Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GII PHP THCH NG KH HU V TIT KIM NNG LNG CHO CNG TRNH
TI THNH PH H CH MINH
TI
NN T KIM
G L
NG
.
TIT
KIM
TIN
!
PHIN BN 1: NH PH
c ti tr bi:
Cun S tay ny c nghin cu pht trin bi s h tr kinh ph t B Gio dc v Nghin cu (BMBF) CHLB
c, trong khun kh ca d n Nghin cu Siu th Thnh ph H Ch Minh C ch thng nht qui hoch
th v mi trng thch nghi vi thay i kh hu ton cu. y l mt phn ca chng trnh ti tr Nghin
cu v Pht trin bn vng cho cc Siu th trong tng lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng
lng cho cc Trung tm th ang pht trin.
S TAY N G I N H X A N H
BO V MI TRNG
Li ta
Ti liu hng dn ny l thnh
qu ca nhm lm vic v vn
nh thch nghi vi bin i kh
hu v cng trnh tit kim nng
lng thuc D n nghin cu
Siu th ca TP. H Ch Minh,
c ti tr bi B Gio dc v
Nghin cu ca c, nh mt phn
ca Sng kin nghin cu c bit
Nghin cu v Pht trin bn vng
cho cc Siu th trong tng
lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu
v tit kim nng lng cho cc
Trung tm th ang pht trin.
Trong tnh trng bin i kh hu,
ngun nhin liu dn cn kit v s
tng trng kinh t nhanh chng
Vit Nam, vn v hiu qu nng
lng ang tr thnh mt trong
nhng nn tng m bo thnh
cng v kinh t v x hi cho nn
kinh t ang bng n ny. Vit Nam
s b nh hng nng n bi bin
i kh hu, do vic xut cc
bin php gim nh ri ro v thch
nghi vi bin i kh hu l tht s
cn thit v khn cp.
Bin i kh hu v ang l mi
quan tm ca ton cu, mi cng
ng, mi ngi dn u cn c nhn
thc t nhng vic d l rt nh. Nhiu
ng gp nh c th to c nhng
ng lc ng k nhm ng ph vi
Bin i kh hu v to cho mi trng
sng ca nhn loi cng ngy cng tt
p hn. y l phng php tip cn
ca on chuyn gia t cc trng i
hc ca Cng ha Lin bang c trong
d n Nghin cu Siu th, trong
ly TP. H Ch Minh l th im, l mt
thnh ph ln nht Vit Nam, ang c
nhiu nguy c b nh hng bi tc
ng ca bin i kh hu. Sau qu
trnh nghin cu vi nhiu xut t
tng th quy hoch n cc gii php
c th, cc chuyn gia c xut
v S tay Ngi nh xanh cho dng
nh mt ph (l dng nh chim
trn 60% nh ca cc thnh ph ti
Vit Nam) vi mc tiu tit kim nng
lng ti a. y l mt n lc cao
ca cc chuyn gia c, S tay Ngi
nh xanh va tip cn c nhiu yu
t truyn thng ca Vit Nam va c
hng p dng c cc cng ngh
thng minh ca thi i, ng thi rt
gn gi vi iu kin thin nhin, c
th to c s hp dn ngi dn
Vit Nam tham kho v p dng khi
xy nh. y ch l mt nghin cu
nh cho mt thnh ph ln, nhng kh
nng nh hng ca nghin cu rt
ln nu nh hng triu gia nh ca TP
H Ch Minh v cc thnh ph khc
ca Vit nam nghin cu v p dng,
iu s ng gp ng k cho mi
trng sng ca th ni ring v cho
s pht trin bn vng ca th Vit
Nam v ton cu ni chung.
Bin i kh hu ton cu s nh
hng n mi quc gia, nhng
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc
chu tc ng v ri ro ln nht. TP.
H Ch Minh c bit phi chu s
nguy him t nc bin dng v
l lt. Ngi nh xanh l mt trong
nhng gii php thch ng vi
bin i kh hu v gim thiu kh
thi nh knh. Cun s tay ny
c coi l mt sn phm ht sc
quan trng trong nhim v thch
ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP.
H Ch Minh.
y l kt qu ca qu trnh hp
tc vi nhng ng gp gi tr v n
lc rt ln ca nhm tc gi. Nhm
nghin cu kho st chi tit v
tnh trng thc t ca nh ph ti
TP. H Ch Minh v phn tch cc
yu t thit k nh truyn thng
ph hp vi iu kin kh hu a
phng. Hn na, nhm nghin
cu p dng cc cng c phn
tch hin i xc nh cc gii
php tit kim nng lng da trn
ti u ha nhu cu, tng hiu qu
kinh t v cht lng mi trng
sng ca ngi nh hng ti pht
trin bn vng ni chung. Cun
s tay ngi nh xanh bao gm 12
chng, cp n nhng vn
ht sc mu cht. S Xy dng
rt hn hnh c gp phn xy
dng ni dung mt chng v cc
khuyn co cho nhng vic nn lm
v khng nn lm khi xy nh. Cc
h gia nh, cc cng ty xy dng,
cc nh qun l v cc c s o
to c th s dng cc khuyn co
ny.
Ni dung
gi nng lng
nhn nh t cuc sng
bc tranh ton cnh
la chn mu sc v vt liu
cch kin to h thng che mt
cc h thng che mt
Thng gi v lm mt...................................................26-29
thng gi t nhin
thng gi bng my mc
tch hp u im ca hai gii php trn
h thng knh
cch nhit
tit kim nc
bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri
Ni dung
iu ho khng kh
chiu sng tit kin in
un nc nng
cc thit b gia dng
kt cu cng trnh
tng, sn v mi
bn
sc kho v s lnh mnh
tc ng mi trng
10
11
12
Ngun..........................................................................62-65
10
11
&
12
Gii thiu:
Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!
