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7 NATIONS
Slovenia declared independence in 1991
Croatia and Bosnia followed suit
War in Croatia from 1991-1995 and in Bosnia from 1992-1995
Relationship Between
Religion and Ethnicity
Slavonic and East European Review (Dyker, 1972)
Serbs Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Croats Roman Catholic
Bosniaks Muslim
Austro-Hungarian Census (1879): Ethnic Moslem as
racial identifier
Religion was not so much a matter of private conscience
as of one's public identity. In some cases, the identification
between religion and nationality was so great that a
religious conversion automatically entailed a change of
nationality, in the eyes of others if not in those of the
convert himself (Petrovich, 1967).
World War I
World War II
Ustae
Ultranationalist political group that
blended elements of Fascism with
Catholic Fundamentalism to
empower the Croats against their
perceived Serbian oppressors
Never accepted the legitimacy of the centralized, Serb-dominated Yugoslav
state and campaigned continually for greater autonomy
Emphasized need for a racially pure Croatia
Promoted persecution and genocide against Serbs, Jews, and gypsies
Interestingly promoted Islam as a religion of Croats alongside
Catholicism (Jelic-Butic, 1977)
After gaining autonomy from the Yugoslav Kingdom in 1939, Croatia joined
World War II on the side of the Axis Powers in hopes that their coalition
would grant Croats the chance to take vengeance on the Serbs
Killed approximately 400,000 ethnic Serbs
(Ferraro, 2011)
World War II
etniks
Resistance movement fighting against
Nazi Germany and the Independent
State of Croatia
Notorious for committing war crimes
Focused on establishing a Greater
Serbia
Concentrated violence against Croats
who were Ustae or Ustae followers
and Muslims from Bosnia, Kosovo, and
Albania
Collaborated extensively with a variety
of different groups to achieve their goals
Using the enemy
(Ferraro, 2011)
Inciting Violence
Slobodan Milosevic
"At home and abroad, Serbia's enemies are massing against us. We say to
them 'We are not afraid'. 'We will not flinch from battle' (Percy, 1995)
Took on a political campaign to limit autonomy of Kosovo, which made him
popular among Serbs
1989 Kosovo Miners Strike
Reaction to Milosevic
Croatian and Slovenian leaders supported the Miners Strike
Milosevic countered that these leaders were endorsing Slovene and
Kosovar separatism
Works Cited
Beiber, F., & Daskalovski, Z. (2003). Understanding the War in Kosovo . Portland: Frank Cass Publishers.
Bertsch, G. K. (1977). Ethnicity and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Bloy, M. (2013). Austria-Hungary 1870-1914. Retrieved September 26, 2014, from A Web of English History:
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/aus-hun.htm
Coffey, J., & Matthews, C. T. (2002). Religion, law, and the role of force: a study of their influence on conflict and on conflict resolution. Ardsley, NY:
Transnational Publishers.
Djilas, A. (1995, July/August). Tito's Last Secret: How Did He Keep the Yugoslavs Together? Foreign Affairs.
Djordjevich, D. (1999). The Role of St. Vitus's Day in Modern serbia. Retrieved November 2, 2014, from Kosovo:
http://www.kosovo.net/history/dorich_kosovo/kosovo18.htm
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http://www.kosovo.net/history/dorich_kosovo/kosovo18.htm
Dyker, D. A. (1972). The Ethnic Muslims of Bosnia--Some Socioeconomic Data. The Slavonic and East European Review.
Ferraro, V. (2011). Historical Preconditions of the Serbo-Croat Conflict. Retrieved October 17, 2014, from The Yugoslav Wars of 1991-1995:
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~leu20c/worpol/hist.html
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Jeli-Buti, F. (1977). Ustae i Nezavisna Drava Hrvatska: 1941-1945. kolska Knjiga.
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Petrovich, M. (1967). Austrian History Yearbook, 217.
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Peace Research.
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