalatSi sdebda brals. kaTalikosi
kirioni pasuxobda, rom qarTlis eklesias mrwamsi ar Seucvlia
da WeSmariti sarwmunoebidan gadaxvevaSi somxur eklesias adana-
Saulebda. somxurma eklesiam miznis misaRwevad yvela gzas mimar-
Ta. Tavdapirvelad, qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs Soris ganxeTqilebis
Setanas da kirion kaTalikosisadmi dapirispirebas Seecada, xolo
rodesac es cda amao gamodga, qarTlis erismTavarsa da warCinebu-
lebs mimarTa. maT qarTvel da somex warCinebulTa Soris axlo
naTesauri kavSirebi Seaxsena, romelsac saeklesio ganxeTqileba did
zians moutanda. aseTi mimarTvis miuxedavad, qarTlis erismTavarma
da warCinebulebma kirion kaTalikoss dauWires mxari. amis Semdeg

255
somxeTis eklesia daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi qarTls sparseTis
Sahis risxviT daemuqra. magram sparseTs maSin samxreT kavkasiisTvis
ar ecala. maSin somexTa kaTalikosma abraamma 608 wels ,,sayovel-
Tao epistole” gamosca, romliTac somxebs qarTvelebTan yovelg-
vari urTierToba aukrZala, garda vaWrobisa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelTa da somexTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebas
orive mxare ganicdida. ganxeTqilebis mizezebs imTaviTve ikvlevd-
nen rogorc qarTveli, ise somexi saeklesio moRvaweebi. SemorCe-
nilia X saukunis somexi episkoposis uxtanesis Txzuleba ,,istoria
ganyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan” da XI saukunis qarTveli saekle-
sio moRvawis arsen safarelis Txzuleba ,,ganyofisaTvis somexTa
qarTvelTagan”, romlebSic adreuli xanis avtorTa Sromebic
aisaxa. saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg mravali somexi diofizitad
darCa da gaqarTvelda, iseve rogorc somxeTis sazRvrebSi mcx-
ovrebi qarTuli mosaxleobis erTma nawilma diofizitoba miiRo
da gasomxda.
VII saukunidan samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi sparseTis batonoba
arabTa batonobam Secvala. am periodSi somxebma arabebs xarkisa
da gadasaxadebis akrefaSi daxmareba SesTavazes (g. maisuraZe, 2002:
139). iseve rogorc sparselebi, arabebic monofizitobas uWerdnen
mxars. VII-VIIIss. mijnaze ransa da hereTSi didma qalkedonurma
ajanyebam ifeTqa, romlis saTaveSi ranis marTlmadidebeli qarT-
veli dedofali sprami da ranis kaTalikosi, faruli qalkedoniti,
bakur-nerse idgnen. maT gaaZeves monofiziti mRvdelmTavrebi da
qalkedonuri mrwamsi aRadgines. maSin, somexTa kaTalikosma arabebs
mouxmo. arabebma ajanyeba CaaxSes, dedofali sprami da kaTalikosi
Seipyres, borkilebi daades da cxeniT aTries (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe,
2003: 109). arabebis aseTi zewolis miuxedavad, hereTis mosaxleo-
bis erTma, qarTlis mosazRvre mxareSi mcxovrebma nawilma, qalke-
donituri mrwamsis aRdgena da qarTlis eklesiis wiaRSi dabruneba
mainc SeZlo.
arabTa batonoba xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida somxebs Taname-
drove siriis, libanis, erayis da egviptis teritoriebze dasaxle-
buliyvnen; maT aiTvises centraluri da aRmosavleT irani.
arabTa mflobelobis ukanasknel xanaSi, IX-X saukuneebSi,
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi axali samefo-samTavroebi aRmocenda.
somxeTSi bagratunebma Camoayalibes Siraqis samTavro, romelsac
aSot I bagratunis (859-890) mier 885 wels mefis titulis miRebis
Semdeg Siraqis samefo ewoda. misi dedaqalaqi anisi iyo. TiTqmis
imavdroulad, 888 w. adarnase bagrationma ,,qarTvelTa mefis”
tituli miiRo da Zveli qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze pretenzia
ganacxada.
axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, qarTu-
li miwa-wylis gaerTianebisaTvis brZola gaCaRda, romelic Ziri-
Tadad qarTlis dauflebisaTvis warmoebda. IX s. dasasrulisaTvis

256
am brZolaSi somexi mefeebic Caebnen da garkveul warmatebasac
miaRwies. maT qvemo qarTlis erT nawili, maT Soris taSiri, anu
,,qarTvelTa veli” daikaves, ris gamoc aSot I bagratuni Tavs
,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavars”, xolo mefis titulis miRebis
Semdeg ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefes” uwodebda. X s. meore nax-
evarSi Siraqis anu anisis samefos dasavleTiT vanandis anu yarsis
vasaluri samefo gamoeyo, romlis politikuri centri cixe-qalaqi
kari (amJamad q.yarsi) iyo. mis CrdiloeTiT, somxeTis mefeebis
mier dauflebul qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, algeTis xeobasa
da bambak-erevnis qeds Soris, X s. 70-ian wlebSi, taSir-Zoragetis
qarTul-somxuri samefo Camoyalibda. misi mosaxleoba Sereuli,
qarTul-somxuri iyo, xolo dedaqalaqi _ Zveli qarTuli cixe-
qalaqi samSvilde. am politikur warmonaqmns qarTvelebi somxiTs
eZaxdnen da es saxeli am mxares saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi dabrunebis
Semdegac SerCa.
X s. 70-ian wlebSi erT-erTi qarTuli samflobelos, imier
taos mefem, daviT III kurapalatma, bizantiis keisrisadmi daxmare-
bis sanacvlod misgan ,,zemo qveynebi” miiRo, romelSic basiani,
karnuqalaqi (amJ. q.arzrumi) da kidev ufro samxreTiT, mdinaree-
bis araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebi Sedioda. daviT III aRmosavleT
mcire aziaSi arabebisagan somxur miwebs aTavisuflebda da am
miwebze somxebsa da qarTvelebs asaxlebda. somxuri miwebis gaTa-
visuflebam mas somxebSi didi saxeli mouxveWa. XI s. somexi is-
torikosi asoRiki mas ase axasiaTebda: ,,lmobierebiT da mSvidobis
moyvareobiT daviTi Cveni drois yvela xelmwifeebs aRemateboda.
misi wyalobiT damyarda mSvidoba da keTildReoba aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi”. qarTvelTa
samefosaTvis arabebisagan gaTavisuflebuli somxuri miwebis mniS-
vnelovani nawilis SemoerTebis gamo somxur wyaroebSi is ,,qarT-
velTa da somexTa kurapalatad” iwodeba. amdenad, qarTveli mefeebi
mezobel, moZme somex xalxs mfarvelobdnen.
1045 w. bizantiis imperiam somexTa anisis samefo gaauqma. somx-
ebma anisSi saqarTvelos mefis bagrat IV-is (1027-1072) deda,
dedofali mariami miiwvies, radgan, maTi azriT, saqarTvelo wina
aziaSi erTaderTi qristianuli qveyana iyo, romelsac imJamad See-
Zlo bizantias dapirispireboda. amasTan, dedofali mariami somexTa
samefo sagvareuloebis arwrunebisa da bagratunebis Camomavali
iyo. misi mama seneqerimi vaspurakanis ukanaskneli mefe, deda ki
anisis ukanaskneli mefis gagik II bagratunis (1042-1045) mamidaS-
vili iyo. bagrat IV somexTa winadadebas daTanxmda da 1045 wels
dedasTan erTad anisSi didi laSqari gagzavna. samwuxarod, amjerad
saqarTvelom anisi didxans ver SeinarCuna, magram mTavari isaa, rom
somexi xalxi Tavis imedebs saqarTvelos ukavSirebda da saqarTve-
loc mzad iyo moZme da mezobeli xalxis gamo Zlevamosil bizan-
tias dapirispireboda (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003: 129-130).

257
 saqarTvelos mefis daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) mier qveynis
Turq-selCukebisagan gaTavisuflebis periodSi, 1118 wels moxerxda
Zveli qarTuli cixe-qalaqis lores dakaveba. amis Semdeg man Tavis
tituls ,,mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa (herTa) da kaxTa”
,,somexTa mefis” (igulisxmeba taSir-Zoragetis samefo) titulic
daumata.
Turq-selCukebTan brZolaSi qarTvelTa warmatebebma somxebs
muslimTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflebis imedi aRuZra. 1124 wlis
agvistoSi aniselma somxebma daviT IV aRmaSenebeli qalaqSi mii-
wvies da Sadadiani amirebis batonobisagan gaTavisufleba sTxoves.
saqarTvelos mefe anisisaken gaemarTa, mZime brZolis Semdeg selCuk-
Ta samocwliani batonobisagan qalaqi gaaTavisufla da saqarTvelos
SemouerTa. somexi mematianis, maTeos urhaecis cnobiT, bizantieli
dedoflis katronites mier agebuli anisis mTavari taZari, romel-
ic imJamad meCeTad iyo gadakeTebuli, daviTma kvlav qristianuli
wesiT akurTxebina da iqve dakrZaluli dedoflis saflavs samjer
CasZaxa: ,,gixarodes wmidao dedofalo, rameTu ixsna RmerTma Seni
saydari usjuloTa xelTagan~.
daviT aRmaSenebelma Turq-selCukebisagan darbeuli somxebi
saqarTveloSi gadmoasaxla da gorSi daamkvidra. imJamad somxebi
wina aziis vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen, amitom
mefes surda maTi mfarvelobiTa da xelSewyobiT vaWroba-xelosnoba
saqarTveloSic ganeviTarebina.
saqarTvelos aqtiuroba samxreTiT momdevno xanebSic grZelde-
boda. Tamar mefis (1184-1213) dros saqarTvelom kvlav SemoierTa
mcire xniT dakarguli anisi, aseve dvini, gaaqtiurda karisa da arz-
rumis saamiroebis mimarTulebiTac, rac karis qveynis da q.karis
(amJ. q.yarsi) SemoerTebiT dasrulda. cnobilia anisis qarTuli
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis kedelze 1218 wels Sesrulebuli
saqarTvelos kaTalikos etifanes mowodeba aneli marTlmadidebeli
qarTveli mrevlisadmi, romelsac anisis somexi episkoposi grigo-
li da qalaqis amira vahrami amowmeben: ,,mkuidrno amis qalaqisano
qarTvelno!.. yovelsa zeda ufrosad saRmrToi (igi) siyuaruli
erTman erTisai moigeT da amiT mieciT sasurvo saRmrToTa mcne-
baTa. ese me etifanes kaTalikozsa CemiTa xeliTa damiweria, odes
anis eklesiani vakurTxen” (Н. Я. Марр, 1910). Tamar mefis dros
saqarTveloSi somxuri feodaluri sagvareuloebis warmomadgen-
lebic dawinaurdnen, rac somxuri miwebis saqarTvelos samefos
SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlam ganapiroba. aseT dawinaurebulTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia mxargrZelTa gasomxebuli qurTuli sagvareulo. sargis
mxargrZeli Tamar mefis dros saqarTvelos jaris mxedarTmTavari
iyo. Semdeg es Tanamdeboba mis Svilebs zaqarias da ivanes epyraT.
ivane mxargrZeli marTlmadideblobazec moeqca, xolo zaqaria bo-
lomde somxur sarwmunoebaSi darCa.
XIII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos mZime dro daudga.