Bn c thn mn,
Trong nhng nm va qua, Vit
Nam tri qua tnh trng tng gi
nng lng v theo d on gi
nng lng s cn tip tc tng
trong nhng nm ti. y l tnh
trng kh khn cho ngi dn Vit
Nam, nhng cc bn cng nn bit
rng, gi nng lng ti Vit Nam
vn cn r so vi cc nc khc,
nh c chng hn.
Ti c, gi nng lng hin ti
l 5,000-6,000 VN cho 1 kilowatt
gi v mt s nghin cu d
on mc gi ny s cn tip tc
tng thm 60% trong thp k ti. S
khng c l do no c th khin
gi nng lng ti Vit Nam khng
tng vi mc nh vy, m thm ch
cn cao hn th. Gi nng lng
tng cng l lc chng ta phi ngh
n vic lm th no tit kim
nng lng trong tng lai. Tt c
nhng u t cho vic tit kim
nng lng cn phi c nh
gi trong mi lin quan vi vic
tng gi nng lng.
Tit kim nng lng c th c
thc hin vi nhiu phng cch
vic iu ho khng kh ch ph
thuc mt phn vo hiu qu nng
lng ca thit b; phn nhiu ph
thuc vo thi quen s dng v thit
k ca ngi nh. Cun s tay ny s
gip bn thit k ngi nh mang li
cm gic thoi mi v c mc chi
ph thp khi s dng iu ho lm
mt khng kh.
Ngun tiu th in ln th hai trong
cc h gia nh l nng lng
un nc nng. Trong trng
hp ny, cc thit b un nc nng
bng nng lng mt tri hin c
sn trn th trng Vit Nam chnh
Cc biu tng di y dng lm ni bt cc im quan trng trong cun S tay thit k ny:
Gi
Ch
(Cc cn nguyn ca vn )
Hy t lm
2
4
Nh ph hin i
Phin bn ny ca cun S tay tp
trung vo dng nh ph hin i
thng dng hin nay v y l kiu
nh vn ang c pht trin nhiu
nht ti TP. H Ch Minh. Vi l do
ny, chng ti xin c xut cho
dng nh ph nh l im khi u
khm ph v thc y tim nng
cho vic tit kim nng lng TP.
H Ch Minh v cc khu vc khc
ti Vit Nam.
Dng nh ph ny c xy
dng trong nhiu thp k trc khi
ngi dn khng c iu kin dng
my iu ha.
Nh ph thng c 4 n 5 tng, c
chiu ngang rt hp mt ng
v chiu di su v pha sau. Dng
nh ny trc y thng dnh cho
10
Nh ph hin i ti TP. H Ch
Minh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)
11
2. Nguyn tc thit k
Cc nguyn tc thit k
Gii thiu
1. Cc b mt nh ngn hn cn nm
hng Bc - Nam.
2. B mt nh hng ng v Ty c
bo v bi cc ta nh k cn.
3. Phn nh ra, mi ht v ban cng l kin
trc che nng cho cng trnh.
4. Mi 2 lp c tc dng che chn nng v
to thng gi t nhin.
M hnh nh ph tit kim nng lng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)
12
2. Nguyn tc thit k
Mt khc kh di c bo v bi
cc ta nh k cn.
Trong trng hp khng th che
chn b mt tng hng ng v
ty theo cch ny, cc khng gian
th cp nh cu thang, nh kho,
nh tm phi c b tr y.
Ngoi ra, cc bc tng ny c
th cu trc thnh 2 lp c khong
trng gia thng gi. Cc b
mt hng ng v Ty ch nn c
t l hng, hn ch m ca i v
ca s.
Vi cc nguyn tc thit k ni trn,
hu ht bc x mt tri trc tip s
ch cn xut hin ti mi v b mt
tng pha Nam. Nh c th
hin m hnh pha phi bn di,
mi v tng pha Nam ca ta
nh cn phi c vng bo v chng
nng. i vi tng trt, phn nh ra
v mi ht l b phn kin trc che
nng cho cng trnh. Ti cc tng
pha trn, ban cng v lgia c tc
dng ngn chn v loi b kh nng
nh i lu trc khi nhit truyn
vo khng gian trong nh.
ca ngi nh
Thit k ca ngi nh phi to li
ch t vic thng gi t nhin cng
nhiu cng tt. B tr mt bng cn
cho php thng gi xuyn phng
cho tt c cc khng gian sinh hot.
Trong trng hp hng nng v
hng gi ch o c mu thun,
hng ngi nh c th cn iu
chnh li trong khong 0-30 m
13
2. Nguyn tc thit k
4
Vng bo v chng nng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)
khng lm mt hiu qu lm mt t
thng gi.
Do hng gi ch o ti TP. H
Ch Minh l hng ng-Bc vo
ma kh v Ty - Nam vo ma
ma, cng trnh c th xoay nh
theo cc hng ny.
t c li ch ti u nht v s
thng thong t nhin, cc b mt
cng trnh nn c nhng trng,
ca i v ca s cng ln cng tt.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh , phi m
bo c h thng bo v hiu qu
trnh thu nhit mt tri. Khng
gian trong nh cng cn c bo
v khi nh hng ca ma, cn
trng v nhim khng kh.
