Magazine - Rachana - 131 - Ashad - Shaun - 2071BS

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e-mail : nepalirachana@gmail.com
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5f]/f jL/ agL p7]/ /0fdf n+sf kn+sf k's] .

df/L /fj0f dfOsf] r/0fdf >L/fd cfO{ em's]..
;Ltf t'No lk|of ag], e/t em}+ efO{ ldn] ;Hhg.
5fofdlGt/ /fd/fHo sljn] gf}nf] u/] l;h{g
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vfO{ slQ c3fOFb}g jgsf] of] d"n kfgL klg.
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w]/} jif{ lat] j;Gt jgsf Sj}nL s/fP slt+.
ltd|} ;'Gb/ /fduLt hlt g} ufof] 5 dL7f] plt..
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d]/f] pGgt 6fs'/f;l/ c xf]nf hut\df sxfF..
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n]v]y] h'g /fd /fHo sljn] PSn} a;L h]ndf..
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efiffsf] cg'xf/ wf]O p;df eb}{ uof} nflndf
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12
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k"0ff{ 131
efu]Yof] ha efg'sf] pbon] c1fghf8f]td

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b]vfof} h'g pRr nIo ltldn] To} 7fpFdf pSng
vf]Hg] afnsn] u/f]Og / s] ltd|f] ;w}+ ;Demgf <
efiffnfO{ cFufln xfln p;df ;flxTosf] r]tgf
xfd|f] /fi6 hufpg] k'?ifsf] db}g{ Tof] k|]/0ff
xfd|f] /fli6otf cr]tg;/L e}+df n8]sf] lyof]
ltd|f] sfJo;'wf lkO{ cd/tf kfof] gdg]{ eof]
of}6f x"F d kgL cnUu 5 oxfF cl:tTj d]/f] klg
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ltd|f] :jl0f{d Hof]ltn] dxnsf Rofof] a'6] ofndf
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xfd|f] hfu[ltsf d'xfg ltld xf} 8f]ofpFb5
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lj:tf/df n]lvPsf] 5._
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! ;/;/ xg'dfg\hL p8\by] k'Ug kf/
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k"0ff{ 131
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13
@ jl/kl/ ;l/tfn] 3]l/Pem}+ 5 n\sf

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ls/0fdo ag]sf] ;"o{sf] ljDa 6NsL
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/;do sljtfn] ub{5f}F cfTd l;St
ho ho ho ltd|f] eGb5f}F efg'eQm
bhuvanharisid@gmail.com
5
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efiff ;]jf pQd uof} ;dfhsf] enf]
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cfsfzem}+ km}lnPsf efg' efj 5fgf
g]kfnLsf] g]kfn of] dgsf] km"naf/L
emndnfof} efg' ltdL ;[li6 b\ukf/L
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g]kfnLsf] ;u/dfyf efg' eof} 5ftL
h"g cfpF5g\ cGwsf/df aQL afN5g\ /ftL
efg'h:t} rDsg] 5 of] g]kfnL hflt
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16
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k"0ff{ 131
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lbP/ uof} af6f] vGg ;lhnf] u/L
lzv/ k|ltefsf] wgL ;Ddfg kfp efg'
la/f6gu/!@
efg'eQm slj tyf cfbz{ kBfg'jfbs

n]vs>L k'is/ zDz]/ haxfb'/ /f0ff, g]kfn
efg'eQm g]kfnsf cflbslj xf]Ogg\ tfklg pgLeGbf
cufl8sf sljaf6 g t k':ts aGg nfossf g]kfnL
sljtf lg:s], g g]kfnL efiffsf] k v8f ug{ s]xL ;xfotf
ldNof]., sf]xL lxGbLkl 9Ns], s;}n] ;+:s[t Znf]sdf g]kfnL
k'R5/ dfq ufF;] . p;}n] efg'eQmnfO{ cflbslj eGg' cTo'lQm
xf]Og.
efg'eQmn] cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] Znf]sa4 cg'jfb afx]s
df}lns sljtf Hofb} yf]/} /r]sf] b]lvG5. tfklg pgdf
sljTj zlQm oy]i6 lyof] eGg] pgsf] /fdfo0f / df]tL/fd
en] n]v]sf] pgsf] hLjg rl/qaf6 b]lvG5. lalGtkq
n]v] klg sljt} 5, ldqnfO{ ;fgf] v];|f] n]v/] 5f]8\bf klg sljt} 5, b]zsf]
kl/l:ylt / sfnsf] ljrf/ ubf{ pgsf] dgdf df}lns u|Gy n]Vg] Vofn gcfpg'
:jfefljs} xf]. t/ pgn] n]v]sf] eP ;Sy] eGg] c'gdfg ug{ ;lsG5. lsgeg]
pgdf sljtfzlQm dfq xf]Og, b"w] afns efifff/f Toqf] u|Gy Znf]sd
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g} a'5. km]l/ y'lgbf dflg;sf] dg lvGg x'G5, xft p7\tg} To; a]nfdf sljtf
cfPklg ls cfgf b'Mv bb{sf] k'sf/f lg:sG5, ls l/;sf] pb\uf/ cyjf c?sf]
lgGbf. To:tf] cj:yfdf w}o{ /fvL vf]/nfO{ Psnf;sf] u'Kt sf]7f ;+emL ;a} /;n]
k"0f{ ePsf rf/ sf08 /fdfo0f ;/n / /l;nf] kf/L rf/ dlxgf leq} cg'jfb ug'{
n/t/f] s'/f xf]Og.
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xf] dsg a:g' g/flv sLlt{ eGg] ;+em]/ dfq p7fg u/]sf] u|GynfO{ d[To'zofdf
/fduLtf n]vfO{ 6'ofpg' k|z+;gLo xf].
pgn] cfWofTd /fdfo0f cg'jfb dfq u/]sf x'g\ tfklg pgsf] cg'jfbdf
dxTjsf w]/} s'/f 5g\. tL s'/fsf] ljrf/ ug{ d"n u|Gysf b'Orf/ Znf]s pgsf
Znf]s;Fu bfFHg' a9\tf xf]cf]Og cWofTd /fdfo0f
k"0ff{ 131
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17
ttM ;'ldqf b[i6\j}g+ /fd+ /f1L+ ;;+e|df.

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k|e"nfO{ b]Vtf clws dg ;Gtf]iklg eof]..
v'zLn] sfVdf nLsg ha elgg\ vfp s5' egL.
;'gL /fd\Ho" eG5g\ ca t slt vfFnf lg d klg..!..
uof] vfGof a]nf dsg t ldNof] /fHo jgsf].
e/t\n] /fh\ kfof olx+ al; u?g\ /fHo hgsf]..
labf aS:of hfj;\ v'lzl;t d hfGof 5' jgdf.
d rfF8} lkm/\Gof5" lj/x g/xf];\ slQ dgdf..@..
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:jtGq cg'jfb u/]sf x'g\ . t/ pgsf] p2]Zo cfgf Znf]sdf kbnflnTo kfg]{
x'gfn] zAbfy{df Ps hft afFlwPsf 5}gg\. d"nsf] 7f8f] cy{ dfq u/]sf] eP ca
t slt vfFnf lg d klg. uof] vfGof a]nf dsg t ldNof] /fHo jgsf]. n] lbPsf]
dL7f]kg a]kQf x'GYof]. pRrf/0f ug{ sl7g lSni6 ;+:s[t Znf]ssf] cufl8 pgsf
lagf kl/>dn] lg:s]sf] b]lvg] lbndf r'Eg] /l;nf kbx pRrfbf{ lhe|f] / cfFvfn]
;'lj:tf kfpF5, dg efjdf hDg kfpF5.
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OToflb. pgn] g;s]/ oL kb /fv]sf xf]Ogg\ lsgeg] hfGof5'nfO{ hfg]5' u/]/ 5Gb
e x'bF g} . pxL sf/0fn] dxfslj z]S;lko/sf sljtfdf klg o:tf zAb w]/} k/]sf 5g\.
xfd|f] afNofj:yfsf] ;'gf}nf lbgsf] 6s k/L ;'gf}nf ag]sf oL sljsf uof]
vfGof a]nf dsg t ldNof] /fHo jgsf]. h:tf Znf]sn] slt k6s xfd|f uxnfO{
cfF;n
' ] e/], sltk6s xfd|f] 5ftLdf esfg' kf/]. ToxL j]nfb]lv xfd|f gzf gzfdf,
xf8leq;Dd klg oL sljsf sljtf/; 3':g uP/ xf]nf, xfd|f cfFvf sfg cs}{
lsl;dn] olt tfnLd eO;s]kl5 klg, tf/Lkm oxL 5, oL Znf]s ;'Gg] ;fy dfly
n]lvPsf zAbx ;x;f v6\sFb}gg\. xf], s]xL ljrf/ u/]kl5 h/} ofb x'G5. xfd|f]
cfFvf, sfg, lhe|fsf] afu8f]/ k|yfn] ;dft]sf] 5. lrKn] sL/f] dflg;n] vfg] rLh
ePtfklg csf] ax;n] xfdL To;nfO{ 3Lg dfGg 5f]8\bg} f}+, g km"nsf]kLsf]
18
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
ay'jfO ub}d
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w]/} ljfg\pk/ tL sljtfsf] c;/ /lx/x]s} 5. emg\ ckl7tsf] s] s'/f < emg\ To;
;dosf g]kfnLxdf o;n] sqf] ;g;gL k}bf uof] x]fnf clxn];Dd klg o;sf]
k|rf/ olt a9\tf 5 w]/}hgf oxL k9\gfsf nflu g]kfnL j0f{dfnf lrGx dg u5{g\ .
o;af6 efg'eQmn] xfd|f] efiffsf] 7"nf] ;]jf u/] eGg'k5{.
oxfF Pp6f z+sf p7\g ;S5 M b'lgofF /fdkLo"ifwf/f lkP/ e'n]sf x'g\ ls
efg'eQmLo sljtf /;df < pgsf] sljtfdf /l;nf]kg 5}g eg'F, ew'/tf 5}g eg"F,
s]jn /fd;'wfdf b'lgofF n7 ePsf x'g\ eGg] ;Dem'F, t}klg efg'eQmn] g]kfnL
;flxTosf], cem g]kfnL efif}sf], zq'pk/ /fdjf0f k|xf/ u/]/ ;kmn ePsfdf xfdL
pgsf] C0fL 5f}+. km]l/ hlt n]v jf sljtfsf] cfsif{stf syf jf ljifodf lge{/
/xG5, plt syf bou|fxL x'g sljtf jf n]vsf] z}nL, kb, OToflb ?lrs/ /
/l;nf rflxG5g\. pgn] oxL /fdfo0f vf] 6/f]{ sljtfdf n]vs
] f] eP s;n]
?rfpFYof] < pgn] kfO{ gnfUg] u/L s'/f cg';f/sf] leGg leGg 5Gb /f]hL
cfjfnj[4, algtfnfO{ efsf ldnfP/ ufpg lbg' g} k|rf/sf] k|f0f xf].
?lrs/ x'gfsf] nflu pgn] cfgf] cg'jfbdf slt :jtGqtf lnPsf 5g\,
To;sf] csf]{ gd"gf oxfF lbg cfjZos ;DemG5' M
cWofTd /fdfo0f
;'u|Lj]0f s[t+ls+ t] dof jf g s[t+ lsd'.

efg'eQm
;'lu|j\ xf] slt ;fv\ d x"F slt s';fv\ xf b}j Sof dg\ lbof].
g]kfnL efiffsf] xsdf of] kfp olt ;'xfpFbf], olt /fd|f,] olt bou|fxL 5 ls
o;nfO{ cg'jfb eGg dg nfUb}g. o;}af6 b]lvG5 pgsf Znf]s slt nflnTok"0f{ 5g\.
efg'eQmn] s'g} gofF s'/f u/]sf xf]Ogg\. pgLeGbf cufl8 /3'gfyn] klg t
;'Gb/ sf08 Znf]s}df pNyf u/]sf lyP eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5. t/ b'O sljn]
cg'jfbsf leGg leGg dfu{ kqm]sf 5g\. /3'gfy efiff /fd|f] gxf];\ d"nsf] zAbfy{df
tndfly k/f];\, rfx] d"ndf gePsf Psb'O zAb ylkpg\ efiff /l;nf] gagfO{
5f]8l\ bg eGg]kl nfu]. efg'eQm rflx+rfx] d"nsf] zAbfy{df tndfly k/f];\, rfx]
d"ndf gePsf Ps b'O kb ylkpg\ efiff /l;nf] gagfO{ 5f]8\lbg eGg] kl nfu].
p;}n] oL b'O sljsf Znf]s bfFh]/ x]bf{ g]kfnL efiffsf] xsdf efg'eQmsf] Znf]s
/3'gfysf] eGbf lgs} kl/is[t / pRr sIffsf] b]lvG5 p;}n,] g]kfnL efiffsf]
;flxTonfO{ o'uxdf ljeQm uof}+ eg] efg'eQmb]lv Pp6f gofF o'u z' ug'k{ 5{.
of] 5f]6s/L n]v jf ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ 6'ofpFbf d olt gegL ;lQmgF M efg'eQmnfO{
dxfslj jf slj;d|f6\ eGg xfdL u?sfP klg, pgnfO{ df}lns efj's sljsf] :yfg
lbg xfdL cgsgfP tfklg, pgn] ;flxTosf] uf/f]sf] hu nfP eg, cyjf hu
vg]dfq eg, jf hudfly b'Orf/ O{6+ /fv] klg eg, h] eg, t/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{
/fd|/L v'f 6]sfPsf]df xfdL g]kfnL dfqsf] s[t1tfdf pgsf] k"/f xs 5.
[efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy, k|sfzs M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bflh{ln, lj=;+=!((&]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
19
st{Jo
n]vs>L nIdLgGbg zdf{, g]kfn
cflbsljdf efg'eQmsf] gfd k|l;4 5. efg'eQmsf]
kxf8L k|bz
] df -tgx"_F hGd ePsf] xf] tfklg pgsf] ;flxTo
If]qdf k"/f bvn lyof]. ljZjslj t'n;Lbf;;Fu x/]s
aftdf logsf] t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5. h:tf] t'n;Lbf;n]
/fdrl/tdfg; n]v]/ lxGbL ;flxTosf] hGd u/fPy] p:t}
efg'eQmhLn] klg g]kfnL ;flxTosf] hGd u/fP. logLxsf]
kB /rgf a8f] nflnTodo / efjk"0f{ 5. oL b'jn
} ] ;aeGbf
klxn] wfld{s u|Gy /fdfo0fsf] k'g?4f/ u/]sf x'g\.
efg'eQmhLsf] hLjgdf s8f s8f b'Mv k/] t/ pgn] ;j
b'Mv xFl;nf] d'vn] em]n]. pgnfO{ PsfGtjf;sf] a8f] ;f]v lyof]. x'g klg hlt
u"9 ljrf/ dg'iodf pTkGg x'G5, Tof] PsfGtjf;af6} x'G5. o;}n] pgn] kxf8L
k|b]zdf slxn] Ps j[Ifdlg a;] slxn] cf]8f/leq k;L cg]s efjk"0f{ ;/; sljtf
n]v]. ;fdflhs hLjgIf]qdf klg cf]Nx|/{] pgn] cfgf] gfd sdfpg vf]h]sf x'gfn]
cflv/ y'gj' fsf] cj:yfsf] s8f oftgf;Dd klg em]Ng'kof] t}klg pgL lge{otf;fy
cfg} sfJo/rgfdf nflu/x] / oxL ;dodf /fdfo0f ;dfKt u/]. ;f+;fl/s
oftgfn] pgsf] ;/; boef08df /; ;'sfpg'sf] abnf emg\ cd[tsf] jiff{ uof].
pgsf] efjeldf emg\emg\ gjf]Tyfg eP/ lg:sg nfUof]. s}og\n] pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf
;d]t u/] xf]nfg\ k/Gt' ;dfnf]rgfsf] b[li6df pgL sbflk j}nfPgg\. emg\ xl/of]kgf
lnP/ cufl8 a9]. h:tf] ;"o{sf] s8f 3fd gkfO{sg s'g} sf]dn, ;'uGwL, /d0fLo
km"nx km'Ng ;St}gg\. To:t} k|s[ltsf] k"/f ;xof]u gkfO{sg sljsf] sfJo/rgf
kmNgkm'Ng ;Qm}g.
efg'eQmhLsf] sfJo /rgfdf k|s[ltsf] ;xof]u k"/f b]lvG5. ;'Gb/ sf08df
k|fs[lts b[Zosf] aofg a8f] nflnTok"0f{ 5 kDkf;/sf] aofg s:tf] /fd|f] 5.
df5f sR5k rNb5g\ sdnsf ;a\ lu5{ s]zt{xfF.

s]zn]{ ha 5f]lkof] klg eGof b]lvG5 hNkf] sxfF..
gLnf nfn ;km]TsdNklg cg]s \ /f eofsf txfF .
af]N 5g\ x+; rsf]/ ;f/;x nf6f Sj:of/f hxfF ..@..
h:tf] lgd{n x'G5 ;Gtxsf] dg\ ;f]lx dfkmLs hn\.
lgd{n\ b]lv ax't\ k|;Gg x'g' ef] nfUof] / ;fx|} c;n\.
yf]8f hNklg kfg\ u/L ;sn jg\ x]Yof{ huGgfy\ txfF.
b]Vof ;'lu|jn] 8/fo/ ghnf{of k|e" 5g\ hxfF..#..
km]l/ pgsf] ljQf klg k"/f b]lvG5. tf/fnfO{ pgsf] kltsf] d[To' x'bF f
cfWoflTds ljrf/af6 slt ;lhnf] u/L ;+emfPsf] 5
x] tf/flh ljrfg{/flv ltldn] zf]s} stL ub{5\of}.

of] d]/f] klt xf] eg]/ ga'emL Joy}{ zl/x{b{5of}..
20
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
hLj} xf] klt eGb5of} klg eGof db}{g lhj\ tf sxL+.

b]x} xf] klt eGb5of} t lsg zf]s\ u5of}{ 5 pm tf `xL+..
:kml6s\ h:tf] lhj\ xf] z/L/sg nfxf a'lemlng".
:kml6s\ nfxfsf] ;\ wl/sg t b[i6fGt 5 lbg"..
nfxfsf ;\ a:tf :kml6s d 5' nf5\ eG5 h;/L.
z/Ld{bf{ d5"{ d klg elg lhj\ eG5 t;/L.. ^&..
:kml6s\n] /ftf] 5" elgsg ;'xfj;\ t/ klg.
;'xfj;\ ol:hj\n] z/L/ ;Fudf d5'{ d egL..
g tf lhj\ dGof{ xf] zl//;Fu nfu]/ hgsf].
g /ftf] x"Gof of] :kml6s ;a v]n\ hfg dgsf]..^*..
xg'dfg\sf] jL/ ufyf slt /fd|/L clt ul/Psf] 5
o;/L lsg ax"t} ub{5:;]lv w]/}.

k|e'sg t k/} /fv\ hf]l/ 5}g:tF d]/}..
cl3 ;?F t tF h:tf sf]l6 /fj0d dfF
x's'd t geofsf] dfg{ kf] cfh SofF..
oL ;a ljrf/ ubf{ pgsf] kB /rgf gj/;n] kl/k"0f{ 5. x'g tf pgL

cfhsnsf ;Eo slj n]vsx h:tf k9]u'g]sf lyPg xf]nfg\ t/ p; j]nf
pgsf] hlQsf] k9fO{ g} k|z:t lyof]. pgn] Jofs/0f Pj+ ;+:s[tsf] cWoog
u/]sf eP tfklg k}Nx]b]lv g} pgdf kB/rgfsf] ljrf/ pTkGg x'GYof]. Ps lbg
kxf8sf] xfjf vfg hfFbf pgsf] Ps 3fF;L;Fu e]6 eof] / p;sf] ;a} xfn ;f]w].
3fF;Ln] klg ;a} xfn atfof]. pgnfO{ 3fF;Lsf] wfld{s lbnn] 7"nf] lzIff lbof].
p;sf] pRr ljrf/sf] pgn] 7"nf] k|z+;f u/] / lx+8\bf lx+8\b} 9'fdf sf]g{ nfu].
PsfPs sljhggL zf/bfsf] dgdf bof pTkGg eof] / oL cflb b'O Znf]s /rgf
u/] M
eh{Gd 3fF;lt/ dlGbO{ wg\ sdfof]

gfd\ So} /xf];\ kl5 eg]/ s'jf vgfof]..
3fF;L bl/lb| 3/sf] t/ a'l4 s:tf].
df] efg'eQm wlg e}sg cfh o:tf]..!..
d]/f Ogf/ g t ;Qn kfl6 So} 5g\.

h] wg\ / rLhx 5g\ 3/leq g} 5g\..
To;\ 3fFl;n] s;l/ cfh lbP 5 clt{.
lwSsf/ xf] d sg a:g' g/flv sLlt{..@..
oL b'j} Znf]snfO{ s07 u/L efg'eQm 3/tkm{ lxF8]. o;} lbgb]lv slj
efg'eQmsf bodf sljtfsf] k|]d a:of] / a/fa/ sljtf ug{ nfu]. ljqmd ;+jt\
!*(* df afn sf08sf] th'{df u/]. o;kl5 cf7 jif{;Dd kmf6km'6 sljtf dfq
u/] h'gdWo] Ps Znf]s cem;Dd k|Voft 5. ;j+t\ !()! df snfw/ a|fDx0fnfO{
p;sf] 3/df dGq ;'gfpg hfFbf /D3f ufpFb]lv b'O{ sf]z k/ a:g] Ps uhfw/ ;f]tL
pgsf] ldq lyof] / jf; ToxLF a;"F egL uP, t/ 3/df gePsf]n] p;sf] 3/sf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
21
dflg;n] pgnfO{ lrGx]gg\. jf; dfUbf uhfw/sL a'xf/Ln] lkF9L b]vfOlbO{ / ToxL+
a;]. Ps If0fkl5 uhfw/sL :qL cfP/ ToxfF a:g lbOg, t/ a'xf/Ln] bofn' x'gfn]
l9sL /fv]sf] 5fk|f]df nuL a:g lbO{. t'?Gt} uhfw/sL :qL uP/ ToxfFaf6
lgsflnlbO{ / pgL ToxfFaf6 lg:s]/ cln k/ jf; a;]. pgn] ToxL+ a;]/ of] sljtf
agfP M
uhfw;f]{t LsL 3/ a'l9 cnlR5lGs /xl5g\ .

g/s\ hfgfnfO{ ;al;t labfafl/ eO5g\ ..
k'Uof}+ ;fFem\df ltGsf 3/ lkFl9dxfF jf; ul/of].
lgsflng\ ;fFe }mdf clns k/ u'h |f g ul/of] ..!..
uhfw/sf 5f]/fsf] tgfdf afFwL p;nfO{ ;d]t s07 u/fP/ uP. o:tf
o:tf efjk"0f{ sljtf Ps kj{tLo afx'gr/Lsf] d'vaf6 lg:sg' ;fgf] s'/f xf]Og.
PsfPs o:tf sfNklgs pGdfbsf] t"kmfg pgsf] k|f0fdf p7]/ cfpFbYof]. ljZjdf]lxgL
dlb/fdo k pgsf] c>'k"0f{ rIf'sf] ;dIf pkl:yt x'GYof] / To;}sf] tfndf pgL
gfRg nfUy]. ce|kof]/flzdf pR5[+vn ljB'Gdfnf eLduh{g ub{Yof]. rt'lb{sd
\ f
cGwsf/sf] dfof k|;t[ x'GYof]. cfnf]ssf] Ps /lZd/]vf klg k[YjLdf gb]lvP/
sljsf] bodf slt k'/fgf] Pj+ lr/Gtg lkkf;fs'nHjfnf wkwk ub{Yof] / pgL
kfun em}+ eP/ ufpg nfUy].
x] /fj0f\ lsg ub{5:;/lg of] lwSsfd{ df+5" a.

d]/f] d'8\ls k/f k5L klg alr;\ af]N5;\ `xfF Sof uF..
Ps\ rf]6\ xfGtF klg dnfO d klg km]xf{G5' 5ftLdxfF.
Ps\ d'8\sL ha xfg'nf t gd/L pDs]/ hfnf:sxfF ..$&..
ufpFbf ufpFb} pgsf] k|f0f dfofsf] o:tf] e|dtdM k"l/t Pj+ cf8Da/ kl/k"0f{
u|xsf] P]Zjo{ljgZj/tfsf] :d/0f u/]/ pGdQ x'GYof]. ;dLk:y em+emfjft /
j[Ifsf rqmjfs ldy'gsf] xfxf/jn] pgnfO{ emg\ clws lgkLl8t ub{Yof] / pgL
89]nL nfu]sf] n+sfsf] o; k|sf/ aofg ub{y]
aGwGb]lv t v'l:s ;"Id ?kn] kj{T;/Lsf eof.

7"nf] :tDe p7fO /fIf; cg]s\ df/f / s'2} uof..
aNbf] nfd' k'5ln{P/ 3/ 3/\ s'2} ;xdf{ 8'nL.
kf]Nof ;a\ ;x/} 5'6]g slx+3/\jfFsL st} Ps\ e'nL..@%..
nfUof] aNg zxh{Nof] / ;a 3/\ ;Aa+b /:tf eO{.

efuL hfg gkfpFbf x'Flb cg]s\ /fIf;\ c6fnL uO{..
kmfNxfnLsg clUgdf kl/ d/f of] rfNzxdf{ eof] .
kf]N ofgg\ 3/ Ps\ ljeLif0flhsf] Tof] dfq afFsL /Xof] ..@^..
dgf]xfl/0fL lbg>Lsf] c~rndf n's/] xg'dfg\ ;Ltfsf] vf]hdf lxl8/x]sf

lyP, rf/f}t+ km{ zflGt lyof], sf]nfxnsf] sxL+ gfd klg lyPg ;+;f/sf] ;f/f
xfxf/j, ;f/f ;+3if{0f, czf]s jfl6sfsf] lbnleq ljnLg x'GYof] / slj Tof]
;f}Gbo{do sf?l0fs cj:yfn] k|efljt eP/ cfgf] k|f0fsf] j]bgf t[i0ff k|s6 ug{
nfUby]
22
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
clws ule/ 5fof ;"o{s f] tfk\ gk:Gof.

pk/ clt kx]+nf a];\ r/f dfq a:Gof..
jl/kl/ klg gfgf /fIf;Lsf] 5 3]/f.
?vd'lg tlx+ ;Ltf b]lvOGkm]b g]/ f..#)..
ef]sL d}ln lgGofj/L g t skfNsf]/fls ;a\ s]z\ p;}.
nf dfq u/f ls vfln e'lddf Fb} a:ofsL o;}..
/fd\ /fd\ /fd\ olt dfq af]ln/x+bL b]Vof / ;fgf eO{.
kfTsf cGt/df n'Sf lt xg'dfg\ ?v\sf pkdf{ uO{..
o:tf] s?0f /;sf] sljtf ufpFbf ufpFb} pgL ljlkgl:yt s'6L/df k'Uby] /
pxfF a;]/ cfgf] dgdf j]bgf Pj+ z"Gokgb]lv ljJxn x'Gy]. ghfg] sxfFaf6 bnsf
bn k|nf]eg cfP/ pgsf] dg cfR5Gg ub{y] / pdx pgsf] dfg;nf]snfO{
ljslDkt Pj+ lxNnf]lnt ug{ nfUby]. Ps dnoIf'Aw p2Lkg h:t} pgsf] dgdf
gfRg nfUbYof] / pgL ufpg nfUby]M
/f+ d]/f klt x'g\ eg]/ ltld kf] eG5of} p e+5g\ sxfF..
d]/L xf] olb e+bYof klg eGof cfpmg' kYof]{ `xfF..
dfof 5}g ltdL pkt{ a'lemof] zf]s\ dfq u5of}{ p;}.
of}jg\ Joy{ uof] ljrf/ lsg of] of}jg\ ckmfn\5of} o;}..#&..
of}jg\ Joy{ gkmfn Joy{ dgdf zf]s\ ub{5of} of] stL..

d}nfO{ klt dfg cfh ltldn] x'G5" d ltd|f] klt..
d]/L klTg eof} eGof t ;asL dflns\ x'Gof5f} d tf.
;fx|} k|]d\ ul/ /fv'Fnf a'em clws\ a}u"lg 5g\ /fd tf..#*..===
o:t} /Lt;Fu ;LtfnfO{ k|nf]egdf b]vfpFbf klg /fj0fsf] bfn uNb}g / p

l/;fP/ kms{G5. slj klg To;tkm{sf] ljrf/ 5f8L dgsf] nx/df uf]tf dfg{
nfUb5g\. slxn] pgL efjdf 8'aN' sL dfb{5g\, slxn] pqG5g\\. o; k|sf/ 8'Abf8'Ab}
pgsf] dgdf Psbd ;fx; p7]/ cfpF5 / cfkm}+ a8f] jL/ x'F ls eg]em}+ u/]/
ufpF5g\.
k|f0f\
ltd|f]
o:tf
xfGof
jf0f xflg ;asf] d x/]/ lnG5".

zl/k[{lyljdf d lu/fO lbG5".
jrg\ ;'lg lt nId0fhL l/;fof.
/ af0f\ tlx+ t'?Gt ynf a;fof.. %..
d"5f{ k/f] b'O 3/L / h'?Ss pm7\of].

nfn\ nfn\ ghu{l/ l/;fO cufl8 5"6f]..
d]/f] k/fqmd /tL ga'em]/ k}Nx].
xflg;\ k/fqmd t nf} a'lem n]g P]N x]..^..=====
o:tf] ufpFbf ufpFb} sljsf] bodlGb/df sxfFaf6 PsfPs b'Mlvt canfsf]

s?0f qmGbg k'sf/ u'~hg nfUbYof] / pgL tL canfnfO{ 9f8; lbO{ eGg nfUby]M
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
23
afFRo} b]lv t b]lvOG5 ;a yf]s\ o:tf] a'emL 1fgn].

of] zf]s\ b'u{l/ xfn x'G5 ca Sof o:tf c;TWofgn]..
c1fg} 5 e'nfpGof zl//df of] b]x d} x"F egL.
To} c1fg\ anjfg\ eof] elg eGof km}lnG5 ;+;fk{gL..##..
cfTdf 1fg:jk\ a'em]/ dgn] c1fgsf] gfz\ u/L.
:j:y} e} /x' zf]s\ gdfg ltldn] Sof x'G5 of] zf]s\ u/L..===
oL ;a ljrf/ ubf{ xfdLnfO{ 1fg x'G5 ls g]kfnL cflbsljdf efg'eQmsf]

:yfg cGotd 5. pgsf] /rgfdf p]u 5, t8kg\ 5, pb\uf/ 5nfn;fsf]
;GtKt k'sf/ 5. oL sljdf ckl/;Ld ljiffbdxfg\ j]bgf Pj+ efjeLljiffb
c8L c8L xfxfsf/ u/]/ lg:sG5 / pgL cfgf] /rgfdf ;Gt'i6 eP/ gfRg
nfUb5g\, em'Dg nfUb5g\ o:tf g]kfnLsf cflbslj, g]kfnL efiffsf lgdf{0fstf{,
>L efg'eQmhLsf] u'0fufg ufpg' xfdL g]kfnLsf] d'Vo st{Jo xf].
lzj zdf{ kl08t

v/Lbf/ afa'/fd cfrfo{, g]kfn
efg'eQmsf hGde"ld tgx"d
F f tL eGbf klxn] klg
cg]s ljfg k}bf ePsf lyP. jL/of]4f k}bf ugf{df h:tf]
uf]/vf k|l;4 lyof], p:t} ljfg k}bf ugf{df tgx"Fn] gfpF
sdfPsf] lyof]. h'g ;dodf uf]/vfnLx cfgf] afx'an
km}nfpg nfu]sf lyP, p; ;dodf tgx"Fsf /fhf lqljqmd
;]gsf b/af/df ljfgx ulh{/x]sf lyP. of] s'/f u+uflji0f'
kl08tsf Ps n] v fOaf6 :ki6 b] l vG5
-ljBfjGtf] oq uHh{lGt ;fyf{ M_. uPsf pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbL
-ljqmd ;+jt\_ sf / o; aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf g]kfnsf
/fHou'?sf b'O j+zsf d"n k'?if k}bf ug]{ ;f}efUo klg tgx"Fn] kfPsf] 5.
pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxb]lv /fh]Gb|ljqmd zfxsf ;do;Ddsf
/fhu'? hodn, a|hgfy / /+ugfy kl08tHo" oL tLg k':tfsf d"nk'?if tgx"s
F f
l/l;+u k|bz
] df /xGy]. cfgf ljQfsf k|efjn] hod+un kl08t k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsL dxf/fgL g/]Gb|nIdL b]jLsf u'? ag]/ uf]/vfdf cfPsf x'g\ . o; ztfAbLsf
g]kfnsf /fhu'? ljho/fh kl08tHo" cflbsf d"nk'?if nId0f kl08t tgx"Fdf k}bf
ePsf lyP. cfgf ;dosf k|efjzfnL ljfg x'gfn] l;4 sxnfPsf lyP.
logsf 5f]/f uf}/LZj/ kl08tHo" tf tgx"s
F f / uf]/vfsf ;d]t /fhu'? ePsf lyP.
24
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
log}sf j+zsf jf0fLljnf; kl08tHo"n] -c+=!*!@!()!_ ;f7L av{eGbf Hofbf

g]kfnsf /fhkl08tsf kbsf] zf]ef a9fPsf lyP, hf] wd{zf:qdf cfgf ;dosf
g]kfnsf cltLo ljfg lyP.
g]kfnsf /fhg}lts If]qdf #$ jif{;Dd 9lndln u/]/ /x]sf hg/n eLd;]g
yfkfsf] -!*#@(^_ hGde"ld klg tgx"F g} xf]. logsf ;dodf tgx"Fdf g} k}bf
ePsf, of] ;+;f/ 5f]8]klg Pp6f tf/f ;dfg eP/ k|ofuIf]qdf k|sfz km}nfO/x]sf
lzj zdf{sf] kl/ro oxfF lbOG5, h;sf] cd/ /rgf jf;'b]j/;fgGb b]Vg] ;f}efUo
n]vsn] kfPsf] 5. To;sf ;fy}df agfPsf] lji0f'dlxDg :tf]q klg k|ofuaf6
5fkL k|sflzt ePsf] 5. jf;'bj] /;fgGbdf cfkm"n] agfPsf uf]ljGbu'0ffgGb,
/fdlrGtfnx/L / s[i0fdlxDg :tf]qsf p4/0f lbPsf 5g\!. s[i0fdlxDg :tf]qsf]
h'g kB lbPsf 5g\, Tof] lji0f'dlxDg :tf]qdf 5}g. o;sf/0fn] oL b'O :tf]q
5'f5'} b]lvG5g\.
jf;'b]j /;fgGbsf cflv/sf k'liksfdf logn] cfgf] 3/ tgx"F, j;Gtk'/,
cfdfsf] gfpF u+ufb]jL / afa'sf] gfpF ds/Gb kl08t atfPsf 5g\.@ j;Gtk'/
tgx"s
F f] Ps k|l;4 df}hf 5 hf] /d3faf6 ^ dfOn pQ/ kb{5. To; u|Gydf
cfgf afa'sf b'O{ kB klg lbPsf 5g\# . To;sf/0f ds/Gb kl08tn] klg s'g} u|Gy
/rgf u/]sf b]lvG5g\. lzj zdf{n] cfgf y/sf] kl/ro :ki6 kn] lbPsf 5}gg\
tfklg j;Gtk'/df cr]n kl08t y/ ePsf a|fDx0fsf] cfafbL Hofbf x'gfn]
ds/Gbsf ;fy hf]l8Psf] kl08t kb y/sf] ;"rs klg x'g;S5. of] u|Gy
k|ofudf ;+jt\ !*() j}zfv z'Sn k~rdL a'waf/sf lbg ;dfKt u/]sf lyP$.
p; ;dodf l/jfF -aw]n v08_ sf dxf/fh hol;+x lyP. ;+jt\ !*&) df
a[l6z sDklg ;/sf/;Fu cfl>t ;lGw u/]/ n8fOF le8fO{+bl] v km';{b lnP/ cfgf
!=
@=
#=
$=
ljj[t+ r}tGdbLouf]ljGbu'0ffgGb]
lgTo+ ;To+ >LdlTk|o+ 3gfgGbdo+ Wo]od\ .
kbsdnd]j eujt OTog'/fuf] lx elSt/fVoftf .. -kftf] !&(_
oyf dfds/fdlrGtfnxof{d\
wL/;f] wL/;f]eLlK;t:t] obf tGtbf tGtbf b]lx d]Wo lu/f .
/fdtf] /fdtf] gfk/M zf;tf+ bfdgf] dfGotf] dfGotf]iflwof .. -kftf] @&(_
c:dbLo>Ls[i0fdlxdlg
of]ul;l4M snf} gfl:t 1fg+ e"l/>d}g[{0ffd\ .
d'lStb}s}j ob\elStM ; d's'Gbf]:dbf>o M .. -kftf] @!*_
Olt >L jf;'bj] /;fgGb M ;b}tfledtljGd08nLd08gfodfglqt'frnj;Gt
k'/jf:tJoufb]jLltLo>Lds/Gbkl08t:o dxfTdgM s'df/]0f >L lzjzd{
;"l/0ff lj/lrtd\===.
c:dQftr/0ff M
dgf]w[tfwf]Ifhkfbkhf bofb{z
| Lnflk{tnf]sdnf M .
lIfklGt tfklqto+ jk'idtf+ ;b'lStleef{ujtf M ;'b'n{ef M .. -kftf] !*@_
uugu|xuhrGb|}ld{tjT;/ cf}/u] uf}/]
/fw] a'w] k|ofu] s[ltl/od'be"Gd'b] ljb'iffd\ ..
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
25
zf:qsf rrf{ / cWoogdf nfu]sf lyP. oL :jo+ ljfg lyP s]xL u|Gy agfPsf
lyP, ljfgxsf k[i7kf]ifs klg lyP% logsf b/af/df csf{ g]kfnL ljfg
w/0fLw/ kGy /fhkl08t eP/ /x]sf lyP.^ oL dxf/fh k|ltzfn k|ofudf cfP/
ljfgxnfO{ hDdf u/L zf:qsf] rrf{ ub{y]. ;+jt\ !*(! df b]j/;fgGb tof/
x'g'eGbf Pscfw jv{ klxn] dfq oL k|ofudf uP/ a;]sf b]lvG5g\. o; sf/0fn]
uf]ljGbu'0ffgGb, /fdlrGtfnx/L / s[i0fdlxDg:tf]q k|ofudf g/xFb} cufl8 g}
n]lvPsf b]lv cfPsf x'g\ .
k|ofusf dxfdxf]kfWofo cflbTo/fd efrfo{ Pd=P=n] jf;'bj] /;fgGbnfO{
cgdf]n u|Gy b]v]/ 5kfO{ ljgfdf]ndf afF8]sf lyP. ltgsf hLjgLn]vs kl08t
dbgdf]xg dfnjLo -efO; rfG;n/, lxGb" o'lge/l;6L, agf/;_n] lzj zdf{nfO{
a|Dxrf/L lyP cf} k|ofudf Ps s'6L agfP/ /x]sf lyP eg]/ n]v]sf 5g\. k|ofudf
hfg'eGbf klxn]sf] logsf] j[QfGt sxL+ gkfOg] x'gfn] logsf o'jfj:yfsf] xfnt /
uf]ljGbu'0ffgGb cflb u|Gy n]v]sf] ;do kQf nfUg nueu c;Dej g} 5.
jf;'b]j /;fgGbsf] ljifo elQmk|wfgsf] j]bfGt 5. o; lsl;dsf u|Gysf
ljifodf clws n]Vg] of]Uotf n]vsdf 5}g. o; sf/0fn] dxfdxf]kfWofo kl08t
ufgfy emf, Pd=P, l8=lkmn=dxfzon] o; u|Gysf] lxGbLdf hf] ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf
5g\ Tof] oxfF g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ lbg rfxG5'.
bz{gzf:qsf tL w'/Gw/ ljfg n]Vb5g\jf;'b]j/;fgGb gfds u|GynfO{
;Demgfsf lgldQ oL s'/fsf pk/ Wofg /fVg' cfjZos 5. of] ljifo g} o:tf] 5
ls, o;sf k|;+udf x]t' ts{ ljts{ x'g ;Qm}g. of] cfTdfg'ejuf]r/ 5. o;}n] o;
u|Gysf] ;dfb/0fLotf klg l;4 x'G5. o;sf /rlotf lyP o:tf dxfk'?if hf] d]/f
>4]o k"hgLo lr/:d/0fLo dxfdxf]kfWofo cflbTo/fd efrfo{Ho"sf >4fkfq
eP. dxfdxf]kfWofoHo" o:tf k/LIfsdf lyP, h;sf s;f}6Laf6 lg:sg' ;'udtf
lyPg. km]l/ o:tf k/LIfssf >4fefhg hf] dxfk'?if eP pgsf lgldQ c Hofbf
n]Vg' Joy{ xf]nf.
%=
^=
26
Jai Singh (1809-35) was a scholar and author of several works, as

well a great patron of literary men.(Imperial Gazeteer of India, part
XI.p.282)
k|f]km];/ u0f]zbQ zf:qL Pd=P=, Pn=Pn=aL, sf n]vcg';f/ -x+;, sfzLc+s, kftf]

!@*_ t/ zf:qL dxfzon] w/0fLw/ kGynfO{ o:tf 9+u;Fu s'dfO{ agfPsf 5g\, dfgf]
ltgsf] hGd 3/ v]t ;a} s'dfpFdf lyof], g]kfn b]v]s} lyPgg\ . kGyHo"n] O{ztTj
eGg] cgdf]n u|Gydf cfkm"nfO{ k|l;4 ljfg k|]dlglw kGysf efO x/lglwsf gftL
atfPsf 5g\ . k]|dlglw s'dfpFaf6 g]kfn -kj{t_df cfP/ a;]sf] s'/f ltgsf
dNnfbz{ cflb u|Gyaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 . w/0fLw/n] g]kfndf g} a;]/ O{ztTj n]v]sf
lyP, of] s'/f To; u|Gysf pkf]b\3ftaf6} b]lvG5 . ltgsf] hGd g]kfndf g} ePsf] xf],
s'dfpFdf s'Nr]sf klg ;DejtM lyPgg\ of] s'/f lgZro 5 . O{ztTjafx]s logn]
agfPsf /fdtkgLof]klgifb\ JofVof, /fd/Iffljj]s, sfnlg0f{o JofVof, rft'j0{ o{ljj]rg,
rft'j{0o{Joj:yf / ;flk+8tTj oL 5 u|Gy cf}k|m]v\6sf k+lhsfaf6 b]lvG5g\ .
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
k|ofudf dxf/fh hol;+xsf] / dxfTdf lzj zdf{ kl08tsf] klxnf] e]6sf]

syf klg a8f] dgf]/~hs 5. hol;+xn] k|ofudf cfP/ kl08txnfO{ hDdf u/]/
Ps k|Zg ;f]w]. k|Zg sl7g x'gfn] s;}af6 pQ/ ldNg ;s]g. s'6Ldf /x]sf lzj
zdf{af6 pQ/ ldNg] e/f];f ;a}n] b]vfP. lzj zdf{nfO{ 8fSg dflg; uP. t/
lzj zdf{ ho l;+xeGbf sd lyPgg\. o; sf/0fn] s'6L 5f]8g\ /fhL ePgg\.
hol;+x g} s'6Ldf uP/ pgaf6 pQ/ kfO{ a8f] ;Gt'i6 eP. oxL+ jf;'b]j/;fgGbsf]
k':ts b]v]/ hol;+xn] x]g{ dfu]. k|ofudf g} a;]/ x]/L lkmtf{ ug{ eg]/ lbP.
Pslbg hol;+xsf dflg;x u+ufkf/ hfg nfu]sf] lzj zdf{n] b]v] / k':ts lkmtf{
lng dflg; bf}8fP. hol;+xsf s]xL gf]s/ dfq hfgfnfO{ tof/ ePsf lyP.
hol;+xsf] d'sfd g} lyof]. tkfOFsf] k':ts lkmtf{ gu/L k|ofu 5f]8\g] 5}g egL lzj
zdf{nfO{ logn] ;Gt'i6 u/fP/ saf]n klg k"/f ul/lbP.
lzj zdf{sf] k|f0flk|o k':ts tL k/nf]s ePkl5 rfnL;k}t+ fnL; jv{;Dd
ghfg] s'g s'g s'gfdf vfFlbP/ /Xof]. ;+jt\ !($& lt/ Ps c+uh
]| sf] hfobft
k|ofudf lnnfd x'g nfUbf cg]s x:tlnlvt k':tsx klg cfP. To; ;dosf
Dof]/ ;]G6n sn]h -Onfxfafb_sf cWofks cflbTo/fd efrfo{n] s]xL x:tlnlvt
k':ts To; lnnfddf ln+bf jf;'bj] /;fgGbsf] k':ts klg cfOkof] hf] lzj zdf{s}
xftaf6 n]lvPsf] lyof]. cflbTo/fd efrfo{ Tof] u|Gy b]v/] cToGt b+u eO{ lzj
zdf{sf eQm ag]. b}j;+of]un] lzj zdf{sf] cl3 s'6L /x]s} 7fpFdf cflbTo/fdHo"n]
cfgf] 3/ agfPsf lyP. of] s'/f Tof] k':ts xft k/]kl5 dfq yfxf kfP.
o; u|Gyn] cflbTo/fdHo"nfO{ ;fx|} c;/ ul/lbof]. lzj zdf{sf] gfd lr/:yfoL
/fVgfsf lgldQ cfgf 3/df hf]8]/ csf]{ 3/ agfO{ To;df ;+:s[t kf7zfnf /fv]/
To;sf] gfd lzj zdf{ ;+:s[t kf7zfnf /flvlbP. o; kf7zfnfnfO{ rflxg] wg
u'7L /fv]/ lxGb" o'lge/l;6L -agf/;_sf b]v/]vdf 5f]l8lbPsf] x'gfn] of] kf7zfnf
/fd|f t/xn] rn]sf] 5. cflbTo/fdHo"sf ;'of]Uok'q kl08t ;Toj|t efrfo{
Pd=P= cr]n To; ;ldltsf ;]qm]6/L 5g\.
cflbTo/fd efrfo{n] cfkm"n] ;+ux| u/]sf hDd} k':ts lbP/ cfgL cfdf
wGouf]kLsf gfpFaf6 Ps k':tsfno v8f u/L wGouf]kL k':tsfno ;f] kf7zfnfsf
;fy hf]l8lbPsf 5g\. lzj zdf{sf xftn] n]lvPsf] jf;'b]j/;fgGbsf] k':ts
To;} k':tsfnodf /x]sf] 5. uf]ljGbu'0ffgGb, /fdlrGtfnx/L / s[i0fdlxDg:tf]q
sxfF k'u], Tof] kQf 5}g.
jf;'b]j/;fgGbsf] bf];|f] cfj[lQ lxGb" ljZjljBfnosf wd{zf:qsf cWofks
kl08t /fwfk|;fb zf:qLn] u/]sf lxGbL cg'jfb;lxt, ;+jt\ !((! df k+=;Toj|t
efrfo{n] k|sflzt u/]/ ljgf df]ndf ljt/0f ul/lbPsf 5g\. k/Gt' zf:qLHo"sf
cg'jfbdf s]xL q'l6 5g\. olb To;sf] g]kfnL efiffdf ;'Gb/ cg'jfb tof/ eof] eg]
cflbTo/fd of ;Toj|t h:tf g]kfnL cg'jfb;lxtsf] k':ts k|sflzt ug]{ g]kfnL
dflg; k}bf x'g] ;Defjgf 5.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
27
efg'eQmfrfo{
>L d]h/ sKtfg afns[i0f zDz]/ h axfb'/ /f0ff, g]kfn
Ps lbg\ gf/b ;To nf]s\ k'luuof=====
kqdf g/xL s]jn d'vdf >'ltk eO/x]sf] cj:yfsf]
efiffdf emg\ slt rfF8f] kl/jt{g eO/xFbf] xf]nf, kqdf
kl/0ft eO;Qmf klg t sfnn] cg'jlt{t kfbf]{ /x]5 uof,
eGof, lyof, u/f, x'Gof o:tf csf/fGt zAb kRrL;
tL:f jif{d} Psf/fGtuP, eg], lyP, u/], x'g] eO;s].
k|fs[t af]Ng] efiff xf]k':ts kdf /xg] of]Uotf
;+:s[tnfO{ dfq 5 eGg] ;Dem]/ tL g]kfnL ljfg\n] -of]
ljrf/sf cem afFsL 5g\_ w]/};Dd Wofg lbPgg\. ;+:s[t
pk/sf] >4f :jwd{sf] lglDt lyof], t/ g]kfnLpk/sf] >4f :jb]zsf] lglDt lyof]
tfklg pgLxn] o; s'/fsf] k/jfx /fv]gg\, To;sf] kl/0ffd clxn] xfd|f] ;flxTosf]
sdnf] kfOnf] csf] x]//] ;of}+ jif{ kl5 k/]sf] 5.
lxGbL slj t'n;Lbf;sf] -x'g t pgsf] lxGbL cfw'lgs x} k|fwfGo lxGbL xf]Og_
b]xfGt ePsf] tLg;o jif{kl5 !(&# ;fndf slj n]vgfyn] t'n;Lbf;l;t t'ngf
ug{ x'g] Ct'ljrf/ / a'l4ljgf]b n]v], g]kfnLsf ToxfFeGbf cufl8sf Znf]s t
kfOG5g\oyfy{df sljtf kfOFbg} g\, sljtf kfOP klg vfln cg'jflbt kfOG5g\.
To;}n] xfd|f] ;flxTof]Gglt clxn] lxGbLl;t bfFHbf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5. oxL lsl;dl;t
xfdL g]kfnLx ldn]/ Pp6} efiffsf] dfu{df lxFl8/Xof}+ eg] lxGb':yfgsf h'g;'s}
pGgt efiffnfO{ e]6\g g]kfnL efiffnfO{ krf; jif{ klg nuf]Og.
lxGbLsf bf]xfx b]v/] g]kfnLxn] klg ;+:s[tdf n]Vg 5f]8L cfgf] af]nrfnsf]
efiffdf Znf]sx n]Vg nfu], To;}n] tL klxnf sfo{xdf lxGbLsf] slt c;/
k/]sf] 5pbfx/0ffy{ ljBf/0os];/Lsf] b|f}kbLs[t :t'ltM
rL/
cfO
nfh
x"+uL
v}rt b';f;g 3]/ L.

gfy z/0ffut t]/ L..
/fv s'?sf lar d]/L.
d} hGd hGd ls r]/L..!..
x
ofndf al; ;'o f]w g /fgL.

d]/L aft ;lv 5]p avfgL..
xfFl;sf gogn] lt/ df/L.
6"l6u} bo s[i 0f xdf/L..^..
;+:s[tdf cEof; ul//x]sf] xftn] g]kfnL n]Vg yfn]sf] slj u'dfgLsf

Znf]sxaf6 b]lvG5slj u'dfgLkGt s[t g]kfn efifflZni6 kBflg
s0f]{gfy 36f]Tsr] o'lw xt] :jf+ jLIo zlQm+ xtf+.

t'i7M k|fx zrLkltM lzjdxf] kfy{lZr/+ hLljt M..
28
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
Ptb\eLd;'t:o ;fw' lgwg+ dGo] :j;"gf]j {wft\.