258
monRolebis mier qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg, mas vasaluri muslimuri
qveynebi Camoscilda, xolo somxuri Temebi kvlav mis SemadgenlobaSi
darCa. am drosac mimdinareobda somexTa gadmosaxleba saqarTvelos
Sida mxareebSi, Tumca mas Sidamigraciuli procesis saxe hqonda.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, romelic arc TviTon iyo dalxinebuli,
somxeTidan ayril-darbeul da gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil TanamoZmeebs
TanagrZnobiT Sexvda (g.maisuraZe, 1982: 102). somxebi saqarTvelos
aramarto saimedo TavSesafrad, aramed TavianTi saqmianobis gaSlis
asparezadac Tvlidnen. somex vaWarTa mozidviTa da maTTvis privi-
legiebis miniWebiT monRolebi aq TavianTi batonobisaTvis sayrdeni
bazis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. bevrma somexma didvaWarma damedrovem,
rogorebic iyvnen Sadini, enuq arquni, sadun mankaberdeli, swored
monRolebis droindel saqarTveloSi hpova farTo asparezi.
XIV saukuneSi, iseve rogorc adre, saqarTvelosTan SemoerTe-
buli somxuri provinciebis, maT Soris, anisis, dvinis, erevnis da
sxv. mosaxleoba qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas mSobliurad aRiqvam-
da. aseTi Segneba somex xalxSi Semdegac, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
arsebobda. 1336 wlis erT-erTi xelnaweris minawerSi naTqvamia:
,,me, terteri, uRirsi mwerali, romelmac es wigni davwere, movedi
saqarTvelodan, eCmiaZinis mezobeli SesaniSnav qalaq erevnidan...”
(somxur xelnawerTa...,1978: 23). amrigad somexi gadamweri erevans
saqarTvelos qalaqad Tvlida.
Temurlengis Semosevebis dros, rogorc istorikosi v.nalbandiani
werda, moZme qarTveli xalxi, miuxedavad Tavisi mZime politikuri
mdgomareobisa, Semweobis xels uwvdida ufro mZime pirobebSi myof
somex xalxs, romelic saxelmwifoebriobas moklebuli iyo. somxebi-
sTvis saimedo TavSesafars saqarTvelo warmoadgenda, sadac moZme
qarTveli xalxis stumarTmoyvare kedlebSi, mis WerqveS SeiZleboda
uzrunveli cxovreba epova kacs (v.nalbandiani,1959: 118). imdroin-
deli rTuli viTarebis Sesaxeb somexi mematiane Tovma mewofeci
werda: 1432 wels ,,sastiki SimSili daiwyo Cvens qveyanaSi, rogorc
morwmuneTa, ise urwmunoTa Soris, ise, rom SeWames ZaRlebi da
katebi, gvamebi, cxenebi, virebi, jorebi da aqlemebi. aRaraferi
rom ar darCaT, maSin TavianT vaJebsa da asulebs mimarTes. saqme
iqamdec ki mivida, rom... farulad da aSkarad aTasi kaci SeWames...
morwmuneni zamTris Jams araratis gavaridan aiyarnen da saqarT-
velosaken gaswies” (Tovma mewofeci,1987: 62).
Temurlengis Semosevebis xanaSi Turqmanebma saqarTvelos somx-
uri mxareebi, maT Soris qalaqi anisi waarTves. amave dros Turq-
manebi qvemo qarTlSi lores cixesac daeuflnen da am mxareSic
fexi moikides, rac saqarTvelosTvis didi danakargi iyo. misi
samxreTi sazRvari moirRva da TurqmanTa Tavdasxmebisgan daucveli
darCa. mrisxane Suaazieli dampyrobis sikvdilis Semdeg saqarT-
velos samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Turqmanuli tomebi
gaumezobldnen. saqarTvelos mefem, konstantine I-ma (1407-1411),

259
Turqmanebisagan gawminda qarTli, Semdeg sevanis tbis dasavleTi
sanapiro da anisis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi miwebi, da es teritoria
SemoierTa. iseve rogorc XI saukuneSi, axlac momTabareebma somx-
eTSi TiTqmis mTlianad daikaves saarsebo sivrce, rac mosaxleobis
iZulebiT migracias iwvevda. XIV s. bolosaTvis mdidari tradicie-
bis q.anisi uRimRamo sofels daemsgavsa, xolo dvini saerTod gaqra
(История...,1951: 206). 1417 wels gadawerili erT-erTi somxuri
xelnaweris anderZ-minawerSi gadamweri maTeos monazoni TurqmanTa
mier mokluli konstantine I-is daRupvis Sesaxeb didi gulistki-
viliT werda, rasac imiT xsnida, somxebs mefe ara gvyavs da mis
magivrad migvaCndao igi” (somxur xelnawerTa..., 1978: 35-36). saqarT-
velos mefem, aleqsandre I-ma (1412-1442), xangrZlivi brZolis
Semdeg 1431 wels lores mxare kvlav SemoierTa. am faqtma didi
STabeWdileba moaxdina mezobel somxebze, romlebic TurqmanebTan
brZolaSi saqarTvelos imedis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen. imJamad Turq-
manebi somxebs samSoblodan cecxliTa da maxviliT erekebodnen.
devnili somxebi Tavs kvlav saqarTvelos mxareebs _ tao-klarjeTs,
samcxe-javaxeTs, lores mxares afarebdnen. isini mravlad Casaxldnen
saqarTvelos qalaqebSic _ TbilisSi, gorSi, axalcixeSi, dmanisSi.
mefem TurqmanTagan devnil simamrs beSqen orbelians lores mxare
uwyaloba da misi qveSevrdomi 6 aTasi komli somexic iqve daasaxla
(maisuraZe, 1982: 122). XV s. bolos somexTa kaTalikosi sargisic
iZulebuli gaxda eCmiaZini daetovebina da Tavi lores mxarisTvis
Seefarebina. yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1499 wlidan is ukve axpatis mon-
asterSia (somxur xelnawerTa...,1978: 98).
XIV-XV ss. saqarTveloSi mravlad Cndeba somxuri kulturis
kerebi, sadac devnilma somxebma sasuliero da samwerlobo moR-
vaweoba gaaCaRes. aseTi kerebi gaCnda TbilisSi, gorSi, ufliscix-
eSi, axalcixeSi, krwanisSi, kikeTSi, vardisubanSi, loreSi, TmogvSi,
TorTumSi, olTisSi, basianSi da sxv. imJamad saqarTveloSi gadaw-
eril bevr wigns darTuli aqvs minaweri, romelSic somexTa mware
xvedria aRwerili. am minawerebidan kargad Cans, Tu ra mniSvnelo-
vani roli iTamaSa saqarTvelom somexTa gadarCenis saqmeSi. loreSi
damkvidrebuli erT-erTi somexi moRvawe 1438 wels gadawerili
wignis minawerSi gvauwyebs: ,,davawerine es wigni ucxo qveyanaSi,
saqarTveloSi, ovanes mRvdels, axpatis monasterSi... saqarTveloSi
aleqsandres mefobisas, lores mxareSi erisTavT-erisTavis patronis
beSqen orbelianis uflobaSi” (somxur xelnawerTa...,1978: 53-54).
sofel vardisubanSi Sexiznuli somxebi madlobas swiraven TavianT
mfarvelebs: ,,yvelas mas, vinc Cven Segvifara, vinc am soflebSi Cven
gvaWmevs... miezRos qristesagan” (somxur xelnawerTa...,1978: 55-56).
XV saukunis meore naxevarSi erTiani qarTuli feodaluri
monarqia ,,patara saqarTveloebad” _ qarTlis, kaxeTis, imere-
Tis samefoebad da samcxis samTavrod daiSala. XVI s. damdegidan
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisaTvis sparseTsa da osmaleTs

260
Soris xangrZlivi brZola daiwyo. 1555 wlis amasiis zaviT maT
amierkavkasia gaiyves. qarTveli xalxi uTanasworo brZolaSi Caeba
agresorebis winaaRmdeg. somexi xalxi dampyrobTagan gaTavisufleb-
is imedebs qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs ukavSirebda.
1603 wels Sah-abas I-ma (1587-1629) md.araqsi gadmolaxa, aiRo
julfa, naxiCevani da erevnis cixes alya Semoartya. momdevno wels
Sahma erevani aiRo da iq saxano daaarsa. imavdroulad man kaxeTs
kak-eniseli, xolo qarTls lores mxare da debedas xeoba Camo-
arTva, sadac Turqmanuli tomi borCalu Caasaxla. amdenad, Sahma
qarTlsa da kaxeTs strategiulad mniSvnelovani mxareebi CamoaSora
da Semdgomi agresiisTvis xelsayreli placdarmi Seqmna. 1614-1617
ww. kaxeTSi laSqrobebis dros am mxarem udidesi da gamous-
worebeli zarali naxa. 100 aTasamde qarTveli mters Seakvda, 200
aTasamde tyved waiyvanes sparselebma da iranis Sida provinciebSi
Caasaxles. qveyana mooxrda da gaukacurda. dacarielebul adgi-
lebSi somxebi saxldebodnen. es qveynis ekonomikur interesebsac
Seesabameboda. isini misdevdnen soflis meurneobas, magram Ziri-
Tadad iseTsave rols asrulebdnen, rogorsac berZeni da ebraeli
vaWrebi osmaleTSi, TavianT komerciul da diplomatiur kavSirebs
iyenebdnen somxur diasporebSi da saqarTveloSi vaWrobis sf-
eros akontrolebdnen. es procesi Semdgom wlebSic grZeldeboda.
sruliad somexTa kaTalikosis hakob juRaecis 1667 wlis sigelSi
qebiT ixsenieba rostom mefe (1632-1658) somexTa Sefarebisa da
maTdami gamoCenili keTilganwyobisTvis (g.maisuraZe,1982: 166). gax-
Sirda SemTxvevebi, rodesac somxebi valis gamo qarTvel memamuleTa
miwebs euflebodnen. amasTanave, isini xSirad qarTuli eklesiebis
irgvliv saxldebodnen, Semdeg vaWrobiT, aReb-micemobiT, xelos-
nobiT ekonomiurad moRonierdebodnen, gadabirebis gziT qarTul
eklesias mrevls CamoaSorebdnen da eklesias gaasomxurebdnen. cno-
bilia, rom qarTlis mefis erekle I-is (1688-1703) 1692 wlis 7
ianvris brZanebiT Tbilisis jvaris mamis qarTuli eklesiis irgvliv
dasaxlebuli somxebi ayares da sxva adgilas gadaasaxles. vaxuSti
bagrationi Tbilisis ramdenime eklesiis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs ,,aw up-
yravT somexTao” (vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973: 226,337). imave vaxuSti
bagrationis cnobiT, qvemo qarTlSi ,,axpati da sanaini mefeTa
qarTvelTa aRSenebuli eklesiani gumbaTiani... garna aw sxedan
somexni” (vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973: 308).
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi somex-qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolis meTauri qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI iyo. somexi istoriko-
sebi somxuri jaris Seqmnas mis saxels ukavSireben. amave xanebSi
somexTa wreSi qarTul-somxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea momwifda,
romlis realizebisTvisac aqtiurad iRvwodnen somexi moRvaweebi
_ ganZasareli kaTalikosi esaia hasan jalaliani, israel ori, ti-
gran minasiani. isini somexTa gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs qarTvelebs
ukavSirebdnen. maTi idea iyo Tanasworuflebiani qarTul-somxuri

261
federacia qarTveli mefiT saTaveSi (sin, 1973). XVIII s. 20-ian
wlebSi ruseTma gaaaqtiura Tavisi politika aRmosavleTSi. am
periodSi saqarTvelos mesveurebma scades ruseTTan kavSiris me-
oxebiT gaeTavisuflebinaT qveyana sparseTis uRlisagan. vaxtang
VI-is iniciativiT ruseTTan daido faruli SeTanxmeba erToblivi
saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. mefe energiulad Seudga somex meli-
qebTan da samRvdeloebasTan molaparakebas da somexTa jaris orga-
nizaciis saqmes. 1722 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis jarma kaspiispireTSi
moqmedeba daiwyo. vaxtang VI qarTvel-somexTa laSqriT rusebs
darubandsa da baqos Soris unda SeerTeboda. magram ruseTis
jari, osmaleTis protestis gamo, darubandidan ukan gabrunda.
ruseTis mier motyuebuli qarTlis mefe, romelsac sparseTTan
da osmaleTTan urTieroba gaurTulda mZime mdgomareobaSi aR-
moCnda. man taxti dakarga da daxmarebis miRebis imediT, mraval-
ricxovani amaliT ruseTSi gaemgzavra. 1723 wels osmaleTma mTeli
aRmosavleT amierkavkasia daipyro. 1724 wlis ivlisSi stambolSi
ruseT-osmaleTs Soris SeTanxmeba daido, romlis ZaliTac ruseTi
Seurigda osmaleTis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosav-
leT somxeTis dapyrobas. 1724 wlis Semodgomaze kaTalikosi esaia
jalaliani vaxtang VI-s werda, rom misi ruseTSi wasvliT didi
imedi miecaT da ,,Cven yovel wuTs Tqvens Camosvlasa da werils
moveliTo” (g.maisuraZe, 1982: 227-228). magram ruseTis daxmarebis
momlodine vaxtang VI 1737 wels astraxanSi gardaicvala da misma
rusulma orientaciam marcxi ganicada.
XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma Teimu-
raz II-m da erekle II-m aRmosavleT saqarTvelo yizilbaSebisagan
gawmindes. 1749 wlis Semodgomaze, roca erevnis saxanos momTabare
Turqmanuli tomebi (Taraqama) Seesivnen, erevnis xanma daxmarebi-
saTvis qarTvel mefeebs mimarTa. maT es winadadeba miiRes, somexTa
laSqarTan erTad mters Seebnen da gaimarjves. amis Semdeg erevnis
saxano qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida, rasac somexi xalxi da
samRvdeloeba kmayofilebiT Sexvda. male, qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvel-
oba naxiCevanis saxanomac aRiara. 1750 wels qarTl-kaxeTis jarebma
yarabaRis saxanoc dalaSqres. qarTvelTa laSqarSi ganZasareli
(yarabaRis somexTa) kaTalikosi da somexi meliqebic iyvnen. qarT-
velTa da somexTa laSqarma gaimarjva da aqac qarTl-kaxeTis gav-
lena damyarda. somexTa kaTalikosi luka erekle II-s saqarTvelo-
somxeTis mefed aRiarebda da mis mier mopovebul warmatebebs
TanaugrZnobda (sin, 1973: 614-616). amieridan somexTa mTeli guli-
syuri erekle mefisaken iyo mipyrobili. somxeTis gaTavisuflebis
gegmebs mis daxmarebaze agebdnen. XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi indoeTis
somxurma burJuaziam saqarTvelosa da somxeTis erTiani saxelmwi-
fos Seqmnis idea kvlav wamoayena (История...,1951: 260).
XVIII saukunis bolos samxreT kavkasiisaTvis brZolaSi ruseTis
imperiac Caeba. 1783 wels erekle II iZulebuli gaxda ruseT-

