Essential Crt TO ses A self-study reference and practice book for lela ' Ce rT | Raymond Murphy SECOND EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS EOAself-study reference and practice book for elementary students of Englisch WITH ANSWERS Raymond Murnhy SECOND EDITION ™% CAMBRIDGE ¢ i UNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ‘CAMBRIDGE ‘The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RE, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA. 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alareén 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Affica ‘htep://www.cambridge.ong ‘© Cambridge University Press 1990, 1997, 1998 This book is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published by Cambridge University Press 1990 Thirteenth printing 1996 Second edition 1997 Ninth printing 2000 Eleventh printing 2001 Printed in Great Britain by Bemrose Security Printing A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 55928 6 (with answers) ISBN 0 521 55927 8 (without answers)Contents ‘Te the student ‘Bthe teacher ‘Thanks | amv/is/are 2 am/is/are (questions) 3 Tam doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple) (present simple negative) se«? (present simple questions) Lam doing and I do (present continuous and present simple) & Ihave ... /T've got ... © was/were © worked/got/went etc. (past simple) ‘2 didn’t... Did you ...? (past simple negative and questions) 5 Lwas doing (past continuous) ‘414 Iwas doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple) ‘5 Thave done (present perfect 1) Se Te just... I've already... _Ihaven’t ... yet (present perfect 2) © Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3) %@ How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) for since ago ® have done (present perfect) and I did (past simple) ‘Zi isdone was done (passive 1) Zisbeing done has been done (passive 2) SS be/have/do in present and past tenses 3 Regular and irregular verbs S Lused to... ‘2S What are you doing tomorrow? = Pm going to... & will/shall (1) will/shall (2) might ‘Bi can and could “2 must mustn’t needn’t ) should & have to... SS Would you like...? I'd like... ‘M thereis there are ‘ST there was/were there has/have been __ there will be Bt...x» 40 41 42 Tam [don’t etc Have you? Are you? Don’t you? etc too/either so am I / neither do Tete. isn't haven't don't etc. (negatives) 43 isit...? have you...? do they... ? etc. (questions 1) 44 Who saw you? " Who did you see? (questions 2) 45 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) 46 What...? Which How ...? 47 How long does it take ... ? 48 Do you know where ...? I don’t know what ... etc. 49 She said that He told me that ... 50 work/working go/going _do/doing 51 to... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing) 52 Iwant you to... [told you to ... 53 Iwent to the shop to ... 54 goto... goon... gofor... _ go-ing 55 get 56 do and make 57 have 58 Vme he/him they/them etc. 59 my/his/their etc. 60 Whose is thi Its mine/yours/hers etc. 61 I/me/my/mine 62 myself/yourself/themselves etc. 63 ~'s (Ann's camera / my brother's car) etc. 64 a/an... 65 flower(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) 66 acar/some money (countable/uncountable 1) 67 acar/ some money (countable/uncountable 2) 68 a/anand the 69 the... 70 go to work / go home / go to the cinema 71 Vike music I hate exams 72 the ... (names of places) 73 this/that/these/those 74 one/ones 75 some and any 76 not+any no none 77 not + anybody/anyone/anything —nobody/no-one/nothing 78 somebody/anything/nowhere etc 79 every and all 80 all “most some any no/none 81 both either neither 82 alot much m: 83 (a) little (a) few (4)old/nice/interesting etc. (adjectives) quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs) old/older expensive / more expensive older than... more expensive than ... not as... as the oldest — the most expensive enough t00 He speaks English very well. (word order 1) always/usually/often etc. (word order 2) still yet already Give me that book! Give it to me! at 8 o'clock on Monday _in April from ...to until since for before after during while in at on (places 1) 100 in at on (places 2) Wl to in _ at (places 3) 102 under behind opposite etc. (prepositions) 103 up over through etc. (prepositions) 04 on at by with about (prepositions) preposition + ~ing (good at -ing etc.) etc. (verb + preposition) 8 BAR HELLS LESRBKHE 107 goin fall off run away etc. (phrasal verbs 1) 108 put on yourshoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) 109 and but or so _ because 110 When ... 111 Ifwego... Ifyousee... etc. 112 IfThad... Ifwe went... etc. 113 apersonwho... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) 114 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2) Appendices Appendix 1 Active and passive 239 Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs 240 Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 241 Appendix 4 Short forms (he’s /Pd/don’t etc.) 242 Appendix 5 Spelling 244 Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (look out / take offetc.) 246 Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (fill in a form / put outa fire etc.) 247 ‘Additional exercises = 5,5 io Exercises 265 to Additional exercises 293 Intex 296, {5]To the student (working without a teacher) This is a grammar book for elementary students of English. There are 114 units in the book and each unit is about a different point of English grammar. There is alist of units at the beginning of the book (Contents). Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present perfect (Ihave been, he has done etc.), use the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) you need to study (Units 15-20 for the present perfect). Each unit is ewo pages. The information is on the left-hand page and the exercises are on the right: Information (left) You can use the book in this way: 1 Look in the Contents and/or Index to find the unit that you need. 2 Study the left-hand page (information). 3. Do the exercises on the right-hand page. 4. Use the Key to check your answers. 5 Study the left-hand page again if necessary. Don't forget the seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 239-247). These will give you information about active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling and phrasal verbs. There ate also Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 248-264). There is alist of these exercises on page 248. (6)To the teacher Se most important features of this book are: ® isa grammar book. It deals only with grammar and is not a general course book. * ‘visa book for elementary learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which ace not normally taught at elementary level. © Iccombines reference and exercises in one volume. ® Ircan be used for self-study or as supplementary course material. ‘Ssanisation of the book ‘There are 114 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of gemmar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, ‘@stions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should ‘Setefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s), The book ould not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the ‘Gevients and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages, The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding Ssercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 239-247) dealing with sstive and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and Peeasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students’ attention to these. This new edition of Essential Grammar in Use also contains a set of Additional ‘eanises (pages 248-264). These exercises provide ‘mixed’ practice bringing segether grammar points from a number of different units (mainly those ‘seacerning verb forms). There are 33 exercises in this section and there is a full list eapage 248. Finally, there is a Key at the back of the book (pages 265-295) for students to Beck their answers, An edition without