5f]/f cfkmg' dg{ rflxF t a dLt}sf] 5f]/f d/f];\..!..
kfy{ Tjofx+ of]b\w'd zQm M.
lsGt' /yf] d] e"ldlgdUg M..
s0f{ lsd]t fSojrf]le M.
gfRg ghfGg] cfFu g 6]9f] ..!.. OToflb.
o;} lsl;dl;t u'dfgLn] lxGbLdf / kj{tLo efiffdf klgn]v]sf 5g\. slj

u'dfgL kGts[t kj{tLoefiffg'lj4f M Znf]sf M
:jKgut:d/;" g ' l gldQ+ .

sidndfKtjtLdlwlrQd\ ..
x] t ' d k[ R 5b' i ffldlt af0ff] .
kL8 s'7f}/ ls j}B h]7f0ff]..!.. OToflb
sf7df8f}+df !&)) ;fnlt/ s/La tLg;o jif{cl3 /fhf k|tfkdNnsf]

kfnLdf g]kfnL efiffsf] lznfn]v kfOG5 sf7df8f}+df of] OHht kfpg'eGbf ;of}+
jif{cl3 of] efiffn] kj{te/L bf}8w"k u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. t/ Znf]srflx+ b'O;o jif{
otf s'g} s'g} ljfgxn] kmf6km'6 /Rg nfu]sf x'g\ . k+= ljBf/0os];/Lsf] b|fk} bLs[t
:t'lt clg k+= cl/;sf] -OlGb/; <_ uf]lksf:t'lt, k+=kt~hnL -k+=jL/ zfnL <_
sf] afn uf]kfn jf0fL To;sf] s]xLkl5 /3'gfysf] ;'Gb/sf08, clg cGTodf
efg'eQmsf] ;ft sf08 /fdfo0fk"0f{ o;/L efg'eQmdf cfP/ p2]Zon] k':ts
3f]K6fO{ 5fgf nfof]clg 3/leqsf] //f]ug z' x'g nfUof], lxhf]cfh xfdLx
efiffsf] sf]7fdf t;jL/, d]r, kfg;x otfptf ;fb}{ v'nfpg] k|oTgdf nflu/x]5f}+
jiff{l;t 8/ 5}g, e"sDkl;t 5.
xfd|f] efiff ;flxTo dlGb/df 5fgf nfu]sf] clxn] ;Q/L jif{ eof].
efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] s]jn 5f]6s/L cg'jfb x'gfn] ToxfFsf
efjsf] ljifodf s]xL eGg] s'/f 5}g, t/ Znf]s eg] pgn] w]/}nfO{ ?lr x'g]
efiffz}nLdf agfP. sf]xL /fdfo0f nf]slk|o -rfx] Tof] nf]ssf] of]Uotf h:tf] xf];\_
x'gfsf] oz d"n /fdfo0fs} >L;Ltf/fdsf] kljq rl/q / To;sf] lrq0fnfO{ g}
b]nfg\, lsgeg] /fdfo0fleq efg'eQmsf] s]xL ljrf/ 5}g, w]/} hgfn] cfgGb dfgL
efsf nfP/ /; lgNb} /fdfo0f afFr]sf]n,] slj efg'eQmnfO{ klg o; lbg}k5{.
pgLeGbf clusf /3'gfy e / pgn] pxL Znf]s pNyf u/]sf]df sqf] cGt/ 5
tn s]xL pbfx/0f 5g\.
cWofTd
/fdfof0f b[i6\j f xg"dtf] k+ ;'/ ;f k+rof]hgd\.
d'v+ rsf/ xg'dfg\ lu'0 f+ kdfbwt\ ..!(..

ttZrsf/ ;'/ ;f of]h gfgf+ r lj+z ltd\.
jSq+ rsf/ xg' d f+l :qzBf]h g;+l dtd\ ..@)..
ttZrsf/ ;' / ;f k+ r fzBf]h gfotd\ .
jSq+ tbf xg"d f+: t' ae"j f'i 7;lGgeM..@!..
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
29
/3'gfy
Tof] b]vL kfFr of]hg\ jbg p ;'/;fn] a9fO{ agfO{.

b;\ of]hg\sf xg"dfg\ ta abg a8f] aL; of]hg\ u/fO{..
lt;\ o]fhg\sf xg"dfg\, ta abg krf;\ of]hg}sf] t'NofO{.
cf}7+ f em}+ e} k:ofsf alx/ eO skL eGg nfUof e'nfO{..!..
efg'e Qm
rf/\ sf]zs
\ f xg"dfg b]lv ;'/;f la;\ sf]zsf] d'v\ ul/g\.
rfln;\ sf]z\ xg"dfg\ eof / cl; sf]z\ d'v\ km]l/ hNbL wl/g\..
hNbL km]/\ xg"dfgn] 5la; sf]z\sf] k\ u/fO{ a:of.
km]/\ b"O{ ;o sf]z\ d'v} ha ul/g\ c\u'i7 em}+ e} k:of..!..
csf]{
cWofTd /fdfo0f
/3'g fy
efg'e Qm
lrqs"6 lu/f} k"j {d]s bf /xl; l:ytM.

db+s] lz/ cfwfo lgb|flt /3'gGbg M..
P]+G b|M sfs:tbfuTo gv}:t'+8 ]g rf;s[t \ .
dTkfbf+ u ' i 6df/St+ ljbbf/fldiffzof..
lrqs"6 lul/sf lzv/}d f.
Ps lbg\ k|e' ;'Tof ;xh}df..
sfv dfly lz/ /flv lgbfof.
OGb|n] tlx+ t sfu k7fof.. OToflb..
Ps
d]/f
d]/f
d]/f
lbg\ x] xg'dfg\, d lrqs'6df /fDsf glhSdf lyofF.

sfvdxfF ;'Tof / /3'gfy\ xfTsf] tsLof lbofF..
nfn\ b'O kfp b]lvsg sfu\ cfof] / 7'FUof] h;}.
oL b'O kfpb]lv t /ut\ kf] aUg nfUof] t;}..!..
k+=n]vgfynfO{ ge]6'Gh]n;Ddsf tdfd g]kfnL sljtfxdWo] efg'eQmsf]

/fdfo0fdf cfg} lsl;dsf] ;Dk"0f{tf 5, nflnTo klg 5. t;y{ Tof] 5fF6sf
Znf]snfO{ xfdL efg'eQmLo Znf]s eGb5f}+ljz]if u/]/ zfb"{n ljqmLl8t 5Gb s]jn
pRrf/0f / af]nrfndf e/ k/]/ n]lvOPsf]nfO{, h:tf] cfhsn z'4tfl;t ;+:s[t
kbx xfnL j;Gt ltnsf jf j+z:ydf n]lvPsf] Znf]snfO{ xfdL n]vgfyLo
Znf]s eGb5f}+. efg'eQmLo Znf]ssf] ljifodf s'/f ubf{ xfdLn] k+=xf]dgfysf
k':tsx / a8fsfhL d/Llrdfg l;+xsf] ;To xl/ZrGb| j0f{gnfO{ la;{g' x'Fbg}
tL t'No of]Uo 5g\. km]l/ efg'eQms} ljifodf s'/f ubf{cem g]kfnL efiffs} s'/f
ubf{ xfdL df]tL/fd enfO{ slxNo} la;{g ;St}gf}+ .
clxn]sf slj / n]vsx h:t} hq} kft xf]pmg\, h:t} km"n xf]pmg\, t/
efg'eQm / df]tL/fd h/f / km]b x'g\ of] kmn geP Tof] kmn x'GYof], of] km"n geP
Tof] km"n x'GYof], k/Gt' efg'eQm / df]tL/fd gePsf eP xfd|f] ;flxTokNnjsf]
k o:tf];Dd klg x'Fb}gYof]. o; a]nf xfdLn] km]l/ k+=xf]dgfynfO{ la;{g' x'bF }g.
efg'eQmn] y'gj' f ePsf] cj:yfdf /fdfo0f / d[To'zofdf /fduLtf cg'jfb
gu/]sf eP, df]tL/fdn] efg'eQmsf] hLjgL n]vL a:j]n k|z+;f u/]/ pgsf
30
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
/fdfo0fsf] k|rf/ gul/lbPsf eP xf]dgfyn] s[i0frl/q / dxfef/tsf kj{xsf]

pNyf gu/]sf eP ;Dej lyof] xfd|f] /fi6efiff x'gfdf lxGbL pT;'s x'GYof], xfd|f]
cfgf] hftLo efiff gePsf] x'GYof], clg hftLo uf}/j
/fdfo0f efg'eQmsf] gePtfklg Tof] xfdLnfO{ rflvnf] kf/L k9fpg] pg} x'g\,
To;}n] tL u'? x'g\, k"Ho x'g\. afNofj:yfdf wfO{n] efg'eQmsf] /l;nf] d+q k9]/
nf]nfOlbPsf] cfFvfleq u'D;L a"9L sljtfs';'d km'n/] pDb} em'ns
] f] ;kgf b]Vg]
xfdLx slj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf C0fL 5f}+ .
cr{gf
slj/fh >L bLggfy ;fksf]6f, cfo'jb]{ lj1fgfrfo{, sfzL
g]kfn /fHo cGtu{t tgx"F k|fGt, r'lF b a];
+ Lsf /D3f u|fd lgjf;L cfrfo{
>Ls[i0f kl08tsf gftL sljj/ efg'eQmfrfo{sf] gfd ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ yfxf gePtfklg
ltgsf dL7f sljtfsf sltko k+lQmx tf cfo{3f6df klg k'lu;s]sf af]Ng ;Dd
;Sg] j[4b]lv lnP/ e/v/ cfdfsf] :tgkfg ug{ 5f]8s
] f tf]ta] f]nL af]Ng] afnsxsf
d'vaf6 ko{Gt clt >4fk"j{s pRrfl/t ePsf] ;'lgG5. o;}n] xfd|f :juL{o
sljk|lt g]kfnL hgtfsf] s:tf] xflb{s k|]d /x]5 eGg] xfdL :ki6 a'g ;S5f}+ .
xfdL ;d:t g]kfnL slj efg'eQmsf eQm 5f}+ .
x] cd/sLlt{ tgx'kF q" pRr jzfjt+; a|DxljBf ljzf/b eQm wdf{Tdf
k/f]ksf/L efg'eQm xfdL ltdLnfO{ s;/L la;{GYof}+ sf]xL n]v n]vL ltdLnfO{
;DemG5f}+ t sf]xL cGt:s/0fn] cfgf bodf ltd|f] :d/0f ub{5f}+
;Fw} cjfRozAbn] el/Psf] uLt ufpg] 3fF;L, uf]7fnf, sf]bfn], xnL, bfp/]
k|el[ tsf d'v / sfg b'j} OlGb|odf ltdLn] /fdfo0fsf] cd[ts0ff 5Sof}{ x] /fdeQm hxfF
hxfF g]kfnLx a;]sf 5g\ ;+;f/sf tL ;a} :yfgdf ltd|f dL7f k+lQmxsf] kf7
x'G5. cxf]/fqsf] s'g 38L, s'g knf, s'g ljknfdf ltd|f dL7f k+lQmsf] hk g]kfnL
k|hf ub}{g <
afNosfndf tf]t] af]nL af]nL cfgL dftf tgx'F e"ldsf] sxL+ p7]sf] sxL+
ba]sf] / sxL+ ;dy/ ePsf] sfvdf ltdLn] e/\ hGd 3fF;lt/ dg\ lbO wg\ sdfof],
gfd\ So} /xf];\ kl5 eg]/ s'jf vgfof]. 3fF;L bl/b| 3/sf] t/ a'l4 s:tf] < df]
efg'eQm wlg e} lsg cfh o:tf].. d]/f Ogf/ g t ;Qn kfl6 So} 5g\, hf] wg\ /
rLhx 5g\ 3/ leqg} 5g\ o;\ 3fF;Ln] s;/L cfh lbo] 5 ctL{, lwSsf/ xf] dsg
a:g' g /flv sLlt{.. egL otfptf nf]6kf]6 u/]sf] ltd|L hggL s;/L la;{g
;lS5g\ <
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
31
a|fDx0f hflt g} pRrj+z xf]. To} j+zdf pTkGg ePsf x] pRrj+zfjt+;

ltdLn] g]kfnL ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ /fdfo0fsf] lzIff u/L a|fDx0fsf] sd{ g} ljBf
k9\g' k9fpg' xf] eGg] ;+;f/nfO{ b]vfOlbof} ltd|f] of] sd{n] s'g g]kfnL a|fDx0f
ltdLnfO{ la;{g ;S5 <
g]kfnLxn] klg cgfof;}df j]bfGtsf] ;f/ a'g ;sL hLj / cfTdfsf]
e]b / P]Sosf] ljrf/ u/L, b]xfj;fgsfndf a|DxtTj a'emL km]l/ o; ;+;f/df
tL lgaf]{w g]kfnL hgtfn] e8\sg' gk/f];\ eGg] Wo]o /fvL x] a|DxljBfljzf/b
ltdLn] j]bfGtsf] ;f/ ePsf] /fduLtfsf] klg cfkm" d[To'z ofdf ;'tL;'tL
d'v}n] sljtfdf cg'jfb u/L cfgf k'q /dfgfyf/f n]vfO{ k|rf/ u/fof} of]
ltd|f] efiffk|]d, of] ltd|f] bof, of] ltd|f] bfgnfO{ g]kfn ;Gtlt s] slxNo} la;{g
;S5 <
tLa| a'l4 ePsf a8f a8f ljfgxn] klg zf:qxsf] dGyg u/L
k|k~r;f/sf] 7]sfgf nfpg ;Sb}gg\ eg], rf/}lt/ kxf8} kxf8n] 3]l/Psf,
lxdfrnaf6 em/]sf cg]s gbLgfnf / em/gfsf snsn Wjlgdf g} d'Uw /x]sf,
v, kf]y|f, nx/fx / 9'+uf], df6f], afn'jfsf ;xr/ ePsf oL d]/f g]kfnL
efOxn] ;+;f/nfO{ s;/L kf/ unf{g\ eGg] bofefjn] k|]l/t eO{ ltdLn] elQm/;k"0f{
ePsf] eQmdfnf / /fdfo0f n]vL cfjfnj[4jlgtf ;a}nfO{ eQm agfof}. eQmb]lv
k/d]Zj/ rfF8} g} ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\. O{Zj/ t'i6 eP ;+;f/ tg{ s]xL ufxf/f] 5}g.
x] eQmjT;n efg'eQm of] ltd|f] sqf] wd{ / sqf] k/f]ksf/ xf] ltdLn] cfgf
:jfy{sf lgldQ /fdfo0f /rgf u/]sf xf]Ogf}. ltdL tf ljfg 5Fb} lyof}. ltdL
:jfyL{ eP cfkm}+ dfq tg]{ pkfo uYof}{. ;a} efO t?g\ egL ltdLn] /fdfo0f
n]Vof}. ltd|f] Tofu / k/f]ksf/k C0fn] xfdL g]kfnLx slxNo} klg pC0f
x'g ;Sb}gf}+.
xfd|f :qL;dfhnfO{ klg ltdLn] lzIff lbPs} 5f}. jw"lzIff n]vL :qLx
klg k9\g k9fpg ;Sg] x'g\, ;dodf sd{Ro't gx'g\ kltk/fo0ff e} ufx{:Yo hLjg
zflGtk"j{s lgjf{x ug\ egL xfd|f u[xnIdLxnfO{ 1fg lbof}. ltdL ltgLxsf
klg ;bf k|Lltefs\ 5f}
x] g]kfnL hfltsf u'? xfdLn] ltd|f] bz{g ug{ kfPgf}+ ltd|f] k"hf ug{
;s]gf}+. cfTdf cd/ x'gfn] ltdLnfO{ lgTo ;+emL log} xfd|f ljlrq zAbsf
6"6]km"6]sf k+lQmxn] g} ltd|f] cr{gf ub{5f}+ .
[efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy, k|sfzs g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng
bfhL{ln\ lj=;+= !((&]
32
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
/fdfo0f dxfTDo
;flxTofrfo{ kl08t s'nrGb| uf}td ;flxTodl0f, ljBf/Tg, g]kfn
cgGtsf]l6 a|Dxf08gfos k/d]Zj/nfO{ sf]6L sf]6L
wGojfb 5 h;sf ;+sNkn] c1fgsf] ;fd|fHo rNg uO{
d'n'snfO{ cGwsf/n] 9fSg nfu]sf ;dodf PP6f kj{t
k|b]z -tgx"F_ af6 efg'eQm gfds pHjn tf/f pbfP/ b]z
clnslt pHofnf] x'g uof].
logsf] pbosfn ljs|d ;+jt\ !*^( / c:tsfn
!(@% ;+jt\ lyof]. oyf;do oyf;+ej ljBf xf;Ln u/]kl5
logn] clrGTozlQm k/d]Zj/af6 o:tf cg]s sf]l6
a|Dxf08sf] /rgf u/]/ hLjxnfO{ ef]u / ckju{ -e'lQmd'lQm_ lbg] j]b zf:qsf]
/rgf ePsf] xf], hLjn] ug'k{ g]{ k'?iffy{ olQ xf], ckju{df afwf gkg]{ u/L ef]u
-e'lQm_ sf] cg'ej ub}{ d'lQm xfl;n ug]{ x'g uof] eg] hLjsf] hGd ;kmn 5, ef]u}df
nDk6 x'g uP/ d'lQm xfl;n ug{ ;s]g eg] hLjsf] hGd lgikmn 5, cyf{t\
P]xnf}lss ;'v / kf/nf}lss ;'v b'j} kfpg] aGbf]a:t ldnfpg ;Sof] eg] k|f0fLsf]
k|f0fnfe ;Rrf k|f0fnfe 7xl/G5 To:tf k|f0fLsf] rft'o!{ -a7fFO_ g} ;Rrf
rft'o{ slxG5, ljifo/;df df]lxt eP/ ljifosf] cfh{g pkfh{g ug]{ a7fFO kl
dfq} nfUof] eg] nfvf}+ ;fd|fHo;'v eGbf klg clt 7"nf] d'lQm;'v gkfpg] x'g uPsf]
x'gfn] Tof] k|f0fL b}jjl~rt -xtefUo_ sxnfpF5, ef]u / ckju{ -e'lQm / d'lQm_sf]
l;l4 -k|flKt_ htfaf6 x'G5 To;}nfO{ wd{@ eGb5g\ Tof] wd{ ;'/lIft eof] eg] k|f0fL
;'/lIft /xG5 Tof] gi6 eof] eg] k|f0fL gi6 x'G5.# To:tf] Tof] wd{sf] l;l4 -k|flKt_
sf lgldQ bof;fu/ O{Zj/n] / O{Zj/sf c+zaf6 k}bf ePsf d'gLZj/xn] j]b /
zf:qsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf x'g\. Tof] wd{ oyf]Qm kfngf xf]pGHofn -;gftg wd{sf]
cfEoGt/ k|rf/ 5pGHofn_ t4df{jnDaL ;sn ;dfh of] nf]sdf ;jf]{kl/$ /x]/
cflv/df d'lQmkbf9 -d'Qm_ x'Gy]. sfns|dn] j]bzf:qsf ;fy} ;fy wd{sf] x|f;
x' g hfFb f ;gftg wdf{ j nDaL ;Rrf cfo{ sf ;Gtfg cfh gfd dfqn]
;gftgwdf{jnDaL -jf:tjdf Otf] e|i6:ttf] e|i6M_ eP/ cjgltsf uxL/f vfN8ftkm{
cu|;/ x'g nfu]. yf]/ ax't afFsL /x]sf] ;+:s[t ljBf klg ga'lemg] x'g hfFbf xfd|f
!=
@=
#=
$=
of nf]so;fwgL tg'e[tf+ ;f rft'/L rft'/L. [gLlt=]

otf] Eo'bolgM>]ol;l4M; wd{M. [s0ffb]
wd{ gi6 u/fOof] eg] wd{n] gi6 u/fpF5, wd{sf] /Iff ul/of] eg] wd{n] /Iff ub{5
o:tf] cfzo ePsf]
wd{ Pj xtf] xlGt wdf]{ /Iflt /lIftM.
t:df4df]{ g xGtJof] df gf] wdf]{ xtf] jwLt\..
of] pkb]z dg'n] u/]sf] 5.
zs|flb;Vodlvnk|s[ltlk|oTjdJofxtf ult/ltk|anM k|tfkM.
cfBflk xGt at gM ;'s[tft\ ;'wLlen{Aw+ kmn+ >j0fof]o'{un+ k'gLt].. [;"lQm ;+u|x]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
33
b]zsf afGwj -bfHo"efOx_ P]xnf}lsskf/nf}lss sNof0fsf] af6f] km]nf kfg{

g;s]/ hGdfGt/ gdfGg], P]lxs ;'vef]unfO{ g} k/d k'?iffy{ ;+emg] ljwdL{xn]
:jfy{l;l4sf lgldQ atfPsf af6fdf nfu]/ e|i6 x'g nfu]. o:tf oL clzlIft
b]zfafGwxsf] o]g s]g k|sf/]0f ck]lIft -plrt_ pksf/ ug'{ d]/f] sQ{Jo xf],
cfkm"n] xf;Ln u/]sf ljBfaf6 nf]sf]ksf/ ePg eg] Tof] ljBfnfe j[yf 5 o:tf]
ljrf/ dgdf lnP/ cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] kBfg'jfb -& sf08 /fdfo0f_ k|Zgf]Q/k~rflzsf
k|e[lt u|Gysf] /rgf u/].
/rgf ul/Psf] k"jf]{Qm u|Gysf] k|rf/ f/f wfld{s 1fg laNs'n gePsf
b]zafGwjxnfO{, /fdfo0f j0f{g ul/Psf k|To]s klqsf cfrf/df b[li6 lbnfP/, tL
kfqsf cfrf/ cg';f/sf] kl/0ffd a'emfO{sg, lxt cfrf/sf] :jLsf/ / clxt
cfrf/sf] alxisf/ u/fP/ -cfyf{t%\ wd{ g5f8Lsg ;Gdfu{df nfuL/x]sf] /x]5
eg] kz'kIfL k|e[lt ;a} k|f0fL ;xfos x'g hfFbf /x]5g\ wd{sf] :jLsf/ u/]/
-lktfsf] cf1fnfO{ lz/f]k/ u/]/_ hn uPsf c;xfo /fdhLnfO{ afg/efn"
lu4xn] ;d]t ;xfotf lbP/ o'4 ljhoL u/fPsf /x]5g\ wd{ 5f8]/ s'dfu{df
%=
^=
34
jfNdLsLJof;cul:t clUgj]z k|e[lt d'gLZj/xn] /rgf ul/Psf cg]sfg]s

/fdfof0fdf ;a}n] Psdt eP/ wd{dfu{df nfUg]nfO{ kz'kIfL k|e[ltn] ;xfotf lbG5g\
-/ To;sf] ho x'G5_ cwd{ dfu{df nfUg]nfO{ ;xf]b/ efOn] klg 5fl8lbG5g\ -/ To;sf]
;j{;+xf/ x'G5_ oxL s'/f Jo~hgfj[lQn] -Wjlgsf t/Lsfn]_ ;a} ;+;f/nfO{ pkb]z
u/]sf 5g\. /fdfo0faf6 lng'kg]{ pkb]zsf] ;f/f+z olQs} xf].
oflGt Gofok|j[Q:o lto{~rf]lk ;xfotfd\.
ckGyfg+ t' uR5Gt+ ;f]b/f] lk ljd'~rlt.. [dxfslj hob]j]
/fdfo0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;a} sjLZj/xn] b'lgofFsf] k"0f{ sNof0fsf lgldQ k|oTg u/]sf
x'g\, s]jn cb\e't cb\e't 36gf n]v]/ ;dfhsf] dgf]/Ghg dfq ugf{sf lgldQ
xftLdtfO{;x;|/hgLrl/q k|e[ltsf n]vs h:tf eP/ cfgf a'l4sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf
xf]Ogg\. cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] efiffdf kBfg'jfb ug]{ efg'eQmfrfo{hLn] klg k"jf]{Qm
;j{/fdfo0f;+dt pkb]z b'lgofFnfO{ lbPsf x'g\. of] pkb]z lxtfyL{ ;a}sf] u|fXo 5.
cfw'lgs lzlIftDdGo ePsf] sf]xL ;dfh, z'4 cfr/0fdf /xg] ljeLif0fdf 3/sf
e]lbof eGg] bfu nufpF5g\, s'g} cfTdLon] 3f]/
cTofrf/ ug{ nfu]df ;+emfpFbf a'emfpFbf ;+em]g eg] To;sf] Tofu dfq xf]Og ls To;n]
ug{ yfn]sf cwd{sf] bdg ;d]t u/]/ k|To]s k|f0fLn] nf]ssNof0fsf] ;+k|bfodf rNg'
wd{ xf] nx} nx}df nfu]/ nf]sljWj+;sf] pk]Iff ug'{ x'Fb}g. ctPj /fdrGb|hLsf k'vf{
dxf/fhf OIjfs'n] cNkfk/fwL cfgf 5f]/f ljs'lIf /fhs'df/nfO{ b]z}af6 lgsflnlbP,
dxf/fhf ;u/n] klg cfgf 5f]/f c;d~h;nfO{ ck/fw cg';f/sf] b08 lbP/
wd{nfO{ ;'/lIft u/]. w]/} 6f9fsf b[i6fGt vf]Hg kl5 lsg nfuf}+ < oxL /fdfo0fsf
pQd kfq wfld{s w'/Gw/ dxf/fhf bz/yn] /fdnfO{ jgtkm{ wkfPF eg] d afFlRtg
egL hfGbf hfGb} k|f0f eGbf Kof/f /fdhLnfO{ jgjf; lbP / t'?Gt} k|f0fkl/Tofu
u/Lsg cfgf] ;Tok|lt1tf -jrgsf] ;RrfO_ kL wd{nfO{ sfod /fv]. o:tf
k|sf/sf] ljrf/ ug]{ wd{k|f0f ;Rrf cfo{x ljeLif0fsf cfr/0fdf bf]if b]Vt}gg\ /
Totfaf6 s'g} cfTdLo JolQm b'i6 x'g uof] eg] To;b]lv 5'lP/ O{Zj/sf] z/0f
k/Lsg oyfzlQm cwd{sf] bdg ug'{ k/d st{Jo xf] o:tf] pkb]z lnG5g\.
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
nfUfLsg k/wgsf] / k/:qLsf] ckx/0f ub}{ cfgf] j}iflos b'jf{;gfsf] sAhfdf

k/]/ b'lgofnfO{ lkg{ nfu]sf] /x]5 eg] To;nfO{ cfklQ cjZod]j kbf]/{ x]5 cfklQsf
;dodf st}af6 ;xfotf kfpg t k/} /xf];,\ To;sf vf; ;xf]b/ bfHo"xn]
To;nfO{ 5f8\bf /x]5g\ / To;sf] ;+xf/df tTk/ x'Fbf/x]5g\, s'dfu{ufdL /fj0fnfO{
vf; p;sf ;xf]b/ efO ljeLif0fn]^ 5fl8lbP/ To;sf] ;+xf/ klg u/fP5g\
OToflb a'emfP/ ;bfrf/df k|j[lQ / b'/frf/af6 lgj[lQ u/fOsg_ P]lxs ;'v /
kf/nf}lss ;'vsf] d"n sf/0f ePsf wd{sf] dd{ a'emfpg] o:tf] dd{ a'g g;Sg]
:y"n a'l4xnfO{ klg s]jn sLt{g dfqn] sNof0fbfos ePsf /fdrl/qsf] / c
pkb]zk|wfg u|Gysf] /fi6JofkL k|rf/ u/fpg] oL sljj/ efg'eQmfrfo{hLnfO{
cg'ux[ Lt ePsf g]kfnb]zLo ;Hhg ;dfhn] ztzM wGojfb lbg'kb{5.
g]kfnLo efiffsf /rgfsf] k|rf/} gePsf ;dodf o:tf o:tf pQd u|Gysf]
/rgf ug]{ efg'eQmfrfo{hLnfO{ of] efiffsf cflbslj dfg]/ cfw'lgs sljju{n]
dfGok"Ho ;+emg'k5{.
cfhsfnsf] h:tf] lstfa n]vL 5kfO{ k};f sdfpg] rng xfd|f b]zdf
k"0f{tof grn]sf ;dodf s]jn nf]sf]ksf/nfO{ g} d'Vo p2]Zo /fv]/ lgM:jfy{
b]z;]jf u/] afkt logsf] dxfk'?ifxdf u0fgf plrt x'g]5.
logsf] /rgfk|0ffnL cToGt ;/n / cfsif{s 5, sfJodf -sljtfdf_ /xg'kg]{
k|;fb, cy{JolQm, cf]h, sflGt, ;dflw k|el[ t u'0f / /;fleJolQm ;d]t logsf
sfJodf oqtq JofKt 5g\ o;} sf/0fn] logsf sljtf cfafnj[4 ;a}nfO{ ?lrs/
x'g uPsf x'g\, ctPj ;flxTosf b[li6n] ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf kIfdf klg oL dxfzo
pRr >]0fLsf slj 7xl/g]5g\.
lj=;+=!((&, ;Dkfbs>L ;"o{ ljs|d 1jfnL aL=P=, aL=6L=, k|sfzsg]kfnL ;flxTo
;Dd]ng, bfhL{ln]
slj efg'eQm
n]vs>L k|l;4 k|jn uf]vf{ blIf0f afx' d]h/ h]g/n a|Xd z+z/] h+uaxfb'/
/f0ff aL=P, g]kfn
[>L d]h/ h]g/n a|Xd z+z/] h+u axfb'/ /f0ffn]

slj efg'eQm gfds Pp6f ;fgf] k'l:tsf efg'eQmsf] d[To'
ePsf] &) jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf n]vL aS;]sf] 5. ;f]
;lrq k'l:tsfdf h]g/n ;fx]an] efg'eQmnfO{ cg]s
b[li6af6 ljrf/ jl/aS;]sf] 5. ;f] k'l:tsfsf] Ps c+z
tn pw[t ul/G5. ;+=]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
35
Ps\ lbg\ gf/b ;To nf]s\ k'luuof nf]ss

\ f] uF lxt\ egL eGg] Znf]s s'g
g]kfnLsf] sfgdf gk/]sf] x]fnf. oxL Znf]sn] >L u0f]zfogdM u/]sf] slj efg'eQmn]
xfd|f efiffdf pNyf u/]sf ;ft sf08sf] /fdfo0f g]kfnsf] x/ Pssf 3/ em'k8Ldf
Ps km]/f g Ps km]/f k;]sf] xf]nf. of] sd lzlIft b]zdf o:tf] 7fpF kfpg' ;fgf]
s'/f xf]Og. To;}n] g} To;sf] u'0f :jo+ aSt5.
To; eGbf cl3 klg g]kfnL ;flxTo xfd|f] ;dfhdf s]xL g s]xL c+zdf
lyof]. -h'g s'/f tn s]xL v'nf;f aofg ul/Psf] 5 _ tf klg hg ;fwf/0fdf
;flxTo eGg] s'/fsf] s]xL yfxf g} lyPg eg] klg x'G5. t/ of] ;/n /fdfo0fn]
g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/nfO{ wgL dfq kf/]g ls 3/ 3/df 3';\g uO{ ;a}sf] lbndf
Znf]s / sljtftkm{ ?lr u/fO{ g]kfnL efiffs]f k"/f k|rf/ u/fof]. slt clzlIftnfO{
To;n] ubf{ lzlIft x'g clenfiff u/fof] xf] / clzIff x6fpg sdtL ;xfotf lbof]
xf]. xfd|f] of] :jt+q /fHosf / aflx/ k|fGtdf /x]sf ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ efifff/f klg
Psj kfg{ o;af6 hlt d2t eof] xf] To;sf] ;f}efUosf] efuL pgL cflb slj
g} x'g\. pgLsf] d[To' ePsf] of] jif{n] &) jif{ eP5 t/ pgL d/] klg pgsf] sfd
cd/ e}/x]sf] 5 / cd/ klg /xL/xg] 5. emg\ ;dosf] k|efj / ;Eotff/f
;t\u'0fsf] sb/ ug]{ dflg;xsf] j[l4af6 pgsf] sfd emg\ emg\ rd\lsnf] eO{ hfg]
;Dejgf 5. xfdL ;a} 7"nfb]lv ;fgf] ;Dd db{5f},+ cjtf/ lnPsf /fd s[i0fx
klg d/], t/ xfd|f] ljrf/ / sd{ s}Nx] klg db}{g / To]f ljrf/ ljrf/ xf] h'g
k/f]ksf/L lgM:jfyL{ 5 / h'g sd{sf] :jk lnPsf] 5. s'g} ;'sd{ ubf{ klg b'Mv
/ ;+si6 ef]Ug' kb{5, gq ;'sd{sf] dxj g} sd x'G5. b'Mv ;+si6af6 g8/fO{
cfgf] st{Jo g} kfng ug{ ;s\g' ;a} dflg;sf] nflu ;'xfpg] s'/f xf]. ;'sd{df
lj/f]wL lg:sg' k|sl[ tsf] lgod} h:tf] ePsf]n] slj efg'eQm klg o; lgodaf6
al~rt ePgg\. pgnfO{ sljtf ug]{ k}nf emns cfpFbf pgn] k|yd /r]sf b'O
Znf]s vfFbf, lkpFbf, p7\ a;\ ubf{ a/fa/ elg /xFbf s;}n] l;NnL eg], s;}n] s]
eof] egL ;f]wk\ "5 u/], t/ efg'eQmn] So} klg hjfkm lbPgg\ cfg} dgsf t/df
b lyP. csf{sf] lbn dfg]{ x]+nf 7fn] cfkm"nfO{ bafpg lbPgg\. a]nfotsf Ps
k|l;4 slj sL6\;sf] cfxfl/;] / Jolerf/L lgGbfsf/Lxsf] jrg ef]u\g' k/L Ifo
/f]u ;d]t nfuL sRrf pd]/d} hLjg lat]Yof], t/ pgsf] d[To' kl5 pgsf] ljrf/
/ Nofstn] o:tf] sb/ kfof] ls tL ;a} b'i6 lgGbfsf/Lxn] ;"o{sf] t]hdf rd]/f]
em}+ s'gf s'gfdf z/dn] n'Sg hfg' k/]Yof]. t;y{ o:tf] x]+nf / 7fsf] kfq ;a} 7"nf
dflg;xn] Ps avt g Ps avt aGg' k/]sf] b]lvG5 / ;f] x'g' d} sf]xL dflg;sf]
Nofst / u'0f hgfpg] s'/f /x]5 eGg] b]lvG5. t;y{ s;}n] vfln l/;n] cfkm"nfO{
7f u/f] eGb}df cfgf] st{Josf] af6f]af6 km/s x'g' plrt xf]Og.
[efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy -d[To' ePsf] &) jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf k|sflzt
lj=;+=!((&_, ;Dkfbs>L ;"o{ ljs|d 1jfnL aL=P=, aL=6L=, k|sfzsg]kfnL ;flxTo
;Dd]ng, bfhL{ln]
36
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
efg'eQm / df]tL/fd
uf]vf{ blIf0fafx' kl08t ?b|/fh kf08]o, Pd\=P=, g]kfn
g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qdf kl08t df]tL/fd en] ;fx|} g}
pRr :yfg kfPsf 5g\. x'g klg h'g jvtdf efifftkm{
dflg;sf] b[li6 uPs} lyPg, 7"nf 7"nf ljfg sxnfpFbfxn]
;+:s[t / c+uh
|] LnfO{ g} cdfn u/]/ g]kfnL efiffnfO{
t'R5 ;DemL lt/:sf/ dfq ub{y,] Tolt dfq sxfF xf] /
;+:s[tsf ;flxTo dxf/yLx efiffdf n]Vg' g} a]OHhtL /
gfnfosL ;DemGy], ptf gjo'js ;dfh t'd Sof vfPuf
slxP hgfa OToflb af]nL af]Ng}df cfkm"nfO{ ;Eo
;DemGYof]To:tf] xtf]T;fxL kl/l:yltdf xfd|f] klg efiff
xf] o;df /fd|f /fd|f k':tsx n]Vg ;lsG5 eGg] efj k}bf u/fpg df]tL/fdn]
sd pBf]u u/]sf xf]Ogg\. cfh a:j]n gePsf] eP hf]G;gsf] ;flxToIf]qdf Tof]
:yfg x'g] lyPg. To:t} slj df]tL/fd e gePsf] eP >L efg'eQmnfO{ oqf] cfb/
/ >4fsf b[li6n] xfdL sbflk x]g{] lyPgf}+ .
k+=df]tL/fd esf] !(@# ;fn efb| s[i0f cdfj:ofsf] lbg hGd ePsf] xf].
logsf afa' k+=bof/fd en] g]kfnsf ;'k|l;4 ljfg k+=/fd zdf{ kf08]osL Ho]7L
5f]/L ljjfx u/]sf x'g\ . dft[sn
' lkt[sn
' b'j} ljBfljgo;DkGg ePsfn] k+=df]tL/fd
e klg afnssfnb]lv g} xf]gxf/ afns eP/ lg:s]. kl5 * jif{sf] pd]/df aHo}
sfzLjf; uPsfn] sfzLd} logsf] pkgog eof]. p; avtdf pgsf afa'nfO{ s]
nx8 rNof] pgnfO{ kmf;L{ k9fpg] :s"ndf egf{ ul/lbP. pgL klg bQlrQ eP/
ljBfnfe ug{ nfu]. x'g klg yf]/} g} ;dodf pgnfO{ kmf;L{df k"/f bvn eO;s]sf]
lyof]. ptf ;Ltdf klg s]xL /kmt u/]sf lyP. uhnsf] /rgf ug{ klg nfu]sf
lyP. !(#& ;fndf ljjfx ugf{sf lgldQ g]kfn cfP/ oxLF a;L ;+:s[t c+uh
|] L
b'j} k9\g yfn].
k+=df]tL/fd zdf{sf] sNkgfzlQm ha/ lyof]. pgsf] bodf dw'/tf el/Psf]
lyof]. Ps lbg jfUdtLsf] lsgf/fdf 3fF;L 3Fl;gLxn] k/:k/df ufpg nfu]sf]
/l;of eGg] uLbn] pgsf] sljTjzlQmnfO{ hfu|t t'NofOlbof]. efiffdf klg efjk"0f{
sljtf x'g;S5, cjZo x'g ;S5, eGg] ljrf/ p7f] To;} aLrdf pgsf] Pp6f
ldqsf] ljjfx ePsf] lyof]. pgL klg lglDtPsf lyP , b'nxLsf] 3/df /fte/
dflg;xn] Znf]s eGg yfn]. To;}df Pp6fnfO{ efg'eQmsf] afnsf08 cfpFbf]/x]5
p;n] e6e6fpg yfNof]. k+=df]tL/fdsf] Wofg Tot} uof]. ca s;/L efg'eQmsf]
/fdfo0f km]nf kfg]{ eGg] w"g ;jf/ eof]. dft[efifftkm{ k|d
] a9\b} uof].
#* ;fndf df]tL/fdnfO{ km]l/ agf/; hfg'kf]. pxL+ :s"ndf egf{ eO{
c+uh
|] L k9\g yfn]. pgn] ldqxsf] Pp6f d08nL g} v8f u/L ;flxTosf] rrf{
p7fP. dgf]u] k|jfx eGg] pgsf] klxnf] k':ts xf]. km]l/ To; avt;Dd g]kfnL
efiffdf Ps k':ts klg 5flkPsf] lyPg. klxn] klxn] ef/thLjg k|;
] sfzLdf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
37
Pp6f ldqnfO{ vf]Ng nufO{ afnsf08 5kfPsf] xf]. To;}n] dft[efiffsf] k':ts
klxn] 5kfpg] h; klg pg}nfO{ 5.
afnsf08sf] g]kfnL ;dfhn] 7"nf] cfb/ u/]sf]n] sljsf] pT;fx emg\
a9of]. kl5 7"nf] pBf]u u/L ;ft} sf08 /fdfo0f km]nf kf/L 5kfP. pgsf] Tof]
d]xgt cfh s:tf] km}ln/x]5 ;a}nfO{ yfx} 5. ptf kqklqsf geO{ efiffsf] k|rf/
x'Fbg} , ;flxTodf ?lr a9\b}g, k|ltefsf] ljsf; x'g kfpFbg} eGg] klg pgn] v"a
a'em]sf lyP. To;}n] dft[efiffdf ef/thLjg cvaf/ pg}n] k|sfz u/fPsf x'g\ .
sfzLdf logsf ldqxdWo] pd]/df kfsf ePtfklg :juL{o lxGbL ;flxTosf
hGdbftf xl/ZrGb| klg x'g\. lxGbL / g]kfnL ;flxTosf oL cflb ;]jsxsf]
k/:k/df oqf] d]n x'g' klg Pp6f cb\e"t 36gf xf].
sfzLdf sljn] x/]s ljifodf sljtf n]Vg yfln;s]sf lyP. ToxL efg'eQm
cfrfo{dfly >4f b]vfpg, tqfbf} sljs'nd's'6dfl0fS efg'eQmfrfo{j0f{gd\ eGg]
!@ Znf]ssf] sljtf n]vL g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ jL/k"hf l;sfPsf x'g\. pxL+ logn]
uh]Gb|df]If, efiffk~rs, k|k~rszs'gf}lt, :jKgfWofo, ukmfi6s gfd u/]sf u|Gyx
agfPsf x'g\ .
$$ ;fndf k+=df]tL/fdhL g]kfn cfP. pgsf] dft[efiff ;]jf ug]{ xf};nf
emg\ a9]s} lyof]. k+=s[i0fb]j kf08]o pgsf] gftfbf/ klg ePsfn] / pgL / pgsf
efO g/b]j;Fu pgsf] ldqtf klg ePsfn] g]kfnL efiffsf] k':ts las|L ug{
df]tLs[i0f s+kgL gfdsf] Pp6f k':ts k;n 7lx6Ldf pg}sf pBf]un] v'n]sf] xf].
ToxL+ ;flxTosf] rrf{ klg rNg yfNof] / ;d:ofk"lt{f/f sljtfx aGg yfn].
/l;sxsf] d08nL hDg yfNof] / Pp6f kl/is[t ;flxlTos jftfj/0f} ;[li6 eof].
sljj/ g/b]j, nIdLbQ kGt, uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, ef]h/fh kf08]o, /fhLjnf]rg
hf]zLx sljtf n]Vby], ;flxTosf] /; rfVby], efiffnfO{ cFufNby]. g]kfn cfPklg
sljhLn] k7g kf7g aGb u/]sf] lyPg. km]l/ b/af/ xfO :s"ndf egf{ eO{ c+uh
|] L
k9\g yfln;s]sf lyP. oxL+ a8fsfhL d/Llrdfg;Fu logsf] ldqtf klg ePsf]
xf]. $& ;fndf logL ;]s]08 Snf; -cfhsnsf] gjd >]0fL_ df k9\by]. efg'eQm
xfd|f cflbslj x'g\ . klxn] efiffdf log}n] snd rnfOlbP. logsf] hLjgL n]Vg}k5{
eGg] h'g ;Nk pgn] sfzLdf u/]sf lyP ;f] k"/f ug{ To; ljBfyL{ pd]/df g} pgL
56k6fpg nfu]. tF lrtf d k'ofpF5' eGg] O{Zj/Lo l;4fGt} 5. k+=efg'eQm
g]kfndf ;'= wd{bQsxfF 8]/f u/L a:y] eGg] pgn] ;'OFsf] kfP. ca pgL emg\
pT;flxt eP. ;'Aaf ;+u e]6L pgsf ljifodf l6kf]6 t}of/ kf/]. kl5 $* ;fndf
sljsf 5f]/f k+=/dfgfy;+u e]6 x'bF f pgL emg\ k|;Gg eP/ rfF8} g} efg'eQmsf]
hLjgL klg n]vL k|sfz u/fO5f]8] .
k+=df]tL/fdhLsf] ljBfyL{ hLjg klg sd rxlsnf] xf]Og, pgL kmi6 Snf;df
kmi6} ePsf lyP. OG6]G; kf; u/]kl5 Pkm\=P=k9\g klg yfn]sf lyP. snsQ}df
pgsf] k9fO z' ePsf] lyof]. :jf:Yf 7Ls gePsfn] pgL Pkm\=P=kf; x'g
;s]gg\. pt}af6 /f]uu|:t cj:yfdf g]kfn kmsL{ emg\ emg\ la/fdL x'Fb} uP/ %#
;fndf of] c;f/ ;+;f/nfO{ 5f]8L pgL k/dwfd eP. pgsf] 5fq hLjg ;+d klg
;dfKt x'g kfPg.
38
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
g]kfndf pgn] n]v]sf uh]Gb|df]If efiff, k|XnfbelQm syf, lk|oblz{sf

gf6s, zs'Gtnf gf6s, ;+uLtrGb|f]bo, cBfjlw nf]sk|l;4 5g\. oL dWo] @
gf6s k|sfz x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. logL cfgf ldqxdf klg sljt}f/f n]vfk9L
ub{y].
ljBfyL{ hLjgdf g} oltsf k':ts n]vL dft[efiffk|lt Pp6f gofF b[li6sf]0f
v8f u/fO{ efiffsf] uf}/j a9fpg] df]tL/fd} x'g\. pgL a'9]; sfn;Dd
afFlrlbPsf] eP efiffsf] sqf] pGglt x'GYof] sNkgf dfq ug{ ;lsG5.
k7gkf7gsf] a]km';{tL cj:yfdf t pgn] sqf] s/fdt u/]/ b]vfP eg] tg\do
eP/ ;flxTo;]jfdf 8'Ag kfPsf] eP pgsf] k|ltef sqf] emnemnfsf/ eP/
km'g{ kfpFYof] cg'dfg dfq ug{ ;lsG5. of] n]v k+=g/b]j kf08]osf] xfn}
k|sfz ePsf] sljj/ df]tL/fd esf] hLjgLsf] cfwf/df n]lvPsf] xf].
To;}n] n]vs pxfFsf] ax't} C0fL 5.
bfhL{ln]
k|:tfjgf
sGx}ofnfn dfl0fsnfn d++'zL, /fHokfn, pQ/k|b]z
d]/f ldq 8fS6/ x/]Gb|sd
' f/ d'vf]kfWofosf cfu|xn]
g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvo]sf] efg'eQmsf /fdfo0fsf] of}6f ;fgf]
k|:tfjgf n]Vg d}n] :jLsf/ u/]+. of] /fdfo0fsf] k|sfzg
d]/f ldqaf6 x'Fb5
} . g]kfnL efiff ghfGg] dflg;af6 of]
u|Gysf ljifodf k"0f{ Gofo x'g ;Dej 5}g. t}klg cfu|xsf
/Iffsf lglDt cfkm'n] ;s];Dd ug]{ ;fx; ub}{5' .
/fdfo0f, dxfef/t tyf k'/f0fxsf] ef/tLo efiff
tyf ;+:s[ltsf ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ efu 5 tyf dflg;sf
hLjgdf klg OgLxn] 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\. cfh klg
ef/tjif{sf nfvf}+ dflg; /fdgfd f/f zflGt tyf zlQm k|fKt u5{g\. /fdsf]
nf]slk|otf s]jn ef/tdf dfq ;Ldfa4 5}g ls+t' a[xQ/ ef/tdf klg of] /fd|/L
kl/lrt 5. /fdsf] uf}/j zfZjt 5 lsg eg] a|Dxfn] afNdLls l;t s] o:tf]
k|lt1f u/]sf] 5}g
ofjT:yf:olGt lu/o ;l/tZr dxLtn] .

tfjb| f dfo0fsyf nf] s ] i f' k|r l/iolt..
h}n;
] Dd of] k[lyjLdf kj{tx v8f /xg]5g\, gbLx aUg]5g\, t}n];Dd
;d:t ;+;f/df /fdfo0fsf] syf hLljt /xg]5.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
39
pQ/ ef/tdf k|frLg x:tlnlvt k':tsx x/fpFbf jf gi6 ul/+bf g]kfnn]

cfgf] :jtGqtf /Iff u/]sf] lyof]. dxfef/t tyf /fdfo0fsf z'4 kf7sf
Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] cg'kd :yfg 5. dxfef/tsf] cflbkj{sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]
k|lt h;nfO{ pgn] z'4kf7 lg0f{o ug{ pkof]u u/]sf lyP ;f] g]kfnaf6 k|fKt
eo]sf] xf] egL 8fS6/ ;'sygs/n] eg]sf] 5. of] n]vf}6sf] cfljisf/ /fhu'?
x]d/fhaf6 eo]sf] xf]. /fdfo0fsf] of}6f z'4 kf7n] o'Qm ;+:s/0f tof/ ug{ eg]/
;d:t ;+;f/af6 a8f]b/fsf] cf]l/o+6n O+;l66'6df ;+u|x ul/o]sf /fdfo0fsf
@!( x:tlnlvt k|ltx dWo] ;a}eGbf k|frLg k|lt g]kfnaf6 cfo]sf] 5. of]
sf7df+8'sf] jL/ nfOa]|/Ldf ;'/lIft 5 tyf o;sf] n]vgltly ljs|d ;+jt\
!)&^ xf].
efg'eQmsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f cWofTd/fdfo0fsf] :jtGq tyf 5f]6s/L
cg'jfb xf]. o;df ljz'4 g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvo]sf rf/ r/0f eo]sf Ps
xhf/ eGbf a9tf Znf]s 5g\. sljn] k|frLg ;+:s[t 5Gb h;t} OGb|jh|f,
pkhflt, b| ' t ljnlDat, j;Gtltnsf, dflngL, dGbfs| f Gtf, lzvl/0fL,
zfb"{nljs|Ll8t tyf ;|Uw/fsf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\. ;+:s[taf6 cg'jfb ul/o]sf]
eo] tfklg of] u|Gy kf7 ubf{ df}lns u|Gy k9] h;tf] cg'ej x'G5 eGg]
dflg;sf] egfO{ 5. d"n /fdfo0fsf] 36gf tyf ljifoJoj:yfsf] of] cg'jfbdf
cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 tyf /fdsf rl/qdf tyf /fdfo0fsf c? 36gfsf
j0f{gdf cflbef}lts tTjsf] klg /Iff ul/o]sf] 5. o;sf nfdf :t'ltx
k|foM 5f]l8o]sf 5g\ cf} syfx 5f]6fOo]sf 5g\. 7fpF7fpFdf g]kfnL
9fFrfsf] ;dfj]z u/L jf s]xL s'/f cfkm"n] ykL sljn] o;nfO{ :yfgLo
dflg;nfO{ clws ?lrs/ t'Nofpg] r]i6f u/]sf 5g\.
t'n;Lbf; em}+ efg'eQmn] klg ;/n efiff k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ cf} ltgtfs
efiffdf k|rlnt c/aL tyf kmf/;L zAb klg Jojxf/ u/]sf 5g\. b'a}sf] p2]Zo
hgtfg]/ k'Ug] lyof] cf} b'j} ;dfg kn] ;kmn eo]sf 5g\. o;sf] ;/ntf,
k|;fb, nflnTo cf} dw'/tfn] ubf{ g]kfnsf dflg; efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fnfO{
cToGt cfb/sf b[li6n] x]5{g\. of] b/af/ tyf 5fk|f] b'j} 7fpF plQs} nf]slk|o
5, ljjfxf]T;jdf 3/ 3/ o;sf] kf7 ul/G5 cf} xhf/f}+ dflg;n] o;nfO{ s07
kf/]sf 5g\.
@
sf7df+8s
' f klZrddf !)) dLneGbf yf]/} k/ cjl:yt tgx'd
F f ;g\ !*!$
df efg'eQmsf] of}6f vfO{xfn\bf] a|fDx0f kl/jf/df hGd eo]sf] lyof]. cfgf afh]
>Ls[i0f cfrfo{af6 efg'eQmn] ;+:s[t ;flxTo tyf Jofs/0fsf] k|f/lDes lzIff
kfo]. 3fF;Lsf] wd{, oz tyf gfd cd/ u/fpg] pgsf hLjgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg]
ljifo eof]. g]kfnL Znf]sdf /fdfo0f n]Vg pgn] cf/De u/]. k|yd sf08 ;dfKt
u/]kl5 pgLn] of] sfd u/L/xg ;s]gg\ cf} pgLn] ;/sf/L gf]s/L u/] ;/sf/L
wgsf] lx;fa a'emfpg g;s\tf b'O{jif{ kl5 pgL y'gf k/]. 5 dlxgfsf] cfgf]
em\ofnvflgofF hLjgdf pgLn] c? rf/ sf08 n]vL l;Wfo]. aGwgd'Qm eo]k5L
pgn] af+sL b'O{ sf08 n]vL /fdfo0f ;dfKt u/].
40
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
/fdfo0f afx]s efg'eQmn] wfld{s tyf pkf;gfk|wfg cToGt nf]slk|o

sljtfsf] klg /rgf u/]sf 5g\. eQm eo] tfklg pQ/ ef/tsf cg]s eQm
sljxsf ljk/Lt efg'eQm Vofn 7f ug]{ xFl;nf k|s[ltsf of] ;+;f/sf dflg;
lyo]. pgsf xFl;nf sljtf a8f nf]slk|o 5g\.
cfw'lgs g]kfnL efiff tyf ;flxTosf hgs tyf of}6f dxfg\ hftLo jL/
efg'eQm x'g\ eGg] ljrf/ plrt 5. efg'eQm eGbf c3L sljxn] pkof]u u/]sf]
efiffdf a|hefiffsf] lgs} k|efj k/]sf] lyof]. g]kfnsf] lzi6 ;Dk|bfon] pkof]u
ug]{ cfbz{ efiff efg'eQmn] klxnf] rf]6L n]v] cf} pgsf] efiff cfbz{ g]kfnL xf] egL
dfGo eof].
pGgfO;f}+ ztflAbsf cf/Dedf g]kfnsf ljljw ju{sf] hfltsf kdf PsLs/0f
eof] cf} of] hflt of}6f /fhgLlts zf;gsf cwLg eof]. of] gjLg hfltl;t
o;nfO{ Ps t'Nofpg ;dy{ eo]sf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf k/:k/ afFw\g] ;fwgsf]
cefj lyof]. ljljw ju{sf dflg;nfO{ ldnfpg] Pstfsf] d"n efiff tyf ;+:s[lt
k|bfg u/]/ efg'eQmn] g]kfnsf] cg'kd ;]jf u/], pgn] /fdfo0ff/f k/:k/
ldnfpg] of}6f 7"nf] zlQm ;[li6 u/] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] efiffsf kdf ljsl;t x'g]
k|fdfl0fs k g]kfnL efiffsf] eof].
ef/tjif{sf] afFsL efunfO{ cfw'lgs ef/tLo efiffxsf] df}lns Pstf
a'em\g tyf wfld{s cf} ;flxlTos k|af]w h'gf/f ;f+:s[lts Pstfsf] /Iff eo]sf]
5 a'em\g of] u|Gy lgs} dgf]x/ 5 lsgeg] g]kfn /fhgLlts b[li6n] :jtGq b]z
eo]tfklg ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;flxlTos ljifodf g]kfn ef/tjif{l;t
ldn]/ Ps eo]sf] 5.
-#_
g]kfnL efiffl;t ;+;u{ g eo]sf dflg;xsf nfesf lglDt efg'eQmsf]
/fdfo0fsf k|yd ^ Znf]s tn d}n] :jtGq c\u|]hL cg'jfb ;lxt ;f/]sf] 5'.
g]kfnsf] efiff tyf ;flxTol;t afFsL ef/tsf efiff tyf ;flxTosf] stL glhssf]
;DaGw /x]5 ;f] a'em\g o;n] ef/tLo efiff tyf ;flxTosf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xfotf
ug]{5
Ps lbg\ gf/b ;Tonf]s\ k'lu uof nf]s\sf] uF lxt\ egL.

a|Dxf tflx+ lyof kof r/0fdf v"; L u/fof kgL..
== === == === === === === === === === === === ===
=== === === === === === === === === cflb
-$_
of] u|Gysf] k|sfzg f/f of] df}lns Pstf a'em\g g]kfnnfO{ dfq xf]Og lsGt'
ef/tsf] af+sL efunfO{ klg ;xfotf ug]5
{ eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; 5.
[efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f, ;Dkfbs >L ;"o{ ljs|d 1jfnL, k|sfzs M g]kfnL
;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bflh{ln+u, O{=;+=!(%$]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
41
g]kfnL slj efg'eQm

>L km0fLGb|gfy j;'
-a+ufnL ;+jt\ !##^ tbg';f/ ljqmd ;+jt\ !(*^ sf >fj0f df;sf
k|jf;Ldf 5flkPsf n]vsf] cg'jfb_
jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;DaGwdf cfnf]rgf ubf{ xfd|f] cfnf]rgf g]kfndf
uf]/vf /fHo rn]sf ;dodf ;Ldfa4 x'G5 lsgeg] uf]/vf /fHo :yflkt ePsf
;dob]lv g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTklQ ePsf] xf]. k|frLg g]kfndf g]jf/L efiff
k|rlnt lyof]. g]jf/L efiffdf n]lvPsf cg]s k':ts g]kfnsf b/af/ nfOa|]/Ldf
5g\. jt{dfg uf]/vfnL efiff gfu/L cIf/df n]lvG5.
jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTo cem} lzz' cj:yfdf 5. uPsf] Ps;o jif{df
g]kfnL ;flxTo lgs} pGgltsf af6fdf cl3 a9]sf] 5. a+ufndf h;\tf]
sfzL/fdbf;sf] dxfef/t / s[lQjf;sf] /fdfo0f tyf pQ/ ef/tdf t'n;Lbf;sf]
/fdfo0f hg;fwf/0fdf cfb[t 5g\ p;\t} g]kfndf efg'eQmsf /fdfo0fsf] cfb/
5. g]kfnsf ufpF ufpFdf efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f lbgx'F kl9G5. efg'eQmsf /fdfo0f;+u
kl/ro gx'g] g]kfndf dflg; kfpg' ufxf/} 5.
sf]xL sf]xL g]kfnL n]vsxn] oL k|yd g]kfnL sljsf hLjgsf] Oltxf;
;+u|x u/L k|sfz u/]sf] s'/ f] a8f] ;'vs/ 5. !*(! ;g\df sfzLaf6
:ju{jf;L df]tL/fd en] efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/q gfds k':tsdf pgsf]
hLjgL k|sflzt u/]y]. xfn !(@& ;g\df bfhL{lnsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf
pBf]un] of] k':tssf] ltLo ;+:s/0f k|sflzt ePsf] 5. d]/f aGw' >L ;" o{
ljs|d 1jfnL dxfzon] Pp6f lj:t[t e"ldsf ;lxt To;sf] ;+kfbg ug'{ePsf]
5.
g]kfn /fHosf] /fhwfgL sfi7d08k jf sf7df+8"sf klZrdlt/ tgx"F gfds
Pp6f k|b]z 5. ToxL k|b]zdf g]kfnL slj efg'eQmsf] hGd ePsf] xf]. oxfF
>Ls[i0f cfrfo{ gfds Pshgf kl08t lyP. ltgsf 5 5f]/f lyPk|yd
wg~ho, ltLo sfzLgfy, t[tLo kgfe, rt'y{ t'n;L, k~rd u+ufbQ cf}
slgi7 OGb|ljnf;. oL ;a} a'l4dfg cf} kl08t lyP. >Ls[i0f cfrfo{sf h]7f
5f]/f wg~ho cfrfo{sf] klg cfkm\gf b]zdf gfpF rn]sf] lyof]. pgn] /fhfsf]
hfuL/ vfPsf lyP. log}sf 5f]/fsf] gfd efg'eQm xf]. ;g\ !*!! df efg'eQmsf]
hGd ePsf] xf]. sljn] cfkm}+ n]v]sf 5g\
kfxf8\sf] clt a]; b]z\

v'k\ pRrf s'n cfo{j+lz
ljBfdf klg hf] w'/Gw/
Og\sf] gflt d efg'eQm
42
tgx'Fdf >L s[i0f a|fDx0f\ lyof.

x'g u} ;t\ sd{df dg\ lbof..
eO{ lzIff dnfO{ lbof.
elg x"F of] hflg lrGxL lnof..
;g\ !(#* df ;f] k':tssf] t[tLo ;+:s/0f klg g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngf/f
k|sflzt ePsf] 5;+=efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
slj efg'eQm g]kfndf cfkm\gf sljTj zlQmsf lgldQ k|l;4 5g\. ltgn]
afNosfndf lgod adf]lhd lzIff kfP cf} c7f/ jif{sf pd]/df pgL gfgf zf:qsf
kl08t eP. ltgn] s'g k|sf/n] sljTj zlQm k|fKt u/] Tof] ljifodf g]kfndf
Pp6f syf k|rlnt 5. ltgL @@ jif{sf lyP. Pslbg ltgL Pp6fgbLsf
lsgf/df 8'Ng uP. ToxfFsf] dw'/ xfjf nfUbf pgnfO{ lgb|f nfUof]. b'O 3+6fkl5
ha pgsf cfFvf v'n], pgn] s]xL k/ Pp6f 3fF;Ln] 3fF; sf6L/xsf] b]v]. ltgL
To;nfO{ b]vL Tof];u+ s'/f ug{ cfP cf} p;sf b'Mvsf] syf ;'gL ;fx|} b'Mlvt eP.
To;sf] u+eL/ 1fg b]v]/ pgnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof]. p;sf b'Mvsf syfn] pgsf]
bo Jolyt eof] / h;/L jfNdLlsn] qmf}~rsf hf]8fsf zf]sn] sft/ e} Jofwfsf
p2]Zon] Znf]s eg]sf lyP p;}u/L efg'eQmn] tn n]lvPsf Znf]sdf cfgf]
bosf] Joyf JoQm u/]sf 5\g\ .
e/\ hGd 3fF; lt/ dg\ lbO wg\ sdfof].