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Tan mfarvelobiT traqtatze moewera xeli, ramac qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos sagareopolitikuri mdgomareoba Zalze gaarTula. 1795
wels aRa-mahmad-xani qarTl-kaxeTis dasasjelad daiZra. yarabaRis
xani SuSis cixeSi Caiketa da mters medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda,
xolo yarabaReli meliqebi mejlumi da abo sparselebs SeuerTdnen.
somexTa kaTalikosma lukam, Tavi rom gadaerCina, `samxedro xar-
jis dasafarad” aRa-mahmad xans 100 000 maneTi misca; amasTan, man
sparseTis mbrZanebels sTxova, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebisTvis
ar evno. meore mxriv, SeZlebuli somxebi yarabaRidan, erevnidan da
sxva adgilebidan saqarTveloSi gamorbodnen da aq ixiznebodnen (iv.
javaxiSvili, 1919: 38).
Tbilisis aoxrebis Semdeg somexTa axali didi talRa Semovida
saqarTveloSi. iv. javaxiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT gulistkiviliT
werda: `erekle mefis dros somexTa saqarTveloSi Semoxizvnis xa-
siaTi, rogorc axla irkveva, TvalsaCinod icvleba: Tu winaT es
gadmosaxleba stiqiuri Tvisebisa iyo da mas araviTari politikuri
midrekileba da mniSvneloba ar hqonda, XVIII saukunis dasasruls
garkveuli politikuri elferic zed daerTo. Tu winad saqarT-
veloSi momavali somxebi saqarTvelos mfarvelobisa da qveSevr-
dobis moimedeni iyvnen xolme, amieridan isini ukve gareSe Zalis
mfarvelobas eZebdnen da maTis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen saqarTvelo-
Si TavianTi politikis gatarebas” (iv. javaxiSvili, 1919: 38).
1801 wels ruseTis imperiam qarTl-kaxeTis samefo SeierTa.
male, qarTl-kaxeTis bedi sxva qarTulma politikurma erTeulebmac
gaiziares. XIX saukunidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze somxuri mS-
vidobiani eqspansiis politika axal fazaSi Sevida. ruseT-TurqeTis
1828-1829 wlebis omis Semdeg TurqeTidan, ZiriTadad arzrumis
safaSodan ayrilma 40 aTasi somexi carizmma samcxe-javaxeTSi
Caasaxla. amerikeli istorikosisa da politologis r.ovanesianis
cnobiT, 1830 wlisaTvis 100 aTasze meti somexi dasaxlda ax-
alqalaqisa da axalcixis mxareSi (R.Hovannisian,1969:9).
ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Sedegad somex ltolvilTa axali tal-
Rebi saxldebodnen qarTul miwebze: qvemo qarTlSi, samcxe-javax-
eTSi, afxazeTSi. qarTul miwaze fexis mokidebisTanave maT xeli
mihyves qarTuli eklesiebis dapatronebas da somxur wesze gada-
keTebas. ase moifina ,,somxuri eklesiebiT” XIX saukuneSi samcxe-
javaxeTi da mTeli saqarTvelo. im xanebSi, rusi publicisti l.
zagurski gulistkiviliT werda: `somexTa Casaxlebis Sedegad
axalcixis mazraSi qarTvelTa soflebi oazisebad SemorCa,
kuTxem iseTi elferi miiRo, TiTqosda aq somxebi Tavidanve
cxovrobdnen. somxebi Tavisufalni iyvnen Tavis moqmedebebSi,
isini angrevdnen eklesiebs, monastrebs, ise gaTavxednen, rom
axalcixis nor-erzerumad gadarqmevas apirebdnen”“ (Л. Загурский,
1873: 65). l. veliCkoc ver malavda aRSfoTebas: `somxebi xelidan
ar uSveben SemTxvevas, parazituli xerxebiT ganadidon Tavi-

263
anTi istoriuli „damsaxurebebi Tu amJamindeli Rirsebebi; gza
da gza cdiloben daCrdilon is mezobeli xalxebi, romelTac
bevrad naTeli istoria da Rirseba gaaCniaT, vidre sakuTriv
somxebs. istoriul-arqeologiurad somxebi qarTvelebs usindisod
Zarcvaven _ istoriuli Zeglebidan amokawvriT Slian qarTul war-
werebs, itaceben uZveles marTlmadideblur samrekloebs da
dacarielebul eklesiebs... Txzaven istoriul sisuleleebs
da Zvel somxur samflobeloebad warmogvidgenen im sanax-
ebs, sadac yoveli qva qarTuli samefos warsulze mianiSnebs...
gverds uvlian ra istoriuli Zeglebis damajerebel RaRadiss,
yvelanairad cdiloben moiparon qarTuli istoriuli olqis
_ saaTabagos mdidari warsuli, romelic aTabagi jayelebis
sammarTvelo teritoria gaxldaT da romelic amJamad ax-
alcixis mazraSi Sedis. arada, nebismierma kavkasielma kargad
icis, rom aq dRemde SemorCenilia Tamar mefis xelmwifobis
kvali... rom somexTa umetesi wili XIX saukuneSi TurqeTidan
arian ltolvilebi da ara mkvidri mosaxleoba” (В. Л.Величко,
1904: 75).
somxebi cdilobdnen mietacebinaT qarTuli eklesiebi qvemo
qarTlSi, javaxeTSi, Sida qarTlSi, Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi,
kaxeTSi. maT Soris, samSvildis sioni, qurmuxis wm.giorgi, bol-
nisi, dmanisi, manglisi, foka, alastani, Tavfaravani da sxva; mii-
taces da gaasomxures Tbilisis wm. nikolozis (amJ. surbnSani),
TeleTis wm.giorgis, ratevanis wm.giorgis, giSis, axtalis, lores,
sanainis, qoberis, oskiparis, hujabis da mravali sxva eklesia. isini
mxolod eklesiebis dauflebas ar sjerdebodnen da qarTul mi-
webze ganacxades pretenzia (somxeTi..., 2006). 1913 wels somxebma
axalqalaqis mazris Tbilisis guberniidan gamoyofa moiTxoves. maT
surdaT somxur mazrebTan SeerTebiT somxuri gubernia SeeqmnaT,
magram specialurma komisiam es azri uaryo, ris sabuTadac, pirvel
rigSi, TbilisTan da qarTul mxareebTan javaxeTis umWidroesi kav-
Siri daasaxela(iv. javaxiSvili, 1919: 50).
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadda.
28 maiss ki TbilisSi moqmedma somxurma erovnulma sabWom somx-
eTis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. mravali saukunis Semdeg somxeTis
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo aRdga.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg qveynis
mTavrobam gadawyvita borCalos, siRnaRisa da Tbilisis mazrebis
samxreT sazRvrebze sasazRvro jari Caeyenebina. am gadawyvetile-
bam somxeTis xelisuflebis protesti gamoiwvia. somxeTi isto-
riul safuZvelze sazRvris gatarebis kategoriulad winaaRmdegi
iyo, radgan is saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis garkveul
nawilze warmoqmnil `somxeTis” saxelmwifos arsebobas safrTxes
uqmnida (Г.Р.Мархулия, 2005: 34). saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgenis
mizniT Seiqmna Sereuli komisia, sadac somxeTis warmomadgenlebma

264
lores, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazris 2/3-is somxeTisTvis gad-
acema moiTxoves. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos mxare am moTxovnas ar
daeTanxma, rasac komisiis muSaobis Sewyveta mohyva.
1918 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi qarTulma jarma Savi zRvis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sanapiroze saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria, maT
Soris qalaqebi _ soWi da tuafse daikava. 1918 wlis Semodgomaze
general a. denikinis ,,moxaliseTa armia” saqarTvelosaken daiZra.
noemberSi qarTulma jarma taqtikuri mosazrebiT tuafse datova
da soWTan gamagrda. aseT rTul viTarebaSi, 1918 wlis 7 dekem-
bers, somxeTi omis gamoucxadeblad SeiWra saqarTvelos terito-
riaze. daSnakuri mTavrobis gancxadebaSi es faqti Sefasebuli
iyo, rogorc `adgilobrivi” somxuri mosaxleobis SeiaraRebuli
gamosvla saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, maTi samkvidro
miwa-wylis somxeTTan SeerTebis mizniT. daSnakebs gadawyvetili
hqondaT Tbilisis aReba da somxeTis dedaqalaqad gamocxadeba.
imave xanebSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg provocirebul
iqna soWis somxuri mosaxleobis ajanyeba. imavdroulad ,,moxaliseTa
armiac” Setevaze gadmovida. qarTul jars or frontze brZolis
Zala ar Seswevda da iZulebuli gaxda soWi daetovebina.
Tavdapirveli warumateblobis miuxedavad, qarTul jari male
kontrSetevaze gadavida da somxeTis armia ukuagdo, romelic srul
ganadgurebisagan inglisis misiam ixsna. somxeTis mTavrobam zavi
iTxova da status quo-s aRdgenaze daTanxmda. 31 dekembers sao-
mari moqmedebebi Sewyda. ,,ase dasrulda es samwuxaro ambavi..., _
werda am omis monawile qarTveli oficeri v.goguaZe, _ somxebi
Cven saqarTveloSi davasaxleT, Cven maT veZmeT, maT mudam kargad
vepyrobodiT, gasaWirSi vSvelodiT da somxis politikosebma Cveni
amagi ase daafases” (v.goguaZe, 1992: 450).
1919 wlis 1 ianvars inglisis jarebma daikaves loresa da bor-
Calos raionebis teritoria, romelic `neitralur zonad” gamocx-
adda. 9 ianvars TbilisSi somxeT-saqarTvelos sazavo konferencia
gaixsna, romelzec droebiTi dazavebis pirobebi dazustda. im teri-
torias, romelsac somxebi edavebodnen qarTvelebs, ingliselebi da
frangebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nawilad ganixi-
lavdnen. somxuri delegaciis pretenziebi axalqalaqis mazrasTan
dakavSirebiT inglisisa da safrangeTis warmomadgenlebma uaryves
da es sakiTxi konferenciis dRis wesrigidan moixsna. SemdgomSi
somxuri mxare am gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvas moiTxovda. lores
neitraluri zonis administracia Sereuli _ qarTul-somxuri iyo.
masze kontrols axorcielebda inglisis, SemdgomSi ki aSS-s samx-
edro warmomadgeneli. 1919 wlis 22 ianvars somxeTsa da saqarT-
velos Soris xeli moewera droebiT sazavo xelSekrulebas, romlis
Tanaxmad somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Sewyveta da lores neitraluri
zonis Seqmna iuridiulad gaformda (Г. Р. Мархулия, 2006: 14).
somxeTis mTavrobis politika, dasavleTis qveynebis daxmarebiT