the Key is also available for teachers who ‘would prefer their students to use this. ‘The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very litte English, but I ‘would not expect it to be used from the first day ofa course for complete Seginners, Itis intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the very eazliest stages of a beginners’ course. It could also be used by lower intermediate srners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of ‘elementary’ grammar. The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as seaple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises Bux also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level. ‘Ssing the hook ‘The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as sspplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book. {7]‘When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for the teacher to present the grammar point in his/hee preferred way with the exercises, being done for homework, The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students oF groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice. Changes from the first edition The main changes from the first edition are: There are six new units Unit 16 present perfect + just/already/yet Unit 22 passive (is being dome / has been done) Unit 25 I used to... Unit 56 do and make Unit57 have Unit 112 if Thad... /ifwe went... etc. There is also a new appendix on active and passive forms (Appendix: 1). Some of the material has been revised and reorganised. For example, the content of Units 99-100 (in/at/on) in the new edition corresponds to Unit 94 and part of Unit 96 in the old edition. eSome units have been redesigned, for example Unit 41 (originally 39) and Unit 54 (originally 52). ‘Some of the units have been reordered and (after Unit 8) nearly all units have ‘different number from the original edition, A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 50 (work/working etc:) was originally Unit 34. {eMany of the lefé-hand pages have been rewritten and many of the examples changed. In a few cases there are significant changes to the content, for example Unit 51 (originally 47), Unit 73 (originally 68) and Unit 82 (originally 77). ‘eMany of the original exercises have been modified or completely replaced with new exercises (for example, Units 4 and 5). eThere isa new section of Additional exercises at the back of the book (see ‘Organisation of the book above). [8]mM Thanks For their help in producing this new edition of Essential Grammar in Use, 1 would like to thank Jeanne McCarten, Néirin Burke, Liz Driscoll, Chris Hamilton-Emery, Geraldine Mark, Jane Walsh, Pam Murphy, Ruth Carim and Lelio Pallini. Drawings by Richard Deverell, Richard Eckford, Sue Hillwood-Harris and Amanda MacPhail. Book design by Peter Ducker MSTD.am/is/are A Se eee (Jay favourite colouris blue) Pe era favourite spors are sane) and Se My father is a doctor and my = mother is a journalist, usa Pm Niganoeiiaes) ‘(Pim interested in at) B positive negative Tam (’'m) 1 am not (I'm not) he (he’s) he (he’smot —or_heisn’t) we| is (she’s) | is not (she’snot or she isn’t) it (it’s) it fitsmot or _itisn’t) we (we're) we (we're not or wearen’t) you | are (you're) you } are not (you're not or you aren’t) they (they're) they (they're not or they aren’t) @ I'm cold. Can you close the window, please? ?m 32 years old. My sister is 29. @ My brother is very tall. He’s a policeman. © John is afraid of dogs. © Your keys are on the table. @ I'm tired bur I’m not hungry. © Tom isn’t interested in politics. He’s interested in music. janc isn’t at home at the moment, She’s at work. © Those people aren’t English. They're Australian. @ It’s sunny today bur it isn't warm. Go thats=thacis there's = there is here's = hereis © Thank you. That's very kind of you. @ Look! There’s Chris, @'Here’s your key? ‘Thank you! f10) amv/is/are (questions) => [IIE there is/are => a/fn=> [I 1EXERCISES ‘Write the short form (she’s / we aren't etc.). 1 sheis ...she's 3 itisnot 5 Tamnot me 2 they are seve 4 thatis.. 6 you are not ... J Put inam, is orare, 1 The weather i6... nice today. 5 Look! There ....... Carol. 21 not tired. 6 My brother and I ......... good tennis players. 3. This bag heavy. 7 Ann at home, Her children at school. 4 These bags i... heavy, 8 Towa taxi driver. My sister... a nurse. Write full sentences. Use is/isn't/are/aren't. (your shoes very dirty) Your.shoes are very dirty. (my brother a teacher) My 1 2 3 (this house not very Big) o.com i 4 (che shops not open today) 5 6 we (my keys in my bag) (lenny 18 years old) : ent, Se (you not very tall) Look at Lisa's sentences (Unit 1A). Now write sentences about yourself. 1 (name?) My Sate (favourite colour or colours?) 2 (fom?) I ties 3 (age?) 4 (job?) I rena: e,2 5 (married?) 1 Write sentences for the pictures. Use: afraid Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use am / am not/ is/isn't/are / aren't (1/ interested in politics) _.'m interested. (OR I'm not interested) in politics . (/ hungry) Tenn : (it / warm today) It (1/ aftaid of dogs) (my hands / cold) (Canada / a very big country) : ce (diamonds / cheap) x (1/ interested in football)... (Rome /in Spain)... wavyaneene| i am/is/are (questions) psitive uestion. poi q ae (a he he? Are (Are you married? ) married? a she } is* w{ {ti it it? a oa } = | ved Ss i oe © ‘Am I late?” ‘No, you're on time? @ ‘Is your mother at home?’ ‘No, she’s out! @ ‘Are your parents at home?’ ‘No, they’re out! cold in your room?’ "Yes, alittle? four shoes are nice. Are they new? We say: @ Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not ‘Is at home your mother?’) © Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not ‘Are new your shoes?) B Where ... ? / What ... ?/ Who ... ?/ How ... ?/ Why ...? © Where is your mother? Is she at home? © ‘Where are you from?” ‘Canada! @ What colour is your car?” ‘Ics red’ © "How old is Joe” ‘He's2 © How are your parents? Are they well? © Why are you angry? © “How much are these postcards?’ ‘Fifty pence! what's =whatis _ who’s=whois how's =howis._where’s = where is @ What's the time? Who's that man? © Where's jill? @ How’s your father? C short answers = No, if A No, T'm not isn't. he’s he na she’s fo or No, {a ji it’s it we're we No, { you're } not. or No, { you } aren't they're they. @'Are you tired” ‘Yes, Lam.’ | @'Are you hungry?” ‘No, 'm not but I'm thirsty’ @.Is your friend English?” “Yes, he is.” Are these your keys?’ “Yes, they are.’ That's my seat. 'No, it isn’t! am/is/are = questions => EER) what/which/how => [IEG p12]21 22 23 2a 2.5 EXERCISES Find the right answers for the questions. 1 Where's the camera? A London. 1 2 Isyour car blue? B No,I’'mnot. 2 3 Is Linda from London? C Yes, you are, Sire 4 Am! ate? D My sister. Te 5 Where's Ann from? E Black 5 6 What colour is your bag? 6 7 Are you hungry? G In your bag. 7 8 How is George? H No, she’s American 3. 9 Who's that woman? 1 Very well. 9 Make questions with these words. Use Is or are. 1 (athome / your mother?) |5 your mo 2 (your parents / well?) Are, your, 3 (interesting / your job?) : 5 4 (the shops / open today?) ee * 5 (interested in sport / you?) 6 (near here / the post office 7 (atschool / your children?) sie 8 (why / you / late?) Complete the questions. Use What... / Who... /Where... /Haw..... 1 How are... your parents? | [They're very well. 2 m .-the bus stop? | | Ar the end of the street. 3 your children? | | Five, six and ten. 4 these oranges? i 5 = snnminnnmnn YOUF favOurite sport? ie 6 = the man in this photograph? | | That's my father. 2 A your new shoes? | | Black. Write the questions. (Read the answers first.) & 1 { (name?) What's your name? Paul. PAUL 2 | (married or single?) I'm married, 3 | (American?) No, I'm Australian 4 | (how old?) Um 30. 5 | @ teacher?) No, I'ma lawyer. 6 | (wife a lawyer?).. . No, she's designer. 7 | (om?) f She's Italian, 8 | (her name?) Anna. 9 | (how old?) She's 27, ‘Write short answers (Yes, !am. /No, he Isn't. etc.). 1 Are you married? _No,.!'m not. 2 Are you thirsty? 