gfd\ So} /xf];\ kl5 eg]/ s'jf vgfof]..
3fF;L bl/lb| 3/sf] t/ a'l4 s;\tf].
df] efg'eQm wlg e} sg cfh o;\tf]..
d]/f Ogf/ g t ;Qn kfl6 So} 5g\..
h] wg\ / rLhx 5g\ 3/ leq g} 5g\..
t];\ 3fFl;n] s;l/ cfh lbo] 5 ctL{.
lwSsf/ xf] d sg a;\g' g /flv sLlt{..
of] kl5b]lv efg'eQmn] sljtf n]v\g yfn]. g]kfnLx pgsf] dxfslj

jfNdLsL;+u t'ngf u5{g\. h;/L dxlif{ afNdLlsn] csf{sf] b'Mv b]vL sft/ e}
sljtfb]jLsf] cf>o lnPy] p;}u/L efg'eQmn] klg csf{sf b'Mvdf sft/ eP/
cfgf] dgsf] rf]6 sljtfdf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\. jfNdLls /fdfo0f n]v/] lr/:d/0fLo
ePsf 5g\, slj efg'eQmn] klg g]kfnLdf /fdfo0f n]vL g]kfnLxsf] s[t1tf
k|fKt u/]sf 5g\.
of] cnf}lss /Lltn] sljTj zlQm k|fKt u/L slj efg'eQmn] /fdfo0f /rgf ug{
yfn]. of] /fdfo0fsf] /rgf g} pgsf hLjgsf] >]i7 sfo{ xf]. ltgn] g]kfn b/af/df
s] dfg kfPsf lyP jf ltgn] s] hfuL/ vfPsf lyP To;sf] cr]n dflg; cfnf]rgf
ub}g{ g\. ltgn] ;'nlnt efiffdf hf] /fdjf0f n]vs
] f 5g\ Tof] k9L g]kfnsf dflg;
cfgGb nfe u5{g\ . efg'eQmsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f afNdLlssf] ;+:s[t /fdfo0fsf]
cg'jfb xf] eGg] e"n glrtfpg' xf];\ . slj efg'eQmn] afNdLlssf] ;+:s[t /fdfo0fsf]
cg';/0f gu/L cWofTd /fdfo0f dfly lge{/ u/L cfkm\gf] /fdfo0f n]vs
] f 5g\. ltgL
:jo+ ;+:s[tsf kl08t x'gfn] dfq pgnfO{ of] /fdfo0f /rgf ug{ ;+ej eof].
slj efg'eQmn] g]kfnL /fdfo0f afx]s c w]/} k':ts g]kfnLdf n]vs
] f
5g\. oL dWo] -!_ k|Zgf]Q/L -@_ aw"lzIff cf} -#_ efg'eQmdfnf k|l;4 5g\.
bfhL{lnsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngn] pgsf] aw"lzIff gfds k':ts km]l/ 5kfPsf]
n]vsn] Pp6f gbL egL n]v]sf] 5 ;f] g]kfnL zAb of}6f sf] cy{ n]vsn] ga'em]sf]
xf];+=efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
43
5. efg'eQmsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f g]kfndf ;a}sf] Kof/f] 5 egL klxn} elg;lsPsf]

5. of] kl5 k|Zgf]Q/L / efg'eQmdfnfsf] k|rf/ lgs} 5.
:jo+ ;+:s[tsf kl08t eP tfklg slj efg'eQmn] /fdfo0f / c c
k':ts g]kfnL efiffdf n]Vg yfn]sf] s'/f] a8f] crDdsf] 5. xfd|f b]zdf s'g}
;dodf h;/L a|fDx0f kl08tx ;+:s[t efiffdf ;d:t ljifo n]v\y] cf} a+ufnLdf
n]v\g] /LltnfO{ 3[0ffsf b[li6n] x]y]{ p;\t} rng slj efg'eQmsf ;dodf g]kfndf
lyof]. ;+:s[t1 kl08txsf] b[li6 ;+:s[t efifflt/ lyof], g]kfnL efiffkl lyPg.
efg'eQmn] ;j{k|yd of] ljifodf kl/jt{g k|f/+e u/]sf] s'/f a8f] cfgGbdo 5.
ltgn] g]kfnL efiffdf sljtf n]vL /fdfo0fsf] /rgf u/L jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
hu a;fNf]. pgsf] :jt+qtf / hftLotf oxL s'/faf6 /fd|/L a'lemG5. pgL
g]kfnL ;flxTo / g]kfn b]znfO{ k"0f{tof k|]d uy]{. g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df+8" jf
sfi7d+8ksf] pgn] cd/fjlt sflGtk'/L gu/L cnsfk'l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L cf}
lzjsL k'l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L egL j0f{g u/]sf 5g\. sf7df+8" b]jflbb]j lzjsf]
k'/L xf] cf} of] kz'kltgfysf] :yfg xf] eGg] uj{ cg'ej u/L pgn] eg]sf 5g\ M
kz'sf klt 5g\ /vjfl/ u/L

lzjsL k'l/ sflGtk'/ L gu/L..
bfhL{ln]
>4f~hln
n]=u'? k|;fb d}gfnL, jL/u~h
pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf cf/Dedf g]kfnsf tgx"F lhnfsf]
/d3f ufpFdf kljq a|fDx0fs'ndf Pp6f k'0ojfg\ afnssf]
hGd eof]. log} afns efg'eQmn] kl5 cfgf] o'jf sfndf
g]kfnL efiffdf ;ft sf08 /fdfo0f /rgf u/]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
7"nf] sNof0f u/]. To; j]nf;Dd g]kfn b]zdf kljq /fdsyf
o;/L km}lnPsf] lyPg. sf]xL ;+:s[t k9]sf ljfgxdfq
/fdsyf hfGby]. sljj/ efg'eQmn] efiff /fdfo0f /rgf
u/]kl5 lxGb' wd{sf] of] k'0o ufyf g]kfn /fHodf 3/ 3/
km}lnof]. of] k'0ofTdf sljsf s[kfn] cfh g]kfn b]zsf k"jb{ l] v
klZrd;Ddsf cfafn j[4 jlgtf ;j}hgf /fdsyf hfGb5g\.
a|fDx0f, Iflqo, j}Zo, z"b| ;a}sf 3/3/df /fdrrf{ ;'lgG5. kxf8L k|fGtsf ;fpF
cIf/;Dd rn]sf cw{lzlIft u|fdL0fxn] klg /ftL cf6df lbof] /fv]/ sgL s'yLsg
n]uf| ] k;f/]/ /fdfo0f k8]sf] b]vt\ f bo ub\ub\ x'G5.
44
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
sljj/ efg'eQm g]kfnL efiffsf cflbslj x'g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf kB ;flxTosf]

lgdf{0f log}af6 ePsf] b]lvG5. efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f n]lvg' eGbf klxn] g]kfnL
efiffdf s'g} k|Voft u|Gy /rgf ePsf] b]lv+bg} , ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLdf pQ/ ef/tdf
/fdrl/tdfg;sf] /rgf u/]/ sljs'nzlz t'n;Lbf;hLn] h'g k'0osf] k|rf/ u/]
;f] k'0o sljj/ efg'eQmn] klg u/]. efg'eQm g]kfnsf t'n;Lbf; x'g\. sfJosf
b[li6n] /fdrl/tdfg; Pp6f b]bLKodfg u|Gy dflgPsf] 5. efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f
dfg; em}+ nlnt tyf cfnfl/s 5}g tf klg ;+:s[tsf lSNi6 zAbx g/fvL
;Lwf ;fwf u|fdL0f efiffdf n]lvPsf] x'gfn] ;fx|} ;/n / ;'af]w 5. /fdrl/tdfg;
em}+ cfwL eGbf a9L s7f]/ ;+:s[t zAbx /fv]/ /rgf u/]sf] eP efg'eQmLo
/fdfo0fsf] oqf] cGwfw'Gb k|rf/ x'GYof] x'Fbg} Yof] z+sf 5.
o:t} k'0ofTdfsf s[kfn] g} lxGb" wd{ cfh;Dd hLljt 5. o:tf k'0ojfg\
k'?ifsf] hlt :t'lt u/] klg yf]/} x'G5. wGo xf] Tof] s'n h;df kljq k'?ifn] hGd
lnG5g\.
pgsf /rgf ;ft sf08 /fdfo0f / k|Zgf]Q/dl0fdfnf kfOG5. afnssfndf
d]/L k"Hof lktfdxL xfdL s]6fs]6LxnfO{ jl/kl/ /fv]/ k|Zgf]Q/sf kbx
;'gfpg'x'GYof]. pxf+n] ;'gfpg'ePsf] Ps kb dnfO{ P]n];Dd klg ;+emgf 5. s'g\
xf] wgL ;a\ g/n] sx]sf], ;+tf]ifn] hf] 5 ;'vL /x]sf].
sljsf hLjgsfndf 3/ghLs} tfdfsf]6sf] lul/wf/L ef6;+u w]/} d'2f dfldnf
k/]5 Vjfldt\ of] lul/wfl/n] clt lkof] eGg] sljn] Pp6f kB klg /rgf u/]sf]
b]lvG5.
sljsf j+zdf 5f]/fsf] gfpF /dfgfy /x]5. /dfgfysf rf/ 5f]/f eP5g\.
j]beQm, b]jLeQm, b'uf{eQm / lzjeQm. j]beQm cl3 g} k/nf]s eP5g\. b'uf{eQm
k/nf]s ePsf] ltg rf/ jif{ eP5. b]jLeQm / lzjeQm hLljt} 5g\ c/]. j]beQm
/ b'uf{eQmsf 5f]/f 5}gg\. b]jLeQmsf rf/ 5f]/f / lzjeQmsf b'O 5f]/f 5g\ eGg]
;'lgG5. sljsf j+zhdf sf]xL k|l;4 ePgg\. gftL b'uf{eQm Ps hgf l;+xb/af/
3/sfh hfFrdf l8f ;Dd ePsf lyP.
sljsf] s'g} k|fdfl0fs hLjgL kfOFbg} . x'g klg p; sfndf hLjgL n]vg\ ] p:tf]
rng kf] sxf+ lyof] / kfOof];\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf sljsf] Pp6f k|fdfl0fs ;+lIfKt
hLjgL cjZo n]lvg'kg]{ xf]. b'Orf/hgf ;flxTok|d
] L o'jsxn] s]xL lbg sljsf]
hGde"ld tgx"F / pgsf hLjg;+u ;+aw+ /fv\g] 7fpFxdf 3'd/] ;+ux| u/] hLjgL
n]vg\ fnfO{ ;fdu|Lx ;xh};u+ hDdf x'g ;s\tf] xf] ls eg] h:tf] nfu\5. t/ o;
sfddf ;fx; / pTs6 ;flxTo k|d] sf] h/t 5. ;do cfP kl5 Tof] klg xf]nf.
c:t', g]kfnL efiffdf klxn] klxn] wfld{s ;flxTo lgdf{0f u/]/ nfvf}+ g]kfnL
hgtfdf >L/fdfo0fsf kljq syfsf] k|rf/ ug]{ oL k'0ofTdf k'?ifsf :d[ltdf d]/f]
>4f~hln clk{t 5.
] f] pknIodf k|sflzt_, ;Dkfbs
>L ;"o{ ljs|d 1jfnL aL=P=, aL=6L=, k|sfzsg]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bfhL{ln]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
45
cflbslj efg'eQmcfrfo{
>L kf/;dl0f k|wfg, sflnDkf]+u
df]tL/fd en] n]vs
] f] slj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjg
rl/q sf b'O lsl;dsf ;+:s/0f k|sflzt kdf b]lvPsf
5g\. Pp6f ef/t hLjgn] 5fk]sf] df}lns ;+:s/0f / csf]{
g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bfhL{lnn] 5fkL k|sfz u/]sf]
>L ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL ;Dkflbt ;+:s/0f. df}lns ;+:s/0f
ck|fKo 5 clg of] ;Dkflbt ;+:s/0fdf w]/} s'/f yk36
ePsf 5g\. c s'/fdf x]/km]/ ePsf] eP tfklg vf;
hLjgdfly s]xL tndfly ul/Psf] 5}g. t/ slj/fh
k+=g/gfy zdf{ cfrfo{n] n]vL ;+jt\ @)!& ;fndf k|sflzt
ug'e
{ Psf] cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] ;Rrf hLjg rl/q df eg] vf; hLjgLsf
af/]df w]/} s'/f afem]sf 5g\. o;/L gldn]sf] s'/fdf lgDglnlvt ljifo ljz]if
pNn]vgLo 5g\
!=efg'eQmsf] lzIffbLIff, @=efg'eQmsf] klxnf] sljtf, #=efg'eQmsf] gf]s/L
$=efg'eQm / s'df/Lrf]s, %=efg'eQmsf] lgwg ltly ^=efg'eQm ;DaGwL km'6s/ s'/f
! = efg' e Qmsf] lzIffbLIff
efg'eQmsf hLjgLsf/ slj df]tL/fd en] cfgf] rl/q gfossf] afNosfn
/ lzIffbLIffsf af/]df o:tf] n]v]sf 5g\wg~hosf Ps} k'q x'gfn] a8f oTg;fy
kfngkf]if0f u/L oL 5f]/f efg'eQmnfO{ ha k9\g;Sg] pd]/sf eP >L s[i0fsf
tfnLddf /flvlbP. !* jif{sf] cj:yfdf n]vk9df xf]lzof/ eP. ljBfdf /;
kfO{ dUg eofsf efg'eQmsf] lrQsf] k|;Ggtfsf] aofg sf] u/f];\ <
df]tL/fdhLsf] k':tsdf efg'eQm cfrfo{n] sfzLdf a;L ljBf cWoog
u/] eGg] s'/f n]lvPsf] 5}g. >Ls[i0f cfrfo{ efg'eQmsf hLaf cyf{t\ afh] ljfg
lyP w'/Gw/ kl08t lyP. of] s'/f efg'eQmn] n]vs
] f lgDglnlvt Znf]saf6 :ki6
x'G5
ljBfdf klg hf] w'/Gw/ eO{

lzIff dnfO{ lbof
ltGsf] gflt d efg'eQm elg x"F
of] hflg lrGxL lnof
o;}sf] cfwf/df df]tL/fdhLn] >Ls[i0fsf tfnLddf /flvlbP eg]sf] a'lemG5

t/ g/gfyhLn] slj efg'eQm sfzLdf a;L k9\y] egL :ki6 n]v]sf 5g\. of]
afx]s g/gfyhLn] n]vs
] f lglDglnlvt Znf]sn] c s'/f :ki6 u/fpF5
j[4 f klg lnP/ sflzk'l/df

a:Yof d'd'If" eO{.
hf] ljBf sljn] k9\f plx+ k9\f
hLafa's f ;fy\ uO{ ..
46
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
?b|L, j]b / dWosf}d'lb kgL

r"/flbu0f\ ts\ oxL+.
jif}{ rf}wdxfF ;s]/ lhh';fy\
sfzL uofsf pxL+ ..!@..
cEof;\ cIf/sf] u0fLtx?sf]
Hof]ltif\ ;d]t \s f] kgL.
>Ls[i 0f}; Fu n]v k9\ clncnL
lzIff ldNofsf] klg.
kf7\z fnf uO k9\b Yof lbpF; df
;fFe m\ Aofg\ lhafa" ; Fu } .
x' G Yof] sflzdxfF avt\ a vtdf
ljt\ ;ef tflxF u}..!#..
;"g L 5n\k mn zf:qx]? ;asf]
l;4fGt kS8L lnof.
cfTd1fg ljif] o;} t/xn]
k"/ f eofsf lyof..
:gfg\ ;GWof ;'lrzf}r sflzk'l/sf]
efg" rnfs\ a'l4dfg\ .
ljfg\s f ;xjf;n] clt l56f]
;+ ; f/sf] tTj1fg..!$..
kfO{ ;q c7f/ jif{ lt/d}
ljfg\ k'/f tL lyof.
sfzLd} b'O rf/\ lZfnf]s sljn]
hf] eQmdfnf egL..
k|Zgf]Q/\ lolgdWo s]lx t /Rof
ljBfly{ sfn\ d f kgL..!%..
j[4f kTgL lnP/ sfzLjf; ug{ uPsf >Ls[i0f cfrfo{ sd a"9f lyPgg\.
gftL efg'eQm a"9f afh]l;t sfzLdf a:y] t/ kf7zfnf eg] wfpFy] cf} 3/df
ljfg afh]af6 ga'em]sf s'/f a'y]. ltgsf] k9fO k'/fgf] kf/fsf] lyof].
cr]nsf] k9fO h:tf] j}1flgs k4ltsf] lyPg. tL ?b|L kf7 uy]{, j]b k9\y]
cf} sf}d'bLsf ;"q /6\y]. olt sfd ltgn] cfgf] kxf8sf] 3/d} u/]sf lyP.
rf}w jif{sf] pd]/df hLaf;Fu sfzL uPkl5 ltgn] ts{zf:q / j]bfGtsf
k':ts cWoog u/]sf] a'lemG5. o;f] x'Fbf tL cfTd1fgsf hl6n k|Zgf]Q/df
nxl;P / ltgn] eQmdfnf n]v]. of] ltgsf] df}lns /rgf lyof]. o;sf]
;+:s[t cg'jfb klg ltgn] u/]. dgf]/~hgsf lglDt s]xL Znf]s tn pb\w[t
ul/G5
d"n
k|lt1f d}n] of] odl;t u/fF hlGd ca tf.
l;tf/fd\ eHGof 5" ljifoxdf 5fl8 ddtf..
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
47
k|lt1f ;f] la;L{sg hg wg} vf]lh 8'lnof].

l;tf/fd\ eHGof xf] lzj lzj p;} cfh e'lnof]..!..
cg'jfb
k|lt1f sfnfu|] hggdk/+ k|fKo r dof.
/d]z + ;]ljio] ;snljifo] k|f]Zo ddtfd\..
tb]t f+ lj:d[T b|lj0fd[u ofof+ ;dl6t
ldbfgL+ tT;]jf lzj lzj j[y f lj:d[ltduft\..!..
d"n
l;tf/fd\ eh\Gof 5" elgsg k|lt1f cl3 u/L.
uofsf] xf];\ cfO;\ slt lbg elh;\ eg\ cl3 ;/L..
o;f] eGgg\ Vjfldt\ dsg od/fh\ t];\ avtdf.
s;f] eGg" d}n] e'lnsg /XofF o;\ avtdf..@..
cg'jfb
k|lt1f s[T jf >L/d0fkb;]j f;' r k'/f.
jbfKou|] k|f KtM slt r lbj;f:Tjt\ ; kmlntf..
jbf Kou|] oflx Tjldlt jrg] ef:s/e'j
k|ef] ls+ eflifio] ta r/0f;]jf;' ljd'v M..@..
d"n
uof] afns\sfn\sf] jo klg p;} afn/;n].
o;} l/t\n] of}jg\ klg laltuof] df]xjzn]..
eof] j4fj:yf cem klg ehL+b}g dgn]
s;f] ug{g\ Vjfldt\ dsg odsf b"t xn]..#..
cg'jfb
utf afNofj:yf tbg' ;lvleM v]n g/;} .
jo:tf?0o+ tt\ t?0f/d0fLdf] x g/;} M ..
ObfgL+ jf4{So] ;dodg;f g}j ehg+.
s[t+ ls stf{/f] B'dl0fhe6f df+ /3'kt] ..#..
a'9];sfndf efg'eQmsf hLaf >Ls[i0f cfrfo{ z+s/frfo{sf k|Zgf]Q/L lgTo

kf7 uy]{ . of] kf7sf] c;/ gftL efg'eQmdf gk/L 5f]8g] . kmn:jk ltgn]
o;sf] g]kfnL efiffdf pNyf u/]. o;sf s]xL c+z tn pb\wt[ ul/G5
k| Z gf] Q /dfnf
ckf/ ;+; f/ ;d'b |d fxfF .

8'AofF z/0f\ s'g\ 5 dnfO ofxfF..
rfF8 f] s[k fn] clxn] atfpm.
>Ls[i0fsf] kfp 5 d'V o gfpm..!..
s'g\ xf] ;bf aGwgdf k/fsf]
h:n] t of] dg\ ;'vdf w/fsf]..
d'QmL eGofsf] t kbfy{ s'g\ xf]
j}/fUo eGg" lrh hfGg' h'g\ xf]..@..
48
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
7"nf] g/s\ s'g\ 5 eg]/ dfGg'

PxL z/L/ 5 eg]/ hfGg"..
s:tf] :jefj\ :ju{ eg]/ hfGg"
t[i0ff 5'6f] :ju{ eg]/ dfGg'..#..
s'g\ 1fg\ 5 7"nf] elg nLg' kGof{ <
j]bfGtsf] 1fg 5 b'Mv xGof{..
s'g\ xf] ;xh\ df]If u/fO bLGof
1fg\ xf] csf] lsg gfd nLGof..$..
s'g\ d"n 9f]sf 5 g/s\ ls gf/L <
nfG5] g/s\ df]x 7'n f] lkmFhf/L..
s'g\ wDd{ xf] :ju{ k'/fO bLGof
To:tf] cl+x +;f 5 a'e m]/ nLGof..%..
XXX
k|Z gf]Q /} 5 al9of u'?n] eGofsf].

;t\s d{ hfGgsg cfKt;/L aGofsf] ..
o:sf] lg/Gt/ ljrf/\ hltn] t u5{g\.
;+;f/\ ;d'b| ;xh} t ltg} t t5{g\..$&..
k| Z gf] Q /} xf] dl0f/Tgdfnf.
o:nfO k}x|]/ hxfF t hfnf..
t]: sf o;}n] ;a kfk 6nf{ .
km]/ \ cGTdf d'Q m u/fO 5f]8 \n f..$*..
of] k|Zgf]Q/ a'EgnfO ;lhnf] efiff agfO{ lbof slj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] .
x'gt ltgn] s'g} kf7zfnfdf g]kfnL efiff k9]gg\. ltgtfs g]kfnL efiff alg;s]sf]
lyPg cf} cr]n h:tf] g]kfnL efiff kf7zfnfdf k9fpg] rng lyPg. efg'eQmn]
;+:s[t efiff k9]sf lyP t/ To;df klg ltgsf] k"0f{ bvn ePsf] lyPg. of] s'/f
Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{sf lgDglnlvt jfSon] :ki6 u/fpF5
efg'eQm lj=;+=!*&! sf cfiff9df k}bf eP. wgGho v/bf/ eO{ c
lhNnfdf /xGy]. o;sf/0fn] afns efg'eQm afh] >Ls[i0fsf ;fy /x]sf x'gfn]
afh]sf pmk/ ljz]if elQm ePsf] b]lvG5. afh]af6 afnssfndf efg'eQmn]
lzIff kfPsf lyP. logn] cfgf afh]nfO{ w'/Gw/ kl08t atfPsf 5g\. 7"nf
kl08t xf]nfg\ klg t/ efg'eQmnfO{ ltgn] Jofs/0f ;flxTo /fd|f] lzIff lbg
;s]sf] b]lvb}g. lsgeg] efg'eQmsf] hf] x:tlnlk logsf xftaf6 /fwfbfdf]b/
k|Lotfd\ / ;Djt\ oL cz' kb n]lvPsf 5g\. ;+:s[t efiffdf n]vk9 ug{
g;s] klg ;fwf/0f ;+:s[t efiffdf n]v]sf uBkBsf] cy{ lgsfNg ;Sg]
of]Uotf logdf k}bf ePsf] lyof]. o;f] geP /fdfo0f / k|Zgf]Q/dfnfsf] cg'jfb
ug{ ;Q}mgy].
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
49
oL afx| jif{sf eO;s]kl5 Ps Hof]ltifLsf 3/df uO{ Hof]ltif k9\g yfn].

zfob o; ;dodf >Ls[i0f k/nf]s ePsf x'gfn] Jofs/0f ;flxTonfO{ cwsNr}
5f]8/] Hof]ltif tkm{ nfUg'k/]sf] lyof]. logn] cfgf hGdklqsfsf] ;f/f+z g]kfnL
efiffsf ;fF9] tLg kBdf n]vL klxnf sljtf /rgf u/]y] eGg] cg'>'lt clws
k|l; 5. o;af6 kmlnt Hof]ltifdf logsf] /fd|f] ePsf] b]lvG5. tL kBx oL
x'g\
l> zfnLjfxg\sf ;do if8l+q zt\ eOsg.

cgL cfiff9\ df;\s f] lbg klg pglGt;\ uOsg..
36L Ps\lt;\d fxfF ljjl6 klg alQ;\ kl/sg.
gjf+zs\ s+7L/j\ wg'if kl/ hf] a]; nug..!..
ldy'g\df ;"o}{ 5g\ lhjlgno dLg\sf ljw' cgL.
dxL;'t\ a'w\ /fx" zlz;bgsf O{ ltg klg..
u' efUo:yfg\sf /lj ejgdf u}s g a:of.
e[u "hL tf cfg} ;bg a[ifdf u}sg k:of..@..
ds/\df ;f}/L 5g\ Wjh;lxtsf :ju[lx oxfF.
atfofsf qmd\n ] u|x x a:of s'0 8ln dxfF..
of] kB af6fsf j/kLknsf 5xf/Ldf a;L afF;sf kftdf n]v]/ cfgf lktf
wg~hosf xftdf ljBfyL{ efg'eQmn] r9fPsf lyP eGg] cg'>'lt 5. logtfs
hGtdf l;nf]s eGg] k|yf rn]sf] lyof]. a|fDx0f s'df/xnfO{ ?b|Lsf] ;fy
lzjdlxDg:tf]q k9fpg] rng klg lyof]. o;} :tf]qsf lzvl/0fL 5Gbdf kB n]Vg
lognfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5. kBsf cf/Dedf l> cz'4 kdf n]lvPsf] 5. afFsL efu
e2f 5. z'sf] sljtf x'gfn] o:tf] x'g :jfefljs 5.
@ = efg'e Qmsf] klxnf] sljtf
efg'eQmn] cfgf hGd klqsfsf] ;f/f+z g]kfnL efiffsf ;f9] tLg kBdf
n]vL klxnf sljtf /rgf u/]y] egL n]vs
] f 5g\ Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd
cfrfo{n] . t/ df]tL/fd en] n]vsf 5g\ efg'eQmnfO{ sljtf uF eGg] nx8
rnL To;} 9'+ufdf sf]/Lsg oL cflb Znf]s agfP
e/\ hGd 3fF;lt/ dg\ lbO wg\ sdfof].

gfd\ So} /xf];\ kl5 dg]/ s'jf vgfof]..
3fF;L bl/b| 3/sf] t/ a'l4 s:tf].
df] efg'eQm wlg e}sg cfh o:tf]..
d]/f Ogf/ g t ;Qn kfl6 So} 5g\.

h] wg\ / rLhx 5g\ 3/ leq g} 5g\..
t];\ 3fFl;n] s;l/ cfh lbP5 ctL{.
lwSsf/ xf] dsg a:g' g/flv sLlt{..
50
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
oxfFg]/ s'/f afem]sf] 5. ehLn] efg'eQmsf hLjg rl/qsf] d'Vo 36gf

3fF;L;Fusf] ;+jfb atfPsf 5g\. l;4fy{n] ufOg]af6 jL0ffsf] b[i6fGtf/f pkb]z
kfO{ a'4 ag]em}+ ehLsf n]vfOcg';f/ efg'eQmn] 3fF;Laf6 s"jfsf] b[i6fGtf/f
pkb]z kfO{ slj ag]sf lyP. o; pkb]zaf6 t'?Gt slj ag]/ of] klxnf sljtf
agfP eGg] ehLsf] n]vfO 5.
o; 7fpFdf snd rnfpFbf ehLn] z'b]lv g}{ sNkgfsf] bf}8 o;/L rnfPsf
5g\efg'eQm Pslbg t];} 8'Nbf of}6f gbLsf lsgf/df k'u]5g\. txfF kxf8sf] vf]+r
k/]sf] x'gfn] / efg'eQm klg 3fddf lx+8]/ txfF zLtn 7fpFdf k'u]sf x'gfn] gbLsf
lsgf/df of}6f 7"nf] 9'u+ f] b]vL t];dfly kN6]5g\. lx+8b\ f ;fx|} ysfO nfu]sf] x'gfn],
txfF dnofrnsf] jfo' ;dfg dGb dGb xfjf rn]sf] x'gfn] / dgf]x/ r/fxsf]
dw'/ af]nL ;'Ggfn] 7"nf] cfgGbdf k/L efg'eQmsf cfFvf nfu]5g\. oL hfuf
ePkl5 3fF;L b]vfk5{. lbgsf] b'O tLg cfgfsf] 3fF; laqmL u/L hLjgj[lQ rnfP/
ar]sf wgn] s"jf vgfPsf] aofg u5{. cflv/df sf6]sf] 3fF; / v'kL{ af]s]/
hfG5. o;}af6 efg'eQmnfO{ 1fg x'G5.
k/Gt' tgx"d
F f 3fF; sf6L k};f lnP/ a]Rg] rng g cl3 lyof] g cr]n 5.
of] s'/fsf] klxrfg ndh'+usf afl;Gbf kl08t 6's/fh ld>, kb\d /fh ld>xn]
u/]/ o; 36gfsf pk/ z+sf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ x'gtf logLxnfO{ o; 36gfsf
pk/ lans'n kTof/ xf]j}g t}klg ehLsf] lj?4 n]Vg 8/fP/ logLxn] z+sf;Dd
k|s6 u/]sf xf]nfg\. ehLn] of] 36gfsf ljifodf k|of]u u/]sf zAbfjnLxaf6
klg ljrf/ ug{ plrt 5. 3fF;Lsf d'vaf6 s"jf / Ogf/ zAb Pp6} cy{df k|of]u
u/]sf 5g\. efg'eQmn] n]vs
] f egL dfly n]lvPsf kBdf klg oL b'O zAb Pp6}
cy{df Jojxf/ u/fPsf 5g\. sfzLdf h;nfO{ s"jf elgG5, p;}nfO{ sf7df8f}d
+ f
Ogf/ slxG5. t/ ndh'+u tgx"Flt/ Ogf/nfO{ s"jf eGb}gg\. ;fgf kg]/fnfO{ s"jf
eGb5g\. of] s"jf b'OtLg xfteGbf ulx/f] x'bF g} . o;df O{6sf] Jojxf/ klg x'Fb}g.
9'+ufn] dfq agfPsf] x'G5. o;sf/0fn] 3fF;L jf efg'eQm s"jf / Ogf/ zAb Pp6}
cy{df Jojxf/ ug{ sbflk ;St}gy].
3fF;Lsf] xltof/ ehLn] v'kL{ atfPsf 5g\, kSsL 3/df sf};L jf k]6Ldf
3fF; v's{g] v'kL{ sf7df8f}+df cjZo x'G5. tgx"d
F f of] v'kL{ sbflk x'Fbg} . pxfF
v'kf{sf] rng 5. vsf :ofpnf sf6\bf o;}sf] Jojxf/ x'G5. slxn]sfxL+ 3fF;
sf6\bf klg of] xltof/ rng x'G5. t/ Hofbf u/L xFl;ofn] g} 3fF; sfl6G5.
ehLnfO{ tgx"Flt/ tdfd u|Gysf] vf]h ub}{ 3/ 3/ 3'dL ;f/f efg'sf eQm lx+8\y]
>Lo'Qm kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] syg 5. t/ ehL tgx"Fdf uPsf eP Ogf/ / s"jfdf
tyf v'kL{ / v'kf{df o:tf] e"n sbflk ub}{gy].
o;} ;Gbe{df d}n] ehLsf af/]df n]vs
] f] syg lnP/ afa'/fdHo"n] h'g
cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ To;sf hafadf s]xL n]vL :ki6Ls/0f lbg cfjZos 5.
d}n] ehL tgx"Flt/ uPsf] s'/f ehLs} lgDglnlvt k+lStsf] cfwf/df n]v]sf]
lyPF
hfxfF h] hlt kfOof] p plt XjfF

u} u} ;a} ;f]4YofF.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
51
kSsf xfn\ slj/fhsf] o;l/ df]

Ps\ Ps\ u/L hf]b{YofF ..
hxfF h] hlt kfOPsf s'/f pxfF uO{ ;f]wk"5 u/L kSsf ug]{ afgL slj
df]tL/fd esf] lyof] eGg] ;+s]t dflysf plStaf6 :ki6 dx;"; ul/gF. of] d]/f]
e"n x'g;S5 t/ df]tLsf dfnfsf] p2]Zo v'kf{ leg]{ lyPg gls Ogf/ jf s"jf vGg]g}
lyof].
! = efg'e Qmsf] gf]s /L
slj efg'eQm cfrfo{hL :jl:t >Ldb\/fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L # sdf08/
Og\rLkm\hg/n s[i0faxfb'/ h+u /f0ffsf] rfs/L ub{y] / ljqmdLo ;Dat\ !()&
;fnsf] a}zfv df;df db]z t/fO{sf] hfuL/ a'emfpg egL g]kfn s'df/Lrf]sdf
cfO{ sfutkq cfkm"n] b'O jif{ sfd u/]sf] vr{ cfDbfgL ;d]tsf] :ofxf a'emfpFbf
s]xL afFsL ;/sfl/of nfu]5 / kfFr dxLgf;Dd s'df/Lrf]sdf y'lgP5g\.
k|foM o; ;+;f/df hxfF hlt k|l;4 slj x'G5g\ logLxsf hLjg syfdf Ps
g Ps sn+s gnfuL /xFbg} . km]l/ O{Zj/sf ;[li6df hf] c;n x'G5g\ pgLxdf klg
Ps g Ps sn+s nflu/x]s} x'G5,h:tf]rGb|dfsf] sn+s, ;fIfft\ O{Zj/f+z kwf/L
lji0f'sf 5ftLsf] e[u'nf~5g, ;bflzj dxfb]jsf] gLns07, a|Dxfsf] k"hf gx'g',
nIdLsf] r+rnf x'g'. egL df]tL/fd ehLn] slj efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/qdf
n]v]sf 5g\ t/ slj/fh g/gfy zdf{n] cfgf] k':tsdf efg'eQm cfrfo{n] gf]s/L
u/]sf] s'/f sxL+ n]v]sf 5}gg\. gf]s/Lg} gu/]kl5 ;/sf/L txjLn df:g] s'/f
cfpFb}g. o;y{ ehLn] sn+ssf af/]df h'g ljQf 5fF6s
] f 5g\ ;f] sljsf] skf]n
slNkt /rgf a'lemG5.
jf:tjdf gf]s/L u/]sf lyP slj efg'eQmsf lktf vbf{/ wg~ho cfrfo{n] .
o; af/]df slj/fh g/gfy cfrfo{n] cfgf] k':tsdf :ki6 n]lvlbPsf 5g\
o:t}df kfNkf dfndf afa' wg~hon] vbf{/L sfd ubf{ ;/sf/L afFsL nfu]sf] egL
p; df}sfdf P]g ;jfn adf]lhd afa'nfO{ nfu]sf] afFsL 5f]/fxn] klg ltg{,
km:of{pg kg]{ x'bF f s'df/Lrf]sn] sljnfO{ ;/sf/L afFsL w]/}df kSof].
xfF;f] ug]{ ;/n pbf/ :jefjsf kl08t b]v]sfn] OgrLkmn] klg xfF;f] h:tf]
u/]/ hfuL/ vfg dg k5{ ls < eGbf sljn] hfuL/sf] kmn oxL t xf] ;/sf/ 5f]/f,
gftLn] ;d]t y'lgg'kg]{, 5'6\g dfq kfPsf] klg 7"nf] ;f}efUo ;Demg'kg]{ egL
xfF;].
$ = efg'e Qm / s'd f/Lrf]s
slj efg'eQm kfFr dxLgf;Dd s'df/Lrf]sdf y'lgP5g\ egL df]tL/fd en]
cfgf] k':tsdf n]vs
] f 5g\. cflv/ s'df/Lrf]sn] sljnfO{ gy'gL gx'g] P]g
;jfn 5 egL vbf{/ wg~honfO{ nfu]sf] afFsLdf y'Gof] egL slj/fh g/gfy
cfrfo{n] n]vs
] f 5g\.
of] y'Gof] jf y'lgP5g\ eGg] k|;+u lnP/ g]kfnL ljfgxn] lgs} ljQf
5fF6]sf 5g\. lgs6 eljiodf c 5fF6\nfg\ jf 5fF6\g]5g\, x'g klg o:tf ljjfbu|:t
s'/fsf af/]df hlt a9\tf dGyg ug{;Sof] plt a9\tf gf}gL lg:sg ;S5.
o; af/]df :juL{o kgf/fo0f l;+xn] n]v]
52
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
s'df/Lrf]ssf vf]/df Pp6f dWojo:s ;'k'?if y'lgPsf 5g\. sf]7fsf

blng tL Psfu|k"js
{ lg/LIf0f ul//x]sf 5g\. b[li6df ck"j{ Hof]lt 5. bflxg]
xftn] tL cfgf] lrpF8f] a]nf a]nfdf d';fb}5
{ g\.
vf]/df tL y'lgPsf 5g\, t/ vf]/sf k|frL/ gf3]/, To;sf] w"nf] d}nfb]lv
cg]s 6f9fdf 5 ltgsf] dg cf} k|f0f.
vf]/df tf ltgsf] z/L/ dfq lyof], dg sljsf] cfg} lyof], :jtGq lyof],
d'Qm lyof]. oxL sf/0f y'g'jf sljsf] xf:o/;lk|otf s'df/Lrf]ssf sfnsf]7/Ldf
klg p:t} /Xof] h:tf] tgx"F+sf ;'/Do clt j]; kxf8sf] b]zdf sljn] xfF:g la;]{gg\,
xF;fpg 5f]8]gg\ nfDv']sf] uLt cf} plkofFsf] gfrn] c;n slj, ;'slj cf}
dxfsljnfO{ dfq} cfdf]b u/fpF5.
slj efg'eQm sNkgfdf ljef]/ /xGy], ;kgf b]Vy]. ;+;f/ Psrf]l6 ltgn]
x/fP. ;+;f/b]lv k[ys\ vf]/df ltgnfO{ a:g'kof].
t/ ltgn] s] u/] < ;+;f/b]lv k[ys\ vf]/df a;]/ ltgn] g]kfnL ;flxTo tyf
hfltnfO{ xNnfOlbP/rgf u/].
o:tf] lyof] pkGof;sf/ kgf/fo0fhLsf] sNkgf, o;/L p8]sf] lyof]
ltgsf] efjgf sNkgfsfzdf. sljnfO{ jf efj's pkGof;sf/nfO{ nx/fsf]
Ps 5]p kqmg lbg'xf];\, s;/L cF7fP/ kx/f tflglbG5g\ / u'Ghfodfg
u/fOlbG5g\. jf:tjdf slj efg'eQm s'g} vf]/df y'lgPs} lyPgg\. o;
;DaGwdf Oltxf;sf/ lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{Ho"sf] efg'eQm ofnvfgfdf
< zLif{s n]v k7gLo 5. pgsf] lgisif{ o; lx;fan] efg'eQm cfrfo{
s'df/Lrf]sdf lgu/fgLdf /x]sf lyP, ofnvfgfdf sbflk k/]sf lyPgg\ eGg
;lsG5 ;To 7x5{.
% = efg'e Qmsf] lgwgltly
slj efg'eQmsf] d[To' ltly df]tL/fd en] sxLF pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\,
hLjgrl/qsf] z]if k|s/0fdf cfh efg'eQm :ju{jf;L eofsf @@ jif{ eof] egL
n]v]sf 5g\. ;DejtM pgn] cfh eg]sf] ldlt ;+jt\ !($* ljqmdL efb|kb s[i0f
* xf], h'g lbg pgn] efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/qsf] lj1lKtkqd\ n]vs
] f lyP. o;
lx;fan] !($*@@ a/fa/ !(@^ x'G5.
slj/fh g/gfy cfrfo{ efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] ;Rrf hLjg rl/qsf] k[i7 #&
df n]V5g\ efg'eQmsf] b]xfGt eof] !(@% ;fndf. km]l/ k[i7 @)# df o:tf]
n]lvPsf] 5
;f]x| >f4df lktf wg~hosf] >f4 u/]sf lbg /flqb]lv Hj/f] a9\of], cf}iflw
kfbf{ zfGt ePg. slj ulnt x'bF } hfg'eof]. ToxL Joyfaf6 b]xfGt x'g] z+sf
;a}nfO{ eof], s[i0ff hfg bz}s
+ f] cj:yf x'gfn] dbtsf] rfFhf] ldn]g. cflv/
cflZjg z'Sn k~rdLsf lbg laxfg ;+;f/sf ;sn aGwg tf]8L b]x 5f]8L
efg'eQm slj k/dwfd eO{ /fddf ldn].
^ = efg'e Qm ;DaGwL km'6 s/ s'/ f
efg'eQm cflbslj x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t dte]b ePsf] ;'lgG5.
sf]xL x'g\ sf kIfdf 5g\ cf} sf]xL xf]Ogg\ eGg]df 5g\. o;/L dt afem]sf] 5.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
53
p;}u/L efg'eQmsf] hGdhoGtL sf]xL s]xL dgfpF5g\ sf]xL s]xL. o;f] ug'{
plrt b]lv+b}g cf} xf]Og klg.
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{ g]kfnLxsf /fli6o slj x'g,\ o;df b'O dt 5}g.
p;}u/L pgsf] hGdhoGtLdf, hGd / d/0fsf] ltly cf} pgsf s[lt / sLlt{df
g]kfnLxsf aLrdf b'O dt x'g' jf dte]b x'g' cg'lrt dfq xf]Og t/ xf:o:kb klg
xf]. o; s'/fdf g]kfnL efiffefifLn] ljz]if u/L hftLo ;+:yfxn] xf]z /fVg'kb{5.
[efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy, k|sfzs M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bflh{ln, @(
cfiff9, @)@^]
efg'eQmsf 5Gbsf] k|efj

>L l8NnL/fd ltdl;gf, bfhL{ln
;+;f/sf] klxnf] ;flxTo j}lbs ;flxTo xf] / CUj]b
ljZjsf] k|frLgtd\ u|Gy xf] h;sf cg]s Crfx ljleGg
5Gbdf n]lvPsf 5g\of] s'/f] a'hs
|' xn] dflglnPsf] 5.
ef/tLo sfJo;+;f/df cflbslj jfNdLlssf efj's boaf6
;j{ky| d nf}lss 5Gbdf k|:km'l6t ePsf] /fdfo0fsf ;+:s[t
sljtfsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj Hofb} 7"nf] 5. o;/L g} g]kfnL
;flxTon] klg ;j{k|yd sljtfs} kdf kfOnf] rfn]sf]
xf]. g]kfnLdf ;+:s[t 5Gbdf sljtf n]v]/ hghLjgsf
bodf Jofkskn] ;xh} k|efj kfg]{ JolQm x'g\ :jgfdwGo
cfrfo{ efg'eQm clg g]kfnL hftLo ofp/] 5Gbdf gofF
efjgf / g]kfnLTj emNsfpFb} g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+;f/df cfnf]s yKg] csf{ dxfg\
JolQm x'g\ dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f.
g]kfnL ;flxTosf 7"nf 7"nf s'g} b'O hgf JolQmsf] gfpF cl3;fg'{ k/]df cfrfo{
efg'eQm / dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] gfpF g} ;a}h;f]sf d'v
' af6 klxn]
aflxl/G5. o;f] 3f]l/+bf o;df cGofo eP h:tf] klg dnfO{ nfUb}g. lsgeg] oL b'O
hgf g} clxn];Ddsf ;aeGbf Hofbf nf]slk|o slj x'g\ . efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f,
aw"lzIff / eQmdfnfsf] Psfw Znf]s d'v:y gx'g] / b]jsf]6fsf d'gfdbgsf Psfw
6'qmf gu'Gu'gfpg] g]kfnL kfpg xDd] g} k5{. lzlIft, clzlIft ;fIf/, lg/If/
uf]7fnf, v]tfnf k|foM ;a}n] g} bosf] s'Ts'TofO d]6fpg dgdf k/]sf kL/sf ;':s]/f
jf ;'vsf ;dosf dw'/ sNkgf kf]V5g\ efg'eQmsf l;nf]sdf no xfn]/ jf
efg'eQmLo nodf cfg} slNkt l;nf]s u'Gu'gfP/. ;fy} cfw'lgs o'jso'jtLx
cfg" /l;s efjgf d'gfdbgsf z}nLdf ;nnn aufpF5g\. d'gfdbgsf ofp/]
hftLo nodf ;+uLt 3GsfpF5g\. ToxfFsf 3tnfUbf uLtsf ;'dw'/ 5Gbn] no, efj
/ efjgfdf ;d]t qmflGt NofPsf] 5. o;/L x]bf{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf Hofb} nf]slk|o
54
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
b'O6f u|Gy 5fGg'k/]df efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f / b]jsf]6fsf] d'gfdbgnfO{ g} ;a}h;f]n]

cf}N+ ofpnfg\. clg g]kfnL ;flxTosf] clxn];Ddsf] ;j{>i] 7 JolQm 5fGg'k/]df efg'eQm
cflbslj eP klg b'O tLgj6f dxfsfJo / ;flxTosf ljleGg c pkfbfg ;fdu|L
>L ;DklQ lbP/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;jf{L0f ljsf; u/fpg] ;j{>i] 7 JolQm :juL{o
dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f g} x'g\ egL cf}N+ ofpg'knf{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5.
efg'eQmn] ;+:s[t / lxGbLsf zAb k|of]udf gnf]leP/ ;j{k|yd ;/n tl/sfn]
ljz' g]kfnL z}nLsf] k|of]u u/] b]jsf]6fn] efj, efiff, 5Gb / z}nL cflbdf
gjLgtf NofP. o;/L g]kfnL ;flxTodf oL b'O dxfg\ JolQmsf] hlt 7"nf] k|efj
5 Tolt csf] 5}g.
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] cfgf /fdfo0f / k|Zgf]Q/dfnfdf tyf cfgf
df}lns /rgf aw"lzIff / eQmdfnfdf ;d]t ;+:s[ts} 5Gb k|of]u u/]sf 5g\.
t/ pgn] /fdfo0fdf k|of]u u/]sf OGb|jHf|f, pkhflt, b|t' ljnlDat, j;Gtltnsf,
dflngL, dGbfqmfGtf, lzvl/0fL, zfb"n
{ ljqmLl8t / ;|Uw/f oL gf} 5GbxdWo]
zfb"n
" ljqmLl8t rflFx g]kfnL ;dfhdf cf}lwg} gfdL / k|rlnt ePsf] 5. cem of]
tf ;+:s[t 5Gb g/x]/ g]kfnL hftLo 5Gb g} ePsf] 5 eg] klg x'G5. efg'eQmn]
;+:s[t 5Gb k|of]u u/] tfklg tL 5Gbsf] k|of]u u/fO / pgsf ;/n g]kfnLo
n]vgz}nLn] g]kfnL dfqsf bodf ulx/f] 5fk a;fPsf] 5. pgsf ;/n tyf
;/; l;nf]sx b/af/b]lv e'mk|f;Dd / lzlIftb]lv clzlIft;Ddsf d'vdf
e'ml08Psf x'G5g. k|;fb u'0fn] ;DkGg efg'eQmsf /fdfo0fsf sljtfn] ;a}nfO{
Psf]xf]/fP. afNosfnsf dgf]x/ j0f{gn] afnsaflnsfxnfO{ nf]Eofof], ljjfx
sfnsf] /f]dfl06s j0f{g / o'4sf jL/ /;k"0f{ j0f{gn] t?gLtGg]/LxnfO{ 3tkf/f],
C[lifd'lgxsf cf>dj0f{gn] / j}/fUo /;n] cf]tk|f]t ePsf eQmdfnfsf sljtfn]
a"9fa"9Lxsf] lrQ a'emfof] clg ;Ltfsf] s?0ffj:yfsf] ;hLj oyfy{ j0f{gn]
:qL hfltsf] sf]dn bo ;lhn} kufNof]. lkt[elQm, b]zk|]d / eft[k|]dsf HjnGt
pbfx/0fn] g]kfnL hfltnfO{ ;xh k|]/0ff lbof].
o;/L efg'eQmsf 3tnfUbf l;nf]sxn] k9\gdf ?lr tf a9fP a9fP t/
o;afx]s k|foM lg/If/ / clzlIftxnfO{ klg slj agfP. kxfl8of 3/sf clzlIft,
kLl8t 5f]/La'xf/L / uf]7fnfv]tfnf cflb ;fwf/0f JolQmxn] klg efg'eQmsf
l;nf]ssf] cg's/0f u/L cfgf dgdf pAh]sf tfTsflns tLtf kL/f efjgfx /
xf:o /;sf plQmx To;} nodf u'Gu'gfP/ t'sfGt cg'kf| ; / no ldn]sf l;nf]s
l;h{gf u/]. cem klg of] rng kxf8 kj{tsf s'gfsGt/df a:g] hgtfdf kfOG5.
tL k|fs[lts jf :jfefljs sljsjloqLxn] 5Gbsf lgod / u0f, dfqf hfGb}gg\
clg bL3{ x|:j klg plt Vofn ul/+bg} t/ nosf e/df efg'eQmLo z}nLdf sljtf
/rgf u5{g\ snd, d;L, sfut lag}. pgLx d]nfkft ubf{, laxfaf/Ldf / s]xL
pT;j rf8kj{df h'jf/L v]N5g\, l;nf]s l;nf]sd} ;jfnhjfkm u5{g\ . o:tf
k|rlnt Znf]sx k|z:t kfOG5g\, t/ oL s;n] slxn] agfPsf x'g\ eGg] cg';Gwfg
slxNo} 6+l' ub}g lsgeg] o:tf Znf]s vfln df}lvs kdf rlncfPsf k/Dk/fsf] y]uf]
h:t} ePsf 5g\ / o;/Lg} gofF gofF ylkOFb} klg hfG5g\. pbfx/0fsf lglDt
zfb"n
{ ljqmLl8t 5Gbsf s]xL k|rlnt Znf]s oxfF lbOG5
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
55
rDkf k"mn k"'Nof] dw"l/ jgdf af;g\ rNof] n+sfdf.

;f]xL k"m n l6kL r9fp eujtL afhf ah] gf}d tL..
x
Ps\ lbg\ gf/b ;To nf]s\ k'lu uof ====== sf] k|efj k/]sf l;nf]s hf]
laxfaf/Ldf elgG5g\
Ps\ lbg\ hGt uPF h'g} s]6f;Fu hUo} lbof cf\gdf.

Aof}nL g nfuL cg]s\ t/xn] n}hfg cfF6f] sxfF..
n'uf 5g\ pgsf uxgf ;'gsf /\ /\ la/sf clg.
Aof}nL g nfuL cg]s\ t/xn] n}h fg cf6f} egL..
x
x
x
;f;"sf sRsrn] dfof k|Ll{tdf s]xL sdL x'g cfpFbf / nf]Ug] rfxL+ k/b]z
uPsf a]nfdf 3/sf] kL/ vKg g;sL lj/lQmP/ PSn} u'Gu'gfpFbf ag]sf Znf]s
Ps\ /fgL kf]v/L hf]/} 5g\ k'tnL ;'g} ;/Lsf] skfn\.

d hfG5" lzjhL d/g\sf 3f6df lr7L k'/fOBf} g]kfn\..
ug{" sfd klg ;a} ldlnh'nL eG5g\ ;;"/f klg.
;f;"sf k]6 df bof 6'l6uof] sQL l/emfpFbf klg..
x
sfu\ Sj}nL jgdf 9's"/ h'/]nL /fgL r/L wf]lagL.

o:tf b'Sv x+'bf t gfl/ hgn] a x'g" hf]lugL..
x
x
laxfaf/Ldf eGg] rNtL 5
x
x
>+[uf/ cyjf 7fdf k|of]u ul/Psf l;nf]s
efTvfg] t;nf ltx'g\ t d;nf vf];f{gL vfg" lh/].

x] /fd\ /fd\ lzjsf lt hlGt lxhf]sf Aof}nL lnP/} lkm/]..
x] gfgL ltld tf kx]+nL kftnL bGt}df nfpg] la/L.
cfkmgf lhjsf] ;Ddf/ u/g" cfj}g hf]afg\ lkm/L..
x
x] gfgL ltld tf kx]+nL kftnL lgwf/\df 5fk\ 6fF;]sL.

r'N7f] 5f]6f] eof] eg]/ ltldn] nf5f ;d]t\ ufF;]sL..
x
x
x
a'9fa'9Ln] afnaRrfnfO{ lzIffaf/] pkb]z lb+bf / To; cg';f/ gu/]sfn]
kl5 kZrfQfk ubf{ elgPsf jf elgg] rNtL l;nf]s
av}{ kfFr x+'bf cR5]/ k9\g" ;'kfq xf}+nf egL.