265
gaefarToebina somxeTis sazRvrebi, kinaRam warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
1920 wlis agvistoSi sevrSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac somxeTs unda gadascemoda anatoliis aRmosavleTi pro-
vinciis nawili; saqarTvelos istoriuli miwebis xarjze somxeTs
zRvaze gasasvlelic eZleoda. amave dros daSnakebi antantisgan
yarabaRisa (romelic azerbaijanis sazRvrebSi Sedioda) da e.w.
`lores neitraluri zonis” gadacemas moelodnen. TurqeTSi mim-
dinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan pirispir darCe-
nilma inglisma gadawyvita qemalisturi jarebis winaaRmdeg, pirvel
rigSi, daSnakuri somxeTi gamoeyenebina. TurqeTTan damarcxebis
Semdeg, somxeTma 1920 wlis 26 noembers xeli moawera deklaracias,
romlis Tanaxmad uari ganacxada sevris xelSekrulebaze. ramdenime
dRis Semdeg, 29 noembers, somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyar-
da. noembris dasawyisSi inglisis misia lores neitraluri zonidan
gavida da es mxare saqarTvelos jarma daikava. male, sabWoTa somx-
eTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas lores
olqidan jaris gayvana mosTxova, magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
daicva sakuTari teritoria.
1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da
aneqsiis Semdeg, somxeTma saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikas ax-
alcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebsa da lores olqze pretenzia wauyena.
axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebis gadacemaze sabWoTa somxeTs
uari eTqva, xolo lores mxare 1921 wlis 7 ivlisis dadgenilebiT
gadaeca. ase mowyvites saqarTvelos misi istoriuli teritoria,
romlis farTobi 3812 kv. km Seadgenda (Г. Р. Мархулия, 2005: 255).
1985 w. q. aTenSi daSnakcuTunis XXIII yriloba gaimarTa, sa-
dac momavali damoukidebeli somxeTis gafarToebaze imsjeles. yri-
lobaze daSnakebma somxeTis ori mimarTulebiT _ azerbaijanisa
da saqarTvelos _ gafarToebis sakiTxi dasves. kenWisyris dros
delegatebma azerbaijanis mimarTuleba da mTiani yarabaRis sakiTxis
gadawyveta airCies, rac, maTi azriT, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis
nakleb aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevda (Г. Р. Мархулия, 2006: 108). 1988
wels somxeTma azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo, romelic 1994
wels azerbaijanidan yarabaRis CamoSorebiT dasrulda.
postsabWoTa somxeTma moskovs Tavisi geopolitikuri sivrce
SesTavaza, sanacvlod, ruseTis interesebis Sesabamisad, Tavisi geg-
mebis gansaxorcieleblad samxedro daxmarebis garantia miiRo.
iseve rogorc adre araerTxel, sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSic,
qarTvelebs araerTxel gauwvdiaT daxmarebis xeli moZme mezo-
beli xalxisTvis. 1988 wlis spitakis miwisZvris dros pirvelebi
qarTvelebi daudgnen mezoblebs gverdSi, xolo aTasobiT dazarale-
bulma saqarTvelos Seafara Tavi da sabolood aqve darCa.
ruseT-saqarTvelos 1992-1993 ww. omis dros afxazeTis somxuri
diasporis didi nawili qarTveli eris da qarTuli saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg gamovida. maT e.w. bagramianis batalioni Seqmnes da gan-

266
sakuTrebuli sisastikiT ebrZodnen qarTvelebs. aseve aRsaniSnavia,
rom saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi mravali
somexi ibrZoda da qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvas
Tavic Seswira.
2001 wlis noemberSi, Sveicariis qalaq bazelSi daSnakTa li-
derebis kreba gaimarTa, sadac samcxe-javaxeTis somxeTTan SeerTebis
sakiTxi ganixileboda. krebaze miiRes gadawyvetileba regionisaTvis
avtonomiis miniWebis Sesaxeb, Seiqmna `javaxeTis aRorZinebis fon-
dic”, seriozuli dafinansebiT. amis Sedegi iyo javaxeTis somxuri
diasporis mier gamarTuli mitingebi da demonstraciebi, sadac
maTTvis avtonomiis Seqmnis, SemdgomSi ki somxeTTan SeerTebis
moTxovnebi wamoayenes. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis
fonze aseTi ,,ideologiuri” diversia saqarTvelosTvis dRes gansa-
kuTrebiT saSiSia. SesaZlo konfliqtiT mxolod ruseTis imperia
ixeirebs.
qarTveli kaci yovelTvis mtkivneulad aRiqvamda, roca mas mam-
uls da qonebas edavebodnen, arTmevdnen enas, eklesias, kulturas.
qarTveli xalxis gulistkivils iwvevs, roca somexTa garkveuli
wreebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias saqarTveloSi arse-
buli 650 TiTqosda somxuri eklesiis maTTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb
moTxovnas uyeneben; pretenziebi aqvT saqarTvelos zogierTi isto-
riuli provinciis mimarT da a.S. bedma da istoriam Cven mezobloba
gvarguna da am mezoblobas unda gavufrTxildeT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom saxelmwifoebrioba dakarguli somxeTis didi nawili sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semodioda, somx-
uri qalaqebi anisi, dvini, erevani an somxuri provinciebi qarTul
qalaqebad da provinciebad saqarTveloSi aravis gamoucxadebia.
somexTa istoriuli miswrafeba, rogorme aRedginaT daSlil-
dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi muxtavda
somxur istoriul mwerlobas; somexi avtorebis wadili, daemtkice-
binaT TavianTi istoriul-kulturuli upiratesoba sxva xalxebze
da Tundac ideaSi ganevrcoT somxeTis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi
mezoblebis xarjze, dRemde SemorCa. somexTa aseT wadils ilia
WavWavaZem Tavis droze ,,qvaTa RaRadiT” upasuxa.
somexma erma saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daxmarebiT araerTxel
ixsna Tavi sruli ganadgurebisgan, saqarTvelom gaWirvebis Jams
samSoblodan devnili somxebi Seifara da rogorc profesori
a.abramiani aRniSnavs, es erTaderTi qveyana iyo, sadac somxebi
ucxoobaSi yofnas ar grZnobdnen. vimedovnebT, rom ori mezo-
beli eri momavalSi keTilmezobluri urTierTobis gaRrmavebas
SeZlebs.

damowmebuli literatura:

267
T. beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003 _ T. beraZe, m.sanaZe, saqarTvelos isto-
ria, wigni I, (antikuri xana da Sua saukuneebi), Tb., 2003.
v.goguaZe, 1992 _ v.goguaZe, mogonebani, wgn. dabruneba. qarTuli
emigrantuli literatura, 3, Tb.,1992.
vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973 _ vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa, ,,qarTlis cxovreba”, t.IV, Tb., 1973.
Tovma mewofeci, 1987 _ Tovma mewofeci istoria Temur-lengisa
da misi STamomavlobisa. Tb., 1987.
g. maisuraZe, 1982 _ g.maisuraZe, somexi da qarTveli xalxebis
urTierToba XIII-XVIIIss.-Si, Tb., 1982.
g. maisuraZe, 2002 _ g. maisuraZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis urTierTobis istoriidan IV-XII ss-Si, Tb., 2002.
v.nalbandiani, 1959 _ v.nalbandiani Tbilisi Zvel somxur mwer-
lobaSi. Tb., 1959.
sin, 1973 _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, Tb.,1973.
somxeTi..., 2006 _ somxeTi _ mteri Tu moyvare? Tb., 2006.
somxur xelnawerTa..., 1978 _ somxur xelnawerTa anderZebis
(hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-XVss.), Tb.,
1978.
iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos sazRvrebi. istoriulad da Taname-
drove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli, tfilisi, 1919.
В. Л. Величко, 1904_ В.Л.Величко, Русское дело и междуплеменные вопросы.
Польное собрание публицистических сочинений, т. 1, СПб,1904.
В. Л. Загурский, 1873 _ Л.Загурский, Поездка в Ахалкалакский уезд в 1872
г. Тифлис, 1873.
История..., 1951 _ История армянского народа, часть первая. Под ред. Б.Н.
Аракеляна и А.Р.Ионнисяна, Ереван, 1951.
Н. Я. Марр,1910 _ Н. Я. Марр,Надпись Епифания, каталикоса Грузии, СПБ.,
1910.
Г. Р. Мархулия, 2005 _ Г.Р.Мархулия, Армяно-грузинская мирная конференция
1919 года и создание лорийской нейтральной зоны.Тб., 2005.
Г. Р. Мархулия, 2006 _ Г.Р.Мархулия, Армянский сепаратизм на Южном
Кавказе, _ Возраждение XXI век, №104-105, Баку, 2006.
R.Hovannisian,1969 _ R.Hovannisian,Armenia on the road tu Independence 1918.
University of California Press. Berkley and Los Anjeles, 1969.

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 dazmir jojua

afxazeTis konfliqtis arsi

_ ruseT-saqarTvelos omi
2008 wlis 7-12 agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omi ara mxolod
Cveni regionisaTvis, SesaZlebelia saerTod axali geostrategiuli
,,welTaRricxvis” dasawyisi gaxdes, vinaidan es movlena Seicavs
axali geopolitikuri procesis inicirebis _ msoflio wesrigis
arsebuli modelis Secvlis perspeqtivas.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro intervenciam da saqarTvelos
teritoriis okupaciam naTlad gamokveTa axali globaluri
geopolitikuri konturebi:
_ ruseTis evroaziuri imperiis aRdgenisa da mis irgvliv axali
globaluri polusis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba;
_ konfliqturi ,,arqipelagebis” (ukraina, baltiispireTi,
poloneTi, rumineTi, centraluri azia) warmoqmnis rusuli gegma.
saqarTvelosTvis strategiuli daxmarebis gaweva, agvistos omis
Sedegebis likvidacia unda ganvixiloT, rogorc globaluri
geopolitikuri revoluciis prevencia. Tu saqarTvelos seriozulad
ar daexmarebian, Tu mxardaWeris dinamika ar gadava mudmivi
strategiuli proteqciis (gansakuTrebiT samxedro garantiebis)
reJimSi, kremlis imperiuli proeqti Seuqcevadi gaxdeba;
Sedegad: dasavluri civilizacia iZulebiT miiRebs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa rusul-evraziul models; transatlantikuri sistema
- dezintegraciis mZlavr impulsebs; evrokavSiri - ,,safrTxeebis
strategiis” axal talRas; procesi didad daazaralebs, SezRudavs
aSS-s geostrategiul interesebs.
ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi rgoli
iyo omi afxazeTSi 1992-1993 wlebSi. pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom es
omi warmoadgenda rusuli imperializmis tipologiur ,,matricas”.
araviTari realuri safuZveli ar arsebobs, rom es konfliqti
ganvixiloT _ ,,eTnokonfliqtad”, ,,qarTul-afxazur SeiaraRebul
konfliqtad”, ,,samoqalaqo omad” da ,,Tbilissa da soxums Soris
afxazeTis ekonomikuri simdidreebis gadanawilebisaTvis omad”.
,,afxazeTis krizisi” viTardeboda XX saukunis mTel manZilze
,,diversificirebuli evoluciis” gziT: ruseTisagan marTuli
afxazuri eTnokratiuli ,,separatizmis” aRmavloba-Sekavebis fazebis
perioduli monacvleobiT. ruseTisagan marTuli e.w. separatizmisa
da rusuli imperializmis `alianss gamokveTili antiqarTuli
xasiaTi hqonda (,,sitinis gegma _ 1922 w., soWis olqisa da
afxazeTis gaerTianebiT e.w. ,,sakurorto respublikis” Seqmnis gegma
_ 1945-47 ww., ,,suslovis doqtrina” _ 1961 w., XX saukunis 50-
80-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi samoqalaqo-politikuri putCebis seria

269
da sxv.).
1992 wlis agvistoSi ,,afxazeTis krizisi” omSi gadazarda
ruseTma:
1992 wlis 24 ivniss, SevardnaZe-elcinis dagomisis Sexvedraze,
garda qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mowesrigebis principebisa,
ganixiles ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobani zogad konteqstSi.
miRebul ,,komunikeSi” aRiniSna: ,,saqarTvelosa da ruseTis
samarTaldamcavi organoebi aRkveTen maTi iurisdiqciis qveS myof
teritoriebze ukanono samxedro, naxevradsamxedro formirebebis
moRvaweobas” (,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 1992 wlis 27 ivnisi).
am SeTanxmebiT e. SevardnaZem b. elcinisagan miiRo afxazeTis
teritoriaze samxedro operaciis Catarebis sanqcia, rogorc Cans,
ruseTis mxridan neitralitetis garantiiT.
1992 wlis 18 ivliss soWSi, ,,boCarov ruCeis” saxelmwifo
agarakze gaimarTa b. elcinis araoficialuri saidumlo Sexvedra v.
arZinbasTan da afxazuri elitis zogierT sxva warmomadgenlebTan
(С. Лакоба, 2001: 25). Sexvedridan sul raRac xuTiode dReSi v.
arZinbas reJimma miiRo separatistuli kanonmdebloba; vfiqrobT,
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes is, rom am konfidencialur Sexvedraze
separatistebma miiRes saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasTan
omis sanqcia (ruseTis mxridan samxedro Carevis garantiiT).
rkinigzis transportze sagangebo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb
1992 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenilebis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sabWos prezidiumis (e. SevardnaZe, j. ioseliani, T. sigua, T.
kitovani, v. goguaZe) 1992 wlis 11 agvistos gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze da Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis
operatiuli departamentis mier momzadebuli specialuri gegmis
(koduri saxelwodebiT ,,maxvili”) Tanaxmad, 1992 wlis 14 agvistos
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawilebi gadaadgildnen
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. SezRuduli
kontingentis javSankolonas afxazi boevikebisagan Semdgarma
jgufma cecxli gauxsna oCamCiris raionis sof. oxureisTan, rasac
mohyva pirveli msxverpli. pirveli seriozuli brZola gaimarTa
gulrifSis raionis daba aguZerasTan, sadac e.w ,,afxazeTis Sinagani
jaris gansakuTrebuli polkis” batalionma garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
gauwia qarTul jars da erTi javSanmanqana aafeTqa (g. gasviani, T.
gasviani, 2005: 161).
ase daiwyo afxazeTis omi.
xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan
14 agvistos aqcia ar warmoadgenda intervenciul da, miT umetes,
saokupacio aqcias. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, formalur-iuridiuli
aspeqtiT, es iyo samTavrobo jarebis gadaadgileba an _ oficialuri
samxedro terminologiiT _ redislokacia sakuTari saxelmwifos
teritoriuli uzenaesobisa da iurisdiqciis sivrcis farglebSi.
amave dros, saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT es aqcia

