2201Invertibrates.

notebook

January23,2015

KingdomAnimalia
WearegoingtodivideAnimaliaintotwogroups:
invertebratesandvertebrates.
Theinvertebratescontainmostofthespeciesin
Animalia,andisverydiverse.
Thevertebratesincludeanimalsthataremostsimilar
tohumans.
ThecharacteristicsofInvertebrateswewilllookat
include:
1.Symmetry
2.Tissuelayers
3.Coleom
4.Digestion
5.Reproduction

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CharacteristicsofInvertebrates
1.SymmetryDividinganorganisminto
identicalparts.
AsymmetricalAnorganismthatcannotbe
dividedintoidenticalparts.

BilaterallysymmetricalAnorganismthat
canbedividedintotwoidenticalparts.

RadiallysymmetricalAnorganismthat
canbedividedintomorethantwoidenticalparts.

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CharacteristicsofInvertebrates
2.TissuelayersAnimalscanhaveuptothree
differenttissuelayersintheirearlyembryo(germ
layers).
Endoderm(innerlayer)Becomesthegutin
humans.
Mesoderm(middlelayer)Becomesthe
muscleandreproductiveorgansinhumans.
Ectoderm(outerlayer)Becomestheskin
andnervoussysteminhumans.

NOTE:Notallanimalshaveallthreeembryotic
tissuelayers.

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CharacteristicsofInvertebrates
3.Bodycavity(coelom)Thisreferstoafluid
filledcavityinsideofanorganism.
AcoelomateWhenthebodyisfilledsolid
withcells.

PseudocoelomateWhenthereisaliquid
filledcavityNOTlinedwithtissueproducedbythe
mesoderm.

EucoelomateWhenthereisaliquidfilled
cavitythatislinedwithtissueproducedbythe
mesoderm.

NOTE:Animalsmusthave3layersoftissuefor
thesetermstoapply.

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CharacteristicsofInvertebrates
4.DigestionHowfoodisbrokendown.
Digestionmaybedonebyindividualcellsorina
gut.
Thegutisanemptyspaceinsidetheanimal.
Thegutmayresemblealongtube(oneway
movement),oraballoon(twowaymovement).

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CharacteristicsofInvertebrates
5.ReproductionThisisquitevariedinanimals.
asexual)ortwo
Itmayinvolveonlyoneindividual(
(sexual).
Fertilizationmayoccurinsidethefemale(internal)
orintheenvironment(external).
maleor
Eachindividualmayhaveonlyonesex(be
female)orhaveboth(hermaphrodite).

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PhylumPorifera
(The sponges)

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PhylumPoriferap.183
Thisphylumincludesthesponges.
Spongesaretheleastcomplexanimals.
All5000speciesareaquatic.
Althoughsomeareround,theyareconsidered
asymmetrical.
SpongeshaveNOtissues,justlayersofthree
differenttypesofcells.
Digestionisdoneinsideofeachcell.Thereis
NOgut.

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PhylumPorifera
Reproductioncanbedoneasexuallyby
budding.
Sexualreproductionhasexternalfertilization
anddevelopmnet.
Spongesarehermaphrodites.

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PhylumCnidariap.183
Thisphylumincludesjellyfishandcoral.
Thereare11,000species.
CnidarianshaveTWOtissuelayers,endoderm
andectoderm.
Theyhaveradialsymmetry.
Somedigestionisdonewithincellsbutthereis
agutinsidetheanimalscalleda gastrovascular
cavity(GVC).
TheGVCisusedfordigestionandcirculation
ofnutrientsandgases(oxygenandcarbon
dioxide).Diffusionisalsousedfortransport.

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PhylumCnidaria
Mostspeciescanreproduceasexuallyby
budding.
Somealternatebetweenanasexually
reproducingpolypandasexuallyreproducing
medusaform.

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PhylumCnidaria
Polypsaresessile.E.g.coralandanemones.
Medusaearemotile.E.g.jellyfish.
Medusaecanbehermaphroditesorhave
separatesexes.
Fertilizationisexternal.

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PhylumPlatyhelminthesp.183
Thisphylumincludestheplanarianandtape
worms.
Thereareabout25,000species.
Theyarebilaterallysymmetrical.
Theyhave3tissuelayers.Somehaveorgans
(e.g.eyespots).
But,havenobodycavity(acoelomate).
Somehavenogutandjustabsorbnutrients(e.g.
tapeworms).
Othershaveacomplexbranchinggut(e.g.
planarian).

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PhylumPlatyhelminthes
Ifagutispresentithasonlyoneopening.
Thatopeningtakesinfood(likeamouth)and
expelswaste(likeananus).
Thesewormsaregenerallythin,sotheycanuse
diffusiontotransportgases,nutrientsandwastes.
SpecieswithaguthaveaGVCsotheyalsouseitfor
transport.

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PhylumPlatyhelminthes
Afewspeciescanreproduceasexuallyby
fragmentation(e.g.planarians).
Mostspeciesreproducesexuallywithseparate
sexes.Somearehermaphrodites(e.g.tapeworms).
Fertilizationisinternal.
Althoughmanyspeciesinthisphylumare
parasitic,somearefreeliving.
E.g.tapewormsandplanarian.