Ca ht gi vo nh cn c t
v tr u gi v ti im thp ca
phng. Trong khi , ca gi
thot ra ngoi cn c t v
14
2. Nguyn tc thit k
2
1
3. Tng hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc c
c t b nc trong nh (lm mt
on nhit)
4. Bc tng xanh cng gip tng hiu qu
lm mt nh hi nc
2
1
3
Ging tri xanh cho nh ph (Ngun: Hesse 2010)
15
2. Nguyn tc thit k
16
2. Nguyn tc thit k
Phi cnh tng trt th hin vic s dng linh hot cho chc nng (bn tri), ca hng hoc vn phng (bn phi) (Ngun: Hesse 2011)
17
2. Nguyn tc thit k
1. Cn h 1: cho 1 gia nh
2. Cn h 2: cho 1 gia nh
3. Li vo cn h 2
4. Sn thng xanh
Gi :
Gi b mt tng tip xc vi
hng chiu trc tip ca mt
tri cng nh cng tt.
3
1
18
2. Nguyn tc thit k
Hy t lm
Bn cn b tr tt c cc phng
c s dng thng xuyn vo
ban ngy ti phn pha Bc ca
ngi nh.
B tr h nc nh ti tng trt v
cy xanh trn tng ging tri
lm tng hiu qu lm mt nh
hi nc.
Ch
4
3
2
1. Ca hng v vn phng
2. Hnh lang li vo kiu ban
cng pha ngoi
3. Cc cn h
4. Sn thng xanh
Mt dng hnh thi dy nh ph c li vo t pha ngoi (Ngun: Hesse 2011)
19
3
2
Gii thiu
i vi kh hu ti TP. H Ch Minh,
do lng thu nhit mt tri, cng
trnh lun cn nng lng lm mt.
Do vy, ngi nh v cc phng trong
nh cn c che chn nng. Nhit
mt tri c truyn vo cng trnh
theo 3 cch. Cch u tin l thng
qua cc phn m ra ngoi trong
sut nh ca s, ca i v ca
mi. Cch th 2 l thng qua dn
nhit t pha ngoi b mt kt cu
c ca cng trnh vo bn trong.
Cch th 3 l nh cc lung khng
kh nng trn vo bn trong t cc
o nhit xung quanh ngi nh. C
3 cch ny u c th gim c
20
tc ng nh cc thit k thng
minh. Khi , nhit trong nh v
chi ph lm mt c th gim i mt
cch hiu qu bng nhng phng
thc th ng.
Nguyn tc thit k
Hng i mt tri thng kh ng
nht ti TP. H Ch Minh, ch c
thay i nh gia nhng thng lnh
v thng nng. Mt tri mc vo
bui sng t hng ng, sau
nhanh chng ln cao v ln pha
ty. iu ny cho php s dng h
thng kt cu che chn nng c
nh.
21
Nguyn tc th 3 l gim dn
nhit ca tng. iu ny c th
thc hin c thng qua vic s
dng kt cu tng 2 lp vi lp
m khng kh gia lm cn tr
vic dn nhit, hoc thng qua vic
s dng cc vt liu c dn nhit
thp, chng hn nh vt liu cch
nhit hoc b tng bt.
Nhit do cc lung gi qu nng
gy ra th c th c gim i bng
cch to ra cc khu vc tin nghi
vi kh hu quanh cng trnh, chng
hn nh s dng mu sng, cy
xanh v cc yu t nc nu c
iu kin.
Cc v d v kt cu che chn nng v to bng rm cho nh ph v cn h
(Ngun: Waibel 2011; Schwede 2010)
Gi
22
nhit ln ta nh v to ra gi mt
vo trong nh. Hy trng tht nhiu
cy ci vn trc v sau ca
ngi nh.
!
Vng gim nhit pha bn trong b mt cng
trnh (Ngun: Hegger, TU Darmstadt 2007)
Ch
Hy t lm
Cy xanh xung quanh nh s gip
lm gim nhit khng kh bn
ngoi nh nh s che chn nng
v hi nc. Khng kh xung quanh
cng trnh mt hn s lm gim ti
Cy xanh ti ban cng (Ngun: Linh 2010)
23
24
V d ti Chile
(Ngun: Browne, 2004)
V d ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
(Ngun: Waibel, 2011)
25
4. Thng gi v lm mt
Thng gi v lm mt
4
2
4
2
3. Gi to t qut
4. Khu vc khp kn dng my iu ha
5. Ngn lung khng kh t khu vc sinh nhit
5
3
Gii thiu
Cc cng trnh ti khu vc kh hu
nhit i nh TP. H Ch Minh cn
c thng gi do 3 nguyn nhn.
Th nht l cung cp khng kh
trong sch t bn ngoi vo nh.
Th hai l y khng kh, hi
m, mi v nhng thnh phn c
hi khc t trong nh ra ngoi. Th
ba l do khng kh lu thng s lm
cho vi kh hu trong nh tr nn d
chu hn.
Trong cc cng trnh khng dng
iu ha m c thng gi t
nhin, lung gi vo nh s lm mt
v tng cht lng khng kh. iu
26
ny l ng trong hu ht cc thi
im ti TP. H Ch Minh.
Tuy nhin, vi cc khng gian s
dng my iu ha, vic trao i
khng kh trong v ngoi cn c
theo di v hn ch n mc ti a
nhm trnh tht thot nng lng
lm mt ca my iu ha. So vi
thng gi t nhin, kh nng cung
cp khng kh trong lnh, cng nh
trao i khng kh trao i khng
kh, hi m qua s dng ra
ngoi, i vi khng gian s dng
my iu ha l thp hn. Vic m
bo cht lng khng kh trong nh
khng nht thit phi duy tr nhng
lung gi ln vo mi lc.
Nguyn tc thit k
i vi kh hu nhit i m, thng
gi t nhin l mt cch thc rt
hiu qu, gip tit kim nng lng
v to tin nghi vi kh hu d chu
trong nh, do vy, cch thc ny
phi c m bo thc hin thng
qua cc gii php thit k cng
nhiu cng tt cho nhng cng trnh
mi.