3. Isit cold today? 4 Are your hands cold? 5 Isit dark now? ne cen @ Ate you teacher? U3)| am doing (present continuous) She’s eating. I's raining. They're running, She isn’t reading. The sun isn’t shining. They aren’t walking. The present continuous is- am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc. I am (not) -ing I'm working. Chris is writing a letter. is (np) -ing She isn’t eating. (or She’s not eating.) ic The phone is ringing. We're having dinner. are (not) -ing You're not listening to me. (or You aren’t ...) The children are doing their homework B am/is/are + ~ing — something is happening now: future past @ Please be quiet. I’m working. (= I'm working now) Look at Sue! She’s wearing her new hat. (= she is wearing it now) © The weather is nice at the moment. [t’s not raining, @ ‘Where are the children?” ‘They're playing in the park! © (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can you phone again later? @ You can turn off the television. I’m not watching it. Spelling (= Appendix 5): come coming _write-> writing dance dancing run— running sit sitting swim — swimming lie > lying am/ia/are => [JJ are you doing? (question) > ZY Lam doing andtdo—> IE “What are you doing tomorrow? = (14]3.2 33 34 What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences: 1 She's ae a 4 seeps uu OM the floor, 2 He... sonncaforabus. 5 breakfast, Shey tomb 6 on the table, Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs: build cook go have stand stay ~— swim = work 1 Please be quiet. 1m, working... 2 ‘Where's John?’ ‘He’ in the kitchen. He... sens 3 Youionc. on my foot? ‘Oh, 'm sorry? 4. Look! Somebody in the river. 5 6 a We're here om holiday. | We vin onnoni-s _at the Central Hotel. ‘Where's Ann?" ‘She = so vomnine @ SHOWER. FER apis anew theatre in the city centre at the moment. BY now. Goodbye. Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane. Use She’s -Ing or She isn't -ing. ae (have dinner) Jane isn’t. having, dinner. (watch television) She's os television. (it on the floor) She .... a (read a book) (play the piano) (write a letter) .. What's happening at the moment? Write true sentences. 1 (1/ wash / my hair)’ rot washing my hair 2 (it/snow) It's snowing. OR bien sing. 3 Ce = 4 (eat) on erie. 5 (it/ rain) 6 (1/learn / English) 7 8 9 0 (1/ listen / to music) ile (the sun / shine) (1/ wear / shoes) (1/ read / a newspaper) U5]| a are you doing? (present continuous questions) question ‘Are you feeling OK?’ “Yes, I'm fine, thank you! Is itraining?” “Yes, take an umbrella’ © Why are you wearing a coat? Ie’ not cold. "What's Paul doing?” "He's reading the newspaper’ © ‘What are the children doing?’ “They're watching television! ® Look, there’s Sally! Where's she going? © Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue? ‘Study the word order: ly is/are + subj + ~ing Is he working today? Is Paul working today? (not ‘Is working Paul todzy?’) Where are they going? Where are those people going? (not ‘Where are going those people?’) F short answers No, I'm not. he’s he no she’s }not. or wo {te fi it’s it we're we No{ soe mot. ortNar4 you are they're they ‘Are you going now?’ "Yes, [am." © 'Is Paul working today?” “Yes, he is." © Is itraining? ‘No, it isn’t.’ © “Are your friends staying ata hotel?" ‘No, they aren’t. They're staying with me’ Tam doing > ‘What are you doing tomorrow? = [JEG] questions ->EXERGISES Look at the pictures and write the questions. 6 xk. Look atthe pictures and complete the questions. Uss one of these: cry eat go laugh ~—lookat_— read Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order. 1 (working / Paul / today?) 's Paul working today? 2 (what / doing / the children?) What are. the children doing? 3. (you / listening / to me?) 4 (where / going / your friends?) 5 (your parents / television / watching?) 6 7 8 (what / cooking / Ann?) - (why / you / looking / a me?) (Coming / the BUS!) oo .rnn ‘Write short answers (Yes, lam. / No, he isn’t. etc.) 1 Are you watching TV? ..NOs.l'm not. 4 Isit raining? 2. Are you wearing a watch? = 5 Are you sitting on the floor? 3. Are you eating something? 6 Are you feeling well?[18] | do/work/like etc. (present simple) They're looking at their books. He's eating an ice-cream. They read a lot. He likes ice-cream. They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple: I/we/you/they read like work five watch do have he/she/it reads likes works lives watches does has Remembet: he works / she lives / it rains etc © I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. (not ‘My brother work’) © Linda lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland. © It rains alot in winter. Ihave — he/she/it has: © John has 2 shower every day. Spelling (=> Appendix 5): -esafter-s/-sh/-ch: pnss—pases finish —> finishes watch > watche -y ries: study $seudies try tries also, do—does go> goes “We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the time: © like big cities. © The shops open at 9 o'clock and close at 5.30. © Tim works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening, © The Earth goes round the Sun. © We do allot of different things in our free time. © Iecosts a lot of money to stay at luxury hotels © ‘Sue always arrives at work carly. (not ‘Sue arrives always’) © Tusually go to work by car but sometimes I walk. (not ‘I go usually’) © Julia never eats breakfast. © ‘Tom lives near us. We often see him, always/never/often/sometimes/usually + present simple | Tdon'e ... (negative) => EIY Do you ...? (questions) =MEJ_—- Tam doing and I do >I always/usually /often etc. (word order) => SER) :o1 52 53 54 EXERCISES Write these verbs +-s or-es. 1 (read) she. reads 3 (fy) it 7 5 (have) she 2 (think) he... 4 (dance) he 6 (finish) it Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use these verbs: eat go live play play _—_ sleep 1 He plays the piano, 4. . tennis. 2 They inavery bighouse, 5 -nsmeeinennen tO the cinema a lot. aera alotoffruit, 6 eight hours a night. Complete the sentences. Use these verbs: boil close “cost cost like like meet open speak teach wash 1 Margaret .2Pe4ks. four languages. 2 In Briain the banks usually... at 9.30 in the morning. 3. The City Museum at 5 o'clock in the evening. 4 Tinaisa teacher. She ooo. mathematics to young children. 5. My jobis very interesting. Fcccnwennnm & lotof people. 6 Peter his hair ewice a week. 7 Food is expensive. It oon... lot of money. B Shoes are expensive. They .... ..alot ofmoney. 9 Water at 100 degrees Celsius. 10 Julia and L are good friends. [ her and she me. Write sentences from these words. Put the verb in the right form (arrive or arrives etc.). 1 (always / carly / Sue / arrive) Sue always arrives. . 2 (basketball /I/ play / often) 1 oe 1. 3. (work / Margaret / hard / usually). o... ee , 4 (jenny / always / nice clothes / wear) = 5 (dinner / we / have / always / at 7.30) = = 6 (television / Tim / watch / never) on... ~ 7 like / chocolate / children / usually) .-vntsisinciowsnmminnneninssnennannn 8 (julia / parties / enjoy / always) ..... : etme — Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/sometimes/usually, 1 (watch television) | never watch television. / | usually watch television in the pert (ete.) 2 (ead in bed) Do emecoreennn a 2 3 getup before 7 o'clock)... ee... 7 4 (go to work/school by bus) =e ee ae 5. (drink coffee) 2 a ~ [19]| don’t ... (present simple negative) AL The present simple negative is don’t/doesn’t + verb: 3 “ii Mi She doesn’t drink coffee, He doesn’t like his job. positive negative 1 | work 1 we | like we | do not you | do you | don’t) | work they | have they like he | works he do he. | Bikes he | does mot | have me | SOS me | doesn’) * | has : @ I drink coffee but | don’t drink rea © Suc drinks tea but she doesn’t drink coffee. © You don’t work very hard. @ We don’t watch television very often. ‘© The weather is usually nice. It doesn’t rain very often, ‘@ Gerry and Linda don’t know many people. B Remember: I/we/you/they don’t © L don’t like football. he/shesic doesn’t... @ He doesn’t like football @ I don't like Fred and Fred doesn’t like me, (not ‘Fred don’t like’) © My car doesn’t use much petrol, (not ‘My car don't use’) © Sometimes he is late but it doesn’t happen very often. © Weuse don’t/doesn’t + infinitive (don't like / doesn’t speak / doesn’t do etc): © I don’t like washing the car. | don’t do it very often. @ Sandra speaks Spanish but she doesn’t speak Italian. (not ‘doesn't speaks’) @ Bill doesn’t do his job very well. (not “Bill doesn’t his job’) @ Paula doesn’t usually have breakfast, (not ‘doesn’t ... has") (20) Tdo/work/like ete. (present simple) => Do you ...? (present simple questions) => FIEDEXERCISES S.1_ Write the negative. 