NO2

OH NO2 CH3 CH3

NO2
NO2

‫فينول‬ ‫نيترو بنزن‬ ‫تولوين‬

CH3 CH3 CH3

‫تولوين‬ OH

CH3
CH CH2

CH3 NO2

CH3
‫بارا‬ ‫أورطو‬ ‫ميتا‬ NO2

NO2
CH CH2 ‫ إيتن‬1-‫فنيل‬

NO2 NO2

+ H2O
NO2
‫ إيتن‬1-‫فنيل‬ NO2

3
HNO + +H2 O

NO2
NO2

3
HNO + +H2 O

NO2
NO2 NO2

3
HNO + +H2 O

NO2 NO2

NO2
 CH3
CH3

OH

C6H6 Br Br

HCl
Br
Br
+
OH NO2 HNO3
C
CO2 H2O
Cl2
C6H6Cl6
Ni
C HCl ‫شعلة‬
C6H6 + 3Cl2 C + HCl
‫الضوء‬
C6H6 + 3Cl2 C6H6Cl6
C6H6 + xBr2 C6H6-xBrx + x HBr
Ni
C6H6 + 3H2 C6H12

C6H6 + Br2 C6H5Br + HBr

C6H6 + xBr2 C6H6-xBrx + x HBr

OH
OH
Br Br

+ 3Br2 + 3HBr

Br
 O O
R C + H2O R C + HCl

Cl OH
PCl3 PCl5
H SOCl2
Cl
O
O O NH2 NH R
C R C
O NH
C
O H C OH
C Cl CH3 O
O O
CH
O C
C
CH2
C
N
R1
O
OH
R2
+
R3
O
O
C
C R1
O O
O
R C R C
R1 R C
N H N R2
N H

H R1 R1

H2O

O
C O
CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH2 C O CH3

OH O
O
CH3 C
O OH O
CH3 CH C 2R1 P4O10
C O + H2O
OH OH
CH3 O CH3
C
O
O O
R1 R1
C
C + R2 OH R2 + HCL

Cl
O PCl3 O POCl + HCL
R1 C + PCl5 R1 C + POCl3 + HCL
SOCl2 SO2 + HCL
OH
Cl
O O
O
R1 -
C
R2
O
+ OH R1 R2 OH
C -
+
 δ
- -
δ +
δ -
δ
N N + C X N C
NH

-
δ +
δ -
δ +
N + C X N
NH2
+
δ δ
-

C X +
δ δ
- C
NH2 C X

+ H
H N H N N

R1
H R2
R3
N

-
X

H H
H

R1 N H R1 N R2 R1 N R2

H H R3
 O
R C
H

O
+
H
R-C≡CH2 H - OH + R C
H
R Ni/Pt/Zn
H R
Cl
‫الحرارة‬
C C

H H CH2 OH
Ni/Pt/Zn
Cl Cl
‫الحرارة‬
C2H2 +2 Cl 2 H C C H
Cl Cl
H R
+
C C + H OH H CH2 CH R

H H H OH
C2H4 + Cl 2
 CH2 CH2

Cl Cl
 Ni/Pt/Zn
Zn/Cu
C2H4 + H 2
 C2H6 ‫الحرارة‬
‫الحرارة‬
Pt/BaSO4 Ni/Pt/Zn CH3 C2H5
C2H4 + H 2
 ‫ل شيء‬ C2H2 +2 H 2
 C2H6 H
‫الحرارة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ CH3
H H
C C
H H C C
C C H H
C C
CH2
H H
C2H5
CH CH CH2
CH3 C2H5
CH3
C C
CH
CH3 H
CH3 CH3

CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 C C

C C
CH3
CH3 H Cl
H

CH3 CH CH CH CH3

CH3
C C

R1 R2

C C

H H R1 R2

R1 H

C C

H R2