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IT Innovation Centre
WiMAX :
,
,
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . . . .
-
-
2005
681.3.06
32.811
98
98
. . .
WiMAX : ,
, . / . . . . .:
-, 2005. 368 : .
ISBN 5-94157-812-1
Intel
, WiMAX.
, WiMAX,
IEEE 802.162004
IEEE 802.16.
WiMAX .
,
681.3.06
32.811
:
.
.
1. WiMAX
1.1. WiMAX
1.2. WiMAX
1.3.
1.3.1. Wi-Fi
1.3.2. WiMAX
1.3.3. 3G
9
9
12
15
16
19
21
2. WiMAX
2.1. WiMAX
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
2.3. WiMAX
2.4. WiMAX
23
23
24
25
26
30
34
2.5.
WiMAX
46
3. WiMAX
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.2.
3.3.
59
59
60
60
63
64
68
76
IV
3.4.
3.4.1. " "
3.4.2.
3.4.3.
(OFDM)
3.4.4. BPSK, QPSK QAM
3.5.
3.5.1.
3.5.1.
79
83
90
98
106
118
119
120
4. WiMAX-
4.1.
4.1.1. -
4.1.2.
4.2.
4.2.1. MIMO-
4.2.2. MIMO-
4.2.3. BLAST-
4.2.4.
, (MIMO + STBC)
4.2.5.
4.3.
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.3.
123
124
124
129
5.
163
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
5.2. IEEE 802.16
5.3.
6. IEEE 802.162004 (802.16Revd)
6.1.
6.2. 802.16
6.3. 802.162004
6.4. IEEE 802.162004 (Revd)
6.4.1. ,
(CS)
130
131
134
138
141
146
151
152
154
158
163
175
176
179
186
189
189
197
199
204
204
6.4.2. -
6.4.3. -
6.5.
6.5.1.
6.5.2.
6.5.3. OFDM- MAN
6.6. IEEE 802.16
6.6.1.
6.6.2.
6.6.3. OFDMA
6.6.4.
6.6.5.
6.6.6. CID
6.6.7. IP-
6.6.8. OFDMA
212
219
260
260
262
263
275
276
277
285
289
290
292
293
294
7. WiM
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.3.1. MIMO, AAS OFDMA
7.4. WiM
7.4.1. SkyMAN
InfiNet Wireless
7.4.2. Nateks-Multilink 3
7.4.3. BreezeMAX
IEEE 802.16a Alvarion
7.4.4. PacketWave Aperto Networks
7.4.5. AN Redlinc Communications
7.4.6. SR-Telecom Angel
7.4.7. Canopy Motorola
297
297
300
304
310
313
343
354
319
322
325
327
329
330
332
WiMAX (802.16)
,
,
,
, ,
.
, Intel Russia 802.16
,
,
. 2006 802.16
, ,
,
.
Intel 802.16
,
.
, Wi-Fi, WiMAX 3G
, .
WiMAX, Intel
WiMAX Forum-, 100
, ,
. .
2004 Intel Intel
WiMAX. Intel
, ,
, WiMAX
Intel.
, .
.
.
,
. 802.11 b
. Intel
,
. Intel
- ,
(
) ,
.
Intel
,
, .
, .
, Intel
,
.
,
.
( ) .
,
: .
G S M . C D M A ,
W C D M A G-,
,
GPRS, EDGE .
,
,
.
,
.
"" ""
. ,
"
" "",
.
. Wi-Fi
.
"
W i - F i " .
G S M .
.
(4G) .
4G , W i M A X .
Intel Corporation W i M A X
-,
.
,
W i M A X . Intel Corporation
W i M A X , .
Intel Information Technologies Innovation
Center.
, .
,
W i M A X ,
IEEE 802.162004 IEEE 802.16.
, W i M A X ,
.
,
Intel Corporation
, . . .
.
.
,
,
.
Intel,
IEEE 802.16,
1066 . : IEEE 802.16 Revd
( IEEE 802.162004), IEEE 802.16
11 .
:
, ,
,
,
.
W i M A X .
" ". IEEE
802.16
, .
Intel IEEE 802.20,
.
, 802.16. Intel
Rosedaile,
IEEE 802.162004.
, 2005 .
W i M A X , ,
,
WiMAX.
. . .
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WiMAX,
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, . .
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. . . . .
, .
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( Blue
tooth) (
Wi-Fi). GSM, CDMA, WCDMA
.
WiMAX, Intel.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) "
"
.
IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.16a.
IEEE 802.16.
. IEEE 802.16 ( 2003 .)
.
Wireless MAN (WMAN) (Metropolitan Area Network
). (
). 36
,
( ).
WMAN " ".
IDF-2004 () 7 2004 .
Intel WiMAX.
Rosedale,
IEEE 802.16 Revd. Rosedale
- IEEE 802.162004
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). ,
, -
. , Rosedale " ",
. ,
WiM- 350
.
Wavesat DM256
, IEEE 802.16
2004.
NEC Anten UWB-
(1,911 ), 802.1 la,b,d,
3G WiMAX. ("") 35x75x20 . ,
2006 .
Intel
ZTE . ZTE
IEEE 802.162004 Rosedale.
IEEE
802.16.
2005 . -
IEEE 802.162004. 2006 .
IEEE 802.16.
,
.
,
WiMAX.
. ,
.
.
WiMAX
1.1. WiMAX
.
, , , "
". " ".
DSL (Digital Subscriber
Line) .
WiMAX ,
.
(
).
68 ( 3050 ).
(BS) "-"
/ ,
.
,
SS (Subscriber Station).
Ethernet, IP, DECT, E1(T1) SS.
, IEEE 802.11.
,
-.
WiMAX
. , ,
,
(QoS), IP, TDM E1/T1. -
,
.
. ,
50 .
.
500600 !
802.16
:
, 60 - E1 (
2,048
/)
.
802.16
,
. no IP VoIP,
T D M , E1/T1. W i (Transparent
LAN-TSL).
802.16
1066
.
802.16, 2003 .,
: 211 ,
. ,
802.16
802.16,
.
802.16,
"" ,
802.11 802.16 .
IEEE 802.16 Intel .
W i M A X (. 1.1).
( 2005 .)
(Outdoor)
, .
IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.162004, IEEE 802.16d. -
,
.
1/1, (Hotspot)
IEEE
) WiMAX.
( 75 /)
(. .
802.11 (Wi-Fi)
. 1.1. WiMAX
( 2005 . 2006 .)
(Indoor) Wi-Fi,
.
(20062007.)
IE 802.16,
,
IE 802.16.
, ,
. WiMAX G-
.
. , ,
, (
155 /)
.
, . 1.2.
. 1.2.
WiMAX
,
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.
1.2. WiMAX
WiMAX .
(BS).
"-"
68 , .
"-" 50 .
,
. (, ,
-) ,
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.
Backhaul.
. 1.3.
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,
.
, -
(SS), .
Ethernet-
. ,
802.11, ().
,
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WiMAX
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Wi-Fi
. 1.4. WiMAX
Ethernet SDH
(
).
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.
.
,
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.
1.3.
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.
50
;
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.
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IEEE ETS , ,
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G-,
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UWB (Ultra Wide Band),
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.
IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth).
(, . .). Bluetooth-,
,
, . Bluetooth, ,
. IEEE 802.15.1
1 /. IE 802.15.3 ( UWB)
DVD
400 /.
1.3.1. Wi-Fi
LAN
Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11.
802.11, 802.11b, 802.1 lg. -
:
802.1 la 5 , OFDM;
802.11b 2,4 , DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum), ;
802.11g 2,4 , OFDM.
, , ,
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, .
64 .
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/.
(
)
. ()
,
, .
, . 1.5. ,
, , ,
Ethernet.
.
"-"
" ".
.
LAN MAN
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(Mesh-network).
, ()
.
.
. 1.5. WiMAX
. -
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,
, "-".
, ,
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.
10 100 Wi-Fi .
54 / 100 /. 802.11s 2007 .
.
, .
.
.
, -
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.
1.3.2. WiMAX
MAN-
WiMAX-. ,
,
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M A X " "
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.
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clic prefix).
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(256/64) , 802.11,
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.
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.
1.3.3. 3G
3G [25, 24],
WiMAX
.
3- IMT-2000 (In
ternational Mobile Telephone), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom
munications Services).
IMT-2000 :
144 / (
384 /);
2 /
.
ISDN. 144 / 384 /
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EDGE. ( 2 /)
. .
, ,
.
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA CDMA).
. ,
, ,
.
IMT-2000 2
230 . WCDMA
5 ( 1,25 CDMAone).
: DS-CDMA
,
; MC-CDMA
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( )
[25].
10 20 .
WiMAX ,
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. WiMAX OFDM (OFDMA
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,
, ,
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.
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. ,
WiMAX ,
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,
, -
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2.1. WiMAX
.
1999 . Intel
.
2000 .
MAC. 2001 . (Working
Group Review) .
2001 . Intel
IEEE 802.16, 1066
.
. 2003 .
802.16 (
1066 ) 802.16 (2003 .) (
211 ).
IEEE 802.16, , "
"
DSL. IE 802.16
802.16 Revd (802.16d), 2004 . IEEE 802.162004.
, ,
802.16, 802.16 802.16.
2005 .
, IEEE 802.16.
2.1.1.
WiMAX
IEEE 802.16
.
, WiMAX. ,
.
Rosedale, Texas Instruments UWB-,
NEC Anten,
.
"" .
, . .
.
IEEE 802.16
,
( 30 ).
, ,
.
802.162004
.
,
. . IEEE 802.16
, (QoS)
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. , VoIP, -
, ,
.
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WiMAX
IEEE 802.16 802.20,
. .
( )
( Medium Access
Control protocol) ,
. ,
("") (Smart),
.
802.20 IEEE-,
,
(, . .) 155 /.
2 /.
.
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(,
) , 802.20
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,
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GSM), ,
"" .
""
-
,
.
IEEE 802.20
802.16 3G, . ,
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4G UMT 2000
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, IEEE 802.20
4G.
2.2.
, 802.16
, .
,
.
,
W i M A X .
.
W i M A X . 1,52
802.16
( p r e W i M A X ) .
W i M A X ,
.
A B I Visant,
, Intel 2003 .
W i M A X . . 2 . 1 .
. 2.1. WiMAX
( ).
!
, Wi-Fi. ,
WiMAX, , , ,
WiMAX. 2006 .
,
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX. . 2.2
,
WiMAX.
2003 .
2004 .
2005 .
2006 .
2007 .
. 2.2.
WiMAX,
. , ,
.
, -, ,
, SS. . 2.1
WiMAX
.
2.1. WiMAX
,
;
Wi-Fi;
Wi
MAX; ,
,
, $
1800
2005 .
400500
2006 .
100200
2007 .
/ ,
WiMAX .
.
In-Stat (www.comnews.ru), 2009 . 3% (8,5
)
WiMAX.
45
2030 .
,
5 $300800.
, (. 2.2)
.
2.2.
SoHo /
(64 /,
)
30-40 100
60100 200
256
512
150250
SLA
400500
400600
(VPN, ASP)
7501000
256
512
400500
SLA
750800
8001200
(VPN, ASP)
15002000
(256
512 /, 816
)
(1,52 /,
30 )
, $
, WiMAX
. Siemens Business Services,
,
200 ,
$20 .
,
.
MARAVEDIS (www.maravedis-bwa.com)
( WiMAX)
20052010 . "WiMAX and
Broadband Wireless (Sub-1lGhz) Worldwide Market Analysis and Trends 2005
2010" 2005 .
In-Stat 2009 . 3%
, 8,5
WiMAX. 4,5
VoWiMAX (Voice over WIMAX),
. ,
15% .
, , ,
, WiMAX
.
2.3.
WiMAX
,
.
MARAVEDIS,
11 $430 2003 . $562 2004 ., . .
30%.
$1 2010 . 2004 .
130
.
Airspan Alvarion.
Intel W i M A X - ,
I 802.16.
, W i M A X . IDF-2004 (
) 7 2004 . Intel
W i M A X . $150 .
Intel 2004 . , 2005 .
Intel 5116 (Rosedale),
- (PHY) IEEE
802.162004,
, , . .
/ O F D M (Orthogo
nal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Intel
IEEE 802.16,
.
IEEE 802.16,
.
2005 .
802.162004 Fujitsu W i M A X SoC M B 8 7 M 3 4 0 0 .
M A R A V E D I S ,
:
2004 . 785
40 ;
Alvarion (26%
). Motorola
Canopy, IP Wireless. (WiBro);
(Backhaul) 2004 . 8 1 % 19%
WiMAX-. , 2010 .
27% .
2004 . 2 1 %
;
O F D M ( 802.162004)
2004 . 18% 60% 2008 .
FDD-TDD , , WiMAX ,
.
$250
.
Airspan.
,
, $300,
$400. Alvarion Redline
"" , outdoor-
$500. ,
InfiNet Wireless ( SkyMAN Access), $595.
Intel PRO/Wireless 5116
, Airspan, Alvarion, Alcatel,
Aperto Networks, Axcelera Broadband Wireless, Gemtek, Huawei, Proxim
Corporation, Redline Communications, Siemens Mobile, SR Telecom ZTE.
PRO/Wireless 5116
WiMAX Forum,
,
WiMAX .
Intel Siemens Business Services Alvarion
- ( , )
WiMAX. ,
,
6 /, - 1 20
DSL.
.
,
200 , 20
(
, ).
Intel
,
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2.4.
WiMAX
Intel
, 802.16 (rWiMAX), - .
,
,
.
" " "" (
-).
, IEEE-802.16,
, .
Intel " " -
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Intel, Intel
WiMAX, ,
.
-
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.
1 4 , 3,43,8
- ( 1 10 ).
: , , , ,
.
3540 .
155 /.
(ATM, IP, Ethernet . .)
WiMAX , . 2.3.
. 2.3. WiMAX,
, "
", : " 802.16 (pre-WiMAX)
. " "
: , ,
. 802.16
. ,
".
WiMAX ,
IEEE-802.16,
.
, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
.
" ", ,
GSM/Edge, Wi-Fi 3G. W i M A X
802.11
Ethernet-.
Intel W i M A X .
-
( ) .
Intel
- Alvarion, Comptek
W i M A X .
,
WiMAX-
,
.
Intel
W i M A X .
. , 2004 .
Intel
, , ,
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"
, ,
Intel .
W i M A X
: -
. -
, , ,
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".
"
.
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Intel (1920 2004 .).
. "
-
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,
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,
Intel,
W i M A X . Intel
, ,
W i M A X Forum,
.
W i M A X ,
,
" ",
. , W i M A X -
,
,
802.11.
. Intel
.
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WiMAX. ""
, WiMAX
45 $10 .
, "", ,
:
$1000, ,
$250 . ,
$500 000.
WiMAX,
. WiMAX
.
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WiMAX : IP, , , .
,
: ,
,
5,655,725 .
34 ,
" ",
. , ,
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""
WiMAX 802.16 (preWiMAX) 2,52,7
2005 .
.
("WiMAX ", www.telecomforum.ru)
2004 . ,
.
