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Which statement best summarizes the beliefs of

Booker T. Washington?
A. The best solution for African Americans was
to return to Africa.
B. Social equality for African Americans would
be easier to achieve than legal rights.
C. The way to dissolve the barriers of
segregation and bring about an end to Jim Crow
laws was by active, violent resistance.
D. The most immediate means for African
Americans to achieve equality was to expand
their opportunities for vocational education.

Answer
D. The most immediate means for
African Americans to achieve equality
was to expand their opportunities for
vocational education.
Explanation: Booker T. Washington and another great AfricanAmerican leader, W.E.B. Du Bois differed in their approaches to
education. Washington favored vocational education that would teach a
skilled trade, such as farming or carpentry. While Du Bois favored
broader more formal education, such as literature and sciences.

"Although important strides were made, Reconstruction

failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the
freedmen. Which evidence best supports this statement

A. passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of

the 19th century
B. ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments
C. refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping
D. passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866

Answer
A.

passage of Jim Crow laws in

the latter part of the 19th
century

Explanation: Jim Crow laws were legalized segregation. Upheld

as legal in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, Jim Crow
laws would persist in the South up until the culmination of
the black civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60s.

Which statement about the philosophies of

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois is
most accurate?
A. They differed as to the best way that African
Americans could effectively achieve equality.
B. Both demanded programs that would provide for
immediate social equality.
C. Both believed that vocational training would
provide the most important kind of education for
African Americans.
D. Neither wanted the Federal Government to play
a major role in protecting the civil rights of African
Americans.

Answer
A. They differed as to the best way
that African Americans could
effectively achieve equality.
Explanation: Booker T. Washington and another great African-American
leader, W.E.B. Du Bois differed in their approaches to education. Washington
favored vocational education that would teach a skilled trade, such as farming
or carpentry. While Du Bois favored broader more formal education, such as
literature and sciences

The label "Solid South" was applied

to the former Confederate States
after Reconstruction because they
A. consistently supported the Democratic

Party
B. could not participate in national politics
C. rejected efforts to pass Jim Crow laws
D. continued to support abolitionist
causes

Answer
A.

consistently supported the

Democratic Party

Explanation: In reaction to the Radical Reconstruction of

the Radical Republicans and the Republican state
governments set up in the South during
Reconstruction, the southern states overwhelmingly
began to support the Democratic Party.

The 14th amendment provides that no "state [shall] deprive

any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws." A direct result of this amendment
was that

A. the process of amending the Constitution

became slower and more complex
B. the guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied
to state actions
C. every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom
of speech and assembly
D. the power of the Federal Government was
sharply reduced

Answer
B. the guarantees in the Bill of
Rights were applied to state actions
Explanation: The 14th amendments guarantee of equal protection
under the law demands that application of law be the same regardless
of the citizen it is being applied to. In the case of the death penalty,
protestors have claimed that system is biased by race, sex and
socioeconomic status and as a result fails to be applied in an equal
manner.

In their plans for Reconstruction, both

President Abraham Lincoln and
President Andrew Johnson sought to
A. punish the South for starting the Civil War
B. force the Southern States to pay
reparations to the Federal Government
C. allow the Southern States to reenter the
nation as quickly as possible
D. establish the Republican Party as the only
political party in the South

Answer
C. allow the Southern States to
reenter the nation as quickly as
possible
Explanation: Johnson favored a more forgiving plan outlined by Lincoln
prior to his assassination, the Radical Republicans favor a punishing plan
that occupied and controlled the former Confederacy. The Radical
Republicans subsequently attempted to impeach Johnson and he
escaped removal by only 1 vote in the Senate. While still president,
Johnson was politically weakened by the attack from his own party
members and as such the radical element enacted their own, harsh plan
on the South.