270
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc ,,Sida saxelmwifoebrivi represalia”,
erTgvari samxedro sanqcia, romelsac mimarTa saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam afxazeTis avtonomiuri erTeulis calmxrivi ukanono
qmedebis (23 ivlisis separatistuli gadawyvetilebis) sapasuxod,
am qmedebis faqtobrivi Sedegis (e.i. saxelmwifoebrivi daSlis)
SekavebisaTvis.
afxazeTis omis arsis gansazRvrisa da misi konceptualuri
modelis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia winaswarve aRvniSnoT ramdenime
aprioruli postulati:
1. 1992-1993 wlebis afxazeTis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti
warmoadgens saqarTvelo-ruseTis meeqvse oms ukanaskneli ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi - 1804, 1812, 1819-1820, 1918 w. ivnisi - 1919
w. Tebervlisa da 1921 wlis Teberval-martis omebis Semdeg. yvela
es omi ruseTis imperiis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. saqarTvelosaTvis
negatiuri Sedegebis ,,ierarqia” ki aseTia: 1804, 1812 da 1819-
1820 ww. omebis dros damarcxda XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli monarqistuli nacionalizmi, daibloka bagrationTa
dinastiis aRdgena, moxda saqarTvelos sruli inkorporacia ruseTis
caristul imperiaSi; 1918 w. ivnis - 1919 w. Tebervlis omis dros
- saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa gagris zonaSi;
1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis dros - saqarTvelos Zalisxmieri
gasabWoeba da okupacia, Semdgom ki aneqsia; 1992-1993 ww. omis
dros - afxazeTis droebiTi dakargva.
2. afxazeTis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti warmoadgens ruseTis
reaqcias saqarTvelos geocivilizaciur arCevanze, romlis
arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia - pozitiuri nacionalizmi, prodasavluri
liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia da dasavleTis sistemaSi
integraciis strategia. amasTan, saqarTvelos geocivilizaciur
arCevanSi centraluria damoukideblobisa da ruseTis patronaJiT
formirebad regionalur blokebSi armonawileobis kursi.
1991 wlis agvistos putCis kraxisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg ruseTis umaRles xelisuflebaSi ,,gorbaCovuri centris”
,,elcinuri centriT” Canacvlebas principSi ar Seucvlia imperiis
damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT da arc ,,afxazuri karti”
mousvria istoriis sanagveSi. piriqiT, axali formaciis rusulma
elitam kidev ufro gaaRrmava kavSiri afxazur “eTnokratiasTan.
erTi sityviT, afxazeTis omi warmoadgenda ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos geocivilizaciuri arCevanis blokirebas, axal
neoimperiul strategiul blokSi _ dsT-Si saqarTvelos arSesvlis
gamo saqarTvelos dasjas samxedro gziT.
omis geocivilizaciur ganzomilebaSi didi adgili ukavia
ruseTis mizans _ daengria kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos iniciativiT
Camoyalibebadi axali wesrigi, romlis RerZi iyo 1991 wlis
Semodgomaze Seqmnili saqarTvelo-CeCneTis aliansi. maSin, rodesac
dasavleTis pozicia jer kidev strategiulad gamokveTili ar

271
 iyo, kavkasiis geocivilizaciis, rogorc strategiuli blokis
Seqmnis idea warmoadgenda regionSi rusul-evraziuli, Turanuli
da panislamisturi strategiebis alternativas. ,,kavkasiis mTiel
xalxTa konfederaciis” faqtoris amoqmedebiT ruseTma didi
dartyma miayena am proeqts da faqtobrivad CaSala is swored
afxazeTis omiT. sruliad cxadia, rom afxazeTis omma didi ziani
miayena aseve iberiul-kavkasiur cnobierebas.
3. geopolitikuri Teoriisa da msoflio geopolitikuri
struqturis TvalsazrisiT afxazeTi (iseve rogorc mTeli
saqarTvelo da TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiac) mdebareobs Cveni planetis
im zonaSi, romelsac ,,rimlendi” anu ,,sanapiro zona” ewodeba.
am zonaSi, romlis erT-erTi seqtoria saqarTvelo da romelsac
Tavis droze h. kisinjerma ,,diskontinualuri sartyeli” uwoda,
Sedis aRm. evropa, balkaneTi, aRm. xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, kavkasia,
avRaneTi, irani, indoeTi da korea1.

1,,rimlendis” strategiuli mniSvneloba pirvelad amerikuli geopoliti-

kis mamamTavarma n.sfiqmenma ganmarta. is amtkicebs, rom ,,is, vinc akontro-
lebs rimlends, akontrolebs evrazias da amiT akontrolebs mTeli msof-
lios beds... rimlendi aris msoflio batonobis gasaRebi” (a.dugini, 1999:
62). marTalia, uSualod afxazeTis omis dros saqarTvelo ar Sedioda
,,rimlendis” strategiul sivrceSi, magram sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
amis perspeqtiva aSkarad gamoikveTa. marTlac, ,,rimlendi” ar warmoadgens
statikur da invariantul sivrces, radganac mis arss gansazRvravs Ta-
lasokratiisa (igive aSS-dasavleTi) da telurokratiis (igive ssrk-ruseTi)
dapirispirebis geostrategiuli ,,daraionebis” xasiaTi. manam sanam sabWoTa
kavSiri arsebobda, ,,rimlendis” funqcias asrulebda aRmosavleT evropa,
magram gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis II naxevridan (iugoslaviis krizisi,
aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis nato-Si integracia) moxda ,,rim-
lendis” sivrcobriv-teritoriuli cvlileba: ,,rimlendis” xazma anu Ta-
lasokratia-telurokratiis dapirispirebis RerZma gadainacvla baltia-Savi
zRva-kaspiis rkalze. es cvlileba daadastura 2008 wlis agvistos omma
da ruseTis Semdgomma mzadebam ukrainaze geostrategiuli zewolisaTvis.
amdenad sruliad cxadia, rom dRevandel etapze RerZuli geopolitikuri
tendenciebi warimarTeba swored baltia-Savi zRva-kavkasiis ,,samkuTxedze”
da swored es sivrce warmoadgens rusuli eqspansiis Sekavebis platformas.
es momenti pirvelad swored afxazeTis omma gamokveTa.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebis damdegs sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, ,,civi omis”
saerTaSoriso reJimisa da orpolusiani globaluri wesrigis dangrevam
dRis wesrigSi daayena axali msoflio wesrigis formirebis aucilebloba.
saqarTvelos ,,rimlenduri” funqciis gamo CvenSi mimdinare samxedro-
politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul procesebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
mieniWa axali msoflio wesrigis regionaluri arqiteqtonikis formirebis
saqmeSi.
uaxloes periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da maT So-
ris ki gansakuTrebiT - 1991-92 wlebis dekember-ianvris samxedro gada-
trialeba da afxazeTis omi swored ,,rimlenduri” kanonis da garkveuli
saerTaSoriso Zalebis, globaluri interes-jgufebis moqmedebis konkretul
proeqcias warmoadgens.
am konfiguraciaSi centraluri adgili, cxadia, ruseTs ekava. XX sau-

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 amdenad, afxazeTis omi, saerTaSoriso geopolitikuri ganzomilebis
TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens ,,harTlendis restruqturizaciis”2
procesis sawyis fazas. swored afxazeTis omma gamokveTa Canasaxovan
doneze Talasokratiul-telurokratiuli dualizmis kanonis
moqmedeba kavkasiis sivrceSi. samwuxarod, es iyo mxolod embrionaluri
faza, radganac afxazeTis omi droiT aspeqtSi mTlianad ,,Cajda”
garantiebis im reJimSi, romlebic ,,maltis formatis” farglebSi
miiRo ruseTma, postimperiuli legitimizmisa da baltiispireTis
gamoklebiT yofili sabWoTa sivrcis reintegraciis saxiT. swored
amiT unda aixsnas dasavleTis sruliad gaumarTlebeli neitraliteti
da, ase vTqvaT, saqarTvelos sakiTxis periferiuli xasiaTi 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros.
afxazeTis omis magistralur faqtors warmoadgens masSi ruseTis
federaciis monawileoba, Tanac monawileoba ara distanciur-
minimaluri formatiT an kidev proafxazuri dainteresebuli
mxaris statusiT, aramed uSualo meomari mxaris formiT. swored
es momenti gansazRvravs afxazeTis konfliqtis determinacias de
faqto ruseT-saqarTvelos omad.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT ruseTis reaqciuli
qmedebis mizezi iyo kavkasiis reokupacia-reaneqsia _ geopolitikuri
proeqti, romlis centraluri Tezisi iyo saqarTveloze kontrolis
aRdgena. afxazeTis omi am miznis miRwevis samxedro berketad iyo
moazrebuli. es omi iyo erT-erTi mTavari rgoli movlenaTa
im jaWvSi (yarabaRis omi, cxinvalis konfliqti, saqarTvelosa da
azerbaijanSi z.gamsaxurdiasa da a.elCibeis xelisuflebebis damxoba
da iq proimperiuli reJimebis instalacia), romlebmac ganapirobes
samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis alternatiuli geopolitikuri
struqturis formirebis progresuli tendenciis blokireba da
ruseTis gavlenis zonis aRdgena (sabednierod, droebiT).
amave dros, aRniSnuli geopolitikuri proeqtis mniSvnelovan
aspeqts warmoadgens 1991 wlis Semodgomaze prezident elcinis
administraciaSi SemuSavebuli geostrategiuli gegma. gegma miznad
isaxavda saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxedro yofnis grZelvadian

kunis 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze rusulma imperializmma dasavleTis iste-

bliSmentisagan miiRo yofili sabWoTa imperiuli sivrcis reintegraciis
sanqcia, baltiispireTis gamoklebiT. j. buSi-ufrosisa da m.gorbaCovis
konfidencialuri garigebiT warmoqmnili ,,maltis formati” memkvidreobiT
elcins gadaeca. dasavleTis faqtobrivi neitraliteti ruseT-saqarTvelos
urTierTobebSi 1997 wlamde swored am ,,formatis” logikuri produqti
iyo.ruseTis strategia iTvaliswinebda zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis
damxobas, afxazeTis konfliqtis provocirebiT saqarTvelos teritoriul-
saxelmwifoebriv daSlas da mis dasustebas, amave dros, konfliqtis da-
regulirebis formatSi medialuri misiis imitaciiT regionSi samxedro
yofnis uzrunvelyofas.
2 Cveulebrivi terminologiiT, ,,harTlendis restruqturizacia” gulisx-
mobs ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris evraziis calkeuli teritoriebisa da
geostrategiuli gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebas.