, ,
, ,
Wi-Fi. RadioEthernet -
1990- . $700, $ 2 0
30. () 802.16,
, $1000, "" $ 1 2
15 . , ,
,
802.11 ( ,
).
- ,
$500
.
W i - F i .
"",
Alvarion , 2005 .
BreezeACCESS
VL.
$785.
BreezeACCESS V I .
p r e - W i M A X , 5,150
5,850 . BreezeMAX 3500, Alvarion
IEEE 802.16-2004,
W i M A X , BreezeACCESS V L
BreezeACCESS V L
. , W i M A X . ,
,
W i M A X . ,
.
W i M A X , ,
.
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.
:
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3.
.
,
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. :
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IX
(""),
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".
BWA ,
"
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, ,
BWA, : 2000 .
$200 , 2004 . $650
700 , 2005 ., , $1 .
40% 10 . ,
1,2 , ,
25% - , ,
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InfiNet Wireless,
.
85% BWA-
15% ( ,
,
).
3,5 , 40%
, 5 : 5,2; 5,4; 5,6; 5,8.
WiMAX .
, CompTek, 160
.
ArtCommunications " ":
" "
.
,
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802.16 (pre-WiMAX). ""
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"Nateks-Multilink 3".
WiMAX-
. . ""
(. ).
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6.
: ,
802.16, W i M A X ,
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( F W A ) , , ( N W A ) ,
, , W i M A X ,
, W i M A X "".
( M A N ) , ( L A N ) (Cellular)
( F W A ) , ( N W A )
( M W A ) . ,
, 60100 .
W i M A X
2,4 , 3,5 5,6 .
2,4
24002483,5
.
,
(SRD). , Bluetooth,
(PAN).
.
W i M A X .
2,5
2,7 . (
) I-2000.
M M D S . ,
.
,
.
,
100 , , ,
W i M A X .
,
-
, , ,
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2,52,7
CDMA-2000 .
3,5
3400
3450 ( ) 35003550 (
).
,
.
(WLL),
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( ),
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.
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, ,
,
: 51505350 , 56505725 , 57255850 , 5925
6425 , .
,
51505350 , ,
.
(
),
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5725 .
, 1000
, .
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(LAN) (MWA)
(NWA) .
.
59256425 ,
(MAN) (LAN)
(FWA). , ,
-
.
WiMAX
. , ,
() .
WiMAX
.
, WiMAX
, (MAN).
WiMAX,
,
, Wi-Fi. ,
Wi
MAX . ,
WiMAX
.
, ,
WiMAX, :
1. (
, SMF/SOHO ).
2.
.
3. . ,
( ),
( 1012 / 500 /
), , , ,
() .
- .1651,
,
(RLAN). ,
WiMAX
Wi-Fi.
WiMAX.
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
WiMAX 2 3.
WiMAX,
. 2.3.
2.3.
IEEE
802.16
,
/
= 0,9999
=0,99999
= 0,999999
159
20,2
12,7
80,1
24
151
13,9
8,8
5,6
54
142
9,2
5,8
3,7
11
157
18,4
11,7
7,4
,
.
,
,
99,999%, 8
,
IEEE 802.16.
2.5.
WiMAX
,
WiMAX.
, Vs,
s- ,
.
,
WiMAX,
, ,
( )
WiMAX.
,
. 2.4.
2.4.
10000
SME/SOHO
1500
200
100
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1000
, VoD MPEG2
, VoD MPEG4
200
VHS
2000
2000
,
//
1,5
20
3
TDD
50
. 2.52.7.
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SOIIO
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-11-
64
128
2048
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SOHO
( )
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120
200
300
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0,45
0,5
0,5
( )
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30
128
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1,2 .
BPSK, QPSK, GMSK, FSK,
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[25, 28].
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:
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;
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,
.
.
802.16 IEEE 802.16a
SC (Single Carrier).
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.
(3.6),
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+ 2"~
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(BPSK, QPSK) - ( Q A M ) .
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.
= 7V)in/7iicn ,
, .
,
BPSK, QPSK
QAM,
.
(0 /(,
.
:
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, .
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OFDM ,
(WLAN),
802.11 , ETSI BRAN , ARIB ,
, - .
[22, 26, 7], ,
1950- . (Multi-carrier modula
tion ),
,
, ,
. .
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Fk
. N(f)
n(t) .
. ,
, , ( / )
Fk
\.1,/\
K2(f)
Sl(f) = \
[.
(3.7)
f*Fk\
JS,(/) df<Pcp,
.
Fk N
/=^-.
N
(3.8)
K2(f)
S,(f), ,
;
.
OFDM .
.
OFDM
m- (w-) PSK,
BPSK, QPSK QAM . . ,
/ = , ,
, ,
.
,
.
xm k
N . N
N = NTX
. N
(. 3.9 3.10).
<,}
s(0
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. 3.10.
O F D M
; ; fk. = / 0 +
(3-9)
f n(N-\) I
expl-j \ r
,
(3.10)
fk.
OFDM-
, . ,
1
,
. 3.11.
(3.9) ( ) = 0
(3.10), OFDM
N x
[ lit
'o<0 = * E ^ e x p h * /
*=
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(3.11)
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/ = , (3.7) :
/
^1
/ ^
I .2\
,_ ._.
(3.12)
,
(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform EFFT).
OFDM
().
,
G Ts.
\Xjjllt \
(3.13):
(3.13)
*=
L /v J
, ,
7?=-^--
(3-14)
N
[ ^ j = {xjjl0,Xjjll,...,Xl!nN+G_]\nocjie
- ()
(, )
.
OFDM- IFFT
. 3.12.
, &(/),
,
{/i,}, / = 0,L,
LTf .
\zftl)l \
z{t) = s(t) + n(t)
Z,l = i>,X,l-,
/=0
(3.15)
, G > L
( . 3.13
), .
()
( G
) :
Zm, = i / * X , , - W | . = OJV^.
(3.16)
. 3.13.
OFDM-
. 3.14.
Rmk {/?,*}
:
^
=jj
X Z^exp 1 -
= */,,-, i = 0,yv-l,
(3.17)
V/
( - 27l/ 0
), = 2^"/ ~7
/=
{
.
)
. 3.13. OFDM
. 3.14. OFDM-
{/?,,*} ().
,
OFDM .
OFDM 802.162004 (
802.16 Revd).
( 1,5, 10, 20, 25 28 ) N . ,
R /, , -
. 7V, = MR.
N ,
7>,.
"" . . 3.15
. 5-
.
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,
. ,
( )
.
. ,
.
.
.
, O F D M
() . , ,
. ,
, . ,
-
. W i M A X
BPSK, QPSK Q A M .
(-) .
BPSK, QPSK, Q A M .
BPSK QPSK
(
- 2 ) BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
:
s[t\ U(t)\ = /(f)cos(o>of) = /(Ocos(cDo/ ).
To ,
+1 - I
.
, ,
, v(r) :
1 < / < / ; . ,
v(/)=
(3.18)
.
1
,
L 2 fl-M]
*() =
||<;,
'<)
||> .
(3.18) :
= b\S^2^Tc/p.
(<*>/2)
(3.19)
:
5
b \
= ^ ( ) - 0 ) + 5[-(-(0)]} =
2 | [(- 0 ) /2] 2
[-(( + 0 )7 /2] 2
(. . ) -2
:
Gs((o) = b2Tc\
^
; -, 0<<+.
[ [(<D-CDO)7- C /2] J
:
C ,(/)^o.g|
si 2[2 (/ /o)r / 2]
" " " - 2 U'Q' g f Sin2[Tl(/ " /o) ^ ] l-
[ [2(/-/0)/2]
f
1 0
1 /
[ [(/-/0)7-] J
( 3 - 2 )
ll
1>'"2/-/)^]1
[ [(/-/0)/]2
RQ = 1/,
-2 ( ) 1 .
(f-fo)Tc = (f-fo)/Re
.
. 3.16
Gsif) (3.19) (/-/)/ (
/).
Gsl(f) .
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
BPSK-.
QPSK :
s[t;U(t)] = /(Ocos(a>o0+e(/)sin(u>o0.
(3.21)
. , , ,
,
b -;
.
(3.21) , -2 ,
, 2.
-2 v(t) #(/)
2, QPSK-:
,
[sin2r2rc(/-/0)7cll
G v (/)=101g
L \J Joj c j
[ [2n(f-f0)Tc]
iQlg
f s i n 2 r H ( / - J0
/0)2//?G]|
L ^
'
6JI
[ [(/-/ 0 )2//? ] j
. 3.16
Gs2(f). QPSK-
-2- (
).
. , ,
.
. 3.16.
(f-fo)/R6
, GS{J)
\/(f-fo) .
13
, 18 . .
-
.
, .
-2
,
/ = 2/, . . (f-fo)T, = \. 95%
.
(. 3.17, ).
+1 1 -1
0.
0 .
, . 3.17, .
_.^
-^
-*-*
'
. 3.17. BPSK () ()
, (
) cos((Oo/).
/.
.
, ,
- / 2 , . . sin(a)<)/) = cos(w<)/ - /2).
, ,
.
Q.
.
.
,
.
1/V2
1.
.
. 3.18.
. 3.18. QPSK
,
,
.
,
, , +1
1 - 1 0.
j=I{t)
V2
QPSK :
s(t) = - = / ( / ) c o s ( o v ) + -rQ(0V2
V2
j=Q{t)
V2
sin(oy).
,
, . 3.19.
. 3.19. QPSK = 4
,
.
. , ,
.
. ,
" , .
.
,
.
QAM
Q A M (Quadrature Amplitycle
Modulation) ! .
, . 16Q A M 16 , a 6 4 - Q A M
64 . .
, ,
.
. I /\,. (
),
. 1
,, 0 .
, , (, ) , .
,
.
QPSK (. .
3.15). ,
. QPSK, 256 .
:
.*,(/) =A, M COS(2JI/ 0 / + ,)=/?,{ , ){2/()/}], (/-1)7; < / < /,,
, = Afi\p{j ,}
, /;; = 1, 2,..., /.
:
*,,,(/) = /4m/cos(27t/b/ + ,) = <{)${21) + /\ i;i sin^ HI )sin(2n/o/) =
= afios(2nfot) + bms\n(2itfQt), (I- \), < t < /T,,
, bm w- -.
. 3.20 -16 (
).
. 3.20.
-
,
;
.
.
- \ogi
. , = 16 = 4. , ,
- = . ,
.
.
.
. 3.20
, .
, .
, , , ,
.
.
1024.
,
. , ,
. 3.20, \ {
. ,
,
:
= \\
, = 1,
/ ! . ,
. 3.20 { - 3 , - 1 , + 1 ,
+3}.
R - 3 . + 3)
( * / 1 = ( ~ 3 , + |)
( - L + 3)
(_,,+1)
( + 1,-1-3)
( + 1 +1)
'
(3, + 3)1
+1)
(-1,-1)
( + 1,-1)
(3,-1) '
| -3,-3)
(-1,-3)
( + 1,-3)
(3,-3)J
- , - .
. , , , ,
- ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
/. '
,
/.
, .
QPSK BPSK,
/.
( / S/N).
. 3.21.
BPSK
^^^^^ S/N=6
/^^\
/
~^\ \
QPSK
S/N=9
i i / ^\ \
\
\
\
\
^^>/
^ ~ ^
/ / .
'
16QAM
S/N=16AB
. 3.21.
802.16
802.162004
802.16
1066
11
11
32,0134,4 /
1,075,0 /
QPSK, 16QAM,
QPSK, 16 QAM,
64 QAM,
.
64 QAM,
QPSK, 16
QAM, 64 QAM,
256 QAM,
BPSK
OFDM
TDD/FDD
TDD/FDD
TDD/FDD
20, 25 28
1.2520
1,2520
25
46
48
() ,
(, 75
134 /). , ,
.
, , . .
, , . ,
256
192 , 8 - 56
. - 2.5
, .
256 . 3.22.
. 3.22.
.
DC
( ), .
.
.
(802.16
2004) (802.1 ),
.
. 3.23 1, 2,
3 . . .
, - .
. 3.23.
WiMAX ,
.
OFDM
,
. NT&
, ,
, ,
TQ.
.
.
OFDM- . -,
. ,
. -, ,
.
,
. OFDM-
. ,
, .
, , . . .
(, ,
),
. ,
,
.
3.5.
802.16
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
. ,
. ,
/
, , .
, .
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, , .
.
- .
.
3.5.1.
:
;
;
D ;
.
:
;
,
.
3.5.2.
:
;
;
;
.
, ;
- ;
.
,
.
. ,
" ",
.
, , ,
, -
,
22,5 . .
,
.
.
. 2,32,5
. 3,5 .
55,2 5,8 .
.
.
(28, 27].
.
( ) .
. 4 2005 .
"
" "
".
,
.
:
http://www.minsvyaz.ru.
WiMAX-
.
. , Alamouti STC (STBC), M1MO, AAS, Smart Antennas,
SDMA.
,
, [20].
.
.
.
. . 4.1
.
,
SNR. . 4.2 MIMO-
. ,
.
, .
. 4.3.
. -
, Nt x Nr Nt Nr
.
.
,
1/2.
1, . . ,
, .
/ (SNR). ,
.
/2.
/ C(SNR).
, I ,
/ - .
BER FER (
) SNR.
,
. ,
,
, ,
BER.
4.1.
4.1.1. -
-
Alamouti [l], -
STBC (Space-Time Block Coding) [18]. STBC
, .
. -
STBC ,
, .
STBC ,
.
( ).
, ,
d\ , di .
(h ( * ),
d\ .
,
, \ .
=h\d,
+h2dt\
" .
2 = - / l | < / 2 +/2^l '
(4.0
/ : () .
h\ (hi)
(
) . ,
,
. [10].
\ , ,
:
di =/ii*r, +->2*;
. 2
d2 ~h\rx
~h\r2-
(4 2)
(4.1) (4.2) :
<H*.|J+M2W.;
(4.3)
d2=(\h,\2+\h2\2)d2.
(4.3) , ,
(4.2), ,
d\ di .
-
. 4 . 1 .
. 4.1.
- (STBC)
.
.
,
.
.
STBC, . 4.1, ,
.
.
, (4.14.3) .
d , (4.1)
' I .
=Hd
Lr2j | ~h JLr/2J
(4<4
>
(4.4) ,
, ,
. ,
:
H* T H=(|/| 2 + |A 2 | 2 )l = ||h||l.
(4.5)
* - ,
. I , ||h||
. (4.4) (4.5) ,
* .
d = H*Tr.
(4.6)
(4.6) (4.2).
(4.44.6) ,
.
. ,
SBTC ,
.
,
. ,
, .
, dx
-d\
* d2
d\
:
~d2
~d3
~d4
A2 d2
dx
dA
-d3
} d$
-d4
rf,
d2
~d2
~dl
~d4
d2
d*
dl
-d]
dl
-dl
d*
d\
:
~d2
~d3
~d4
A2 d2
d\
d4
-d$
^3 d3
-dA
d]
d2
d$
d2
di
A,
d^
~d2
~dl
~d4
d2
d,
d4
-d$
d\
-d\
d\
d\
dA
d$
d2
dx
- ,
1/2,
, 8 .