1 [play the piano very well. don't play tre. piano very w 2 Jane plays the piano very well, Jae veeneeonn nnn 3 ‘They know my phone number. 4 We work very hard. 5 He has a bath every day. 6 You do the same thing every day. 5.2 Study the information and write sentences with like, Carol I 2 Bill and Rose Carol... = 1 classical music? “ “ 2 boxing? ~ 3 horror films? 6.3 Write about yourself, Use: Inever.... or often ... or don't... very often, 1 (watch TV) | don’t watch TV very often. (OR |.» 2 (go tothe theatre) : 3 (ride a bicycle) 4 (eatin restaurants) 5. (travel by train) 54 Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don'vdoesn't + one of these verbs: cost go know read see use wear 1 1 buy.a newspaper every day but sometimes I don't. read jt. 2 Paul has a car buthe....... seisnosmunow it Very often. 3. They like films but they -townirnimmnmmne #0 the cinema very often. 4 Amanda is married but she nor rownm & Hing. SI See em Much about politics. I’m not interested in it, 6 It’s not-an expensive hotel, It ....... nS much to stay there. 7. Brian lives near us but we -vssssonnnnonns him Very often. 6.5 Putthe verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 Margaret .SP&4kS... four languages — English, French, German and Spanish. (speak) 2 1 don't like my job. Irs very boring. (like) 3. 'Where’s Marcin?” ‘I'm sorry. | covmenmnee! (know) 4 Sue isa very quiet person. She very much, (talk) 5 jim soossnvnine alot of tea. It’s his favourite drink. (drink) 6 Ttsnot true! 1 it! (believe) 7 That's very beautiful picture. I vowoncwit' Very much, (like) 8 Mark is a vegetarian. He ........ = meat. (eat) (21)Do you... 7 (present siinple questions) Be We use do/does in present simple questions: positive iestion I | work I we | like we you | do do | you | work? they | have they | like? is do? he | WOH he the |tkes | | does | she | have? it tae if aa B Study the word order: : do/does + subject + _ infinitive Do | you in the evening? Do | your friends near here? Does | Chris tennis? Where | do | your parents How often | do | you ‘What | does | this word How much | does | it your hair? to fly to Rome? Questions with always/usually/often: Do | you | always | have | breakfast? Does | Chris) often | play | tennis? What} do | you | usually | do | at weekends? What do you do? = What’s your job?: © ‘What do you do?” ‘I work ina bank! © Remember: do L/we/you/they... © Do they like music? does he/she/it ... © Does he like music? D shor answers I/we/you/they do. : I/we/you/they don’t. Yes, ———______ No, he/she/it does. he/she, © ‘Do you play tennis? ‘No, I don’t! © ‘Do your parents speak English?’ “Yes, they do! © ‘Does George work hard?’ ‘Yes, he does. © ‘Does your sister live in London’ ‘No, she doesn’t! Po iikebaaientaied Tdon't... (negaive) => MII questions =uM 12 13 14 EXERCISES ‘Write questions with Do ,..? and Does ...? Hike chocolate, And you? I play tennis. And you? ‘Tom plays tennis. And Ann? ‘You live near here, And your friends? ‘You speak English. And your brother? T do exercises every morning. And you? Sue often goes away. And Paul? Iwant to be famous. And you? ‘You work hard. And Linda? Write questions, Use the words in brackets (...) + do/does. Put the words in the right order, 1 (where / live / your parents?) Where do your parents live? 2 (you / early / always / get up?) Po you alwaus get up early? 3 (how often / TV / you / watch?) . = 4 (you / want / what / for dinner?) 5 (like / you / football?) 6 (your brother / like / football?) . 7. (what / you / do / in the evenings?) 8 (your sister / work / Where?) eee 9 (to the cinema / often / you / go?) 10 (what / mean / this word?) 11 (often / snow / it / here?) Causa LEne 12, (go / usually / to bed / what time / you?) 13° (how much / to phone New York / it / cost?) do enjoy go_—ilike start — teach ~— work 1 ‘What .49.you de? | | [work in a bookshop. 2 ere ™ it? It’s OK. 3 ‘What time. .... in the morning? | | At9 o'clock. 4 _... on Saturdays? |_| Sometimes. 5 How... : Usually by bus. 6 ‘And your husband. What . : He's a teacher. 7 ‘What Science. 8 a “ Yes, he loves it, ‘Write short answers (Yes, he does. /No, I don’t. etc.). 1 Do you watch TV a lot? x 2 Do you live ina big city? ~ 3 Do you often ride a bicycle? 4 5 Does it rain a lot where you live? Do you play the piano? .....[24] am doing and I do (present continuous and present simple) Jim is watching television. He is not playing the guitar. But Jim has a guitar. He often plays it and he plays very well. Jim plays the guitar buthe is not playing the guitar now. Ishe playing the guitar? No, he isn’t, (present continuous) Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple) Present continuous (Lam doing) — now, at the time of speaking: Pmidoing past Now future © Please be quiet. I’m working. (not ‘I work’) =a © Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not "Tom has’) © Take an umbrella with you, I¢’s raining. = © You can turn offthe television. I'm not watching it. © Why are you under the table? What are you doing? Present simple (I do) — in general, all the time or sometimes: ito —_______»> past © Lwork every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30. © Tom has a shower every morning. © It rains a lot in winter. © I don’t watch television very often. ‘© What do you usually do at the weekend? NOW) future. ‘We do wot use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing): like love want know understand remember __ depend prefer hate need mean _ believe forget Use the present simple only with these verbs (I want / do you like? ctc.): I'm tired. I want to go home. (not ‘I'm wanting’) © ‘Do you know that girl?” "Yes, but I don’t remember her name? © I don’t understand. What do you mean? present continous = present simple “> prctent forthe fucure => BE84 83 EXERCISES ‘Answer the questions about the pictures. 1 Does he take photographs? Yess he does... Ishe taking a photograph? No, he. isn't. What is he doing? He's having a. bath. 2. Isshe driving a bus? suwu Does she drive a bus? ‘What is she doing? Sei a . 3 Does he clean windows? —.. vo Ishe cleaning a window? el, ‘What is he doing? a fae Ir-Peare aoe 4 Are they teaching? Do they teach? a ‘What do they do? a : rite dada te Putin anvis/are or do/don'tdoes/doesn't. Excuse me, 42... you ape Fak 1 2 ‘Where’ Ann? ‘I hon ROW! 3. What’ funny? Why you laughing? 4 ‘What - your sisterdo?’ ‘She's a dentist’ 5 It _. taining, 1 want to go out in the rain, 6 Where vm You come from?” ‘Canada! 7 How much it cost to phone Canada? 8 George is a good tennis player but he... cana play very often. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am daing) or the present simple (Ido). 1 Excuse me. Do. you speak... (you/speak) English? 2 ‘Where's Tom?‘ He's having (he/have) a shower! 3 \don't watch. (1/not/watch) television very often. 4 Listen! Somebody (sing). 5 Sandrais tired. . (she/want) to go home now. 6 How often (you/read) a newspaper? T ‘Excuse me but... (you/sit) in my place? ‘Oh, I'm sorry! 8 I'msorry, (I/not/understand), Can you speak more slowly? 9 Irs late. (1/go) home now. (you/come) with me? 10 What time eso - (your father / finish) work in the evenings? 11 You can turn off the radio. (/not/listen) to it 12 ‘Where's Paul?” ‘In the kitchen. : (he/cook) something’ 13. Martin apeo (not/usually/drive) to work. He fae (usually/walk). 