====================================================
x
56
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
lktfsf lo jrg\ s'g} ;dodf a}/L ;dfg\sf x'Gof.

k5L r]t eP/ cGT ;dodf ;Dk"0f{ tL ;lDemGof..
x
x
x
afns 5f]/fnfO{ sfvdf /fv]/ xif{ / cfzfdf a"9f afa'n] u'Gu'gfpFbf ag]sf]
Znf]s
of] 5f]/f] a9nf sdfO u/nf b'w\ eft b]nf dnfO.

x
x
x
uf]7fnfn] cfgf ufO{ uGtL ubf{ l;nf]sd} af]n]sf]
sfnL, sf]Oln, snfFv', uf]7', eFu]/L,

cf;L{ t dfnL, k'F8L.
bdf{n L, /rgL, ltnf}/ L, a]n f}/ L,
?K;L, /kfL, lra" ..
x
x
x
o;/L g]kfnLsf ;fdflhs hLjgdf efg'eQmsf 5Gbf]a4 sljtfn] Jofks
kn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5. elQmdfu{df, 1fgdfu{df ;flxTon]vgz}nL / cn+sf/flbdf
klg ;'nlnt non] ufOg] efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fsf 5Gbsf] k|efj gk/L /xg ;s]sf]
5}g. sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy, dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fxnfO{ klg efg'eQmsf
5Gbn] k|efljt kf/]sf] xf]Og eGg ;ls+b}g. efg'eQmn] k|of]u u/]sf 5Gbxn] g}
pgLxnfO{ d'xg' L nufof] / efg'sf ldld{/] pHofnfdf pgLxn] klg cfg" sljtf
;flxTosf] uLltdo dfNof]kxf/ r9fP/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ l;+uf/], cl3 a9fP
eGbf c3]{nf] gxf]nf. o;/L efg'eQmsf 5Gbn] g]kfnL hghLjgsf ;flxTodf
Jofkskn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5.
[lbofnf] xfFuf] !! af6]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ;j{>i] 7 k'?if

nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f
;flxlTos >]i7tfsf] gfk hgtfdf k/]sf] k|efj /
;j{sfnLg bo:klz{tfdf lge{/ /xG5. g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
Oltxf; x]bf{ xfdLnfO{ Toltsf] k|efjsf/L / ;j{lk|o /rgfx
c hFRb}g, hlQsf] efg'eQm sljsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f. w]/}
o; /rgfnfO{ x]nfF klg u5{g\ t/ pgLx ;Demb}gg\of]
/rgf cfg} bosf] slt glhs 5.
xfdLx Hofbfh;f] ;flxTonfO{ vfln >[f/ b]Vt5f}+,
zAbnfO{ kmf nufPsf], nfnL r9fPsf] , cfw'lgstf
lgsfn]sf] cyjf sflnbf;sf] em}+ pkdfxn] emNn/LdNn/L agfPsf], Pp6f
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
57
/lnf] cf8Da/, Pp6f /;uf]n] dfw'o{, cyjf ;+:s[tsf] cf8Da/, of lv+rftfgL

rdTsf/. xfdL cnf/ rGb|f]bonfO{ ;Demg rfxG5f}+. xfdL cg'k|f;nfO{
lstfk eGb5f}= / e8snfO{ cfw'lgstf. xfd|f] dfu ?U0fsf] ?lr h:tf] 5.
lgM;f/df xfdL ;f/ b]Vt5f}+, xfd|f] aL;f}+ ztfAbL Hofbfh;f] s[lqdtf d}
/dfpF5f}+. xfdL d'6' rfxFb}gf}+, e'ne'nfj6sf] h/t 5}g, ;Rrf bosf]
:jb]zL ;f}Gbo{sf] sb/ ug{ ;Sg] zlQmsf] Go"gtf xfdLxdf c ;a} bf]ifeGbf
Hofbf 68\sf/f] 5.
d rfxG5' bo. sljsf] 5Gb e'ne'nfj6 xf];\ g ls tu0f / du0fsf]
cf}+nfugfO. k|l;l4 k|]dsf] k|]/0ff dnfO{ lgsf] nfUb}g. d rfxG5' bosf] P]+8L.
sljnfO{ ToxfF n]Vg dg nfuf];\, hxfF dfgjcfF;'x k|fs[lts efjdf klUnG5g\,
hxfF ;Tosf] cfdGq0f cfTdfdf ;'Gb/sf] Wjlgdf :ki6Ls[t x'G5. slj af]nf];\
h;/L r/fx af]Nb5g\, g ls h;/L j:tfbx s;/t ub{5g\, bon] bonfO{
af]nfcf];\ sljtfdf, g ls cf8Da/nfO{. ;f]emf] ;Rrf gf kxf8sf] dxTj xf];\
sljtfdf, h;af6 gfnfx cfkm ;] cfkm e'ne'nfpFb} p7\t5g\. d w]/}h;f] oL
s'/fx efg'eQmdf kfpF5', To;}n] dnfO{ oL ;Rrf :jb]zL sljx pk/ hlQsf]
>4f nfUb5 plQsf] c sd k'?ifdf nfUnf h:tf] nfUb5. pgn] n]v] bosf]
k|]/0ffn] / g]kfnL bodf k|]/0ff lbg. pgdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTklQ :jb]zL
8f]sf] / 3fF;;+u ;DaGw /fVt5. efg'eQmn] 9'fsf] tlsofdf ;'t]/ Ao"FemFbf
km"nsf] bo e]fP. 3fF;Ldf pgsf] k/d]Zj/ af]Nof], ;Rrf g]kfnL bonfO{
AoF"emfOlbof] / ;'Gb/sf] b]zdf af]nfP/ nUof]. sljn] To; a]nfsf] xflb{s
cg'e"lt h'g Znf]sdf pb\uf/ u/]sf 5g\ To;df efiff / efj ;To emlNsg]
If0fxsf] cfF;' glhs cfpFb5g\. efg'eQmsf] cfTdfnfO{ bosf] b]zdf wf/f
agfpg dg nfUof]. ;+;f/sf cftkDnfg ofqLxsf lgldQ Pp6f kf6Lsf]
kf}jfnL x'g dg nfUof]. h'g efjgfn] czf]sn] af6fdf j[If /f]k] xf]nfg\, ToxL
efjgfn] ;Rrf sljxnfO{ k}nf] P]8L ldNb5. 3fF;Lsf] syf xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf]
bodf u8\b5, clg xfdL k|fs[lts k|/] 0ffx / dfgj bosf k|fylds cfef;xsf]
d'xfglt/ kms{G5f}+.
efg'eQmn] To;a]nf /fdfo0f n]Vg] ljrf/ u/], h'ga]nf g]kfnL efiff g]kfnLsf]
cf]7df dfq /xGYof], ha To;df lglZrt cfsf/ / p2]Zo lyPg, ha Jofs/0f
ue{df lyof], ha k9]sf cx+dfgL kl08tx efiffsf] gfdnfO{ gfs r]k|fP/ gkm/t
ub{y,] ha pgLxsf] dgdf g]kfnL ;flxTo gfds zAb of]hgf g} pkxf; h:tf]
nfUYof]. To;a]nf hgtfsf] bonfO{ k'/f0f eGg] rngdf l;jfo efj's kf]if0f lbg]
cf>o lyPg. xfdL n]vssf sl7gtfx Hofb} sd cg'ej ug{ ;Sb5f}+. t/ ;a}
lgdf{0fstf{x cFWof/f]df emNsf kfpF5g\, ;'g;fgdf cfXjfg ;'Gb5g\, uf]w'nLdf
;'Gb/ dlGb/sf ofqL aGb5g\. dfgjfTdfnfO{ kf]Ng] efjx ;lhn};Fu kxf8
r9\b5g\, lsgls pgsf] bonfO{ ;'gf}nf r'nLn] e]l6;Sof]. cFw]/Ldf cfsf/
s'FbgnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof]. gofF ;kgfn] pgL l5g' lnP/ a;], k"j{sf] :j0f{ k|eft
d[b'd'v em+sf/ ln+b} cfof]. pgn] kxf8sf] gLnf] d;Ln] n]v]. n]VgnfO{ cf8Da/
ePg, t/ k|d
] / >4fsf] ofqf eof] g]kfnsf] bos]Gb|lt/. ef/tsf lzz'sfnsf
58
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
dL7f syfx ;To em}+ emlNsP/ kxf8L 5ftLdf e'ne'nfj6 lnP/ afnf gfnf em}+
u'Gfu'gfP.
efg'eQmn] /fdfo0f n]v]. pgsf] cfTdj[lQ eljionfO{ wfO{ agL xfdLnfO{
s]6fs]6L agfP/ sfvdf xNnfP/ syf ;'gfpgsf] nflu. /fdrGb| hfUg'eof],
km]l/ agjf; hfg'eof], km]l/ xfdL /f]of}+, km]l/ ;Ltf xl/g'eof], km]l/ /fj0f
dfl/of]. xfdLn] emf]n'fsf] efiffdf gj/; rfVof}+. ef/tsf] cfTdf cIf/f/De;Fu
v'Nof]. ;Rrf kxf8L cfTdfx k9\bfk9\b} sf]xL xg'dfg nfu]/ p7\g] eP.
ckl7tn] klg cfF;' / bosf] /f]df~r;Fu} gofF kf7zfnfdf k|j]z u/].
g]kfnLn] cfgf k'?vf lrg], wd{ / ;Ton] 5f]OP/ a/fa/ em'lNs+b} pgsf /fd|f
If0fdf ;kgf b]Vg nfu]. oxfF s]xL lyof]hf] cl3 lyPgs]xL vFlbnf] k|flKt.
g]kfnL ;EotfnfO{ /fdfo0fsf h/fxaf6 gofF 6';f xfNg' lyof]. w]/}sf bo
slj eP/ cgf}7f] 5ljdo 5Gb / nodf k|frLgsf] :kz{n] d'vl/t x'gnfu].
oxfF Pp6f j:tL lyof]b]jtf / lbJotfsf], ef/tsf] /; lgrf]l/Psf] lyof].
g]kfnsf] af/Ldf Pp6f ;fgf] sNkb|'d /f]lkof], hxfF xfd|f ;jf]{Rr efjgf /
sNkgfx xfdL km'n]sf / kmn]sf kfpFYof}+. 8fF8fsf] 5fltdf pgsf] efiff
6Ss/fpg nfUof], gfnfsf] uf]nL;Fu nf]lng nfUof]. 3/3/df gofF bLkfjnL
an] / xfdL cfw'lgstf9, s[lqdtflee"t, oGqo'uL, z"GoboL, k|Zgo'uL,
j}1flgs k|j[lQ kl/sL0f{, cf8Da/ kl08t, d08"s u0fx oL pgsf] ljzfn
k|bfgsf dxTj b"/flts|d0f a'gb]lv ;bf 6f9f 5f}+.
;flxTodf ;j{>i] 7 k'?if ToxL xf] hf] /fi6sf bodf ;aeGbf tLj| eP/
a:b5. efg'eQm ;bfrf/L dfq xf]Og g]kfnL bosf] >4fn' lyP. xfdLnfO{ pgL
Pp6f a'9f s]6fs]6L h:tf] nfU5, h;df tf]t] af]nLsf] dfw'o{ / bosf] ;/ntf
lyof]. pgL ;+;f/sf] sf/fuf/df /fdfo0f n]Vy] t/ pgsf] cfTdf h]n aflx/
lyof].
pgsf] dfw'o{ ;/ntfdf 5Tof] ;/ntf hf] >4fn' bodf / afnssf]
ljZjf;df x'G5. pgsf] dxTj g} pgsf] ;Lwfkg xf]. pgL cf8Da/af6 Tolt
6f9f lyP hlt Ps w|j' af6 csf]{ w|'j. pgL ;Rrf a|fDx0f lyP / pgnfO{ ;a
g]kfnLsf] 3/df ;Tsf/ 5. pgn] hfg]gg\ pgn] s] ul//x]y], t/ xfdL hfGb5f}+
pgLn] xfd|f lgldQ s] u/]/ uP. pgsf efiff g]kfnLsf] lhe|f] glhs} cfpF5, pgL
Jofs/0fa4 lyPgg\, pgsf] Jofs/0f g};lu{s a'l4sf] lgod lyof], pgsf 5Gb xfd|f]
lhe|f]df ;lhnf];uF aUb5g\. pgsf emNsf xfd|f cfFvfdf ;lhnf];uF v'Nb5g\.
pgL bonfO{ cfXjfg ub{5g\. Pp6f c1ft df]xgL xfdLnfO{ pgsf] k+lQmtkm{
8fSb5. xfdLnfO{ k|frLgsfndf 3';]h:tf] nfUb5, hxfF /fd/fHo 5, hxfF /fdsf
k|hf ;TonfO{ g} hLjg eGb5g\. dfG5] pgnfO{ cg'jfb t'NofpF5g\ t/ xfdL
cg'jfb b]Vt}5f}+k'/fgf Clifxsf k|ltWjlg. pgL efiff ToxfF n}hfG5g\ hxfF
afnsx /dfpF5g\, hxfF lgVv/f x'G5, hxfF hggLx k'/fgf syf ;'gfpF5g\.
pgdf lSni6tf 5}g, g s[lqdtf pgL zAb a6fb}{gg\, p4t b[li6sf]0fsf] k|bz{gL
pgL hfGb}hfGb}gy], pgsf] snd ;lhnf];uF rNb5 / sljtf g]kfnL kxf8 gf3]/
slxNo} p8\b}gg\. pgsf] efiff gn]Vg] sljxsf] efiffh:tf] 5. xfdL efg'eQm
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
59
k9]/ lzIff ;'? ub{5f}+ / pgnfO{ x]nf u/]/ ;dfKt ug]{ ub{5f}+, t/ a'g]x cfgf]
3/sf] aQLdf cs}{ df]xgL b]Vt5g\.
g]kfnL ;flxlTos If]qdf c? s;}sf] TolQsf] k|efj k/]sf] 5}g, g t
hLjgdf. pgL ct'ngLo 5g\. w]/}n] ;du| g]kfnLsf] ts]Gb| 5'g vf]h], pgs}
cg';/0fdf t/ ;s]gg\. pgL PSnf 5g\. cdf Hofbf ljleGgtf kfpg
;lsG5Hofbf /, Hofbf k|Zg, Hofbf z+sf t/ pgL cfkm"h:t} 5g\Ps} lsl;dsf
lgd{n. pgn] ;a ;d:of ;/n tj/n] xn ul/;s]sf 5g\pgsf] eljionfO{
;Gb]z oxL 5;Tosf] >4f / g]kfnL bosf] ;dLkjlt{Tj g} sljsf] klxnf] kfgL
xf].
pgL xfd|f cfbz{ 5g\. ldN6gnfO{ j8{:jy{n] af]nfP em}+ w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnfsf]
cfTdf;Fu ldn]/ xfdLx cfhsfnsf] o'udf pgsf] cfXjfg ug{ rfxG5f}+. pgL
/fdfo0fn] dfq hfFlrGgg\, oBlk ToxL pgsf] ;jf]{Qd /rgf xf]. pgs} km'6s/
sljtfx cfkm}+ af]Nb5g\. ltgdf kfl08To k|bz{g 5}g, njhx lbnnfO{ ;f]wL
;f]wL lg:sG5g\. pgsf] afnfHo" df rft'/Lsf st{g 5}g, vfnL bosf
e'ne'nfj6sf];fgf] zLtn :ju{ b]v] xfjfdf cd[t lyof], nx/f / km"n k/L em}+
gfRy], r/f df]xgL af]Ny]. hlQ b]v], plQ n]v]. :jfg'ejsf] cfgGb :jtM
pb\ufl/t x'G5. pgL cfw'lgs slj em}+ slj x'g afnfHo" uPsf lyPgg\, t/
afnfHo"df cfOk'Ubf slj ag]sf lyP. To; 7fpFn] pgnfO{ 5f]Psf] lyof]. pgL
Psl5g OGb| ag]. clg n]lvlbP. pgsf] sflGtk'/L dw'/tfsf] ;fgf] lemlnldnL
vfgL 5 t/ lemlnldnL ;Toaf6 lg:sG5, oyfy{ k wf/0f u/]/ xfd|f] /fhwfgL
pgnfO{ sflGtsL k'/L h:tf] nfUof], h:tf] slxn]sxL+ xfdLx laxfg a]n'sf
kxf8 r'nLdf b]V5f}+. pgL g]kfnL :qL k'?if b]v]/ xflb{s k|]dsf] sljtfTds
k|z+;f n]Vt5g\.
u'gs]z/L nfPsf cK;/f / /fd|f /fd|f /dfOnf aGw'xn] ;'Gb/ ;fgf]
cd/fjtL k[YjLdf v8f x'lG5g\. xfdL Tof] sljtf k9\gf;fy a'emb5f}+ slt ;/ntf;Fu
pgL sflGtk'/Lsf] bo ghLs} k'u]. cfhsnsf sljx klg n]V5g\ljzfn
lj:tf/ / cnf/;Fu. sf]xL sf]xL 5fgjLgsf] cnf}lss rft'/L b]vfpg rfxG5g\,
t/ bon] kfPsf emNsfx To;} ;'Gb/ 5g\, ;r]t /f]hfOsf] h?/t} 5}g.
sljtfdf ulx/fO{ s]xL 5}g h:tf] 5, t/ g]kfnL gfnfxdf s;n] ;fu/sf] ulx/fO{
b]vg] < ulx/fO{ gvf]Hg]xn] vfN6f agfP. pgsf sljtf ;/n eP/ emlNslG5g\.
g]kfnL kxf8df pbfpg] 3fddf uDeL/tfsf] df}g lng rfxGgg\ t/ snsn
af]Nbl5g\. emlNsG5 xfdL eGg ;St}gf}+ t/ ToxfF ;To / ;Tosf] df]xgL 5. pgsf
w]/} km'6s/ sljtfx xfdL kfpGgf}+, t/ csf]{ Pp6f of] ;Demgf cfpF5 hxfF cfF;'
xfF:t5 / ljGtLkq n]Vt5. dnfO{ pgL Kof/f 5g\, d]/f lglDt g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
Oltxf;df pgL ;j{>]i7 k'?if x'g\ .
[nIdL lgaGw ;+ux| af6 ;fef/]
60
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
c8\snsf s'/f
;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL
h;n] h];'s} eg]tfklg efg'eQm xfd|f] hftLo jf
/fli6o slj x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf s]xL ;Gb]x 5}g. cfw'lgs
vf]hLsf] kl/0ffd:jk g]kfnLsf cflbslj pgL dflgPsf]
s'/fnfO{ st}st} s]xL vf]6 nfpg] r]i6f ePsf] ePtfklg
;/n tyf gf6Lv'6L ug]{ afgL gePsf g]kfnLx tf
pgnfO{ lg:;f]r cem g]kfnLsf cflbslj dfGb}5g\. g]kfn
tyf g]kfn aflx/sf g]kfnLxsf bodf efg'eQmsf]
;/ntf, pgsf efiffsf] kljqtf, cf] h , j0f{ g z}n L
zAbfg'rog tyf c cg]s sfJofTds u'0fsf] hf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 Tof] xQkQ
d]l6g] s'/f 5}g tyf Ps ztfAbLeGbf a9L ;dob]lv k/]sf] of] k|efjn] g]kfnLxsf
bodf /fd|/L 3/ agfO;s]sf] 5.
efg'eQmsf hLjgdf k/]sf] Pp6f ;+:sf/ tyf pgn] k|fKt u/]sf cg'ejsf]
rrf{ u/L ltgLf/f /fdfo0f n]Vg] k|/] 0ff pgnfO{ k|fKt ePsf ;Defjgfsf] s]xL
ljrf/ ug]{ of] n]vsf] clek|fo xf]. j+zfg'qmdf/f pgnfO{ k/]sf] h'g ;+:sf/sf]
tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] cem clws vf]hL x'g' cfjZos 5.
xfd|f] g]kfndf k|frLg sfnb]lv lji0f'elQmsf] k/Dk/f rn]sf] s'/f tf ;j{ljlbt
5. g]kfn pkTosfsf rf/ gf/fo0f k|l;4 5g\. tLdWo] rfFu' gf/fo0fl;t xfd|f]
k|fdfl0fs lnlvt Oltxf;sf] ;+of]u 5. lsgeg] rfFug' f/fo0fdf ePsf dfgb]jn]
lznf:tDedf cg u/fPsf] n]v !&) eGbf clws k|fKt k|frLg cgxdWo]
k|yd dflgPsf] 5. of] :tDen]v ;dosf b[li6n] dfq k|yd xf]Og, lsGt' sfJosf
b[li6n] o;sf] k|yd :yfg cg]s ljfgxf/f :jLs[t ePsf] 5. lnR5jL
sfnsf k|frLg lznfn]vsf cWoogaf6 lnR5jL /fhfxdWo] sf]xL sf]xL ;fDk|bflos
j}i0fj gePtfklg pgLx lji0f'nfO{ ljz]if kn] >4f ubf{/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f ;xh}
a'lemG5. dfly pNn]v ul/Psf dfgb]jf/f /flvPsf jfdg cjtf/wf/L lji0f'
/fhf anL;Fu e"ldbfg ln+bfv]/L lqe'jg gfKg] km8\sf] prfn]sf] bo cg ul/Psf
;'Gb/ k|:t/ kmnssf cg]s ;+:s/0f sf7df8f}d
+ f k|fKt ePsf 5g\. lxGb' hut\n]
df]Ifbfos egL dfg]sf rf/ If]qdWo] lji0f'sf] j/fx cjtf/l;t ;DaGw, k|l;4, cf}
k|frLg j/fx If]qsf] g]kfndf sf}lzssf t6sf] cjl:yltn] ubf{ xfd|f] g]kfn
k'0oe"ld ePsf] 5. ;d:t lxGb'f/f lji0f'sf kdf k"lht x'g] zfnu|fdsL hggL
s[i0ff u+8sLsf] t6jtL{ l/8Ln] g]kfnLxnfO{ kltt kfjgL u\ufsf] t6jtL{
df]Ifbfos sfzLnfO{ la;f{pF5. g]kfnL hLjgdf >Ldb\efujtn] hf] :yfg k|fKt
u/]sf] 5 Tof] lxGb' dfqn] uf}/j ug]{ s'/f] 5. g]kfndf k"j{ tyf klZrd hxfF klg
efujt\ k9\g], ;Ktfx nfpg], >j0f ug]{ OToflb sfo{n] h'g nf]slk|otf k|fKt u/]sf]
5 To;n] ubf{ efujt\sf] ;Ktfx nfpg] sfdn] lxGb'n] cjZo ug{kg]{ ;+:sf/ h:t}
hLjgdf dxTj k|fKt u/]sf] 5. ljBfnodf k/LIff lbg] rng rNg'eGbf cl3
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
61
;Ktfxdf efujt\ eGg ;Sg] ePkl5 dflg;sf] kl08tdf u0fgf x'GYof]. hob]jsf
elQmk"0f{ uLt g]kfnLsf 3/3/df ljz]iftM gf/L ;dfhdf k|rlnt lyP tyf cBflk
ltgnfO{ /fhsLo ;Ddfg k|fKt 5.
lji0f'elQmsf] o:tf] k|rf/ ePtfklg /fdelQmsf] eg] xfdLsxfF p:tf]
k|rf/ ePsf] b]lv+b}g. g]kfnLxsf lglDt cof]WofnfO{ la;f{pg] hgsk'/
g]kfndf 5. tyf xfd|f ;]g /fhfxf/f ;f] If]qn] ;+/IfsTj kfPsf s'/fsf]
k|df0f pknAw 5. g]kfnL hfltsf lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] hgsk'/dfly
cfgf] clwsf/ :yfkgf x'g]lalQs} hfgsLsf dlGb/df dxGtnfO{ dlGb/sf]
Joj:yfsf] lglDt df}hf latf{ ul/Psf] s'/f klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5. sf7df8f}+sf]
b]jkf6g If]qdf hol:ylt dNnn] -!#*@!#(%_ :yflkt u/]sf] /fd d"lt{
cBflk :yfgLo hgtff/f cfb/ kfpFb}5. kf]v/fl:yt /fd3f6 tyf /fd
dlGb/sf] klg :yfgLo k|l;l4 5. h'Dnfsf ;qxf}+ ztfAbLsf sfuhkqdf
;frL /fdHo", nl5dg, xg'dfg, l5tf OToflb s'/f n]lvPsf] b]lvG5. oL
;a} s'/ff/f lxGb' ;+:s[ltsf] Jofks k|efj a'emfPtfklg lji0f'elQm h:tf]
/fdelQm eGg] cg'e"lt ePsf] rn]sf] s'/f a'lemFb}g.
t];f]tf ljeflht g]kfnsf dNn /fhfx cfgf] k|zl:tdf cfkm"nfO{
/3'jz
+ fjtf/ n]Vy]. t/ of] n]vaf6 /fd k/f]If /Lltn] cfg';ls kn] ;+lemo]tf
klg ;f]em} /fdsf] :d/0f x'Fb}g. sf7df8f}+sf /fhfxsf Wjhfsf] lrGx :jk
xg'dfg lyo] cf} Tf];}n] pgLxsf k|zl:tdf xg'db\Wjh n]lvPsf] 5. kf08j
jL/ ch'g{ nfO{ afg/ Wjh klg eGy]. ch'g{ sf] h:tf] jL?tf a'emfpg pgLxn]
cfgf] Wjhfdf xg'dfgsf] lrq agfPsf] x'g;S5.
tgx's
F f clGtd euf}8f /fhf x/s'df/ bQ ;]gsf /fhsLo df]x/o'Qm c7f/
;olt/sf s]xL kq k|fKt ePsf 5g\. ltgdf pgsf] hf] k|zl:t n]lvPsf] 5
To;df /fdsf] gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f 3tnfUbf] 5. ;f] k|zl:t tn n]lvP
adf]lhd 5 M
:jl:t >L O{Zj/ r/0f ;/f]?x:d/0f]Toflb >L db\/fdrGb| j+zf]be
\ j ;bf/flwt
;fDalzj nIdL gf/fo0f >L dGdxf/fhflw/fh===. o;df >L db\/fdrGb| j+zf]be
\ j
eGg] kb ljrf/0fLo 5.
pgsf kqdf ePsf /fhsLo df]x/df b'O{j6f lrGx 5g\. dfemdf lqz"nsf]
lrGx 5. xfdL lxdfnosf cf>odf a:g] ;a} g]kfnLxsf ;+/Ifs s}nfzdf a:g]
z+s/ eujfg g} x'g\ tyf pgsf] z:q lqz"n klg ;a} g]kfnLxf/f k"lht 5.
Tof] lqz"ndfly sfF8n] o'Qm wg'sf] lrGx 5. of] sfF8n] o'Qm wg'sf lrGxsf
ljifodf s]xL ljrf/ ug'{ plrt 5. x'g tf xfdL kxf8df a:g] dflg;xsf
hLjgdf cBflk wg'sfF8sf] 7"nf] dxTj tyf :yfg 5. t}klg /fdrGb|sf] j+zdf
hlGdPsf] eGg] /fhfn] cfgf j+zsf] k|tLs :jk o;nfO{ pkof]u ug'{ ;+ej 5.
wg'sfF8sf] j0f{g >L /fdrGb|sf Wofgdf k|foM ul/Psf] b]lvG5. pbfx/0ffy{ /fdrGb|sf]
Wofg ePsf] Pp6f Znf]s tn n]lvG5 M
gLnfDa' h Zofdnsf] d nfd\

;Ltf ;df/f] l kt jfdefud\ .
62
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
kf0ff} dxf;fos rfk rf/d\

gdfld /fd+ /3'j+z gfyd\..
tgx'F afx]s dsjfgk'/, df]/, kfNkf cflb :yfgdf klg :jtGq ;]g /fHo
lyof]. pgLxsf k|zl:tdf lji0f' elQmsf] g} k|fwfGo b]lvG5 lsgeg] ;]g /fhfxsf
k|zl:tdf kgf/fo0f]Toflb n]lvPsf] x'G5. df]/sf ;]g /fhfsf k|zl:tdf
kgf/fo0f]Toflb afx]s n]lvPsf] lxGb' klt sf] oxfF rrf{ ug]{ cfjZostf
5}g. j/fx If]qsf clwklt ;]g /fhfxsf k|zl:tdf kgf/fo0f egL lji0f'kl| t
elQm k|bz{g ul/Psf] s'/f jUhjL g} 5.
tgx'aF f6 efu]/ x/s'df/ bQ ;]g lhNnf rDkf/0f /fdgu/df k'u]/ u9
agfO{ a:g yfn] cfkm"nfO{ /fdrGb|sf j+zh eGg] x/s'df/ bQ ;]gn]g} /fdsf
gfdn] o'Qm /fdgu/sf] gfds/0f u/]sf] eP cfZro{sf] s'/f] x'g] 5}g.
x/s'df/ bQ ;]gsf k"j{h bfdf]b/ ;]gsf] k|zl:t kfOPsf] 5 Tf];df c? ;]g
/fhfxsf k|zl:t ;/x kgf/fo0fsf] dfq pNn]v 5. kl5sf s'g} /fhfn]
/fdrGb|sf] gfd k|zl:tdf yk]sf] xf] ls x/s'df/ bQ ;]gn] g} o:tf] k|zl:t
rnfPsf x'g\ ;f] lg0f{o x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. t/ x/s'df/ bQ ;]gn] g} of] k|zl:t
rnfPsf] ePtfklg tgx'Fdf efg'eQmsf hGd eGbf cl3 /fdelQm s'g} g s'g}
kdf rn]sf s'/fsf] cg'dfg x'G5.
efg'eQmsf] hGd !*!$ df ePsf] xf]. Ogsf] kl08t j+zdf /fdelQmsf]
k/Dk/f pko'{Qm sf/0faf6 rNg' c;Dej 5}g tyf To;}sf] efg'eQmsf afn
bodf k|efj kg'{ :jfefljs 5. Ogsf afh] >L s[i0f lgodk"js
{ cWofTd /fdfo0f
kf7 uy]{ eGg] s'/f efg'eQmsf hLjgrl/qdf kfOG5. cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] kf7nfO{
dfly eg]h:t} s'g} sf/0fn] k|]l/t ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvG5.
dfly /fdelQmsf ljifodf pkl:yt u/]sf] ljrf/ h:t} efg'eQm cfgf afh]
>Ls[i0f cfrfo{l;t sfzLdf a9\g a;]sf ;dosf s]xL s'/f tn cg'dfgf/f
pkl:yt ul/G5g\ tyf ltgsf] klg pgsf bodf k|efj kl/ pgL /fdelQmlt/
nxl;g' ;Dej 5.
efg'eQm sfzLdf cfgf afh]sxfF a:g hfFbf !$ jif{sf lyP cf} 5 jif{ hlt
sfzL a;L aL; jf PSsfO; jif{sf pd]/df cfgf lktf wg~hosxfF kfNkf uP
eGg] s'/f pgsf hLjgrl/qaf6 ljlbt x'G5.
sfzLdf hfg] g]kfnLx plxNo}bl] v k~ru\uf jl/jl/sf 6f]nxdf a:y]
tyf efg'eQmsf afh] klg ot} st} a;] x'gg\ eGg] cg'dfg 5. efg'eQm a;]sf]
7fpFaf6 cf7bz ldg]6sf] af6f] k/ t'n;Lbf; s]xL sfn al; /fdfo0f n]v]sf]
sf]7f cBfjlw ;'/lIft 5. O kl\tsf] n]vs afNofj:yfdf lbgx'F ToxL sf]7f
ePsf] af6f]af6 cfgf] :s"n hfGYof]. sfzLdf s]xL sfn a;]kl5 t'n;L3f6sf
ljifodf s]xL rfn kfOxflnG5 cf} ToxfF ePsf t'n;Lbf;sf :d[lt lrGx b]lvG5g\.
t'n;Lbf;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :df/s pgn] :jo+ yfk]sf ;+s6 df]rg xg'dfg 5g\.
sfzLdf s]xL sfn a:g] dflg; ;+6df]rg ghfnf jf ToxfFsf xg'dfgsf] d"lt{ :jo+
t'n;Lbf;n] yfk]sf] xf] egL g hfg\nf eGg' kb}{g. O{ ;a} sf/0fn] sfzLsf
lgjf;n] pgnfO{ t'n;Lbf; tyf pgsf /fdfo0f;Fu kl/ro eof] xf]nf.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
63
af6f lx+8\bf 8'Nbf kfg k;n], >L /fdrl/q a]Rg], /f]6L a]Rg] cflbn] sgLs'yL
t'n;Lbf;sf] /fdfo0f cfgf cjsfzsf ;dodf kl9/x]s]f b[Zo b]lvg' ;fwf/0f
s'/f] lyof] tyf cem s]xL c+zdf 5. km]/Laf6 af6fdf cjsfzsf ;dosf
ljz]iftM udL{sf ofddf Og} k;n]x tyf cfuGt's o:t} dflg; hDdf eO{
t'n;Lbf;sf] /fdfo0fsf cfwf/df /fdfo0fsf cg]s ;d:of p7fPsf] tyf t];sf
cfwf/df ltgsf] ;dfwfg u/]sf] sfzLsf uNnLxsf] ;fwf/0f b[Zo ltgtfs
lyof]. o:tf 5nkmndf efu lng] 8'n'jf Jofkf/L klg x'Gy] cf} O kl\tsf n]vsn]
cfgf jfNofj:yfdf d';ndfg Jofkf/Lxn] klg t'n;Lbf;sf] /fdfo0fsf bf]xf
jf rf}kfO{ d'vfu| elg /fdfo0f ;DaGwL afbljjfbdf efu lnPsf] b]vG5 eg]
efg'eQmsf] sfzLdf tf of] rng emg\ a9\tf x'Fbf] xf]. /fdfo0f /fd|} hfGg]
d';ndfg cToGt} ;fwf/0f JolQm x'Gy] cf} ltgsf] lxGb'x a8f] cfb/ uy]{ .
o:tf] jftfj0fdf a;]kl5 t'n;Lbf;sf] /fdfo0fk|lt pgs]f b[li6 cfslif{t
gx'g' c;Dej lyof]. nf]sefiffdf nlnt kn] n]lvPsf] elQm/;n] k"0f{ t'n;Ls[t
/fdfo0f;Fu dfq sfzLdf a;]sf a]nfdf efg'eQmsf] kl/ro ePg. lsGt' pgn]
t'n;Lbf; ;DaGwL :yfgLo ;dfhdf k|rlnt cg]s ls+jbGtL klg ;'gL t'n;Lbf;sf
hLjgsf] :y"n kn] kl/ro klg k|fKt ug'{ cToGt ;+ej 5. cfkm"n] k9]sf]
;+:s[t ljBf;Fu cfkm"n] sfzLdf k|fKt u/]sf] of] cg'ej ;d]t lnO{ pgL kfNkf
cfgf lktfsxfF uP. jxfFaf6 klg pgL lktfsf cf1fn] cfgf 3/df cfO
u[x:yLsf] ef/ jxg ul/ a;].
tgxFs
' f] ;+:sf/sf] aLh sfzLdf t'n;Lbf; tyf pgsf nf]slk|otfsf 1fgn]
k|:km'l6t ePsf] dfgl;stf lnP/ efg'eQm hLjgdf k|jz
] u/]. o:tf] ljrf/
aLhs kdf w]/s
} f bodf x'G5 tyf Tof] cWofTd /fdfo0f kf7 jf /fdgjdL a|t
jf cof]Wofsf] tLy{ofqfdf dfq ;Lldt eP/ a:5. t/ efg'eQm nf]sf]Q/ JolQm
x'gfn] cfgf bosf] /fdelQm g]kfnLdfql;t afF8g\ tyf pgLxnfO{ klg /fdeQm
t'Nofpg pgL cl3 ;/] / /fdfo0f g]kfnL efiffdf n]Vg] lgZro u/]. pgsf] of] sfo{
g]kfnL hut\df qmflGtsf/s sfo{ eof]. o;n] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ hGd lbof] cf}
g]kfnL ljrf/nfO{ 7"nf] k|ult k|bfg uof]. c qmflGt ;/x of] ljWj+;fTds
lyPg. lsgeg] of] dof{bfleq a;L kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|frLg lxGb' ljrf/sf cg'k
lyof]. ;+:s[t efiffleq ;Lldt /x]sf tyf kl08tn] dfq a'g ;Sg] /fd rl/qnfO{
o;n] ;j{;fwf/0fn] af]Ng] cf} a'g] efiffdf pkl:yt ul/lbof].
g]kfnLsf ;xf]b/ pQ/ ef/tsf k|dv
' efiffxdf efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f n]lvPsf]
#$ ;o jif{ cl3 ePsf] o:t} qmflGtsf/L sfo{;uF o;sf] t'ngf ug'k{ 5{. afnL
efiffdf kGw|f+} ztfAbLsf cGTodf s[ltjf; cf]emfn] /fdfo0f n]v] cf} ;f]xf| +} ztfAbLdf
t'n;Lbf;n] /fdrl/t dfg; n]lv lxGbL efiffefifLxnfO{ /fdelQm l;sfP.
Psgfysf] efjfy{ /fdfo0fn] o} ztfAbLdf d/f7L ;flxTonfO{ pHjn t'Nofof].
pl8of efiffdf an/fdbf;sf] k|l;4 /fdfo0f klg ;f]xf| }+ ztfAbLdf g} /rgf
ul/of]. g]kfnL efiffdf /3'gfysf] ;'Gb/ sf08nfO{ efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f eGbf
cl3sf] /fdfo0f elgPsf] 5. p:t} pl8of efiffdf klg an/fdbf; eGbf cl3sf]
klg /fdfo0f 5g\. t/ hgtfdf log}sf] /fdfo0f nf]slk|o ePsf] a'lemG5. lsgeg]
64
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
Ogsf] /fdfo0f k9]/ cfKoflot ePsf] hgtf OgnfO{ k|d

] k"j{s pTsn afNdLls
eG5. u'h/ftL efiffdf eg] efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f n]lvPsf] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf g}
gd{bf /lrt /fdfo0f df];f/ gfds /fdfo0f n]lvof]. oBlk /fdsyf ;DaGwL
36gfl;t ;Da4 cg]s v08sfJo klxn] klg n]lvPsf lyP.
pko'Q
{ m efiffxdf /fdfo0f h:tf] wfld{s u|Gysf k|sfzgf/f ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfdf wfld{s 1fg ;'ne eP/ h;/L df}g qmflGt cfof] To;}ul/ lx+;fljxLg
qmflGtsf] dfu{df lx+8\g] efg'eQmn] g]kfnL efiffdf /fdfo0f n]vL xfd|f] hfltdf
7"nf] qmflGt NofPsf] s'/f ;Gb]x /lxt 5. d"sn] af]nL kfPsf s'/fl;t pgsf of]
sfo{sf] t'ngf x'G5. pgsf sfo{n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf wfld{s 1fgsf] clej[l4,
dof{bfk'?iff]Qd /fdsf rl/qsf] 1fg tyf /fdelQm ;a}yf]s Ps}rf]l6 g]kfnL
hfltn] kfof]. g]kfnL hflt gjLg hLjg k|fKt u/]em}+ eof] cf} o;sf] kl/0ffd
:jk g]kfnL ;lxTosf] ljsf; cf} k|;f/ a9\of].
oltdfq ePtfklg efg'eQmnfO{ xfdLNf] dfGg kYof]{ . t/ of] eGbf a9L cfgf
cd/ s[ltf/f ;flxTo eg]sf] s] xf] To;sf] pgn] kl/ro u/fP. xfdLxn]
efg'eQmsf] jf:tljs ;flxlTos dxTj cem a'g afFsL 5. cfh g]kfnL efiffsf]
;/ntf, df}lnstf, z'4tf, hgu|fXotfsf ljifodf xfdL hf] ljrf/ ug{ nflu/x]5f}+
To;sf k/f]Ifdf efg'eQm ePsf] s'/f ljnIf0f JolQmn] /fd|/L a'em]sf] 5. O{
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg h'ga]nf x'g]5 xfd|f dfemdf km]l/ efg'eQm cfgf sljkL
lbJo z/L/ lnP/ pkl:yt x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fdf s]xL ;Gb]x 5}g. clxn] pgL
lbof]h:tf] b]lvP tfklg To;a]nf pgL ;fn k|dfl0ft x'g5
] g\.
[;':s]/f, efg' ljz]iff, jif{ ! c+s @, @)@& sflt{s]
>Lefg'eQm lsg cflbslj eP <

k|f=r"8fgfy e/fo
>L efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] ljljw kIfdf ljfgxn]
k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\. pgsf] ;flxlTos s[ltaf6 Ps Ps
kIfnfO{ s]nfP/ x]/L To; a]nfsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{
klg cWoog ug]{ 7"nf] ;fwg km]nf kg{ ;Qm5. t/ To:tf
JolQm lsg cg'jfb tkm{ df]l8P eGg] s'/fnfO{ ln+bf gfdsf]
ef]s / hgtfsf] wfld{s kIfnfO{ cFufNbf Jofkstf cfpg]
nf]e ;+j/0f u/L n]v] eg]/ Psyl/n] eGg vf]hs
] f] klg 5.
jf:tjdf of] /fdfo0fn] ljifoj:t' dfq /fdfo0faf6 lnPsf]
df}lns /fli6otfnfO{ lnO{ cfg} kf/fn] n]vs
] f] d}n] km]nf kf/]+. hLjgsf] kIfnfO{
s]Gb|laGb' agfpg] efg'eQm vfln wfld{s k|j[lQnfO{ d'Vok lbg] vfnsf lyPgg\.
efg'eQmn] cfWofTd /fdfo0fnfO{ x'ax' cg'jfb u/]gg\. k|foM :t'lt c+znfO{ pgn]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
65
cfgf] cg'jfbdf :yfg lbPsf] 5}g. o;/L pgn] hghLjgnfO{ Ps cfbz{ rl/qlt/
8f]/fpg /fd;LtfnfO{ cl3 ;f/].
x'g t eQm efg'eQm gf6sdf >L ;dHo"n] >L k|wfg ;]gfklt s[i0faxfb'/nfO{
/fdfo0f ;dk{0f ug{ gkfPsf]df pgnfO{ vf]k k/]sf] lyof] h:tf] kf/L n]Vg'ePsf]
5. k/Gt' efg'eQm To;/L bf;Tj dgf]j[lQn] xLgtfef; ePsf] dflg; lyPgg\.
lsgeg] k};fs} a9\tf dxTj rfx]sf eP >L # dxf/fh haxfb'/ dxf/fhn] klg
Tof] a]nf g]kfnnfO{ cfgf] 7"nf] bAbafdf /fv]sf lyP. oxfF ef]6 / nvgp u/L
ef]6nfO{ s/ lng] / gofF d'n's hf]g{] sfd u/]sf eg]/ ;a} /fhLv'zL ePs} a]nfdf
klg pgnfO{ g5fg]/ /fdnfO{ 5fGg' efg'eQmsf] b[li6sf] b"/blz{tfnfO{ dfGg'k5{.
kl5 xfd|f ;flxlTos dfGotfn] wL/f]bfQ gfos kfpg 5f8\of]. To;}n] ;+:s[t
;flxTodf k|foM /fd g} JolQmTjo'Qm k'?if eP. pgsf] pbfx/0f ;a}df nfUg ;Sg]
eof] /fd h:tf /fhf, /fd h:tf afa', /fd h:tf 5f]/f, /fd h:tf klt, /fdh:tf
bfHo", /fd h:tf dLt, /fdh:tf jL/ OToflb /fd /fd x'Fb} ;flxlTos lIflth
rlDsof]. olb >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxb]jsf ;dsfnLg slj ePsf eP logn]
cjZo g} rl/q gfos >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ 5fGy] eGg ;lsG5. ;+ejtM
pgsf] ;do ;Dd Tof] /fli6o rl/q gfos >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k|efjdf
pTsif{ ylkgfsf] ;f6f] /fdsf] k|efjsf] pTsif{ aGb} uPsf] em}+ lyof]. To;}n] pgL
/fdsf] hLjgkIfnfO{ /fli6o k lbP/ n]Vg yfn]. oxfF jf:tjdf /fhf/fd, >L %
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\. To;}n] pgn] >L dxfdfTo / >L k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] dlxdfdf sfJo /r]gg\. clg pgnfO{ ;dk{0f ug]{ s'/f /xFb}g / ;dk{0f
t emg\ d[To' pk/fGt x'g]xFb' f pgsf] cx+TjnfO{ 7]; nufO{ To;f] n]Vg ldNg]
b]lvb}g.
pgn] cg'jfb ubf{ sxL+ afNdLls /fdfo0faf6 lnPsf], sxL+ eg] cWofTd
/fdfo0fnfO{ l6k]/ cfk}mn
+ ] kmdf{P/ j0f{g u/]sf], sxL+ cfg} kf/fn] g]kfnL hghLjgsf]
kIf lnPsf] kfOG5. oL ;f/f pbfx/0fx d}n] k|ult df w]/} cl3 n]v]/ bzf{Psf]
5'. oxfF k'g?lQm ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g. t/ oxfF d]/f] eGg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg]
efg'eQm /fdfo0fnfO{ cg'lbt dfq egL d dfGg tof/ 5}g. pgsf] /fduLtf
5fofg'jfb g} lsg gxf];\ t}klg pgn] lem+uf6xf; u/L cWofTd/fdfo0fnfO{ cg'jfb
u/]sf xf]Ogg\. o;n] csf]{ k|Zg km}NofpF5 eg] pgLn] 5fofg'jfb ug{ c;dy{ eP/
o;f] u/]sf] kf] xf] ls < eGg] t/ To;f] egf}+ eg] h;n] /fduLtf cg'jfb uof]
To;nfO{ c? efu 5fofg'jfb ug{ ufx|f] eof] xf]nf eGg] s'/f dfGg ;lsGg.
;'Gb/sf08 jf:tjdf ;'Gb/ pgs} ylkPsf sljtfn] ag]sf] 5 g]kfnL /fdfo0fdf
eGg' cTo'lQm x'bF }g.
pgLkl5 Tof] ;/n kdf sljtf n]Vg] JolQm g} ufpF 3/n] kfPg.
g]kfnL kfvfkj{t ToxL k'/fgf] Znf]s d} cfh /dfPsf] 5. b'lgofFsf] dgsf]
efj a'em]/ sljtf n]vL g]kfnL efiffnfO{ hgtfdf k|rf/ ug]{ pmeGbf ;zQm
n]vs hGd]sf] 5}g.. log} u'0fn] pgL xfd|f cflbslj ePsf 5g\. pgLeGbf
cl3 sljtf gn]v]/ klxnf] sljtfdfly s}n] snd rf]k] eg]/ s;}n] eg]sf]
5}g. cflbslj x'gnfO{ s'g} nIf0f ug'{kg]{ xf]Og hgtfn] pgnfO{ cflbsljsf]
66
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
bhf{ lbof] afNdLlsnfO{ cflb sljsf] j/bfg ldn] em}+ eof]. o;df pgLeGbf
csf]{ ToxL ;dsIf of Tof] eGbf a9Ls} n]vssf] s[lt km]nf k/]klg cj Tof]
df}sf u'lh|;Sof]. hg ;dIf Tolt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6\g] p;sf lbg
lalt;s]. To;}x'Fbf xfd|f logL cflb slj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] Tof] kb ;bf
lr/:yfoL aGg uof]. vf]h ljifon] of] eGbf cl3 n]lvPsf s[lt kfOPdf klg
efiffsf] jt{dfg k|jfxdf Tolt kr]/ hgtfdf Jofks x'g} Tof] ;lQm}g.
efg'eQmn] h]7f] v'F8f xfg] xfg].
o;/L cfgf] hLjg g} efiff ejfgLsf] ;]jfdf latfP/, h;n] /fi6nfO{ Tolt
dL7f] dxfsfJo lbof] Tof] dxfk'?ifsf] :yfg g]kfnLsf] tf]t]af]nL km'6\bf ;fy}
g]kfnLnfO{ a'g ;Sg] sfJo k|bfg ug'{df dfq} xf]Og ls g]kfnL efiff Ps s/f]8sf]
/fi6efiff x'g] h;n] ;fwgf u/]/ k|f0f k|lti7f uof] Tof] JolQm cflbslj eGgdf s'g}
k|Zg afFsL /xFb}g. sljtf eGg] oL eGbf cl3klg n]lvPsf 5g\ ltgsf n]vs
k|frLg sljdf btf{ x'G5g\ eG7fG5'.
[;':s]/f, efg' ljz]iff, jif{ ! c+s @, @)@& sflt{s]
efg'eQmsf] z}nL
>L afns[i0f ;d, sf7df8f}+
leGg?lrlx{ nf]sM s'g} ljifonfO{ klg k|To]s JolQm
JolQmut b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf]{/x]5. tTj+ lglxt+ u'xfofd\
eGf]h:t} ;To j:t' jf oyfy{ j:t' Psflt/ s'gfdf /xG5,
k|foM c;To j:t' k|sflzt x'G5g\, lsgeg] :jfyL{ dflg;
s'g} s'/f lnP/ cfgf] :jfy{ k6fpg vf]Hb5. efg'eQmnfO{
lnpmF M pgL 7"nf] slj xf]Ogg\, pgL cflbslj klg xf]Ogg\,
t/ pgL h'g s'/fdf ;j{>]i7 5g\ To; s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L
cf}+NofOPsf] 5}g eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5. xfdL efg'eQmsf]
;'j0f{ k|ltdf 78\ofpg ;Qm5f}+, To;sf] jl/kl/ s/f]8f}+
?lkofFsf] kfs{ agfP/ cg]s k|f]kUofG8f ug{ ;Qm5f}+, t/ pgL Tolt 7"nf x'g\
eGgfnfO{ k/b]zLnfO{ b]vfpg xfdL;Fu s] ;fwg 5 < s] cWofTd /fdfo0fsf]
;dl/ s;]sf] k':ts /fdfo0f < To;df pgsf] b]g s] 5 < pgs} ;dodf
pgLeGbf w]/} 7"nf slj / ljfg g]kfndf lyP, tL s'nrGb|eGbf d"s eP/ d/].
csf]{ < s] efg'eQmn] pxL yf]qf] wd{ k|rf/ u/]z"b|fbL t tkl:j xf]O/xgg\
a|fDx0f ;/Lsf a clg 7"nf] g/s gf/L g} x'g\ eGg] ck|ultzLn s/kGyL
efjgf lnP/ pgL xfd|f] k"Ho ag]sf x'g\ < cyjf xfdLn] g]kfnL efiffsf jL/ k"hf
ug{ kfPgf}+ eg]/ ykgf ul/Psf d"lt{ x'g\ < pgn] g]kfnL efiff k|rf/ u/] eg"F eg]
klg Tof] h; df]tL/fdnfO{ hfG5oL ;a s'/f 5g\.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
67
t/ pgL d]/f] b[li6df Ps} ljifodf ;j{>]i6 5g\z}nLdf,efiffz}nL

df. ha ljb]zLx dl;t efg'eQmsf] dxTj ;f]45g\ d}n] oxL eGg] u/]sf] 5'
g]kfnL efiffdf Tolt dL7f] clwsf/ cfh;Dd s;}sf] ePg, n]vgfyn] ;+:s[tsf]
z/0f k/]/ klg, zDe'k|;fbn] kmf/;Lsf] e/ k/]/ klg efg'eQmsf] :yfg lng
;s]gg\. xfdL ;a n]vgfyLo z}nLsf cg'ofoLn] kl08tsf] efiffdf g]kfnLnfO{
9fNb} uof}+. b]jsf]6fn] zfs'Gtndf efiffk|bz{gL u/], t/ efg'eQm w|'jtf/f em}+
crn /x] To;}n] d eG5' efg'eQm s]xL xf]Ogg\g]kfnL efiffsf k/dfTdf x'g\.
slj xf]d/sf] ljifodf elgG5 Tof] cg'jfb x'g ;Qm}g. t}klg xf]d/ u|Lsz}nL /
efiff 5f8]/ klg dxfg\ slj x'g\. pgsf syf / efj cg'jfb ul/Ps}af6 klg
xfdL pgLnfO{ 7"nf eGg ;Qm5f}+. t/ cg'jfb x'g] c;Dej s'g} Ps slj 5g\
eg] efg'eQm pgsf] cg'jfb ug'{ pgsf] xTof ug'{ xf]. Ps\ lbg\ gf/bb]lv
;a ;xh\ kf/ t5{g\;Dd sljn] s;/L n]v] Tof] cfZro{sf] 5. pgL ;Fw} gofF
5g\, pgL xfd|f dg x'g\t/ s]jn efiffz}nLdf. To;}n] hf] g]kfnL efiff a'b}g
p;nfO{ xfdL s]jn olt eGg ;Qm5f}+ ls efg' cToGt dL7f 5g\, t/ ltdLnfO{
rvfpg ;Qm}gf}+ hxfF;Dd ltdL xfd|f] efiffsf] cfTdf ;+emg ;Qm}gf]. xfdL
s;/L cg'jfb u/]/ ;+emfpg ;Qm5f}+ <
k|ftM sfn\ ef] h;} tf pl7sg lt ;a} bz\lbzf nflu hfG5g\,
68
aGw"sf] ; o:tf] a'lemsg u'l0fn] b'Mv ;'v\ Ps dfG5g\.

jrg\ ;'Gbf d'5f{ kl/sg p7fsL 5Flb txfF=====.
;+;f/L d lyofF a8f] x'g uofF bz{g\ ldn]Yof] h;}.
rf]/L dfl/ln+bf g oz\ x'guof] df;" g vfg" eof].
wdf{Tdf ltld kflk em}+ x'guof} Hofg\ Joy{ d]/f] uof]..
Vjfldt\ xh"sf]{ d t bf; kf] x"F,
of] /fHo ugf{sg of]Uo sf] x"F <
jf0f\ aH/of] ha aflnsf bodf ;jf{ jfwf u/L.
k[YjL sDk u/fO em6\ tlx+ lu/f afnL t d"5f{ k/L..
;fDg] e}sg jf0f 5f]l8 ltldn] dfYof}{ t v'a\ oz\ lyof],
;'lu|j xf] slt ;fv\ dx'F slt s';fv\ xf b}j Sof dg\ lbof].
df/Lb]p dnfO hfG5' d kgL d]/f ktLsf ;Fu}.
d lgTo} cfTdf x"F z/L/x x'g\ rf/ 3l8sf
ljrfdf{ l6St}gg\ ljifo klg 5g\ :jKg ;l/sf.
egL hfGof hGn] b[9 ul/lnof elQm/;n]
g la:of{ O{ d}n] olt slx lbofF k|Lltjzn]..
x] ;Lt]] s;/L db]lv k/ e} a:5of} ltdL 5f} sxfF.
df/L xfNg t of]Uo 5}g t/ v'a\ r]tfO cfpm oxfF.
dg"{ cfh lgsf] eg]/ lt/df afg/\ a:of ;a\ txL+
k[YjLdf gldlng\ l;tf g hndf hfGof 5 af6f] st}
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
hfxfF b]x 5 tflx+ b'Mv 5 lrGXof ;fFrf s'/f x'g\ egL.

t5"{ Iff/ ;d'b| cfh ;xh} eGGof O/fbf w/L.
km]/\ b"O{ ;o sf];\ d'v} ha ul/g\ c+u'i6 em}+ e} k:of.
==========lgGofp/L g t skfn\ sf]/fls ;a\ s]z p;}.
nf dfq u/fls vfln e'lddf Fb} a:ofsL o;}.
e|d\ xf] eg"F klg eGof ;a r]t\ 5 d]/f
:jKgf s;f]ul/ eg"F lgb 5}g d]/f.
h]g\ s]g\ z/L/ dlxgf b'O tf d w5"{
tfxfF k5L t ltld lgZro hfg d5'{.
d}dfyL t bof s;f] x'g uof]=====eof] of] klg.
/fd\nfO{ agjf;\ e/t\sg /hfO{+ dfU5" d rfF8f] uO{.
tsf{/L e'6 'jf agfpg' c;n\ dL7f d;fnf w/L.
3/klg ;'gs} 5g\ ulNn hf] 5g\ ;'g}sf.
clt c;n a3}+rf Sfg d}bfg\ agfof].
l/;\ km]5{g\ e';'gf eg]/ xg'dfg\ r'Krfk nfuL uof.
Ps\ rf]6\ xfg\ tF kgL dnfO d kgL km]/\ xfG5' 5ftL dxfF.
afFr'~Hofn\ l/; x'G5 zq'l;tsf] P]Nx] d/L of] uof].
o;/L pb\w[t ug{ nfu] t ;d:t /fdfo0f} ptfg'{k5{. logsf] cg'jfbn]

xfdL efg'eQmnfO{ s;/L lrGxfpg ;Qm5f}+. pgLk|lt d]/f] JolQmut ljrf/
5.
[l6Kk0fL of] n]v jf:tjdf >L afns[i0f ;dn] tfM !^ efb| -z'qmaf/_
@)!* df >L hut 5]qLnfO{ n]Vg'ePsf] kqsf] s]xL c+z x'g\. kq cToGt rfv
nfUbf] ePsf]n] of] oxfF /fVg] sfd ePsf] xf].;Dkfbs d08nL]
=====efg'eQm hoGtL bfhL{lndf w"dwfdn] dgfPsf] ;'Gbf oxfFsf ;flxlTos

nlHht eP, lsgeg] xfdLn] dgfPsf] hoGtLdf o;kfnf w]/} yf]/} ;flxlTos hDdf
eP. Pp6fsf] cfFvf b'Vof] xf]nf, Pp6fsf] v'f, t/ ToxL lbg w]/}sf] Ps}rf]l6 lsg
sfg b'Vof] cfZro{ 5. of] t d}n] plxn]b]lv eGb} cfPsf] x'Fefg'sf] k|ltdf
bfhL{lndf gag]sf] eP sf7df8f}+df s'lGg===.
afns[i0f ;d,
@)!*, efb| !^
[>L hut 5]qLnfO{ n]Vg'ePsf] kqaf6 p4[t;=d=.]
cfiff9, @)@^]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
69
-:qL / kTgLsf] e"ldsf_
efg'eQmsf] /rgfdf ;fdflhs lzIff

8f=sdnf ;f+sT[ ofog
cfrfo{ efg'eQmsf] dxfg /rgf /fdfo0f xf]. t/
pgn] g]kfnL :qL;dfhsf lglDt klg aw"lzIff / s]xL
:km"6 sljtfxsf] kdf sf]zn
] L k|bfg u/]sf 5g\. x'g tf
cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rsxn] gjLg b[li6sf]0ff/f ;dLIff ubf{
aw"lzIffnfO{ ;fwf/0f /rgf 3f]lift u/]sf 5g\. pgLxn]
s'gk} lg ;flxTosf/sf] s[ltsf] d"Nofg ubf{ pgn] ef]us
] f
;fdflhs cyf{t\ tTsfnLg kl/j]znfO{ klg Wofgdf /fVgkb{5.
jt{dfg ;dodf klg g]kfn b]zsf s]xL k|l;4 zx/x
afx]s u|fdlgjf;Lxdf ;fdflhs k|ultsf] ult cem ;fdfGo g} 5 eg] emg\ ut
ztfAbLsf] g]kfnLsf] u|fdL0f hghLjgsf] cj:yf s'g :t/df lyof] xf]nf To;sf]
sNkgf ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5. efg'eQmsf kfnfsf 7]6 g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cl:tTj t
cem} klg g]kfnsf ufpFxlt/ kfOG5. ut ztfAbLsf] ef/tsf] cj:yf klg t ;fx|}
ultnf] :t/sf] lyPg. o; b]zsf ;'wf/jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] ;"qkft /fhf
/fdddf]xg/fof/f eO;s]sf] lyof]. pgn] cfgf] cys kl/>d b[9 ljZjf;n]
ef/tdf ;tL k|yf aGb u/fpg !*@( O{d+ f ;kmntf kfPsf x'g\ . ef/tb]lv xhf/f}+
lsnf]ld6/ b'ud
{ kfj{To e"lddf lgjf; ug]{ / ;fdfGo ;fwg ePsf efg'eQmn] cflv/
ef/tdf eO;s]sf] ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf ;dfrf/xb]lv s;/L kl/ro kfpg ;Sy] <
o;}sf/0f !*@( O{=+ df ef/tdf ;tL k|yf aGb eO;s]tfklg efg'eQmn] n]v]
;f}tfsf] l/; ug'{ kfk\ 5 ax't} b"j} Ps}sf klt.

