58 Foundation Engineering Handbook In addition to increasing the rate of progress, the wireline barrel has the following advantages: (1) in formations that are prone to caving, the danger is reduced since the drill string and ‘utes barrel are not removed after each run and the opportunity for loosening of material in the walls of the hole is thereby decreased; (2) bit life is increased by reducing the number of times the bit must core through caved material on reentry into the hole; and (3) ifthe barrel has the optional water shut-off tse gtinging of the core i deseased and reovey thereby 1.1811 Calyx or Shot Core Drilling ‘This method was once used extensively to obtain cores having a wide range of sizes. In current practice it has been replaced to a large extent by the methods previously described and its primary application today is in the drilling of holes having ‘diameters of 30 inches and larger. In this method of drilling, single-tube core barrels are used exclusively. The cutting action is provided by a slotted bit of mild stee] and by very hard steel shot, which is fed into the drill hole with the wash water and reaches the bit via the annular space between the core and the wall of the barrel. The single-tube barrel consists of a heavy- walled steel tube with a thick circular steel plate near its upper end. This head plate has a hole at its center for passage of the Grilling fluid and several bolt holes to permit the heavy deill pipe to be flange-coupled to it. A thin plate slightly smaller in Giameter than the inside diameter of the barrel and located slighily below the head plate is held to the head plate by spacer bolts This plate acts as a deflector for the entering wash water land causes it to carry the stel shot to the periphery ofthe core rather than permit it to drop the shot on top of the core. The buarcel has a mild-stel bit, to 13 inches thick, which is formed by welding a second tube to the interior wall of the lower portion of the barrel or by welding a section of heavy-walled pipe to the base of the barrel, Slots cut into the bit at its lower ‘end facilitate the movement of the shot to the bottom and, outside of the bit. Inoperation, as the barrels rotated, the shot, which becomes wedged beneath and around the slotted bit, is crushed into abrasive particles. These particles, some of which become embedded in the mild steel bit, provide the cutting action required. Two critical items regarding the cutting are the rate ‘of feed of the shot and the rate of flow of the wash water, Too ‘reat an amount of shot will cause the bit to ride on the shot ‘without cutting; too litte shot will yield a less than optimum rate of advance. Insofar as the wash water is concerned, too great a rate of flow will cause the shot to be carried away from the bit and too low a rate will hinder removal of the cuttings. In connection with the removal of cuttings there is still another protlem immediately above the barrel. In this area, the cross section of the hole becomes so large that the velocity of the water is significantly reduced and the cuttings drop from suspension, Since a velocity adequate to catty the cuitings to the surface would carry the shot away {rom the bit, the cuttings are provided for by attaching to the top of the barrel a tube called a calyx or sludge barrel, into which the particles fal, ‘The core barrel used in drilling the large-diameter calyx hole does not have a core lifter. The core may be retrieved in one fof two ways, Inthe first, a special barrel equipped with a core lifter is used. The lifter operates on the same principle as the tapered split-ring cor lifter but is not identical to it, The barrel alsohas, atts loner end, provisions for the placement of powder ‘charges and contains a'conduit for carrying blasting wires to the top of the barrel. The charges are used to break the core from the rock mass. In the second method, the core is broken loose by rotating the core barrel after wedging the core to the barrel. The core is removed by means ofa lifting hook inserted. in-a small hole drilled in the center of the core. ‘The primary advantage of the large-diameter calyx hole is that it provides a hole that will permit the entrance of men for Setailed inspection of subsurface material insitu. Italso provides a larger core for inspection and, in general, as a result of the larger size, a higher percentage recovery. However, its an expensive method of exploration and is used only in special circumstances. 1.15.12 Integral Coring Method “This sampling technique was developed by Dr. Manuel Rocha (1971a and 1971b) in response to the need for tock cores truly representative of in sith rock masses, including thei dis coitinuities such s open, tight, or clay-fled joints, shear zones, and cavities, The method consists of taking a core at whose center isa steel rod or pipe previously inserted and bonded to the rock mass to hold the mass together during the coring operation. This technigue, when properly used, produces 100 percent cecovery and provides oriented cores. The method may be used to obtain cores throughout the entire length of a boring or at selected locations. The procedure used isas follows. Avhole with a minimum diameter of 7-5cm is drilled to the depth at which integral coring is required. A second, small tiameter hole is then drilled coaxially with the first hole and extending from the bottom ofthe first hole to a depth equal to the length ofthe required core. The diameter ofthe second hole must be large enough to accommodate a rod or pipe of adequate stiffness to minimize deformation of the core during the coring but should be as small as feasible to increase the thickness of the annular sample recovered. The majority of integral coring done 10 date. has been accomplished sing boreholes 7Sem in diameter with reinforcing pipe holes 26cm in diameter. The length ofthe coring run must be as long as possible to minimize the cost but it must net be so long as {o result in dificultes due to hole deviation. Although the maximum core length to date has been 1.5m, ficulties with appreciably longer lengths are not anticipated. ‘Upon completion of the inner small-diameter hole, the reinforcing. pipe coupled to positioning rods by a special Connecting element is lowered into the smaller hole. The pipe, which has been notched at the (op and botiom, is carefully Positioned 0 that these notches are in a known direction, thereby providing for core orientation. The pipe used is commonly 8mm smaller in diameter than the hole. Itis bonded to the rock mass by cement grout of epoxy resin grout injected through the drill rods and the pipe itself, which is perforated. ‘The Binding agent is often dyed to enable itt be distinguished from the core which it may penetrate. Following injction of| the grout, the positioning rods and the special connecting clement, which permits the rods to be detached trom the feinforcing pipe, are removed as soon as practicable so that they do not become stuck in the hole as the grout sets. Once the grout has set sufficiently, core of roek with the reinforcing Pipe in is center is taken by overcoring with a standard core barrel. Satisfactory results have been achieved with both Single- and double-tube core barrels. However, as in the ‘commonly used coring methods, the double tube is preferred ‘when coring poor rock “This method has proven to be highly successful Is primary disadvantage isthe increasod time required for driling and the related higher costs. In many instances, however, the increased information obtained readily justifies the additional time and cost