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uzrunvelyofas diversificirebuli statusis mqone geostrategiuli
anklavebis (samxedro bazebis, gansakuTrebuli gasamxedroebuli
centrebis, e.w samSvidobo misiebis) qselis SeqmniT. es qseli
uzrunvelyofda saqarTvelos teritoriis samxedro kontrols
da Cvens qveyanaSi ruseTis sasurveli politikuri procesebis
ganviTarebas.
saboloo jamSi, ruseTis geostrategiuli mizani iyo -
kavkasiis geopolitikuri zonis STanTqma, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
teritoriuli eqspansiis (,,mcocavi aneqsiis”) ganxorcieleba da
saqarTvelos iZulebiT CarTva imperiuli geosivrcis garegan
buferul sartyelSi moldovasTan (dnestrispireTis konfliqtiT)
da azerbaijanTan (yarabaRis omiT) erTad.
afxazeTis omSi ruseTi monawileobda ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:
samxedro-strategiuli da politikur-diplomatiuri.
kerZod, 1992-1993 wlebSi ruseTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
gamoiyena: gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis fskovis divizia; 345-e
sahaero-sadesanto polki; 643-e sazenito-saraketo polki; bomboras
aviabazaze dislocirebuli samxedro-sahaero Zalebis 529-e saaviacio
polki; Savi zRvis samxedro flotis xomaldebi; qvemo eSerasa
da oCamCireSi dislocirebuli batalionebi; aseve specsamsaxurebis
nawilebi.
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg meomar ,,separatistebs” da volontiorebs
ruseTi amaragebda SeiaraRebiT, samxedro teqnikiTa da masalebiT.
warmovadgenT mxolod erT dokuments, romelic eyrdnoba v. arZinbas
mrCevlis m. demianovis monacemebs: omis dasawyisSive ruseTis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 643-e sazenito-saraketo polkma separatistebs
gadasca 984 avtomati, 267 pistoleti, 18 tyviamfrqvevi, 500-ze
meti xelyumbara, 600 sasignalo raketa, naxevar milionze meti
tyvia, samxedro-satvirTo manqanebi, samxedro-sainJinro teqnika da
sxva (afxazeTis labirinTi, 1999: 208).
,,separatistebs” samxedro-saeqsperto daxmarebas uwevda (sajariso
SenaerTebis strategiuli marTvis uzrunvelyofiT) ruseTis
generaliteti (g. kondratievi, r. Cindarovi, a. kvaSnini, i. sigutkini
da sxv.) da oficerTa korpusi.
ruseTi Tavis teritoriaze organizebas uwevda moxaliseTa
jgufebs da gadahyavda isini konfliqtis zonaSi. amave dros
ruseTis samxedro-sahaero da samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi bombavda
qarTuli jaris poziciebs da eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul
teritoriebs.
paralelurad, ruseTis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgenlebi
(mag.: vice-prezidenti a. ruckoi, parlamentis spikeri r. xazbulatovi)
periodulad emuqrebodnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Tbilisisa
da sxva qalaqebis dabombviT.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis afxazeTis omSi ruseTis
monawileobis politikur-diplomatiuri formati gulisxmobs

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ruseTis mier saqarTvelos xelisuflebaze politikuri zewoliTa da
molaparakebaTa procesSi cru garantiebis SeTavazebiT saqarTvelos
damarcxebis diplomatiur-saxelSekrulebo bazisis uzrunvelyofas
(1992 wlis 3 seqtembris moskovis SeTanxmeba; 1993 wlis 14 maisis
moskovis xelSekruleba; 1993 wlis 27 ivlisis soWis xelSekruleba
da sxv.).
1992-1993 wlebis afxazeTis omis sawyis fazaSi afxazeTis
teritoriis umetes nawils qarTuli samoqalaqo xelisufleba da
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen. ruseTis morCili gudauTis
dajgufebis mier kontrolirebadi iyo mxolod gudauTa-axali
aTonis xazi da tyvarCelis zona.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul 1992
wlis 1-6 oqtombris gagris operacias, romelsac Sedegad mohyva
,,separatistTa” samxedro Zalebis gamarjveba da pirdapir ruseTis
sazRvarze gasvla, sardlobda general-polkovniki g.kondratievi. amave
dros, arsebobs informacia, romlis Tanaxmadac, gagris operacias
saerTo xelmZRvanelobas uwevda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
generaluri Stabis ufrosi, general-polkovniki m. kolesnikovi.
1992 wlis 9 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam dabomba soxumis
sacxovrebeli ubnebi da xalxmravali bazari, rasac 13 mSvidobiani
moqalaqis sicocxle Seewira. 11 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam sahaero
ieriSi miitana oCamCiris raionis sof. axaldabaze, ris Sedegadac
11 mSvidobiani moqalaqe daiRupa da 60-ze meti daiWra (g.
gasviani, T. gasviani, 2005: 180).
ruseTis aviaciam sahaero dartymebi ganaxorciela qarTuli
SenaerTebis poziciebze, gansakuTrebiT soxumisa da oCamCiris
raionebis qarTuli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul zonebSi;
amiT ruseTma daarRvia mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso aqtebi, maT
Soris 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis muxlebi (omis dros nemsovani
Wurvebisa da kaseturi bombebis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb).
rusul-”afxazur”-konfederatuli koaliciis masStaburi
SeteviTi operacia gumisTis frontze moxda 1993 wlis 14-16
marts. rusuli aviaciis da ,,separatistTa” mZime artileriis mier
soxumisa da qarTuli armiis poziciebis masirebuli dabombvis
Semdeg “prorusulad aRzrdili afxazebis”3, konfederatebisa
da ,,slavbatis” gaerTianebuli Zalebi Setevaze gadmovidnen.
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo qarTuli
SenaerTebis winaaRmdegobis garRveva gumisTis frontis centralur
da samxreT ubnebze da qarTuli nawilebis mier dakavebuli
teritoriis siRrmeSi SeaRwia. qarTulma SenaerTebma mteri alyaSi
moaqcies: mZime artileriis mier SesaniSnavad da operatiulad
ganxorcielebuli masirebuli cecxlisagan warmoqmnil ,,qvabSi” didi
iyo separatistTa da konfederatTa danakargebi (rogorc cocxali
Zalis, ise samxedro teqnikis mxriv).

3 afxazTa nawili qarTvelebis mxares iyo.

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 aRsaniSnavia, rom 1992-1993 wlebis afxazeTis omis dasruleba
moxda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generalur StabSi SemuSavebuli
specialuri gegmis safuZvelze. ruseTis samxedro sardlobam SeimuSava
Tvisobrivad axali strategia, romelic iTvaliswinebda kombinirebul
taqtikur formats _ erTdroul Setevas orive frontis yvela
ubanze, Tanac winaswari madezorientirebeli samxedro manevrebiT.
araoficialuri monacemebiT, ruseTis Tavdacvis saministroSi es
gegma SemuSavebul iqna 1993 wlis ivnisis meore naxevarSi. saidumlo
gegma Sedgeboda oTxi punqtisagan: ,,1. tyvarCelis dajgufebis
mier oCamCiris raionis avtotrasis xelSi Cagdeba; 2. oCamCireSi
sazRvao desantis gadasxma tamiSTan da misi SeerTeba tyvarCelis
dajgufebasTan; 3. paralelurad Setevis ganxorcieleba gumisTidan
da soxumis irgvliv strategiuli simaRleebis xelSi Cagdeba; 4.
saboloo jamSi, soxumis rkalSi moqceva da aReba” (afxazeTis
labirinTi, 1999: 150).
gegmis ganxorcieleba moxda ramdenime etapad:
1992 wlis 2 ivliss sofel tamiSTan ruseTis samxedro-
sazRvao flotis sadesanto xomaldebidan gadmosxmul iqna rusul-
afxazuri desanti, romelmac kontroli daawesa oCamCire-soxumis
avtomagistralis garkveul monakveTze. amis paralelurad mterma
daiwyo masirebuli Seteva gumisTis frontis marcxena seqtorze.
rusul-separatistulma Zalebma SeZles kontrolis damyareba komanis,
axalSenis, gumas strategiul simaRleebze. 9 ivliss mterma aiRo
sofeli Sroma da cugurovkisa da axbiukis simaRleebi. soxumi
faqtobrivad rkalSi moeqca.
rusuli gegmis realizaciis meore etapi, romlis drosac mterma
isargebla 1993 wlis 27 ivlisis soWis xelSekrulebiT, daiwyo 16
seqtembers: rusul-separatistuli SenaerTebis tyvarCelis dajgufebam
kontroli daamyara mdinare kodorze arsebul saavtomobilo da
sarkinigzo xidebze. 17 seqtembers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma
koaliciam daiwyo Seteva gumisTis frontze. yuradRebas iqcevs
Setevis operatiuli mxare:
Tu adre mtris Setevebis operatiuli struqtura iyo erTiani,
amjerad man miiRo eSelonizebuli forma: pirvel eSelons qmnidnen
ruseTis regularuli armiis specnawilebi da konfederatTa razmebi,
meore eSelons _ e.w. afxazuri batalionebi. garda amisa, gamoyofili
iyo mesame, sarezervo eSeloni ruseTis armiis nawilebis saxiT,
romelic moicavda qveiTTa, satanko da saartilerio rezervebs.
sarezervo eSelonis amoqmedeba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pirveli da
meore eSelonebis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. saboloo jamSi,
rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis Setevis operatiulma
siRrmem Seadgina ramdenime kilometri. yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod
qarTulma mxarem SeZlo SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis cocxali
Zalis mobilizacia, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan, Tanac
TiTqmis yovelgvari teqnikis gareSe. amave dros faqtobrivad ver

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moxerxda Tavdacvis eSelonizebuli taqtikuli zonis aRdgena_
qarTuli mxaris mier soWis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis masStabebma
gamoricxa amis SesaZlebloba (d. jojua, 2007: 198). 27 seqtembers
daeca soxumi, xolo 28-30 seqtembers _ TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi.
1992-1993 wlebis afxazeTis omSi saqarTvelos damarcxebas
da SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da qarTuli mosaxleobis mier
avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriis datovebas Sedegad mohyva
regionze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis Sewyveta. dRes afxazeTi
aris saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis politikuri
suverenitetisa da iurisdiqciis farglebs iZulebiT CamoSorebuli
secesiuri lokaluri zona, romelic ruseTis samxedro-strategiuli
mxardaWeris safuZvelze gudauTis dajgufebis saxeliT calsaxad
uaryofs oficialuri Tbilisis uzenaesobis aRdgenis nebismier
gamovlinebas.
saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis secesia ar ganxorcielebula TviTga-
morkvevis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis an plebiscitu-
li Sidakonstituciuri procesis safuZvelze. es moxda saqarTve-
los centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ruseTisagan provoci-
rebuli separatistebis antikonstituciuri amboxebisa da samxedro
daumorCileblobis gziT.
amitom afxazeTis ,,damoukidebloba” sinamdvileSi aris
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba.
Sesabamisad, antikonstituciuri warmonaqmis aRiareba saerTaSoriso
danaSaulia.
separatistuli afxazeTis politikuri koniunqturis arsebiTi
niSania ruseTis de faqto proteqtorati. ruseTis strategiuli
interesebi afxazeTSi logikur kavSirSia mTels postsabWoTa
sivrceze kontrolis aRdgenis neoimperiul politikasTan. afxazeTis
problema am restavraciuli procesis erT-erTi qmediTi meqanizmia;
sakiTxiT xdeba garkveul zRvramde saqarTvelos suverenitetis
Sekaveba, saqarTvelos, rogorc kavkasiis geopolitikuri RerZuli
arealis blokireba, mTeli kavkasiis reokupaciisa da reaneqsiis
SesaZleblobis SenarCuneba.
afxazeTze kontrolis SenarCunebiT uzrunvelyofilia kavkasiis
regionisa da ,,harTlendis” samxreTi seqtoris rekonfiguraciis
progresuli geopolitikuri tendenciis blokireba. am TvalsazrisiT
ruseTis globalur geopolitikaSi afxazeTis funqcia kaliningradis
anklavis, dnestrispireTisa da aRmosavleT ukrainis funqciis
identuria.
amave dros, afxazeTs ruseTisaTvis gaaCnia lokaluri
subregionaluri geopolitikuri Rirebuleba: afxazeTi ruseTisaTvis
warmoadgens erTgvar ,,godols”, romelic erTian sistemur
mTlianobaSi kravs SavizRvispireTsa da kavkasias. soWi-adler-
tuafses zonas ar SeuZlia amgvari ,,Semkvreli” geopolitikuri
funqciis Sesruleba, aq avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis dabali