dbf{df klg hfg'k5{ h;n] dLn]/ ;+u} ;lt..
pQm k+l+ Stxf/f tTsfnLg g]kfndf rln/x]sf] ;tL k|yfsf] ;dy{g b]lvG5. ;fy}
;f}tfsf] l/; ug'{ kfk 5 eGgfn] klg sljn] ax'kTgL ljjfxsf] ;dy{g u/]sf] a'lemG5.
aw"lzIff sljsf] Pp6f cfsl:ds /rgf xf]. o; /rgfnfO{ tof/ kfg]{
k|]/0ff slj efg'eQmn] ldq tf/fkltsf 3/df cfwf /ftdf rn]sf] ;f;' a'xf/Lsf]
snxaf6 kfP. o; s[ltdf efg'eQmn] ;f;'sf] ;dy{g ub}{ a'xf/LnfO{ ;/n
lx;fan] lzIff lbPsf 5g\. aw"lzIff n]Vg] sljsf] oxL p2]Zo b]lvG5:qLx
klg k9\g]k9fpg ;Sg] xf]pmg\ ;dodf st{JoRo't gxf]pg\, ;fy} kltk/fo0f ;x
u[x:y hLjgnfO{ zflGtk"j{s lgjf{x ug\ eg]/ u[xnIdLxnfO{ lzIff lbPsf x'g\ .
o; k':tsdf g]kfnL aw"xnfO{ a8f] ;/n lx;fan] lzIff lbOPsf] 5. x'g t
clxn]sf] o'udf o; k|sf/sf] gf/L lzIff pko'Qm b]lvb}g. t/ ;do sfn /
kl/l:ylt cg';f/ of] lzIff To; sfnsf nflu pko'Qm g} lyof]. ut ztfAbLsf]
s[lt x'gfn] xfdLn] jt{dfg o'usf] b[li6sf]0f lnP/ To;sf] d"Nofg ug{ plrt
x'Fbg} , o;f] ugf{n] xfd|f] sljk|lt cGofo x'g]5. aw" eGgfn] sljn] oxfF ;Dk"0f{ gf/L
70
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
hfltnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ / 3/nfO{ gf/L hfltn] g} :ju{ agfpF5g\, ;'v / ;d[l4
Nofpg klg gf/Ln] g} ;St5g\ eGg] s'/f]df sljsf] ljZjf; 5. Pp6L u[lx0fLsf]
h'g pQ/bfloTj 5 o;sf] st{Jo cst{Jo k|lt sljn] ;d:t gf/L hfltnfO{ ;r]i6
u/fPsf 5g\. s'g} klg ;fdflhs kl/jf/df Pp6L aw"sf] sqf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5,
To;}sf] rrf{ sljn] u/]sf 5g\. o;/L xfd|f sljn] gf/Lsf] ;Ddfg g} u/]sf 5g\,
lt/:sf/ xf]Og.
tf/fklt a|fXd0fLsL kTgL / a'xf/LnfO{ cfrfo{ efg'eQmn] ufpF3/sf] rng
cg';f/ / Aojxf/ cg';f/ h'g k|sf/sf] dof{bfjfbsf] lzIff lbPsf 5g\ Tof]
cfw'lgs kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf cfbz{leq x'ls{Psf xfd|f gjo'jtLxnfO{ s6' /
;+sL0f{ nfu]tfklg of] cGo gf/Lxn] ?rfpg] s'/f] xf]. efg'sf] aw"lzIffn] cfgf]
hftLo ;+:s[ltsf] dof{bf a'emfpF5. g]kfnL kxf8L u[x:yLdf a'xf/Lxaf6 o:t}
Aojxf/sf] ck]Iff cfhklg ul/G5 / ha;Dd xfd|f] ;fdflhs hLjgdf cfd"n
kl/jt{g x'bF }g ta;Dd efg'eQmsf] o; Aojxf/k"0f{ dof{bfjfbL b[li6sf]0fdf s]xL
cGt/ cfpg]5}g.
cfhsf gf/Lx k|Zg ub{5g\efg'eQmn] tf/fkltsf 3/df dlRrPsf] emu8fdf
;f;'sf] bf]if rflx+ lsg b]vg] g\ < ;f;'a'xf/Lsf] emu8fdf ;f;'sf] klg s]xL s;"/ t
x'gk' 5{, gq eg] emu8f Toqf] lsg a9\g] lyof] < aw"ju{nfO{ dfq} lzIff lbg], ;f;'ju{n]
a'xf/Ll;t s:tf] k|sf/sf] Aojxf/ ug'k{ 5{, a'xf/LnfO{ 3/sL 5f]/Lsf] kdf g} ;f;'n]
dflglnP s] v]/f] hfg] lyof] / < cflv/df a'xf/L klg t s'g} dftflktfsL clt Kof/L
5f]/L xf], s] a'xf/L x'bF d} f pm 5f]/Lsf] kbb]lv al~rt eOxfNg] <
;f;' / a'xf/Lsf] emu8f g]kfn b]zdf dfq xf]Og cGo b]zxdf nufot
ef/tdf klg k|rlnt 5. xf], zx/L xfjf nfu]sf 5f]/fx cfgL cfdf / kTgLsf]
emu8fsf] Pp6} km};nf ub{5g\leGg} u[x:yL a;fP/. g]kfnsf zx/xlt/ klg
o:t} k|sf/sf] Joj:yf k|foM :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5. o;f] x'bF f xfd|f] h'g ;+o'Qm k|yf
lyof] Tof] eTsb} uO/x]5 t/ g]kfn zx/b]lv 6f9f 6f9f a;]sf u|fdL0fxdf
;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] k|yf cem 5Fb}5. w]/} ;b:ox ePsf kl/jf/sL a'xf/Ldfly sqf]
lhDd]jf/L cfOkb{5, To;sf] :ki6 lrq0f efg'eQmsf] aw"lzIffdf kfOG5.
aw"lzIff n]Vg] sljn] cfgf] s[ltdf aw"xnfO{ dfq pkb]z lbPgg\ t/
xfdLxsf] hLjgdf cfl>t dof{bfk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] k|/] 0ffn] xfd|f] ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{
klg pf]wg u/]sf 5g\. pbfx/0fsf nflu:qL hfltnfO{ klta|tf eO{ wd{ kfng
ug]{ pkb]z w]/} g} lbOPsf] 5. Ps k|sf/n] of] /fd|} ctL{ xf], t/ nf]Ug] dfG5]sf]
lg/+sz
' tf / dgdfgL :jefj k|lt s]xL klg la/f]w gu/L pgLxn] ug]{ ax'lajfxsf]
cGofocTofrf/nfO{ klg efg'eQmn] ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\, Tof] cjZo gf/LnfO{
g;'xfpFbf] s'/f] xf]. nf]Ug] dflg;sf] o; cGofok|lt lj/f]w gu/L :jf:gL dflg;xn]
r'k nfu]/ a:gfn] x'g tf 3/sf] zflGt l:y/ g} /xG5, t/ gf/L hfu[lt / k|ultsf]
lbzfdf t o;n] ;/f;/ afwf lbP/ ;dfhsf] ljsf; / k|ultsf] af6f] /f]St5.
k':tssf] csf]{ Ps :yfgdf efg'eQmn] gf/LnfO{ xfF:g];Dd klg clwsf/
lbPsf 5}gg\. xfF:g' t dfgjsf] Pp6f k|sl[ tf/f k|bQ u'0f xf] o; g};uL{o
u'0fdfly klg sljn] s]xL c+s'z nufPsf 5g\. aw"lzIffdf g} sljn] gf/LxnfO{
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
71
c;n agfpg] lrGtg u/]/ klg pgLxnfO{ dfly p7fpg] efjgf / s]xL :jtGqtf
lbg] pbf/tf b]vfPgg\. o; k|sf/ gf/LnfO{ s]xL ljz]if clwsf/x glb+bf ;dfhdf
ljsf; cfpFb}g. xfF:g] s'/fdf gf/L hfltnfO{ c+s'z nfpFb} pgn] n]v]sf 5g\
xfF:g" 5}g sbflk gf/Lx?n] a]Zof x'Gof xfF:t5g\.

a]Zof nf} gxpg\ tyflk 3/sf] sfd\ tL ;a} gf:t5g\.
PSn} xfF:g x'Fb}g sf]lx geO{ csf]{ ;+u} ef] h;}.
xfF:t}df lbg hfG5 o]lx l/tn] ;a\ sfd laTb5g\ h;}.
aw" lzIffdf lbOPsf] pQm Znf]s n]Vg] klg sljnfO{ Pp6f sf/0f k/]sf]
lyof]. sljn] cfgL wd{kTgLn] pgsf] ;fd' xfFl;lb+bf pgn] o; Znf]sdf kTgLnfO{
v;fn]/ eg]sf 5g\. cfgL wd{kTgLdfly g} pgsf] o:tf] lgo+q0f lyof] eg] cGo
gf/Lxk|lt s] pgL g/d x'g ;Sy] < t/ sljnfO{ xfdLn] s]xL g;f]rL, g;DemL
bf]if lbg plrt x'bF g} . ef/tsf k|l;4 slj uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;n] t emg\ gf/Lxk|lt
slt tLtf] km};nf lbP/ uPsf 5g\
9f]n, uFjf/, z"b|, kz', gf/L.

o] ;a tf8gs] clwsf/L..
t/ t'n;Ln] o:tf] k+lSt n]v] eg]/ xfdLn] cfw'lgs b[li6sf]0fn] sljsf]

lt/:sf/ ug'{xFb' g} . sf/0f sljn] ef]us
] f] oyfy{ / kl/l:yltk|lt klg xfd|f] b[li6
hfg}k5{.
efg'eQmsf cGo km"6s/ sljtfx x]bf{ sljnfO{ /l;ssf] kdf klg lrGg
;lsG5. g]kfnL gf/Lxsf] k'ikk]d
| sf] emns pgsf] sflGtk'/L gfds sljtfdf
kfOG5M
rknf canfx Ps\ ;' / df.

u'gs]; l/sf] km"n nL lz/df..
lx8Gof ;lv nLsg cf] l/k/L.
cd/fjlt sflGtk'/ L gu/L..
cfh klg g]kfnL :qLx cfkm"nfO{ l;+ufg{ cfgf] OR5fn] dgkbf]{ km"n l6k]/
skfndf nufpFb5g\. emg\ efg'eQmsf] kfnfdf t?0fLx t slt zf}lsg lyP
xf]nfg\ o:tf /d0fLo k'ikk|]dn] efg'eQm klg rlst\ ePsf lyP.
efg'eQmsf km'6s/ /rgfxdf h'g efjgf, ljrf/ / k|Zgx 5g\ tL d"ntM
g]kfnLxsf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf eGbf k[ys 5}gg\. of] ;fFrf] xf] ls cfh uhfw/
;f]tLsL 3/a"8L h:tf gf/Lx 5}gg\. uhfw/ ;f]tLsL 3/a"8Lsf] k|;+u lnP/
sltko ;Hhgxn] efg'sf] k|ltjfb ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\. t/ :ki6jfbL slj cfgf
efjgfxnfO{ dg}df ufF7f] kf/]/ /fVg} ;St}gy] gf/Lk|lt s6' efjgf lnP/ pgn]
o:tf] n]]vs
] f] sbflk xf]Og.
gf}hjfg l76fl76Lxn] s'g} g s'g} a"8Lsf] sr\sr\ cjZog} ;'g]sf 5g\
xf]nf. efg'eQmn] cfgf /rgfxdf sbflrt\ klxnf] k6s o:tf] rf]6\ nufPsf
5g\uhfw/sL kTgLdfly s6'zAb eg]/. o; k|;+uaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5To; o'udf
a[4 ;f;'xnfO{ cfgf t?0fL a'xf/Lxsf] slt lrGtf x'GYof]. ljz]if u/L 3/df
k'?if ;b:o gePsf] a]nf s'g} tGb]/L cltly cfOlbgfn] a[4fnfO{ x'g;Ddsf] lrGtf
72
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
k/]sf] lyof]. ss{z a"8Ln] x'g t a'xf/Lk|ltsf] cfgf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfngf ul/g\,
t/ cltlysf] dgdf rf]6\ k'ofP/ uOg\.
gf/LnfO{ t sljn] s]xL eGg} ;s]gg\ t/ uhfw/ ;f]tLnfO{ n]v/] lbPsf]
sljtfdf sljn] ss{zf gf/Lxsf] s6' cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\.
[efg' :dfl/sf ljz]iff, ;Dat\ @)#&#* -;g\ !(*!_, k|sfzs >L lv/f]b
d]uL. efg' hGd hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, d+ug, pQ/ l;lSsd]
aw"lzIff leqsf efg'eQm

>L s[i0f k|;fb e/fO{, bflh{ln\
g]kfnL ;flxTodf efg'eQmsf s[ltxdWo] aw"lzIffsf] ;a}eGbf a];L pk]Iff
b]lvG5. slt tf aw"lzIff eGgf;fy gfs v'DrfpF5g\. aw"lzIffdf efg'eQmn]
gf/LnfO{ ;fx|} x]o b[li6n] x]/s
] f 5g\ eg]/ slt eG5g\. t/ oL ;a} bf]iff/f]k0f cfg}
l/Qmtfsf] kl/rfos h:tf] nfU5. aw" sf] xf] clg g]kfnL ;+;f/df o;sf] s'g
:yfg 5 To;nfO{ cWoog gu/L eGg' cfg} x]Nrs|fOFsf] k'li6 ug'{ xf].
;fwf/0ftM efg'eQmnfO{ aw"lzIffdf bf]if nfpgfsf sf/0f / cfwf/ log} x'g\ M
-!_ ;f] O{Zj/ klt x'g\ eg]/ kl5 Tf] eQmL ktLdf wg\ eg]/ kltnfO{
O{Zj/ agfO{ :qLnfO{ bf;L agfPsf] 5 eGg],
-@_ cN;L b"/ u/]/ gfl/xn] yfGsf] / dfGsf] u/L eg]/ gf/LnfO{ ;f/f
3/sf] a'xft{gn] lylrPsf] 5 eGg], /
-#_ xfF:g" 5}g sbflk gfl/xn] j]Zof x'g] xfF:t5g\ eg]/ xfF:g] af]Ng]
h:tf hGdl;4 clg k|fs[lts clwsf/af6 klg gf/LnfO{ jl~rt ug{ vf]lhPsf]
5 eGg].
o;/L ;f]emf] bf]if x]g{n
] fO{ eg] oxfF k|z:t 7fpFx km]nf k/]sf 5g\. cfh
klZrd dfq} k9\g]xn] g]kfnL hutdf :qL :jt+qtfsf] gf/f klg lbG5g\. g]kfnL
gf/L s'g wd{, hflt / ;+:s[ltdf x's]{sf 5g\ clg ltgLx jf:tjdf :jt+q 5g\
ls 5}gg\, cflbsf] Vofn eg] cfhsf ;dfnf]rsdf k|foM x/fpFb} uPsf] b]lvG5.
pgLxsf] x/]s ;dfnf]rgf klZrdsf] rZdf zlQmn] dfq x'G5. sltsf 5Fbf
vfFbfsf cfFvf klg cgfjZos j}1flgs clg cfw'lgs aGg] km]zgn] laufl/Psf
5g\. Pp6f ;dfnf]rgfdf klZrdL pb\wt[ k+lQmsf tfFtL 5'65
\ g\. o;f] x'g' x'Gg
eGg] xf]Og t/ o;df cfgf lghL dfGotf / ljrf/ df:g' c;fWo} clk|o s'/f] xf].
rfx] Unf;n] xf];\ rfx] km'nf]n] xf];\ o;df xfd|f] b[li6 bf]if x'g gkfcf];\ . :j:Yf
g]q /fVg ;s], clg To;}n] x]g{ ;s] xfdL xfd|f gf/LnfO{ 5n{ b]Vg klg ;S5f}+ .
xfd|f gf/L ;Fw} :jt+q 5g\ s'g} o'udf klg bf;Tjn] lslrPsf 5}gg\. o; s'/fdf
eg] xfdL cfhsf h'g;'s} ljsl;t b]zl;t klg kf}+7] hf]/L v]Ng ;S5f}+. u/LaL /
;fdGtsfnLg\ zf;gn] p;sf] ljsf;df efFhf] k/]/ sli6t ePklg g]kfnL gf/Ldf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
73
l5d]sL cGo hfltsf gf/Ldf em}+ kbf{k|yf 5}g. ctLt em}+ g]kfnL jL/fgfnfO{
cfh o'4 If]qdf k'?if;Fu s'd hf]8]/ le8\g] df}sf gldn] klg cfgf] b'Mv ;'vsf]
hLjg ;+3if{df k'?ifsf] bfFhf] nL, 9fs/ / y'G;] af]s/] eP klg, pgLxn] cf]x|fnL
psfnL af6fsf] k|lTfof]lutfdf sd ;fdYo{ b]vfPsf 5}gg\. s]xL Jofj;flos
;'ljwf afx]s sf]7f / Sna, ljnf; / tnfsdf ;fFul' /g nfu]sf klZrdL gf/L
cfkm"nfO{ a9\tf :jtGq b]vfpF5g\ eg], k'?if;Fu} ;xefuL e} af6f] 3f6f] / v]tLaf/Lb]lv
3/jf/;Dd km'Ssf e} ug]{ / dg]{ clg ;:tf] ljnf;sf] bf;TjnfO{ l9lDsg} glbg]
gf/L pgLxeGbf cem a];L :jtGq b]lvG5g\. pTs[i6 :jtGqtfsf] cfbz{ c?n]
eGbf a9\tf g]kfnL gf/Ln] ljZjnfO{ k9fpg ;St5]. cfly{s bl/b|tfn] ubf{
g]kfnL gf/Ln] slt 7fpF v'Drg'knf{ clg o;sf] xfF;f] klg xf]nf t/ g]kfnL :qL
cfgf] :jt+qtfdf eg] slxNo} canf 5}g.
o; s'/fsf] Vofn} g/fvL cfhsf tyfslyt lzlIft xfdLx klZrd k'us
] f
5f}+. ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] zx/sf lzlIft JolQmx eGbf a];L g]kfnL u|fdL0f gf/Ln]
:qL:jtGqtfsf] cy{ a'em]sf 5g\. s'g} lgwf]{ / u/La x'FO~h]n p;sf] k|ltef
af}n7\7L b]lvP em}+ cfh ljsl;t b]zsf gf/L g]qn] o; ljz]iftfnfO{ laDnf6f]
b]Vnfg\. o;/L laDnf6f] b]Vg]n] o;sf] pN6f] v]b\g' klg s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f] xf]Og. t/
klZrdL gf/L k9\g] xfdLn] eg] ToxL 6]k l/s8{af6 g]kfnL gf/Ls]f ljj]rgf ug'{ tf
cfgf ljj]s / Gofo zlQm dfly g} cTofrf/ ug'{ xf]. xfdLn] k"j{klZrd b'j}
k9]klg cfgfsf] lg/LIf0f cfg} cfFvfn] ug{ ;Sg'k5{. sfun] sfg nUof] eGb}df
sfusf kl5kl5 bu'g'{ tf eG5f}+ t/ cfg} sfg 5fDg eg] xfdL w]/r
} f]l6 la;{G5f}+ .
o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og csf{n] eg]sf] g;'Gg' clg of] cf1} ePklg /f]lsGg, sfg x'gn
] ]
;'G5. km]l/ sfg 5 eGb}df ;'lgdfq lxF8\b5, eGg' rflxF 5}g eg] Tof] ;'gfO s] eof]
/ To:t} eGg' tf 5 t/ ToxL dfq bf]xf]l/G5 clg cfgf] rflxF 5}g eg] Tof] eGg],
cfb/ kfP klg oGq hl8t d"lt{ xf] JolQm xf]Og.
cfh xfd|f k"jL{ -ljz]if ef/t tyf g]kfnsf]_ ;flxTodf o:t} d"lt{n] 7fpF cf]u6\g
nfu]sf 5g\. kfZrfTo b]zdf j}1flgs pGgltn] cfsif{0fsf] /fFsf] afn]sf] cjZo
;To xf], t/ xfdL To; rdTsf/df b'ef{Uojz k'tnL aGg k'us
] f 5f}+ . ;fob oxL
pT;u{ cfw'lgs k"jL{o ljfg\xsf] 7"nf] xf]nf. t/ o;n] k"j{ p7\bg} t/ cem
efl;G5. e"ue{ ljwfsf] hlt;'s} ljfg ePklg a]nfotL df6f] rfv]/ g]kfnL df6f]
lrGg ;lsGgF. To:t} dgg / lrGtg gu/L uf9L /fv]sf xfd|f ljQf y'k}| 5g\ t/ sfd
nfUb}gg\. klZrdL ljrf/sf] xfdLdf olt 7"nf] eL8 nfUof], xfdLn] cfgf] ljrf/ g}
x/fof}+ . df}sf k|z:t 5 xfdL cem ;Dxflng ;S5f}+ . xfdLn] cem} xfd|f] klg cfg}
dl:tis 5, dfGotf 5, clg cfg} bo / cg'el" t 5 eGg] s'/f e'ng] f}+ eg] klZrdsf]
sf]nfxndf xfdL x/fpFbg} f}+ . clg xfdLn] cfgfnfO{ dfq xf]Og csf{nfO{ klg cfg}
cfFvfn] x]of}+ eg] dfq xfd|f] ;fFrf] x]/fO x'g5
] . o;y{ efg'eQmsf] aw"lzIff x]gn
{ fO{
klg o:t} cfFvf xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf 5g\.
ca oxfF cfP/ xfdL aw"lzIff x]g]{ l:yltdf k'Uof}+. efg'eQmsf] aw"lzIff
ldqsf 3/df n]lvPsf] xf]. /flqsf] ;do !(!( ;fn lyof]. emu8f / /8fsf]
lyof]. hxfF sfn jxfF r08fn eGg] plQm oxfF lyPg, 3/ ;DkGg} lyof]. o;
74
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
emu8fdf k'?if d'l5Psf lyPgg\, :qLd} ;Lldt lyof]. :qLx c lYfPgg\, cfg}
3/sf ;f;"a'xf/L lyP. 3/sf cfbz{ / dof{bf cltqmd ePsf lyP. 3/df kfx'gf
lyP, To;df klg cfgf cfb/0fLo ldq. ;fwf/0ftM emu8fn' kl/jf/df klg
kfx'gfkf5f cfPsf a]nf 3/n] zflGt kfpF5 t/ oxfF o; lgodsf] klg ;j{yf
pNn\3g lyof]. wd{, sQ{Jo / cfbz{sf] Vofn /fv] emu8f lgrf]l/G5 t/ oxfF
o;f] ePg. cfo{ gf/Lsf s]xL cfbz{ 5g\ t/ oxfF b]lvPgg\. of] afx'gsf] 3/fgf
lyof] t/ a|fDx0f wd{sf] 1fg lyPg. hfltn] wd{sf] u'? 3/fgf t/ of] sfo{df b]vf
k/]g. oL ;a aw"lzIff n]Vg] 7fpFsf] l:Ylt kl/l:ylt h] eGg'x'G5 ToxL xf]. ca
o:tf] l:yltdf xfdL s:tf] sfJosf] sNkgf ug{;S5f}+ <
of] aw"lzIff oyfy{tfn] hGdfPsf] xf]. Tof] o'u :qL :jtGqtfsf] lj/f]wL
lyPg. g]kfnL :qL ;Fw} / ;a} o'u :jtGq 5g\. l5d]sL ef/tdf eg] df]un
;fd|fHon] of] :jtGqtfnfO{ s}b uof]. efUojz df]un g]kfndf l9Dsg ;s]g clg
/fhg}lts :jtGqtfsf] ;fy} gf/L :jtGqtf afFr]/} /Xof]. oxL v'Nnf :jtGq
jftfj/0fdf efg'eQm klg kflnPsf lyP. To;f] x'bF f efg'eQmdf :qL:jtGqtf
lj/f]wL efjgf hGdg] s'/} cfpFbg} . Toltv]/ st} :qLnfO{ k'?ifn] ldr]/ /fv]sf lyP
ls egf}+ eg] klg tf/fklt / efg'eQm h:tf nf7] hjfgxn] klg ansf] x:tIf]k
ToxfF b]vfPgg\. km]l/ aGwgdf k/]sf] jf kftf kmsf{P/ n8fPsf] JolQmnfO{ oxL+
;'lt/fv st} klg ghf eGg] cfb]z jf lzIff lbOFbg} , lbPdf o;sf] cy{ nfUb}g cem
pN6f] xfF;f] x'G5. o:t} efg'eQmsf] aw"lzIffn] klg aGwgsL aw"nfO{ lzIff lbFbg} .
cem an k|of]unfO{ lrtfpFb} glrtfpg] aw"lzIffn] :qL :jtGqtfsf] emg\ 7f];
k|df0f lbPsf] 5. o;n] klg :ki6 u5{, aw"lzIff gf/LnfO{ nufd nufpg xf]Og,
t/ 3/df :yfoL zflGtsf] hGd lbgnfO{ xf]. aw"lzIffsf] h'g pkb]z 5, Tof] gofF
lyPg, cfg} wd{ / dof{bfnfO{ ;DemfOPsf] lyof]. aw"lzIffsf] cfbz{ kf}/fl0fs
cfbz{ xf]. clg oxL cfbz{df efg'eQmLo efjgf klg leh]sf] lyof]. efg'eQmn]
cfgf afh]af6 o:t} cfbz{ ljrf/ / lzIff kfP. aw"lzIffsL aw' em}+ pgsL cfdfn]
3/ ;Dxflng\ pgsf lktfsf] k|eT' j dfgL cfb/ ul/g\, pgsf afh]aHo"nfO{ k"Ho
7fgL ;]jf ul/g\, 3/df d]n lyof], zflGt lyof]. cfrfo{n] cfgf] 3/ kl/jf/ o:t}df
cfglGbt ePsf] b]v] . t/ ckmzf]z pgsf ldqsf 3/df eg] o:tf] lyPg.
:qL emu8fn] gf/L lzIff hGdfOof], wd{ lal;{Psf]n] wd{ ;Demfpg' kof].,
sfd 5f]8L 3/sf] dof{bf Pj+ st{Joaf6 Ro"t ePsfn] sQ{Jo af]w u/fpg'kof],
clg ;fwf/0f lzi6frf/sf] klg kl/ro gkfPsfn] lzi6frf/ k9fpg'kof]. oxL
vfFrf] lyof] clg oxL aw"lzIff f/f k"/f ul/of].
ca cl3 /fv]sf cf/f]knfO{ clnslt oxfF s]nfpmF
klxnf] cf/f]k xf] :qLnfO{ kltsL bf;L agfOof] eGg]. of] b]vfpg]sf] cfwf/
log} aw"lzIffsf k+lQmx x'g\
k|ftMsfn dxfF p7]/ klxn] Wofg\ O{Zj/}sf] ug\.

;f] O{Zj/\ klt x'g\ eg]/ kl5 Tf] eQmL ktLdf wg\..
eQmLn] klt O{Zj/} elg a'em"g\ kfpmtn}df kg\.
k"hf xf] kltsf] eg]/ 3/sf sfd\df cuf8L ;g\
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
75
of] Toltv]/sf] dfGotf xf]. cfhsf] lzIffn] cfhs} dfGotf l6k]/ lbG5.
ef]lnsf] dfGotf cfhsfxnfO{ yfxf x'Fbg} . ef]lnsf] dfGotf yfxf ePg eGb}df
jQ{dfgnfO{ x]g]{ sf]xL cfh bf]ifL 7xb}{g. o;y{ oxfF efg'eQm cfg} ;dfhsf]
dfGotf cl3 ;fbf{ bf]ifL algg ;St}gg\. kltnfO{ O{Zj/ dfGg] s'/f] kf}/fl0fs
wd{zf:qsf] xf]. ldN6g cfgf] wfld{s cfbz{ afOansf cfwf/df g} cl3 ;fg{
;S5g\, Kof/f8fOh ni6 (Paradise Lost) afOan g} 5f]P/ n]lvG5, j]b / s'/fg
;dft]/ xf]Og. efg'eQm h'g wd{df kflnPsf lyP, ToxL wd{ ;Dk|bfosf ;b:o
leq tf/fklt klg lyP. h'g wd{ ;Dk|bfodf ltgLx lyP ToxL wd{af6 pgLx
lzIff lbg] lng] ug{ ;Qmy]. oxL sfd efg'eQmn] aw"lzIff n]v]/ u/]. o;/L
klxnf] t cfgf ;dosf dfGotf l6k]sfn] pgsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 x'G5.
bf];f| ] cfg} dfGo wd{sf cfwf/df Ps} ;Dk|bfos JolQmnfO{ wfld{s lzIff
lbPsf]n] cem of] pko'Qm b]lvG5.
wfld{s lzIffsf] cfjZostf cfh tf 5 elgG5 eg] emg\ To; a]nfsf]
wd{eL ;dfhdf wd{sf] dfWodf/f lzIffnfO{ cem dxTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg
vf]Hg' cgfjZos lyof] eGg ;lsGg. h;/L sfn{dfS;{ ;a} s'/f cfly{s b[li6n]
x]g{ ?rfpFy] clg o;}nfO{ ;xL 7fGy], h;/L cfhsfnsfx j}1flgs 9sn] dfq
hf]Vg tf}ng vf]H5g\ / o;}nfO{ ;fFrf] dfG5g\ To;/L g} Toltv]/sf] ;dfhn] klg
wd{sf] Gofo / cf1fnfO{ dfq kljq, ;To / ;j{dfGo ;DemGYof]. oxL cfwf/df
clg o;} x]t'n] k|]l/t e} efg'eQmn] cfgf] aw"lzIffnfO{ wfld{s lzIffn] e/]. sf]xL
klg cfkm"n] eg]sf], lbPsf] jf n]v]sf] lzIff k|efjxLg xf];\ eGb}g. ta xfdL of]
s'/f xfd|f slj efg'eQmaf6 klg s;/L cfzf /fVg ;S5f}+ <
sljn] z'df p7\g] lalQs} O{Zj/sf] Wofg ug'{ eg]sf 5g\. s'g} wd{n] klg
O{Zj/ afx]s csf]{ k|ftM:d/0fLo atfpFb}g. oxfF klg sljn] wd{zf:q cg';f/
O{Zj/nfO{ ;j{ k|yd :yfg lbP. wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] o;df klg s'g} q'l6 b]lvGg.
csf]{ s'/f] 5, kltnfO{ O{Zj/ 7fGg' eGg]. o;sf] cy{ kltsf] cfb/ ug'{ / p;sf]
k|e'TjnfO{ u|x0f ug'{ xf]. of] s'/f tf/fkltsf] 3/df lyPg. kltsf] cwLgdf /xg]
s'/f] kf}/fl0fs lxGb" wd{n] dfq xf]Og cn] klg eG5g\. o:t} afOann] klg eG5
kTgL xf] k|ed
' f v'Ng]u/L kltxsf cwLgdf /xf]-Wives ! submit yourself into
your own husband as it is fit in the Lord-Col.3M18_ x'g tf ;a} wd{n] o;f] eg]
tfklg cfh s'g} wdf{jnDaL klg cfgf wd{zf:qsf] cf1fnfO{ kfng ug{ tof/
5}g. t/ o:t} ePklg cfgf] wd{ / wd{zf:qsf] k|z+;f ug{ eg] sf]xL c3fpFb}g.
cfhsf] of] cf8Da/ePklg lxhf]sf] Tof] l:ylt lyPg. lxhf] w]/} wd{ dfGy] t/ wd{
1fg yf]/}df lyof]. cfh wd{1fgL w]/} eP t/ cg'ofoL laln+bf 5g\. o;p;n]
lxhf]sf] / cfhsf] wfld{s l:ylt pN6f] b]lvG5. oxL s'/f]n] ldq tf/fklt / pgsf]
wd{nfO{ gfKg ;Qm5f}+. olb pgdf wd{ kfng ug]{ cf1fsfl/tf lyof] eg] klg pgdf
wd{sf] 1fg lyPg. wd{sf] 1fg eP pgn] cfgf kl/jf/nfO{ efg'eQmn] lbg'eGbf
cl3 g} 3/]n' wfld{s lzIff lbO;s]sf x'g]lyP. clg efg'eQmn] o;f] elg/xg'kg]{
klg lyPgo:n] klTg a'xf/L 5f]l/xsf] tflnd\ u/f}nf egL. x'gt lxhf]cfh
afx'g x'g]lalQs} ;+:s[t k9]sf] / hfGg] x'G5 eGg] cv08 dt 5, t/ of] ;a ;To
76
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
xf]Og. afx'gdf klg clzlIft 3/fgf y'k|} kfOG5g\. o:t} k|sf/sf g]kfnL hfg] klg
;++:s[t ghfGg] tf/fklt b]lvG5g\. ;+:s[t hfGbf x'g\ t o;df n]lvPsf] wd{ hfGg]
lyP. pQm wfld{s lzIff lognfO{ / logsf] kl/jf/nfO{ klxn] g} yfxf x'g ;s]sf]
eP emu8f e};s]klg /ftel/ rls{g] lyPg. oxfF klxnf] :yfg kltnfO{ yfxf
lyPg, To;}n] kltsf] k|e'Tj To; 3/df gePsf] b]lvof]. gqtf kltn] jf:t} gu/L
kTgL /fte/ hfu|g a:g ;'l/g] lyOgg\. zfob kltn] Tof] t'd'n o'4nfO{ /f]Sg]
k|r]i6f klg u/] xf]nfg\ t/ /f]lsPg. ldqsf cl3sf] n8fOFn] pgnfO{ cjZo
nfhdbf]{ kf/]sf] x'g'k5{. t/ o:tf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] sf08 /ftel/ rNof]. ca egf}+
o;df s] sdL lyof] < aw"lzIffsf] cfwf/df xfdL eGg ;S5f}+ cfhsf] cdf]w c:q
lj1fg eP em}+ Tolt v]/sf] z:q wd{1fg lyof]. o;}sf] ;j{yf cefj g} ljr/f
tf/fkltsf] Psdfq c;kmntfsf] sf/0f aGg uof]. k"hf xf] kltsf] eg]/ 3/sf
sfd\df cuf8L ;g\ o; k+lQmn] t efg'eQmsf] emg\ 7"nf] b"/blz{tf emNsg
hfG5. k"hf s]jn kltsf] ;]jf6xn ug'{ dfq xf]Og t/ kltsf] c;n k"hf xf]
3/sf] sfdsfh ;DxfNg'. a'xf/L laxfg} p7L 3/sf] sfddf cl3 ;/Lg eg] To;
3/sf] cj:yf s:tf] x'g hfnf Tof] t xfdL ;lhn} cg'dfg nfpg ;S5f}+. oxfF
sljsf] dgdf of] s'/f cfp5 ls kltsf] k"hf g} xf] 3/sf ;a} sfdsfh ;DxfNg'
/ laxfg} p7L ToxL sfddf nfUg', sljsf] b[li6 3/sf] ;'Joj:yfdf lyof] kltnfO{
sHofpgdf jf xf]Rofpgdf lyPg eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g hfG5.
kf}/fl0fs cfwf/df gf/Lsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wd{ kltj|tf xf]. oxL kf}/fl0fs
wd{zf:q efg'eQmsf] aw"lzIff df af]Nb5
:qLsf] wd{ ktL dtL klg ktL dGof{ avt\sf] ult.

afFr'Gh]n\ ;'v ef]u\ kgL a'lem ln+bf sf] lbG5 To;\n] hlt..
:qLsf wd{ ktL htL t c? yf]s\ b]Vb}g dg\n] /lt.
o;\ nf]s\df k/nf]sdf ;'v lbGof ;f] x]l/ hfG5g\ ;lt.. OToflb
OToflb.
of] klt dxfTDo ;a} a|fDx0f ;Dk|bfon] ;+:s[tdf kfP, k|rf/]. of] efg'eQmn]
dfq u/]gg\, ;a} wd{ hfGg] / o; wd{sf] x'Fbf] ;f]Rg]n] cfgf] wd{sf] cfbz{df
cfkm"nfO{ ;Fw} psfNg] r]i6f u/]. of] ;+s[t efiffefifL afx]s ef/tdf ljleGg
efiffefifLsf dfemdf klg k|rfl/Psf] lyof]. ToxfF kltj|tf wd{sf] k/fsfi6f ;tL
k|yfdf uP/ 6'f] nfUof]. o:t} u/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf klg aw"lzIff, 5f]/LnfO{
clt{ OToflb f/f oxL s'/f elgof]. wd{sf] Gofo ug]{ kl/l:ylt efg'eQmsf] l:Yltdf
lyPg. Gofo u/]sf] eP wfld{s ;'wf/ x'g]lyof] xf]nf t/ To;f] ePg. kltj|tfsf]
hf]8 5]qL, afx'g / g]jf/df dfq ePsf]n] o; c+zn] ;d:t g]kfnLdfly k|efj kfg{
eg] ;s]g. t/ oL hftxdf eg], kfng ug{ g;s] klg dfGotf cem} 5. zx/
ahf/sf s]xL 5]lqgL afx'gLn] nf]Ug]sf uf]8f wf]P/ r/0ffd[t vfg 5f]8]sf eP klg
ufpFdf cem} of] rng kfOG5. c lbg uf]8fsf] kfgL gvfg]n] klg ljjfxsf] lbg
wd{ljwfgcg';f/ vfg s/} nfU5. uf]8fsf] kfgL vfg] rng kltj|tf :qLdf dfq
geP/ wd{eQm k'?ifxdf klg 5. sfhlsl/of / s'g} 7"nf] wfld{s cg'i7fgdf
a|fDx0fsf kfp wf]O{ r/0ffd[t vfg] / lz/df nfpg] s'g} gf}nf] s'/f] xf]Og. o;}n]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
77
:ki6 u/fpF5 :qLnfO{ sdf/L t'NofO{ gLrtf b]vfpg efg'eQmn] of] n]vs
] f xf]Og
/x]5g\ t/ wd{ / wd{k|ltsf] >4fn] tf/fkltsL pR5[\vn kTgLsf] Jojxf/nfO{
zfGt u/fO{ cfgf] wd{ lrgfpg n]v]sf /x]5g\. efg'eQmn] dfq of] g]kfnLdf
n]v]gg\ cn] klg n]v]sf lyP eGg] >L afns[i0f kf]v/]nHo"n] jL/ k':tsfnodf
kfPsf] s'g} ;Tslj /lrt !& Znf]sL aw"lzIffn] klg k|df0f lbG5. ToxfF klg wd{
af]w u/fOPsf] 5 clg kfltj|To a8f] a'emL k'?ifsf ;]jf 6xn\df /x'g\ -Znf]s
#_ egL klt dxfTDo pEofOPsf] 5. o;/L ;a} k|sf/n] x]bf{ aw"lzIffsf] k"/f
wfld{s lzIff gf/L k|ltsf] b'ef{jgfdf g/lrP/ wd{ ;DemfO{ wd{ u/]sf] b]lvG5.
ca csf]{ nufOPsf] bf]if 5, gf/LnfO{ a'xft{gdf hf]t]/ shfOof] eGg]. of]
wd{eGbf a9\tf 3/]n' lzIff xf]. o;sf] cfwf/ xf] laxfg p7]bl] v ;f;" lgbfpGh]n;Dd
sfo{df /t x'g' eGg]. o;} k|;+udf efg'eQm n]V5g\
cN;L b"/ u/]/ gfl/xn] yfGsf] / dfGsf] u/L.

sfd\ sfd\df kl/jf/ nfo/ ljrf/\ ub}{/x"g\ lbg\ e/L..
wfuf alQ ;d]t sflt 6k/L b"gf af]xf]tf klg.
l;Gsf ;fkm lr/]/ /fvg' cgL rflxG5 sfd\df egL..
of] lzIff clns x'g] vfg] kl/jf/df k|foM cIf/zM kfng ePsf] kfOG5.
tf/fkltsf] 3/fgf efg'eQms}wg\ OHht\ 3/af/ b]V5' al9of 5}gg\ s'g}
lrh\ sdL eGg] egfOn] cfly{s l:yltdf alnof] /x]5 eGg] b]lvG5. o;y{ of]
3/df lbOPsf dl;gf sfd ug]{ lzIff, shfpg xf]Og t/ cjsfzsf] ;do pkof]u
u/L cfjZos j:t' hf]xf] ug{ ;s'g\ / ;fy} cN5] hLjgn] cfkm" klg glalu|pg\ egL
lbPsf] b]lvG5. of] lzIff dWodjuL{o kl/jf/df dfq lbg ;lsG5. lsgeg] of]
eGbf u/La 3/fgfsf :qLxdf o; k|sf/sf] km';b{ g} x'Fb}g, clg pgLxn] k|fo
M sf]bfnf] gfDnf]df g} lbg latfpg' k5{. tf/fkltsf] kl/jf/ o:t} cjsfz k|fKt
kl/jf/ lyof]. cfhsf dWod juL{o kl/jf/xdf ufpFdf o;} u5{g\ h:tf] aw"lzIff
n] eg]sf] 5. zx/ ahf/sf klg wfuf sfF6f lnP/ ;'O6/ df]hf cflb a'Gb} lbg
6f]N5g\. t/ qmdzM lxhf]cfh lzlIft :qLx eg] gf]s/L rfs/L tyf cGo
Joj;fodf klg nfUg yfn]sf 5g\. clg cfhsf] o'un] :qLsf] ef/L cem ylklbPsf]
5, 36fPsf] 5}g. :qLsf] cfdf x'g] af]emf, gfgLsf] kfng kf]if0f ug]{ bfloTj / 3/
;DxfNg] gf/L ;'ne\ s'zntfsf] clgjfo{tfdf s]xL 36]sf] 5}g cem xl:k6n, :s"n
/ cGo o:t} k|lti7fg jf ;+:yfg cflbdf 8fS6/, g;{, lzlIfsf, ;]ljsf OToflb eO{
ul/g] ;]jf / Jo:ttf, gf]s/L rfs/Lsf] Jou|tf / Jofs'ntf cflbn] ubf{ emg\ ef/
a9]/ uPsf] 5. g t cl3sf] g t clxn]sf] ef/ :qL shfpg nflbPsf] xf]. t/
clwsf/ el/+bf st{Jo r'lnP/ o:tf] ePsf] dfq xf]. o;}n] efg'eQmsf] lzIff klg
s]jn st{Jofst{Josf] :d/0f lbnfpg' lyof]. oxL st{Josf] 1fg gx'Fbf tf/fkltsf
3/hxfg sfd 5f]8L n8\g k'u]. sfdsf] 3rf/f]df s'l6n ljrf/ / em}e
+ mu8f
lhpg} kfpFb}g. c;n aw" g} c;n cfdf aGg ;S5], c;n cfdf g} c;n ;f;"
aGg ;S5], c;n ;f;" g} c;n ;+/lIfsf aGg ;S5] eGg] s'/f cfh ;a}nfO{ yfxf
g} 5. o;/L oxfF aw"nfO{ st{Josf] lzIff lbO{ efg'eQmn] klg cfgf] st{Jo k"/f
u/].
78
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
csf]{ cf/f]k 5, xfF:g klg :qLn] x'Fb}g egL cGofo u/] eGg]. xfF:g'sf] w]/}
cy{ nfU5. h:t}dgdf s'Ts'tL nfUg' jf o;af6 lvTsf 5f]l8g', v'zL x'g',
/dfpg', d':s'/fpg', 76]pnL ug'{, ZnLn cZnLnsf] ;fFw gnufO{ ul/g] ukmaf6
lvTsf 5f]8\g' OToflb. ljz]if aw"lzIffsf] xfF:g'n] kl5Nnf tLgf]6fsf] cy{
af]S5. lsgeg] oL tLg k|sf/sf] cy{ af]Sg] xfF;f]df eg] PSn} xfF:g ;lsGg.
cl3sf rf/ cy{ af]Sg] xfF;f] eg] PSn} xf+:g ;lsG5. t/ efg'eQmn] eg]sf]
xfF:g" PSn} xfFl;g] xf]Og. cZnLnsf] l56fdf lvlTsg] xfF;f] PSn} lglSn+b}g.
ljz]iftM o; k|sf/sf] xfF;f] j]Zofnodf xfFl;G5, clg c? 7fpFd} xf+l;of] eg]
klg ;fyL ;FuL;Fu xfFl;G5, clg hxfF rflx+ k|foM xf]z xfF;f]s} t/df a]xf]z e}
n8\5. xfd|f gf6sf/ >L afns[i0f ;dHo"af6 klg cfgf] k|Nxfbdf gxfF;
slxNo}, xfF:g' ;a} la;{g' dfq xf]. eg]/ xfF;f]n] e'NofpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6
ul/Psf] 5.
xfF:g" 5}g sbflk gf/Lxn] j]Zof x'g] xfF:t5g\ eg]tfklg xfF:g]
cjZo j]Zof g} x'G5g\ egL eg'eQmn] oxfF ls6]sf 5}gg\. lsgeg] pgL eG5g\
j]Zof nf} gxpmg\ tyflk 3/sf] sfd\ tL ;a} gf:t5g\ o;/L j]Zofsf]
8/ gePklg cndnsf] 8/ cjZo 5. PSn} o:tf] xfF;f] xfFl;b}g t/ ;fyL
;+uL;Fu xfF:tf ;do lat]sf] yfxf x'Fbg] egL ;ts{ /fVg slj o;f] eG5g\
PSn} xfF:g' x'Fb}g -xfFl;b}g <_ sf]lx geO{ csf]{ ;+uL ef] h;}
xfF:t}df lbg hfG5 Plx l/tn] ;a\ sfd laT5g\ t;}.
o;/L oxfF klg xfF;f]sf] a'rf] nufO{ k|;Ggtf df:g vf]hs

] f] geO{ xfF;f]df
;do / sfd gp8f];\ egL ts{zLn sljn] j]xf]zL aw"nfO{ ;ts{ /xg] r]tfjgL
lbPsf] dfq b]lvG5. aw"lzIffsf] cfwf/df lbOPsf cf/f]kx slj pgsL aw"
clg /rgfsfn / o;sf] l:yltnfO{ Ps}rf]l6 ;lDemlbPdf cfkm}+ klg x/fpF5g\.
lsgeg] To;j]nf o;sf] oyfy{tf a'g ;lhnf] k5{. ha oyfy{tf b]vf k5{
Toltv]/ o;sf cl3 ;a}nfO{ 3'8F f 6]Sg s/ nfU5. oyfy{tfsf] k|ltjfbdf s'g}
zlQm l6Sg ;Qm}g.
oL afx]s pgn] 3/df x'gk' g]{ c Jofjxfl/s / lzi6frf/sf lzIff klg
lbPsf 5g\. gf]s/rfs/b]lv lnP/ 3/sf dfGohg / kfx'gf;Dd Jojxf/ s:tf]
x'gk' 5{ atfOPsf] 5. gf]s/rfs/df bof, b'i6df s8fO, dfGodf cfb/ / cltlydf
;Tsf/ ug'{ elgPsf] 5. sf]xL egf];\ gf/Ln] o;f] gu/] s] u/f];\ < s;}n] eGnf
of] gf/Ln] dfq xf]Og k'?ifn] klg ug'{k5{. cjZo, 3/sf] ;a} ;b:osf] oxL sQ{Jo
x'G5 gqtf 3/sf] ;fdfGo l:yltdf cfuf] nfUg]5. oxfF k'?iflzIff ePg lsgeg]
of] aw"sf] emu8fdf n]l] vPsf] lyof].
o;y{ cfhsf cfnf]rs s'g cy{df aw"lzIff eGbf cf]7+ n]kf5{g\ a'lem+b}g.
gf/LnfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ / ;f:tL bL tx nufpg] clek|fo eP sljn] kf}/v lzIff
n]v]/ tf/fkltnfO{ prfNg] lyP clg :qL emu8fdf 3/ hxfgsf 9f8\ s/\ 5fdL
5fdL efFRg nufO{ ;f]Hofpg] pkb]z lbg]lyP. efg'eQmn] em}+ /ftel/ ;'Tg gkfPsf]
cfhsf] s'g} JolQm eP aw"lzIff n]Vg] w}o{ / ;dem glnP/ nf]Ug]nfO{ kf] r'6g\ ]
lzIffn] ;'ofpg] lyP. gr'6] pN6} nf]Ug]nfO{ x'lt gePsf] hf]Ol6\u],| gfdb{ s] s]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
79
pkflw h8L n5fg]{ lyP. t/ efg'eQmn] o;f] u/]gg\, g t pgn] slj t'n;Lbf;n]
em}+
9f]n uFjf/ z"b| kz' gf/L

o] ;a tf8g s] clwsf/L eg]/ k'?ifnfO{ :qL r'6\g] clwsf/ g} lbP.
o;/L xfdL efg'eQmnfO{ wfld{s lzIffsf] cefj x6fpg] / g}lts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s
lzIffn] 3/df d]n Nofpg] wd{lgi7, st{Jok/fo0f / k|ltef ;DkGg w}oz
{ fnL slj
aw"lzIffdf b]Vt5f}+. :qL :jtGqtfsf] g]kfnL k/Dk/fnfO{ klg geTsfO{ aw"lzIff
n]Vg ;s]sf]df pgsf] ;dem zlQm c s[ltsf] eGbf emg\ a];L oxfF r'lnPsf]
b]lvG5. wGo 5g\ slj ;dodf hGd]/ ;dosf] dof{bfdf /xL g]kfnL gf/LnfO{
;dod} aw"lzIff lbP/ uP.
cfiff9, @)@^]
bfhL{lnsf] g]kfnL hLjg / efg'eQm