14 Sue = (notlike) coffee nn " (she/prefer) tea. [25]/Vve got... | BD ew. You can say [have or Pve got, he has or he’s got: I I (ve got) we we (we've got) you | have | OR you | have got (you've got) they they (they've got) he he (he's got) she |has | OR | she | has got | (she’s got) it ic G's got) ® I've got blue eyes. (orl have blue eyes.) © Tim has got two sisters. (or Tim has two sisters.) © Our car has got four doors. Diane isn’t feeling well. She’s got a headache. (she’s got = she has got) © They like animals. They've got a horse, three dogs and six cats. B thaven'e got / have you got? etc negative question short answers | 1 1 1 we we Yes, | we nave: you No, | you . they — |gor? they he Yes, has | she Ne it © I've got a motor-bike but | haven't got 2 car. © Mrand Mrs Harris haven’t got any children. © Its nice house but it hasn't got a garden. ‘Have you gota camera?’ ‘No, [ haven't! © ‘What have you got in your bag?” ‘Nothing, It’s empty’ © ‘Has Anin gota car?” "Yes, she has! © What kind of car has she got? © Taon'thuve/tto yeabaverae In negatives and questions you can also use do/does ... © They don’t have any children. (= They haven't got any children.) # [tba nice house but it doesn’t have a garden, (= it hasn’t got a gatden) joes Ann have a car? (= Has Ann got a car?) © How much money do you have? (= How much money have you got?) had / didn’t have (pax) => EERIE) have breakfast / have a shower etc. > [TEM is on 75 26) “mony =91 alot of EXERCISES Write the short form (we've got / he hasn't got etc). 1 wehave got .WEVE.9.. 3. they have BOE wenn 5. it has got 2 he has got . 4 she has not got . 6 Thave not got nen Write questions. 1 (you / an umbrella?) Have you got an umbrella? 2 (you / a passport?) " : 3 (your father / a car?) 4 (Carol / many friends?) 5 (you / any brothers or sisters?) 6 (how much money / we?) 7 (what / kind of car / Julia?) What has Tina got? What have you got? Look at the information and write sentences about Tina and yourself. 1 (acamera) Tina. has got a. camera... I've got (OR, | he 2 (abicycle) Tina .... Secreto SSID Ea renee reetcenpts reheat 4 ieecieniaeie) Put in have got (‘ve got), has got (’s got), haven't got or hasn't got, 1 Sarah hasn't got . a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle. 2 They like animals. They "¥€.99t... three dogs and two cats. 3. Charles isn't happy. He f ...a lot of problems. 4, They don't read much. They = -vne Many books. 5 ‘What's wrong” ‘I sorte Something in my eye’ 6 “Where's my pen?’ ‘I don't know. I ie 7 Julia wants to go to the concert but she omnes a ticket. Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven’t/hasn't got + one of these: legs sheadeehe acoothache akey muchtime egerden nds four wheels I'm not feeling very well. Itsa nice house but it Most cars Everybody likes Tom. He .. I'm going to the dentist this morning. 1 He can't open the door. He swims An insect - ‘We must hurry. We DIK ew 27]was/were ami/is (present) — was (past); © [am tired. (now) © Where is Ann? (now) © The weather is good today. are (present) > were (past) © You are late. (now) © They aren’t here, (now) Now Robert is at work. At midnight last night he wasn’t at work, He was in bed. He was asleep. I was tired last night. ‘Where was Ann yesterday? The weather was good last week. ‘You were late yesterday. They weren’t here last Sunday. B positive negative question 1 1 he he |was not she | “4S she | (wasn’t) it it you | weee soe |TREE |e yee they hey | eee they? © Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now. © When I was a child, | was afraid of dogs. © We were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired. © The hotel was comfortable but it wasn’t expensive. © Was the weather good when you were on holiday? © Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive? © Why were you late this morning? EB short answers Whe/she/it was. Yes, Vhe/she/it wasn't. | we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren't. | © ‘Were you late?” ‘No, I wasn’t? “Was Ted at work yesterday?” * © ‘Were Sue and Steve at the party?’ ‘No, they weren't! am/is/are => [28] ‘Yes, he was! Twas doing > [IEE0.4 10.2 10.3 10.4 Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? EXERCISES 0 5 A vty cHoRGE 1 Geor 4 2 Carol sale 5 3 SUE oon wwe 6 And you? I Saacbteoohass Putin amv/is/are (present) or was/were (past). 1 Last year she 22, so she .'6. 23 now, 2. Today the weather --»- nice, but yesterday it very cold, Bel. hungry. Can I have something to eat? 4 [feel fine this morning but |... very tired last night. 5 Where nnn YOu at 11 o'clock last Friday morning? 6 Don't buy those shoes, They... Very expensive. 7 Like your new jacket... it oe 8 This time hast year I... in Pari 9 ‘Where che cialdeea? © 1 donteinove They owns in the garden ten minutes ago’ Put in was/were or wasn’U weren't 4 ‘We weren't happy with the hotel. Our room 4S. very small and it . .. very clean. 2 George at work last week because he ........... He's better now. 3 Yaesu, sssunsn @ public holiday so the shops closed. They're open today. ~. Sue and Bill at the party?” ‘Sue ere but Bill . ; jere are my keys” ‘I don't know. They ............ on the table but they're not there now? 6 YOU sens home last night, Where... you? Write the questions. Use the words in brackets (_..) in the correct order + was/were. A 1 ite / / this / why?) fitin tent ee es oie, ry, 2 | (difficult / your exam?) The traffic was bad. No, it was easy: z (ast week / where / Ann and Chis) 4 | (your new camera / how much?) 5 | (angry / you / yesterday / why?) 6 | (aice / the weather / last week?) ‘They were on holiday. Sixty pounds. Because you were late ‘Yes, it was beautiful. (29)a worked/got/went etc. (past simple) A they television every evening. (present simple) They GWAECHE! television yesterday evening. (past simple) watched is the past simple B The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example: P: work > worked clean —>cleaned —start_ started stay > stayed arrive arrived dance > danced © I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth. Terry worked in a bank from 1986 to 1993. © Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. © We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight. Spelling (=> Appendix 5): try tried study studied —_copy — copied stop stopped plan planned E some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not ~ed. Here are some important irregular verbs (sce also Appendix 2-3): begin — began fll > fell leave + left sel > sold break broke find found lose lost sit sat bring brought | fly flew make made sleep slept build built forget forgot | meet met speak spoke buy bought | get got pay paid stand stood catch caught | give gave put put take took come came 0 went read read /red/*| tell told do did have had ring rang think thought drink drank hear heard say said win won eat ate know knew see saw write wrote ® pronunciation © usually get up early but this morning | got up at 9.30. © We did a lot of work yesterday. © Caroline went to the cinema three times last week. # Jim came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. war/were => PIRI) didn's .../ Did you ... 2 (negative and questions) => IE ago => IE [30]EXERCISES 111 Complete the sentences. Use one ofthese verbs in the past simple: clean die enjoy finish happen open rain start stay want 1 T.deaned.. my teeth three times yesterday, 2 Tewas hot in the room, 50 Teco ssn 3 The concert = wat 10 o'clock, 4 When I was a child, Pannen. to be a doctor, 5 Theaccident last Sunday afternoon. 6 Itsanice day today but yesterday it swvvtiennnne all day, POW wns OUF holiday last year. We... ata very nice place. 8 Ann’ grandfather when he was 90 years old. 11.2 — Write the past simple of these verbs. 1 get got, 4 pay i 2 see... 5 visic = 8 think... 3B play ns 6 buy 9 copy ML3 Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form. Last Tuesday Lisa (1) flew. from London to Madrid. She 2) up at six o'clock in the morning and (3) -~. 