,
.
:
,
-,
0 1
-
- |
- - ,
U j -Af - ;
*
- , *
Aj
- A j -A,* J
:
2 4 1
2 | -
A3 4 , 2
4 3 - A j -A,
h^
A,
Aj -,*
A3
A3 4
4
-3*
- A 4 -A, Aj
I 4
A3 2 Aj J
,
,
4 . :
rT
=[l
(4.6)
STBC .
STBC-
. (4.44.6) ( (4.3)
) ,
2 .
.7)
(4.7) ,
- ,
. ,
STBC- SNR .
-
, .
4.1.2.
.
.
, ,
. 4.2.
. 4.2.
,
.
.
. ,
-
,
.
, ,
,
SNR. ,
.
.
[9]
. .
,
.
, . ,
.
4.2.
, .
, .
(MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output). . 4.2.14.2.3 ,
(Nt < Nr).
,
, . . .
Nt> Nr . 4.2.4 4.3.
. 4.2.1 MIMO- ,
. . 4.2.2
. . 4.2.3
Bell-Labs BLAST (Bell Laboratories
Layered Space-Time). . 4.2.4 ,
MIMO- Nt > Nr. . 4.2.5
4.2.1. MIMO-
- - Nt Nr
Nt < Nr . 4.3.
Nt .
. 4.3. - MIMO-
- . 4.3
.
. Nt
.
.
Nt Nr .
Nt
,
.
,
.
.
Nt
. Nr Nt .
Nr - Nt , .
Nr > Nt ,
MMSE (Minimum MeanSquare Error). . 4.3 , Nt
, .
.
MIMO-
Nt .
.
, . 4.3 MIMO-
Nt ,
. (SISO Single Input Single Output)
. MIMO- SISO- . 4.4.
. 4.4.
MIMO- SISO-
MIMO- . 4.3,
. . 4.3
. ,
,
. . 4.5
.
. 4.6.
. , ,
.
. ,
, Nr
, .
.
.
4.2.2.
Ml -
MIMO-.
MIMO-
.
SISO-
C = log 2 (l + 5/V/?).
(4.8)
(4.8) ,
/ . ,
I . SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)
.
- Nt
Nr [17]:
Ni
C = E b g 2 ( l + S/V/?,A,,>
(4.9)
=\
(4.9) ,
, . . ,
H H HU = MJ.
(4.10)
(4.10) U .
, . .
. ,
.
(4.9) (4.8) .
4.2.1. , MIMO- -
. Nt .
nt
, ( SNRnt)
1. (4.9) ,. Xt
.
(4.9) :
(4.11) :
C =log2detf/^xM+^HIIH\
(4.11)
4,5 ,
8,5 .
. 4.7. MIMO-
. 4.8. Ml - SNR
(Nt = Nr= N)
. 4.9. MIMO-
/
. 4.8 MIMO-,
(Nt = Nr = N). ,
. ,
NxN MIMO- N
1x1 SISO- ( ,
SNR). . 4.9.
, . 4.8,
N. 1x1
. . 4.9 ^-
.
. 4.9
. 4.4, MIMO- ,
SISO .
4.2.3. BLAST-
Bell-Labs
BLAST (Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time).
: D-BLAST V-BLAST. DBLAST , ,
, .
D-BLAST V-BLAST ,
.
[4, 21, 6, 5]. ,
, [2].
.
,
r(f) = Hd(f) + n(/).
(4.12)
/ ; () /, d(/)
Nt\ () - ;
NrxNt.
,
, .
WiMAX- .
OFDM
. , (4.12)
,
.
(/) (4.12) Nr , ,
Rmi = E{n(t)nll(t)}
al\NrxNr.
. ,
Nt ,
. , ,
, d
:
Rdd=E{d(t)dH(t)}
= c2d\NlxNt,
Od , .
:
, SNR
SNR = r.
(),
:
e(r) = d(0-d(r).
. (/)
(MMSE-), G:
= [ + 1 / ^]" 1 =HQ.
(4.13)
, :
= ^- = .
SNR
(4.14)
(4.13) ,
G = H[HHH]"1.
(4.15)
(4.15), , (4.13)
al.
,
. (4.13)
, (4.15), .
V-BLAST- Nt (
d(/)) Nt . ,
( d(0),
.
.
1. d(f) MMSE- (4.13)
(4.15)
d(/) = G H r(f).
(4.16)
2. d(/), SNR
.
Q (4.13) MMSE
(4.15). \ dp\
dp](t) = Pr[dpl(t)].
(4.17)
(4.17) Pr[jc] ,
, -
3. r(t) .
dp\\
r2(t) =
r(t)-dpl(t)H^\
' 1 ' \ .
\ .
13 Nt , , V-BLAST .
r,(0-r(0.
|==[..<>]
<*,,() = *[<*,,(').]
: m = 1, 2
- 1:
1- r w+l (0 = r , - ^ ( 0 H f e > .
2. -, /, _, + i.
3- QM-III = | _ H M - I H M - / H
+ aI
/V/-ix/v7-/nJ
- P,+i=argmin(Q^_ m ) .
i
"
- ^.,c)=Qfei H;j,-rar,+1(/).
<L,<')=Pr[<W')] :
: \dpidp2
-dpNt
[4]
, ,
V-BLAST
MIMO-.
4.2.4.
,
(MIMO + STBC)
BLAST
, .
, Nt Nt . WiMAX
, .
,
. Nr < Nt
, .
, ,
Nr. Nr
,
Nt . (
),
.
. 4.3.
, Nr
. MIMO- STBC-.
. 4..
U(1)r a (2) ^
I (1)(2) ^
. 4.10. MIMO+STBC 4 x 2
.
,
.
, dA dB. I, 2
^dB^
, , :
, (2) = -, xdA2 + hx2dA* - h]3dB*2 + h]4dB*;
2(2) = - / l a , ^ + h22dA* - h23dB\ + ^dB*.
, r*i(2) r*2(2) \(2) 2(2),
:
, (1) = , xdAx + h[2dA2 + hx3dBx + hudB2;
r 2 (l) = h2ldA{ + h22dA2 + h23dB] + h2AdB2\
r*(2) = , - h*xdA2 + hx\dB{ - h*3dB2;
r2 (2) = ^, -h^ x dA 2 + ^?,
-h^3dB2.
.
.
:
dA=
\dAx ! 1
;
\dA2\
dB=
dBx 1
' ;
[dfi 2 J
, (1)1
r(l)=
II
r 1
L 2< >J
IV (2)1
(2)=
,l
L r 2( 2 )J
=[" 4 ; HB = [A" ;
L^l
^22 J
L^23
^4 J
L^ 4 ^ J
(4.18)
(1) = dA + HB dB;
(2) = dA + Hb dB.
(4.19)
dA .
()" (4.19)
(1). :
(1) - -1 (2) = ( - 1 Ha)dA.
(4.20)
dB.
(2) - 4 (1) = ( - "1 Hb)dB.
(4.21)
. 4 . 1 1 . SNR
MIMO-
. 4.12. MIMO-
4.2.5.
,
.
,
MIMO-
.
.
,
: ,
() .
,
.
,
.
.
. -
.
.
.
(
),
. (-)
. , -
(PSAM Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation) [11].
, ,
.
:
= 0 + .
(4.22)
, ;
.
MIMO- Nt ( Nt < Nr)
.
\1 , (4.11),
.
,
.
.
(crosstalk), ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
.
,
[23, 3]. (
// (4.22))
2-
* ' 'itus
(4.23) ,
<
.
*mes
, ,
. PINt , Nt
. ,
, .
. , (4.23), :
= 4
= 1, 7 ^ = 1 ,
/> = 1.
( ) ( ) , ,
, (7^ = 1),
1 ( = 1), (Nt = 1).
[23, 3]
\ :
_2
KL
mut
'
, Xnh
:
(/ 1),
,
^,=4;
(4-24)
*, ^
,
,
. :
L= ^ 4 ("'--
(4.25)
(4.25) , Nt
PINt Nt-\.
:
Nt
Chip
mes
. 4.13. SNR
(4.26)
.
. . 4.13 .
- 2x4.
. 4.6
. ,
,
, .
. 4.14 4.15.
2x4
SNR (25 . 4.14 15 4.15).
.
. . 4.14 4.15,
SNR .
4.3.
,
.
.
, , .
.
.
,
. , ,
WiMAX-. ,
, ,
WiMAX-.
, . 4.3.1,
. . 4.3.2
,
. . 4.3.3
.
4.3.1.
. 4.2.4 ,
(Nt > Nr), Nr
Nt .
, ,
. 4.2.4. ,
Nr Nt , NrxNr
,
,
.
.
Nr Nt. To
, :
62
1-2.. .Nr
. 4.16.
SNR 4x2 MIMO-
4.3.2.
,
, ,
SNR. ,
, .
SNR.
. WiMAX-, ,
, -
.
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
. -
.
W i M A X -
- .
[13],
,
.
SNR. .
, SNR,
SNR
SNR. , ,
, . 4.18.
SNR 3x3. ,
. ,
.
. 4.18, SNR < 12
, . SNR > 12
.
. [16, 29].
"" .
/
, {. , 2 t- ; X,-
i. . 4.19
"" .
. 4.19. ""
. ,
.
("")
. SNR "",
.
SNR . SNR
, , /X, " ",
.
- .
.
-
[19].
, 6 4 - Q A M ,
16-QAM,
QPSK .
, QPSK. 4x4
10"
9 .
.
,
.
.
.
.
(SDMA Space-Diversity Multiple Access). SDMA-
, MIMO-, ,
, ,
, .
SDMA-, MIMO-,
.
.
, , -
,
.
,
.
, : ,
. ,
,
( s)
( ) :
u = H _ , s.
.
( )
s, :
r = Hu = s.
(4.28)
, ,
:
U = HH(HHH)",S.
, ,
(4.28) .
(precoder).
[19].
.
SDMA-
.
4.3.3.
,
. ,
-
. -, SNR
. -, .
-,
. , .
1. SNR
.
, SNR
. MIMO- SDMA-
,
.
2.
, ,
.
.
3.
.
.
,
.
[14, 15].
. 1
, ,
2. 2.
[8],
. [15]
CDMA-.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, .
. , ,
.
. MIMO-
.
, ,
.
, . .
MIMO- SDMA-
, ,
.
, , MIMO-
. ,
. [8]
. :
,
?
? "
" . ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
, d
(d X),
.
6 . ,
SNR MIMO-
6 .
,
. ,
(d = 2), SNR = 20
60.
70 / .
10 ,
SNR 20 6,7 / .
,
.
MIMO-
WiMAX.
802.16
"-", 1066
211 . LOS- He-LOS-
.
.
IEEE 802.162004 ,
.
.
5.1.
, ,
,
. :
.
, ,
, .
(/
), (
, ), (
) ,
DoS-, . . ,
.
:
, ;
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
DoS- .
,
.
.
,
.
802.16 DES (Data
Encryption Standart). DES
64 64- .
, ,
.
. L R , LR
L R, . . ,
L R.
R L
, . . ABCDE
,
, . . +
2.
. 5.1. 64
. 5.1.
, 58 1, 50 2
. .
5.1.
58
50
42
34
26
18
10
60
52
44
36
28
20
12
62
54
46
38
30
22
14
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
57
49
41
33
25
17
59
51
43
35
27
19
11
61
53
45
37
29
21
13
63
55
47
39
31
23
15
:
) ( 58, 50, 42, ..., 8) /?(0) ( 57, 49, 41, ..., 7),
32 . ,
:
/) = / ? 0 - 1 ) , | = 1 , 2
16;
16.
F .
R, , 48-
K(i), 64-
.
K(i) .
16)
(16), 64- (16)16).
64
. 5.2. ,
(. . 5.1).
. 5.1.
5.2.
40
48
16
56
24
64
32
39
47
15
55
23
63
31
38
46
14
54
22
62
30
37
45
13
53
21
61
29
36
44
12
52
20
60
28
5.2 ()
35
43
11
51
19
59
27
34
42
10
50
18
58
26
33
41
49
17
57
25
64
.
()
.
. ,
. 5.1,
/?(16)16) , ,
.
:
( / - 1 ) = /),*= 16, 15
1;
1.
0)
/?(0), 64- )().
64
. 5.2.
( 64- ).
F(R, ) . 5.2.
F ( 32 48),
5(1), 5(2), ..., 5(8) ( 6- 4-)
( 32- ).
. R
(32 ) (48 ). E{R) 48- ,
2 . , 48-
, , 8
6 (. . (\)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6))
S(i)B(i) 4- , .
8
32- L = 1)2))4)5)6)7)8). ,
L. P(L).
. 5.2. F(R, )
, 32 48,
. 5.3. (/?)
32, 1 2, 31, 32, 1.
. 5.35.8 = 1,2, ... ,
, / = 1 , 2 , . . . .
5.3.
32
9
13
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
17
18
19
20
21
5.3 ()
20
21
22
23
24
25
24
25
26
27
28
29
28
29
30
31
32
5(0, 6- 4-,
. 5.4.
5.4. S(i)
5(1)
14
13
15
11
10
12
15
14
13
10
12
11
14
13
11
15
12
10
15
12
11
14
10
13
5(2)
15
14
11
13
12
13
15
14
12
10
11
14
11
10
13
12
15
13
10
15
11
12
14
10
14
15
13
12
13
10
14
12
11
15
13
15
11
12
10
14
10
13
15
14
11
12
13
14
10
11
12
15
12
10
14
10
S(3)
5(4)
7
11
15
10
12
11
13
15
14
15
10
13
11
12
14
13
5.4 ()
|
5(5)
12
10
11
15
13
14
14
11
12
13
15
10
11
10
13
15
12
14
11
12
14
13
15
10
12
10
15
13
14
11
10
15
12
13
14
11
14
15
12
10
13
11
12
15
10
11
14
13
5(6)
5(7)
11
14
15
13
12
10
13
11
10
14
12
15
11
13
12
14
10
15
11
13
10
15
14
12
5(8)
13
15
11
10
14
12
15
13
10
12
11
14
11
12
14
10
13
15
14
10
13
15
12
11
. 5.4 . S(i)B(i)
6- 4- .
1.
.
2. , ,
/.
3. /.
16
20
29
12
28
17
15
23
26
18
31
10
21
24
14
32
27
19
13
30
22
11
25
,
K(i), i = 1,2, ..., 16 48 .
K(i) 64-
. 5.3.
,
, . 5.6.
,
(0) ( (0) 57 , 49
. ., 44 36 ),
, D(0)
(. . >(0) 63, 55,..., 12, 4
).
. 5.3. ([)
5.6.
57
49
41
33
25
17
58
50
42
34
26
18
10
59
51
43
35
27
19
11
60
52
44
36
63
55
47
39
31
23
15
62
54
46
38
30
22
14
61
53
45
37
29
21
13
28
20
12
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
({), ,
56- C(i)D{i)
. , K(i) = K(C(i)D(i)),
, . S.8.
S.S.
14
17
11
24
28
15
21
10
23
19
12
26
16
27
20
13
41
52
31
37
47
55
30
40
51
45
33
48
44
49
39
56
34
53
46
42
50
36
29
32
. 5.8, K(i) 14
C(i)D(i), 17, 32.