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procentuli maCveneblebis gamo. ruseTma afxazeTi rom ,,daTmos”,
maSin subregionSi Seiqmneba eTnopolitikuri siWrele da soWi-
adler-tuafses rusuli zona gaxdeba Taviseburi buferi, romelic
yabardoul da adiRur eTnikur zonebs gaamxoloebs maTi ,,Zmebi
afxazebisagan”. amitom isini aucileblad Seuteven am zonas, misi
buferuli xasiaTis salikvidaciod, rac ruseTs destabilizaciis
axal areals Seuqmnis soWi-maikop-Cerkeskis xazze.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, afxazeTze dawesebulia ruseTis
araformaluri proteqtorati. faqtobrivad moqmedebs garegani
mmarTvelobis reJimi, romlis drosac ruseTi mTlinad
akontrolebs afxazeTSi mimdinare politikur procesebs da
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeba ruseTis prezidentis
administraciisa da saxelmwifo saTaTbirosTan separatistebis
subordinaciuli konsultaciebis safuZvelze. ruseTs, samwuxarod,
sakmarisi resursebi gaaCnia imisaTvis, rom dablokos nebismieri
arasasurveli gadawyvetileba. am mxriv, imperatiul ,,vetos jgufebs”
warmoadgenen ruseTis prezidentis administracia, Tavdacvis
saministros generaluri Stabi da saxelmwifo saTaTbiros dsT-s
saqmeTa komiteti. swored es struqturebi axdenen gadamwyvet
zegavlenas afxazeTis politikur speqtrze. garda amisa, ruseTis
istebliSmentSi separatistebis mxardaWeris mZlavr lobistur
qsels qmnian saxelmwifo saTaTbiros fraqciebi ,,rodina” da
,,ldpr” da mecnierebaTa akademiis dsT-s strategiuli kvlevebis
instituti. amdenad, saxezea ruseTis mier afxazeTis araoficialuri
proteqtoruli mmarTveloba politikuri kolonizaciis niSnebiT.
ruseTis isedac destruqciuli politika gansakuTrebiT
radikaluri gaxda 1999-2000 wlebis mijnaze, xelisuflebis saTaveSi
v.putinisa da misi militokratiuli dajgufebis mosvlis Semdeg. am
droidan ruseTis politikam SeiZina mizanmimarTulad aneqsionisturi
xasiaTi.
1999 wlis oqtomberSi v.putinma gaauqma ruseTis mTavrobis
1994 wlis 19 dekembris dadgenileba afxazeTis separatistuli
reJimis ekonomikuri, sasazRvro da finansuri blokadis Sesaxeb,
paralelurad, faqtobrivad mxari dauWira 1999 wlis 12
oqtombris e.w ,,afxazeTis damoukideblobis aqts”, radganac es aris
,,damoukidebloba” ruseTTan mierTebisaTvis.
2000 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelosTan savizo reJimis
SemoRebis paralelurad, ruseTma afxazeTTan da cxinvalis regionTan
SeinarCuna uvizo sasazRvro reJimi. 2002 wlidan, yovelgvari
saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT, v.putinis administraciam daiwyo
afxazeTis mosaxleobisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWebisa
da rusuli pasportebis darigebis procesi. es uprecendentod
deliqturi procesi warmoadgenda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
humanitarul intervencias da misi samoqalaqo sivrcis organuli
nawilis aneqsias.

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 sruliad aSkaraa, rom ,,afxazuri separatizmis” araformaluri
mxardaWeris elcinuri strategiidan ruseTi gadavida afxazeTTan
gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis damyarebisa da misi etapobrivi
aneqsiis uaRresad saSiS strategiaze. Tu adreul etapze
ruseTisaTvis mTavari mizani iyo ara afxazeTis secesia, aramed
afxazeTis faqtoris meSveobiT saqarTvelos ,,CaWera” Tavisi
politikuri gavlenis zonaSi, amieridan ruseTma kursi aiRo
saqarTvelos teritoriuli dezintegraciis xelSewyobaze. es
strategia ruseTis axali geopolitikuri proeqtis organuli
nawilia. proeqtis mizania ruseTis mier ,,harTlendis” samxreT
subregionSi sakuTari geopolitikur-geostrategiuli interesebis
zonis Seqmna da am sistemaSi, iranTan da somxeTTan erTad,
postsabWoTa sivrcis auRiarebeli separatistuli anklavebis CarTva.
rusuli gegmis mixedviT, afxazeTi unda gaxdes am prorusuli
geopolitikuri sartyelis erT-erTi nawili. es aris afxazeTis
funqcia ruseTisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri
orientaciis moSlasTan erTad.
2008 wlis 7-12 agvistos omis Semdeg ruseTma aqtiurad daiwyo
am strategiis realizacia. saqarTveloSi samxedro intervenciisa
da postintervenciuli okupaciis kvalad, 25-26 agvistos kremlma
miiRo sruliad ukanono da saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT
danaSaulebrivi aqtebi afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis e.w.
,,damoukideblobis” cnobis Sesaxeb.
,,afxazeTis krizisis” daregulirebis ualternativo gzaa
-evroatlantikuri kursis radikalizacia da am kursis farglebSi,
garkveuli saerTaSoriso garantiebis miRebis paralelurad,
ruseTis ,,saSuamavlo” misiis neitralizeba; ruseTis amJamindel
administraciasTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaze laparaki sruliad
uperspeqtivo da araproduqtiuli ocnebaa.

damowmebuli literatura:

afxazeTis labirinTi, 1999 _ afxazeTis labirinTi, Tb., 1999.

g. gasviani, T. gasviani, 2005 _ g. gasviani, T. gasviani, afxazeTis
omi, Tb., 2005.
a. dugini, 1999 _ a. dugini, geopolitikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,
1999.
,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 1992 wlis 27 ivnisi.
d. jojua, 2007 _ d. jojua, afxazeTi 1938-2006 wlebSi: regionaluri
istoriuli procesis aspeqtebi, Tb., 2007.
Бгажба О., Лакоба С., 2006 _ Бгажба О., Лакоба С., История Абхазии, Сухуми,
2006.
Лакоба С., , 2001 _ Лакоба С., Абхазия де факто или Грузия де юре? Хоккаидо,
2001.
279
 giorgi qavTaraZe

kavkasionis geopolitikuri
roli istoriuli perspeqtividan
dedamiwis aRmosavleT naxevarsferos rukaze Tvalis erTi
gadavlebac ki sakmarisia amierkavkasiis centraluri mdebareobis
dasanaxad. misgan CrdiloeTiT ganlagebulia gamokveTilad
Crdilouri qveyana - ruseTi, samxreTiT - irani da TurqeTi,
dasavleTidan Savi zRva gamoyofs mas aRmosavleT evropisagan, xolo
aRmosavleTiT kaspiis zRva - centraluri aziisagan. amierkavkasiis
aseTi Sualeduri mdebareoba mizezi unda yofiliyo misi eTno-
kulturuli mravalferovnebis, rac SemCneuli hqondaT jer kidev
klasikuri xanis mwerlebsa da moRvaweebs.
amierkavkasiis dasavleT da centralur nawilebSi mdebare
saqarTvelo, adreuli xanebis kolxeTi da iberia, klasikuri xanis
berZnuli miTologiisaTvis oqros sawmisis da promeTeosis qveyanaa.
igi, marTlac promeTeos-amiraniviT aris mijaWvuli kavkasionis did
mTagrexilze. sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelos yofil saxelmwifo
gerbze gamosaxuli TeTri giorgis (saqarTvelos xateba) cxenis
floqvebTan, wmida giorgis xatze gamosaxuli urCxulis nacvlad,
Zevs kavkasionis mTebi, qveynis winaSe mdgari bunebrivi gamowvevis
simbolo - simbolo dedamiwis geografiuli, eTno-kulturuli da
politikuri dayofis erT-erT umTavres niSansvetTan misi bedis
kavSirisa.
amierkavkasia (da kerZod, saqarTvelo) mdebareobs ara mxolod
geografiulad - dedamiwis oTxive mxaris gzajvaredinze, aramed
gzajvaredinze qronologiuri TvalTaxedviTac - Zvel, totalitarul
da axal, demokratiul samyaroebs Soris. orive es gzajvaredini
amave dros erTmaneTTan aris gadaxlarTuli; amierkavkasiis
CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT jer isev arian ganlagebuli
faqtobrivad totalitaruli qveynebi, xolo dasavleTiTa da
samxreTiT - metnaklebad demokratiuli cxovrebis wesis mqone, an
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis gzaze mdgari sazogadoebebi.
pirveli da meore msoflio omebisa da komunisturi sistemis
kolafsis Semdeg, msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas aRmocendnen Tu
aRorZindnen mravalricxovani saxelmwifoebi. am process dResac aqvs
adgili, ZiriTadad postsabWoTa sivrceSi; kerZod, 1918 wels aRdga
saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifos damoukidebloba. es
qveyana sami wlis Semdeg, 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, dapyrobil
iqna sabWoTa ruseTis mier. sabWoTa imperiis dasustebisTanave,
1991 wlis 9 aprils, saerTo-saxalxo referendumis safuZvelze
isev aRdga saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
rogorc Cans, swored geopolitikuri xasiaTis faqtorebma
gamoiwvia ara mxolod klasikuri xanis Suagul amierkavkasiaSi

280
saxelmwifoebriobis aRmoceneba, aramed agreTve ganapiroba misi
istoriuli ganviTareba saSualo saukuneebSi, axal da uaxles
xanebSi.
sagangebo kvlevis mizani unda iyos saqarTvelos politikur
orientaciaSi SesaZlo mimarTulebaTa monaxazis warmodgena, sakuTriv
saqarTvelos, sazogadod amierkavkasiisa da ufro vrceli (Savi da
kaspiis zRvebis auzebis momijnave) arealis politikur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli tendenciebis fonze da am tendenciaTa urTierTmimarTebis
xasiaTis garkveva.
qarTveli politologebi Tu farTo sazogadoeba samgvari
arCevanis winaSea:
1. СНГ-s farglebSi arsebul TavdacviT sistemasTan (anu
ruseTTan) mierTeba;
2. neitralitetis gamocxadeba;
3. evro-atlantikur demokratiul sazogadoebebSi integrireba.
prorusuli gadaxra faqtiurad niSnavs Cveni qveynis
ukan gabrunebas saxelmwifoebriobis Senebis gzidan da rusul
”xaxaSi” TandaTanobiT Cavardnas. niSandoblivia, rom miuxedavad
saerTaSoriso gadawyvetilebebisa, ruseTi yvela xerxiT cdilobs
saqarTveloSi SeinarCunos samxedro yofna, gaafarToos aq Tavisi
ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlena.
neitraluri statusi wamgebiania qveynisaTvis, romelic
politikuri procesebis epicentrSia da, amave dros garSemortymulia
agresiuli mezoblebiT - upirveles yovlisa, ruseTiT. TurqeTi
da ramdenadme irani, TavianTi kavkasiuri politikis xelaxali
gansazRvris Semdeg da sakuTari istoriuli tradiciebisagan
gansxvavebiT, cdiloben SeZlebisdagvarad daicvan regionSi mSvidoba
da usafrTxoeba.
rogorc Cans, evro-atlantikur demokratiul sazogadoebebSi
integrireba, erTaderTi arCevania, romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos
saqarTvelos Tavisufali ganviTareba.
magram ramdenad SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom drois
xangrZlivi perspeqtividan es arCevani upasuxebs qveynis erovnul
interesebs? ratom xdeba aRniSnuli arCevani, prodasavluri
orientacia, qarTuli sazogadoebis motto? ramdenad safuZvliania
qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi nawilis SiSi, rom aRniSnuli
orientaciis gamo, qveyana da misi mosaxleoba imyofeba dasavleTis
demokratiuli sazogadoebis mterTagan momdinare, winaswar
ganuWvreteli da gardauvali dasjis safrTxis qveS, ris gamoc, maTi
azriT, qveynis politikuri orientacia Sesacvlelia?
dasmuli kiTxvebi cxadyofs, ramdenad daZabuli da gaurkvevelia
saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli wlebis politikuri situacia. Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom moipovebodes ioli pasuxi yvela im kiTxvaze,
romelic awuxebs dRevandel qarTul sazogadoebas, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, SeZlebisdagvarad mainc unda SevecadoT, mdgomareoba ufro

