1."DarkMatter."Encyclopedia.com.UXLEncyclopediaofScience,2002.Web.21May2013.

<http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dark_matter.aspx>.
DarkMatterisamaterialthatisbelievedtomakeup90%ofthemassoftheuniverse.Itneither
emitsnorreflectselectromagneticradiation.Electromagneticradiationisanenergygivenoff
fromchargedparticles.Itisonlydetectedbythroughthebendingoflightraysfromdistantstars
byitsgravity.Darkmattermayconsistofdust,planets,intergalacticgas,ornonluminous
bodiessuchasburnedoutstars,blackholes,andbrowndwarfs.Abrowndwarfismuchlikea
planetbutitsmassissolowitcantsustainhydrogen.Theywouldbedisperseduniformly
throughouttheuniverse.Anothertheoryisitiscolddarkmatterandwouldbefoundinclumps
aroundtheuniverse.Astronomersbelievedarkmatterholdstogetherrapidlyspinninggalaxies
andeffectingtherateatwhichthegalaxyexpands.Asubatomicparticleisaunitofmatterand
energysmallerthananatom.Iwillusethisarticlebecauseithadalotofnewinformationand
definitionsofwordsthatIdidntknow.Italsoshowedadifferenttheoryofwhatdarkmatteris.
Thisarticlehelpedmeunderstandtherearemultipletheoriesoutthereandnonehavebeen
proved.

2."DarkEnergy,DarkMatterNASAScience."DarkEnergy,DarkMatterNASAScience.
NASAScience,n.d.Web.20May2013.
<http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focusareas/whatisdarkenergy/>.
In1990itwasbelievedthattheuniversewouldslowlystopexpandingduetogravitysince

gravitypullsallmattertogether.In1998usingtheHubbleSpaceTelescopeitwasfoundthat
expansionhadtrulybeenincreasinginsteadofdecreasing.Therewasnoexplanationforthis
phenomenon.Theycameupwiththreeexplanationsofthesefindings.Thefirstwasthatthere
wasalongdiscardedversionofEinstein'stheoryofgravity.Thesecondwasmaybesomeweird
energyfilledspace.ThethirdwasthatEinsteinwaswrongwithhistheoryofgravity.Theystill
haventconcludedbuttheyhavenamedthesolution.Theycalleditdarkmatter.Iwillusethis
articlebecauseitgoesintodetailaboutthebeginningofdarkmatter.Thisarticlehelpedme
understandhowthetheoryanddiscoveryofdarkmattercametobe.
3.Phillips,Tony,Dr."AWhiffofDarkMatterontheISSNASAScience."AWhiffofDark
MatterontheISSNASAScience.NASAScience,15Apr.2013.Web.20May2013.
<http://science.nasa.gov/sciencenews/scienceatnasa/2013/14apr_ams/>.
Thediscoveryofthe400,000positrons,in2011,wasshockinginthescientificcommunity.
Somesaidthisdiscoverywasexistenceofanewphysicalphenomenon.Theshuttlethat
discoveredthismatterwasaparticledetector.Inthefirst18monthsitfound25billioncosmic
rayevents.Cosmicraysaresubatomicparticles.Thequestionwaswheredidthismattercome
from?Manybelievedarkmatterismadeofneutralinosthatcollideandproducepositrons.
Anotherpossibilityispulsars.Pulsarsaremagnetizedneutrons.Theyspinontheiraxisandfling
particlesintospace.Iwillusethisarticlebecauseitexplainsmoreoftheteststhathavebeen
donetotryanddiscoverdarkmatter.Thisarticlehelpedmeunderstandmorepossibilitiesand
proofthatdarkmatterexists.

4."DarkMatter."DarkMatter.N.p.,n.d.Web.20May2013.
<http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/darkmatter.html>.