. Triple
DES DES.
. ANSI X9.52
Triple DES.
.
, .
.
802.16.
802.16
.
.
,
,
. : -
.
.
.
5.1.1.
() (one way function)
/, X, X Y
, .
1. ( ')
v =) 2. ye Y ( ) / - (), . . ,
=/U), .
" "? ,
: =*), ,
. 2 ,
- , .
mod n,
awn .
. ,
. -
,
, !!!
.
.
: JCO, flxo) = \
*99) = *100 JCIOO ( ) .
,
JC99- ,/(JC99)? = *ioo (? " ").
99, :98)? = -99 . .
/- ,
, _ i (- -
),
. . 5.4.
. 5.4.
"/".
(trapdoor one way function)
fk, X>Y, X Y
, .
1. ( ), =/*(*), y Y.
2. ye Y =fk~ (), &.
3. =/*" ()
.
. ,
,
, ,
.
RSA .
5.1.2.
:
RSA, (El Gamal), (Rabin).
,
, , ,
, ,
.
, 2 : .
d.
, /.
.
m , ,
, , , - Et(m).
. , ,
,
: m = / ().
,
, . .
.
.
802.16 ,
" ". (DiffieHellman).
.
q.
. \
2
A = qx mod n.
2 1
B-q
modn.
Pi, , = * mod n, 2
= mod . , .
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
. ,
ISO
X.S09.
.509 . -
(, Certification Authority)
, .
.
, .
,
. ,
,
, . . 5.5
.
. 5.5.
.
.
,
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
:
1. /?
2. = (7, /?. / d), ,
, , ,
, .
3. (, \(/)) .
4. 5. DA(M).
, .
6. /?.
.
5.2.
IEEE 802.16
() . -
(
). -
. -
, ,
.
IEEE 802.16,
,
DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification),
" " .
.
1. , ,
;
.
2. ,
(Primary Management Channel)
. ,
.
3.
, .
4. (Base Station, BS), ,
(Subscriber Station, SS).
5. SS , BS ,
.
6. SS BS .
802.16
:
;
BS SS.
,
. SA ,
.509 , 160-
(Authorization Key, AK), ,
(Key-Encrypting Key, KEK), BS
(Traffic Encryption Key, ).
SA , SAID (
SA), ,
, , , 64 IV .
.509
.
, ,
:
;
;
;
(- SS);
;
;
;
.
SS. BS
SS. , SS
.
SS: SS,
.
BS SS. SS
(Authorization Information, AI),
, BS SS. , SS
(Areq). SS , BS
, SS.
AuthRep
. 5.6.
AI: SS - BS : Cert ()
Areq : SS BS : Cert(SS)|B03MO)KHOCTH|CID
Arep : BS - SS : Epkss(pubkey(SS),AK)| AK aoHH|Seq No(4 bit)|SAE)
SS
.
.
, .
, .
BS
"". ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
BS .
BS SA- SAID.
: BS
, BS .
, SAID.
, . 5.7.
. 5.7. SS BS
BS SS : Seq No|SAID|HMAC
SS BS : Seq No|SAID|HMAC
BS - SS : SeqNO|SAID|cTapbm | |
. BS ,
SA SA.
, .
, .
, , BS.
.
"
". ,
,
.
, ,
" ",
.
: BS
SA. BS ,
.
. SS
. BS
,
SS. ,
, . , BS
.
,
.
BS ,
,
SS. , SS.
.
, SS
BS .
. BS . ,
, .
(ALT Active Life Time ) [30].
:
. BS SA.
,
. BS
-
,
SS. BS , .
SS.
,
. SS
, , ,
, BS. . 5.8.
. 5.8.
DES (Ci
pher Block Chaining ). IV
, IV .
DES .
: = Ekl[Dk2[Ekl[P]]].
: = Dkl[Ek2[Dkl[Cl]].
1 64 128- .
2 64 128- .
, BS.
= 128(8(| )).
() 512- .
.
= SHA1 ((| ))
. 5.9 .
. 5.9.
5.3.
:
" "
[12];
,
, ;
,
"" -
. ,
.
.
SS BS. SS BS, .509-. BS SS. , BS , SS
BS, SS ,
.
/.
[12].
SS BS : Cert (Manufact)
SS -> BS : SS-Rand | Cert(SS) | | SAID
BS SS : BS-Rand | SS-Rand | Epkss( Pub(SS),AK)| | Seq No |
SAID |
Cert (BS) | Sig (BS)
SS
BS. BS -
SS.
.
BS
. SS
. SS BS ,
BS.
BS.
, BS, ,
.
SS ,
.
= - SHAl(BS's AK,SS Rand)
DES-CBC 56- . DES
, 56- DES
[30]. , 802.16,
, .
IEEE802.16,
AES-CCM.
, . IEEE802.16
, .
,
AES-CCM,
[12].
IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16Revd)
,
802.162004
802.16. ,
, , ,
WiMAX.
6.1.
IEEE 802.162004 (802. l6Revd),
WiMAX
, IEEE 802.16, ,
, .
-
OSI.
OSI. ,
,
.
WiMAX
, , PHY
(Physical) MAC (Media Access Control). . 6.1
( ), WiMAX,
.
. 6 . 1 .
CS (Convergence Sublayer)
IP, VoIP, ATM,
. ., . 6.1.
-
.
:
.
:
, Wi;
QoS ;
MAC.
PDU
( ),
MAC PDU.
( /)
.
.
802.16
, QoS,
IP, .
(MAC).
.
- ,
, . .
. ,
.
""
.
DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access).
(,
ATM-)
QoS, MAC
, .
( )
, MAC .
,
MAC .
- ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
:
QoS;
;
:
;
- QoS
( );
QoS
( );
,
,
SS, BS;
QoS.
QoS
-
. ,
QoS. BS SS
QoS .
32- SFH)
(Service Flow ); 16- .
QoS-,
, , .
, :
Service Flow ID (SFID) ,
.
;
. SFID
QoS ;
Provisioned QoS ParamSet
QoS. He
, , ;
Admitted QoS ParamSet QoS.
QoS-, BS (,
, SS) , , ,
, ;
Active QoS ParamSet QoS.
, QoS, ;
Authorisation Module , BS
, , QoS
, .
. (
) .
(Privacy Key Management) . BS, SS
, (Traf
fic Encryption Key) .
SA (Security Association) 0x01 ( ),
(Chiper Block Chaining)
DES (US Data Encryption Standard). SA
0x00, AES (US Advanced Encryp
tion Standard) . SA 0x02,
AES (US Advanced Encryption
Standard, NIST Special Publication 800-38C, FIPS-197) .
PHY ,
. ,
/ , /
,
/.
. 6.2 802.16
Revd .
() SAP (Service Access Point).
.
MAC
. MAC CS (PDU CS) -
.
MAC PDU.
, .
,
, , .
.
, , ,
(, ).
.
,
. 6.3.
. 6.3. WiMAX
( )
MAC-.
( " ") ,
802.16, ,
. 6.4.
MAC ( ) CRC
32
48 56
-, ,
. .
.
(, ATM,
IP, . . CS).
( ) MAC.
CRC
.
,
.
, , . .,
,
. -,
802.16 Revd (802.162004) 802.16.
6.5 ATM-
WiMAX-
.
. 6.5. ATM
WiMAX ,
( . 6.5
ATM-).
, -
, ,
ATM,
.
,
.
(,
-) ,
.
. 5,
.
, OFDM.
,
.
6.2. 802.16
802.16 WiMAX
1066 .
. 802.162004, 802.16
10 OFDM
(802.162004)
OFDMA 802/16), WirelessMAN
OFDM WirelessMAN OFDMA . ( 802.16
OFDM).
IEEE 802.16 Revd (IEEE 802.162004) 860
12 .
14 .
:
1. Service specific CS ( )
ATM
( 5.1 ) Ethernet ( 5.2).
2. MAC common part sublayer ( MAC)
, " " -
() .
.
.
3. Security sublayer ( )
,
.
4. PHY ( )
(Downlink) (Uplink)
(FDD) (TDD).
, ,
, , BPSK- OFDM-
"-" .
, ,
.
5. Configuration () IP-,
.
6. Parameters and constants ( )
,
, . . WirelessMAN
SC, WirelessMAN SCa, WirelessMAN OFDM WirelessMAN OFDMA.
7. TLV encodings (Type/Length/Value) ,
, ,
, ,
.
8. System profiles ( )
WirelessMAN SC, WirelessMAN SCa,
WirelessMAN OFDM WirelessMAN OFDMA.
1,25 , 3,5 , 7 ,
8,75 , 10 , 14 , 17,5 , 20 28 .
,
, -, , , , .
, , .
, -
.
.
802.16 Revd.
802.16 Revd 802.16
802.16 http://grouper.ieee.org/gpoups/802/16index.html.
802.16 (470 ) ,
802.16 Revd, ,
.
. ,
.
6.3.
802.16-2004
WiMAX, 802.16
,
, . .
MAC (Media Access Control)
PHY (Physical Layer) .
.
:
( );
, ;
: 1066 , 26 , 211 ;
OFDM 64 QAM;
135 /;
Wi-Fi;
;
.
802.16. . 6.1
.
6.1. 802.16
802.16
802.16
802.16
2001
2003
2004
1066
211
2-6
32135 /
28
75 /
28
15 /
5-
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
OFDM 256,
QPSK, 16 QAM,
64QAM
OFDM 256,
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
20, 25 28
.
1,520
.
1,520
25
710 . ,
50
25
, ,
"". WiMAX
IEEE 802.16.1 IEEE 802.16.3.
( ) . 6.1.
-
.
.
.
WiMAX
.
ATM
ATM, WiMAX
ATM. WiMAX
QoS, ATM.
, IP. ,
WiMAX -.
ATM ,
ATM-
.
WiMAX Ethernet-.
WiFi SS.
. 6.2
.
6.2.
QPSK
1/2
/
QPSK
3/4
/
16QAM
1/2
/
16QAM
3/4
/
64QAM
2/3
/
64QAM
3/4
/
1,75
1,04
2,18
2,91
4,36
5,94
6,55
3,5
2,08
4,37
5,82
8,73
11,88
13,09
7,0
4,15
8,73
11,64
17,45
23,75
26,18
10,0
8,31
12,47
16,63
24,94
33,25
37,4
20,0
16,62
24,94
33,25
49,87
66,49
74,81
6.2 ,
WiMAX .
6.2. , WiMAX
3264 /
,
(MOS
>4,0)
MAC
(
)
BER: 10-6
6.2 ()
MAC
(
)
,
(MOS
< 4,0)
616 /
BER: *
< 155 /
BER: -6
413 /
()
BER:
32 /
1,5 /
()
:
IP, IPX,
,
,
. .
< 155 /
BER: 10-8
MPEG
< 8 /
BER: 10""
TBD
CLR:3- 10"8
16 /
ATM CBR
155 /
CER: 10"*
CMR: 1
SEBCR: 10"4
CLR: 10'5
CER:4- -6
6.2 ()
MAC
16 /
ATM rt- VBR
155 /
(
)
CMR: 1
SEBCR: 10"4
CLR: -5
CER:4- 6
ATM
< 155 /
CMR: 1
SEBCR: 10-4
MAC
.
(
)
. MAC- ,
-
(). WiMAX
" ".
QoS PDU,
BS SS.
, .
( ),
(), (
).
IEEE 802.162004 (Revd)
(LOS),
(NLOS).
SC (Single Carrier).
OFDM .
.
6.4.
IEEE 802.16-2004 (Revd)
6.4.1. ,
(CS)
IEEE 802.162004 (Revd)
(CS) (ATM)
.
.
CS PDU
( ) ()
CS PDU. .
40 .
, , (
),
( ),
. .
CS (Convergence syblayer)
MAC (MAC CPS MAC Common Part Sy
blayer) (. . 6.2) MAC SAP (MAC Ser
vice access point) :
PDU
CS PDU;
() ;
CS PDU -
MAC SAP;
:
( ,
);
() PDU
.
( , PDU)
( ). ,
QoS,
SDU (Service Data Un).
CID (Connection Identifier).
BS
SS . 6.6. CID .
. 6.6.
CID
, QoS.
CS.
,
PHS (Payload Header Suppression) .
PHS
DSA-REQ (Dynamic Service Ad
dition Request).
.
, ,
. ( )
SS.
. ,
.
CS .
ATM
ATM -.
, , PHS ( ). , VPI (Virtual
Path Identifier) VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier),
(VP), (VC).
, ,
ATM. VPI VCI,
CID (Connection ID). ATM ,
MAC .
CID . ,
TCP/IP
. , IP .
,
, , ,
. .
, CS: ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
. ATM CS
, () PDU,
ATM- ATM- ATM CS.
(PDU)
( )
, CS PDU. ATM CS PDU
(. 6.7).
ATM CS PDU-
( .
40 )
ATM PDU
(48 )
40
ATMCSPDU(){
ATM CS PDU
If(noPHS){
(
)
ATM_Header
( ATM)
}
Elseif(VP-swithed){
PTI
(
-)
CLP
(
-)
VCI
16
( -)
PTI
(
ATM )
CLP
(
-)
}
Elseif(VC-swithed) {
}
{
.
ATM- :
VP (Virtual Path) VC
(Virtual Channel),
VPI VCI . . 6.1
. CS
ATM- . 6.8,
, . 6.8,
.
VPI ),
.
VPI VCI.
PTI CLP.
()
PHS (Payload Header Suppression)
CS SDU.
, .
(. 6.9).
PHSI , PHSI = 0. ,
PHSF, PHSM, PHSS PHSV,
:
PHSF ;
PHSI ;
PHSM ;
PHSS ;
PHSV .
SS BS
, . 6.9.
CS.
, CID .
PHSE, PHSI, PHSM, PHSS, PHSV.
PHSV , SS
PHSF , ,
PHSM. PHSM, SS PHSF
, , PHSM.
PHSI
MAC SDU MAC SAP
.
, MAC PDU
-, -.
, CID PHSI
PHSF, PHSM PHSS.
.
PHSF. PHSF , PHSF-
. ,
, PHSF- .
. 6.9. PHS
.
.
PHSF, PHSI, PHSM, PHSS PHSV. PHSV
,
PHSF. , BS
,
PHSM. BS PHSI
-.
SS, -,
- , , PHSI
CID, PHSF, PHSM PHSS.
.
. 6.10
PHSM. ,
. , PHSF PHSS
.
,
.
. 6.10.
PHS.
. PHS
DSC (Dynamic Service Change). BS
PHSI, PHS. PHS
, DSC, DSD
(Dynamic Service Deletion). BS SS PHSS PHSF.
PHSF ,
. 5.9
PHS. PHS
PHS. , ,
, .
(, IP-,
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) . .)
DSC
( "Set PHS Rule" " PHS" DSC).
PHS- ,
DSA DSC SFE)
(Service Flow Identifier) ( ) PHS
PHS .
WiMAX
.
.
.
6.4.2. -
,
/, ,
. .
-.
: "-" ( Point-to-maltipoint)
(Mesh) .