Cc thong rng v mt ng
thot khng kh t do nh ging
tri cn c thit k, nhng lung
khng kh ny cng c th chn li
c bt c khi no s dng my
iu ha.
4. Thng gi v lm mt
Thng gi gia 2 lp mi
V tr tng khng ph hp
Gi
Thng gi t nhin
V tr thng gi xuyn
phng qu cao
V tr thng gi xuyn
phng thch hp
Ht gi b sung
V tr tng ph hp
27
4. Thng gi v lm mt
Gim ti nhit
Phn cch cc khu vc c ti
nhit ln bng cc tng ngn v
li thng gi ring bit.
B tr cc khu vc c m cao,
mi v cc yu t c hi cui
hng gi. S dng cch thot kh
t nhin hoc my ht khi thit k
bp, cc phng t v cc khu vc
khc c ti nhit, m.
28
Thit k ni tht
S dng cc vt liu ni tht mt
m, c nhit dung v dn sut ln
4. Thng gi v lm mt
s gip c c cm gic mt m
v d chu trong nh.
Hy t lm
Cy xanh quanh nh s gip gim
nhit khng kh bn ngoi nh
tc dng che nng v nh hi nc.
Khng kh lnh hn quanh nh s
gip gim ti nhit ln cng trnh v
to ra gi mt thi vo nh. Trng
tht nhiu cy xanh v cy bi
vn trc v sau nh.
S dng qut (nh qut trn, qut
gn tng) to gi mt. Khi s
dng my iu ho, c th s dng
thm qut in o nhit. Qut
c s dng nh l mt cch iu
ha khng kh bn t nhin v tit
kim nng lng.
Cc trng thng gi cn c
thit k c th kim sot, d
dng tip cn v vn hnh v
c s dng hng ngy.
Ch
Cc ca s, ca ra vo, kt cu
tng rt cn kn kh c th kim
sot lng trao i khng kh bn
trong v ngoi. Cc ca s v ca
ra vo cn c ng kn, tt c
cc khong trng, vt nt v ch ni
cn c bt kn.
Cc khe ng ti ca s v ca
ra vo cn c kim tra thng
xuyn m bo kn kh, thm ch
cn thay mi duy tr chc nng.
29
Gii thiu
Lp v bc bn ngoi cng trnh
c tc dng ngn cch khng gian
trong nh vi bn ngoi. V th, n
c tc dng bo v cc khng gian
trong nh khi cc nh hng ca
mi trng vt l nh gi, nhit
nng, lnh v ma, cng nh
cc hin tng kh hu khc nh
l lt hay bo ct. N cng to ra
s ring t cho ngi nh, trnh bn
ngoi c th nhn vo v ngn gim
s truyn m thanh t trong nh
ra ngoi v ting n t ngoi vo
trong nh. N cng gip m bo
an ton, an ninh, trnh trm cp, t
nhp, bo v ti sn ca ch nh.
ng thi, lp v bc cng rt cn
c thit k c th to ra mi
lin h gia bn trong v ngoi nh,
nhm to mi trng tin nghi cho
ngi s dng lin quan n nhng
yu t ht sc quan trng nh chiu
sng, thng gi, tm nhn ...
Lp v bc cng trnh khng ch l
b mt ca cng trnh m n em
li cm nhn v thm m v thng
c thit k phn nh a v x
hi ca gia ch.
Khng kh lt qua khe ti ch ni ca tng, khi i lu s lm mt bc tng, gy ra
nm mc c hi v gy hng hc cho cng trnh (Ngun: Hesse 2010)
30
bn ngoi
bn trong
Cch nhit
Phi gim thiu truyn nhit t
V bc cng trnh 2 lp c tc dng chng nng, thng gi gi cho nhit khng vo bn
trong ngi nh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)
31
32
Ch
Cc mi ni gia cc b phn ca
cng trnh s nh hng n chc
nng lp v bc cng trnh, do
cn ch vic thi cng phi tht
chun v cc mi ni phi kn
khng b nh hng bi nc, gi,
bi v ting n.
H thng knh l thnh phn c
chc nng quan trng ca lp v
cng trnh. Cn ch khi la chn
33
Cc thnh phn ca bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)
Nguyn l
My nc nng nng lng mt
tri (SWH) hot ng theo nguyn
l i lu nhit t nhin v hin
tng hiu ng lng knh bin
i quang nng thnh nhit nng
v by nhit thu gi lng nhit
ny.
Thnh phn chnh ca SWH l b
phn thu nng lng mt tri. Nng
lng mt tri c hp th ti b
mt thit b s un nng nc, do
qu trnh i lu nhit t nhin,
34
nc nng i ln nh hn s nm
pha trn bnh bo n, nc lnh i
xung nm phn di bnh. Qu
trnh ny din ra lin tc cho n khi
nhit trong bnh bng nhit
ca nc ti thit b hp th.
Vic to ra nc nng khng ph
thuc vo nhit ca mi trng
bn ngoi m ph thuc vo kh
nng hp th nhit ca thit b nng
lng vi cc tia bc x nh nng
mt tri. C ba loi ng thu nhit,
Nguyn l thit k / lp t
vn chuyn nc nng
khong cch va phi c th dng
ng nha PPR, hoc ng kim loi,
tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp
khong cch khng ngn th c th
dng ng nha PVC loi tt.
Nn
so vi mt ngang.
Nn la chn dung tch ca bnh
bo n ph hp vi s ngi trong
gia nh s dng. Vi h thng dung
tch 200 lt c th dng cho khong
5 ngi.