8 cup of coffee. At 6.30 she (4) .......... home and (6)... to the airport. When she (6) ereiecinnsg She (7) the car and then (8) ... to the airport | arrive, park, go café where she (9)... breakfast, Then she (10)... through have, go Passport control and (11) ----» for her flight. The plane (12)... wait, depart on time and (13)... in Madrid two hours later. Finally she arrive (14) sorwromnoes @ taxa from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid, | take 11.4 Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.). 1 Jim always goes to work by car. Yesterday he went to work by car. 2 Rachel often loses her keys. She .........- : : 3 Kate meets her friends every evening. She 4 Lusually buy two newspapers every day: Yesterday I 5 We usually go to the cinema on Sundays, Last Sunday we ._. 6 eat an orange every day. Yesterday [oe 7 Tom always hasa shower in the morning. This morning he 8 Our friends come to see us every Friday. ‘They - win last week. yesterday evening, 11.5 Write sentences about what you did yesterday. 1 | played, volleyball. yesterday. BijIdidn’t... Did you... ? (past simple negative and questions) A Weuse did in past simple negatives and questions: infinitive positive riegative question play 1 | played play 1 | phy? start we | started start we | star? watch | | you | watched did not | “24 you | watch? have they | had net | have did | they | have? (didn’s) see he | saw see he | see? do she | did do she | do? go it | went go it | go? B_ do/does (present) — did (past): ‘eI don’t watch television very often. @ [ didn’t watch television yesterday. Does she often go away? @ Did she go away last wel GB We use did/didn’t + infinitive (watch/play/go ¢tc.): Iwatched but [didn’t watch. (not ‘I didn’t watched’) they went did they go? (not ‘did they went?’) he had he didn’t have you did did you do? @ I played tennis yesterday but I didn’e win © ‘Did you do the shopping” “No, I didn’t have time’ @ We went to the cinema but we didn’t enjoy the film B study the word order in questions: did + subject + _ infinitive Did | yoursister | phone | you? Whar | did | you do yesterday evening? How | did | the accident | happen? Where | did | your parents | go for their holiday? E short answers I/we/you/they Yes, |“ he/she/it he/she/it | Es [ss Twe/you/they | a:nte. © ‘Did you see Joe yesterday?” ‘No, I didn’t’ © ‘Did it rain on Sunday?" ‘Yes, it did’ © ‘Did Helen come to the party” ‘No, she didn’t’ @ ‘Did your parents have a good holiday?” “Yes, they did [32] worked/got/went ex. (past simple) => IEEEA 23 24 m5 EXERCISES Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative. 1 I saw Barbara but 1 'b See. Jane. 2 They worked on Monday but they... un On Tuesday. 3. We went to the post office but we ri to the bank. 4 She had a pen BUt She seenooo 5. Jack did French at school but he. Write questions with Did ...? 1 Lwatched TV last night. And you? Did. you watch TY last night? _ 2 Tenjoyed the party. And you? soe aa 3 Thad a good holiday. And you? 4 Ifinished work early. And you? $ Tslept well last night. And you? x ‘What did you do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences, 1 (watch TV) | watehed TV. ORI didn’t 2 (getup before To'clock) Ten - 3. (have a shower) z 4 (buy a magazine) 5 (cat meat) 6 (go to bed before 10.30) aa Write B's questions. Use: arrive cost’ go gotobediate happen haveanice time stay win 1 A: We went to New York last month, 5 A: We came home by taxi. B: Where did. you. stay? B: How much sce 2 A; With some friends. A: Ten pounds. 2 A: Iwas late this morning. 6 A: I'mtired this morning. Bz What time erm nmnnensonn B: a A: Half past nine, A: No, bucI didn't sleep very well. 3 A: I played tennis this afternoon. 7 A: We-went to the beach yesterday, B: a etal ? B: “ Se ¥. ous? Az No, I lost. A: Yes, it was great. 4 A; Thada nice holiday, 8 A: The window is broken, Br Good. Where. cnmmammaninn? | Bs How ata A: To the mountains, A: Idon't Put the verb in the correct form ~ positive, negative or question, 1 We went to the cinema but the film wasn't very good. We didn't enjoy it. (enjoy) 2 Tim... ~~ 80me new clothes yesterday ~ two shirts, a jacket and a pullover, (buy) Pie ~. yesterday?” ‘No, it was a nice day’ (rain) 4 The party wasn't very good, so we = long. (stay) 5 6 7 It was very warm in the room, so I a window. (open) ‘Did you go to the bank this morning?’ ‘No, I sili time? (have) ‘Tcutmy hand this morning’ ‘How -that?" (do) (33)| was doing (past continuous) Tt is 6 o'clock now. Sarah is at home. She is watching television. ‘At 4 o'clock she wasn’t at home. ‘She was at the sports club. She was playing tennis. She wasn’t watching television. she began ‘she stopped playing playing B was/were + -ing is che past continuous: iti negative question lees 1 he | was mot | doiny he || doing? she | (rasa) | watching | |" |ste | watching? it playing it _| playing? 7a running we | Tuning? you [ere uPe | living were | you | living? cy renee ete they te “What were you doing at 11.30 yescerday? Were you working? “What did he say?’ ‘I don’t know. I wasn’t listening. Itwas raining, so we didn't go out, In 1985 we were living in Canada. Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers. Iwoke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning, The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Spelling (ive —> living / run running / lie — lying etc.) => Appendée 5 © am/is/are + -ing (present) > was/were + -ing (past): © Tr working (now) 1 was working at 10.30 last night. © Itisn’t raining (now). Iewasn’t raining when we went out. © What are you doing (now)? What were you doing at three o'clock? [34] was/wore = ENE] twas doing and f did (past continuous and simple) => EEEEXERCISES TE! Lookat the pictures, Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? And what ware: doing? Write two sentences for each picture. 1 Ann was at home. She was watching TV. 2. Carol and Jack They 3 Tom 5 6 And you? I i" 99.2 Sarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Ener (te 1 Ar9.45 she mwas washing her. car 4 Av12.50 2 Ar 11.45 she 5 A815 3 Ar9 o'clock. 6 Av10.30 a. 13.3 Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing, Use what/where/why if necessary. In London. Iwas asleep. No, it was sunny. Because she was ina buzzy. No, a T-shirt and jeans. smvins 820° ROCK? when you got up? so fast? a suit yesterday? veers 13.4 Look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write positive or negative sentences. 1 (wear /ajacker) He, wasn't wearing a. jacket. 2 (carry fa bag) - es min 3 (go / to the dentist) rE 4 (eat / an ice-cream) - 5 (carry / an umbrella) 6 (@o/ home)... 7 (wear / a hat) ie 8 (cide / abicycle) 3 Se Screererveret [35]was doing (past continuous) and did (past simple) Jack was reading a book. The phone rang Hestopped reading. He answered the phone. What happened? The phone rang. (past simple) ‘What was Jack doing when the phone rang? He was reading a book. ‘What did he do when the phone rang? pecuee) He stopped reading and answered the phone. | Pt "ple | oar continvons) Jack began reading before the phone rang, So; When the phone rang, he was reading. he began the phone | he stopped he answered reading rang ng the phone te WAS READING | past simple past continuous © A: What did you do yesterday morning?] | @ A: What were you doing at 10.30? B: We played tennis, (fom 10 to 11.30) B: We were playing tennis. beginning end beginning (10 o'clock) (14.30) (10 o'clock) --e—e—9—e—> we played we Were playing (complete action) (unfinished action) © Jack read a book yesterday. (= from @ Jack was reading a book when the beginning to end) phone rang. @ Did you watch the film on television @ Were you watching television when I ast night? phoned you? @ It didn’t rain while we were on holiday.