>LdtL nSvL b]jL ;'Gbf;, bfhL{ln
k|ltjif{ a8f] w"dwfdl;t dgfOg] efg' hoGtLn]
bfhL{lnsf] g]kfnL hghLjgdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ :yfg
cf]u6\b5. ef/tsf] pQ/k"j{ lxdfnLko{6s :yn, oxfF
jif]{gL xhf/f}+ dflg;x 3'dlkm/ ug{ cfpFb5g\pgLxnfO{
;d]t efg' hoGtLsf] ljz]if cfof]hgn] g]kfnLxsf] cfg}
;flxTo k/Dk/f /x]5 eGg] af]w klg u/fpFb5. @( ut]
cfiff9, efg'eQmsf] hGdhoGtL olQ xif{ / pNnf;;fy
dgfOG5 ls aflx/af6 cfpg]xnfO{ of] g]kfnLxsf] kj{
g} xf] ls eGg] e|ddf kfb{5. To; lbg :yfgLo :s"n, sfn]hxdf ljbf 3f]lift
x'Fb5 / :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfof{no / cfxdf ;d]t cw{ljbf x'gfn] To; lbgsf]
dxTjnfO{ cem j}lzi6o yKb5. rf}/:tfsf] efg'eQmsf] ;flnudf w"kaQL, k'ikxf/
/ ljz]if cof]hgf b]Vbf sltko c+uh
|] xn] k|Zg u/]y], s] efg'eQm O{Zj/sf
k|tLs jf b"t x'g\ < oxfF k|Zg p7\5, efg'eQm bfhL{lnsf] hghLjgdf olQsf
elQm / >4fsf kfq lsg < efg'eQmn] oxfFsf hghLjgdf kf/]sf] k/f]If k|efjnfO{
g} oxfF s]xL cfnf]rgf ul/G5.
cfhsf g]kfnL ;flxTo cWo]tf, ;flxTo k|]dL, ;flxTosf ljBfyL{xnfO{ yfxf
eO;s]sf] s'/f] xf] ls efg'eQmeGbf w]/} cl3, c h]7f sljx b]vf kl/;s]sf
lyP. bfhL{lnsf] ljut kl/l:yltsf] cjnf]sg ubf{ xfdLn] rfn kfpF5f}+ bfhL{lnsf]
g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ rflxPYof] Pp6f k|tLs h;nfO{ pgLx >4f / elQm lbO{ cGo
;dfhcl3 pEofpg ;Sy]. bfhL{lnsf] To; ;dosf] /}yfg] k|jf;L hLjg hxfF
80
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
;+3if{ lyof] / lyof] ljs/fn kdf plePsf] xft / d'v h'6fpg] ;d:of. To:tf
kl/l:yltdf g tf ;flxTok|lt s]xL rf;f] g} lyof] g ;flxTok|lt cf:yf. ;flxTodf
rflxG5 sDo'lgSfljln6L (Communicability) h;nfO{ ;fwf/0fLs/0f elgG5
;f]xL bosf] b}nf] p3fg]{ efiff efg'eQmdf kfOPsf], ToxL efiff hf] ltgLx :jo+
af]Ny], / 5/l5d]sdf af]lnGYof];'nlnt / ;'dw'/ efiff kfP efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fdf.
olQ dfq geP/ /fdfo0f ;du| ef/tsf] wfld{s u|Gy/fd / ;Ltf O{Zj/sf k|tLs
x'g uPsf lyP. s[ltjf;n] a+ufnL hfltnfO{ / t'n;Lbf;n] lxGbL efifLnfO{
/fdfo0f lbO;s]y]. g]kfnLxn] klg efg'eQmsf /fdfo0fdf /fd / ;Ltfsf] cfbz{
kfPo;df s]xL ;Gb]x 5}g, t/ efg'eQmnfO{ g]kfnL aLr Nofpgdf pgsf] ;/n
/ k|i6 egfOn] g} ljlzi6 :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5.
ltgtfs bfhL{lndf afOansf] efiff g} k|rlnt lyof]. tfklg To;n]
;fwf/0f hgtfsf] bo 5'g ;s]g. bfhL{lndf efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fsf] k|rf/
x'gcl3 oxfF dxfef/t, s[i0frl/q cflb b]vfx kl/;s]sf lyP. t/ tL u|Gyx
Pslt/ lyPg]kfnL ;dfh csf{lt/. ToxfF g]kfnLxsf] efjgf / cfTdf af]Nb}gYof],
ToxfFsf] ;+:s[t, lxGbL, ef]hk'/L / kmf/;L zAb afx'Nosf aLr g]kfnL zAbx
5l/tf] cf}7+ LnfO{ ;fx|} g;'xfpg] 7"nf O{pFx h:tf dfq b]lvGy]. g]kfnL hLjgsf]
To; d?t'No kl/l:yltdf efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f b]vfkof] d?Bfgsf] kdf.
efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fsf] efiff lyof]g]kfnL ;dfhsf] efiff. To; efiffdf g tf
cn+sf/ / pkdfxn] ux|f+} t'NofPYof], g tf ljQfsf] k|bz{gLdf cGo efiffsf]
k|of]u g} lyof], g tf d"n efjnfO{ zflAbs hfnn] 5f]k/] n'sfpg] k|of; ul/Psf]
lyof]. bfhL{ln ;dfhsf] tTsfnLg g]kfnLsf] s'NnL, dhb"/L, HofdL, a9L eGbf
a9L ePdf ;/bf/a}bf/ / obfsbf lzIfsxt/ ltgsf bodf ;flxTosf] gj/;
rvfpg] uof] efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fn]. oltdfq geP/ ltgn] efg'eQmnfO{ cf}N+ ffpg
;s] cfgf k|tLs kdf, efg'eQmk|lt uj{ ug{ ;s]cg]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ xfd|f
cfgf k|tLskdf, efg'eQmk|lt uj{ ug{ ;s]cg]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ xfd|f efg'eQm
5g\ eGg ;s], efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fsf efiff g} xfd|f] ;flxTosf] cfw'lgs k xf]
efg'eQm g} xfd|f cflbslj x'g\ eGg ;s].
s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd dfq g]kfnL efiffnfO{ o;} bfhL{ln lhNnf cGtu{t,
s'NnLsf] efiff egL lxofPsf] b[li6sf]]0fn] x]l/GYof]. !(!% ;Dd oxfF c+u]h
| L/
lxGbL dfWodf/f k9fOGYof]. t/ To; ;do;Dd efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fn] k|l] /t /
k|efljt ePsf oxfFsf g]kfnL o'jf d08nL / efiff k|]dLx lgs} g} hfu?s
eO;s]y]. 3/df af]lng] Pp6f efiff / lzIff dfWodsf] efiff csf]{ of] :jLsfo{ x'g}
;Qm}gYof]. ctM oxfFsf g]kfnL efiffk|]dLxsf] k|of;n] !(!^ df snsQf
ljZjljBfnon] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]n] g]kfnL efiff klg bf];f| ] efiffsf]
kdf oxfF k9fOg yflnof]. To; ;do g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klg pGglt x'gk' 5{ eGg]
p2]Zon] xfd|f tTsfnLg ;flxlTosx h'd/'{ fP/ p7]. kmn:jk !(!* df >L
kf/;dl0f k|wfgf/f ;Dkflbt rlGb|sf klqsf o; lhNnfdf b]vf kof].
;g\ !(@$ ;Dd bfhL{lndf lzIffsf] w]/} pGglt x'guf]. g]kfnL efiff /
;flxTosf] pGglttkm{ oxfFsf ;flxTok|]dLx nfu]. :jtGq hfltTjsf] k|wfg
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
81
lrGx :jtGq efiff xf]g]kfnLxn] klg cfgf] hfltTj ;'b[9 u/fpg' xf] eg]
cfgf] :jtGq ;flxTosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] p2]Zon] !(@$ ;fn,
@% dO{df, g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] bfhL{lndf :yfkgf eof]. bfhL{lnsf]
;flxlTos jftfj/0f pkl:yt ug{ / ;flxTok|lt hgtfsf] cle?lr a9fpg,
;j{>L xl/k|;fb k|wfg, ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL, k+=w/0fLw/ zdf{, kf/;dl0f k|wfg,
xglht b]jfg, v8\ul;+x lji6, kbd k|;fb k|wfg / k gf/fo0f l;+xsf gfd
pNn]v gu/] xfdL cs[t1 x'g]5f}+. k|yd o'4df jL/Tj k|fKt u/]tfklg oxfFsf]
;dfhdf g]kfnLx s'NnL g]kfnL lyP. s'NnLsf] efiff eGbfeGb} klg oxfF
;flxTo hGDof], efg'eQm lrGxfP, Pp6f ;flxlTos k/Dk/f lrGxfpg cl3;/f
eP. g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngaf6 tTsfnLg s'g} ;flxlTos s[lt / kf7\ok':tsx
k|sflzt ePgt/ kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug{ n]vs / k|sfzsxl;t n]vfk9L
uof]k|sfzsx lrGxfof]. ;flxTo ;Dd]ng :yfkgf ePsf] tLg jif{leq
!(@& df >L ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnLf/f df]tL/fd es[t efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/q
;Dkfbg u/L k|sflzt eof]. /fd hLjgLsf g]kfnL sfJosf/ g]kfnL hgtf
;dIf cfof]. >L kf/;dl0fHo"sf kl/>dn] g]kfnL kf7\ok':tsx w]/} g} k|sfzdf
cfO;s]y]. k+=w/0fLw/ zdf{Ho"n] cfgf] sljtff/f g]kfnL aLr ;flxTok|]d,
cem uf9f kdf lrGxfpg ;kmn eP. ;flxTo ;Dd]ngaf6 !(#* df k|sflzt
syfs';'d g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\df klxnf] syf ;+u|x lyof]. 1jfnLHo"sf
cys kl/>df/f xfdLnfO{ efg'eQm lrGxfpg'ef]g]kfnL jL/ / xfd|f k|frLg
k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s ufyfx lrGxfpg'ef]. h'g k|tLs / k|frLg k/Dk/fsf
lglDt ef}tfl/O{/x]sf g]kfnLxn] cfgf jL/x lrGg ;s]c?nfO{ eGg ;s],
lrGxfpg ;s]. xfd|f jL/x cf} ;flxlTosx :ki6 kn] cl3 cfP. bflh{lndf
efg'eQm / efg' ;flxTo dfq kof{Kt ePgoxfF t g]kfnL aflx/sfxnfO{ :ki6
kn] b]vfpg' / atfpg' kYof]{, ctM ljb]zLxn] ;d]t g]kfnLxsf] cfgf
cflbslj lrGg ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] !& h'g, !($( df bfhL{ln rf}/:tfdf
;j{k|yd efg'eQmsf] ;flnu /flvof] h'g 7fpFdf g]kfnLxnfO{ s'NnL / g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ s'NnLsf] efiff elgGYof]. ;f]xL 7fpFdf cg]kfnL ljfgxn] efg'eQmnfO{
ljZjdfgj, ljZjslj / dxfdfgj ;+1fn] lje"lift u/]. >L ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnLf/f
;Dkflbt efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fdf tTsfnLg a+ufnsf ujg{/ x/]Gb|gfy d'vf]kfWofo
/ tTsfnLg pQ/ k|b]zsf ujg{/ >L s]=Pd=d'GzLHo"n] e"ldsf / 5f]6f] kl/ro
n]Vg'ePYof]. o;/L efg'eQmnfO{ cg]kfnL hut\df lrGxfpg] sfd eof]. o;sf]
;Dk"0f{ >]o >L ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL / g]kfnL ;flxTo ;d]ngsf sfo{stf{ /
;flxTok|]dLxnfO{ glbO{ ;lsGg. efg'eQmsf] Od]h olQ uf9f /+udf oxfF
cfPsf] 5 ls ToxL xfd|f] ;flxlTos hLjgsf] cleGg c+u / xfd|f] k|tLs ePsf]
5.
[efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy, k|sfzs M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bfhL{ln, @(
cfiff9, @)@^]
82
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
ljrf/ sltko
/fds[i0f zdf{
Pp6f s'/f klxNo} elgxfnf}+. efg'eQm ljifo lnP/
d}n] af]Ng / n]Vg yfn]sf] w]/} g} jif{ eof]. d}n] efg'eQmsf]
ljifodf n]Vg yfNbf Pp6f d'Vo s'/f]n] d]/f] dgdf cf;g
hdfPsf] lyof], Tof] oxL xf] (Humanisation of gods and
defication of human beings) b]jtfnfO{ dg'ifTj lbg' /
dflg;nfO{ b]jTj lbg'_ lxGb"xsf] k'/fg} v]n. xfdL lxGb'x
Psflt/ efjgfnfO{ dfG5]sf] attribute dfgjLo u'0f lbG5f}+,
h:t} xfd|f eujfg ljjfx u5{g,\ kTgL lnG5g\, ;Gtlt
hGdfpF5g\, k|d
] u5{g\, 8fx u5{g,\ l/; u5{g\, o'4 u5{g\,
sf]xL sf]xL a]nf dfT5g\ / sf]xL a]nf Jolerf/ klg u5{g\ . b]jtfnfO{ cyjf
eujfgnfO{ dg'ifTj lbPsf] pbfx/0f xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ zf:qn] u5{ clg efg'eQmn]
n]v]sf] /fdfo0f klg ToxL u5{. csf{ kfZj{df nf]e, qmf]w, df]x, nfn;f, cfsf+Iff
OToflb u'0ffju'0f ePsf] dflg;nfO{ b]jt'No agfpg] k|oTg / tL bf]if bfunfO{
r'gfjsf] kr]/f lbg' lnk\nfk / kf]tkft u/L 6Ss ;]tf] b]vfpg] l/jfh lxGb'xsf]
5Fb}5. of] l/jfh cg';f/ g]kfnLn] efg'eQmdf bf]if b]Vg rfFxb}gg\ clg ca
n]vgfy, nIdLk|;fb, afns[i0fn] klg b]Vg grfxnfg\. To:t} a+ufnLn] klg
/jLGb|gfydf s]xL bf]if g} b]Vg rfFxFbg} g\. lxGbL efiffefifLn] t'n;Lbf; clg To:t}
c efiffefifL lxGb'xn] cfgfcfgf sljdf. kfZrfTo b]zdf eg] of] l/jfh
Tolt nfu" 5}g. z]S;lko/n] u/]sf, afO/gn] u/]sf, lnof] 6fN;6fon] u/]sf
clk|o / ck|z+;gLo sfdx klg ToxfFsf n]vsxn] bzf{Psf 5g\n'sfPsf
bjfPsf 5}gg\. egf}+ t eg] kr]/f nfpg] sfd klg sd} dfqfdf u/]sf 5g\. oxL
s'/f dgdf v]n/] clg efg'eQm :df/s u|Gydf efg'eQmdfly ul/Psf] k|z;
+ fs]f
tF5f8\ / d5f8\ h:tf] xf]8afhL b]v/] d}n] efg'eQm ;DaGwL tLtf], lk/f], 7f8f t]5f{
jrgaf0f rnfPF. c?n] n'sfPsf] ls+jf, kr]/f nfP/ ;km]b agfPsf bf]if /
bfuaf6 kr]/f x6fP/ tL bf]if / bfunfO{ :ki6 / 5\of kf/L g]kfnL k9Gtfxsf
cufl8 /fVg] sf]lz; u/]+ . d}n] u/]sf] sfd efg'eQmsf k|z;
+ snfO{ clk|o /
c;+ut nfUg' c:jfefljs xf]Og. t/ efg'eQmsf rl/qnfO{ Pp6} kf6f] dfq kl7t
hgtfnfO{ b]vfP/ csf]{ kf6f]nfO{ b]jnlt/ em'G8fO{ /fVg] rng dnfO{ /lrs/
hFr]g. of] xf] d]/f] yfngLsf] s'/f.
of] k[i7e"lddf efg'eQmsf] hGdlbj; dgfpg] >4fn' hgtfxn] d h:tf]
dflg;nfO{ n]Vg / af]Ng cfXjfg ug{' lsDaf lgdGq0f lbg' d]/f] >4f a]l; u/]sf]
/ efg'eQmsf] >4f sd u/]sf] xf] jf lgikIf ljrf/n] efg'eQm ;dfnf]rgf ?rfPsf]
xf] jf c1fgn] ubf{ d h:tf] 5';LnfO{ efg'eQmsf] hGd lbj;df af]Ng] df}sf lbPsf]
xf], d}n] s]xL a'lemg. d}n] cl3 g} eg]y+] / cem} bf]xf]ofpg dnfO{ s]xL ;+sf]r
nfUb}gefg'eQm k|z+;fsf kfq 5g\ / ltgnfO{ k|z;
+ f ug]{ 7fpmF klg 5. t/ ;fy}
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
83
efg'eQmnfO{ b]jt'No gh/n] x]g{ s]xL vfFrf] 5}g / ltgdf / ltgsf s[ltdf ePsf
bf]if, bfu / q'6LxnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{kg]{ klg s]xL b/sf/ 5}g. hlt g} 5'RofOF u/]/
af]n] klg efg'eQmsf] hGdf]knIodf v'ndv'Nnf efg'eQmsf] s6' cfnf]rgf ug{
efg'eQmn] uhfw/ ;f]tLsL 3/a"9Ldfly u/]sf] b'isd{ h:t} x'g hfnf ls eGg]
dnfO{ z+sf nfU5 t/ ;fy} cfkm"n] ul/NofPsf] efg'eQmsf] rl/q / s[ltsf] csf]{
kf6f] b]vfpg] sfd 5fl8xfNbf klg kmnfgfn] pd]/ l5lk+b} uPkl5 efg'eQmsf]
k|z+;s aGg s/} nfUof] eGg] e|d km}n]nf eGg] 8/ klg nfu]/ cfpF5. o;sf/0f,
d}n] efg'eQmsf] hGdf]kNfIodf efg'eQm ;DaGwL s6' cfnf]rgf ug]{ eg],+ ;f]
ug]{eGbf ug{ lgDtfpg]xdfly g]kfnL kf7sxn] cfgf] c?lr hgfpg\ eGg] d]/f]
cg'/f]w 5.
efg'eQmnfO{ b]jTj lbg] sfdsf] ca d s]xL pNn]v u/f}+. efg'eQmnfO{ b]jTj
lbg] lxGb'xsf] k'/fgf] ;fFrf]df efg'eQmsf] rl/qnfO{ 9fNg] sfd lgs} dfqfdf
ePsf] 5. efg'eQmn] ;/sf/L rfs/hflu/ vfP, efg'eQmn] :ofxf ;|]:tf adf]lhd
a'emfpg'kg]{ sfuh jf /sd jf lhDd]bf/L a'emfpFbf s]xL sfn;Dd zf;gtGqsf]
lgod adf]lhd y'gj' f /xg' kof] lsDaf gh/aGbL eP/ a:g'kof]. w]/}hgf eG5g\,
efg'eQm y'g'jf jf s}bL eP/ a;] t/ g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg zf;g k4ltsf] 1fg
ePsf afa'/fd cfrfo{ eG5g\, efg'eQm y'g'jf lyPgg\ t/ lgu|fgLdf /x]sf lyP.
To:tf] ql'6k"0f{ /sd u/]/ ;/sf/L gf]s/n] lgu|fgLdf /xg' k/]sf]df efg'eQmsf
k|z+;sxn] ;/sf/L gf]s/sf] bf]if t b]v]gg\ t/ zf;g k4ltsf] 7"nf sd{rf/Lsf]
cTofrf/ kf] b]v]. cyjf efg'eQmdfly To:tf] cgy{sf] cTofrf/ eof] eGg] efg
kfb}{ 36gfsf] ljj/0f lbOof]. Tof] 36gf 36\g'df efg'eQmsf] s]xL bf]if lyof] jf
efg'eQmdfly cTofrf/ ul/Ps} xf], To;sf] vf]hL cfh;Dd s;}n] u/]/ 6'f]
nfPsf] 5}g. To;y{, ;/sf/L gf]s/sf] e"ndf ;/sf/af6 zf;gf vKg' k/]sf]
efg'eQmnfO{ bf]ifd'Qm u/fpg] k|sf/n] pNn]v jf j0f{g ug'{ efg'eQmnfO{ dg'ifTj
xf]Og b]jTj lbg' xf]. uhfw/ ;f]tLsL u[lx0fLn] cfgf kfx'gfnfO{ kl/l:ylt jf]w
u/L af; glbPsf]df efg'eQmn] cfgf sljTj zlQmsf] r/d b'?kof]u u/]tfklg
lar/L uhfw/ kTgLs} sQ{Jo ;f]x|} cfgf bf]ifL b]vfpg' efg'eQmnfO{ dg'ifTj lbg'
xf]Og, b]jTj lbg' xf].
lsGg'kg]{ aGb'sh:tf] xltof/ nfh krfP/ ofrs eP/ dfu]sf] kB sljsf]
rl/q / JolQmTj hfFr t xf]Og t/ PSsf;L kB /rgf ug{ ;Sg] egL tfl/km lbPsf]
b]Vbf efg'eQmsf rl/qdf ePsf] bf]ifnfO{ bafP/ u'0fsf] dfq avfg u/L dg'ifTjsf]
7fpFdf b]jTj lbPsf] gegL s] eGg" <
ef6;Fusf] l/;n] cfkm"n] af; a:g'kg]{ 3/sf] 5fgf sRrf x'g] ePtfklg
ef6f Jojxf/ ug{ glbO{ nfpg vf]Hg', rf0fSoeGbf ca'em l/;fxf dlg;sf] :jefj
k|z+;gLo g} dfq b]Vg' b]jTj lbPsf] gegL s] eGg' <
cfgf ldqn] e"n u/]/ dg]{ pd]/ cfpFbf klg a]js'kmn] h:tf] t?0fL
:jf:gL lax] u/]sf] va/ kfP/ ldqnfO{ pNn" eGb} bofTds lr7L n]v]sf]df
efg'eQmnfO{ :ki6jfbL eGg ;lsPnf t/ dxfTdfsf] h:tf] :jefj ePsf] s;/L
eGg ;Sg" <
84
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k"0ff{ 131
o;} k|sf/n] efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/qdf pNn]v ul/Psf 36gfsf] Ps Ps

u/L hfFr ubf{ jNnf] kNnf] kf6f] b'j} b]vfO{ efg'eQm b]jtf xf]Ogg\ t/ dflg; lyP
eGg] :ki6 x'Fb5. t/ cl3 g} elgxfn]+, b]jtfnfO{ dflg; agfpg' / dflg;nfO{
b]jtf agfpg' lxGb"xsf] :jefj g} oxfF afwfsf] kxf8 eP/ p7]sf] 5.
efg'eQmsf] lrq klg lxGb"xsf] a|Dxf, lji0f', dx]z jf uf}/L, nIdL, ;/:jtLsf]
lrq agfPh:tf] sfNklgs lrq tof/ u/]sf 5g\. oBlk w]/} afx'gxsf] gfs
r'lRrPsf] x'G5 tfklg r'Rrf] gfssf] sd} sb/ ug]{ g]kfnLn] efg'eQmsf] gfs
d7fl/Psf] agfPsf] 5. grflxFbf] nfdf / 3f]K6] h'uF f /fVg] g]kfnLx ufpF a:tLdf
k|z:t kfOG5g\, efg'eQmsf] 5la /fd|f] x'gkg]{ x'gfn] efg'eQmdf h'Fuf d7f/]/,
h'+ufsf] dflyNnf] efu x6fP/ cR5f /fO{sf] zAbdf efg'eQmnfO{ Kjf+vh'+u]
agfPsf 5g\. efg'eQmsf ;dodf efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f 5flkPsf] lyPg, pgn]
cfgf] /fdfo0fsf ;a} sf08x ;+sng u/]/ sfvL RofkL 8'lnlx8]sf] 36gf klg
tYo kdf st} pNn]v 5}g. tyflk g]kfnLxn] efg'eQmsf] zflnu agfpFbf
efg'eQmsf] xftdf g]kfnL /fdfo0f ydfOlbPsf 5g\. efg'eQmsf ;dodf sfrf]{k
el/Psf] las]{ 6f]kL afx'gxn] nfpFy] jf nfpFb}gy], To;sf] klg vf]hL eO;s]sf]
5}g. t/ d'8'n] 6'KkLufF7] efg'eQm c;'xfpFbf b]lvPnfg\ eg]/ cyjf km]6f nufPsf
efg'eQm dlw;] h:tf b]lvPnfg\ eg]/ efg'eQmnfO{ g]kfnLTj lb+bf Pp6f ljz]if
k|sf/sf] 6f]kL efg'eQmnfO{ lbOPsf] 5. o:t} k|sf/n] tYo hDdf u/]/ efg'eQmsf]
lrq xfdLn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;Dd'v pEofPsf 5f}+ .
efg'eQm ;DaGwL sltko 36gf klg ;Gb]x / lljwfhgs 5g\. Tof] hdfgfsf]
g]kfnLdf ufpFdf 3fF; a]r]/ hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ t s] wg ;d]t sdfpg] 3fF;Lsf]
pNn]v ubf{ :jtGq ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] g]kfnLx 5Ss k5{g\ . lsg ToxfF 3fF;
a]lrGYof], s] sf] nflu lsGYof] lsGg] dflg; s] u/L vfGYof] o; ljifodf vf]hL
ug{yfn] 3fF;L lyof] eGg] xf]Og, lyPg eGg] k|df0f kfOPnf. o:tf pbfx/0f
lbOa:g' ljz]if b/sf/ 5}g, sf/0f c n]vsxn] of] ljifo lnP/ w]/} n]vs
] f 5g\.
d]/f] Vofndf d]/f] :d/0f zlQmn] wf]sf glbP 8f=e"kbf; /fO{n] o; ljifodf s]xL
n]v]h:tf] nfU5.
efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnL pk hfltdf km}nfPsf] s'/f
ub\ubfPsf] :j/df d'Uw eP/ af]Ng] slt 5g\, t/ xfdLn]] ;Demg'k5{, df]tL/fd
es} a]nfdf klg efg'eQmsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f kfpg b'n{e lyof]. kfpg b'n{e
ePsf] u|Gyn] s;/L g]kfnL efiff km}nfpg] x]fnf eGg]k|lt s;}n] ljrf/ u/]sf]
b]lvGg. g]kfnLsf pkhfltdf g]kfnL efiff km}nfpg] >]o k}nf] d]/f] Ps n]vdf
afx'g, 5]qL, sfdL, bdfO{xsf] af; a;fO{nfO{ lbPsf] 5'. logLx 5l/P/ a;]sf]
x'gfn] / logLx g]kfnLd} dfq af]Ng] x'gfn] logLxaf6 klg g]kfnL efiffsf] k|rf/
eof].
efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f x]/]/ g} cg]sf}+ g]kfnLn] g]kfnL ;fpF cIf/ l;s] eGg] s'/f
w]/}n] u5{g\. ltgLx o:tf] 36gfsf] ljj/0f ub}{ efg'eQmsf /fdfo0fsf] k|z;
+ f
u5{g\ . t/ ;fpF cIf/sf] lstfasf] cefjn] ubf{ s'gfsfgLdf a:g] s]6fs]6Lxn]
afWo eP/ To;f] ug{ k/]sf] s'/f ;lhn} lal;{lbG5g\. efg'eQms} /fdfo0faf6 ;fpF
k"0ff{ 131
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85
cIf/ hfGg ;lhnf] eP cfh xfdLn] xfd|f :s"ndf gfgLxnfO{ Dofsldng

sDkgLsf] slk/fO6 ePsf] kf/;dl0fn] n]v]sf] ;fpF cIf/sf lstfa lsg lsGg
nfpg' t <
g]kfnL sljsf] x}l;otdf efg'eQmnfO{ s'g :yfg lbg" eGg] k|Zg s;}n] dnfO{
u/]5 eg] k|yd :yfg eGg] pQ/ p;n] daf6 sbflk kfpg] 5}g. dnfO{ yfxf 5,
n]vgfy, nIdLk|;fb, afns[i0f, l;lr4/0f, oL ;a sljn] efg'eQmsf] 3gLe"t
k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\. afns[i0fn] Ps 7fpF eg]sf 5g\ M of] xfFuf] geP Tof] xfFuf] x'g
;SYof] t/ efg'eQm km]b x'g\, pgL geP s]xL x'g ;Sb}gYof]. egfO dL7f] 5, t/
eGg]n] e"ns
] f 5g\ ls efg'eQm eGbf klg cl3 g]kfnL efiffdf sljtf ug]{ slj
lyP. o;y{ h;n] h] eg]klg, efg'eQmnfO{ d pRr :yfg cjZo lbG5', t/ k|yd,
ltLo / t[tLo klg xf]Og. cfz'slj zDe'k;
| fb, cfz'slj nIdLk|;fb, sljltns
n]vgfy, logLx s'g} xfntdf klg efg'eQm eGbf xf]rf slj 7xl/g ;Qm}gg\. t/
o;f] eGg'sf] cy{ efg'eQmnfO{ gLrf] b]vfpg' xf]Og t/ ;To nfu]sf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6
af]ns
] f] xf] clg xfd|f] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 6fs'/f efg'eQm eGbf pFrf] plePsf] xf].
efg'eQmn] g]kfnL efiffsf] dd{ a'em]sf lyP. pgn] eGbf klxn] g]kfnL
efiffdf dd{ a'g] sljx w]/} lyPgg\. no xfn]/ ufpg ;lsg] Znf]s slj
/3'gfyn] n]Vg ;s]gg\ t/ s[i0f rl/qsf n]vs j;Gt zdf{n] n]v]sf lyP. o:t}
ljifo lnP/ hxfF;Dd dnfO{ Vofn 5, u0f]zk|;fbn] Pp6f n]v klg n]vs
] f 5g\.
efg'eQmsf] hLjgL / s[lt df]tL/fd en] vf]hL u/]/ g]kfnL hfltsf ;dIf
NofP t/ a;]{gL efg'eQmsf] hGdf]T;j dgfpg] rng slxn]bl] v cfof], eGg ufxf/}
5. of] hGdf]T;jsf] k|yf g]kfnb]lv z' eP/ cfPsf] xf] jf g]kfn aflx/af6 z'
eP/ g]kfn k;]s]f xf], vf]hL ePsf] 5}g. d]/f ljrf/df cfgf] hGdf]T;j / hGd:j
dgfpg] / ;fy} afa'sf] >f4 ug{ 5f8]sf jf g;Sg]nfO{ efg'eQmsf] hGdf]T;j
dgfpg] k|]/0ff s]n] lbof] < afa'sf] >f4 / cfgf] hGd:j dgfpg pbf;Lg xfntdf
ePsf] g]kfnL ;dfhn] cfgf] kfqf] jf Sofn]08/df tLgzo k};L lbg g} vfnL
kfof]. cxn] s;}s;}sf] gfddf hGdltly dgfPsf] b]Vof]. cfkm"n] s;sf]
dgfpg' eGg] lrGtf kof]. /f0ffsfndf >L % sf] dgfpF t /f0ffsf] cfFvfsf] 5f/f]
x'g], xf]Og >L # s} dgfpF t lrQ clns gkg]{. g]kfn aflx/ a:g]nfO{ t >L %
/ >L # s} dgfpg] s]xL b/sf/ gb]lvPsf]. o:tf] cj:yfdf afa" ;"ol{ js|d
1jfnLsf k|of;n] efg'eQmsf] :df/s u|Gy klg algof]. o;/L s]xL jif{ cl3b]lv
dfq efg'eQmsf] hGdf]T;j dgfpg] rng rNof]. ca xfdL g]kfnLn] tLg zo
k};L lbgdWo]sf] Pp6f lbg pT;jdf latfpg ;Sg] eof}+ . xfdL o;}df /t 5f}+ .
efg'eQmsf] ljifodf vf]hL / cfnf]rgf ug]{ s;}nfO{ s]xL rf;f] 5}g. of] gf/fsf]
o'u xf] xfdLn] Pp6f gf/f kfof}+ / Tof] gf/f nfpg kfpFbf xfdL ub\ub\ 5f}+ efg'eQm
lhGbfjfb, efg'eQm cd/ /x"g\======.
[lrGtg ;flxlTos ;+sng, l;lSsd ;flxTo kl/ifb, jif{ @, c+s @, !(*^,
k|d'v ;Dkfbs lzj k|wfg]
86
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
efg'eQmsf] uBz}nL M Ps lrL

>L borGb|l;+x k|wfg
s'g} klg efiffsf] jf\doL ljsf;sf] lrGx uB g}
/x]5. uBdf ljz]if ljsf; geO{sg kBdf lrNnf] b]vf
kl/;s]tfklg Tof] tt\ efiff;flxTosf] k|fylds sfn g} xf].
jf:tjdf kB ;flxTosf] k|f/lDestf g} xf] M h'g;'s} efiffdf
klg kBaf6 ;flxTosf] cf/De eP/ uBsf] ljsf;df p;sf]
hjfgL aNn 6NsG5. To;}n] elgPsf] 5 uB+ sjLgf+
lgsif+ jblGt cyf{t\ uB g} sljsf] s;L xf]. kBdf sljsf]
cof]Uotf / cljz]iftf klg n's/] 6Nsg ;Qm5, uBdf
To:tf] s'g} klg cof]Uotf / cljz]iftf l5Kg ;Qm}g, emg\
c3fl8 k/]/ e08fkmf]/ ul/lbG5. Ps cIf/ Ps zAb;Ddsf] otfplt x'g klg uBdf
u'h
+ foz 5}g. kBsf] 5Gb ldnfpgnfO{ j0f{ / dfqfsf] ldnfg eP k'U5 t/ zAb tn
dfly, otfptL h] klg ug{ kfOG5, t/ uBsf] 5Gb ldnfpgnfO{ To:tf] cfif{tfsf] s]xL
;'ljwf 5}g M pGgt dl:tis, efj's bo / lzNkL xft v':s]/ 5Gb gldn]sf] Ps x/k
dfq klg dfd'nL kf7sn] g} s]nfpg ;Sg] x'G5. olb kBdf eP /rgfsf/ o;/L
clncln km':s]sf] l;lQldlQ ;fwf/0f dflg;nfO{ ;lhnf]l;t kQf nfUg ;Qm}g.
emg\ 7"nf /rgfsf/sf] kB eof] eg] t q'l6o'Qm eP klg kf7s /fd|} cy{ b]v/] ;'Gb/
ljZn]if0f ug{df duhL s;/t ug{ yfNb5g\, t/ uBsf] Ps} k+lQm q'l6 klg kf7s
6f8}af6 b]v/] l6Kk0fL ug{ k'U5g\. t;y{ uBsf] ;[hgf ug{ ljg} ufx|f] 5. To;}n]
uBsf] ;kmntfn] efiffdf dfq xf]Og, b]zd} f rfF8} ljsf; NofpF5, of] w|j' ;To xf].
efg'eQmsf] uB;flxTodf cfh;Dd s'g} s[lt b]vf k/]sf] 5}g. pgL kBs}
dfq stf{ jf slj x'g\ . t/ xfn} g]kfnL efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt ePsf]
g]kfnL uB ;+u|x -t];|f] efu_df ->L afns[i0f ;dhLaf6 k|fKt_ cfgf] 5f]/f
/dfgfysf] gfpFdf n]lvPsf] efg'eQmsf] Pp6f lrL 5flkPsf] 5. ;f] lrL uB
efiffd} n]lvPsf] 5. uBsf] gfpFdf efg'eQmsf] lrLsf] efiff, z}nL, ljrf/ / :t/
x]bf{ oL kqsf/ cs}{ efg'eQm h:tf b]lvG5g\. Pp6f sljn] n]vs
] f] lrL h:tf]
sbflk 5}g. g efiffdf s]xL kl/is[lt jf ;/;tf 5, g z}nLdf ;f}i7j 5, g
ljrf/df g} s]xL kf]Vtkgf 5. cToGt ;fwf/0f, c;Eo / h+unL dflg;af6
n]lvg] lrL / efg'eQmsf] pQm lrLdf ljz]if km/s 5}g. o;af6 of] l;4 x'G5
ls uBdf ;kmntf kfpg lgs} ufx|f] 5 / uflBs ;kmntf g} ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf]
ljDa xf]. efg'eQmsf] pQm uBkq x]bf{ p; avtsf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] lzz'tf
/ g]kfnL hflt / b]zsf] :t/ /fd|} emNsG5. ;f] pgsf] lrL oxL xf] M
:jl:t >L lr/+hLlj gflt -lg <_ /dfgfy zd{l0f >L efg'eQm zd{0f
M z'efzLjf{bfM ;Gt' pk|fGt k9\b}g;\ eGbf -Gof <_ ;'Gb5', d]/f s+9f kl/
hlt pdn+5;\, `fxfaf6 d Sof u, d txfF cfofkl5 t}+n] gk9fsf]
7x/f`f eGof, jfj}, t]/f Hofgsf] cf;f g/flv nft\ dfGof{5', ls t}n]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
87
dg'{knf{ ls dl/ ;'v kfpGof5;\, ls klx| ;'v kfpGof5;\, of] a'lem, ls

t}n+ ] dg{' ls kGx'{ t]/L cfdfn] klg of] lrl7 x]l/ ;fem a]xfg tnfO nft
df/L 3f]sg nfjf];\ cfh t]/L cfdfsf] r]t cfo]gg\ / tnfO if]ng lboL
eGof d}n] nftdf/L dgf{Gt kf/fsf] tdf;f x]ln{ x]jf{j} klx|g;\ eGof t]/f]
lhp v+h u/fO{5f]8'nf /lt hlt t]/f dfof dfGGof 5}g, ;f] hfgL t]l/
cfdfn] tnfO cbdf /flif 3f]sfpg' t}n ] 3f]s g' cfh;Dd slt klx|; \
`fxfF;Dd kf7 k'/fofsf] 5' elg n]lv k7f cl3 kx|fofsf] klg lal;{;\ ls
cfpF5 t]/f xftn] n]lif k7f glx eGof t]/f] Hofg ;fa'b /fifGof 5}g, w]/}
Sof n]if' lsdlws+ ldlt dfu{ z'lb ! /f]h # d'sfd dxfaf}4 6f]n z'ed\,
-k' g ZrM_
txfF k9b} g eGof dflg; ;fynfO{ d+l ;/ leq} `fofF k7fOb] d
cfpFbf ;Fu} ln cfpFnf `flx+ k9fpF5' tf+xL k9\5 eGof al9of xf],
clxn] g]kfnL efiffdf uBsf] ljsf; hf]8tf]8l;t a9\b5

} , To;}n] g]kfnL
;flxTo / hflt jf b]zsf] :t/ klg dfly p7\b} cfO/x]sf] xfdL kfpFb5f}+ . t/ xfdLn]
of] sbflk la;{g x'bF g} ls g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pQ/f]Q/ ljsf; efg'eQms} sbd xf].
cfiff9, @)@^]
efg'eQm
afnrGb| zdf{
/3'gfysf] ;'Gb/sf08 /fdfo0fnfO{ cl3 ;f/L s]xL
klxn] Ps k6s g]kfnL ;flxTosf cflbsljaf/] s]xL slr+un
p7fOPsf] lyof]. x'g t xfd|f] b]zsf] k/Dk/fsf] p7fg
uf}td a'4eGbf klg klxn] ePsf] s'/fdf s;}sf] k|ltjfb
gxf]nf, tyflk cfh g]kfnL ;flxTo eGgfn] ;fwf/0ftof
h] sf] af]w x'G5 To;sf jf:tljs cu'jfsf kdf t
efg'eQm g} b]vf kb{5g\. lgZro g} /3'gfyeGbf klxn] klg
s'g} g s'g} ksf] g]kfnL efiffsf] sljtfsf] k|of]u ug]x{
eP, t/ ltgsf] k|efj :yfoL / cg's/0fLo ePg. hf] cflb
sljsf] lj?bsf] lgldQ ;jf{lws k|of]hgLo x'G5. cu'jf t ToxL dflgG5 h;sf]
cg';/0fdf kl5 x'g]x hfgLhfgL lx+8b5g\, gq eg] hGd]sf] ldlts} u0fgfn] s'g}
s;}sf] cu'jf aGg ;Qm}g. efg'eQmeGbf w]/} klxn]b]lv g} xfd|f ufpF3/df
:jfefljs qmdfg';f/ g]kfnL efiffdf 5Gbf]a4 /rgf gePsf] xf]Ogg\, t/ ltgsf]
s'g} k|ToIf / hfgLhfgL c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] k|efj xfd|f] ;flxTodf b]lvGg / ltgsf]
cg';/0fdf kl5sf] k/Dk/f klg l:y/ ePg. lnlvt ;flxTodf OlGb/;k|e[ltsf
88
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
h'g /rgf e]l6G5g\ tL :jo+ cfkm}df ;Lldt 5g\, ltgsf] kl5 s'g} cg's/0ffTds
dof{bf ag]gtL k|of]u lyP, ;kmntf lyPgg\. u+uf]Q/Ldf stfaf6 s'g s'g sNof
/ d"nsf] kfgL Pslqt x'G5, Totfkl s;}sf] Wofg x'Gg, k/Gt' nf]sn] Tof] ;a
;f]xf]l/P/ Ps ;|f]taf6 k|ToIf k]0f lg:sgf;fy u+uf]Q/Laf6 u+ufsf] pTklQ
ePsf] dfGb5. efg'eQmdf nf]shLjg cyjf cfg" cu|hxsf] s] slt k|efj
kof]o;sf] vf]htnfzsf] ljifo cfs}{ xf], xfd|f] g]kfnL ;flxTo sf] wf/f t
efg'eQmaf6} au]sf] :ki6 5. efg'eQmsf /rgfn] pgLkl5 df]tL/fd / pgsf]
d08nL Pj+ tLkl5 qmdzM cfh;Ddsf /rgfdf :ki6 k|/] 0ff lbb} cfPsf]df s'g}
cg';w+ fgsf] k|of]hg 5}g. cfh t emg\ efg'eQm xfd|f] slj / ljrf/sxsf]
;d'bfo lgldQ cem} 7"nf] k|]/0ff / :km"lt{sf cfwf/ ag]sf 5g\. s'g} cflbslj sf]
lgldQ k|efjs/ dfGotfsf] o:t} :yfloTj k|of]hgLo 5.
efg'eQm o;/L xfd|f slj / sfJoefjsxsf sljdfq ePgg\, j/g\ pgsf]
jf0fL h;/L k|f/+edf ;dfh;fk]If lyof] To;}u/L cfhklg To;df ;dfhnfO{ cfgGb
/ k|/] 0ff lbg] ;fwg 5Fb5
} g\. x'g t s'g} u|Gysf] cfsf/sf] ljzfntfg} To;sf] dxj
x'g ;Qm}g, tyflk g]kfnL ;flxTosf] gjc?0ff]bosfndf ha sljx ;Lldt
syfj:t' / ;fg} /rgfsf] 3]/fleq k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP, efg'eQmn] /fdfo0f h:tf]
ljzfn /rgf k|:t't u/]/ xfd|f] hLjgsf cg]sfg]s cfsf+Iffxsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{
;flxTodf gofF r]tgfsf] k|fb'ef{j u/fP. o;/L ljzfn syfj:t'sf] If]qdf ljleGg
k|Zg / efjgfn] kof{Kt If]q e]6s
] f] x'gfn] xfd|f] jf0fLn] cfufdL o'usf] lgldQ kof{Kt
df+;ntf clh{t uof], / o;/L efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fb]lv g} g]kfnL ;flxTon] ;flxTo
sf] dof{bf clh{t u/]sf] b]lvG5. cu|hxsf /rgfdf hxfF ;fdfGo nx8afhL, dflns
l/emfpg] efjgf jf o:t} s'g} cfsf]{ ;Lldt p2]Zo b]lvG5, efg'eQmn] :ki6 g}
nf]s\sf] uF lxt\ egL
sf] cfg} d+un sfdgfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ ;flxTonfO{ j:t'tM ;flxTo sf]
nf]stflGqs d"n cfwf/df 78fPsf 5g\. kmn:jk xfd|f] ;dfhsf] k|To]s
kIfsf]wgL, u/La, ;'vL, b'vL, zx/L, u|fdL0f, afns, j[4 / o'jf, kl08t / s
s/fjfnf, ;a}sf] xflb{s / af}l4s kl/tf]if Pj+ sNof0fsf] ;dfj]z efg'eQmdf x'g
uPsf] 5. o;sf/0f efg'eQm g]kfnL sljsf slj x'gfsf] ;fy} g]kfnL hgsf
klg slj ePsf 5g\.
o'/f]kLo sfJozf:qcg';f/ dxfsfJosf lgldQ s'g} /fi6df gfossf] ;fy}
s'g} o:tf] syfklg k|of]hgLo x'G5 h;df ;Dk"0f{ /fi6sf] efjgf s]lGb|t x'g
;sf];\, cyf{t\ To;sf] syfj:t'df ;Dk"0f{ /fi6sf] s'g} 7"nf] lxtsf] ;dfj]z
xf];\ . ef/tLo sfJozf:qn] klg o;sf] lgldQ h:tf] gfos / To;df ufFl;Psf]
syfj:t' Pj+ tLaf6 pTkGg x'g] /;sf] lgiklQsf] x]td
' f p2Lkgflb efjfg'jflbsf]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5, To;sf] tfTko{ klg o;} u/L /fli6o hLjgnfO{ Totfkl
cfslif{t u/L To;sf efjgfnfO{ vfg'{ g} xf]. k"j{ / klZrdhxfF klg dxfsfJo /
To;sf k|0f]tf dxfsljsf] oxL Psdfq k/LIff:yn 7flgG5. olb s'g} sljsf] Ps
s[ltaf6 sf/0fjz of] ;DkGg x'Gg eg]p;sf sltko s[ltx cl3 ;fg]{;Dd
cg'dlt 5, t/ /fli6o k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgdf s'g} 5"6 x'g ;Qm}g/jLGb|gfy 7fs'/
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
89
o;sf Ps b[i6fGt 5g\. efg'eQmn] t:km'6 /rgfsf] ;j{yf pk]Iff ul/Ptf klg
cfg" /fdfo0fd} xfd|f] /fi6sf] :ki6 lrq / To;nfO{ cl3 a9g] kof{Kt k|]/0ff
;kmntf ;fy k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf 5g\
af0f\ ah|f] ha aflnsf bodf ;jf{ jfwf k/L.

k[YjL s+k u/fO em6\ tlx+ luof] jfnL t d"5f{ k/L
dfgf] b}jsf] sf]ksf] ah|n] cfh;Ddsf] ck/flht g]kfn /fi6g} cFu/]hxsf]

;fwgf/f k5fl/of] k/fhosf] o; lj/f6 rf]6sf] cf3ft / afnLsf] dxfg\ sn]j/sf]
kdf g]kfnL zlQm k5fl/Psf] WjGofTds k h:tf] pko'Qm b'O k+lQmdf k|:t't
ePsf] 5 o:tf] cWofTd /fdfo0fsf/n] sbflk k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\
lje]b ;z/f] jIff] jflng M sDkoGdxLd\.

pTkftt dxfzAb+ d'~ rg\ ; lgkkft x..
cyjf asf] cg'k|f;sf] ;kmn k|of]un] efg'eQmsf dfly pb\w[t b'O r/0fd}
h:tf] ljDa v8f ePsf] 5 Tof] jflNdsLo /fdfo0fdf klg b]lvGg
tt:t]g dxft]hf jLo{o'Qm M skLZj/ M.

j] u ] g flextf] j fnL lgkkft dxLtn] ..#^..
OGb|W jhOaf]4 " t M kf} 0 f{ d f:of+ dxLtn] .
cfZjo' S ;do] d fl;ut;jf] ljr] t gM..======..
cyjf jfnLsf] of] plSt
d]/f] t ult o} lyof] ldlnuof], hfG5" k/+wfd\dtf.

cb\dfly bof /xf];\ xh'/sf] xflh/\ 5 ;]js\ptf..
eLd;]g yfkf, dfyj/ l;+xs;}sf] d'vaf6 klg 7Ls o;} u/L lg:sg
;Qm5. lsGt', cWofTd/fdfo0fsf oL k+lQmdf g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg efjgfsf] o:tf]
Wjlg ;'lgGg
ddt'N oan] afn] cb] Tj+ bof+s'?..^(..
h] eP klg To; ;dosf] ;dfhsf] lgldQ t efg'eQmn] oxL pb\af]wg lbg ;Qmy]
;'Gof} efO ;G;fdf{ zl// clt sRrf 5 hgsf].

zl//\ sRrf hfgL gu/ ltld l/;\ slQ dgsf]..
;a} ef]u\ r~rn\ 5g\ ljh'ln;l/ Ps\ l5g\ g/xGof.
ljrf/\ o:tf] /fvL ;x' ltld a8f] x'G5 ;xGof..#)..
oL ;fdlos pb\uf/ cWofTd /fdfo0fsf lgDglnlvt k+lQmsf sf]/f cg'jfb

xf]Ogg\
ef]u f d]3 ljtfg:yljb\ o 'N n]v ] j r~rnf.

cfo' / KolUg;GtKtnf] x :y hnljGb' j t\ ..@)..
j/g\ ltgdf k/fhosf] rf]6df ;fGTjgfsf] dnxd nufpFb} a8f] aGg] k|]/0ff
klg 5. t'n;Lbf;n] ljwdL{xsf rf]6n] ;+q:t lxGb';dfhnfO{ slt ;kmntf;fy
o:tf] ;fGTjgf lbg ;s]o;sf] rrf{ ug{ oxfF k|of]hgLo 5}g, t/ efg'eQmsf]
;kmntf t pgLkl5sf] ;dfhsf Oltxf;af6} :ki6 5.
oxfF efg'eQmsf] df}lnstfn] xfFs kfpg' ;+ej 5. / syfj:t'sf] df}lnstf
sfJodf uf}0f s'/f xf]. dfly elgP cg';f/ df}lnstfsf] s;L t s'g} klg rl/q
90
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
/ syfsf] cf8df k|s6 ul/Psf sljsf ljrf/ / efjgf x'G5g\ h;sf] cfwf/df
sljn] hghLjgk|lt cfg" sljst{Josf] lgjf{x ub{5. ef/tLo dxfsljxn]
w]/}h;f] /fdfo0f / dxfef/ts} syfj:t' lnP/ o:tf] st{Josf] kl/rfng u/]sf
5g\, o"/f]kdf xf]d/sf /rgf, af]s]lzof]sf] l8s]df]/fg, jfOlan / cg]sfg]s k|rlnt
bGTosyfs} cfwf/df dxfsfJoxsf] k|0fog eof]. efg'eQmn] klg cWofTd/fdfo0fsf]
sf]bfnf] ;dftL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] gofF af6f] k|:t't kf/] eGbf pgLk|lt s'g} kIfkft
jf 5"6 lbOof] eGg g;lsPnf.
efg'eQm xfd|f] hLjgdf olt leq]sf 5g\ ls
ljZjf;\ gdfGg' /3'gfy\ O t b'i6 kf] x'g\.
h:tf cg]sfg]s plSt d"n k|;u+ af6 afx]s eP/ klg xfdLnfO{ ;bf 3/]n"
/ b}lgs ;d:ofaf6 pDs]/ sd{kydf ;fjwfgL;fy cu|;/ x'g] k|]/0ff lbG5g\ h:t}
uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;sf p4/0fx, / xfd|f] hLjgsf ;f/f ;d:ofsf ;Dk"0f{
cflwef}lts, cflwb}lxs / cflwb}ljs ;d:ofxsf] ha;Dd ;+k"0f{ xn eP/ xfd|f
j}olQms, ;fdflhs, /fli6o / cflTds k|Zg cfgGbsf] j]bflGts l:yltdf 6'lF uGgg\
ta;Dd xfd|f] aLr efg'eQmdf af;Lkgfsf] uGw e]fpg' ;+ej 5}g. pgsf /fd
hLjgsf ef}lts ;d:ofsf ;Dk"0f{ cNemf] gf3]/ ha cof]Wofdf k'uL /fd/fHo
sf] lgdf{0f ub{5g\, pgsf] /fdfo0f 6'l+ uG5, kl/l:yltn] xf/]sf] xfd|f] hLjg klg ha
;d:ofxsf] clGtd ;dfwfgdf k'Unf xfdL klg efg'eQmnfO{ yGSofpFnf.
[efg'eQm, k|sfzs g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bfhL{nL, @)!$]
efg' ;Demgf
lgTo/fh kf08]
efg'eQm cflbslj, dxfslj, hftLo slj, ;f+:s[lts
slj, xf:o slj cflb x'g\ . pgnfO{ / /fhLjnf]rg hf];LnfO{
cflbsljsf ku/L df]tL/fd en] sfJosf] u'0f rfv]/
u'tfPsf lyP. pgn] 7fpF 7fpFdf 3'd]/ hgtf;Fu a'emL
/fdfo0f kQf nufP/ sfzLaf6 5fk]sf lyP. sf7df8f}d
+ f
df]tL s[i0f sDkgL kfz'kt oGqfnoaf6 klxnf] k6s
g]kfnL sfuhdf ;ft sf08L /fdfo0f 5fk]sf lyP.
efg'eQmsf] ljz]if s'/f a'em]sf] o; n]vsn] g]kfnL lzIff
kl/ifbaf6 @)@( ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] /D3fdf klxnf] k6s sljj/ w/0fLw/
sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf k'uL efg' hGd dxf]T;j dgfPsf] lyof]. To;df l;l4r/0f
>]i7, uf]kfn kfF8], jf;'b]j lqkf7L, >Leb| zdf{ cflb ;lxt\ of] JolQm pkl:yt
ePsf] lyof]. o; JolQmn] 306f}+;Dd efg'eQmsf] j}lzi6\o k|s6 u/L efg' ;+emgf
;d]t sljtf kf7 u/]sf] lyof]. ;f] sljtf @)^*#@( sf] gful/s klqsf /
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
91
o;sf] SjfF6L sljtf ;+u|xdf k|sfz ePsf] 5. @)!^ ;fn c;f/ !( ut] klxnf]
k6s g]kfnL lzIff kl/ifbn] efg' k|ltdf :yfkgf u/L >L % dx]Gb|af6 pb\3f6g
u/fPsf] lyof]. To; cj;/df n]vgfy, l;l4r/0f, eLdlglw ltjf/L, uf]kfn kfF8]
cflb ;fy o;sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof]. k|fs[lts /d0fLotf k|sfz u/L efg'eQmn]
aofg u/]sf] afnfh'df @)@!#@( sf lbg slj ;Dd]ng ;fy hoGtL dgfPsf]
lyof]. o;n] kf7 u/]sf sljtf SjfF6L sljtf ;+u|xdf 5flk;s]sf] 5.
k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf ;flxlTos u'0f emNsfpFb} ;flxTosf /;x 5/]/
g]kfnL efj ld;fpFb} w]/} cWofTd /fdfo0f / s]xL jfNdLls /fdfo0fsf] cfwf/df
efg'eQm /fdfo0f n]lvPsf] lyof]. ef/t, adf{ cflb :yndf g]kfnLx hxfF hxfF
k'u]klg /fdfo0f kf7 u/L u'~hfodfg u/]sf lyP.
>Ls[i0fsf gflt wg~hosf 5f]/f !*&! ;fn c;f/ @( ut] hGd]sf efg'eQmn]
nv]sf] /fdfo0fsf] klxnf] Znf]s
Ps\ lbg\ gf/b ;Tonf]s\ k'luuof nf]s\sf] uF lxt\ egL

a|D xf tfxL+ lyof kof r/0fdf v'; L u/fof klg
Sof ;f]W5\of} ltld ;f]w eG5' d egL dhL{ eofYof] h;}
a|D xfsf] s?0ff a'em]/ Clifn] ljGtL uof of] t;}
nf]ssf] uF lxt\ egL efg'eQm cl3 ;/]sf] :ki6 5. bo rGb| l;+x k|wfgn]
efg'eQm hftLo slj dfg]sf 5g\. a|Dx zdz]/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff, bfhL{lnsf
kf/;dl0f k|wfg, ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL, efOrGb| k|wfg / sf7df8f}+sf afnrGb| zdf{,
afns[i0f ;d cflbaf6 efg'eQmsf] u'0f /; k|sfz eO;s]sf] 5. g]kfnL
;flxlTostfsf] lj:t[t aofg ug]{ ;f+:s[lts slj, cflbslj, /fi6slj, xf:o slj,
cflb efg' x'g\ . pgsf] cflbsljTjdf k|Zg p7fPklg klxnf] slj x'gk' 5{ eGg] xf]Og,
hgtfsf] bo 5'g] dd{:kzL{ :jflbnf /; ePsf] sljtf klxn] l;h{gf ug]{nfO{
cflbslj dflgG5. c+u]h
| L ;flxTodf r;/ eGbf w]/} slj ePklg pgnfO clfbslj
dflgG5. To:t} ef/tdf t'n;Lbf;nfO{ cflbslj dfg] ;/x oxfF efg'nfO{ dflgPsf]
xf]. efg'eQmnfO{ tTsfnLg h'4 zdz]/ ;lxt dflysf lbUuhxn] dfg]sf] :ki6
5. eQmdfnf n]Vg] eQm slj / ;f;" a'xf/LnfO{ ctL{ lbg] slj, dd{ vf]nL
tTsfnLg sDof08/ OGrLkm s[i0f axfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ lgj]bg lbg], nfdv',] plkofFsf]
s'/f n]vL ;'wf/ ug]{ sljsf] lztjflif{sL cj;/df 5f]6f] n]v eg] cg';f/ zAb
;+of]hgdf cnfl/s / clxn] g} ePsf] h:tf] u/L u'0f b]vfpg] efg'eQm /fdfo0fsf]
lslisGwf sf08sf] $& cf}+ Znf]s pNNf]v u/L of] snd la;fOG5.
af0f\
k[YjL
d"5f{
b]Vof
aHof] ha aflnsf bodf ;jf{ afwf u/L

sDk u/fO em6\ tlx+ luof afnL t d"5f{ k/L
b"O 38L kof kl5 clns\ r}tGo cfof] h;}
>L /3'gfynfO{ v'l; e} ;fd\g] a:ofsf t;}
wf]a Lwf/f, $( tf/f uNnL, sf7df8f}

kmf] g M $$#$$)#
92
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{, g]kfnL efiff / tgx"F

l8NnL/fd ld> >dhLjL
ljsf; zAbh:t} tLg cIf/sf] ;+of]u /x]sf] tgx"e
F l" dn]
g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ uf}/jzfnL lhNnfsf] kdf
cfgf] ;kmn klxrfg lb+b} cfPsf] 5. g]kfn clw/fHosf]
u08sLk|b]z ;]ge"lddf cjl:yt tgx"F w]/} klxn]bl] v g}
ljBfkL7 / zlQmkL7sf] pj{/e"ldsf] kdf kl/lrt 5.
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ljut c9fO{ ztfAbLdf clw/fHosf
cGo lhNnfxsf] ;fk]Iftfdf tgx"s
F f] ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts,
af}l4s, k|zf;lgs, k|fl1s s"6gLlts tyf /fhgLlts
klxrfg /fli6o uf}/j ul/dfs} kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5, h;sf] kmn:jk tgx"Fsf]
af}l4s / k|fl1s klxrfg ljlzi6 /x\of] / cBfjlw sfod} 5. g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf
dd{1 cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] pbo ;+of]u dfq xf]Og, tgx"Fdf :yflkt af}l4s
/ k|fl1s kof{j/0fsf k|wfg klg x'g\ pgL. o; cy{df tgx"F :jo+ sfJowf/fsf]
cb\et" qmL8f:yn klg xf].
ljZj jf\dosf] klxnf] u|Gy j]bzf:qsf JofVofsf/, Oltxf; / k'/f0fsf
/rlotf, cfo{;:+ s[lt, ;Eotf / snfsf lxdfotL dxlif{ j]bJof;f/f cg'kf| l0ft
;+:s[t;flxTowf/fn] dfq xf]Og, g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzsf k|yd efg' r'bF L/D3fsf
;/n, ;/; / kBdo g]kfnL sfJojf0fLn] lr/sfnb]lv o; ;du| e"v08s} ;Eotf
/ ;+:s[ltsf] ;h{g / l;+rgug]{ pb\ud:ynsf sf/0f tgx"Fsf] :yfg lxdlzv/ h:t}
lbJo/x]sf] 5. oxL k/Dk/fut kdf tgx"d
F f ljfgxsf] d08nL cToGt /fd|f]
/x]sf] k|;\unfO{ lnP/ Oltxf;lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{sf] a|Dx1fgn] eg]h:t}
h;/L uf]/vfn] axfb'/Ldf gfd sdfpg ;kmntf k|fKt uof], To;} u/L ljfgx
hGdfpg tgx"Fn] k|l;l4 sdfPsf] 5 eGg] o'lQmn] klg of] tYonfO{ k'li6 ub{5.
klxnf] g]kfnL dxfsfJo /fdfo0fsf] k[i7df c\lst efg'eQm g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf
clj:d/0fLo k|ltef x'g\ . To;}n] Pp6f >4fsf] gfd xf] efg'eQm clg Pp6f
;Ddfgsf] ;Daf]wg xf] g]kfnL efiff tyf Pp6f uf}/jsf] kl/ro xf] tgx"F .
g]kfnL efiff;flxTo cGtu{t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, eLd;]g:t'lt / tgx"F es'08f]
zLif{ssf sljtf ;j{kf| rLg dflgPsf 5g\. jL/rl/qsf] :t'ltk|z+;f Pj+ ho
k/fho / ljhoufgs} cfwf/df jL/ufyf;DjGwL sljtf n]lvPsf] kfOG5. uf]/vf
b/jf/df cfl>t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf b/afl/of kl08t ;+:s[tsf ljfg\ Pj+
sltko k':tssf /rlotf zlQmjNne cHof{nn] lj=;+= !*@& lt/ tgx"F es'08f]
sljtf n]v]sf lyP. pgn] dxfef/t lj/f6kj{ / tgx"F es'08f] sljtf g]kfnL
efiffdf n]v]sf 5g\. g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf n3'td\ sfJosf] kdf cToGt
rf]l6nf] ljwf d'Sts k/Dk/fsf] klxnf] lnlvt yfngL tgx"F es'08f] nw'sfJoaf6
ePsf] xf]. g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;n]Vg] sltko ljfgxn] o; sljtfsf]
/rgf lj=;+= !*#( lt/ ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\, t/ Tof] unt xf]. of] sljtf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
93
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hLjgsf] clGtd sfnv08 lj=;+= !*@& b]lv !*#) sf