Nn thit k ng ng dn n
u ra cng ngn cng tt.
H thng phi c t v tr
hng c nng v khng b che
khut.
V d v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Cce 2011)
35
Ch
Khng nn
Khng c dng bm bm
thng vo bnh bo n. Nu bm
thng vo s xy ra hin tng
v ng chn khng ca bnh nng
lng hoc ngun nc lnh i
xung theo ng ra ca bnh bo
n.
Nu ngun nc nhim phn hoc
nhim nng th khng nn dng
my nng lng mt tri v nhit
cao, tnh n mn ca nc tng
rt mnh, thm ch c th n thng
bnh inox.
Nn t bnh nc lnh cao hn
hoc t nht l bng cao u vo
ca h thng.
36
Kt qu kho st v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Waibel
2009). a s ngi s dng c bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri u khng
nh quyt nh ca h l rt hu ch v s vn tip tc lp t, cuc kho st cho thy
ngi dn c kh nng tit kim c t 100.000 n 250.000 ng mi thng.
Thit k h thng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)
37
Gii thiu
Chng ta hy cng xem bn c th
thay i g tng cn phng trong nh
mnh!
Mc d, vic s dng cc thit b tit
kim nng lng, cc vt liu xy dng
thn thin vi mi trng v kin trc
xy dng tng th l nhng cch tt nht
gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng
v tit kim chi ph ti a, nhng thi
v hnh ng ca ngi s dng vn l
yu t c bn to ra nh hng ln v
lu di ti hai mc tiu trn.
Mt trong nhng bc d nht m mi
ngi sng trong ngi nh c th lm l
thay i nhn thc v bt u t nhng
hnh ng n gin ca chnh bn thn
mnh. Nhng thay i nh ny khi kt
hp vi nhau s cng to ra tc ng
ln. Ngi nh ca bn xanh ti mc
no l ph thuc vo chnh bn.
6
4
2
5
Phng bp
Phng bp l mt trong nhng ni c
s dng nhiu nht trong nh v do
cng l mt trong nhng khu vc tiu tn
nng lng v nc nhiu nht.
Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu cch thay i
thi quen trong phng bp v gip tit
kim cc ngun nng lng.
38
1
Ra chn a trong bn nc x
phng v trng trong mt bn nc
lnh khc. Cch lm n gin ny
c th gim i mt na khi lng
nc s dng trong nh bp. Ti
s dng nc ra rau c qu
ti vn cy.
2
S dng li tt c cc loi ti ni-lng
ng hoc lm ti rc.
Nn c hai thng rc: mt thng
ng rc hu c v mt thng ng
cc loi khc (nu c th th tch
ring giy v ni-lng ti s
dng hoc ti ch).
Ti s dng li rc hu c lm phn
bn cho vn rau nh bn.
3
Dng loi ni c kch thc ph hp
khi nu nng v ni cng nh s
cn cng t thi gian lm nng.
y vung ni khi ang un si v
vung ni s gi nhit v gip n
chn nhanh hn.
4
Kim tra xem ca t lnh c ng
kn khng bng cch kp mt t
giy vo ca t ri ng li. Nu
bn c th rt t giy ra d dng th
tc l giong ca t cn phi thay
hoc lm sch.
5
Lm sch gin lnh ca t lnh mi
thng mt ln. Gin lnh thng
c t ng sau hoc pha
di t lnh. Ch rt in t lnh
trc khi lau chi.
6
K t lnh cch tng v t xa cc
ngun nhit. iu ny gip t lnh
khng phi tn nhiu nng lng
hot ng.
thc n ngui trc khi cho vo
t lnh, ng qun y np thc
n li.
39
5
3
2
Cc bc gim tc ng ti mi trng trong phng khch (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)
Phng khch
Phng khch l ni bn dnh nhiu
thi gian nht cng bn b v gia
nh, cn phng ng l ni thoi
mi nht trong cn nh.
c hai cn phng ny, c rt
nhiu cch gip gim thiu tc ng
ti mi trng m vn gi nguyn
c tnh thoi mi v tin dng.
1
Mt ci qut s gip bn cm thy
mt hn 3 C. Qut s dng t
nng lng hn my iu ha v
nh th s gim lng in nng
tiu th. Tt qut khi khng trong
phng.
40
2
ng ca chp hoc ko mnh
ngi nh c mt. nh nng mt
tri chiu thng vo ca s khng
c che chn c th khin ha
n tin in nh bn tng 20%.
3
Khi tri mt, hy m ca thay v s
dng iu ha.
4
Rt cc phch in khi khng s
dng hoc tt cc cng tc in.
in tiu th cho cc thit b trong
trng thi ch (tt nhng vn cm
5
S dng nh sng t nhin v
phng php chiu sng tp trung
mt im thay cho vic chiu sng
ton cn phng. t n ng gc
phng lm sng phng m vn gim
c chi ph.
6
Tt tt c cc bng n, my iu
ha, qut, v cng tc in mi khi
bn ri phng.
1
3
Phng ng
1
Trnh lp iu ha ni c nh
sng mt tri chiu trc tip. t
iu ha nhit cao, c gng
duy tr bng hoc hn 26 C.
Mi ln tng thm 1 C l bn
tit kim 7% nng lng. m
bo mua iu ha ph hp vi kch
thc ca cn phng.
2
Khng lp t my iu ho ngay
pha trn u bn khi ng v n s
nh hng n sc kho ca bn.
Bn nn lp t my iu ho pha
3
Thay bng n trn bng n LED
(n i t pht quang) hoc n
CFL (n hunh quang). n hunh
quang so vi n thng c
sng tng ng, nhng ch tn
4
Sc pin in thoi ngay sau khi bn
v nh thay v cm sc c m.