| | @ It wasn’t raining when I got up. © [started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I wus working. @ [twas raining when we went out, (= it started raining before we went out) @ [saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop. @ Jenny fell asleep while she was reading. [36] idid (pase simple) > EITEEREY 1 was doing (past continuous) = IOTERY while = EINE]EXERCISES Look at the pictures and put the verbs in the correct form, past continuous or past simple. Carol broke... (break) her arm last week. Ir (happen) when she... (paint) herroom. She (fall) off the ladder. The trait ans (arrive) | atthe station and Paula teas, SAY (get) off. ‘Iwo friends of hers, John and Jenny, (wait) to meet her. Yesterday Sue a3 2 (walk) along the road when she omnes (RA) Fim, He a ~- (0) to the station to catch a train and he sh = (carry) a bag. They .... eee nau {$UOB) CO talk for a few minutes. Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple. -you.doing.. (you/do) when the phone ..T84.. (ring)? & ... (watch) television, ‘Was Jane busy when you went to see her? ; Yes, she reget do SED : What time unin (the post / arrive) this morning? Be Tee eee en (come) while I... ok.. (have) breakfast. 4 A: Was Margaret at work today? B: No, she eo-vmmsesnnnee (NOt/gO) to Work. She was ill. 5 A: How fast .-~- (you/drive) when the police , ss aie (stop) you? B: Tdon’t know exactly But Ten soem ~sensnmnone (ROL/ dive) very fast. 6 ea ~vvnnnis (YOURE team / win) the football match yesterday? No, the weather was very bad, $0 We wsurnresonenn nnn (not/ play), 7A i oss (you/break) the window? B: We nv (Play) FO0tbALL Teen =a (kick) the ball and it e naetie (bit) the window. (ee ees Ele So (you/see) Jenny last night? B: Yes, she (wear) a very nice jacket. 9A: E {you/do) at 2 o'clock this morning? B: 10 A: 1 (lose) my key last night. B: inkote (you/get) into your room? AL. (climb) in through a window. By| have done (present perfect 1) He has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes are clean now) ‘They have gone out. (= they are not at home 101) They are going out. B has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfec (have + past participle): Pr ps past participle 1 cleaned cleaned? we | have (‘ve) finished finished? | } regular verbs you | have not (haven’t) | starred started? they __| lost lost? ke F done done? 5 she LAs (5) been been? Hanan vate vq { has not (basn’t) | gone gone? Regular verbs: The past participle is ~ed (the same as the past simiple): clean > Ihave cleaned finish > we have finished start + she has started Invegular verbs: The past participle is sometimes the same as the past simple and sometirnes different (=> Appendix 2-3), For example: the same: buy > bought / { have bought have he had / he has had diferent: break —> | broke / Lhave broken see you saw / you have seen. fall it fell / it has fallen go> they went / they have gone GB Wense the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now: © P’ve lost my passport. (=I can't find my passport now) @ ‘Where's Linda?’ ‘“She’s gone to bed! (= she is in bed now) © We've bought a new cat. (= we have a new car nou) @ Its Rachel’ birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. © ‘Bob is on holiday’ ‘Oh, where has he gone?’ © Can J take this newspaper? Have you finished with i? [38] present perfect => BUEETEIE) present porfact snd pustsimple => BIT ivregulse verbs => PTR15.2 EXERCISES Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from: gotobed eleamhisshoes stop raining close the door falldown have a bath He has, cleaned. his shoes... ‘Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. break buy decide Gnish forget go go invite see not/see take tell 1 ‘Can Thave this newspaper?” "Yes, ve. finished... with it? Qi oe ee some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3 ‘Whereis Liz?” ‘She sane OVE! 4 I'mlooking for Paula. YOU sm . 5 Look! Somebody. u som that window. 6 ‘Does Lisa know that you're going away?” “Yes, Too. 7 Ican'tfind my umbrella. Somebody... 8 ['m looking for Sarah, WhE20 nu. she... ze 9 Lknow that wornan butt [ne aon, her name. 10 Sue is having a party tonight, She non : alot of people. 11 What are you going todo? FO ac 12 ‘Where are my glasses” ‘I don't know. 1 ..oe vom them!I've just... l’vealready... | haven’t... yet (present perfect 2) eA: B: A B: eA B; en B: ea B: © thaven't ... yet / Have you ... yet? yet = until now just =a short time ago Are Diane and Paul here? Yes, they've just arrived. : Are you hungry? : No, I've just had dinner. Is Tom here? : No, I'm aftaid he’s just gone, (= be has just gone) already = before you expected / before I expected ‘What time are Diane and Paul coming? They've already arrived. (= before you expected) © Is only nine o'clock and Ann has already gone to bed. (= before I expected) ‘John, this is Mary. ‘Yes, I know. We've already met. ‘You can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. eA oA: They have just arrived. B pve already ... Be EP by yet in negative sentences: Are Diane and Paul here? : No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon) : Does John know that you're going away? : No, Uhaven’t told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon) © Margaret has bought a new dress but she hasn’t worn it yet, yetin questions: Have Diane and Paul arrived yet? No, not yet. We're still waiting for them. : Has Linda started her new job yet? No, she starts next week. 2 This is my new dress. Oh, its nice. Have you worn it yet? [40] pretone pect => ENBEMRET] word oréer=> NERY stl, yet and aleeady = SEE)16.1 Write a sentence with just for each picture. ne 4 The race 16.2 Complete the sentences, Use already + present perfect. NM 1 ‘What time is Paul arriving? 2| Do Sue and Bill want to see the film? No, they 3 Don't forget to phone Tom, 1 4 ‘When is Martin going away? He 5| Do you want to read the newspaper? 1 6 | When does Linda start her new job? She He's already arrived... 16.3 Write a'sentence with just (They've just haven't... yet/She hasn't... yet etc.), afew afew hnuinutes ago iinutes aga (he /g0 ou), = {the bus / go) The bus She hasn't gone out yet. now afew minutes ago (they / finish /their dinner) (he / open / it) 16.4 Write questions with yet. / She's just ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet (They stop / raining) 1. Your friend has got a new job. Pechaps she has started it. You ask her: Haye. you. started. your new. job yet? 2. Your friend has some new neighbours, Perhaps he has met them. You ask him Fens SR 3. Your friend must write a letter. Perhaps she has written it now, You ask her: 4 Tom was trying to sell his car: Perhaps he has sold it now, You ask a friend about Tom: (4)(42) Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3) Have ever besa vo Japan? No, I’ve never been to Japan. We use the present pat (have been / have had / have played ef.) when we talk about a time from the past until now — for example, a person’ life: time from the past until now past Now © ‘Have you been to France?’ (in your lif) ‘No, Lhaven’t? © ['ve been to Canada but I haven’t been to the United States. © Mary is an interesting person, She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. © |’ve seen that woman before but I can't remember where. © How many times has Brazil won the World Cup? ®@ ‘Have you read this book?’ "Yes, I've read it twice! ( twice = two times) present perfect + ever (in questions) and never: ® ‘Has Ann ever been to Austr: “Yes, once, (once = one time) ‘Have you ever played golf?’ “Yes, I often play golf? © My mother has never travelled by air, © I've never ridden a horse. © ‘Who is that man?” ‘I don't know. I've never seen him before! gone and been wo weeks ee a R=, CER ‘0 Bill has gone to Spain. Bill has been to Spain. (© he isin Spain now) ie Ace BOAR iwc bs), Compare: can't find Susan, Where has she gone? (= Where is she now?) © Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been? present perfect => present perfect and past simple => EXE]EXERCISES TIA You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever ... ? Write the questions, HELEN Ao 1 { (London?) .. Have you ever been to London? No, never. 2 | (play / golf) Have. you ever. pane anes ‘Yes, many times. 3 | (Australia?) Have 7 s No, never, 4 | (lose / your passport?) Yes, once. 5 | @y/ ina helicopter?) ... No, never. 6 | (eat / Chinese £042) secre Yes, a few times. 