aLrdf n]lvPsf] xf]. pgn] tgx"F es'08f] sljtfdf ljz]if u/L tgx"F b/af/nfO{
s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ tTsfnLg l5d]sL /fHox sf:sL, ndh'\ / Ko'7F fgk|lt s8f
r'gf}ltsf ;fy Jo\Uoaf0f k|xf/ u/]sf 5g\.
g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf sfnljefhgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lj=;+= !*&@ ;DdnfO{
k|fyldssfn dflgPsf] 5, t/ ;j{dfGo cfwf/ geP;Dd ;flxTodf sfn ljefhgsf]
qmd tf]Sg' lgZro klg ;lhnf] 5}g\ . o;sf af/]df ljfgxsf] cfcfg} ts{ /
dt /x]sf] 5. o; sfnv08 cGtu{t /fi6, /fli6otf, /fli6o Pstf / b]zelQmsf]
hudf g]kfnL sljtfn] jL//;sf] wf/fk|jfx u/]sf] 5. cfw'lgs g]kfnsf /fi6lgdf{tf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] cfudgn] g]kfnL sljtfdf jL//; wf/f k|efljt ePsf] xf].
jL/wf/fnfO{ l;/fgL nufP/ pln{Psf] g]kfnL cf:yf ljk/Lt ePsf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwaf6
b]zelQmsf sljtfn]Vg] jf0fL k'qxdf Ps k|sf/sf] lg/fzf pTkGg u/fPsf]
ePklg lkm/\uLxnfO{ 8fF8f] s6fpg' k5{ eGg] kIfdf /fi6n] lj>fd eg] lnPsf]
lyPg. o'ur]tgf / efjgfsf] d"n k|:k'm6g eO{/xFbf /fdelQmwf/fsf slj efg'eQmsf]
hGd klg o;} sfnv08df ePsf] xf], t/ pgL dfWoldssfndf rDsg k'u] .
g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df o; r/0f eg]sf] efg'eQmk"j{sf] t:jL/ xf],
h;nfO{ ljsf;qmdsf] cf/DesfnLg ljGb' dflgG5. lkm/\uLxsf] lj/f]wdf jL//;sf
sljtfn]Vg] ob'gfy kf]v/]n k|e[ltx o; o'usf gfos slj x'g\ .
g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf sfn ljefhgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ lj=;+= !*&# b]lv
!(&$ ;DdnfO{ dfWoldssfn dflgPsf] 5. o;sfndf sd} dfq efiff /
;flxTo;]jLxn] cfk"mnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ t/ hlt :yflkt eP pgLxsf]
of]ubfg ;dfh / /fi6sf] kIfdf u'0ffTds /x]sf] 5. g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf
;j{>i] 7 k'?if cflbslj efg'eQm o; o'usf dxfggfos x'g\. o; o'udf klg
tgx"Fsf bh{gf} ;flxlTos k|ltefxn] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;df u'0ffTds
of]ubfg k'ofPsf 5g\. dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;qmd;+u}
o; sfnv08df tgx"s
F f ljfgxaf6 k|z:t} u|Gyx ;+:s[t / g]kfnL efiffdf
n]lvPsf lyP / of] ofqf lg/Gt/ sfod 5.
g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf /fli6o lje"lt slj df]tL/fd en] hLjgLk/s
;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt slj efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/q lj=;+= !($* ;fndf sfzLaf6
;fj{hlgs u/]sf x'g\. tb\kZrft\ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] If]qdf slj efg'eQmsf]
sljTj, s[ltTj / JolQmTjsf] af/]df lrGtgdgg, cWoogcg';Gwfg, rrf{
kl/rrf{, jfbljjfb, ax; cGt/ax; / 6Lsfl6Kk0fLx cfcfg} cWoog,
z}nL, Ifdtf / cg'ejxsf] cfwf/df x'gyfn]. g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf klxnf]
hLjgLk/s k':ts slj efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/q efg'eQm hGd]sf] &* jif{ /
lgwgePsf] @$ jif{kl5 ;fj{hlgs ePsf] xf]. of] k':ts df]tL/fdn] @% jif{sf]
pd]/df k|sfzgdf NofPsf x'g\ . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] Ps ;'Gb/o'u dfWoldssfnLg
kl/l:yltdf ;fdflhs :jkdf s]xL xb;Dd ljrng cfPsf] eP klg slj
efg'eQmn] /fdfo0fsf] efjfg'jfb b]z sfn / kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] u/]sf lyP. s'g}
klg ;|i6fnfO{ b]z sfn / kl/l:yltsf] kL8fhGo k|lts"ntfaf6 k[ys /x]/ cleJolQm
94
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
lbg ;xh lyPg. ;+:s[tefiffsf] bjbjf /x]sf] Tof] sfnv08df slj efg'eQm klg
o;sf ckjfb lyPgg\. To;}n] ;+:s[t;flxTodf cflbslj jfNdLlssf] h'g :yfg
5 lxGbL;flxTodf ;Gtt'n;Lbf;sf] hf] uf}/jufyf ePh:t} g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf
cflbslj efg'eQmsf] ToxL :yfg 5. o;sf/0f sljtfsf] dd{hfgL a'emL efiffj4
ug]{ sljdf slj efg'eQm g} x'g\ .
;j{ky| d efg'eQmn] g]kfnLefiffdf k"0f{ dxfsfJo /fdfo0fsf] ;'Gb/ df}lns
cg'jfb u/]/ efiffsf] dfWodf/f ;dfhdf o'uLg kl/jt{g NofP. efg'eQmsf]
/fdfo0f nufot pgsf k|efjsfl/tf / ;j{lk|o /rgfxn] g]kfnlxsf] dg ;xh}
5'g k'us
] f] 5. ;a}eGbf klxn] k|efjzfnL s[lt l;h{gff/f sfJok/Dk/f yfNg]
efg'eQmsf ;dsfnLg / k"j{jtL{ sljxsf /rgfdf oyfy{k/s lrq0f, efiff
cleJolQm / z}nL k|ltkfbgdf pNn]vgLo :jsLotf / df}lnstfsf] cefj lyof],
h;nfO{ efg'eQmn] ;d]6]sf 5g\. oL cefjxnfO{ ;d]6\b} g]kfnL efiff;flxTonfO{
k7gLo, :t/Lo / cWoog cg';Gwfg ljsl;t / k|efjsf/L agfpg] o;sf] r/d
;kmntf efg'eQmnfO{ g} hfG5. ;jf]{Qd l;h{gfsf] lgldQ ;do / ;|i6f b'a}sf]
;+of]u cfjZostf kb5{, t/ efg'eQmsf] ;dotfsf Tof] ;xhtf ;Dej lyPg.
;flxlTos >]i7tfsf] d"Nof\sg hgtfdf k/]sf] cgGt k|efj / ;j{sfnLg
x[bo:klz{tfdf lge{//xG5. efg'eQmsf] bfz{lgs cWoog, ltvfl/Psf] snd /
dxfg\k|ltefn] cfh g]kfnLefiff / ;flxTo oltw]/} df}nfpg ;s]sf] xf]. ;u'0f:jk
>L/fdrGb|sf] kljqrl/q JofVof ePsf] cWofTd /fdfo0fnfO{ ;/n g]kfnLefiffdf
Znf]sj4 u/L g]kfnLxsf 3/3/ em'k8L e'mk8Lxdf /fdrl/qsf] wfld{s ;Gb]z
ufogsf] kdf efg'eQmn] k'ofP. To;}n] efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f g]kfnL hgdfg;sf]
Psn e"uf]n xf]. efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f n]Vg'k"j{ dft[efiffdf s'g} To:tf] k|Voft\
u|Gysf] /rgf ePsf] lyPg. s]jn ;f]x|f}+ ztfJbLdf ef/tdf sljs'nzlz
;Gtt'n;Lbf;n] /fdrl/tdfg;sf] /rgf u/]/ h'g k'0osfo{sf] k|;f/k|rf/ u/]
ToxL sfo{ efg'eQmn] g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] If]qdf u/]. tyflk o; cy{df klg
slj efg'eQmnfO{ g]kfnsf ;'Gtt'n;Lbf; elgPsf] xf].
slj efg'eQmsf ;/;, ;/n / dw'do g]kfnL sfJojf0fLn] lr/sfnb]lv g}
dfgj;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf /fdelQmwf/f k/Dk/fsf sljdf kfOg] o'uaf]w g}
g]kfnL sfJohutdf efg'sf] cl:tTj xf]. cfgf] ;fFw'/f] sfnv08df efg'eQmn]
g]kfnLefiff / ;flxTonfO{ h'g pRrsf]6Ldf k'ofP Toltsfd pgsf ;dsfnLg /
k"j{jtL{ sljxn] ug{ ;s]gg\. o;/L cfgf ;dsfnLg / k"j{jtL{ sljxsf
sfJos[ltxnfO{ pl5g]/ ljsl;t / k|efjsf/L agfpg] cleef/f g]kfnL
efiff;flxTodf efg'eQmnfO{ ldn]sf] 5. o; cy{df slj efg'eQmnfO{ cflbsljsf]
;Ddfg lbg'sf] zfZjt kIf klg oxL g} xf]. g]kfnL hgdfg;df :yflkt eO;s]sf],
o'un] dfg]sf], ;don] jrfPsf] / hglhj|f]n] :jfb lnPsf] Pp6f bl/nf] :tDe
cflbsljsf] ;Ddfgk|lt s]xL 5'b| rl/q ePsfxn] k|xf/ u/]/ ;:tf] nf]slk|otf
lngvf]Hg' cf~rlns kL8faf]w eGbf c? s]xL klg xf]Og. lsgeg] eflifs / hftLo
Pstfsf k|tLs eO;s]sf efg'eQmsf] d"Nof\sg g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf ;do;fk]If
eP/ ug'k{ 5{ k/Gt' ;dolg/k]If eP/ xf]Og. g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] dfWoldssfndf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
95
b]vfkg]{ gLlt pkb]zd"ns k|jl[ Qsf sljxdf efg'eQm klg x'g\ . pgn] efg'eQmLo
wf/fk/Dk/fnfO{ sfJon]vgsf] dfkg agfPsf 5g\.
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klxnf] dxfsfJo /fli6o lje"lt cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{f/f
ljz'4 g]kfnL efiffdf df}lns efiffg'jfb ul/Psf] s[lt cWofTd /fdfo0f xf],
h;nfO{ efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f elgG5. o; dxfsfJo cWofTd /fdfo0fdf afnsf08,
;'Gb/sf08, c/0osf08, o'4sf08, pQ/sf08, cof]Wofsf08 / lslisGwfsf08 u/L
;ft sf08x /x]sf 5g\. oL ;a} sf08xdf u/L s'n Ps xhf/ tLg ;o
pGgfO; Znf]sdf cfj4 5 efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f. efg'eQmn] em08} rf}lj; jif{
nufP/ ;Dat\ !*(% b]lv ;Dat\ !(!( j}zfv;Dd ;Dk"0f{ /fdfo0fsf] efjfg'jfb
ul/;s]sf lyP. efg'eQmsf] lgwg kZrft\ g} ;a} /fdfo0fx k|sflzt ePsf x'g\
eg] ;j{k|yd ;Djt\ !($! ;fndf afnsf08 /fdfo0f k|sflzt ePsf] xf].
clxn];Dd pknJw /fdfo0f} /fdfo0fxsf] >[\vnfdf ;a}eGbf klxnf] /fdfo0f
rfFxL ;+:s[t ;flxTosf cflbslj jfNdLlsf/f q]tfo'udf /rgf ul/Psf] jfNdLls
/fdfo0fnfO{ dflgPsf] 5. /fdfo0f;DaGwL bh{gf}+ u|GyxdWo] ;a}eGbf h]7f] g}
jfNdLls /fdfo0f xf]. o; u|GynfO{ ofjt s'/f ;d]l6Psf] a[xt cfsf/sf] /fdfo0fsf]
kdf lnOG5. s'n rf}lj; xhf/ Znf]sdf cfj4 jfNdLls /fdfo0fdf ;ftsf08
/ (@ ;u{ /x]sf 5g\. To;}n] jfNdLls /fdfo0f, cWofTd /fdfo0f / efg'eQmLo
/fdfo0f u/L oL ltg}j6f /fdfo0fdf ;dfg gfdsf ;ftsf08 5g\. efg'eQmLo
/fdfo0f jfNdLls /fdfo0fsf] efjfg'jfb ge} cWofTd /fdfo0fsf] 5fofFg'jfb jf
kBfg'jfb xf].
efg'eQmLo /fdfo0f g]kfnL hgdfg;sf] l;\uf] e"uf]n xf]. efg'eQmLo
/fdfo0fdf g]kfnLxsf] cfTdf l5k]sf] 5, o;df g]kfnLTj 5, g]kfnL efiffn]
cfgf] jf:tljs k :jk b]vfPsf] 5. g]kfnL hgtfn] ef]u]sf ;'v,b'Mv,
g]kfnL jftfj/0f / g]kfnL z}nL d'vl/t ePsf] 5. log} sf/0fn] ubf{ klg
efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fn] :jb]z / ljb]zdf ;d]t pRr :yfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5.
;+:s[tjf\do ;flxTonfO{ dfq sljtfsf] plrt dfWod ;lDemg] ;flxlTosk/Dk/f
ePsf] o'udf slj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sljtfsf]
dfWod agfpg' ;fgf] pbfx/0f lyPg.
g]kfnL ;flxTosf pb\e6 k|ltef dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] eg]h:t} cflbslj
efg'eQm cfrfo{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ;j{>i] 7 k'?if x'g\. pgsf] dlxdf /
of]ubfgsf] af/]df b]jsf]6f n]V5g\ ;flxlTos >]i7tfsf] gfk hgtfdf k/]sf]
k|efj / ;j{sfnLg x[bo:klz{tfdf lge{/ /xG5. g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; x]bf{
xfdLnfO{ Toltsf] k|efjsf/L / ;j{lk|o /rgfx c? hRb}g, hlQsf] efg'eQm
sljsf] g]kfnL /fdfo0f. w]/,} o; /rgfnfO{ x]nf klg u5{g\ t/ pgLx ;Demb}gg\
of] /rgf cfg} x[bosf] slt ghLs 5. ;flxTodf ;j{>]i7 k'?if ToxL xf], hf]
/fi6sf] x[bodf ;jeGbf tLj| eP/ a:t5. efg'eQm ;bfrf/L dfq xf]Ogg\, g]kfnL
x[bosf] >4fn' lyP. xfdLnfO{ pgL Pp6f a'9f s]6fs]6Lh:t} nfU5, h:df
tf]ta] f]nLsf] dfw'o{ / x[bosf] ;/ntf lyof]. pgL ;+;f/sf] sf/fuf/df /fdfo0f
n]Vy], t/ pgsf] cfTdf h]n aflx/ lyof]. pgsf] dfw'o{ ;/ntfdf 5 Tof] ;/ntf
96
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
hf] >4fn' x[bodf / jfnssf] ljZjf;df x'G5. pgsf] dxTjg} pgsf] ;Lwfkg xf].
pgL cf8Da/af6 Tolt 6f9f lyP hlt Ps w'|jaf6 csf]{w'|j. pgL ;Rrf slj lyP
/ pgnfO{ ;a} g]kfnLsf] 3/df ;Tsf/ 5.
d"ntM efg'eQm kBslj x'g\ / g]kfnL sljtfsf] If]qdf pgsf] cToGt 7"nf]
:yfg 5. o; :yfgsf] lgdf{0fdf efg'eQmnfO{ /fVg] sfd pgsf] k|l;4 /fdfo0fn]
g} u/]sf] xf]. pgsf cGo k'm6s/ /rgfxdf klg pgsf] sljTj k|ltef pTs[i6
5. To;}n] ;/n jftf{nfksf] dfWodf/f g]kfnL efiffnfO{ pRr sljtfTdstf
lbg] slj efg'eQm g]kfnL ;flxTosf cltLo pbfx/0f x'g\ . log} slj efg'eQm
@)&! c;f/ @( ut] ltLo zts k"/f u/L lqztsdf k|jz
] ub}5
{ g\. pgsf]
hGd lj=;+= !*&! c;f/ @( ut] r'bF L/D3f tgx"d
F f ePsf] lyof]. pgsf] b]xfj;fg
!(@% c;f]h & ut] %$ jif{sf] pd]/df d:of{\bL gbLsf] lsgf/ ztL3f6 tgx"d
F }
ePsf] xf]. cfh b'O{ ztfJbL jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg efg'eQmsf /rgf g]kfnL ;dfhdf
plQs} nf]slk|o, s0f{lk|o / sfnhoL 5g\. g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo /x];Dd pgsf
/rgfsf] s0f{lk|otf hLjGt /lx/xg]5.
g]kfnL efiffsf] j0f{ljGof; k|of]u;DaGwL jfbljjfbn] clxn] lgs} efF8e}nf]
l;{hgf u/]sf] 5. s]xL ;dootf b]lvPsf] efiff Jofs/0f ;DaGwL ljjfbsf sf/0f
;DalGwt lgsfoxsf] df}gtfk|lt k|Zg p7]sf] 5. g]kfnL efiff ;flxTodf Jofs/0fsf]
k|of]u e|ldt aGb} uPsf] 5. g]kfndf ljljw efiffefifLx af]lng] / n]lvg] eP
klg g]kfnL efiff ;femf / ;Dks{;q" s} efiff xf]. cem egf}+ b]zsf] ;a} If]qdf
;d]t cTolws g]kfnLxn] af]lng] efiff g]kfnL efiff xf]. efiffsf] ljsf;
hl6ntfaf6 ;/ntflt/ pGd'v x'G5. efiff h:tf] ul/dfdo kIfdf nx8afhL
l;h{gf ug]{ cf8df JolQm ljz]ifsf cle?lrx cfcfg} x'g ;S5g\, t/ JolQm
jf ;d"xsf] ?lrsf cfwf/df eflifs lgodx jbnb} hfg] xf] eg] efiff s'k
aG5. efiffsf] lgod cflwsfl/s / dfgs x'g'sf ;fy} Psktf klg h?/L 5.
s'g} klg efiff ;j{q / ;+w} Ps}gf; /xL /xb}g. ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g eO/xg'
efiffsf] d"ne"t ljz]iftf xf], t/ efiffsf] dfgs cfgf] w/ftnLo :jk ljk/Lt
hfg' x'b}g. Psktfdf cfj4 geP/ cg]s kdf kfGt/0f x'g' g} efiffsf]
k|s[lt xf].
cGTodf Ms'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] hLjgdf ljZjf; / cfz+sf h:t} s'g} klg
/fi6sf] efiffdf k/Dk/f / k|of]usf] 3lgi6 ;DjGw /xG5. ljZjsf c? efiffdf
h:t} g]kfnL efiffdf klg o:tf] s'g} pNn]vgLo dfkb08 / dfgs kfOb}g, h;df
k|of]u dfq 5 k/Dk/f 5}g cyjf h;df k|of]u 5}g k/Dk/f dfq 5. To;}n] k|of]u
/ kDk/fdf g]kfnL efiffsf] cfg} df}lns klxrfg 5. lxhf]sf] ;kmn / oyfy{k|of]u
cfh k/Dk/f aGb5. k|of]u / k/Dk/fsf] ;dGjo / ;Gt'ngaf6 dfq g]kfnL
efiffsf] pTklQ, k|of]u / k/Dk/f cfh ;Dej ePsf] xf]. oxL k|of]u / k/Dk/fdf
g]kfnL efiffn] ;of}j+ if{ ofqf ul/;s]sf] 5 / cfhsf] of] k:jkdf kfGt/0f
ePsf] xf]. o;sf/0f g]kfnL efiff k|of]u / k/Dk/fsf zfZjt cfwf/ x'g\. g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ cfhsf] of] Jofks km}nfj6df Nofpgdf ;of}j+ if{ nfu]sf] 5. o; If]qdf
xfd|f tdfd ;flxlTos dxf/yL Pjd\ efiffzf:qLxn] 7"nf] Tofu / jlnbfg u/]sf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
97
5g\. efiff k|of]usf] dfWodf/f g]kfnL ;flxTosf] e08f/eg]{ dxfslj b]jsf]6f,

sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy / cflbslj efg'eQm nufot bh{gf} bh{g ;h{sxn] k|of]u
u/]/ dfgs / :yflkt e};s]sf] g]kfnL efiffdfly cfh cfcfg} lrGtg / z}nLdf
ljb]zL k};fsf] v]ndf lx8\g]xn] g]kfnL efiffsf] d"n :jknfO{ g} ;dfKt kfg]{
slyt ;'lgof]lht k|sf/n] h'g k|xf/ / cy{xLg jx; e}/x]sf] 5 Tof] unt lrGtgs}
k/sfi7f dfq xf].
kmf] g M (*$!@)$*!!
kfsf]6 & tgx"F
cd/fjtL sflGtk'/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{ / efg'

afh'/fd kf}8]n
lrgLof ofqL x'Pg;f\sf] g]kfn ofqfsf] P]ltxfl;s
j0f{g d}n] cfh lsg ;lDemPF xf]nf eg]/ k|Zgsf] pQ/ cfkm}
vf]hL ug{ nfu]F. k|fyldsb]lv lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf]
k9fO;Dd k9\b} ;'Gb} cfPsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s / g]kfnsf]
e"ks
| l[ tsf j0f{g ;Gbe{ k9\bfsf] cfgf] pd]/n] slt ;|f] rg
uDkf]nfO{ ;'Gof] slt e[s'6L tyf c/lgsf]nfO{ a'e\mof] d
cGbfh ug{ ;lSbg. To;} u/L wd{ / cWofTdsf 1fg
cWofkgsf nflu 7"nf7"nf Clifd'lg tyf tk:jLxn]
g]kfnsf af/]df eg]sf / n]v]sf s'/fx cglulGt 5g\. To;}n] of] g]kfn kljq
e"lds} kdf kl/lrt eO{/x]sf] kfOG5. h] xf];\, P]ltxfl;s ofofj/b]lv jt{dfg\
cGj]if0fsf kfgf;Dd k'Ubf o;sf ;fdflhs cfly{s /fhg}lts nufotsf ljljw
kIf;Fu kl/lrt x'g] s|d;Fu} g]kfnsf] e"k|sl[ tsf cyfx /x:o / ;f}Gbo{ j0f{g
ePsf ljfg\xsf l;h{gf cWoog ug{] cj;/sf] pkof]lutf cfhef]ln dx;'; x'g
yfn]sf] 5.
To;} eP/ xf]nf, g]kfnL jL/ufyf j0f{g ;'g]/ xfdL cfkm"nfO{ axfb'/ 7fgL
/x]sf5f}+ eg] hgs ;Ltf / a'4sf ufyf k9\bf /fli6|\o lje"ltk|lt uf}/j ul//x]sf
x'G5f}+. o;}u/L lxdfn gbL kxf8 tyf jghnsf] ;f}Gbo{ j0f{g;Fu} cfkm"nfO{
wGo ;DemL /x]sf x'G5f}+ . e"k|sl[ tsf] jfXo ;f}Gbo{n] cfEofGtl/s ;f}Gbo{ vf]hL
ug{ k|]l/t ul//x]sf] x'G5. o;/L k|]l/t ug{] pTk|]/s j:t'sf] k|lt:yfkGg csf{]
j:t'sf dfWodaf6 ;f}Gbo{sf] k|s6Ls/0f x'G5. Pp6f pbfx/0f of] klg x'g ;S5
Pp6L ;'Gb/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{ j0f{g ls t cn] ub{5g\ ls t :jod\sf] k|ltljDagdf pm
cfk"mnfO{ b]V5]. o;/L j0f{gstf{ dflg; / k|ltljDag x'g] kfgL P]gf cflb k|s6Ls/0fsf
;fwg x'g cfp5g\. t/ e"ks
| [ltsf af/]df o;f] eGg' ;fGble{s x'b}g. lsg eg]
cg'el" t r]tgfdf /xG5, e"k|sl[ tdf o;f] gx'bf xL/f kmnf];\,df]tL em/f];\ p;nfO{
98
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
vf]hLgLlt x'bg} . t/ klg e"ks

| [lt,dfG5] / cGo k|f0fLx Pscsf{df cfl>t x'bF }
rs| kl/jt{g x'g' rflxF lgtfGt /f]rs ljifo x'gcfpF5. g]kfnsf] l;f] e"efu g}
cv08 k|s[ltdo 5. lxdfnb]lv tfn gbLgfnf;Dd / kxf8b]lv jgkfvf kmfF6
d}bfg tyf psfnL cf]/fnL;Ddsf k|fs[lts j}bEon] cfuGt'ssf] dg 5'G5.
lxdfnjf;Lsf nflu t/fO{ /fd|f] gnfUnf t/ t/fO{af;Lsf] Tof] lxdfn kfvf tyf
kx/f;Fu dg cfslif{t geO{ 5f]8\bg} . ;du|df gf}nf jf cfkm" gk'u]sf] 7fpF /d0fLo
x'G5g\,bz{gLo x'G5g\. ljz]if ljz]iftfsf sf/0f s'g} 7fpF Hofb} ;'Gb/ nfUnf Tof]
a]Un} s'/f xf]. o;} l;nl;nfdf b]z aflx/sf cfuGt's jf kfx'gfsf] g]kfn
e|d0fsf] d"n p2]Zo dgf]/d k|fs[lts b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{' / To;kl5 b]zsf]
;f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns l:ylt cWoog ug{sf] nflu xf] eGg] 7flgG5. x'g t
cfGtl/s ko{6snfO{ klg k|s[ltsf ljljw k / cj:yfn] dg 5f]O/x]sf] x'G5 .
To;sf] j0f{g ;'Gg;'gfpgsf nflu ul/G5 / To;n] lnlvt k kfof] eg] cToGt
dxTjk"0f{ aGbf]/x]5 eGg] lzIff k|flKtsf ;fy} Pp6f Oltxf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ If0fsf]
pb\3f6g ug{ vf]Hg' klg /fd|} 7flgG5.
tLy{ofqf / b]jfno bz{gsf] k/Dk/f cToGt k|frLg 5. ;a} ofqL tyf
bz{gfyL{ slt 7fpFdf uP cfP To;dWo] sltsf] clen]vLs/0f eof] / slt
>'ltk/Dk/fdf dfq /x]. o:tf lnlvt ksf ;fgf c+z klg slt dxTjk"0f{
aGb5 eGg] Tolta]nf ;f]r k'u]g,;|f]t;fwg k'ug] jf ;Lk / bIftfsf s] s:tf
sdL eP kl/0ffdtM dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx c1fgtfdf g} /x]. x'g t rLg ltJjt;Fu
eGbf j9L ef/t;Fu g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts wfld{s Pj+ ;flxlTos ;DaGw u8]sf]
kfOG5. ;+:+ s[tsf clwsf+z ljfg\xsf] hd36:yn / wfld{s kljq:yn ;d]tsf
sf/0f ef/t;Fu ;fdLKodf /x] tfklg g]kfnL ;flxTo lxGbL ;flxTosf] t'ngfdf w]/}
k5fl8 k/\of]. lxGbLefiffsf oy]i6 s[ltx g]kfn lelqP t/ g]kfnL efiffsf
;flxlTos s[ltxn] rfx]hlt k|efj lbg ;s]gg\ eg] g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts
tyf ;flxlTos l;h{gfn] klg :yfg kfpg g;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5. ef/tsf ljfg\
wd{ u'? g]kfn kz'klt u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] bz{gfy{ cfpg] hfg] ug{s
' f] cy{ klg wfld{s:ynsf]
ljz]iftfn] g} xf]. o:tf] k/Dk/f ce}m hLljt 5. s]xL afXo ko{6s tyf
kj{tf/f]xLxn] eg] s]xL :yfgxsf af/]df n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5.
s'/f cfGtl/s ko{6ss} xf] / k|sl[ t dfG5] cf:yf wd{ zlQmkL7 d7dlGb/
tyf b]jfnoxsf] klg xf]. o;sf] cf;o Pp6f p2]Zo k|flKtsf ofqfn] ljljwtfsf]
pknlAw s;/L u/fpF5\ eGg] b[i6fGtsf nflu klg xf]. :yfgLo dflg;n] :yfgLotfsf
kl/ro gn]v] klg cfuGt'sn] To; 7fpFsf] ljz]iftf n]Vg] / lrgfpg] k|rng
klxn]b]lv g} /x]5. g]kfnsf k'0o / kljq:ynaf/] hfgsf/L kfP/} xf]nf jfNdLls
Jof; jlzi6 cflb Clifn] g]kfn e|d0f u/]. oxL k|; hf]8]/ g]kfn dxfTDoh:tf
s[ltsf s]xL c+zx klg n]lvg yfn]. Toltv]/ h] n]lvP no / 5Gbdf n]Vg]
k/Dk/fn] ubf{ sljtfdf ;Lk gx'g]n] o:tf :yfgkl/ro JolQmkl/ro tyf
ufyfx n]Vg cl3 a9]gg\ / sljtfn] dfq oy]i6 :yfg kfof] .
oltv]/ o; cfn]vdf df]km;nsf s] s:tf / slt slj ;flxTosf/xn]
sf7df8f}+sf af/]df cfgf ;flxlTos l;h{gf u/] eGg] ;fdfGo lh1f;f d]6fpgsf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
99
nflu tof/ ePsf] of] k[i7e"lddf cToGt ;fGble{s /x]sf cflbslj efg'eQm
cfrfo{nfO{ ;>4f k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5.
sf7df8f} pkTosf k|frLg gu/Lsf] ;dGjo, e"agf]6 hg;\Vof hLjg:t/
tyf xfjfkfgL cflbsf b[li6n] ;d]t g]kfn PsLs/0f kl5 klg o;nfO{ g} b]zsf]
/fhwfgL agfOg'leq w]/} ;fGble{stf b"/blz{tf / pkof]lutfsf ;f]r k'us
] f] kfOG5.
;j{q ;dly{t / hgcf:yf tyf cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| sf7df8f}df w]/}h;f] dflg;x
cfOk'Ub5g\ / /fHo;~rfngsf] s]Gb| x'g'sf] cy{df klg x/]s k];f Joj;fo lzIff
;]jf :jf:y\o / Gofosf nflu sf7df8f}+ gcfO{ ;'v} gx'g] cj:yfdf s}{of} :j]R] 5fn]
cfP eg] s}of} jfWotfn] cfP. cflbslj efg'eQms]f ;Gbe{ eg] cln j]Un} 5
pgL cgk]lIft jfWotfdf sf7df8f}+ cfP / :jtM:k"mt{ / /d0fLo zAbfjnLsf
sljtf s[lt lbP/ uP. lj ;+ !()^ lt/sf] pgsf] k'm6s/ g]kfnL sljtfn]
Oltxf;sf] Pp6f sfnv08s} k|ltlglwTj ub{5. g]kfnL efiffdf sljtf n]Vg
lxrlsrfpg] ;dodf ;+:s[tdf g]kfndxfTDodf wfld{s:ynsf] j0f{g eP tfklg
ToxfF / cGoq st} e"k|sl[ t / ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts j0f{gsf sljtf kfpg'
d'l:snsf]] s'/f lyof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf efg'eQmf/f g]kfnL k'm6s/ sljtf n]lvg'
ljz]if dxTjs} s'/f lyof]. sf7df8f}+ /fhwfgL ;a} ;fdflhs /fhg}lts cfly{s
tyf ;f+:s[lts cflb ;a}sf] ljsf; s]Gb| / hfu/0fsf] ljz]if ynf] x'g'sf] sf/0f
h'g;'s} s'/fn] klg b]zJofkL dfGotf tyf hfgsf/L k|fKt ub{Yof]. Tolt j]nf pRr
lzIff k|flKtsf nflu ef/tsf] jgf/; k'u]sf g]kfnL x'g\ jf bfhL{ln cf;fdsf
k|jf;L g]kfnL x'g\ tL ;a}sf] eflifs tyf ;flxlTos ljsf;sf] rf;f] / lrGtf
/xGYof] / sf7df8f} g} o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] ynf] aGbYof]. efg'eQmsf ;Gbe{df klg
ToxL eof]sf7df8f}s
+ f] e"ks
| l[ t / ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/b[Zoxsf] sljtfTds
cleJolQm lgtfGt gf}nf] / hLjGt s[ltsf kdf /lx/Xof].
;don] sf]N6] km]bf{ oxfF csf{] Pp6f ;+of]usf] pkl:ylt /Xof]. Tof] s] xf] eg]
sf7df8f}+s} df]tL/fd e6[ / pgsf] ;flxlTos cle?lr pNn]Vo /Xof]. ;fFRr}
df]tL/fd e6[sf cfudgn] ToxL ts{ / ljj]rgfxsf] ;fy{s k'li6 uof] .
ljrf/0fLo s'/f x'g cfp5efg'eQmn] cfk\mg} hGdynf] r"bF L/D3f / 5]p5fpsf]
e"k|s[ltsf] sljtf Toltj]nf lsg n]vg] g\ < ;fdflhs kL8f / ljs[lt r"bF L/D3fdf
klg lyP xf]nfg\ lsg pgn] sf7df8f}+sf] 5]psf] kl/j]zdf k'u/] jw"lzIff n]v] <
;/sf/L c8\8f cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf x'g] l9nfO / sd{rf/Lsf] cgfbz{
k|s[ltsf] lj/f]w / e\mofnvfgfsf] c:tJo:ttfaf/] sf7df8f}n
+ fO{ g} hf]8]/ lsg n]v]
< o:tf k|Zgx ljz]if lrGtgLo x'g cfp5g\. oL ;a} k|Zgxsf] hjfkm
;xhkd} b]vf kb{5g\ . ;a} ljlwJojxf/ lzIff ;]jf pkrf/ tyf Gofosf nflu
k|d'v s]Gb| sf7df8f}+ x'g' / pgsf] lg/Gt/sf] sf7df8f} cfudg tyf a;f]jf; klg
oxL x'g yfNg'sf] Pp6f sf/0f / cGodf sf7df8f}+df eP u/]sf l;h{gf b]zJofkL
jGb5 eGg] wf/0ffn] ubf{ klg xf]. sf7df8f}+n] Gofo ub{5 eGg] pgn] a'em].
b/jf/;Ddsf] ;Dks{ klg a9fO hflu/ vfP. oL ;a} sf/0fn] pgsf] sf7df8f}kl| t
;sf/fTds ;f]r /Xof]. ;+ejtM r"bF L/D3f cf;kf;sf ef}uf]lns ;f}Gbo{df eGbf
sf7df8f}+sf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{df snd rnfpg k'u] .
100
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
efg'eQm cfrfo{ ;+:s[t ;flxTo / Jofs/0f tyf Hof]ltif zf:qsf 1ftf /

cWo]tf tyf k|ltefzfnL JolQmTj x'g\ . pgLleq s'nLg tyf ;+:sf/ut cfWofTdjfbL
r]t lyof] / ;f]xL cg'k pgsf] hLjgsf] ;f]r ;w}+ cWofTd,gLlt / cfbz{do
eO{/x\of]. cWofTdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] dfgj sNof0fsf nflu ;bf ;ls|o
/lx/xg] x'G5. o;/L ;ls|o eP/ klg k|s6 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf eg] pTk]/| s
k|efjxsf] vf]hL x'G5 / ;do kfPkl5 k|s6 x'G5. log} s'/fsf] ;fGble{stf eg]
r"FbL/D3faf6 g} hf]l8g cfp5. 3fF;L / pgL;Fusf] ;Djfbsf] kl/0flt dfgj
sNof0fsf b'O{kf6f ef}lts hut\sf] sNof0f / cWoflTds ;+;f/ dxflgdf{0flt/
kl/nlIot 5g\. 3fF;Ln] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'v ;'ljwf Pj+ s'jf lgdf{0fh:tf ef}lts
sNof0fsf/L sfo{af6 k|]l/t efg'eQmn] /fdfo0fh:tf dxfg\uG| ysf] ;/n kdf
df}lns /rgf u/]. s'/f 7"nf] xf]Og sfd dxfg\ xf]. of] k|ltef pg}df n's/] a;]sf]
lyof]. 3fF;Ln] 3r3RofP/ Ao"e
F mfOlbP. o;/L cWoflTds w/ftndf r'lNnPsf]
JolQmn] ;fdflhs oyfy{ / k|s[ltdo hLjgaf/] ;flxTo l;h{gf u/]sf] ;Gbe{ eg]
cfkm}df cy{k"0f{ / To;}u/L cfb/0fLo ag]sf] 5.
Tof]eGbf a9L o; cfn]vdf cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] sf7df8f}+sf af/]df
lrq0f u/]sf dgf]/d b[Zo ;f}Gbo{ / rfnrngn] k|fKt u/]sf] dxTjsf] cfg} :yfg
/xg uPsf] 5 . ljb]zL :jb]ZlL ofqL ko{6s tyf df]km;nsf ;|i6f h]f;'ss
} f
nflu klg cfsif{s sf7df8f}s
+ f] ;f}Gbo{n] cfg} lsl;dsf] ljlzi6tf k|fKt u/]sf]
5. t}klg df]km;naf6 !^% jif{ cl3 lrq0f u/]sf] sf7df8f}s
+ f] k|s[lt;f}Gbo{
sf7df8f}+af;Lsf nflu cg'kd sf];n
] L xf]. of] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+sf] uf}/j klg
xf].
cfWofTdjfbL efg'eQmn] rfx]sf] dfgj sNof0f,df]If / :ju{k|flKt cWofTddf
dfq xf]Og ;flxTodf klg kfOG5 eGg] Pp6f jlnof] b[i6fGt alg;s]sf] 5.
cWofTdjfbL cfslif{t /xg] elQm/;sf ;fwgf / hLjghut\sf cg'e"lthGo efjgf
;Dk|i] f0f ug{] ;flxTo ;fwgfsf] nDjfO rf}8fO / uf]nfO p:t}p:t}] x'g\ / klg
cWofTdn] /f]hs
] f] :ju{ d[To'kl5sf] /x:odo ;+;f/ xf] eg] ;flxTon] vf]hs
] f] :ju{
;fb[z / oyfy{ ;+;f/ ePsf] x'bF f oxfF oltv]/ ;flxTon] cWofTdnfO{ pl5g]sf]
kfOG5. efg'eQmn] oL b'j} ;fwgf k"/f u/L cfgf] k|ltef b]vfpg ;kmn eP. x'g
klg xf] pgnfO{ cflbsljsf kdf :yflkt ug{sf nflu h]h:tf u'0f Ifdtf
sf}zntf gjLgtf tyf ;fGble{stfsf s;Ldf 3f]l6P tL ;a} u'0fn] ;DkGg
7xl/Psf efg'eQmnfO{ cflbsljsf kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lhnf] eof] / jf:tjdf
plrt d"Nof\sg / lg:kIf Gofo klg ToxL lyof] .
h;n] h] b]V5 ToxL n]V5,ToxL eG5. efg'eQmn] sf7df8f}+nfO{ :ju{ b]v]/
eg]cd/fjlt sflGtk'/L gu/L. l;f] g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ ljsl;t /fi6 rLg
/ n08g clg ljsl;t ;x/ lbNnL / db|f;sf] kl/sNkgf u/]/ /fli6|o\ uf}/jnfO{
pRr agfpg] cfsf\Iff /fv] eg] /fli6o jL/tfsf efjgfnfO{ cu| k+lQmdf /fv].
kz'kltgfy tyf lzjk'/Lsf] ul/dfdo j0f{g ub{} k]ml/ sf7df8f}s
+ } afnfh'nfO{ cem
:ju{sf] s]Gb| 7fg]/ sljtf /Rg' efg'df ljnIf0f k|ltef lyof] eGg] k|i6 x'G5. pgn]
n]v]sf ;fgf / k'm6s/ sljtfdf w]/}j6f dxfsfJosf ;fdu|L ;\slnt ePsf]
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
101
b]lvG5g\. ;flxTodf ljz]if zlQm x'G5 eGg] egfO / efg'sf oL ;fgf k'm6s/
sljtfn] l;\u} b]z af]s/] :ju{sf] /fhwfgL cd/fjlt agfO{ lbg' pgsf] sljTj
zlQm !^% jif{ kl5 klg plQs} nf]slk|o sljTjsf] kdf xfdLn] cg'el" t
ul//x]sf5f}+. cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{af6 Toltj]nf g]kfnsf] ;f}Gbo{{ / /fli6o
uf}]/jsf ljifodf n]v n]Vg' eg]sf] sf7df8f}jf;L nufot ;Dk"0f{ b]zjf;LnfO{{
;flxlTos k|]/0ff / k|efj lbg' xf]. o;}n] pgLk|lt cToGt cfef/ k|s6 ug{' kb{5.
g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf hLjGt tf/f cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{ g]kfnL cfsf;af6
slxNo} c:tfpg] 5}gg\.
bajuram.paudel@gmail.com
efg' lzt jflif{s / s]xL g]kYosf s'/f

/fh]Gb| ;'jb] L
d~rsf b[Zox ;w}F ;fj{hlgs x'G5g\. g]kYosf
b[Zox eg] ;a} d~rdf cfpFbg} g\. t/ d~rdf cfpg]
kl/b[Zox g]kYoaf6 g} kl/rflnt x'G5g\. d}n] oxfF ltg}
b[Zodf cfpg g;s]sf / afFsL /x]sf kIfx / d}n] b]vs
] f
/ d]/f] b[li6af6 klg g]kYos} cf]em]ndf k/]sf b[Zox dfq
oxfF k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sf] 5'. g]kYo lgs} cgf}7f] / /x:ok"0f{
klg x'G5. olt x'bF fx'bF } klg sltko ;Gbe{ t yfxf kfO/fVg'
kg]{ / Oltxf;nfO{ g} cf]em]ndf kfg]{ lsl;dsf] klg x'g
;Sg] ePsfn] yfxf kfO/fVg' kg]{ lsl;dsf] klg x'G5. To:tf cf]em]ndf kg]{ t/
cf]em]ndf kfg{} gx'g] s'/fx oyf ;dodf ;fj{hlgs gx'g] l:ylt klg xfdLdfem
TolQs} 68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5. xfd|f] ;dfhdf To:tf ;Gbe{ cg]s xf]nfg\ t/ oxfF
Pp6f dfq k|;\u rrf{df Nofpg k|oTg ul/Psf] 5.
s'/f cf/De u/f}
F @)^* ;fnsf] df3lt/af6. Toltv]/ u0ftGq g]kfnsf]
k|wfgdGqL 8fS6/ afa'/fd e/fO{ x'gx' G' Yof]. efg' k|lti7fgsf] kxndf tTsfnLg
k|wfg dGqL 8fS6/ afa'/fdsf] lgjf; afn'jf6f/df /fi6slj dfwj l3ld/], k|f=jf;'bj]
lqkf7L, ;Todf]xg hf]zL h:tf pRr JolStTjsf ;d'kl:yltdf Pp6f a}7s a:of]
/ b'O{cf]6f a'Fbfdf dfq ;Lldt /x]/ lgDgfg';f/ lg0f{o eof]. efg'eSt cfrfo{sf]
lzt jflif{s ;df/f]xsf] d"n ;ldlt /fi6slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] ;+of]hsTj, ;Todf]xg
hf]zL, OGb|axfb' /fO{, jf;'bj] lqkf7L nufotsf ljlzi6 JolStTj ;dfj]z ePsf]
;x;+of]hsTj / ljlzi6 ;flxTo ;fws tyf ;+:yfxsf] ;b:otf /x]sf] b]zleq
/ aflx/;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L lzt jflif{s ;df/f]x ;ldlt u7g ug]{ clg
@)^( cfiff9 @( sf lbg cfof]hgf x'g] !((cf}F efg'hoGtLsf lbg k|wfg dGqLaf6
g} lzt jfli{fs ;df/f]x ;ldlt u7g ePsf] a]xf]/f klg pb\3f]if x'g] eGg] lg0f{o
102
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
eof]. bf]:f|f] a'bF f ;ldltn] ug]{ ljleGg sfo{qmdxsf] ;\lIfKt k/]vf / nfut
ah]6 /sd;d]tsf] ljj/0f klg k|:t't ug]{ sfd eof]. !(( cf}F jif{ tof/Lsf] jif{
/ @)) cf}F jif{ sfo{sd
| sf] d"n jif{ x'g] clg @)! cf}F jif{ rflxF efg'eStsf] ljifodf
s]lGb|t @)) cf}F jif{df ;DkGg ePsf ljifox / ltgsf pknlAwnfO{ clen]vg
ug]{ ;d]tsf] sfd x'g] ljifodf s]lGb|t a'Fbf;d]tdf ;xdlt eP/ o; a}7snfO{
cGt ul/of].
sfo{qmdsf] tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ;+of]hs /fi6slj dfwj l3ld/]sL cd]l/sf
l:yt ;'k'qLaf6 k|f/lDes aLh/sd Ps xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] /sd
;xof]u k|fKt ePsf cfwf/df b]zleq / b]z aflx/sf JolStTjxsf] ;Dks{ /
tT:yflgs ;ldlt tyf pk;ldlt u7g u/]/ :yfgLo / /fli6o Pj+ cGt/f{li6o
tx;Ddsf] ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ltgn] u/]sf ultljlwxsf] klg d"n ;df/f]x
;ldltdf ;dfof]hg u/]/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg x'g] k|lqmofx cf/De eP. of] lyof]
!(( cfF} jif{sf] sfo{qmd. nLnaxfb'/ If]qLnufot c;d / bflh{ln tyf g]kfnsf
ljlzi6 ;flxTo ;fws tyf efg'eStk|lt ;dlk{t / ;dly{t cg]sf}F ;+:yfsf
k|ltlglw JolStTjsf ;d'kl:yltdf k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e/fO{n] 3f]if0ff
ug'e{ of].. cfgf] cfly{s, g}lts tyf ef}lts ;Ldfdf /x]/ lzt jflif{s ;df/f]xnfO{
eJotfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ k|lta4tf klg k|s6 ug'e
{ of] / ;a}nfO{ o; sfo{df ;l/s
x'g klg cfXjfg ug'e
{ of]. afa'/fd e/fO{sf] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 k|wfg dlGqTjsf]
lgjf{x ub}{ lvn/fh /]UdL cfpg'eof]. o; sfo{qmdsf] dxjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/
pxfFn] klg ;sf/fTds kd} ;xof]usf] pbf/tf b]vfO{ cy{ dGqL >L z\s/
sf]O/fnfn] ToxL efg' k|lti7fgsf] of]hgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ Ps s/f]8 ?lkofsf]
ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug'{eof]. o; k|lqmofsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;fIo ul//xg] JolStx
;/sf/sf] t/km{af6 ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf ;lrj / ;+:s[lt dxfzfvfsf k|d'v >L
e/t ;'j]bL Ho" / To; dGqfnosf ;DalGwt sd{rf/L / efg' k|lti7fgsf
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kdf /x]sf 5g\.
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kl5 Ps s/f]8 ah]6 /fds'df/ >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf ag]sf] l:ylt klg g]kYosf]
ljifo ag]sf] 5. of] / xfn o; ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog rflxF xfnsf dGqL >L
eLdk|;fb cfrfo{sf] sfo{sfndf cfP/ x'g k'Uof]. clwsf/sf] x:tfGtl/t
lg/Gt/tfsf lglDt km]l/Psf dGqLxnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] tkm{af6 cjut u/fpg]
sfd eO g} /Xof] / cGt;Dd klg ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmof g} kfpg] sfd eO/Xof].
clwsf/sf] cx:tfGtl/t pkof]u ul//x]sf ;lrj / ;x;lrj ;+:yfut lhDdfdf
a;]sfn] ;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;Ddfg slt ug{' k5{ / s;/L eGg] s'/f Pp6f
JolSt ;|i6feGbf a9L g} a'em\nfg\ eGg] s'/fdf k|lti7fg ljZj:t lyof] / pm
PsnJo ;fwgfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/Xof]. ljlgof]lht ah]6 ;/sf/L z}nLd} khgL
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vr{ ug]{ / btf{ k|lqmof rflxF s]xL JolStsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ dgf]gogsf] sfd
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cfdGq0fdf efg'k|lti7fgsf] Ps k|ltlglw d08n c;dsf] ofqfdf uPsf a]nf
;+:s[lt dGqfnon] dGqfnosf ;lrjHo"sf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f ;ldlt u7g u/]/
c~rn c~rnaf6 klg s]xL ;flxlTos JolStTj / pkfWoIf o ;d]tsf] ;dfof]hg
ePsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / jf;'b]j lqkf7L, 7fs'/ k/fh'nL, /f]rs l3ld/], j}/fuL
sfOnf, 3gZofd /fhsl0f{sf/, /fh]Gb|| ;'jb] L nufotsf s]xL ;Nnfxsf/ elgPsf
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eof].
sfo{ of]hgf ;a} c~rnsf k|ltlglwnfO{ %)%) xhf/ ?lkofF /sd
k|bfg ug]{ / c~rn :t/df sfo{qmd ug{ cfb]z lbg] / @))) ;fnk"j{ hGd]sf
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;|i6fnfO{ !),))) gub /sd / ;Ddfg kq;lxt ;Ddfg ug]{ eGg] k|:tfj
k|:t't eof]. of] k|Zg efjut kdf g/fd|f] xf]Og. t/ To;df j:t'ut
cfwf/ klxNofpFbf xfdL cgfnf]Ro aGg ;kmn x'G5f} eGg] d]/f] dt lyof].
ToxfF cl3Nnf] ;t{sf] cfwf/df k/]sf ##%##^ sf] ;\Vof s'g cfwf/df
cfPsf] lyof] / km]l/ s'g} a}7sdf s:fn] s;/L cfwf/ k|:t't ul/lbof] Tof]
yfxf ePg. kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfpFbf 36]/ k'ugk'u @)) hgf ;flxTosf/
;Ddflgt x'g] ;"rL ;fj{hlgs x'g cfof]. ;\Vof a9Ln] g} kfpFmg\, /fi6n]
;|i6fsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug]{ / ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|j4{g ul//xf];\.
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xf]. df]6fdf]6L kdf s]xL k|s/0fx, c~rn c~rnnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] gfddf
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lzt jflif{sL sfo{qmdsf] gf6s d~rgsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{
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u/L hjlgsf kft klg eO;s]sf] 5. afFsL s'/f s] rflxF eGg dg nfu]sf] 5 eg]
oL k\lStsf n]vsn] dGqfnosf] ;lrjfnosf lhDd]bf/xnfO{ tkfO{xsf]
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z\s/ hL To;df tkfOF{n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] Ps} k};f ah]6 klg k/]sf] 5}g. b]z
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rsubedi09@gmail.com
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cfh g]kfnL efiffn] vf]hL/x]sf] 5. slyt klxrfgsf] gfpFdf cfh cfkm\gf]
lrgf/L u'dfpg nfu]sf] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ efg'eQmn] eg] h:t} nf]slxtdf
nufpg, psf:g, ;DkGg kfg{ lg/Gt/ nflu/xg' k5{. of] xfd|f] /fi6 efiffk|lt
xfd|f] st{Jo xf]. gq no k|no x'g ;do nfUbf] /x]g5. o:tf] dxfg /fli6o
sfd ubf{ xfdLn] xfd|f] b]zsf hgtfn] af]Ng] tfdf, d}lynL, g]jf/L, ef]hk'/L,
/fO{, lnDa", 8f]6]nL cflb ;a} efiffxsf] ;xof]u OdfGbf/L;+u lng'k5{. /rgfdf
d]/f cl3 s;/L ljb]zL efiffsf], ljb]zL lkmNdsf] cltqmd0fn] g]kfnL efiff,
108
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
o;sf] afGsL, no / zAbx a]bvn eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] jf/] 5flkPsf l6kf]6xsf]
nx/df d]/f] of] l6kf]6 oxfF k|:t't u/]sf] 5'. cflbslj efg'eQm cfhsf] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] ;Gbe{df efiff clts|d0f lj? d}n] tn agf]6 u/]sf njhxjf/] s]
eGy]] xf]nfg\ <
ldltly
lgzfr/
lgzfr/L
lgzfr/g of lgzf/dg
lgsfl;gL
lgsf;fg
lax]
glax]
gflax]
d]naf;lax] gu/L u} a;g]
Dating
Night life lover (male)
Night life lover (female)
Night life
Prostitute (female)
Prostitute (male)
Marriage between opposite sexes (g/gf/L)
(g/)sexes
Marriage between two female (gf/L)sexes
Living Togethe - g/gf/L of g/g/ of gf/Lgf/L
Marriage between two male
ug4432149@hotmail.com
uf]/L pkGof; / /0faxfb'/

g]kfn lr/~hLaL
uf]/L /0faxfb'/ v8\sfn] n]Vg' ePsf] P]ltxfl;s
;fdflhs pkGof; xf]. n3' cfsf/sf] of] s[lt @)^*
df3df k|yd k6s k|sflzt ePsf] xf]. nfdf] ;do;Dd
k|fWofkg k]zfdf ;+nUg / /fhg}lts sdL{sf kdf kl/lrt
n]vsn] d"ntM ;fdflhs ljifoj:t' / kl/j]zdf cfwfl/t
/x]/ of] s[lt n]v]sf 5g. ljz]if ul/ ;fdflhs / cfly{s
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]/ n]lvPsf] s[ltdf, ufpFsf] ;fdGtL
hldGbf/sf] kdf /x]sf JolQmn] u/La pk/ ul/g] zf]if0f,
dlxnfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / sfd's k|j[lQnfO{ pkGof; dfkm{t\ phfu/ u/fO{Psf]
5.
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
109
/fhwfgLaf6 # sf]; k"j{sf] ufpFsf] jftfj/0f / z/b Ct'sf] kl/j]zdf

pkGof; s]lGb|t 5. lj=;+= !((& ;fndf ePsf] /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf af/]df
klg s[ltdf pNn]v ul/Psf]n] s[lt P]ltxfl;s 5.
syfsf] d'Vo kfqsf] kdf uf]/L / sfn'sf] bfDkTo ;DaGw, ;fdGtL
zf]ifssf] kdf /x]sf hldGbf/ lzjsfGtsf] k|d'v gf/L kfq uf]/Lsf] of}jg /
:jtGqtf dflysf] gf+uf] x:tIf]k clg p;sf] 3[l0ft / ljs[t of}g k|j[lQnfO{ k|:t't
ub}{ ;dflhs cj:yfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5. u/La dlxnfxnfO{ cfgf] ;tLTj
hf]ufpg slt xDd] k5{ eGg] s'/f b]vfOPsf] 5.
;/n efiff z}nLdf n]lvPsf] s[lt k9\b} hfFbf cfFvf /;fpF5g\. s[ltdf
u/Laxdfly s;/L zf]if0f ul/G5 l;wf;fwf dlxnfxsf] ;tLTj x/0f ug{
vf]Hg] of}glkkf;'xsf] xs{t, e'm7f / hfnL td;'s agfO{ u/Laxsf] s;/L
p7Laf; nufOG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;6Ls 9+un] b]vfOPsf] 5.
;fFRr} eGbf s[ltn] of] b]zsf] ;du| ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5. w]/}
cl3b]lv Gofo / ;dfgtfsf s'/f p7] o; ljifodf sfg"gx ag], efif0fx klg eP t/
JolQmsf] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g ePg u/Ladf/f k|jl[ Q 36]g. hlt;'s} cfw'lgstf tkm{
;dfh cl3 a9]sf] ePklg b]zsf ljleGg efudf o:tf ;d:ofx Ho'F sf ToF' 5g\.
dlxnfx / u/Laxdflysf] zlbof}F b]lvsf] cGofo cTofrf/ 36]sf] 5}g. cg]s axfgfdf
dlxnf / u/Laxdflysf] b'Ao{jxf/ crfSnL a9]sf] 5. lhDd]jf/ lgsfo o:tf dfdnfdf
df}g 5. Gofo, sfg"g / dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / To; k|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf a9]sf]
5 h;nfO{ s[lt dfkm{t\ n]vsn] ;dfh ;dIf kl:sP/ ;/fxgLo sfd u/]sf 5g\.
uf]/Lsf] of}jg n'6g\ tlD;Psf]] clg ;kmntf xft gnfu]sf] pgsf] of}glkkf;'
cfTdfdf cem} t[i0ffsf] 6';f afFsL g} lyof] -k[=^@_ eGb} ;fdGtL hldGbf/sf]
u/Ladf/f k|j[lQ, lzjsfGt h:tf nfh, z/d / wd{ kr]sf g}ltsxLg, sfd's /
5f8f a[4xsf] l:ylt clg a[4 JolQmxdf slt jf;gf / t[i0ffn] 8]/f hdfpFbf]
/x]5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5.
OHht, ;Ddfg, wd{, ;tLTj, cfg} wd{cg';f/sf] x'G5. wgn] pGdQ eP/
csf{sf] ;tLTj x/0f ug{ sxfF kfO{G5 < -k[=@(_ eGb} cfbz{jfbL lxGb' gf/L cToGt
sl7gtd cj:yfdf :ofn / lu4] k|jl[ Qsf b'/frf/Lxaf6 s;/L aRg ;Ifd
x'G5g\ eGg] b[9 rl/qdf s[lt s]lGb|t 5. uf]/Lsf] hLjgdf 36]sf 36gfx x]bf{
dg r;Ss x'G5, cfF;' em5{ To;}n] t pkGof; hLjGt 5.
u/LaLsf] sxfnL nfUbf] ;'gfdL, k'?if k|wfg ;dfh / lkt[;QfTds ;f]+rsf]
k|antf, ;dfhdf gf/L k||ltsf] k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0f clg u/Lasf]
hLjg / b|Jo lkrfzx aLrsf] GbnfO{ s[ltdf z;Qm 9+un] b]vfOPsf] 5.
k|:t't s[ltdf ldt]/L ;DaGwnfO{ klg pRr dxTjsf;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.
uf]/LnfO{ b'Mv kbf{ ;xf/f lbg] sf]xL gx'bF f, p;sL ldltgL / ldt afa'n] u/]sf] ;xof]u
ct'ngLo 5. sfn' / ;]t] aLrsf] ldqtf / cfTdLotfnfO{ klg syfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5.
;fdflhs r]tgfsf] lj:tf/ / dfgjtfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu plrt lzIffbLIffsf]
ljsf; x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ s[ltn] ;sf/fTds hf]8 lbPsf] 5. hxfF ;fdflhs /
z}lIfs r]tgfsf] cefj x'G5 :jfefljs kdf ToxfF dfgj ljsf; /f]lsG5 g},
110
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
To;}n] dfgj ljsf; / cfw'lgstfsf nflu lzIff bLIffnfO{ clgjfo{ dflgPsf]

5. ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df s[lt s]lGb|t 5.
pkGof;df /08L, a]Zof / gf7f] h:tf ;'Gb} c;xh nfUg] zAbsf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5. a[4fj:yfsf] of}gt[i0ffnfO{ a9L dxTj lbOPsf] 5. ljj/0ffTds
kdf pkGof;df ;d:of t b]vfOof] t/ ;dfwfg tkm{ s[lt pGd'v b]lvPg.
h] ePklg ;du|df eGbf s[lt /fd|f] 5 clg hgr]tgfd"ns klg. ;fdflhs
lj;+ult / ljs[ltsf] lj?4df ;dfh ;'wf/sf] p2]Zo o;sf] /fd|f] kIf xf]. o:t}
cGo s[lt k9\g kfOg] ck]Iffsf ;fy n]vsnfO{ ;fw'jfb.
cibi5nepal@gmail.com
Uff] b fj/L !, nlntk' / .