"-"
( )
,
. ,
, ,
. /
TDD, . .
.
, ,
. 48- ( IEEE Std 8022001) 16- .
BS.
, .
. SS
SS.
.
,
.
, .
"-"
.
, .
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
BS .
, ,
-
,
, .
. (,
) , (
, ) .
.
- .
(
)
.
SS .
.
,
.
,
. ()
(. . )
,
. , ,
QoS.
WiMAX
-.
, , .
.
SS .
SS .
.
. , (
) 1
,
. 1
, , ,
. IP-
. ,
SS
BS. -
Mesh ,
BS SS.
SS SS.
,
,
, BS. ()
SS. .
, :
In ( BS),
away.
: (neighbor), (neighborhood)
(extended neighborhood). , ,
. . ,
(hop) .
.
BS
. , ,
BS,
( ,
) . ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
BS SS
( ). BS
In away.
SS . -
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
(
, ).
MAC
PDU.
/ .
, ,
MAC SAP. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
"-" ()
SS 48- -,
IEEE Std 8022001.
SS ,
.
SS , SS BS .
16- .
SS BS
"-",
(). ,
BS SS.
() BS MAC SS MAC,
MAC.
BS MAC SS MAC
(tolerant) MAC.
. 6.7 ,
.
, BS SS MAC,
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol). IP-. -
/
(. . "",
). SC, OFDM OFDMA
CRC.
SS.
RNG-RSP- REG-RSP. CID.
"-".
BS ,
, BS. SS
, SS,
() BS SS.
CID
( IP), CID
. 16 )
64 "-".
CID,
. , SS, ,
,
.
.
,
TCP/IP .
,
.
( ,
). SS 48- ,
IEEE Std 8022001.
SS ,
. , SS BS 16-
(Node ),
.
SS
, MAC.
SS-, , ,
,
8-
(Link Id).
CID
MAC. .
.
.
, .
. 6.4.
6.4. CID
{
If(XmtLinkID = = OxFF){
Logical Network ID
0x00:
0x0: -
} else {
Type
0x1: IP
0x20x3:
Reliability
( )
Priority/Class
0x1: 4
(/)
Drop Precedence
( )
}
0x0:
6.4 ()
Xmt Link ID
OxFF: MAC
.
( Link ID)
)
"-" "-".
,
. ,
(, ).
.
6.4.3. -
Rsv(1)
1(1)
(1)
(6)
I
LSB (8)
EKS
(2)
I
LEN
MSB
(3)
I
SIDMS (8)
HCS (8)
. 6.11. -
.
. - "", -
,
. 6.11.
( = 0 ( )),
= 0. = 1
Rsv, CI, EKS, Rsv LEN BR.
- . 6.5.
6.5. -
CI
CRC
1 - CRC
0 = CRC
CID
16
(MSB)
(LSB)
0 =
1 =
EKS
.
.
=1
HCS
.
8- ,
.
HCS
MAC.
: g(D) = D8 + D2 + D + 1
. . (
1.)
LEN
11
(Bandwidth request)
, . 6.12.
| 5
1 1
BR LSB ()
1
|
1
1 1
BRMSB
(11)
()
I
i
I
ii
1
1
SID MSB ()
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
HCS(8)
LSB (8)
. 6.12. -
. 6.6.
6.6.
BR
19
16
HCS
.
1
()
. ,
"".
CID
48 (6 ).
, . CID
, . BR (Bandwidth
Request) .
.
: 000 ; 001
.
, .
,
OxFX.
.
MAC
. ,
(initial ranging)
.
/ .
. 6.7.
802.162004 49 32
802.16.
.
6.7.
UCD
DCD
DL-MAP
UL-MAP
RNG-REQ
RNG-RSP
REG-REQ
REG-RSP
8
9
PKM-REQ
6.7 ()
10
PKM-RSP
11
DSA-REQ
12
DSA-RSP
13
DSA-ACK
14
DSC-REQ
15
DSC-RSP
16
DSC-ACK
17
DSD-REQ
18
DSD-RSP
19
20
21
MCA-REQ
22
MCA-RSP
23
DBPC-REQ
24
DBPC-RSP
25
RES-CMD
26
SBC-REQ
SS
6.7 ()
27
SBC-RSP
SS
28
CLK-CMP
SS
29
DREG-CMD
30
DSX-RVD
DSx
31
TFTP-CPLT
TFTP
32
TFTP-REP
TFTP
33
ARQ-Feedback
ARQ
34
ARQ-Discard
ARQ
35
ARQ-Reset
ARQ
36
REP-REQ
37
REP-RSP
38
FPS
39
MSH-NCFG
40
MSH-NENT
41
MSH-DSCH
42
MSH-CSCH
43
MSH-CSCF
44
AAS-FBCK-REQ AAS -
6.7 ()
45
AAS-FBCK-RSP
AAS
46
AAS_Beam_
Select
AAS
47
AAS.BEAM
_REQ
A AS
48
AAS.BEAM
_RSP
AAS
49
DREG-REQ
50
255
, ,
,
SS BS .
.
.
, , , "" "-".
(DL-MAP UL-MAP)
.
BS DCD (Download Channel Descriptor).
, ID ,
TLV, .
DCD . 6.8.
6.8. DCD
TLV
TLV
, PHY {
PHY
for(/= 1 ;/'<=;-+) {
Downlink_Burst_Profile}
PHY
}
}
}
BS DCD . 6.8, :
BS 1
256 .
DCD , SS
, ,
;
, .
BS
MAC.
,
, TLV.
Downlink_Burst_ProfiIe TLV,
DIUC (Downlink Interval Usage Code)
. DownlinkBurstProfile -
PHY, TLV.
DL-MAP DIUC.
DownlinkBurstProfile DCD
:
;
FEC;
;
DIUC;
DIUC;
.
FEC 1, 2 3, DownlinkBurstProfile
:
RS- ();
RS- (R).
FEC 2, DownlinkBurstProfile
. FEC 4, DownlinkBurstProfile
, (
) .
.
FEC-. TDM
. TDMA
() (burst). DL-MAP
, , PS
. (DL)
, .
(DL-MAP)
DL-MAP .
, LEN
MAC . DLMAP . 6.9. :
PHY PHY
;
DCD DCD;
D BS
48- , BS. 24
;
DL-MAP PHY,
.
5.9. DL-MAP
DL-MAP_Message_Format() {
= 2
PHY
DCD
BS
48
DL-MAP n
16
, PHY {
for(<= 1;|'<=;/'++) {
DL-MAP_Information_Element()
DL-MAP 1
.
}
}
^( ) {
Padding Nibble }
( -)
}
}
(UCD)
(UCD) BS,
.
UCD . BS
UCD , . 6.10.
:
BS 1 (
256) ,
. UCD
, SS ,
;
- -
. =
= 2 , 07;
,
. BS
MAC;
, 2.
015 (
);
, 2.
015 (
);
,
2. 015 (
);
D
,
2. 015 (
).
. 6.10.
6.10. UCD
UCD_Message_Format () {
Management Message Type = 0
( )
6.10 ()
Request Backoff
( )
, PHY {
for(/= 1;/<=;-+) {
Uplink_Burst_Profile }
( )
1
.
}
}
}
,
TLV.
Uplink_Biirst_Profile TLV,
UIUC (Uplink Interval Usage Code)
. Uplink_Burst_Profile
PHY, TLV.
UL-MAP UIUC.
(UL-MAP)
UL-MAP . 6.11.
6.11. UL-MAP
UL-MAP_Message_Format () {
= 3
UCD
UL-MAP n
8
32
, PHY {
for(/=l;i<=n;i++) {
UL-MAP_Information_Element() }
UL-MAP 1
.
}}
BS UL-MAP :
, ;
UCD UCD,
;
;
UL-MAP -.
()
(IE)
:
(CID);
(UIUC);
.
IE
. UL-MAP IE,
(burst). IE
UL-MAP .
CID , .
CID CID SS
CID SS. UIUC ,
, .
Uplink_Burst_Profile UCD UIUC,
UL-MAP.
() (RNG-REQ)
RNG-REQ SS
BS, /
. RNG-REQ
. 6.12.
6.12. RNG-REQ
RNG-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 4
, TLV
)
CID MAC
:
CID , SS
;
CID , SS
( )
;
CID ( RNG-RSP), SS
;
CID ( RNG-RSP), SS
;
CID,
RNG-RSP.
.
, RNG-REQ. (,
RNG-REQ,
, .)
, SS UCD, ,
.
8 .
, - TLV.
,
RNG-REQ :
;
- SS.
RNG-RSP,
, RNG-REQ :
;
;
(RNG-RSP).
RNG-RSP BS RNGREQ
,
MAC-. SS RNG-RSP ,
RNG-REQ.
RNG-RSP
,
. ,
ID , TLV.
BS RNG-RSP , . 6.13.
6.13. RNG-RSP
RNG-RSP_Message_Format () {
= 5
, TLV
}
RNG-RSP :
G ;
RNG-RSP:
ID ;
CID , RNG-RSP
RNG-REQ;
CID ,
RNG-RSP RNGREQ;
- SS (48 ) , CID CID ;
(REG-REQ) REG-REQ
SS , . 6.14.
6.14. REG-REQ
REG- REQ_Message_Format() {
= 6
, TLV
}
REG-REQ (
-). SS CID -
. TLV.
REG-REQ TLV:
;
CID .
REG-REQ TLV,
SS:
ID (SS);
SS;
(REG-RSP).
REG-RSP BS REG-REQ,
. 6.15.
6.15. REG-RSP
REG-RSP_Message_Format () {
= 7
, TLV
BS REG-RSP, :
:
, :
0 = ok ( );
1 = .
REG-RSP :
MAC;
CID ;
()
REG-RSP,
REG-REQ BS
:
SS BS SS (
REG-REQ). BS SS,
. BS
SS, "off REG-RSP.
, REG-RSP,
, REG-REQ.
(PKM-REQ/PKM-RSP)
()
, (PKM-REQ) (PKM-RSP),
. 6.16.
6.16. PKM-REQ/PKM-RSP
PKM-REQ
[ SS BS]
10
PKM-RSP
[ BS SS]
MAC. SS BS
, . 6.17. SS
.
6.17.
PKM-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 9
, TLV
}
BS SS
, . 6.18. SS
.
6.18.
PKM-RSP_Message_Format () {
= 10
, TLV
}
:
-.
, .
. 6.19;
. SS
BS. SS ( 2) (
) -.
,
-.
, ,
.
BS PKM-RSP
PKM-REQ, BS .
(),
PKM-REQ, .
PKM-RSP SS
(,
).
SS
. SS
,
.
SS
(SA). SS
KEY Reply Key Reject
;
- ,
,
. -
. ,
.
LEN MAC PDU.
. 6.19 .
6.19.
MAC
02
SAAdd
PKM-RSP
Auth Request
PKM-REQ
6.19 ()
MAC
Auth Reply
PKM-RSP
Auth Reject
PKM-RSP
Key Request
PKM-REQ
Key Reply
PKM-RSP
'
Key Reject
PKM-RSP
10
Auth Invalid
PKM-RSP
11
Invalid
PKM-RSP
12
Authent Info
PKM-REQ
13-255
BS SS /,
.
(SA Add)
BS SS
SA. = 3, . 6.20.
6.20. SA Add
( )
SA
SA-
SAID
SA
SHA
(Auth Request)
= 4.
. 6.21.
6.21. Auth Request
SS-
.509 SS
SS
SAID
,
SS .
SAID SAID .
SAID CID SS, SS
.
(Auth Reply)
BS SS
,
SA, SA.
SS (, . .).
SS. SA
CID, BS
Auth Request.
SAID, SS.
= 5.
Auth Reply . 6.22.
6.22. Auth Reply
AUTH-Key
,
SS
6.22 ()
SA
SA
SAID SA
.
(Auth Reject)
BS SS, Auth Reject,
SS.
= 6.
Auth Reject . 6.23.
6.23. Auth Reject
= 7.
"-"
. 6.24.
6.24.
SAID
ID
()
,
SHA
.
BS
.
= 8.
. 6.25.
6.25.
SAID
ID
,
SAID
,
SAID
,
SHA
,
, SAID.
, , , .
BS
SAID. "
", "" .
1 ( 4),
. BS SS
. ,
-,
SAID.
-
BS SS.
(KeyReject)
SS, SAID .
= 9.
Key Reject . 6.26.
6.26. KeyReject
SAID
ID
()
,
SHA
BS SS:
;
, SS.
SS
BS. BS ,
BS SS
,
BS SS.
=10.
Authorization Invalid . 6.27.
()
Invalid
BS (SS) Invalid, ,
PDU
MAC.
= 1 1 .
Invalid . 6.28.
6.28. Invalid
SAID
ID
, Invalid
()
,
Invalid
, SHA
(Authent Info)
Authent Info CA-Certificate .509
SS.
=12.
Authent Info . 6.29.
SS
(DSA-REQ)
DSA-REQ SS BS
. SS BS DSA-REQ ,
. 6.30.
6.30. DSA-REQ
DSA-REQ_Message_Format () {
= 11
ID
16
, TLV
:
CID CID SS;
ID ,
.
DSA-REQ
. :
;
CS .
, DSAREQ :
, .
;
(DSA), SS,
DSA; RSA-REQ
.
, .
SS RSA-REQ
QoS;
(DSA-RSP)
DSA-RSP DSA-REQ.
. 6.31.
6.31. DSA-RSP
DSA-RSP_Message_Format () {
= 12
ID
16
, TLV
}
:
CID SS;
ID ID , DSA-REQ;
DSA-REQ.
, DSA-RSP :
DSA-RSP,
CID ;
CS ,
CS.
, DSA-RSP :
DSARSP /
, .
QoS
. .
, DSA-RSP :
( ).
;
DSA, SS, DSA-RSP, BS,
CID. DSA-RSP
QoS
C1D.
DSA-RSP, BS, SA-
. DSA-REQ
, DSA-RSP
QoS, .
DSA-REQ
QoS, BS DSA-REQ,
.
, BS , DSA-REQ.
, BS
, DSA-RSP.
(DSA-ACK)
DSA-ACK DSA-RSP.
. 6.32.
6.32. DSA-ACK
DSA-ACK_Message_Format() {
- 13
ID
16
, TLV
)
:
( -) CID SS;
ID DSARSP;
DSARSP.
DSA-RSP ( ),
,
DSA-ACK.
DSC-REQ
DSC-REQ SS BS,
. DSC-REQ
. 6.33.
6.33. DSC-REQ
DSC-REQ_Message_Format () {
= 14
ID
116
, TLV
DSC-REQ
(uplink downlink).
(DSC-RSP)
DSC-RSP DSC-REQ.
. 6.34.
6.34. DSC-RSP
DSC-RSP_() {
= 15
ID
16
, TLV
}
, DSC-RSP :
DSC-RSP,
CID .
QoS
CID, DSCRSP CID.
QoS,
DSC-RSP QoS,
. QoS
, DSCRSP QoS- .
(DSC-ACK)
DSC-ACK DSC-RSP
, . 6.35.
6.35. DSC-ACK
DSC-ACK_Message_Format() {
= 16
ID
16
, TLV
}
DSA-RSP ( ), DSC-ACK
DSC-RSP, .