281
gasagebi gavxadoT qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalTaxedvidan
gamomdinare.
Tanamedrove movlenebis safuZvelSi adreuli xanebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebis xasiaTis SecnobisaTvis, saWiro xdeba
retrospeqtuli xedvis gamoyeneba. saqarTvelos politikuri
orientaciis isari sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli mxareebisaken
ixreboda; magram ra saxis meqanizmi ganapirobebda am cvalebadobas?
romeli iyo udidesi magnituri Zalis mqone mxare, istoriis manZilze
qarTuli veqtoris ganmsazRvreli? dRevandelobaSi gasarkvevad
aucilebeli xdeba am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema.
samwuxarod, saTanado yuradRebis gareSea darCenili, centralur
amierkavkasiaSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebis aRmocenebasa da
kavkasionis uReltexilebis kontrolis saWiroebas Soris
arsebuli urTierTkavSiri. arada, es urTierTkavSiri mkafiod aris
aRbeWdili regionis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. aseTi ugulvebelyofa
ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo, ukanaskneli orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
amierkavkasiis inkorporaciiT jer ruseTisa da Semdeg sabWoTa
imperiaSi. bunebrivia, am imperiaTa arcerTi qveSevrdomi dawesebuleba
ar dauSvebda msgavsi Tematikis damuSavebas da verc postsabWoTa
xanaSi iqneboda igi maincdamainc waxalisebuli. orive es qveyana
(ruseTis imperia da sabWoTa kavSiri) sakmaod warmatebuli
gamodga amierkavkasiis teritoriis totalur daqvemdebarebaSi; amas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda maTi eqspansionisturi miznebisaTvis
mTeli axloaRmosavluri-xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli arealis mimarT.
meore mxriv, is garemoeba, rom ukanaskneli orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
arcerTi kavkasieli eri ar iyo faqtiurad warmodgenili msoflios
politikur rukaze, mizezi gaxda dasavleli specialistebis mier
kavkasiis istoriis ugulvebelyofisa.
komunisturi sistemis rRvevam SesaZlebloba misca aRniSnuli
sistemisadmi adre mikuTvnebuli qveynebis specialistebs, gamoeyenebinaT
kvlevisas maTTvis adre warmoudgeneli iseTi meTodologiuri
safuZvlebi, romlebic sagrZnoblad arian daSorebuli marqsizm-
leninizmis dogmebs da romlebic ukve ramdenadme moZvelebuladac
ki arian miCneuli. adreuli kavkasiis politikuri istoriis
SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT ufro optimalurad arnold Toinbis e.
w. ”gamowvevisa da pasuxis”, anu ”stimulisa da reaqciis” (Challenge-
and-Response) modelis gamoyeneba Cans, vinaidan, centralur
amierkavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebriobis ideis warmoqmna-ganviTareba
Tavis ”gamowvevasa” Tu ”stimuls” (challenge) swored adgilobrivi
bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi garemos ”pasuxSi” anu ”reaqciaSi”
(response) poulobda [Toynbee 1956: 31, 101, 208 Smd.].
saqarTvelos politikuri istoria, sxva amierkavkasiuli qveynebis
msgavsad, ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo amierkavkasiis mdebareobiT
didi kavkasionis mTagrexilis samxreTiT. es mTagrexili qmnida texils
(geologiuri ”rRvevis xazis” msgavsad) ara mxolod geografiuli,

282
socialur-ekonomikuri da eTno-kulturuli, aramed msoflios
geopolitikuri dayofis TvalsazrisiTac. kacobriobisaTvis
kavkasionis mdebareobis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba, jer kidev ori
aTasi wlis win, naTlad gamoxata plinius ufrosma (Plinius Magnus):
kavkasiis kari (anu darialis karibWe) samyaros or nawilad
ganyofs (n.h. 6, 30).
samyaros koncefcia yovelTvis saWiroebda zRvars, agebuls
moazrovne adamianis mier barbarosTa sawinaaRmdegod, aseTi iyo,
magaliTad, CineTis didi kedeli an adrianes kedeli (Roman Limes).
kavkasiis karibWes analogiuri dacviTi kedlis funqcia hqonda.
uxsovari droidan igi mZlavri winaRoba iyo saziaro interesebis mqone
axloaRmosavlur-xmelTaSuazRvispireTul civilizirebul samyaroSi,
anu oikumeneSi, evrazieli nomadebis SeRwevis sawinaaRmdegod.
kavkasionis mTavari qedis centraluri uReltexili, kavkasiis
kari, xSirad moixsenieba klasikuri xanis mwerlobaSi, rogorc
aleqsandres svetebi, burji Tu rkinis karibWe [Sdr., Anderson,
1932: 15-19]. istoriuli literaturidan kargad aris cnobili,
rom Tavad aleqsandres arasodes ulaSqria kavkasiisaken. amitom,
safiqrebelia, rom aleqsandre didis saxelis kavSiri qarTul
saxelmwifoebriobasTan, asaxuli somxur da qarTul matianeebSi,
unda mianiSnebdes mxolod da mxolod am saxelmwifos raison
d’être-ze (arsebobis arsze); kerZod, mis daniSnulebaze, yofiliyo
civilizebuli samyaros forposti, am ukanasknelis brZolaSi gogisa
da magogis sauflosTan, romelsac kavkasiis karibWis, anu kavkasionis
mTavari qedis, gadaRma edo bina.
simboluria, rom saqarTvelos yofil saxelmwifo gerbze
gvxvdeboda didi mefis legendaruli xatebis mier boZebuli mzis,
mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis gamosaxuleba. amrigad, aleqsandreseuli
rkinis karibWis koncefcia warmoadgenda gamoxatulebas qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis konkretuli politikuri funqciisa, yofiliyo
damcveli msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
strategiuli punqtis - kavkasiis karibWisa.
zemoaRniSnuli saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia iyo erT-erTi gadamwyveti
faqtori, romelmac xeli Seuwyo adre elinisturi xanis centralur
amierkavkasiaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnas. ufro zustad,
kavkasionis mTavari qedis uSualod samxreTiT - anu evrazieli
nomadebisa da axloaRmosavluri civilizirebuli sazogadoebebis
sakontaqto zonaSi - saqarTvelos mdebareoba, ZiriTadi mizezi iyo
CrdiloeTidan masze mudmivi garegani zewolis, anu ”gamowvevis”
(challenge), romelmac Tavis mxriv ganapiroba ”pasuxi” (response) -
aRniSnul zonaSi anu centralur amierkavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebriobis
(iberiis samefos) aRmoceneba. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom Pax
Achaemenia-s Secvla Pax Macedonica-Ti iyo iberiis (aRmosavlurqarTuli)
saxelmwifos warmoqmnis aRmniSvneli niSansveti [Toumanoff, 1943: 142,
150,Smd., 443; Sdr., Gugushvili, 1936, 109,Smd.].

283
 iberiis samefos””arsebobis arsis” msgavsad, klasikuri epoqis
sxva axali saxelmwifoebis: albaneTisa da lazikis mniSvneloba
ganpirobebuli Cans amierkavkasiis saerTo geografiuli mdebareobiT1.
es saxelmwifoebi warmoadgendnen civilizebuli samyaros
(berZnuli - oikumene, romauli - orbis terarrum) Znelad gadasalaxav
forpostebs kavkasiis karibWis gadaRmidan SemoWrili momTabare
barbarosi tomebisaTvis. Tumca, arsebobda aSkara sxvaoba qarTuli
saxelmwifoebis (iberia, lazika) dasavlur (berZnul-bizantiur) da
albaneTisa da somxeTis aRmosavlur (parTia, irani) politikur
orientaciebs Soris.
romaelTa erT-erTi kardinaluri amocanis - axlo aRmosavleTSi
Pax Romana-s SenarCunebis - yvelaze ufro xelsayrel SesaZleblobas
kavkasiis uReltexilebze ganxorcielebuli kontroli iZleoda.
iberielebi, romelTa Zalaufleba kavkasiis karibWeze vrceldeboda,
regionSi romaelTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi iyvnen.
romaelebsa da iberebs (erTidaimave orbis terarrum-is Semadgenel
nawilebs) Soris arsebuli mWidro TanamSromloba, saerTo
strategiul interesebze iyo dafuZnebuli.
iberiis xelisufalni permanentulad da didi warmatebiTac
iyenebdnen TavianTi qveynis xelsayrel strategiul mdebareobas,
raTa SeeCerebinaT yvela mxridan momdinare agresia. jer kidev,
tacitusi SeniSnavda, rom iberielebi gamoirCeodnen sxvadasxva
poziciebis TavianT sasargeblod gamoyenebis `didi xelovanebiT”;
maT SeeZloT, kavkasionis gadaRma mxareebidan uecrad `gadmoesxaT”
moqiravneebi TavianTi mtrebis winaaRmdeg (Ann. 6, 33).
rogorc Cans, uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs qarTuli
saxelmwifos arsi, gaakontrolos Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde
arsebuli kavkasionis yvela gadasasvleli; rac gamoxatulia
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis formulaSi: `nikofsiiTgan
darubandamde”. aRniSnuli formula gansakuTrebul maxvils svams
CrdiloeTis sazRvris gayolebaze, romelic gadaWimuli iyo
daaxloebiT Tanamedrove tuafsedan (Sav zRva) derbendamde (kaspiis
zRva), romlis dacva da kontroli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
erT-erT ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgenda.
axloaRmosavlur-xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli arealis saxelmwifoTa
yvela drois mesveurTaTvis, momTabareTaTvis gzis gadamketi kavkasiis
karibWis efeqturi kontrolis didi saWiroebis gamo, sasurveli iyo
Suagul amierkavkasiaSi, iberiaSi, msgavsi funqciis SesrulebisaTvis
sakmao Zalis mqone politikuri organizaciis arseboba.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis bedis kavSiri kavkasionis
gadasasvlelebis gakontrolebis moTxovnasTan mkafiod ikveTeba
mTeli misi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. Cemi azriT, ZiriTadad qveynis
am funqciis arsebobiT unda iyos gamowveuli is garemoeba, rom
saqarTvelo warmoadgens erTaderT saxelmwifos mTel qristianul
1 didi kavkasionis mTagrexilis samxreTiT aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis
mier am mTagrexilis strategiuli funqciis mqone zekarebis kontroli.

284
samyaroSi, romlis socialur-politikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba
uwyvetad SeiZleba CaiTvalos klasikuri xanebidan dawyebuli XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis mier misi aneqsiis xanamde [Toumanoff
1943].
rogorc vxedavT, axloaRmosavlur-xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli sa-
zogadoebebis daintereseba centraluri amierkavkasiiT gardauva-
li iyo ara mxolod am regionis abstraqtuli dacviTi funqciis
gamo, aramed ZiriTadad am ukanasknelis mdebareobis gamo civili-
zebuli da barbarosuli samyaroebis Sexebis zonaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom amierkavkasiis aseTi mdebareoba ganapirobebda mis sivr-
ceSi istoriuli ganviTarebis am ori diametralurad sawinaaRmde-
go modelis Sejaxebas; kavkasionis mTavari qedis faqtori, romlis
samxreTiTac es regioni mdebareobda, gansazRvravda mis beds -
yofiliyo maRalganviTarebuli da warmatebuli axloaRmosavlur-
xmelTaSuazRvispireTuli oikumenes forposti socialuri, politi-
kuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis dabali tempis mqone
evraziis vrceli stepebis mravalricxovan da agresiul momTabareTa
winaaRmdeg, romelTac axlo aRmosavleTSi laSqrobisas placdarmad
esaWiroebodaT saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis teritoria.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qarTvelTa saxelmwifo istoriulad
warmoadgenda civilizaciis burjs samxreT-dasavleTisa da
Crdilo-aRmosavleTis Sesayarze.
mudmivi dapirispireba barbarossa da civilizebuls, mimTvisebelsa
da meurnes/Semoqmeds Soris iyo is kvesi da abedi, romlis
saSualebiTac dainTo saxelmwifoebriobis cecxli kavkasionis
mTavari qedis centraluri nawilis gadmoRma mdebare qarTul
saxelmwifoSi.

damowmebuli literatura:
Anderson 1932 - A. R. Anderson. Alexander’s Gate, Gog and Magog, and the
Inclosed Nations. The Medieval Academy of America. Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1932.

Gugushvili 1936 - A. Gugushvili. The Chronological-Genealogical Table of the Kings

of Georgia, – Georgica, 1-3, 1936.

Toynbee 1956 - A. J. Toynbee. A Study of History, vol. II. London, New York,
Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1956.

Toumanoff 1943 - C. Toumanoff. Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth –

XVth

(Centuries), – Traditio, I. Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and

Religion. New York, 1956.

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291
 sur. 1. msigxuas mTis
eklesiis warwera.

sur. 1a. giorgi II-is warwera

samwerobelze.

292
sur. 2. moqvis taZari. agebulia leon mesame afxazTa mefis mi.

sur. 3. moqvi. grigol moqvelis warwera.

293
sur. 4. bediis taZari. agebulia bagrat mesamis mier.

sur. 5. bediis barZimi bagrat mefis warweriT.

294
sur. 6. bedia. dadianTa sagvareulos freska. oCamCiris raioni.

sur. 7. iloris taZari.

295
sur. 8. ilori. giorgi qoColavas warwera.

sur. 9. wkelikaris eklesiis freska warweriT.

296
 sur. 10. wkelikaris eklesiis
detali.

sur. 11. wkelikari. qtitor CiCuas warwera.

297
 sur. 12. anuxva.
giorgi basilis Zis warwera.

sur. 13. anuxva. warwera stelaze.

298
 sur. 14. webelda.
luka martinavas warwera.

sur. 15. webelda. wm. giorgis taZris warwera.

299
sur. 16. webeldis kankeli.

sur. 17. gudava. rabaisa da nugamwiras warwera.

300
sur. 18 lixnis taZari.

sur. 18b. lixnis freskuli warwera.

301
sur. 19. lixnis warwera kometis gamoCenis Sesaxeb.

sur. 20. Wala. ozbeg dadianis warwera. oCamCiris raioni.

302
sur. 20a. dixazurga. miqael galatozTuxucesis warwera.

sur. 21. samwevrisis taZari agebulia konstantine mesame afxa.

303
sur. 22. samwevrisi. konstantine mesamis warwera.

sur. 23. leon mesame

afxazTa mefis xati
qarTuli warweriT.

304