Mat 4030

HW 2 Solution
13 Oct, 2007

do Carmo P.23 Q.8

(a) (t) = (t, cosh t), 0 (t) = (1, sinh t), 00 (t) = (0, cosh t), |0 (t)| = cosh t, T (t) =
0 (t)
1
1
1
sinh t
0
|0 (t)| = ( cosh t , tanh t), T (t) = ( cosh2 t , cosh2 t ), N (t) = ( tanh t, cosh t ) =
1
0
cosh tT (t), (t) = cosh2 t .
1
1
(b) (t) = (t)+ (t)
N (t) = (t, cosh t)+cosh2 t( tanh t, cosh
t ) = (tsinh t cosh t, 2 cosh t).

do Carmo P.23 Q.11

(a) The plane curve in rectangular coordinates can be given by

() = (() cos , () sin ) for a b, and
0 () = (0 () cos () sin , 0 () sin + () cos ). Then
|0 ()|2 = (0 () cos () sin )2 +(0 () sin +() cos )2 = 0 ()2 +()2 .
Rbp
Therefore, the arc length is a 0 ()2 + ()2 d.
(b) 00 () = (00 cos 20 sin cos , 00 sin + 20 cos sin ). The
curvature is
(0 cos sin )(00 sin + 20 cos sin )
() =
3
{(0 )2 + 2 } 2
(00 cos 20 sin cos )(0 sin + cos )

3
{(0 )2 + 2 } 2
2(0 )2 00 + 2
=
.
3
{(0 )2 + 2 } 2

do Carmo P.23 Q.12

(a) Since is regular, i.e. s(t) = |0 (t)| > 0, by the inverse function theorem
dt
dt
1
for differentiable functions of one variable, ds
exists and ds
= ds
= |10 | .
dt

Differentiating this, we get

d2 t
ds2

d 1
ds |0 |

0
d
ds | |
|0 |2

0
d
dt | |
|0 |2

dt
ds

h0 ,00 i
|0 |4

(b) By definition, (t) = (s(t)) = | 00 (s(t))|. It follows that





d|0 |
1  d 0 
1  |0 |00 dt 0  ||0 |2 00 h0 , 00 i 0 |
(t) = 0  ( 0 ) = 0 
=
| | dt | |
| |
|0 |2
|0 |4
2

(|0 |2 |00 |2 h0 , 00 i ) 2
|0 00 |
=
.
0
3
| |
|0 |3

|0 |00 h0 ,00 i0
dt 0
0
dt d 0
00

=
,

(s)
=
(
)
=
,
0
0
ds
| |
ds dt | |
|0 |4
dt d
000
000
00
0
(s) = ds dt ( (s)) = |0 |3 + linear combinations of and 00 ,
0
00
|0 |00 h0 ,00 i0
0
= |
h 0 (s) 00 (s), 000 (s)i
0 (s) 00 (s) = |
0|
0 |3
|0 |4
D 0 00 000 E
0
00
000
h , i
h 0 (s) 00 (s), 000 (s)i

=
. So (t) = (s(t)) =
|0 |3 , |0 |3
|0 |6
||2

(c) 0 (s) =

00

,
|0 |6

(d) T =
T0 =

|0 |

000

|0 |6
|0 00 |2

00

000

,
|0 00 |2

(x0 ,y 0 )
1

,N=

.
(y 0 ,x0 )
1

((x0 )2 +(y 0 )2 ) 2
((x0 )2 +(y 0 )2 ) 2
((x0 )2 +(y 0 )2 )(x00 ,y 00 )(x0 x00 +y 0 y 00 )(x0 ,y 0 )

((x0 )2 +(y 0 )2 ) 2

(t) =

,
x0 y 00 x00 y 0
3

((x0 )2 +(y 0 )2 ) 2

x0 y 00 x00 y 0
3

((x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 ) 2

|0 |N , so

do Carmo P.29 Q.3

Without loss of generality, we can assume that (s) is parametrized by arc

length. At s = t, the projection onto the osculating plane at t is given by
(s) = (t) + h(s) (t), T (t)iT (t) + h(s) (t), N (t)iN (t).
Then ()0 (s) = h0 (s), T (t)iT (t)+h0 (s), N (t)iN (t), ()00 (s) = h00 (s), T (t)iT (t)+
h00 (s), N (t)iN (t). So the curvature of the plane curve at t is k(t) =
h0 (t),T (t)ih00 (t),N (t)ih0 (t),N (t)ih00 (t),T (t)i
= h00 (t), N (t)i = h(t)N (t), N (t)i =
3
0
2
0
2
(h (t),T (t)i h (t),N (t)i ) 2

(t), where (t) is the curvature of at t.

