Chapter 1: pp.

1 - 24

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader

A View of Life

BIOLOGY

Outline
Defining

Life - Emergent Properties

Materials

and Energy

Reproduction
Adaptations

and Development

and Natural Selection

Classification
Organization
Natural

and Diversity

Selection
2

Outline
Biosphere

Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

The

Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Data

Conclusion

Scientific Theory
3

Defining Life
Living

things:

Comprised

of the same chemical elements e.g.

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Obey

the same physical and chemical laws

Living

organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or

Multi-cellular).
The

cell is the basic structural and functional unit of

all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus
Cells are produced from preexisting cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions
4

Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic:
Bacteria
Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose
Humans
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Bacteria

Paramecium

Morel

Sunflower

Snow goose

(Bacteria): Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): Charles Bush Photography

Defining Life

Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules

and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and
Biosphere)

Each level of organization is more complex than the level

preceding it

Emergent properties:

Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

6

Levels of Biological Organization

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Biosphere
Regions of the Earths crust,
waters, and atmosphere
inhabited by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment

Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex
individuals contain organ
systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element
composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy required to maintaining organization and

conducting life-sustaining processes

The sun:

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to

carry on photosynthesis

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic

Molecules)

Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in

an organism.

Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain

boundaries

Acquiring Nutrients
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food

a.

d.

e.

b.

c.

a: Niebrugge Images; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: Charles Bush Photography;

d: Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

f.

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to

changes in the environment

Response ensures survival of the organism and it often

results movement

Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar
toward dinner

Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

Microorganisms can sense light or chemicals

Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

10

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued

existence and maintain population

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

11

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

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Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

12

Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation

Any modification that makes an organism more suited

to its way of life

Organisms become modified over long period time

Respond to environmental changes by developing new

adaptations

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

Descent with modification - Evolution

Caused by natural selection

13

Evolution, the Unifying Concept

of Biology
Despite

diversity, organisms share the same

basic characteristics

Composed of cells organized in a similar manner

Their genes are composed of DNA

Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire

energy

This

suggests that they are descended from a

common ancestor

14

Classification
Taxonomy:

Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

according to certain rules

Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized

evolutionary relationships

Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and

domain

A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level

below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it
(e.g. kingdom)

15

Levels of Classification

16

Domains
Bacteria

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments

Eukarya

Eukaryotes Familiar organisms

17

Domains

18

Evolutionary Tree of Life

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BACTERIA

common
ancestor
(first cells)

ARCHAEA

Protists

Photosynthetic
protist
Plants
cell with nucleus

EUKARYA
Fungi

Heterotrophic
Protist
common ancestor
Past

Animals

Present
Time

19

Domains: The Archaea

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Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
extreme environments
Absorb or
chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon

1.6

Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

20

Domains: The Bacteria

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Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
all environments
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium

1.5

A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

21

Kingdoms
Archaea

Kingdoms still being worked out

Bacteria

- Kingdoms still being worked out

Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia
22

Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms

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Protists

KINGDOM: Plants

Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and
water molds
Complex single cell
(sometimes filaments,
colonies, or even
multicellular)
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food

Certain algae, mosses, ferns,

conifers, and flowering plants
Multicellular, usually with
specialized tissues,
containing complex cells
Photosynthesize food

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

KINGDOM: Animals

KINGDOM: Fungi

Sponges, worms, insects,

fishes, frogs, turtles,
birds, and mammals
Multicellular with
specialized tissues
containing complex cells
Ingest food

Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,

and ringworms
Mostly multicellular filaments with
specialized, complex cells
Absorb food1

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

Vulpes, a red fox

(Protist): Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): Royalty-Free/Corbis

23

Scientific Names
Binomial

nomenclature (two-word names)used to assign each organism with two part name
e.g. Homo Sapience

Universal
Latin-based

First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo

Second word is specific epithet of a species within

the genus e.g. Sapience

Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)

Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E.

Coli
24

Natural Selection
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Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with
hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy

leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.
25

Organization of the Biosphere

Population

an area

- Members of a species within

Community

- A local collection of
interacting populations

Ecosystem

environment

A community plus its physical

How

chemicals are cycled and re-used by

organisms

How

energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top

predators
26

Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland

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heat

solar
energy

heat
heat

heat
heat

heat

WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,

AND DECOMPOSITION

Chemical cycling
Energy flow

27

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef

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a. Healthy coral reef

1975 Minimal coral death

b.