5
Sn tng mu sng, tng mu
ti s hp th nh sng v i hi
nhiu thit b chiu sng hn, do
tiu tn nng lng hn.
41
4
Hy lp t vi hoa sen chy chm
tit kim 3 lt nc mi ln tm.
Nu bn khng tm mua c loi
vi hoa sen ny, vi loi thng
thng, bn ng vn ht c nc
chy khi s dng.
C nhiu cch tit kim nng lng trong phng tm (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)
Phng tm
Phng tm l mt trong nhng ni
tn nc nht trong nh.
Ch cn nhn thc c thi quen
s dng nc v vi mt vi thay
i nh, bn c th tit kim c
ngun nc, tin bc, ng thi
bo v mi trng.
1
Kho vi nc khi ang nh rng,
ra mt hoc co ru. Hnh ng
ny c th tit kim 7-12 lt nc
mi pht.
2
Thng xuyn kim tra vi c b r
nc khng, nu c th phi sa
ngay lp tc. Mt vi nc r r 01
git nc/01 giy c th tiu tn
945 lt nc mi thng, l cn
cha tnh n chi ph tiu hao nng
lng.
3
Lp t bnh nc nng bng nng
lng mt tri nu c th. Nu
khng th ch nn bt bnh nc
nng 5-7 pht v tt ngay khi khng
dng na.
Lng in dng un nc
nng l ngun nng lng tiu th
tn nht trong mt h gia nh.
42
Mi nh l ni tt nht trng
rau v to ra mt tc ng ng
k v mt mi trng cho ngi
nh bn v thnh ph bn ang
sng.
Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh
Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh s:
H nhit cho ngi nh v cho c thnh
ph bn ang , do vy cng s
gim nng lng tiu th trong mi h
gia nh v tit kim tin bc
Lm gim nng kh CO, NO2, O3,
PM10 v SO2
Lm gim pht thi kh CO2
C thi gian s dng lu gp i mi
nh thng.
Trng cy xanh trong nh l mt trong
nhng cch tt nht iu ha nhit
, nng cao cht lng khng kh,
gim thiu chi ph nng lng v to ra
mt khng gian sng tt hn.
C th truy cp vo s trang web
bit thm v cch trng cy trn mi
nh:
http://rausach.com.vn
http://khuyennongvn.gov.vn
Sn vn xanh trc phng bp (Ngun: Linh 2010)
43
Gii thiu
Nng lng s dng cho cc thit
b in nh bn ph thuc phn
ln vo cht lng ca thit b, tnh
trng k thut v tng ng gia
nhu cu s dng v hiu sut thit
b. Mt s loi thit b ny tt hn
loi khc l do thit k v cng ngh
c s dng. Nhiu trng hp,
hiu sut ca thit b b gim i khi
vn hnh do khng c bo qun
tt hoc vn hnh sai. Khi s dng
thit b qu lu hoc sai cch thc,
chng s tiu th nng lng nhiu
hn v do , gy ra lng ph. S
lng thit b in trong nh bn
thng xuyn tng ln, v mi phn
ca thit b u tiu th in nng
v lm tng gi s dng, thm ch
c khi s dng cc thit b tit kim
in.
Chng trnh dn nhn
Tit kim nng lng bng cch
s dng thit b tit kim in l d
thc hin khi bn bit cch xc nh
cc thit b . Hiu qu nng lng
c th so snh c da trn nhn
cng sut v hiu sut.
Mt chng trnh dn nhn tit kim
nng lng cho cc thit b in gia
nh nh bng in, chn lu, my
iu ha v my nc nng cng
ang c gii thiu ti Vit Nam.
44
S lng thit b in tng ti 100 h gia nh Vit Nam. S lng tng s lm cho
nng lng tiu th tng cho d s dng bt c cc thit b tit kim nng lng no.
(Ngun: ng Hong c Hunh, Trung tm Tit kim Nng lng, thng 2, 2011)
45
Gi
Hy t lm
S dng cc thit b in mt cch
thng minh.
Lp thit b bm gi gim thi
gian vn hnh.
Thay b lc ca h thng iu ha
v thng gi nh k (vic ny d
dng v hiu qu v tit kim gi
nng lng).
Ch
46
Mc tiu th in trung bnh l 370 kWh/thng, ha n tin in l khong 536.200 VND/thng cho ngi nh khng s dng thit b chiu sng
tit kim in; Mc ny s gim c 10% chi ph tin in hay 55.000 VN bng vic s dng thit b chiu sng tit kim in. Vi mc thu
nhp trung bnh l 10 triu ng (500 US$), mc tit kim ny l khong 0.5% thu nhp ca cc h gia nh hin nay. (Ngun: Schwede 2011)
47
Gii thiu
Nguyn tc thit k
Vic s dng kt cu khung truyn
thng lm h kt cu ngi nh,
bn s c th b tr mt bng sn t
do v linh ng. y cng l cch
tip cn c bn cho mt h thng
xy dng sinh thi v kinh t. H
khung kt cu phi theo mt h
thng kch thc thi cng 3 chiu
to ra cc khng gian chung v
ring t ph hp trong ngi nh.
