BULLETIN POLICY. The COADE Mechanical Engineering News Bulletin is published on a monthly basis from the COADE/ McGraw-Hill offices in Houston, Texas. The Bulletin is intended to provide information about software applications and development for Me- chanical Engineers serving the power, petrochemical and related industries. Additionally the Bulletin will function as the official notification vehicle for software errors discovered in those mechanical programs offered by COADE/McGraw-Hill. PC HARDWARE FOR THE ENGINEERING USER (PART 4) The last issue of "Mechanical Engi- neering News" discussed a few of the unknowns about OS/2, the new operating system from Microsoft and IBM. Since the last issue, only a few new conclusions can be drawn: CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE PC HARDWARE FOR THE ENGINEERING USER arr 4 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS MACHINE TIMES. MORE SPEED. SUSTAINED & EXPANSION STRESS CASES. CAESAR Il, NEW VERSIONS, DYNAMICS .. COADE/McGrawHill TNA A minimum configuration will require at least 2 Mbytes of memory. This does NOT include the memory required by the application package. There are at this time few de- velopment aids for writers of engineering programs. Porting engineering software to the OS/2 environment is a particular unknown. OS/2 still remains targeted for the much larger business PC market. Current literature indicates that only 15% of the developer base is contemplating the OS/2 transition. Most developers are waiting for OS/3, since there are limitations with OS/2 involving the nature of the 80286 chip. It has been written that a truly useful, full functioned multi-tasking DOS type PC environment is still at least 5 years away. We will continue to monitor, and re- port on, developments in this area, eLkibnnMORE SPEED (Cont'd) other would render some programs useless. Practically, the user must buy and in- stall both the coprocessor board and the 80387 math chip. This brings the cost for a complete coprocessor system to around $2,700. Unless there is an overwhelming interest by the users in the accelerator boards, COADE will not attempt to offer software specially prepared for these add-on boards. SUSTAINED & EXPANSION STRESS CASES We have had several requests to discuss in greater detail the sustained and ex- pansion stress calculations associated with piping code compliance. Many engi- neers are not aware of what comprises these load cases or how they are obtained. Support calls are still questioning how a +¥ restraint can appear to hold the pipe down, (in the expansion case). The following paragraphs attempt to explain these items. To understand the load case methodology we must understand first, what the piping codes requite and second, how the analysis can be set up to satisfy these requirements, ‘The answer to the first of these questions comes directly from the B31.3 piping code: Paragraph 319.23 of B31.3 defines the "displacement stress range” as the differ- ence between the extreme displacement condition and the original (as-installed) condition. From an analysis perspective, we must compute an operating case which repre- sents the "extreme displacement condition", and an as-installed case, and then find the displacement difference between them. This is exactly how CAESAR recommends the expansion stress case: where D1 represents the operating displacements and D2 represents the as-in- stalled displacements. For linear piping systems, i.e. systems without single directional restraints, gaps or friction, this is equivalvent to performing a thermal only run, For nonlinear sys- tems the two separate load cases, (operating and as-installed) must be run sepa- rately and the difference taken. CAESAR terms the as-installed load case the SUSTAINED case. CAESAR'S recom- (cont'd on page 5) e‘SUSTAINED & EXPANSION STRESS CASES mendations for a job normally appear - (OPERATING) T+P+W - (SUSTAINED) P+W - (EXPANSION) D1 - D2 Where the third load case: D1- D2, is the difference between the first and second load cases. It is this third load case that answers the question: How can a +Y restraint be holding the pipe down The answer is that the expansion case represents a “difference” or a "range" of values. If the load on a +Y restraint is 100 tb. in the operating case and 200 Ib. in the sustained case, the “range” of the loads on the restraint is -100 Ib. At no time however between the operating and the sustained conditions does the +Y restraint hold the pipe down !! Much of the confusion here is due to the way older pipe stress programs computed the expansion stress. These programs were originally linear, and as such always used the THERMAL ONLY run to compute the expansion stress. i.e. WHEN A PROBLEM IS LINEAR: D1 - D2 = THERMAL ONLY CASE When these older programs included nonlinear effects there was no convenient way to add displacement range calculations without restructuring the entire output processing scheme. At the time the best way around this problem was to! Run an operating case to determine the nonlinear restraint configuration for all restraints in the problem. Fix all of the restraints as per this operating configuration, i.c. if a 1-D restraint lifted off then take it out of the problem for all subsequent cases. Run a thermal only run as an approximation to the expansion stress range. Run a weight + pressure run as an approximation to the as-installed, or sustained case. This was a reasonable solution for the time, but omitted certain components of the stresses from the expansion case. The simple job below illustrates the problems (Cont'd on page 6)SUSTAINED _& EXPANSION STRESS CASES (Cont'd) that arise with this type of solution: ‘Thema Growth up = 15 In oO) Renrsice ge = 17001 SS singe irectiont Mope = 1235. ‘Resaint Lifted Off ‘ORERATING OSITION SINSTALLED POSITION When the vessel heats up it causes the node 10 to lift off of its single directional support. In this position there is a much greater bending moment at node 5. The stress range due to thermal expansion is calculated as: EXPANSION STRESS ( Mope - Minstalled ) / Z (1235 - 97.) 1 Z 1138 1 Z where: Mope is the operating moment at node 5, Minstalled is the installed moment at node 5, and Z_ is the pipe section modulus. ‘The as-installed (or SUSTAINED) stress is computed from: SUSTAINED STRESS Minstalled / Z 97 1Z Older programs would handle this job: (Cont'd on page 7) a TTSUSTAINED & EXPANSION STRESS CASES (Cont'd) Run the operating case and determine that node 10 has lifted off. ~ Take the restraint at node 10 out of the model. ~ Run the weight case without node 10. - Run a thermal only case without node 10. The expansion stress in the older programs is calculated from the thermal only case run in step 4 above. A thermal only run for the geometry above shows zero moments at node 5. EXPANSION STRESS (Older Programs) 0.0/Z The sustained stress for these programs is found from the weight case without node 10: SUSTAINED STRESS (Older Programs) = Mope/Z 1235 /Z Older programs omit the displacement range component from the expansion stress and add it to the sustained stress. Newer programs making the exact displacement range calculation add the displacement range component to the expansion stress (where it belongs), and leave it as an option to the user to add it (conservatively) to the sustained stress or not. Mr. Tony Paulin (the author of CAESAR II) presented a paper on the mathematical formulation of this problem at the Chicago PVP meeting. User's can call COADE to receive a copy of Mr. Paulin's paper. CAESAR II, NEW_VERSIONS. Certain of the version 2.2 items required more extensive quality assurance than (Cont'd on page 8)