1985 Some coral death with

no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with limited

chance of recovery

2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;

bleaching still evident

a: Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): Dr. Phillip Dustan

28

Human Populations
Humans

modify ecosystems

Humans negative impact on ecosystems:

Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing,

etc.

Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.

industry,

However,

humans depend upon healthy

ecosystems for

Food

Medicines

Raw materials

Other ecosystem processes

29

Biodiversity
Biodiversity

is the zone of air, land, and water

where organisms exist

Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live

Extinction

is:

The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

30

The Scientific Method

Scientific

method is a standard series of steps in

gaining new knowledge through research.

Begins with observation

Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to

observe animal behavior

Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use

microscope to see microorganisms

Take advantage of prior studies

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for what was observed

Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to

general
31

The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram

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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.

Hypothesis
Input from various
sources is used to formulate
a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations

Conclusion

The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.

The results are analyzed,

and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

32

The Scientific Method: Experimentation

Experimentation
Purpose

is to challenge the hypothesis

Designed

through deductively reasoning from

general to specific

Often

divides subjects into a control group

and an experimental group

Predicts

how groups should differ if

hypothesis is valid
If

prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged

If

not, hypothesis is unsupportable

33

The Scientific Method

The

results are analyzed and interpreted

Conclusions

are what the scientist thinks

caused the results

Findings
Peers

must be reported in scientific journals

review the findings and the conclusions

Other

scientists then attempt to duplicate or

dismiss the published findings
34

The Scientific Method: Results

Results

or Data

Observable,

experiment

Strength

objective results from an

of the data expressed in probabilities

The

probability that random variation could have

caused the results
Low

probability (less than 5%) is good

Higher

probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random

chance as the sole cause of the results
35

Scientific Theory
Scientific
Joins

Theory:

together two or more related hypotheses

Supported

by broad range of observations,

experiments, and data

Scientific
Widely
No

Principle / Law:

accepted set of theories

serious challenges to validity

36

Controlled Experiments
Experimental

(Independent) variable

Applied

one way to experimental group

Applied

a different way to control group

Response
Variable

(dependent) variable

that is measured to generate data

Expected

to yield different results in control

versus experimental group
37

Controlled Experiments
Observations:

Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage

soils by altering its properties

When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds

natural nitrogen

Hypothesis:

Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much

as nitrates

Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils

38

Root Nodules
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nodules

Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.

39

Controlled Experiments
Experimental
Control

Design

Group

Winter

wheat planted in pots without fertilizer

Experimental

Groups

1-Winter

wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate

2-Winter

wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate

3-Winter

wheat planted in pots that had grown a

crop of pigeon peas

All

groups treated identically except for above

40

Crop Rotation Study

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control pots

Test pots

Test pots

no fertilization treatment

90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

a. Control pots and test pots

of three types

Test pots
45 kg of nitrogen/ha

Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)

20

15

Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

10

year 1

year 2

year 3

b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

41

Controlled Experiments
Experimental

Prediction:

Wheat

production following pigeon pea rotation

will be equal or better than following nitrate
fertilizer

Results
45

kg/ha produced slightly better than controls

90

kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as

controls

Pigeon

pea rotation did not produce as much as

the controls
42

Controlled Experiments
Conclusion

Research hypothesis was not supported by results

However, research hypothesis was not proven false by

negative results

Revised

experiment

Grow wheat in same pots for several generations

Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved

production in pigeon pea pots

43

Controlled Experiments
Results

After second year:

Production following nitrates declined

Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all

After third year

Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls

Revised

conclusions

Research hypothesis supported

Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over

nitrates
44

A Field Study
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a. Scientist making observations

resident
male

b. Normal mountain
bluebird nesting
behavior
male
bluebird
model

Approaches per Minute

2.0
c. Resident male
attacking a male
model near nest

Approaches to
male model

1.5

1.0

0.5

Approaches to
female mate

nest 1
nest 2
0

nest
construction

first egg
laid

hatching
of eggs

Stage of Nesting Cycle

female
mate

d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data

for graph.

Erica S. Leeds

45

Review

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection

Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

Classification

The Scientific Method

46

BIOLOGY
10th Edition

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Sylvia S. Mader

A View of Life

47