Bng cch tiu chun ha quy trnh,
chi ph c th c gim i mt
cch ng k. iu chnh khung kt
cu ra sau hay v pha trc cho
php to ra kiu kin trc bao ln,
mt phng thc n gin che
chn nng. Cc nh dng v sp
xp xen k kiu sn thng hoc
cc phn nh ra dng ban cng v
mi ua l rt hiu qu.
gi mt bn trong cng trnh,
gim thiu vic bt buc phi s
dng iu ha v trnh gradien
48
Kt cu khung ca nh ph
(Ngun: Hesse, 2009)
1. Cc mng
2. Tm sn khng thm nc (white tank)
3. H kt cu khung
V d cc loi gch tro bay
(Ngun: The Modern Green 2010)
Bn cn bit l c th c s khc
nhau rt ln v cht lng ca
ca s. Ca khung nhm thng
s dng ch c 1 lp s gy ra r
r nng lng nhiu nht cng
trnh. Ca khung g vi knh 2-3
lp s gip duy tr nhit khng
kh mt m bn trong nh. Nhm
c s dng lm khung ca cng
gy ra rt nhiu vn , ch yu l
gy truyn nhit t ngoi vo trong
nh rt nhanh chng. Mc d y
l vt liu c th ti ch nhng li
Tc dng hu ch ca vt liu ny
l hon ton thuyt phc. Tre c
tc pht trin nhanh chng, thc
s c ngha nh mt loi g a
phng, c gi thnh r v gy t
kh thi carbon vo mi trng do
vn chuyn gn. Tre cng hp th
lng carbon ioxin ln v thi ra
nhiu oxy hn hu ht cc loi cy
xanh khc.
3
1. Cnh ca lt
2. Khung cch nhit
3. Knh 2 lp
Mt ct ca s
(Ngun: Euro-window, TP. H Ch Minh)
49
Mt yu t chnh ca vt liu xy
dng bn vng l gim thiu vic
s dng cc ha cht c hi. Cn
phi trnh nhng ri ro nh kh c
hi thot ra t nha, sn, vecni,
thm, g ngm formaldehyde. i
vi lp ph tng, nn s dng
sn nc khng cha ha cht lm
long. Thay vo , va trt xtuc
c nh bng s r hn v d
bo qun hn. Bn c th lm sch
tng bng ming bt bin v lp
sn c th hng nm m khng
cn sn li.
s gip to ra vi kh hu tt hn cho
mi ngi trong thnh ph.
To trng, ca s v ca i
rng thng gi c tt hn.
Gi
La chn loi kt cu khung chnh
ca cng trnh cho php b tr mt
bng sn t do v linh hot.
Thit k mi nh v ban cng
che chn nng.
6
2
1
Vn hu ch trn mi (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)
50
Hy t lm
Xem xt cc khe gia ca s v
tng. R r kh ng ngha vi r
r nng lng, v gy lng ph tin.
C rt nhiu loi bt bt kn thn
thin vi mi trng c coi l bn
vng, khng ch do chng gip ci
thin vic tiu th nng lng, m
hp cht cha cc thnh phn
c th ti ch hoc ti s dng.
S dng cy xanh che chn nng,
lm mt, lc khng kh v cung cp
oxy.
5
2
1
Mt ct nh ph in hnh (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)
Ch
Cn m bo cc thnh phn mi
nh, bao ln c cch nhit
trnh cho chng tr thnh nhng
cu truyn nhit.
6. Sn khng c cht c hi
7. Vn trn mi hu ch
51
10
Gii thiu
Ngp lt ngy cng xy ra thng
xuyn v nghim trong hn ti TP.
H Ch Minh trong vong vai nm
gn y. H thng ia cht thu vn
thi khng chi bi anh hng bi
triu cng, ma con bi cac cn
ma to ngay cang tng, va lu v
t cac khu vc thng ngun.
Tuy nhin, cac nguy c v mi
trng ca TP. H Ch Minh a
phn la do thay i kh hu va phat
trin thi. Nha va khu dn c
thng khng co thit k phu hp
am bao ngn v chng ngm
nc ma, cung nh khng co cac
h thng thoat nc hiu qua rut
nc vo cc thi im mc nc
ln cao. t tr khng thm thu
nc ngy mt tng do thi hoa
cac khu vc ngn va thm nc
trc y lam giam cng sut
tr, thoat nc l v nc ma
ca th. Mc nc mt cao, h
thng thoat nc thng nhim
v khng m bo, lm tc thoat
nc chm v gy ra ngp lt ti
cc khu vc trng. Ngp lut lam tran
nc bn ra t h thng cng ranh,
gy nhim nc, to ra dich bnh,
huy hoai nha va cac cng trinh c
52
Khu dn c
Nha
Nng trn
mc lut
Nng mt ng
va/ hoc toa nha
Tng trt c s
dng tm thi
chng lt
iu va ng
ng thoat nc,
bm nc
Nng nn ng v/
hoc nn nh
Nng nn ton b khu vc dn c
hoc nng nn cc ta nh l bin
php ph bin cc khu mi ti
TP. H Ch Minh. cac khu dn c
hin hu, co th nng ng ni
b, hm, nu nn ng khu thp
hn ng ph chinh, hoc thp
hn mc ngp nc.
ng p va ng bao v b sung Qun 8 TP. H Ch Minh
(Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)
Ch
Hy t lm
Nng tng hm/ tng trt
Nu tng hm hoc tng trt nh
bn thp hn ng ph chinh,
hoc mc ngp in hinh, tng
hm/tng trt co th phai nng ln
mc an toan ngp lt. Bn c th t
lam, nhng se tn kem va phai am
bao s dng cac nguyn liu chng
thm nc. Chu y x l nc ong
t h thng thoat nc.
1. Nng san
2. ng dc va bc thang
3. Hm chng lut
Vi du v cac cach thch ng c bn (Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)
53
Van
~10,000-20,000/tm
Tui cat
~50,000-100,000/tui
Xi mng
~ 50,000-70,000/bao
Gach (A)
~110,000/m2
Soi
~75,000/khi
Di 100,000/lo
Hy t lam
t cac chng ngai vt ngn
nc vao la mt giai phap phu hp
va re tin cho tt ca cac h gia inh.