(DSD-REQ)
DSD-REQ SS BS,
. . 6.36.
6.36. DSD-REQ
DSD-REQ_ Message_Format () {
= 17
ID
16
ID
32
, TLV
ID SFTD, .
(DSD-RSP)
DSD-RSP DSD-REQ.
. 6.37.
6.37. DSD-RSP
MCA-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 18
ID
16
ID
32
, TLV
ID SFID DSD-REQ,
.
/
(MCA-REQ)
MCA-REQ SS,
.
. 6.38.
6.38. MCA-REQ
MCA-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 21
ID
16
, TLV
TLV:
CID, .
/
(MCA-RSP)
SS MCA-REQ.
. 6.39.
6.39. MCA-RSP
MCA-RSP_Message_Format() {
= 22
ID
16
, TLV
(DBPC-REQ)
DBPC-REQ SS BS
SS ,
BS SS. DBPC-REQ
. SS
,
. . 6.40.
6.40. DBPC-REQ
DBPC-REQ_Message_Format() {
- 23
DIUC
(DBPC-RSP)
DBPC-RSP BS CID SS
DBPC-REQ, SS. DIUC
DBPC-REQ, .
, DIUC , SS
. . 6.41.
6.41. DBPC-RSP
DBPC-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 24
DIUC
(RES-CMD)
RES-CMD CID SS,
, MAC
. , SS
BS BS
SS. RES-CMD . 6.42.
6.42. RES-CMD
DBPC-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 25
, TLV
SS (SBC-REQ)
SS SBC-REQ . SS SBCREQ , . 6.43.
6.43. SBC-REQ
SBC-REQ_Message_Format() {
= 26
, TLV
)
(SBC-RSP)
SS BS
SBC-REQ.
SBC-RSP
TLV . 6.44.
6.44. SBC-RSP
SBC-RSP_Message_Format() {
= 27
6.44 ()
, TLV
}
SBC-RSP,
SS SBC-REQ:
.
BS SS, SBC-REQ.
BS , SS .
BS SS, "off.
, "on" REG-RSP,
.
(CLK-CMP)
, ,
(, DS1 DS3),
CLK-CMP.
, BS CLK-CMP ,
, . 6.45.
6.45. CLK-CMP
CLK-CMP_Message_Format() {
= 28
for(/'= 1; |<-;|++) {
Clock ID(0
[i]
[(] }
}
}
CLK-CMP : ID
(ClocklD), , CCV
(Clock Comparison Value).
8- , BS 1 (
256) CLK-CMP.
.
8- ( 256)
:
10 ,
(, GPS),
8.192 , .
(DREG-CMD)
DREG-CMD CID SS,
. DREG-CMD SS
, .
MAC . 6.46.
6.46. DREG-CMD
DREG-CMD_Message_Format() {
8
= 29
, TLV
. 6.47.
6.47.
0x00
SS
0x01
SS , ,
RES-CMD
6.47 ()
0x02
SS ,
0x03
SS ,
0x04
SS BS. BS
SS
DREG-REC
0x05-0xFF
DSx (DSX-RVD)
(DS)
DSx-REQ SS,
SS , BS DSx-REQ
, DSx-RSP,
DSx-REQ. DSX-RVD
. 6.48.
6.48. DSX-RVD
DSX-RVD_Message_Format() {
= 30
ID
16
TFTP (TFTP-CPLT)
TFTP-CPLT SS,
. TFTP-CPLT
. 6.49.
6.49. TFTP-CPLT
TFTP-CPLT_Message_Format() {
= 31
, TLV
(TFTP-RSP)
TFTP-RSP BS
TFTP-CPLT, SS. TFTP-RSP
. 6.50.
6.50. TFTP-RSP
TFTP-CPLT_Message_Format() {
= 32
MAC PDU
- (
). MAC- TLV- ( CRC HCS)
,
MSB. (, ARQ)
.
WiMAX
.
. ,
,
, . -
{ () (Concatenation)
MAC PDU,
.
, QoS.
.
MAC PDU . 6.13.
MAC PDU .
MAC PDU- MAC SDU.
CS. MAC,
MAC .
SS
. SS
MAC PDU ,
MAC PDU.
MAC
MAC SDU MAC PDU.
, ,
.
.
MAC PDU.
(-)
QoS .
FC (Fragmentation Control)
: 10 , 11
01 . FC = 00.
6.5.
6.5.1.
WiMAX
( )
. "-".
.
, ,
IEEE 802.16.2004 (Revd).
. 6.14.
.
1.
.
2. ( UCD).
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. ().
8. .
9. .
10. ( ).
7, 8, 9 SS
REG-REQ/REG-RSP.
. 6.14.
SS ,
:
48- - (
Std 8022001). SS
;
D ( .509),
SS
.
6.5.2.
,
(One
Casting) ,
UL-MAP "".
SS, , SS,
(Multicast) . WiMAX
,
UCD. ,
, .
. , ,
SS
(. .
).
, CID.
BS CID.
CID QoS.
SS.
, SS . ,
,
(Request Backoff Start),
4.9 UCD.
(RNG-REG)
.
(RNG-RSP) ,
, . .
.
() -
UCD . , 4
0 15, 10 0 1023.
, SS
. SS
3- . SS ,
16- (, BS ).
SS
SS .
-
(-). - (8 ) 2
4 .
. , WirelessMANSC (WiMAX ) UCD 16
(2 -), 3 -
3 - SS .
8 - (64 ). , ,
24 -, 8 -,
, 3- .
6.5.3.
OFDM- MAN
,
MAN-OFDM, OFDM,
.
802.16 802.162004
SC (Single
Carrier), .
4. ,
OFDM OFDMA.
, ,
, .
:
, ;
FEC
, ;
,
, ARQ.
(
) .
.
( +
) .
. ,
.
() ,
.
( ).
.
, MAC, .
,
FEC. FEC
(RS)
. , .
,
.
:
N-K ,
N . ,
.
.
.
,
; , .
,
.
.
.
.
,
, . .
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
CRC (Cyclic Redudancy Check).
k -
FCS (Frame Check Sequency).
. .
.
.
(
XOR).
,
, .
.
" "
,
.
, . . OFDM .
,
OxFF. ,
,
.
PRBS (Pseudo
Random Binary Sequency).
PRBS 1 + +
. 6.15.
. 6.15. PRBS
, MSB , LSB
. .
, XOR
( )
. .
.
100101010000000.
1. ,
2, . 6.16.
, ,
, .
. 6.16. OFDM-
. 6.17. , ,
, UL MAP, .
BSID
MSB | b31 I J 1
UIUC
||,|,||
I b j b j b j b , , ! LSB
(FEC)
802.162004
(ReedSolomon).
FEC
. RS-CC. FEC ,
. .
1/2
.
RS, .
,
. . 2.
802.162004 - 8.
( + ) N
N = (2 - 1) = /(2 - 1) .
. , ,
(N - ) .
(N, , ), .
,
(N - ) = 2 .
, WiMAX, 802.162004
(N - 255, = 239, = 8) . ( = 8)
, , N = 2048 , =
= 1912 , - 64 .
, WiMAX,
( ) .
N .
= 8 , N = (2 - 1).
GF(2 ) (Galois Field).
.
.
, :
: () - + + + + 1.
,
. ' ,
239 - ' .
.
, ,
2' 16 .
- MSB.
RS- ,
1/2. 7.
()
, .
, ,
, . . "" .
. : , , . .
, N ( N : +
+ ) L , .
, . .
, .
.
.
,
OFDM- Ncbps.
.
, . ,
.
, .
Ncpc 1 . , 1, 2, 4
6 BPSK, QPSK-16QAM 64-QAM .
s = ce\\(Nrpr/2) (ceil ).
Ncbps
, *
*
. .
:
= (Nrpc/2) kniod\2 + floor(*/12), = 0, 1,... Ncbps - 1,
floor .
:
jk = s- floor(m*/5) + (m* + AUpA-floor(12- I Ncbps))u,d(sh
* = 0, 1
Ncbps-I.
,
, .
Ncbps j
, // kj
.
.
:
m, = S 00(/ / S) + (J + 00( 12 jl Ncbps))mod(sh./ = 0, 1, ... NrbPs - 1
:
it,-=12- mj-(Ncbps-l)-
floor(12-
mj/Ncbps)J
= 0, 1, ... Ncbps- 1.
(MSB) .
. 6.51 Nrpc
1 , .
6.51. Nt:pc 1
16
BPSK
192
96
48
24
12
QPSK
384
192
96
48
24
Nebps
16-QAM
768
384
192
96
48
64-QAM
1152
576
288
144
72
OFDM
802.162004, OFDM :
s(t) = Re\ej2*'x
Nv
ckxej2^(t-TA,
k*0,
,
, / Q
(
) OFDM.
(/) .
2 . .
802.16 802.162004 = 8
NFFT = 2 = 256.
NFFT , .
.
, ,
.
"+" ( )
"-" ( ), . 6.18.
. 6.18.
256 55 .
28 ( -128 -101)
27 ( 101 127). 200
-. -
88, 63, 38 13.
BPSK. -
+
+ + 1.
8FF, 555.
(. .
).
192 , 16 :
12 .
, . ,
1- -100, -99, -98, -37, -35, 1, 2,
3, 64, 65, 66. , ,
.
() 16
, , , 1, 2-, 4- 8- . ,
( OFDMA).
OFDM-
, .
.
. -
() Tg, .
= Ts + .
( )
.
(
Tg). .
.
7^ 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 1/32
BW (
) Fs = NFFT/ . Fs / BW : 87/75
(BW 1,5 ), 144/125 (BW 1,25 ), 316/275 (BW
2,75 ), 57/50 (BW 2 ), 8/7 (BW 1,75
). 2,5; 4; 5; 8; 10; 12,5 20 .
.
.
Eo/No. :
1 0 1 o g ( l - r g / ( r , + 7*))/log(10).
SNR
FFT, , ,
. ,
FFT .
.
SS
, BS. SS
(UL).
(DL),
, SS .
802.162004
TDD, FDD.
(). (
): UL DL.
TDD-
, FDD
, FDD
, .
, "-" . 6.19 6.20. . 6.19 OFDM
DL- UL- TDD,
. 6.20 FDD-.
,
(FCH) . (
QPSK) .
, 4,
.
.
OFDM- ( BPSK)
1/2.
DLFP. (
) DL-.
(. . ) ,
DL-MAP, UL-MAP,
(DCD/UCD)
. ,
, .
DL-MAP-.
UL- ,
SS BS
.
BS .
DL-MAP.
.
OFDM. .
, -,
- (6 ), CRC.
, 802.16
/, ,
IEEEStd 802.162004.
.
: , , .
.
, , (
) ( ).
.
,
. .
.
, ,
.
,
.
6.6.1.
: IEEE Std 802.16
2004 , ,
, , ,
,
.
.
, 6 .
IEEE Std 802.162004
.
:
,
.
.
,
.
6.6.2.
802.16 .
MSS:
, ()
.
. :
(mobile station, MS): ,
.
BS: BS MSS, . .
, CID , CID
MSS. MSS
BS. MSS
BS. FBSS BS BS,
/ / MSS
. SHO MSS BS
DL, . . DL_MAP, UL_MAP, FCH
DL.
SHO FBSS, MSS, BS,
MSS, ,
DL. FBSS,
MSS, BS,
/ / MSS .
BS: MSS BS BS (
BS),
MSS.
BS: (MSS)
BS BS, MSS
.
BS: BS, MSS
.
: SHO FBSS.
BS MSS.
MSS BS.
BS: BS MSS,
, MAC.
SHO MSS / / BS
.
FA: FA, .
FA
, , MSS
, .
BS (fast BS switching, FBSS): BS,
. MSS /
/ BS ( BS) . BS
, BS.
(fixed subscriber station, FSS):
, ,
.
(frequency assignment, FA): (FA)
DL
, BS.
(handover, ): , MSS
, BS, , BS. :
: ,
BS
BS;
: ,
BS
BS.
: , MSS
BS BS .
(soft handover, SHO):
, BS MSS
MAC/PHY PDU , MSS
. SHO UL
BS, (, ) MSS
.
PHY BS.
(group key encryption key, GKEK):
GKEKEK, .
(group traffic encryption key,
GTEK): GKEK.
BS (base station,
), ( )
MSS . BS,
(
), .
,
, /.
AAA
(Authorization, Authentication and Accounting ,
), , . ,
,
(ASA-).
ASA-
. ASA .
. 6.21 .
. 6.21. ,
,
. 6.52.
6.52.
, 802.16
,
BS
,
MSS
, , . 6.53.
6.53. ,
MSS
BS
Base Station
ASA-cepeep(bi)
MSS (, handover)
BS .
BS
/ ASA-.
. 6.22 , BS
. BS#1 BS MSS. BS#2 BS. MSS
BS#2, ,
BS#2 BS .
. 6.22.
, MSS
, ,
, ,
6.3.20.2 IEEE 802.16.
= 19
. (. . 6.54), () ()
BS MSS. 0 " ",
1 "".
6.54.
19
REG.REQ
REG_RSP
6.54 ()
(. 6.55) MSS,
BS, RTM (Resource
Retain Time). BS Resource Retain Time no
MSS
MOB_HO-IND MSS.
100 .
6.55.
50
100 .
REG_RSP
200 ,
,
. 6.236.25.
MSS
. 6.24. -
BS MSS
. 6.25. - BS MSS
BS
- MSS BS . 6.26.
- BS BS
. 6.27.
6.6.3.
OFDMA
WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY MAC
. .
.
. , .
.
NBR_ADV (. BS) |
. 6.26. -
MSS BS
, ,
UL MAP. ,
.
.
. 6.27. -
BS BS
, BS,
,
,
UL- RNG-REQ - 23 , -
,
. BS, -
,
MSS, , RNG-REQ .
256.
0...255. BS ,
5, 0 < S < 255. S ((5 +
+ 0 + /V + M + L)mod256.
N
. ,
, PRBS 144 (S mod 256)
144 ((5 + /) mod 256) 1 .
.
,
PRBS 144 x((S + N) mod 256) 144 : ((5 +
+ N + ) mod 256) 1 .
L . ,
PRBS 144 JC ((5 + N + ) mod 256) 144 ((5 + /V +
+ + L) mod 256) 1 .
. ,
PRBS 144 ((S + N + +
+ L) mod 256) 144 ((S + N + + L + ) mod 256) 1 .
128- FFT BS 6 ( 8
PUSC ) /
BW-. MSS
, ( 6/8 ),
, (
).
MSS, ,
.
( )
.
(X)
.
(
) . 6.28.
. 6.28.
OFDMA
BS
( ), MSS
(
2), . 6.29.
. 6.29.
OFDMA
6.6.4.
HO-REQ/RSP
, -
. MSS, ,
PKM_PREAUTH-REQ. ,
PKM-AUTH-REQ, PKM-PREAUTH-RSP
PKM_PREAUTH-REJECT. BS
AUTH-RSP. PKM-PREAUTH-RSP
, BS ,
MSS.
MSS
.
