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FRACTURE
FRACTURE -SEPERATION OF A MATERIAL
UNDER LOAD BY BREAKING INTO TWO OR
MORE PIECES
FRACTURE INVOLVES
CRACK INITIATION + CRACK PROPAGATION
TYPES OF FRACTURE
- DUCTILE
- BRITTLE
TYPES OF FRACTURE
DUCTILE FRACTURE
CHARACTERIZED BY APPRECIABLE PLASTIC
DEFORMATION PRIOR TO RUPTURE
MECHANISM - INITIATION , GROWTH AND
COALESCENCE OF MICRO VOIDS TO FORM CRACKS
UNDER TENSILE LOAD
CRACKS IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AT AN
ANGLE OF 45 TO THE TENSILE LOAD
CUP AND CONE FRACTURE
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODE APPEARANCE- SHEAR
APPEARANCE OF FRACTURE - FIBROUS (GRAY)
TYPES OF FRACTURE
BRITTLE FRACTURE
FAILURE WITHOUT APPARENT OR APPRECIABLE
PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT EXTREMELY HIGH
SPEEDS (as high as 7000 ft/ sec)
IF BROKEN PIECES ARE FITTED TOGETHER, THE
ORIGINAL SHAPE & DIMENSIONS OF SPECIMEN ARE
RESTORED
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODE APPEARANCECLEAVAGE
APPEARANCE OF FRACTURE - GRANULAR (BRIGHT)
BRITTLE FRACTURE OCCURS WITHOUT ANY WARNING &
USUALLY PRODUCES DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES
PLANE STRESS
PLANE STRAIN
CORROSPONDS TO BULK
YIELDING
-- DUCTILE MATERIAL
-- THIN SECTION
-- HIGH TEMPERATURE
CORROSPONDS TO RESTICTED
YIELDING
-- BRITTLE / HARD MATERIAL
-- THICK SECTION
-- LOW TEMPERATURE
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL
IN THE PRESENCE OF CRACKS OR
DISCONTINUTIES
FRACTURE MECHANICS
ASPECT OF WELD DESIGN - MORE QUANTITATIVE
CHARACTERISES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
MATERIAL STRESS LEVELS AND TOLERABLE
CRACK SIZE
TO DETERMINE THE LIFE OF A COMPONENT
ONCE A CRACK IS EXISTING / INITIATED
TO DETERMINE POSSIBLE MEANS AND METHODS
TO SLOW DOWN THE PROPOGATION OF THE
INITIATED OR EXISTING CRACK(S).
GRIFFITHS THEORY
GRIFFITH THEORY DEALS WITH THE
PROPOGATION OF PRE-EXISTING CRACK IN A
BRITTLE MATERIAL (PERFECTLY BRITTLE
MATERIAL- GLASS)
PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY BALANCE STRAIN
ENGERGY LOST IN PROPOGATING A CRACK AND
SURFACE ENERGY OF THE NEWLY CREATED
FRACTURE SURFACES
TOTAL ENERGY (U) = Uo - Ua + U
where,Uo = Elastic Energy of Uncracked Plate
2a
Ua = Decrease in Elastic Energy by
introducing the crack in the length
U = Increase in the Elastic Surface Energy
caused by the formation of the crack surface
GRIFFITHS THEORY
TOTAL ELASTIC ENERGY (U)
U= Uo - (
2a2/ E) + 4a e
Where, e = Surface Energy per unit area
E = Elasticity of Material
FRACTURE OCCURS WHEN U/ a = 0
= (2 eE / a)1/2 -----------(A)
is inversely proportional to square root of the crack
length. Thus, increasing the crack length reduces the
Fracture Stress.
FROM (A) 2a / E = 2 e = G
G = Energy Release Rate per unit area of crack surface
2 e = G REPRESENTS MATERIAL RESISTANCE TO
CRACK EXTENTION R
Y
y = x = (a /2 )1/2
y
x
2a
X
= Radius of Curvature of Crack Tip
a = Half Length of Center Crack
CRACK TIP
xy
y = x = (a /2 )1/2 , xy = 0
K = (
a)1/2 MN/m 3/2 OR ksi (in)1/2
K = (
a)1/2
where, = Parameter (depends on the specimen geometry & crack
geometry)
Z
Z
F
F
F
MODE -I
OPENING MODE
MODE -II
SLIDING MODE
MODE -III
TEARING MODE