Co th t cac tm van g hoc cac
chng ngai vt khac ngay trc
bc ca. Co th dung cc vt liu bt
kn chn thm cho kht vo khung
ca. Nn s dung cc loi sap
bit kin cac l hng. Cac bin phap
khac ngn nc la s dng tui
cat, a, xi mng va gach.
Ch
Vt liu bt kn co th g ra v co
th dung lai c sau khi s dung.
Ca chng lut ong va m ca chng lut tai tng trt cua thanh ph Hafen Hamburg
54
iu va ng ng thoat nc
Co th xy h thng bn ngoai
nha ngn lut. ng ng thoat
nc cung co tac dung, nu nc
lut tran ln t ming h ga bn trong
nh.
ng ph chng ngp nc
vi cac li thoat nn
Cac ng ph va ngo hem co th
c xy dng nh knh ao tam
thi, c th tr nc ti khi xy
ra l ln. ng ph va via he s
khng s dung c khi bi lut, nn
cn co thm cac ng thot nn
khi vt qua mc lut an toan.
Tng trt s dng tam thi
chng lt
Tng trt chng lt (p lt nn va
tng, lp t thit bi in trn mc
nc lut) tam thi co th bi ngp
nc nhng khng h hai nng.
Bm nc
S dng h thng bm nc l cn
thit nu khu dn c c bo v
bi h thng iu, nhng l lt
tng ln do h thng thot nc ni
b trong thi gian c triu cng.
H thng bm nc cng cng la
mt phng tin tt bm nc t
khu dn c ra knh ao hoc sng.
ng ng thoat nc
(Ngun: Hng 2010; Waibel 2011)
55
11
Gii thiu
Khng nn !
Nn !
Di y, bn s c cung cp
tng quan v nhng ci m bn nn
lm v nhng ci bn nn trnh,
lin quan n thch ng kh hu v
tit kim nng lng cho nh ph
ti TP. H Ch Minh.
Mt s yu t c x n c th
khng thuc trch nhim ca bn
m ca c quan hnh chnh a
phng hoc cc cng ty pht trin
nh.
Nu bn nhn thy hin tng ang
lm sai, ng chn ch trong vic
trao i vi cc c s c lin quan.
Xy dng qu ti v ln xn pha
trn khu vc sn trong s khin
khng m bo thng gi v khng
to ra kh i lu.
Cc chuyn gia c uy tn t S xy
dng TP. H Ch Minh xc nhn
ni dung ca chng ny.
56
Khng nn !
Nn !
57
Khng nn !
Nn !
Cy xanh trng li i b em li
bng rm cho ng ph v va
h, gip gim nhit v tng gi
tr cnh quan. Ngoi ra, cy xanh
cng mang li nhng li ch b
sung nh:
che nng cho khu vc xe dc
ng
khu vc xanh nh c th l khng
gian chung cho cc hot ng
cng ng
Khu vc c nhiu cy xanh c th
h tr cho nhng ngi bn hng
rong. Bng cch ny, nhiu ngi
s c c hi tr nn quen thuc vi
khu vc ny v gp phn lm tng
sc sng th.
58
Dy nh ph ny c khong li.
Thm vo , cy ci cng gp
phn to ra mi trng vi kh hu
tt.
Khng nn !
Nn !
Mi khng c h thng un nc
bng nng lng mt tri.
Cn lp t h thng un nc
bng nng lng mt tri bt c
ni no c th.
59
Khng nn !
Nn !
60
Khng nn !
S dng qu nhiu n c in
nng cao, dn n lng ph in
nng.
Nn !
61
12. Ngun
12
Ngun
i tc xy dng ni dung
KTS. Trng Sn
Phng Pht trin th, S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh
60 Trng nh, qun 3, TP. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam
KTS. Trn Thu Hng
Khoa Quy hoch th, Trng H Kin trc TP. H Ch Minh
196 Pasteur, qun 3, TP HCM, Vit Nam
K s Ronald Eckert
Trng i hc BTU Cottbus
Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 1, D-03046 Cottbus, CHLB c
trang web: http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/
62
12. Ngun
Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia v S dng Nng lng Tit kim v Hiu qu, B Cng thng, Vit Nam
Vn phng kin trc a phng: NQH Architects, TP. H Ch Minh v Kin trc s Lai The Duy, TP. H Ch Minh
63
12. Ngun
Ti min ph
Trang web ca d n D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Bn ting Vit:
http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/
2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf
Bn ting Anh:
http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/
2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf
Trang web ca Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu (VNEEP):
Bn ting Vit:
http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf
Bn ting Anh:
http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf
64
12. Ngun
Ngun nh
Christoph Hesse (1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 48, 50, 51),
Dirk Schwede (11, 13, 22, 26, 44, 47), Michael Waibel (8, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36, 45, 53, 54, 55), Ceyhan Cce (35),
Ronald Eckert (52, 54, 55), IBS (54), ICPR (54), Vu Thi Phuong Linh (23, 43, 63), Live & Learn (38, 40, 41, 42),
Ngo Thi To Nhien (34, 37, 45), Stephanie Druskath (53), www.floodpanel.com (54), www.lsuagcenter.com/ (55),
Thu Hang Tran (54, 55, 63), S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh (56-61), Enrique Browne (25),
Prof. Hegger, TU Darmstadt (23, 24) Eurowindow, HCMC / Vietnam (49), The Modern Green (48),
The Bamboo Factory, Vietnam (49)
Li cm n
Cun s tay ny c dch v xut bn vi s h tr v hp tc ca S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh, Chng
trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu, Phng Thng mi Chu u ti Vit Nam v
D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh c ti tr bi B Gio dc v Nghin cu c.
65