(*$!#^*(%@
;do ;Gbe{
ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] b[Zofjnf]sg

7fs'/ zdf{ e08f/L
;flxTo ;\uLt snf ljxLgM ;fIffTkz'kR' 5 ljiff0fxLg
-cyf{t\ M ;flxTo, ;\uLt / snfljxLg dfG5] l;k'R5/
gePsf] kz' ;dfg xf]._ eg] e}mF ;+;f/df oL tLg} j:t' s'g}
g s'g} kdf dflg;df /x]sf] x'G5. hLjgnfO{ cfgGbdo
agfpgsf nflu dflg;n] cg]sf}F sfo{x ul//x]sf] x'G5.
;flxTodf nfu]/ jf To;}nfO{ sd{e"ld agfP/ rn]sf
dflg;x ;dfhdf lj/n} x'G5g\. ;flxTo;]jfaf6 wgfh{g
eGbf klg ;]jfdf :jfGtM ;'vfo g} ;dlk{t /xg'kg]{ x'G5.
ef}lts ;+;f/df o;/L ;dlk{t /xg] JolQmTjdf kg]{ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f k|;fO{+
x'g'x'G5. d}n] s]xL ;dob]lv cg'ej u/]sf] 5', lg/Gt/ kdf efiff;flxTo;]jfsf
nflu tgdg lbP/ lbg/ft vl6g] JolQm sd} x'G5g\. s]xL ;do nfUg] / 5f]8g\ ]
JolQm t kfOG5g\ t/ o;/L cxf]/fq nfu]/ ljleGg ;+:yfx vf]nL cfk"mnfO{
h:tf;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg ;flxTos} nflu Tjd\ z/0fd\ x'g' ct'ngLo sfo{ g} xf].
o; ;Gbe{df eGg dg nfUof] M
sd{df lnKt e} rNg] k|sflzt 5 hLjg

;fy{s k xf] To:tf] cl:tTjdo /~hg.
;flxTodf 5 ;f}Gbo{ k|flKt O{Zj/ k|flKt xf]
cfgGb ;fydf x'G5 ;dfhsf] ljsf; xf] .
oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] k|;\u @)&! h]7 !%, !^ / !& ut];Dd lqd"lt{
lgs]tgf/f sf7df8f}d
F f ePsf] ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, g]kfnsf] xf].
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
111
kfFr dxfb]z, aL; /fi6 / g]kfnsf rf}w c~rnsf g]kfnL ;flxTosf gf/L;|i6fxsf]
k|ToIf ;xeflutf /x]sf] sfo{qmd eJokdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]. o;sf] ;DaGwdf
ePsf lqmofsnfkx M @)%( ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] lqd"lt{ lgs]tgn] ljleGg
sfo{sf ;fy} ljz]if sfo{qmdf lje"ltqo sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8ofn, gf6\o;d|f6\
afns[i0f ;d / dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] @)^! ;fndf k"0f{sbsf] zflnssf]
cgfj/0f / dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] ztjflif{sLsf] ;dodf ul/Psf dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{ x'g\. >LdtL OlGb/f k|;fO{s
+ f] cWoIftf / g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+sf] ;b:o;lrjTjdf
ul7t d"n ;~rfns ;ldltdf ljleGg ;ldltsf 5 hgf ;+of]hs, sf]iffWoIf Ps
hgf, bz hgf ;b:o;lxt pGgfO; hgf /x]sf 5g\ eg] dfgfy{ ;b:ox ;q hgf
/x]sf 5g\. oxL lqd"lt{ lgs]tgsf] @)^( ;fpg !* ut] a;]sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn]
k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf $$ -rf}jfnL;_ ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g u/L
ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng g]kfndf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof]. o;
;ldltdf b]z b]zfGt/sf nAw k|ltli7t JolQmTjxsf] ;xeflutf lyof]. g]kfnL
efiff ;flxTodf Go"gtd Pp6f s[lt k|sflzt ePsf :jb]z jf ljb]zsf gf/L;|i6fsf]
;xeflutf /xg'kg]{ lg0f{o cg'k cToGt xiff]N{ nf; ;fy ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox nfu]/
of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof]. d"ntM o;sf p2]Zo /x]sf lyP M
-s_ Oltxf;sf] ue{df ljnLg ePsf gf/L;|i6f / ltgsf ;[hgfnfO{ cufl8
Nofpg',
-v_ ;[hgfdf ;dlk{t sDtLdf Pp6f k':tsfsf/ s[lt k|sfzgdf Nofpg]
gf/L;|i6fnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ;dflxt ug'{,
-u_ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnL gf/L;|i6fsf ;[hgfTds of]ubfgsf]
vf]h, cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug'{,
-3_ ljZjel/sf g]kfnL gf/L;|i6fxsf] Jojl:yt Oltxf; -hLjgL_ tof/ kfg'{,
-_ g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTosf/sf :t/Lo s[ltxnfO{ c\u]h
| L efiffdf cg'jfb u/L
ljZj ;flxTodfem k'ofpg'.
o;/L ;~rfng ug{{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] of] ;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/sf ;fy} ljleGg
;+:yfxsf] ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof]. o;df !$ -rf}w_ c~rn ;df/f]x ;ldlt /
pGgfO; /fi6df ;flxlTos b"txsf] dgf]gog ul/Psf] lyof]. tbg'k ;a}
c~rn / /fi6af6 cfk\mgf k|ltlglwsf ;fy} sfo{kq pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof].
To;sf] clen]v / /]vf\sg klg ePsf] 5. ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo
;Dd]ng d"ntM gf/L k|wfg ePsf] x'gfn] To;df gf/Lxs} k|ltlglwTj x'g' /
pkl:yltdf klg krxQ/ k|ltzteGbf a9L ;xefuL gf/L g} b]lvg' :jfefljs
lyof].
!= ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngdf of] n]vs klg lgdlGqt ePsf]
x'gfn] ToxfFsf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|ToIftM cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] lyof]. ldlt
@)&! h]7 !% ut] klxnf] lbg gf/L ;flxTosf/xsf] :jfut Pjd\ kl/rofTds
sfo{qmd ePsf] lyof]. To; ;dodf ;xefuL ;|i6fxdf cToGt pT;fx, s]xL ug]{
c7f]6 /x]sf] lyof] eg] ljleGg cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s cleJolQm cfdlGqt
gf/L;|i6fxf/f ePsf lyP. To;}n] klg o:tf] cg'ej eof] M
112
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
;flxTo k pNnf; ;a}d f Yof] ;eflar

cfdlGqt x'Fb f b]VYof}F ;flxTodo pT;j.
/fi6sf] k Yof] zlQm ;flxToelQm g} lyof]
hLjg}leq kfOGYof] ;f}G bo{ ;fy;fy Yof] .
@= bf];f| ] lbg cyf{t\ @)&! h]7 !^ ut] z'qmjf/ laxfg * -cf7_ ah]bl] v g}
ef6e6]gLsf] cfd|kfnL kf6L{ Kofn];df ;flxlTosdgxsf] cfudg k|f/De eO;s]sf]
lyof]. ljlwjt\ ;d'b3\ f6g g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLaf6 x'g] x'gfn] ;'/IffsdL{sf] ax'ntf
x'g' :jfefljs xf]. laxfg * -cf7_ ah]bl] v ( -gf}_ ah];Dd lrofgf:tf ePsf]n]
;a}sf] Wofg Totf cfslif{t eof]. ;a} clyltxsf] cfudg eO;s]sf]n] (=!%df
sfo{qmd k|f/De eof]. sfo{qmdnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] klxnf]
;d'b3\ f6g ;q / bf];f| ] ;qdf ljleGg /fi6af6 cfPsf k|ltlglwaf6 sfo{kq k|:t'lt.
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ;'dw'/ :j/sL wgL ;GWof kxf8Ln] ug'e
{ Psf]
lyof]. sfo{qmdsf] ;efklt k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{, k|dv
' cltly ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
;'zLn sf]O/fnf, ljlzi6 cltly pk k|wfgdGqL Pj+ u[xdGqL jfdb]j uf}td,
ljlzi6 cltly clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm nf]sdfg l;+x
sfsL{, cltlyxdf dGqL g/xl/ cfrfo{, ;+:s[ltljb\, ljfg\ ;flxTosf/ ;Todf]xg
hf]zL, ljfg\ ;flxTosf/ df]bgfy k|l>t, ljb'ifL k|f=8f=piff 7fs'/, ;flxTosf/ 8f=
jfgL/f lu/L, k"j{ s'nklt ;flxTosf/ j}/fuL sfOFnf -ltnljqmd g]Djf_, /fhgLlt1
zfGtf >]i7, lqd"lt{ lgs]tg Pj+ gO k|sfzgsf cWoIf, ;flxTosf/ OlGb/f k|;fO{+,
lqd"lt{ lgs]tg Pj+ gO k|sfzgsf ;b:o;lrj, ;flxTosf/ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ cflb
JolQmTjxnfO{ d~rf;Lg u/fOPsf] lyof]. To; cj;/df k|dv
' cltly k|wfgdGqL
;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6gkl5 8f=jfgL/f lu/LnfO{ kfFr nfv /sdsf]
y}nL;lxt ljZj g]kfnL gf/L/Tgsf] pkflwaf6 ;Ddfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] ljZj
gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng ;Gbe{df k|sflzt !$ -rf}w_ j6f s[ltx qmdzM
nf]sfk{0f ug'e
{ Psf] lyof]. tL s[ltx lyP M ljZj gf/L g]kfnL sljtf -;GWof
kxf8L / /hgL 9sfn_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL syf -OlGb/f zfx / piff xdfn_, ljZj
gf/L g]kfnL lgaGw -piff z]/rg / uLtf sfsL{_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL gf6s -afaf
a:g]t / nlntf bf]ifL_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -k|f=8f=piff 7fs'/ / nLnf
n'OF6]n_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo k/Dk/f / k|jl[ Q -/hgL 9sfn, uLtf lqkf7L
/ 1fg' clwsf/L_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ljj]rgf -k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{_, ljZj
gf/L g]kfnL ;|i6f sf]z -g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f k|;fO{+_, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL
;flxTosf] /]vf\sg -g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f k|;fO{_+ , rf}w c~rndf gf/L ;flxTo
-g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f k|;fO{_+ , jfgL/f lu/Lsf] s[lt:tDe -g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f
k|;fO{_+ , sljtfdf jfgL/f -g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f k|;fO{_+ , g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljZj
gf/L /Tg M jfgL/f lu/L -g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{_+ , lqgf/L /Tg -OlGb/f k|;fO{_+ . oL k':tsxdf
;Dk"0f{ ;Dd]ngsf] oyfy{ l:yltnfO{ b]vfpg] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf] 5.
b]z ljb]zsf ljleGg ljfg\, ljb'ifL, slj, n]vs, ;flxTosf/ Pjd\ kqsf/x
sl/a #%) eGbf a9L ;xefuL /x]sf] pQm sfo{qmddf d~rf;Lg cltlyxn] dGtJo
lbg'ePsf] lyof]. ljZj gf/L ;flxTo ;Dd]ng clen]vdf pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
113
efif0fx k':tssf kdf cfPsf 5g\. To; cj;/df tL dGtJox cfPsf lyP.
h:t} M ljlzi6 cltly ;DdfggLo pk k|wfgdGqL jfdb]j uf}tdsf] ;Daf]wg, lqd"lt{
lgs]tgsf cWoIf OlGb/f k|;fO{s
+ f] dGtJo, ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf
s]Gb|Lo cWoIf k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{sf] dGtJo, g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljZj gf/L /Tg 8f=jfgL/f
lu/Lsf] dGtJo, l;lSsd ljZj ljBfnosf k|fWofks 8f=k'ik zdf{sf] dGtJo, ljfg\
;flxTosf/ k"j{ dGqL df]bgfy k|l>tsf] dGtJo, g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf k"j{ s'nklt
j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] dGtJo, ztfAbL k'?if 8f=;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] dGtJo, cg];f;sf
s]Gb|Lo cWoIf uLtf vqLsf] dGtJo, pkfWoIf k|f=8f= piff 7fs'/sf] dGtJo, pkfWoIf
piff z]/rgsf] dGtJo, ;b:o;lrj g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{s
+ f] :jfut efif0f cflb /x]sf
5g\. efif0fsf qmddf elgPsf] lyof] o; ;Dd]ngsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf]
g} kfFr} dxfb]z ;lDdlnt @) /fi6sf g]kfnL gf/L ;|i6f / !$ c~rnsf gf/L;|i6f
Pp6} d~rdf klxnf]rf]6L pkl:yt u/fpg ;Sg' / g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf Go"gtd
Pp6f s[lt n]Vg] ljZjel/sf ^$% hgf g]kfnL gf/L;|i6f /x]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs
ug{df ;kmntf xfl;n ug'{ g} xf]. o:tf] sfd ug{ ;kmn ;+:yfk|lt / To;sf
g]tT[ jju{kl| t ;a}af6 cfef/ klg JoQm ePsf] lyof].
;flxTosf/ cfkm}d f :t'T o x'G 5 ;dfhsf]

z'e ;+:sf/sf ;fy lxF8 \g] JolQm ljrf/sf] .
b]zsf d'Vo JolQmTj /x]sf] Tof] ;ef ;w}F
jGbgLo ;ef aG5 k|efjL aG5 Tof] ;w}F..
;Eotfdf ;hfPsf] leqL dd{ ;'w f/sf]

dgg} ub{y] ;f/f >f]t[j[Gb k'sf/sf]..
b]zsf cu|0fL JolQm kfP/ wGo ef] ;ef
oxfF dGtJo JolQmG5g\ >f]tfaLr k'Uof] k|e f.
o;} cj;/df k|f=8f=jfgL/f lu/LnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljZj gf/L/Tg

k|wfgdGqLn] 3f]lift ug]{ / /yf/f]x0f u/fpg] ;f]r cg'k ;f] sfo{ klg ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof]. cWoIf k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{, pkfWoIf k|f=8f=piff 7fs'/, piff z]/rg
cflb ;lxt g]kfnL ;]gf h\uL c8\8fsf] ;f}hGotfdf k|fKt /ydf /fvL g]kfn
k|x/Laf6 k|fKt AofG8 afhf;lxt sfo{qmd :ynaf6 k'tnL ;8s x'Fb} ;lxbu]6
3'dfpFb} sfo{qmd :yndf NofOPsf] lyof]. s]xL ;do lbjfef]hsf] nflu pkl:yt
dxfg'efjxnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOPsf] lyof].
bf];f| ] ;q k|f/De x'g'eGbf k"j{ z"Go ;dodf ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cfPsf k|ltlglw
;flxTosf/xn] uhn, d'Qms, 5Gbsljtf, uBsljtf, uLt cflb ;'dw'/ :j/ /
nodf ;'gfPsf lyP, To;af6 s:tf] cg'e"lt x'GYof] eg] ;a} k|ltlglw d~rdf k'u]/
cfk\mgf] k|ltef b]vfpg rfxG5g\ t/ ToxfF sfo{qmd olt r':t lyof] ls cj;/
k|fKt x'g ;fx|} sl7g lyof]. ljleGg 7fpFsf sfo{kq k|:t'lt, ltgsf] af/]df ul/Psf
l6Kk0fLsf] nflu klg ;dosf] cefj lyof]. To; ;dodf nfUbYof] of] sfo{qmd
kfFr lbg] x'gk' b{Yof] / dfq aflx/af6 cfPsf k|ltlglw gf/L;|i6fxn] k|z:t ;do
kfpFy]. of] s'/f ljleGg JolQmTjaf6 ToxfF JoQm klg eof].
114
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k"0ff{ 131
-v_ bf];|f] ;qsf] sfo{qmd ! ah] k|f/De ePsf] lyof]. sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng
;flxTosf/ afaf a:g]tn] ug'{ePsf] lyof]. sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltdf k|f=8f=piff
7fs'/ x'g'x'GYof] eg] d~rf;Lg cGo cltlyxdf M k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{, eb|s'df/L
3n], zfGtf >]i7, piff z]/rg, uLtf vqL -cd]l/sf_, bLK; zfx -Oh/fon_, >L
lgxfl/sf nIdL zfxL -hfkfg_, k|f=8f=k'ik zdf{ / ljGBf ;'Aaf -ef/t_, ;GWof /]UdL
-leotgfd_, s';'d uf}td -DofGdf/_, cK;/f bfxfn, sljtf nfdf cflb lyP.
pQm ;qdf ljZjdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTosf] cj:yfnfO{ ljleGg @) b]zsf
sfo{kq klxn] g} k|fKt u/L k':tsfsf/ kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof]. sfo{kqsf]
k|:t'lt jf jfrg geO{ tL sfo{kqdfly ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL ePsf] lyof]. tL
;dLIffTds l6Kk0fLx klg kl5 k':tsfsf/ kdf NofOg] x'gfn] ;\lIfKt kdf
kfFr ldg6sf] ;do lbP/ l6Kk0fL u/fOPsf] lyof]. tL ;DalGwt b]zsf n]vs /
;dLIfsxsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M -!_ /hgL 9sfn, uLtf lqkf7L / 1fg'
clwsf/Lf/f k|:t't g]kfndf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly 8f=sljtf
nfdf, -@_ cg'/fwf kf}8n
] f/f k|:t't k|mfG;df g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly
8f= c?0ff pk|t] L, -#_ k|ult /fO{ / d~h' u'?f/f k|:t't blIf0f sf]l/ofdf g]kfnL
gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly ;GWof kxf8L, -$_ k"l0f{df hL zfxf/f k|:t't
rLgdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly 8f=ljGb' zdf{, -%_ sNkgf l3ld/]
g'Fl/:;f]Ff/f k|:t't clk|msfdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly 8f=gGbdfof
gsdL{, -^_ uLtf vqL / gLnd sfsL{ lgxfl/sff/f k|:t't cd]l/sfdf g]kfnL gf/L
;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly uLtf lqkf7L, -&_ cnsf cfq]o r'8fnf/f k|:t't
cl:6ofdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly cK;/f bfxfn, -*_ ;fg' l3ld/]
/ ?d' g]pkfg]f/f k|:t't c:6]lnofdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly
ts{gf zdf{, -(_ bLK; zfx, eujtL a:g]t / s[i0fsnf ag]df/f k|:t't Oh/fondf
g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly 8f=/]0f' yfkf ;f]n,' -!)_ d'gf >]i7
g]kfnf/f k|:t't cf]dfgdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly uLtf sfsL{,
-!!_ ;kgf uf}tdf/f k|:t't Sofgf8fdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly
sdnf l/;fn Hof]lt, -!@_ /ZdLnf sjf /lZdf/f k|:t't hd{gLdf g]kfnL gf/L
;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly 8f=d[bn
' f zdf{, -!#_ lgxfl/sf nIdL zfxLf/f k|:t't
hfkfgdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly nIdL kf]v/]n, -!$_ lji0f'dfof
lje'f/f k|:t't gj]d
{ f g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kq -l6Kk0fLn]vs;'l:dtf
g]kfn_ dfly zzL yfkf kl08t, -!%_ sdnf cf]nLf/f k|:t't kf]ru'{ ndf g]kfnL
gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kq -l6Kk0fLn]vs;Ltf a/fn_ dfly hoGtL :kGbg, -!^_
hof /fO{ / ;Gh' ahufO{+f/f k|:t't a]nfotdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s
sfo{kqdfly 8f= ;fljqL dNn sIfklt, -!&_ k|f=8f=k'ik zdf{f/f k|:t't ef/tdf
g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly /hgL 9sfn, -!*_ ;GWof /]UdLf/f
k|:t't leotgfddf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly zflGt l/;fn, -!(_
s';d
' uf}tdf/f k|:t't DofGdfdf g]kfnL gf/L ;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly clDasf
cof{n, -@)_ /df k/fh'nL b]jsf]6ff/f k|:t't l:j6\h/NofG8df g]kfnL gf/L
;flxTo zLif{s sfo{kqdfly zlGtdfof lu/L.
k"0ff{ 131
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;donfO{ ;b'kof]u ub}{ cgf}krfl/s kdf ljleGg c~rnsf k|ltlglwx ;[hgf
zdf{, ;fljqL kf}8]n, ljef kf}8]n, ljgo /fgf, cd[tf 7s'/L, zld{nf l3ld/], ;'zLnf
lu/L cflbn] sljtf, uLt, uhn, d'Sts, ;+jfb, 6'Ssf ;'gfPsf lyP. ToxfF k|:t't
ePsf /rgfxn] ufpF3/df x'g] kL8f, Joyf, syf, ;fdflhs cjwf/0ff k|:t't
x'g'sf ;fy} gf/Lsf ;d:ofnfO{ a9L dfqfdf p7fOPsf] lyof]. klZrdf~rnsf
nf]suLtn] ;a} >f]tfxsf] dg tfg]sf] cg'ej x'GYof]. ToxfF cfk\mgf efjgf JoQm
ug]{ qmddf gf/Ln] ljb]l;g' k/]sf 36gf k|lt36gfnfO{ ;d]t JoQm u/]sf lyP.
sltko /fi6elQmsf / sltko k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhsf s'/f p7fP/ k'?ifju{kl| t
cfqmf]z JoQm ePsf /rgfx klg ;'gfPsf lyP. sl/a @) hgfhltn] cfk\mgf
/rgf ;'gfpg] df}sf kfP, To;}df klg ;a} pT;flxt b]lvGy]. ;a} v'ns
] f efjgf
JoQm ePsf] b]Vbf cfk"mnfO{ klg eGg dg nfUof] t/ ToxfF ;'gfpg eg] kfOgF. tL
k\lQmx o; ;Gbe{df /fVg dg nfUof] M
;flxTo} xf] ;dfh}sf] pRrlgDg atfpg]

ljfg\ ;h{ssf dfem efjgf xf] /;fpg].
dgsf efjgf JoQm ug{ 7fpF ldn]kl5
sf] x6\5 kl5 JolQmG5g\ ;f}Gbo{ g} v'n]kl5..
g]kfnL efjgf af]s L cfPsf dg tL lyP
sfJosf}z n ;fy}d f NofPsf hg tL lyP.
Yof] ToxfF dg pT;fxL cjwf/0f :jR5 Yof]
b]z pGgt b]Vg] g} efjgf ;NanfpFYof]..
-s_ klxnf] ;q (=$% ah] cf}krfl/s kdf k|f/De eof]. sfo{qmdsf]

;~rfng ub}{ afaf a:g]tn] ;a}nfO{ :jfut clejfbg ug'{eof] / cltlyxnfO{
d~rf;Lg u/fpg'eof]. ;efkltdf k|f=8f= ufuL{ zdf{ / cGo cltlydf ;+:s[ltljb\
;Todf]xg hf]zL, k|f=uf]kLs[i0f zdf{, k|f=8f=piff 7fs'/, OlGb/f k|;fO{+, piff z]/rg,
k|f=8f=k'ik zdf{ -l;lSsd_, ljGBf ;'Aaf -bflh{ln_, s';d
' uf}td, uLtf vqL cflb
x'g'x'GYof]. lqd"lt{ lgs]tgsf cWoIf ;flxTosf/ OlGb/f k|;fO{+n] ;a}nfO{ pT;flxt
agfpFb} sfo{qmdsf] af/]df cToGt uxg dGtJo lbg'eof].
;dfkgsf] lbg klg ePsf]n] / ljljw sfo{qmdx x'g] x'gfn] !$ c~rnsf
sfo{kqx cToGt ;\lIfKtdf -kfFr ldg6sf] ;do_ k|:t't ul/P. g]kfnsf !$
-rf}w_ c~rnxdf g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf/Lxsf] :yfg s:tf] /x]sf] 5 / s]s:tf
ultljlw ToxfF ePsf 5g\ eGg] oyfy{ b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug'{ lyof]. sfo{kq k|:t't
ug]{x x'gx' 'GYof] M ejfgL IfqL -d]rL_, /flwsf u'/fufO{+ -sf]zL_, cf:yf sf]lknf
-;u/dfyf_, dLgf b]jsf]6f -hgsk'/_, ufoqL >]i7 -gf/fo0fL_, nLnf n'OF6]n
-jfUdtL_, s[i0ffb]jL zdf{ >]i7 -n'lDagL_, ts{gf zdf{ -u08sL_, ;Gt' >]i7
-wf}nflul/_, ufoqL 3tL{ du/ -/fKtL_, :d[lt clwsf/L -s0ff{nL_, Crf n'OF6]n
-e]/L_, >]i7 lk|of kTy/ -;]tL_, gf/f hf]zL -dxfsfnL_.
116
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k"0ff{ 131
yf]/} ;dodf w]/} s'/fx eGg]tkm{ sfo{kq k|:tf]tf nfu]sf] cg'ej x'GYof].
>f]tfbL3f{df a;]/ sfo{kq ;'lg/x]sf ;flxTosf/xn] ;du|df sfo{kq n]Vbf w]/n
} ]
d]xgt u/]sf] dx;'; u/]. cGTodf rf}w} c~rnsf sfo{kqdfly ;dLIffTds
l6Kk0fL 1fg' clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lyof]. To;sf] lgrf]8df >L clwsf/Lsf] egfO
o:tf] /x]sf] lyof] M o; sfo{n] gf/L;|i6fxsf] dxQfnfO{ a9fPsf] 5. n]vgsfo{df
sl7gfO cfP klg cjwf/0ff / P]ltxfl;stf cfPsf] 5. ;flxTodf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
ePsf] 5. gf/L ;flxTodf !$ hgfnfO{ cg';Gwftf agfPsf] 5. ca pk|fGt
gf/L;|i6fxsf] klxnf] ;|ft] log} sfo{kq x'g5
] g\, vf]hsfo{sf] nflu cGoq hfg'kg]{
5}g. g]kfnL gf/L;flxTosf] gofF lsl;dsf] cjwf/0ff sfo{kqdf cfPsf] 5 eGb}
sfo{kq n]vg;DaGwL ljlwlgodx dGtJosf] qmddf /flvPsf] lyof]. cGTodf
;efkltsf] dGtJoaf6 of] ;qsf] ;dfkg ePsf] lyof].
-v_ lbjfef]hkl5 sljtf jfrgsf] sfo{qmddf ;GWof kxf8Ln] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug'e{ of]. ;efkltdf piff z]/rg, ljlzi6 cltlydf 8f=jfgL/f lu/L, ljGwf ;'Aaf,
u\ufk|;fb pk|t] L, OlGb/f k|;fO{,+ uLtf vqL cflb d~rf;Lg x'ge' of] / sljtf jfrg
k|f/De ePsf] lyof]. o;df rf}w c~rnsf Ps Ps k|ltlglw sljx lyP. ljBf
lgbf]i{ fL cf]emf -d]rL_, dg' ljZjsdf{ -sf]zL_, ;/:jtL l/hfn -gf/fo0fL_, sljtf zdf{
-wf}nflul/_, x]dGt hf]zL -;]tL_, ;l/tf hf]zL -dxfsfnL_, nIdL 1jfnL -n'lDagL_,
;/:jtL >]i7 ;? -u08sL_, nIdL P8L -s0ff{nL_, ;Gtf]ifL lji6 -e]/L_ cflbn] sljtf
jfrg u/]sf lyP. ;dofefjsf] sf/0f s]xLn] sljtf jfrg ug{ kfPgg\ tyflk eJo
;df/f]xdf pkl:yt x'g kfpFbf g} cfk"m uf}/jflGjt ePsf] dx;'; u/]sf lyP.
-u_ ;dfkg ;q sl/a # ah] k|f/De ePsf] lyof]. o;sf] pb\3f]if0f ub}{
;'?df g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ f/f cltlyxnfO{ cf;g u|x0f u/fpg'eof]. ;efkltdf
OlGb/f k|;fO{,+ k|dv
' cltlydf pk k|wfgdGqL jfdb]j uf}td, ljlzi6 cltly
nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{, cGo cltlyxdf 8f=jfgL/f lu/L, k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{, k|f=8f=piff
7fs'/, ;+:s[ltljb\ 8f=;Todf]xg hf]zL cflbnfO{ d~rf;Lg u/fOof]. To;} qmddf
;flxTosf/ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+n] ;a} kl/ro cToGt /f]rs 9\uaf6 u/fpg'ePsf]
lyof] eg] ;a} pkl:yt dxfg'efjxnfO{ klg :jfut ub}{ To;kl5sf] pb\3f]if0f
sfo{ ;efklt OlGb/f k|;fO{n
+ fO{ lhDdf lbg'ePsf] lyof].
To; cj;/df k|dv
' cltlyHo"n] To; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL tyf ljlzi6 of]ubfg
lbg] gf/L;|i6fxnfO{ lgDg lnlvt rf/ k|sf/sf k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg k|bfg ug'e{ of].
-c_ g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf ;dlk{t #@ hgf gf/L;|i6fxnfO{ ljZj gf/L
g] k fnL ;flxTo ;Ddfg.
-cf_ ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] ;kmntfsf nflu ul7t ljZj gf/L
g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng c~rn ;df/f]x ;ldltxdWo] pTs[i6 c~rn
cWoIf, kfFr dxfb]z @) /fi6sf sfo{kqdWo] pTs[i6 sfo{kq k|:tf]tf k|:t't
ug]{ JolQmTjnfO{ / pQm ;Dd]ngdf ;dlk{t s]Gb|Lo ;b:odWo]af6 rf/
hgfnfO{ lqd"lt{ k'/:sf/.
-O_ ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] ul/dfnfO{ pRr kfg{ ;dlk{t @%*
hgf ;|i6fxnfO{ ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo kbs.
k"0ff{ 131
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117
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;|i6fxnfO{ lqd"lt{ kbs k|bfg.
-p_ ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] clej[l4sf nflu ;flxlTos s[lt k|sfzgaf6
k/ /x]/ ;]jf k|bfg u/]jfkt @& hgf JolQmxnfO{ lqd"lt{ ;]jf kbs k|bfg.
k|dv
' cltlyHo"af6 To; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ljleGg ;|i6fn] /rgf ug'e
{ Psf
ljleGg k':tsxsf] ljdf]rg ePsf] lyof].
o;/L g]kfnsf] of] ;'Gb/ gu/L sf7df8f}Fdf ljljw sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
u/L ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng eJokdf dgfOPsf] lyof]. of]
;Dd]ngsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ dlxgf}bF ]lv nfUg'ePsf g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ / OlGb/f
k|;fO{+sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ t 5Fb} 5. ;Dd]ngsf] qmddf -sfo{qm:yndf_ d}n]
cg'ej u/]sf k|f=8f=ufuL{ zdf{, k|f=8f=piff 7fs'/, ofbj e6\6/fO{, ;GWof kxf8L,
afaf a:g]t, sdn/fh pkfWofo, nlntf bf]ifL, dx]z ;'j]bL, ddtf >]i7, pk]Gb|
;'j]bL cflb cg]sf}F JolQmTj k|ToIf jf k/f]If kdf nfu]sf] lg/Gt/tfn] g} ;df/f]x
;kmntfsf ;fy ;';DkGg ePsf] xf] ls <
ljZjsf g]kfnL gf/L;|i6fxnfO{ e]nf u/]/ ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo
;Dd]ng g]kfnsf] klxnf] / P]ltxfl;s ;Dd]ng lyof]. g]kfnleqsf gf/L;|i6fxn]
g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf gf/L;|i6fx;Fu Ps cfk;df cfk\mgf efjgfx ;f6f;f6
ug]{ ynf] kfP eg] cfk\mgf s[ltxnfO{ Ps csf{df k|bfg u/]/ cfk\mgf] k|ltef
k|bz{g ug]{ cj;/ klg k|fKt u/].
To:t} o; sfo{qmdn] g]kfnleqsf rf}w} c~rnsf gf/L;|i6fxn] Ps}
ynf]df e]nf eP/ k/:k/ cfk\mgf cg'ejx afF8\g] / k|ltef k|bz{g ug]{ df}sf
klg kfP. ;flxlTos ultljlw sd ePsf / ev{/} n]vg sfo{df h'6]sf sltko
c~rnsf gf/L;|i6fxnfO{ o; ;dd]ngn] ;flxlTos lqofsnfkdf yk
;+nUgtfsf nflu xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df s]xL dgdf p7]sf
efjgf JoQm ub{5' M
ljzfn ;+; f/ cgGt ofqf

;'wf/sf] g} /rgf 5 ofqf
;flxTosf k cg]s wf/
aUg] u/]s} dlxdf ckf/.
of] efjgfsf] /;df 8'afO{
k|e ftsf] ;'G b/tf ;dfO{
k|To]s ;Dd]n gdf 5 ofqf
cl:tTj e]6\g] ;'vs} 5 ofqf.
118
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@)&! h]7 @( ut] ljxLjf/
tpsharmabhandari@gmail.com
k"0ff{ 131
>L /f]rs l3ld/]Ho",

k|wfg ;Dkfbs tyf k|sfzs /rgf }dfl;s
6+ufn, uxgfkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+
ljifo M cjsfz kfpF eGg] af/]
@)!* ;fnb]lv k|sflzt x'bF } cfPsf] To; P]ltxfl;s
/rgf ;flxlTos klqsfsf] k';df3, @)%! sf] k"0ff{ !%*
b]lv k'; df3 @)%@ sf] k"0ff{ !^) ;Dd ;x;Dkfbssf]
x}l;otn] dnfO{ tkfO{n
+ ] cfgf] klqsfdf ;fd]n u/fP/ h'g
;Ddfgk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbg'eof] To;sf] nflu d cg'ux[ Lt 5'.
;fy}, k"0ff{ !^! -k';df3, @)%#_ b]lv k"0ff{ @#)
-a}zfv h]7, @)&!_ ;Dd u/L @) jif{;Dd To; klqsfsf] :fDkfbg sfo{df cfgf]
;]jf k'ofO{ hDdf &# c;Dd ;Dkfbs /x]+ .
d]/f] /rgfTds bIftfdf ljZjf; u/]/ o:tf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]ss
] f] /rgf
klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs aGg] cj;/ lbg'ePsf]df k'gM xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5' .
k|wfg ;Dkfbs tyf k|sfzsHo", xfn cfgf ckl/xfo{ ljljw Jo:ttfsf
sf/0f cfufdL lbgxdf To; klqsfnfO{ ;do lbg c;dy{ ePaf6 /rgf
klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs kbaf6 cjsfz lng rfxG5'. eljiodf klg cfgf] ;b\efj
/ ;xof]u hf/L g} /xg] ljZjf; lbnfpFb} ljbf lng] cg'dlt rfxG5'. wGojfb
alQ;k'tnL, uf}zfnf, sf7df8f}+
df]=(*$!**%%%@
1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n
@)&!##
[k|:t't cb]lv xfd|f ;xof]uL g]kfnL uhn / d'Qmssf ;zQm ;|i6f >L
1fg'jfs/ kf}8n
] n] o; /rgf }dfl;ssf] ;Dkfbs kbaf6 cjsfz lng'ePsf] 5.
/rgf ;Dkfbgdf cfa4 eP/ nfdf] sfnv08;Dd o; klqsfsf] k|ultdf pxfFn]
lbg'ePsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5. cfgf ckl/xfo{ Jo:ttfxsf sf/0f
cjsfz lng rfxg' ePsf >L 1fg'jfs/sf] of] lg0f{o xfd|f lglDt k|Llts/ 5}g. t/
pxfFsf ckl/xfo{ ljljw Jo:ttfsf] pk]Iff ug'{ klg czf]egLo x'g] 7fGof}+ xfdLn]. ctM
pxfFsf] lg0f{onfO{ ljiffbo'Qm bon] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5f}+ . ;Dkfbsaf6 cjsfz
lnPklg /rgf k|lt pxfFsf] ;b\efj / xflb{stf k"jj{ t\ /lx/xg] ljZjf; u/]sf 5f}+ .
;[hgf ofqfdf pxfFsf] k|v/tf pQ/f]Q/ a9\b} hfg] ljZjf; ;lxt ;|i6f
1fg'jfs/ kf}8n
] k|lt z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .
k"0ff{ 131
[k|sfzs /rgf]
/rgf
119
ho efiff ho efg'eQm
xfdLn] efg'eQm cfrfo{nfO{ cflbslj sf] pkflw
lbP/ ;d'lrt cfb/o'Qm 7fpFdf /fVof}+. g]kfnL jf\dosf]
Oltxf;df of] Pp6f ck"j{ 36gf aGof]. efg'nfO{ o:tf]
;Ddfg lb+bf pgLeGbf klxn]sf sljx cf]em]ndf t k/]gg\ <
of] s'/f rfxL+ ljrf/0fLo /lx/x]s} 5. o;af/] a]nf a]nf
k|Zg klg p7\g] u/]sf 5g\. efg'eQmsf k"js
{ fnLg sljsf
s[ltsf] cGj]if0f cg';Gwfg u/]/ ltgnfO{ ;d]t plrt 7fpF
lbof}+ eg] dfq xfdL u'0fu|fxL x'g]5f}+. xfd|f] ;flxTosf]
Oltxf; klg lj:t[t / ;DkGg x'g]5. otflt/ ;r]t g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo
;]jLxsf] Wofg hfg ;s] efg'kj" {sf ;|i6fxk|lt Gofo ul/Psf] 7xl/g] 5.
ltgsf] of]ubfgnfO{ klg sd 7fGg' x'bF }g.
efg'kj" s
{ f sljnfO{ cfb/ ug'{ eg]sf] efg'eQmnfO{ cgfb/ ug'{ xf]Og. efg'eQmsf]
dxQf t cfgf] 7fpFdf 5Fb5
} . cg]s hft hfltdf 5l/Psf g]kfnLnfO{ efiffsf]
dfWodf/f Pstfsf] Pp6} 8f]/Ldf ufF:g] h; t xfdL efg'eQm afx]s c?nfO{ lbg}
;Sb}gf}+ . a8fdxf/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0ff/f pEofOPsf] ljzfn g]kfnsf] cv08tf
efg'n] eflifs Pstfsf] lju'n km'Sg' cl3 cw'/f] g} lyof]. To;j]nf g]kfnL efiffsf]
k|fwfGo s]xL If]qdf dfq ;Lldt lyof]. ;/n g]kfnL efiffdf nobf/ 5Gbdf
/fdfo0f /rL g]kfnLxsf] dg lht] efg'eQmn]. v'lDrPsf] g]kfnL efiffnfO{
psf;]/ ;d:t g]kfnLsf] ;femf efiff agfOlbP pgn]. efg'sf] /fdfo0f dfkm{t\
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL eflifs Pstfdf cfa4 ePkl5 dfq k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] ljzfncv08
g]kfnn] k"0f{tf kfof]. of] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ s;}n] klg pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g.
efg'eQm o'usf] dfu lyP ctM cfgf k"j{jtL{ sljxn] kfpg g;s]sf] h; logn]
kfPsf x'g\ .
cfh g]kfnL ;flxTo ljleGg k|tLs k|of]u / dfgjLo ljljw cfofdaf6
cfKnfljt eP/ ljsf;sf] ljzfn kylt/ nlDs/x]sf] 5. of] ky efg'n] klxNofPsf]
uf]/6] f]s} ljsl;t k|ltk xf]. efg'eQmnfO{ kG;fP/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;
n]Vg s;}n] ;Qm}g. ljrf/ kf]Vg] dfWod efg'eQmn] /fdfo0f h:tf] wfld{s
ljifonfO{ agfP eg]/ s]xL If]qaf6 pgsf] cfnf]rgf klg x'g] u/]sf] 5. ck|ultzLn,
gf/L lj/f]wL, 9LjfbL, wdf{Gw h:tf cf/f]k klg pgLdfly s]xL a'h|'sxn]
nufpg] u/]sf 5g\. tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs/fhgLlts kl/j]z, ;fdflhs
dfGotf, g]kfnL hfltsf] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, lzIff, ;+:sf/ cflb cFufn]/
efg'eQm x'ls{Pa9]. To; avtsf] cFWof/f]cljsl;tr]tgfxLg g]kfndf hGd]sf
efg'nfO{ ljsl;t o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf] af}l4s kl/j]zdf hGd]sf ;|i6fx;Fu t'ngf
u/L c;Eo / ck|ultzLn eg]/ clt/l~ht cf/f]k nufpg' af}l4s cNk1tf afx]s
120
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
s]xL xf]Og. efg'af/] wf/0ff agfpFbf tTsfnLg g]kfnL kl/j]z cg'k g} agfpg'
k5{. cGoyf Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g. efg'sf] ljzfn bonfO{ ga'emL nf]ssf] lxt ug]{
pgsf] dxfg nIo / efjgfnfO{ bod gu/L pgLaf/] e|fds s'/fsf] v]tL ug{
yfNof}+ eg] g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo k|lt g} xfd|f] cgf:yf JolQmPsf] 7xl/g] 5.
a;]{gL xfdL efg' hoGtL dgfpF5f}+ . efg'kl| t cf]7] >4f JoQm u5f}{+ . o;
afx]s c ;fy{s sfd xfdLn] ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+. efg'nfO{ lrgfpg xfd|} df]tL/fdn]
cu'jfO{ u/]. t/ ef/tsf] bfhL{lnn] 68\sf/f];uF lrgfPkl5 dfq xfdLn] efg'eQmnfO{
lrGof}+. efg'k|lt cyjf g]kfnL efiffk|lt xfd|f] eGbf sof}+ u'gf a9L u'g To;j]nf
bfhL{lnn] nufPsf] tYo la;{g ;ls+b}g. g]kfndf efg' hoGtL dgfpg] k|yf
yflng' eGbf lgs} cl3 efg' :df/s / efg' kl/rfos u|Gy k|sfzg h:tf uxlsnf
sfd bfhL{lnaf6 e};s]sf lyP. otfeGbf a9L cfb/ clxn] klg efg'nfO{ pt}lt/
lbPsf] b]V5f}+ xfdL. eJo kn] dgfOg] efg' hoGtLn] Totf Pp6f dxfg\ hftLo
kj{sf] dfGotf kfPsf] 5. efg' hoGtLsf] eJotf hfGg a'g xfdLn] cfh klg
bfhL{ln, l;lSsd, c;d cflb g]kfnL efifL ef/tLo e"ldlt/ lrxfpg' kb{5.
g]kfnL hfltsf dxfg\ uf}/jsf kdf efg'eQm k"Ho ePsf 5g\ Totf. g]jf/,
lnDa", z]kf{, du/, u'?, afx'g, /fO{, tfdf cflb ljljw efiffefifLhfthfltn]
cfgf ;femf uf}/jsf] kdf efg'sf zflns cfg} ana'tfn] cfkm\ cfkm\gf
ynfdf 78\ofPsf 5g\ Totf. xfdLsxfF rfxL+ g]kfnL dft[efifLx g} efg'nfO{
nfl~5t ug{ nfluk/]sf b]lvG5g\. otf efg' Pp6f hfltljz]ifsf] dfq ;|i6f eg]/
xf]RofOG5g\. pgsf zflns:df/s eTsfOG5g\. ckdflgt u/fOG5g\. of] lj8Dagf
l;jfo s]xL xf]Og.
efg'eQmsf] b'O{;of}+ hGdhoGtL o; k6s ;/sf/L :t/df dgfpg] lg0f{o
g]kfn ;/sf/n] uof]. lj=;+= !((& ;fndf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4 ;dz]/sf]
;/sf/n] ;/sf/L :t/df efg'eQmnfO{ cflbsljsf] dfGotf lbPsf] lyof]. To;sf]
lgs} nfdf] cGt/fnkl5 efg' lztjflif{sL dgfpg Ps s/f]8 /sd 5'6\ofP/
;+:s[lt ;lrj ;'zLn l3ld/]sf] cWoIftfdf ;df/f]x ;ldlt agfof] g]kfn ;/sf/n].
To;} ;ldltsf] cfu|x / s]xL cfly{s ;xof]udf /rgfn] of] efg'eQm ljz]iff
k|sflzt u/]sf] xf]. efg' ;DaGwL o; ljz]iffsf] ;fdu|L rogdf xfdLnfO{
cfb/0fLo ljfg cg';Gwftf lzj /]UdLaf6 7"nf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5. o;lglDt
xfdL pxfFkl| t cfef/L 5f}+ . efg'eQmsf] lgwgsf] &) jif{ / !)) jif{ kl5 bfhL{lnaf6
k|sflzt efg' :dfl/sf af6 oxfF clwsf+z ;fdu|L lnOPsf 5g\. cl3Nnf]
k':tfsf :jgfdwGo ;|i6fsf To:tf b'n{e s[ltsf ;Gbe{xnfO{ ;dosf] nfdf]
sfnv08df k'gk|{of]u u/L efg'k|lt ;fy{s >4f ck{0f ug'{ >]o:s/ 7fGof}+ xfdLn].
efg'eQmnfO{ ul/dfk"0f{ 7fpF lbg oL ;fdu|Lsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] tYo
:d/0fLo 5. jt{dfg k':tfsf lgldQ t oL ;fdu|L pkof]uL 5g\ g} g]kfnL efiff
;flxTosf cWo]tf cg';Gwftf / lh1f;'xsf lglDt logn] emg\ a9L dxj
/fV5g\. s]xL sljtf / n]v/rgf gofF klg /flvPsf 5g\ oxfF. pkof]lutfsf
b[li6n] dxjk"0f{ x'g] 7fg]/ Pp6} ;|i6fsf t/ ljleGg zLif{ssf PseGbf a9L
;fdu|L klg /flvPsf 5g\ oxfF. efg' ;Gbe{sf t:jL/x klg o; c+ssf] ljz]iftf
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
121
xf]. bfhL{ln\af6 lj=;+=!((& df / lj=;+=@)@^ df g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngf/f

k|sflzt efg' :df/s u|Gysf ljifo;"rL / ;fdu|Lsf zLif{s d'lGt/ n]vssf gfd
h;/L /flvPsf lyP tL oyfjt\ kdf oxfF /flvPsf 5g\. cfj/0fdf df]tL/fd
e lnlvt slj efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/q -!($* lj=;+=_ df k|sflzt ;fj{hlgs
kdf cfPsf] cflbsljsf] klxnf] d'xf/ lrq /fv]sf 5f}+. efg'eQm ;DaGwL
dxTjKf"0f{ ljz]iff @)@* ;fndf k|sflzt ug]{ efg' sf ;Dkfbs ejfgL l3ld/]nfO{
klg oxfF la;{g ;Qm}gf}+ xfdL. hxfFhxfFaf6 xfdLn] ;fdu|L lnof}+ tL k|sfzgsf
;Dkfbsk|sfzsk|lt s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f}+ . n]vs sljxsf s]xL b'n{e t:jL/
dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno;Fu ;DalGwt j]a;fO6af6 ;fef/ lnPsf xf}+. To;
lglDt klg xfdL cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+. gofF /rgf lbP/ ;xof]u ug]{ ;|i6fxk|lt
xfdL s[t1 5f}+ . b'O{zo jif{ k'u]sf cflbslj efg'eQmnfO{ k|:t't ljz]ifff/f
cr{gf u/]sf 5f}+ xfdLn]. efg'sf of]ubfg k|lt s[t1tfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] zAb u'R5f
xf] k|:t't ljz]iff. g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf kf7sn] o; caf6 yf]/} dfq nfe
p7fpg ;s] cfgf] k|oTg ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5f}+ xfdL.
ho efiff ho efg'eQm
Ho"Fb} dofsf] elg gfpF s:sf] <

pBd\ ljgf laQ5 sfn h:sf] <
X
s'g\ xf] htL hlt lbof] plt a9\g hfGof <

ljB} /x]5 a'lem lgZro t]lx dfGof .
X
;'Gof} efO ;+;f/\df zl// clt sRrf 5 hgsf] .

zl//\ sRrf hfgL g u/ ltld l/;\ slQ dgsf] ..
;a} ef]u\ r~rn\ 5g\ lah'ln ;l/ Ps\ l5g\ g /xGof .
ljrf/\ o;\tf] /fvL ;x' ltld a8f] x'G5 ;xGof .
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{
122
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
sn Ol08of======
dfq ? @=() k|lt ldg]6
;fy} stf/, ;fpbL c/]laof, o"=P=O=,
ax/fOg / s'at] df kmf]g ubf{ ca dfq
?=!@ k|lt ldg]6.
kmf]g ug]{ tl/sf M

!$@$ slG6sf]8 kmf]g g+=
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu
gf]l6;af]8{ !^!* )&)& !!!!! df
8fon u/L ;'Gg ;Sg' x'g5
] .
pNn]lvt dxz"n b/df g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lgodfg';f/ nfUg] s/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5}g.
g]kfn 6]lnsd
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
123
b'O;
{ o jif{ k'us
] f efg'nfO{ xflb{s >4fr{g
k|To]s c\s k7gLo / ;+ux| 0fLo
cleJolQm
b'O{ dlxg] ;fdfGo ;flxlTos klqsf
cleJolQm kl/;/
kDa' dfu{, uf}/L gu/, rfjlxn, sf=d=kf* sf7df8f}+
kmf]gM $$&@^#&
O{dn
] M e472637@hotmail.com
j]aM www.34.brinkster.com/abhibyakti
b'O;
{ o jif{ k'us
] f efg'nfO{ xflb{s >4fr{g
;lxt c? ;flxlTos klqsf, ljljw ljifosf

kf7\o ;fdu|L Pj+ :6]zg/L ;fdfgxsf
lglDt xfdLnfO{ ;Demg'xf];\
kf7 ;fdu|L k;n
-k|f]= sdn ;'j]bL_
hfd] dfs]{6, /Tgkfs{, sf7df8f}+
k;n gDa/ !*, kmf]gM $@$#!%)
124
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
efg' lrqfjnL
df]tL/fd e /lrt slj efg'eQmsf] hLjgrl/q df ;j{k|yd k|sflzt

-o; ljz]iffsf] d'vk[i7df ;d]t /flvPsf]_ lrqsf] cfwf/df
hg/n d[u]Gb| ;dz]/f/f cfw'lgs lrqsf/nfO{ tof/ kfg{
nufOPsf] cflbsljsf] bf];|f] lrq
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
125
afns[i0f ;dsf] lgb]z

{ gdf Hjfnf ;df/f agfOPsf] /
@)!$ ;fndf hubDaf k|sfzgn] 5fk]sf] cflbsljsf]
t];|f] ax'k|rfl/t lrq
126
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
>L # h'4 ;dz]/f/f ;/sf/L :t/df efg'eQmnfO{ lj=;+= !((& df

cflb slj eg]/ dfGotf lbFb} g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng
bfhLln{nfO{ lbPsf] ;Gb]z
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
127
efg'eQmsf] k|fKt klxnf] x:tfIf/
efg'eQmn] lj=;+= !(!% ;fn dfu{df !@ jif{sf 5f]/f /dfgfynfO{ n]vs

] f] kq
;fef/M slj/fh g/gfy zdf{ cfrfo{ lnlvt
efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjg rl/q -@)!*_
128
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
lj=;+= !(!& sf] efg'eQmsf] x:tfIf/sf] td;"s

lj=;+= !(@# df efg'eQmsf] x:tfIf/df n]lvPsf] lnlvt

k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
129
lj=;+= !(!( df sf7df8f}+af6 5f]/f /dfgfynfO{ efg'eQmn] n]v]sf] kq

130
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
O{=;g !($( df bfhL{lnsf] rf}/:tfdf :yflkt

efg'eQmsf] zflns . of] g} cflbsljsf] klxnf] zflns lyof] .
kl5 uf]vf{Nof08 cfGbf]ngsf a]nf tf]l8of] .
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
131
lj=;+= @)!^ c;f/ @( ut] sf7df8f}+ b/af/ xfO:s"n cufl8 :yflkt

efg'eQmsf] zflns . g]kfndf :yflkt cflbsljsf] klxnf] zflns
132
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
bfhL{lnaf6 lj=;+= !((& df k|sflzt efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy

k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
133
efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy lj=;+= !((& df k|sflzt

kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] efg'aGw .
134
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy lj=;+= @)@^ df k|sflzt

kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] aGw
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
135
efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy lj=;+= @)@^ df k|sflzt

kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] aGw
136
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131

kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] pkxf/
k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
137

df]tL/fd esf] t:jL/
138
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131
lj=;+= @)@^ df bfhL{lnaf6 k|sflzt efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy

k"0ff{ 131
/rgf
139
zlz zfxsf] t"lnsf
140
/rgf
k"0ff{ 131

Magazine - Rachana - 131 - Ashad - Shaun - 2071BS

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Magazine - Rachana - 131 - Ashad - Shaun - 2071BS

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Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

b'O{ dlxg] ;flxlTos k|sfzg

jif{ %$ c+s @ k"0ff{s

cflbslj efg'eQm lztjflif{sL ljz]iff

cflbslj efg'eQmsf] klxnf] lrq

efg' lztjflif{sLsf cj;/df cflbslj efg'eQmk|lt xflb{s >4fr{g;lxt

d]=s=k'is/ zDz]/ haxfb'/ /f0ff

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

efg' lzt jflif{s / s]xL g]kYosf s'/f

7fs'/ zdf{ e08f/L

k|sfzgfy{ n]v/rgf k7fpFbf cfkm";Fu Psk|lt /fv]/ dfq

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

slj ;d"x j0f{gd\

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

aw"lzIff rf}yf] ;/; sljtfn] el/jl/.

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

;Dkfbs>L ;"o{ ljs|d 1jfnL aL=P=, aL=6L=, k|sfzsg]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng,

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

cflbslj efg'eQm ljz]iffc;f/;fpg @)&!

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efg'eQm :df/s u|Gy lj=;+=!((& df k|sflzt / cGoaf6

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