DarkMatterinfluencestheevolutionoftheuniversegravitationally.Itisindicatedthatthe
gravityinclustersofgalaxiesismuchlargerthanexpectedfromthematterthatwecanobserve.
Butthenatureofthisdarkmatteranditscosmetologyisanissueofmodernastrophysics.The
twobeliefsareeitherhotdarkmatterandcolddarkmatter.Hotdarkmatterwouldbemadeupof
particlesthathavezeroornearzeromass.Thiswouldimplythattheseparticlesmoveatthe
speedoflightandformveryhotgases.Coldmatterwouldbemadeupofmassiveparticlesthat
moveatnormalvelocities.Thiswouldcreatecoolergases.Ifallthisistruegalaxiescontribute
.5%oftheclosuredensityand99%wouldbeintheformofdarkmatter.Butadifferentestimate
isthat10%isclosuredensityand90%issubluminousmakingdarkmatterbaryonic(normal).I
willusethisarticlebecauseitexplainstheactualdifferencesbetweenhotdarkmatterandcold
darkmatter.Theinfoaboutthehdmandcdmcouldbeagreattopicformycomicandsomething
basedaroundthatsubjectofdarkmatter.FromthisarticleIunderstandthedifferencebetween
hdmandcdmandalsononbaryonicandbaryonic.

5.White,Martin."MartinWhite:DarkMatter."MartinWhite:DarkMatter.UCBerkeley,n.d.
Web.20May2013.<http://astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.html>.

Darkmattertakesupmostoftheuniversesmatter.Itcannotbedetectedbylightandcannotbe

seendirectly.Itisinferredtoexistbecauseofthemovementsofastronomicalobjects.Dark
matterisalsorequiredforgravitytoamplifyandtoformthelargescalestructuresweseetoday.
Also,ifyoumeasurevelocitiesincertainregionsthentherehastobeenoughmasstherefor
gravitytostopalltheobjectsfromflyingapartandtheinferredmassismuchmorethancanbe
explainedbyluminousobjects.Fromthattheycallthemass,darkmatter.Itisstillunsureof
whatdarkmatterismadeof.Thetwocandidatesarebaryonicmatterandnonbaryonicmatter
(hotdarkmatterandcolddarkmatter).Withdarkmatterthereisadarkenergythatgoesalong
withit.Themassandenergyareaccountedinthestudiesoftheuniverse.Iwillusethisarticle
becauseithassimpleinfoanditexplainsdarkmatterinamannerthatIunderstandandhavinga
goodunderstandingisnecessaryfortheproject.Thisarticlealsohelpedmeunderstandhowdark
matterispartoftheuniverseanditsroleinit.

6.Yuhas,Alan."StrongHintsofDarkMatterDetectedbySpaceStation,PhysicistsSay."The
Guardian.GuardianNewsandMedia,03Apr.2013.Web.20May2013.
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/apr/03/darkmatterspacestationphysics>.

NasaandCernannouncedfindingdarkmatterusingatwobilliondollarparticledetector
mountedtotheInternationalSpaceStation.Thedetectorweighsseventonsandiscalledthe
AlphaMagneticSpectrometerAMS.Itwasinstalledin2011.Physicistshavebeensifting
throughthedatainsearchofevidenceofdarkmatterforyears.Theteamtriedtofindthemfrom
highenergyfootprintsleftbehind.Inresearchtheyfoundahighnumberofpositrons,antimatter
counterparttoelectrons.Thissupportsthetheorythatwhendarkmattercollidestheydestroy

eachotherandcreatepositrons.Theycouldalsobecausedbyalessexcitingsourcethough.I
willusethisarticlebecauseittalksaboutthecurrentresearchofdarkmatter.Thisarticlehelped
meunderstandhowtheyareplanningtodiscoverdarkmatter.

7."DarkMatterandDarkEnergy."NationalGeographic.NationalGeographic,n.d.Web.21
May2013.<http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/darkmatter/>.

Protons,electrons,andneutronsmakesuplessthanfivepercentofthemassoftheuniverse.The
restismadeofaninvisibledarksubstancecalleddarkmatter(25percent)andarepellinggravity
forcecalleddarkmatter(70percent).Itisinvisibletolightandhasntbeendirectlyobserved.It
isalsoimpossibletoviewwithcurrentinstruments.Theevidencetheyhavethatitexistsarethe
gravitationaleffectsithasongalaxies.Theonlyexplanationfortherateatwhichthegalaxy
spinsisaunseenmassdarkmatter.Onehypothesisofwhatdarkmatterisaclumpofexotic
particlesthatdonotinteractwithnormalmatterorlightbutitstillhasagravitationalpull.Some
groupsareattemptingtocreatedarkmatterforstudies.Theforceoftheemptyspaceisgrowing
astheuniverseexpands.Allthisleavesscientistsstillconfusedonwhythismatterexistsinthe
firstplace.Iwillusethisinfobecauseithasveryusefulfactsandwasexplainedverywell.This
articlehelpsmeunderstandwhatdarkmatterisandeverythingweknowaboutit.