BS, MSS ,
7.... , ,
,
PKMv2.
6.6.5.
,
BS MSS.
PCS RSP. UL.
"".
L + C/N+N1< 101ogl0(/?) + OffsetJSSperss + Offset.BS^ss,
:
P (dBm) ;
L UL.
/ ;
R /FEC;
N1 (dBm)
BS;
Offset_SSp,rss ,
SS. SS. ;
Offset_BSp<rrs5 ,
SS. BS .
.
, (8.4.12.1).
SS
EVM. SS Offset_SSpfrss
:
Offset_Bound/,we/- < Offset_SSp,fss < Offset_Boundupp,r,
:
Offset_BoundMppt.r Offset_SSpt,rss;
, . 6.56.
6.56. SNR .
SNR ,
QPSK
1/2
9,4
3/4
11,2
16-QAM
64-QAM
1/2
16,4
3/4
18,2
2/3
22,7
3/4
24,4
6.6.6.
MSS ,
, MSS
BS.
() update) 16.
TLV (. 6.57) TLV
update.
6.57.
(1 )
(1 )
( )
New.CID
16.1
CID
BS
Old.CID
16.2
BS
(1 )
(1 )
( )
Connection Info (
)
16.3
,
TLV
.
Cobbectionjnfo
TLV,
.
,
DSC-RSP,
,
TLV
6.6.7. IP-
- = 23
. 6.59.
6.59. IP-
23
6.6.8. OFDMA
OFDMA
. .
.
,
. ,
, ( )
.
,
.
:
BW ;
,
;
. BW /
.
8/7;
G
. 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 1/4.
, :
NFFT 2, NHCn\
Fs ( BW/8000)x8000 ;
/= FJ NFFT ;
= 1// ;
Tg = G ;
= + Ts OFDMA;
/ NFFT .
OFDMA
.
. OFDMA, -
FUSC PUSC
, .
FUSC,
, OFDMA.
PUSC,
, 2 -.
PUSC, ,
OFDMA.
,
, OFDMA.
OFDMA
OFDMA. BS 1
SS.
OFDMA, .
MAC.
OFDMA , (
) .
FDD TDD. SS
HFDD () TDD.
802.162004 OFDMA
(. 6.30).
TDD BS SS.
D-link ,
DL UL. TTG RTG
DL UL ,
BS .
OFDMA (TDD)
BS, SS.
, DL UL.
BS, SS, RTG (Re
ceive/Transmit Gap), TTG (Transmit/Receive Transition Gap)
, -
/ .
TDD- HFDD- SS
SSRTG SSTTG,
.
.
PUSC (Partial Usage of Subchannels),
,
FUSC (Ful Usage of Subchannels).
FCH (Frame Con
trol Header). FCH
4- .
QPSK 1/2 PUSC-. FCH DL DL-MAP-,
DL- . OFDMA-
, PUSC FUSC.
WiMAX
, 802.162004,
, 2005 .
,
, .
7.1.
IEEE 802.162004 (Revd)
, WiMAX:
SS 15 10
-40 + +65 ;
5 ;
BS 8 - 1 0
-40 +65
10 .
SR
/ BW(Mru) : SR = (BW -0,088)/(1-).
2 2%
-40 - +65
SNR EVM : SNR > 40
, EVM , 3,1% 64 QAM.
,
20- 1 ,
25% (
4 , 4
25% 1 ).
5 .
.
.
.
( = 10"
7 3 ).
QPSK: - 93,2 + 10 lg BW,
16 QAM: - 86,2 + 10 lg BW,
64 QAM: - 8 6 + 1 0 lg BW, ,
BW .
/ (SNR)
QPSK: 9,8
16QAM: 16,8
64 QAM: 23,8
1 >-30 .
BS -40
0 . SS
-20 ,
0 .
. / (/1) . 7.1.
.
7.1. /1
BER 3
3
/1
BER 3
1
BPSK: -12
BPSK:-8
QPSK: -9
QPSK: -5
16 QAM: -2
16 QAM: +2
64 QAM: +5
64 QAM: +9
256 QAM:+16
BPSK: -37
BPSK: -33
QPSK: -34
QPSK: -30
16 QAM: -27
16 QAM:-22
64 QAM: -20
64 QAM:-16
256 QAM:-13
256 QAM: -9
. 7.2 ,
SS BS OFDMA.
7.2. SS BS OFDM A
SS
>30
BS
>10
<1
< +/- 0,5
7.2 ()
BS.
(2,5 -
)
< 0,1
1702
:
-1 +1 -425
+425;
< +/-2
< +2/-4
SS.
(2,5 -
)
< 0,1
1702 :
-1 +1 -424
+424;
< +/-2
< +2/-4
()
()
.
BS 1 100 SS.
7.2.
, -
WiMAX,
. ,
,
,
,
, , , .
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
WiMAX-.
,
. () LO
(Local Oscillator), PA (Power Amplifier)
.
. WiMAX
.
.
1 1/2
.
100 . 210
.
WiMAX ()
, ,
( 100 ).
( )
,
. ,
.
, ,
. $30.
.
.
.
45% . 1518%.
() 2,5% (
< 0,1 ).
. -
100 .
,
.
. 0,9
-100 ,
.
~6 .
.
.
,
.
( !)
.
- , .
,
~$32 (
), ~$8, -
(SAW) ~$2.
. 7.3
(
1, 2, 3) .
7.3.
HFDD/TDD
FDD
1,
2,
RFIC
RFIC-
182
206
Rx-
RF-
3,
RF-
VTCXO
Rx-
RFIC
VTCXO-
58
RF-
13
18
LNA
SAW-
,
,
.
RF- (TBD)
204
234
204
61,77
56,73
24,30
7.3.
WiMAX
. FDD,
TDD, .
HFDD (Half-Duplex Frequency Division dyplex).
IF (Intermediate Frequency),
DC (Direct Converter),
ZTF (Zero Intermedia Frequency)
.
TDD. . 7.1 TDD. TDD ,
. () LO (Local Oscillator).
(),
, .
.
, .
TDD-
, ,
FDD, .
. 7.1. TOD
, TDD
, (
). - I
.
.
FDD,
.
-
FDD -
, .
- -
. ,
, SS
, .
( )
, . TDD
, FDD.
TDD- ,
, ,
. TDD ,
FDD, (
) .
FDD. . 7.2 FDD.
,
, .
/,
,
, TDD. .
FDD TDD
BER. 50
100 .
. 7.2. FDD
(), ,
10 ,
. -
/
0,5 .
,
FDD-
, .
$35 , $8.
, ,
, , (,
).
, ,
( ,
, ).
,
, :
() = */) AF () - /() - [ 1 7 4 + yVF- )],
:
1
AF;
DM
;
NF ;
() ,
10 .
, = -33
AF = 1 (10 = 6 0 ),
= -33 + 60 = +27 . = 60 .
-106 = -\\6 .
5 .
,
= -96 ,
.
2 (
). -
. 7.3. HFDD
FDD
TDD-.
TDD-, .
TDD .
(, ,
).
.
.
HFDD , . SS
, TDD, .
.
HFDD TDD.
Intel ,
TDD HFDD.
,
(-)
.
.
. ( ),
, (AGC),
,
, .
, ,
-. ,
- .
,
.
.
.
HFDD ,
/
.
: .
TDD
( ZIF Zero Intermedia Frequency).
. 7.4.
.
,
.
. 7.4. TDD-
HFDD- TDD-
(I- Q-) . 7.5.
ZIF.
7.3.1.
MIMO, AAS OFDMA
,
.
.
SDC ,
/
.
,
.
, .
d .
1/3 .
, >1/3 X (
) ,
.
> 1/2 ..
.
SDC
(Selection Diverity Combining).
EGC (Equul Gain Combining)
,
/ MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining).
.
,
,
.
,
.
TDD ,
(
). SDC ,
,
, .
:
;
.
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
10 lg(/i), n
.
.
, ,
EGC. ,
SDC, .
( ), (
)
. .
EGC-
. , EGC
, SDC.
,
MRC. EGC ,
,
, .
.
,
,
.
MRC ,
.
- , ,
. MRC
.
MRC
. / (SNR).
MRC
. ,
MRC .
MIMO AAS .
MIMO
AD (Antenn Direct).
.
.
20 , .
,
. TDD-, FDD-
.
, AAS- "" , .
SS (
SS). SS
SDC.
AAS- , ,
. AAS
TDD,
.
7.4.
WiMAX
WiMAX-
,
, (Airspan Networks,
Alvarion Ltd, Aperto Networks, Redline Communications, Proxim Corporation,
Wi-LAN Inc) pre-WiMAX- .
, InfiNet Wireless Nateks
WiMax-
. ,
Airspan, Alvarion, Aperto Networks, Axxcelera Broadband
Wireless, Gemtek, Huawei, Proxim Corporation, Redline Communications,
Siemens Mobile, SR Telecom ZTE,
PRO/Wireless 5116 Intel,
IEEE 802.162004.
Rosedale,
1 . 2005 . Intel
.
Intel ,
.
WiMAX ,
Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 ,
, , WiMAX .
WiMAX Intel . 2003 .
, WiMAX
Fujitsu Microelectronics America.
Fujitsu
Wi-LAN, ,
802.16 ,
, , Libra MX,
. 7.6.
Wavesat Wireless 2004 .
, DM216,
802.16. , Redline Communications, -
2003 . AN-100,
802.16.
, 2005 . WiMAX-
, -
WiMAX
.
.
, WiMax
Forum, 2005 .
WiMAX,
(WiMAX-ready)
, Alvarion, Airs pan
Networks Redline Communications,
Intel CeBIT
2005 . Alvarion
BreezeMAX, Airspan AS.MAX,
CeBIT 2005, a Redline AN-100U.
.
(MAC),
Cetecom,
WiMAX Forum 2005 . .
Intel Fujitsu
WiMAX- ,
.
WiMAX-
2005 . , 2006 .
WiMAX.
, WiMAX-
, .
pre-WiMAX.
Texas Instruments Inc. (www.supportti.com/sc/pic/euro.htm)
TRFxxxx ( 4-
)
2,5, 3,5 5,8 ,
FDD-TDD .
(BS, SS) , ,
. TRF112x
2,32,7 , TRF122x 3,33,8 ,
TRF243x 4,95,9 .
. 7.6 (RF frontend) 2,5 3,5 . . 7.6,
, . 7.6, .
. 7.6. TRFxxxx
. 7.7 5,8
.
. 7.7. 5,8
VCO , ();
DDC ;
PLL ;
TRF 1123 ;
TRF 1222 ;
TRF 1221 - ();
TRF 1216 ;
TRF 1212 - ();
TRF 1122 ;
TRF 1121 ;
TRF 1115 ;
TRF 1112 ;
a TRF2432 ;
TRF 2436 .
() 1,2 5,8
0,5 2,5 3,5 . 80
1 . 90100 2,5 3,5 75
5,8 . >1,2 .
48 2,5 , 45
3,5 32,5 5,8 .
10x10 .
Fujitsu Microelectronics America 2005 .
(http://us.fujitsu.com/microAViMAX) 873400
SE7351L/SE7051L ( ARM 926 RISC),
802.162004 OFDM (256 , 64-QAM, 16QAM, QPSK, BPSK). 16 .
FDD/HFDD, TDD. 2,5, 3,5, 3,6
5,8 .
WiMAX.
.
.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing),
(FFT) ()
. OFDM
, NLOS (Non Line
of Sight) . OFDMA (Orthogonal Fre
quency Division Multiply Access)
OFDM, SOFDMA (Scalable OFDMA)
OFDMA .
.
:
DAMA (Demand Assignment Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) .
.
( , ,
)
, : BPSK, QPSK,
8 QAM, 16 QAM, 64 QAM.
CINR
(Carrier/Interference + Noise Radio).
.
TDD (Time Division Duplex),
FDD (Frequency Division Du
plex).
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
,
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
,
.
, QoS.
("endto-end")
:
BE (Best Effort) , - .
,
DiffServ, VLAN-,
CBR (Constant Bit Rate)
VBR (Variable Bit Rate),
:
7.4.1.
SkyMAN
InfiNet Wireless
InfiNet Wireless 10
SkyMAN/CA.
.
:
288 /
(48 / );
()
"-" 54 /;
2,42,492 (DSSS ) 5,16,0
(OFDM );
50 ;
;
, ]-;
QoS , VoIP;
VoIP-;
, VPN ;
;
"-", "-"
.
pre-WiMAX InflNet Wireless
.
2,4
(DACS) BPSK, QPSK,
1, 2, 5,5 11 / .
5 OFDM (
) 52 BPSK,
QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM 6 9, 12 18, 24 36, 48 54 /
. . 7.6 SkyMAN.
SkyMAN
(), SkyMAN
.
5
AC (SS) 6 288 / 12 .
2,4
11 / .
(),
12
, .
().
, ,
.
, . -
,
.
6
,
, .
( )
,
.
360 ( ), 120 (
) 60 ( ).
,
, ,
.
54 /.
6 48 /.
,
"-"
.
:
;
.
:
;
IP-
;
VPN.
:
;
;
;
.
. SkyMAN
InfiNet Wireless
R5000. , ( 2,4 )
, ,
.
7.4.2.
Nateks-Multilink 3
802.16
WiMAX Nateks-Multilink 3. (. 7.9)
70 /.
Nateks-Multilink 3
3,43,8
"-" () "-" ()
, .
:
(QoS),
Ethernet TDM E1
, -
;
, ;
(SLA)
, QoS
;
;
OFDM
;
(QPSK, 16 QAM,
64 QAM);
99,999%.
Nateks-Multilink 3 :
,
SC (Sector Controller) ;
SS (Subscriber Station),
SC (90 60);
"-"
.
Nateks-Multilink 3 :
6 SC ;
16 SS;
4000 SC;
250 SC.
Nateks-Multilink 3
, .
3,4003,800 .
250 .
.
3,5 , 7 14 .
>50 .
5 / / (), 2,7 / / (
Ethernet).
70 / (
).
SC + 23 , SS + 16 .
-88 (1-09 BER 7 ,
QPSK 1/2).
. 300 ,
, , (Tx/Rx, , ).
802.3 Ethernet, 802.1Q VLAN, 802. lp, DHCP
.
. ()
: QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
.
. DES () 3DES ( ).
. 1/2, 2/3 3/4.
. "-" () 802.16.
(ARQ).
( ). "-": 6,5
, 33 . "-":
70 .
. TDD (time division duplex), HD-FDD.
.
256 FFT OFDM.
~ 5 //.
10/100 Ethernet (RJ-45), 4 1 SS, 8 1 SC (RJ-48c).
Web, CLI, Telnet.
FlexGain View.
AC/DC, .
. : 18 15 24 8.
: 14 90 17 60.
.
.
7.4.3. BreezeMAX
IEEE 802.16a Alvarion
BreezeMAX
,
IEEE 802.16. Alvarion,
WiMAX. BreezeMAX
, , (VPN),
, , .
BreezeMAX BWA
("end to end") (QoS),
IEEE 802.16a. , QoS
, .
,
IEEE 802.16a,
, .
48 /.
1,75 3,5 .
. Alvarion
15 .
