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I1 R1
jX 1
A I2
V1
jX 2
R2
s
jX m
jX th
jX 2
R2
s
Vth
_
(a)
I 2 Rth
(b)
Vth , Z th
Fig 1: (a) Per-phase equivalent circuit of the motor (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit
w.r.t. terminal A-B
Torque developed,
Thevenin equivalent w.r.t A-B
Vth V1
jX m
;
R1 j ( X 1 X m )
Rth
th
R1 j ( X 1 X m )
Vth
I2
Te,dev
R1 jX 1
jX m R1 jX 1
jX
Z th jX m
R2
2
Rth X th X 2
s
3 I 2
s
s s
Pag
Plot of
Dr. Ahsan
2
2
3Vth2 ( R2 / s )
2
R2
2
s Rth X th X 2
s
(1)
is shown in Figure 2.
Page 1
Maximum Torque,
At
R2
jX 2 ( Rth jX th )* Rth jX th
smax
R2
Rth2 ( X th X 2 ) 2
smax
smax
R2
R ( X th X 2 )
2
th
(2)
(3)
slip at Te,max
Te,max
3Vth2
2s Rth Rth2 ( X th X 2 )2
(4)
Page 2
Starting Torque,
At starting, s=1, then from (1), and (2) we have
Vth
I 2, start
Te, start
Rth R2 X th X 2
2
Pag
2
2, start
R2
3Vth2 R2
(5)
2
2
s Rth R2 X th X 2
(6)
X1 = 0.5
R2 = 0.15
X2 = 0.2
XM = 15
Determine,
(a) The internal power Pm, and the internal torque Tm for a slip of 0.02
(b) The maximum internal torque, and the corresponding slip and speed
(c) The internal starting current
Solution:
I1 R1
jX 1
V1
A I2
jX 2
R2
s
jX m
(a)
I 2 Rth
jX th
jX 2
R2
s
Vth
_
B
Vth , Z th
(b)
Fig 3: (a) Per-phase equivalent circuit of the motor (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit
w.r.t. terminal A-B
Dr. Ahsan
Page 3
Vth V1
Z th
jX m
220
j15
122.89671.1088V
R1 j ( X 1 X m )
3 0.3 j (0.5 15)
jX m ( R1 jX 1 )
j15(0.3 j 0.5)
0.2809 0.4893i
R1 j ( X 1 X m ) 0.3 j (0.5 15)
Rth 0.2809;
X th 0.4893
Vth
I2
R2
2
Rth X th X 2
s
122.8967
2
0.15
2
0.2809
0.4893 0.2
0.02
15.7331A
R
0.15
Pm 3I 22 2 (1 s ) 3 15.73312
(1 0.02) 5458.1W
s
0.02
Pm
smax
5458.1
44.3204 Nm
123.15
R2
Rth2 ( X th X 2 ) 2
m s (1 s)
2
(2 60)(1 0.02) 123.15 rad / sec
6
0.15
0.28092 (0.4893 0.2) 2
I 2,max
2
(2 f )(1 s)
P
R2
2
R
th
X th X 2
smax
0.2015
Ns
120 60
1200 RPM
6
122.8967
2
0.15
2
0.2809
0.4893 0.2
0.2015
99.4818 A
R2
2
Pag ,max 3 I 2,max
smax
Te,max
Pag ,max
Dr. Ahsan
2 0.15
3 99.4818
22099 W
0.2015
22099
175.8581 Nm
40
2
2
(2 f ) (2 60)
P
6
40 rad / sec
Page 4
At start , s 1
Vth
I 2,start
Rth R2 X th X 2
2
122.8967
0.2809 0.15
0.4893 0.2
151.1864 A
Te,start
Pag ,start
2
2, start
3 151.18642 0.15
R2
81.8518 Nm
40
I1 R1
jX 1
V1
A I2
jX 2
R2
s
jX m
(a)
I 2 Rth
jX th
jX 2
R2
s
Vth
_
(b)
Vth , Z th
Fig 5: (a) Per-phase equivalent circuit of the motor (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit
w.r.t. terminal A-B
At Full load : I 2
Dr. Ahsan
Vth
2
R2
2
Rth X th X 2
s
15.7331 A
Page 5
At start , s 1
I 2,start
Te,start 3
Vth
Rth R2
1
X th X 2
151.1864 A
Objectives/Targets
1. Limit starting current to safe value less than 5 to 6 times full-load current
2. High starting torques required for certain application
Methods
Rotor-resistance Starting when high starting torques are required. Applicable
for wound rotor IM
Direct online Starting suitable for small IM <10 hp
Reduced voltage starting by means of wye-delta starter : A machine designed
for delta operation is connected in wye during the starting period, and later
changed to delta when the motor gains sufficient speed.
Autotransformer starting: Reduced voltage is applied during starting and fullvoltage is applied when the motor gains sufficient speed.
Stator-impedance starting: Series impedance or resistance is inserted in the lines
to limit the starting current. These resistances are shorted out when the motor
gains speed.
Dr. Ahsan
Page 6
n (1 s )ns (1 s )
120 f
P
where,
s slip
f supply frequency, Hz
P Number of poles
This suggests that the speed of IM can be varied by varying either s, or f or P. Indeed
all methods of speed control involve some degree of sacrifice in performance, cost,
and simplicity.
The following are methods available for speed and torque control of induction motors.
Pole-changing method - Machine with two stator windings arranged for different
number of poles
Variable-frequency method
Variable-line-voltage method
Variable-rotor-resistance method
Rotor slip-frequency control
Rotor slip-energy recovery method
Control by auxiliary devices (Kramer control, Scherbius control, Schrage motor)
Solid-state control - variable-terminal-voltage control, variable-frequency control,
rotor resistance control for wound-rotor motors, injecting voltage into rotor circuit of
wound-rotor motors
Dr. Ahsan
Page 7
Dr. Ahsan
Page 8