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PhylumNematodap.184
Thisphylumincludesroundwormssuchaspinworm.
Thereare20,000identifiedspecies,butthereare
probablymany,manymore.
Mostnematodesaresmall(1mm)withthelargest
about40cmlong.
Mostarefreeliving,butsomeareparasitic.
Theyhavethreetissuelayersandapseudocoelom.
Thepseudocoelomisusedfortransport(i.e.gases
andwaste).

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PhylumNematoda
Theyarebilaterallysymmetrical,withbunchesof
nerveslocatedintheanterior(i.e.abrain).
Nematodeshaveaonewaygutwithaseparate
mouthandanus.
MostareSexual,butsomespeciescanreproduce
asexuallybyproducinganeggthatdevelopsintoan
adultwithoutfertilization.
Mostspecieshaveseparatesexesbutafeware
hermaphrodites.
Fertilizationisinternal,developmentisinternalor
external.
E.g.Hookwormandpinworm

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PhylumAnnelidap.184
Thisphylumcontainssegmentedwormslike
earthworms.
Thereareabout15,000species,mostlymarine.
Allarefoundinwetenvironments.
Sizerangesfromlessthan1mmto3m.
Althoughsomehavefewexternalstructures,
somehavecomplexappendages.

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PhylumAnnelida
Theyhavethreetissuelayersandaneucoelom,
whichtheyuseasahydrostaticskeleton.
HydrostaticskeletonWhenaneucoelomor
pseudocoelomactasfluidfilledskeletons.
Annelidshaveaonewaygutwithspecialized
sections.

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PhylumAnnelida
Mostreproducesexuallywithseparatesexes.
Somereproduceasexuallybyfragmentation,
butnotearthworms.
Fertilizationisinternalanddevelopmentis
external.
Somearehermaphrodites(e.g.earthworms).
E.g.Earthwormsandtubeworms

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PhylumMolluscap.184
Thisphylumisthemostmorphologicallydiverse
animalphylum.
Itincludesmussels,squidandsnails.
Thereareover100,000species.
Theyrangeinsizefromafewmillimetersto
20m.

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PhylumMollusca
Theyhavethreetissuelayersandaneucoelom.
Theyarebilaterallysymmetrical,somewithvery
complexbrainsandnervoussystems.
Molluskshaveacomplexheartbutnobloodvessels.
Bloodiscirculatedthroughtheircoelom.
Digestionisdoneinaonewaygut.

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PhylumMollusca
Reproductionisdoneonlysexually.
Fertilizationisexternalinsomespecies(clam)and
internalinothers(squid).
Developmentisexternal.
Sexesareseparateinsome(squid)butothersare
hermaphrodites(snail).
E.g.squid,mussels,andslugs

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Phylum Arthropoda p.186-189

Thisphylumcontainsinsects,lobstersandmites.
Withabout1,500,000species,itisbyfarthelargest
phylumofanimals.

Theyrangeinsizefrommicroscopicplanktonuptoafew
meterslong.

Theyarebilaterallysymmetrical.
Arthropodshave3tissuelayersandhaveaneucoelom.
Therealsoisaonewaygut.

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Phylum Arthropoda
Somereproduceasexuallybyproducingan
unfertilizedeggthatdevelopsintoanadult.
Sexualreproductionhasinternalfertilization
withseparatesexes.
Developmentisexternalorinternal.
E.g.spiders,flies,lobsters

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Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insect

haveaexoskeleton
athreepartbody(head,
thoraxandabdomen)
threepairsofjointedlegs
compoundeyes
onepairofantennae.

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Why are there so many insects?

1.Size
Insectsaresmall.Thismeanstheycanoccupymany
habitats,eveninasmallarea(i.e.oneflowercanhave
severalhabitats).
2.Complexappendages
Insectscanflysotheycaneasilyfindfood,matesor
escapepredators.
Specializedlegsandmouthpartsalsomeantheycan
catchandeatmanytypesoffood.
3.Shortlifecycle
Insectsmaturefromaneggtoadultquickly.Thismeans
apopulationcanincreaseinsizequickly.
4.Waterproofing
Insectshaveawaxycoatingandproduceeggswith
waterproofshells.

Unlikemanyanimals,insectscanliveandreproducein
verydryhabitats(i.e.deserts).

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Mouthparts

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Wings

Legs

Antenneas

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Phylum Echinodermata p.184

Thisphylumincludesstarfishandseaurchins.
Ofthegroupscoveredsofar,thisphylumismost
closelyrelatedtovertebrates.
Thereareabout7000species.
Theyrangeinsizefromabout1cmto2m.
Theyareradiallysymmetricalbasedonthe
number5.
Theyhave3tissuelayersandaneucoelom.
Auniquestructurecalledthewatervascular
system,aidsinmovement.

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Phylum Echinodermata
Echinodermshaveaonewaygutwith2stomachs.
Oneofthesecanbeexpelledthroughthemouthtodo
somedigestionexternally.

Asexualreproductionispossiblethrough
fragmentation.
Fertilizationisexternalwithmostspecieshaving
separatesexesandafewhermaphrodites.
E.g.Starfish,seaurchins

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