Oprea 1.3.26

Claim: For every spherical curve : I R3 with (I) {(x, y, z) R3 |x2 +

y 2 + z 2 = r2 }, we have
1
1 1
1
)2 = r2 .
( )2 + ( ( )0 0

| (t)|

Proof. Note that we have h(t), (t)i = r2 for all t I. It follows that
h(t), 0 (t)i = 0 or that h(t), T (t)i = 0. By further differentiating we get
h0 (t), T (t)i + h(t), T 0 (t)i = 0 |0 | h, N i = h0 , T i
h, N i =

h0 , |0 |T i
1
= .
0
| |

Differentiate once more, we obtain

1
( )0 = h0 , N i + h, N 0 i = h|0 |T, N i + h, |0 |T + |0 |Bi = |0 | h, Bi

1 1 1
h, Bi = ( )0 0 .
| |
As (T, N, B) form an orthonormal basis of R3 , we have
r2 = |(t)|2
2

= h, T i + h, N i + h, Bi
1 1
1
1
)2 .
= ( )2 + ( ( )0 0

| (t)|

Oprea 1.4.8

(t) = (cosh t, sinh t, t)

(1) 0 (t) = (sinh t, cosh t, 1), |0 (t)| =

2 cosh t, |T (t)| =

0 (t)
|0 (t)|

1 (tanh t, 1, sech
2

(2) 00 (t) = (cosh t, sinh t, 0), 0 00 = ( sinh t, cosh t, 1), |0 00 | =

0 00
1 ( tanh t, 1, sech t).
B(t) = |
0 00 | =
2
(3) N = B T = 12 (2sech t, 0, tanh t) = (sech t, 0, tanh t).
1 (sech2 t, 0, sinh2t )
cosh t
2
|T 0 |
1
.
=
2
0
| |
2 cosh t

1 (sech2 t, 0, tanh t),

2

hB 0 ,N i
|0 |

(4) T 0 (t) =
=

(5) B 0 =

1
(sech
2 cosh t

t, 0, tanh t),

1
.
2 cosh2 t

Oprea 1.4.9

(t) = (cosh t, sinh t, t), 0 (t) = (sinh t, cosh t, 1), |0 (t)| =

t

Rt
s(t) = 0 2 cosh u du = 2 sinh u0 = 2 sinh t.

2 cosh t.

2 cosh t,

t).

Oprea 1.4.14

(t) = (a cos t, b sin t), 0 (t) = (a sin t, b cos t), 00 (t) = (a cos t, b sin t),
0 (t)
(a sin t,b cos t) , T 0 (t) = ab(b cos t,a sin t) 3 ,
T (t) = |
0 (t)| =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(t) =

|T 0 |
|0 |

a sin t+b cos t

ab

3 ,N =

(a2 sin2 t+b2 cos2 t) 2

(a sin t+b cos t) 2

(b cos t,a sin t)
1
0
|0 | T = (a2 sin2 t+b2 cos2 t) 21

. Hence,

a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t
(b cos t, a sin t)
ab
a2 b2
b2 a2
=(
cos3 t,
sin3 t).
a
b

E(t) = (a cos t, b sin t)

Oprea 1.5.7

d
hN, ui = 0 ds
hT, ui = hT 0 , ui = hN, ui = 0 hT, ui is constant. Also,
0
hB , ui = h N, ui = 0 hB, ui is a constant. If hT, ui = 0, then is a plane
curve and = 0. Now suppose hT, ui =
6 0, then

d
hN, ui = hN 0 , ui = hT + B, ui = hT, ui + hB, ui
ds

hB, ui
=
= constant.

hT, ui
0=

Conversely, suppose is a constant, then there exists such that = cot .

Set u = cos T + sin B, then u0 = ( cos sin )N = 0. Thus we have u
is a constant vector and hT, ui = cos . So u is the axis of the helix and that
hN, ui = 0.

10

Oprea 1.5.14

Ru
Ru
Rs
Rs
(u) = 0 (t) dt = 0 2t dt = u2 . Then (s) = ( 0 cos (u) du, 0 sin (u) du) =
Rs
R
s
( 0 cos u2 du, 0 sin u2 du).