BreezeMAX .
-.
Ethernet-
Wi-Fi WLAN , ,
.
POTS ( 2-).
:
: 12,7 /;
: 34003500; 35003600 ;
: 1,75 3,5 ;
: TDMA;
:
: FDD full duplex;
: FDD half duplex;
: QAM 16QAM64;
: FEC
.
WiMAX-
Alvarion BreezeMAX 3500
.
802.162004
BreezeUSER III,
Alvarion "".
, BreezeMAX 3500 Alvarion
- IEEE 802.I62004,
WiMAX. BreezeMAX 3500
OFDM Alvarion,
3,43,5 3,53,6
(NLOS).
,
, (VPN), ,
-. BreezeMAX 3500
(QoS), ,
.
, IEEE
802.16,
, .
Alvarion BreezeMAX 3500
:
( )
. 2005 .
48 /.
,
1,75 3,5 .
-
.
15 .
7.4.4. PacketWave
Aperto Networks
Aperto Networks PacketWave 1000
,
4
.
.
:
(RG-6)
( 250 ); 5 (FTP5e)
.
4, 6
20 / 14 / "" .
.
(
) .
/ .
PacketWave 100,
, (/
),
( /) .
Aperto Networks PacketWave
.
:
(
100 ); 5 .
3 (PacketWave 110,
Networks
,
/
20/13 /
, //,
/
3,33/2,33
QPSK, 16QAM
3,5 : 20 40
5,3/5,8 : 14
, 17x17
100BaseT
10/100BaseT
7.4 ()
, ,
VLAN
QoS
CBR / CIR / BE
ToS(802.1p,RFC791)
,
/
20
AT,
/
20
- AT
1022
(
)
AT
: , 75
:
250
: +0 +40
:-40 +60
+
Outdoor radio unit
4 6
7.4.5. AN
Redline Communications
Redline Communications
AN-30, AN-30e, AN-50e, AN-100.
AN-100 IEEE 802.16a.
7.4.6.
SR-Telecom Angel
ABS3000, BSU3000
SS3100 SSU4000.
(LOS),
(OLOS), (NLOS);
: 3,5 ;
: 1;
"-";
OFDM-;
: TDMA, FDD;
: QPSK, 8QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM ""
"";
QoS: CIR, MIR;
;
;
(G.729e);
(V. 17,V.29,V.21.27);
(V.32, V.90);
- (G. 168);
DHCP;
V5.1,V5.2;
MLPPP.
:
El MLPPP;
El v5.1;
El v5.2.
:
a/b(RJ-ll).
7. Canopy
Motorola
Motorola Canopy
,
,
-. Motorola Canopy
, "-" "" . "-"
Motorola Canopy 56 ,
"-" 18 .
. 7.5.
7.5. Motorola
Motorola Canopy
5,255,35/5,7255,825
20
,
/
10/7 /
, //,
/
0,5/0,35
5,2/5,8 : 16 .
5,2 / 5,8 : 32 . -
, 8 , 60x60
, 26 ,
6x6
10/100BaseT
10/100BaseT
7.5 ()
Motorola Canopy
, VLAN
QoS
MIR
IPToS
, /
23
AT, /
23
- AT
200
AT
100
-40 +55
Outdoor unit
WiMAX-
. 7.6.
WiMAX .
WiMAX IEEE
802.16 802.162004.
WiMAX-,
WiMAX.
7.6. WiMAX
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
2003 802.16
2004
802.162004
NaterksSkyMAN
Multilink 3
Access (Infinet
( ,
Wireless,
)
)
PacketWave
(Aperto Net
works, )
VectaStar 3500
(Cambridge
Broadband,
)
Symmetry
(SR Telecom,
)
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
802.16
802.16
802.16
802.16
802.16e
OFDM 256
DSSS,
OFDM 64
OFDM
OFDM
OFDM
TDMA
TDMA,
Polling +PVC
TDMA
IEEE
"
OFDM 256,
OFDMA 2048
TDMA,
DAMA
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
BPSK,
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
QPSK,
16 QAM
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
QPSK, 8 QAM,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
TDD/FDD
TDD,
HD-FDD
TDD
FDD
FDD
7.6 ()
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
2 11
1,25
20
NaterksSkyMAN
Multilink 3
Access (Infinet
( ,
Wireless,
)
)
PacketWave
VectaStar 3500
(Aperto Net
(Cambridge
works, )
Broadband,
)
Symmetry
(SR Telecom,
)
3,43,8
2,42,492
5,16,0
2,52,689
3,33,8
5,155,35
5,725,92
3,43,8
2,3
2,4
3,5
3,5
7
14
20
1,756,0
1,75
3,5
7
14
1,75
3,5
, /
175
70
54
20
60
11
(66 )
46
46
12
15
20
,
,
50
33
50
40
90
32
FEC,
ARQ
ARQ
FEC,
ARQ
FEC,
ARQ
"
7.6 ()
,
QoS
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
UGS,
rtPS, nrtPS, BE
NaterksMultilink 3
( ,
)
SkyMAN Ac
cess (In/met
Wireles,
)
Symmetry
(SR Telecom,
)
UGS,
rtPS, nrtPS, BE
5
VoIP,
VPN
MIR,
BER
CIR,
MIR
CIRHPIR
, , - :
IP-, DES 56/112/168
.509
DES/3DES, ,
.509
AT
10/100BaseT,
4-81
10/100BaseT
10/100BaseT
250
150
1022
www.nateks.ru
www.
infinetwireless.ru
www.
apertonet.com
10/100BaseT
El/Tl
ATM
10/100BaseT
El v.5.1
www.cambridge
broadband.com
www.
srtelecom.com
"
www.
wimaxforum.org
7.6 ()
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
2003802.16
2004
802.162004
IEEE
AS.MAX
(Airspan,
)
4 :
PrimeMAX
MicroMAX
HiperMAX
3500
(Alvarion,
)
RedMAX
(AN-100U,
AN-50)
(Redline
Commu
nications,
)
OS-Gemini
(Orthogon
System,
)
Libra MX
(Wi-LAN/,
)
2005
1 . 2006
2004
2005
2004
2004
802.162004
802.162004
802.162004
802.16
802.16
OFDM 256,
OFDMA 2048
OFDM 256,
SOFDMA
OFDM 256
OFDM
OFDM
W-OFDM 256
TDMA,
DAMA
TDMA/TDM/
SDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
7.6 ()
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
AS.MAX
(Airspan,
)
4 :
PrimeMAX
MicroMAX
MacroMAX
HiperMAX
3500
(Alvarion,
)
RedMAX
(AN-100U,
AN-50)
(Redline
Commu
nications,
)
OS-Gemini
(Orthogon
System,
)
Libra MX
(Wi-LAN Inc.,
)
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
BPSK,
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
BPSK,
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
BPSK
64 QAM
BPSK
64 QAM
(8 )
BPSK,
QPSK,
16 QAM,
64 QAM
TDD/FDD
FDD + TDD
FDD
TDD
TDD/FDD
FDD,
HDX/FDX
211
3,5
5,8
(0,7; 2,3; 2,5;
3,7; 4,9;
5,45,7
2006 .)
3,43,5
3,53,6
3,5
5,8
5,725,85
3,43,6
7.6 ()
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
AS.MAX
(Airspan,
)
4 :
PrimeMAX
MicroMAX
HiperMAX
BreeMAX
3500
(Alvarion,
)
RedMAX
(AN-100U,
AN-50)
(Redline
Commu
nications,
)
OS-Gemini
(Orthogon
System,
)
Libra MX
(Wi-LAN Inc.,
)
1,2520
1,75
3
5
7
10
1,75
3,5
14
1,7520
12
3,5
7
,
/
175
50
48
72
33,6
48
46
3 7,5
15
10
,
,
50
30
30
7.6 ()
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
AS.MAX
(Airspan,
)
4 :
PrimeMAX
MicroMAX
MacroMAX
HiperMAX
BreeMAX
3500
(Alvarion,
)
RedMAX
(AN-100U,
AN-50)
(Redline
Commu
nications,
)
OS-Gemini
(Orthogon
System,
)
FEC,
ARQ
FEC,
ARQ
ARQ
FEC
FEC,
ARQ
QoS
UGS,
rtPS, nrtPS, BE
UGS,
rtPS, nrtPS, BE
CIR,
MIR,
DiffServ
VLAN
rtPS, nrtPS,
BE
CIR,
MIR,
DiffServ
CBR,
CIR,
MIR,
,
-
.509
AES/DES/
3DES
.509
3DES,
X.509
Libra MX
(Wi-LAN Inc.,
)
IPTOS
7.6 ()
AT
IEEE 802.16
802.162004
"
www.wimaxfor
um.org
AS.MAX
(Airspan,
)
4 :
PrimeMAX
MicroMAX
HiperMAX
3500
(Alvarion,
)
RedMAX
(AN-100U,
AN-50)
(Redline
Commu
nications,
)
OS-Gemini
(Orthogon
System,
)
Libra MX
(Wi-LAN Inc.,
)
10/100BaseT
10/100BaseT
10/100BaseT
18E1
10/100BaseT
10/100BaseT
El/Tl
512
2048
www.
airspan.com
www.
alvarion.com
www.redlineco
mmunication.com
www.
ortogonsystems.com
www.
wi-lan.com
, ,
,
, -
, . ,
.
.
, WiMAX
.
,
.
3-DES
AAS
AES
AGC
()
Authorization Key
ARQ
ASA
ATDD
ATM
BE
Best Effort
BER
BPSK
()
BR
Bandwidth Request
BS
Base Station
BSN
BW
Bandwidth
BWA
Carrier-to-interference ratio
C/N
Carrier-to-Noise ratio
(/)
Certification Authority
Confirmation Code
Control Subchannel
CCI
Co-Channel Interference
CTR CDC-MAC
CCS
CCV
CDMA
ChID
Channel Identifier
CID
Connection ID
()
CINR
CIR
CLP
Cyclic Prefix
CPS
CRC
CS
Convergence Sublayer
(
)
CSCF
CSCH
Centralized scheduling
CTR
DAMA
- ,
DARS
DCD
DES
DFS
DHCP
DIUC
DL
Downlink
( )
DM
Directed Mesh
DSA
()
DSC
DSCH
Distributed Scheduling
DSCP
DSD
DSx
,
,
Encryption Control
EDE
Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt
EESS
EIRP
EKS
EVM
FBSS
FC
Fragmentation Control
FCH
FDD
FEC
FFT
()
FPC
FSH
FSN
FSS
GKEK
GPS
GS
Guard Symbol
GTEK
HARQ
HCS
H-FDD
Handover
HUMAN
Inphase
IANA
IE
Information Element
()
irrr
IP
Internet Protocol
()
ITU
International Telecommunication
Union
(ITU TS = CCITT)
IWF
Interworking function
LAN
LFSR
LLC
LOS
Line-of-sight
LSB
MAC
MAN
MBd
Megabaud
MBd/s
Mb/s
MBS
MDS
MIB
,
SNMP 1
MIC
MMDS
()
MPEG
(
ISO-11172)
MSB
MSH
Mesh
MSS
NCFG
Network Configuration
NENT
Network Entry
NLOS
Non-Line-Of-Sight
NNI
- (
)
nrtPS
OFDM
OFDMA
(IEEE802.16)
OID
Object Identifier
PBR
Piggyback request
PDU
PHS
PHSF
PHSI
()
PHSM
PHSS
PHSV
PHY
Poll-Me bit
PMD
Point-to-Multipoint
"-"
Point-to-Point Protocol
"-"
PRBS
PS
Physical Slot
PSH
Packing Subheader
PTI
(ATM)
Point-to-point
PVC
Quadrature
()
QAM
Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation
(1 = 4 )
QoS
Quality Of Service
(ISO-8348)
()
QPSK
REQ
Request
RLAN
RNG
Ranging
RS
Reed-Solomon
RSP
Response
RSS
RSSI
RTG
PTPS
(rtPS)
Rx
Receiver
RxDS
SA
Security Association
SAID
SAP
SAR
sc
Single Carrier
SCTE
SDU
SF
Service Flow
()
SFID
SHA
SHO
Soft Handover
SI
Slip Indicator
SNMP
(RFC 13 81 -82)
SNR
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SS
Subscriber Station
SSTG
STC
SVC
Transmission convergencesublayer
Trellis-coded Modulation
TCP
TDD
TDM
TDMA
()
TFTP
(REC-783)
TLV
Type/Length/Val ue
//
TTG
Transmitter
UCD
UDP
(RFC-768)
UGS
UIUC
UL
Uplink
UNI
U-NII
UTC
( )
UW
Unique Word
VC
Virtual Channel
VCI
VLAN
VP
Virtual Pass
VPI
XOR
Exclusive-OR
1. Alamouti S. ., A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Com
munications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., Vol. 16, No. 8, October 1998.
2. Benesty J., Huang Y., Chen J., A Fast Recursive Algorithm for Optimum Se
quential Signal Detection in a BLAST System, IEEE Trans, on Signal Process
ing. Vol. 51, No. 7, July 1722-1729, 2003.
3. Ermolayev V.T., Flaksman A.G., Kovalyov LP., Averin I.M.. Weight Error
Loss in MIMO System with Adaptive Transmit and Receive Beamformers.
Procidings-of-the 4th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Tech
niques (ICATT"03) Sevastopol, Ukraine, 2003.
4. Golden G. D., Foschini G. J., Valenzuela R. A., Wolniansky P. W., Detection
Algorithm and Initial Laboratory Results using the V-BLAST Space-Time
Communication Architecture, Electronics Letters, Vol. 35, No. 1, Jan. 7, 1999.
5. Golden G. D., Foschini G. J., Valenzuela R. A., Wolniansky P. W., V-BLAST:
A High Capacity Space-Time Architecture for the Rich-Scattering Wireless
Channel, Fifth Workshop on Smart Antennas in Wireless Mobile Communica
tions, Stanford Univ., July 2324, 1998.
6. Golden G. D., Foschini G. J., Wolniansky P. W., Valenzuela R. A., V-BLAST:
A High Capacity Space-Time Architecture for the Rich-Scattering Wireless
Channel, Proc. Int'l Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, Boulder,
CO, Sept. 10, 1998.
7. Gordon L. Stuber Prinsiples mobile communications. Boston/Dortrecht/
London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
8. Kovalyov LP. SDMA for Multipath Wireless Channels. Limiting Characteris
tics and Stochastic Models. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 2004.
9. Liu Z., Giannakis G. ., Hughes B. L. Double Differential Space-Time Block
Coding for Time-Selective Fading Channels. IEEE Trans. On Commun. Vol.
49, No. 9, September 2001.
10. Liu Z., Giannakis G. ., Space-Time Blok-Coded Multiple Access Through
Frequency-Selective Fading Channels, IEEE Trans. On Commun., Vol. 49,
No. 6, June 2001.
/
, , 2002.
24. . ., . ., . .
. .: -, 2001.
25. . . . .:
, 2002.
26. . . .: , 2000.
27. . . .; .; :
"", 2003.
28. . .
. .: , 2000.
29. . / .
, , ., 1963.
30. http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/Workshops/Security/program2/dedecker/node4.html.