7 | (New York?) Yes, twice. 8 | Grive /a bus?) No, never. 9 | (break / your leg?) .. : ‘Yes, once. 11.2 — Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.) 1 (New York) Helen has been to New, York. twice. 2 (Australia) Helen . 3. (Chinese food) it . e 4 (drive / a bus) sd) Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things? 5 (New York) 1 6 (play / tennis) Se 2 ae 7 (fly /ima helicopter) eeu pl ea oat 4 8 (be / late for work or school) 5 eek. 11.3 Maryis 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done? a lot of interesting things alot of interesting people ey married three times TA Putin gone or been. 1 Bill is on holiday at the moment. He's $0M®..... to Spain. 2 ‘She’ not here. I think she’s sennms tothe bank? 3. Hello, Sue. Where have Yow oo... 2 Have you ssossssuse f-the bank? 4 "Have you ever... to Mexico?’ ‘No, never’ 5 My patents aren't at home this evening. They've out. 6 There's a new restaurant in town. Have you... toit? 7 Ann knows Paris well. She's von thete many times. 8 Helen was here earlier but [think she 00 ..nnnn NOW. [43]How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) A fitlis on holiday in Ireland. She is there now. She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursday. : How long has she been in Ircland? : Ls She has been in Ireland { since Monday. — Bi \ for three days. ‘Compare is and has been: is = present has been = present perfect. Monday wow Thursday B Compare: presen simple present perfect simple (have been/have lived/have known etc) Mark and Liz are married. They have been married for five years. (not ‘They are married for five years’) Are you married? How long have you been married? (not ‘How long are you married?’) Do you know Sarah? How long have you known her? (not ‘How long do you know her?’) I know Sarah. Pve known her for a long time. (not “I know her for ...’) Linda lives in London. How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life. Ihave a car, How long have you had your car? I've had it since April. present continuous present perfect continuous (have been + ing) 'm learning German. How long have you been learning German? (riot ‘How long are you learning German?') P've been learning German for two years. David is watching TV. How long has he been watching TV? He’s been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 o'clock Ie’s raining. Ie’s been (= It has been) raining all day. [44] forandsince =4.1 82 EXERCISES Complete these sentences. 1 Jillis in hospital, She Ma$.been. in hospital since Monday. 2 Tknow Sarah. 1 have: known her fora long time. 3 Linda and Frank are married. ies mattied since 1989, 4 Brian isill. He... : ill for the last few days. 5 Welive in Scott Road. We . there for ten years. 6 Catherine works in a bank. She o-orent-wnnvnes itv bank for five years. 7 Alan has a headache. He : a headache since he got up this morning, 8 I'm learning English. 1 English for six months, Make questions with How long .. Jillis on holiday. How long has she been on holiday 2 Mike and Judy are in Brazil, How long...... = I know Margaret. How long you a Diana is learning Italian. ec My brother lives in Canada sal P'm a teacher. Itis raining, Noweens 6.4 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Your sentence must end with one of these: forten minutes allday all her life forten-years since he was 20 since Sunday 1 hey mane been mavied for. 2 She 3 They ee 4 The sun a ae eae elec 5 She : z os 6 He soo _— * Which is right? 1 Mark is / has been in Canada since April. has been is right 2 Jane is a good friend of mine. | know / have known her very well. 3 Jane is a good friend of mine. I know / have known her for a long time. “Sorry I’m late. How long are you / have you been waiting?’ “Not long. Only five minutes! Martin works / has worked in a hotel now, He likes his job very much. Linda is reading the newspaper. She is / has been reading it for two hours. ‘How long do you live / have you lived in this house?’ ‘About ten years! ‘Isthat a new coat?” _*No, I have / I've had this coat for a long time! Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / has been there for the last three days, [45] wanefor since ago A forand since “We use for and since to say how long: for three days. © Jill is in Ireland. She has been there { Goes Mende We use for + «period oftime (three days / | We use since + the start of the period two years etc): (Monday / 9 o’clock etc): ‘start of Monday —> Tuesday —> Wednesday oenre <—— for three days ——> — since Monday —> Monday T i past Now past wow for | since three days ten minus Monday "Wednesday an hour ewo hours 9 o'clock 12.30 a week four weeks 24 July Christmas a month six months January I was ten years old along time 1985 we arrived © Richard has been in Canada for six © Richard has been in Canada since months. (jof ‘since six months’) January. (= from January to now) © We've been waiting for two hours. © We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (not ‘since two hours’) (= from 9 o'clock to now) @ T’ve lived in London for a long time. @ I've lived in London since I was ten years old. B ago ago = before now: Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now) © ‘When did Tom go out?” “Ten minutes ago: (= ten minutes before now) © [had dinner an hour ago. © Life was very different a hundred years ago. ‘We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was et). ‘Compare ago and for: ‘© When did jill arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago. © How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days. [46] Pmemree + forsince — BEAD Gom/untivsincefor => EE or and during > IEE9.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 EKERCISES Write for or sine. 1 fill has been in Ireland Sie Monday. 2 Jill has been in Ireland fF... three days. 3. My aunt has lived in Australia... 15 years, 4. Margateris in het office: She has been thete nr. 7 ofctock, 5. India has been an independent COUntEY sooo on-ow 1947. 6 The bus is late, We've been waiting......... 20 minutes. 7 Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty . Answer these questions. Use ago. 1. When was your last meal? 2. When was the last time you were 3 When did you last go to the cinema? 4 When was the last time you were in a car? 5 When was the last time you went on holiday? Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets (...) + for or ago. 1 Jillarrived in Ireland . Hiree. days zs 2 Jill has been in Ireland . days, 3 Linda and Frank have been married ~ 4. Linda and Frank eu married 5 Dan arrived 6 We had lunch — 7 Silvia has been learning English 000m. . ~ 8 Have you known Lisa... 9 I bought these shoes ....... Sectindi Complete the sentences with for or since. 1 Jillis in Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago. 2 Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He has ... 3 It's raining, It started an hour ago. It's been .. Iknow Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I've Thave a camera. I bought it in 1989. I've They are married. They got married six months ago. They've . Liz is studying medicine at university. She has Dave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old Dave has «0 anEe Cs Write sentences about yourself. Begin with the words in brackets (...). 1 (ve lived) 2 (Ive been) - 3. (I've been learning) 4 (I've known) . 5 ve had) en sentnrneenn Three hours ago... vw Many years. 8 Mike has been ill ..... along time, He has been in hospital ...... (three days) (three days) (20 years) (20 years) (ten minutes) (an hour) (six months) {a long time) (a few days) October.I have done (present perfect) and I did (past simple) With a finshed time (yesterday / last week etc), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc): past simple + finished time BINERIBER — presenepentect =8.1 Use the words in brackets (...) to answer the questions. ™ 1 Have you seen Ann? (5 minutes ago) | ..Y¢s,.| sam her 5 minutes ago. 2. | Have you started your new job? (last week) | Yes, 1 wenn ast week, 3 Have your friends arrived? (at 5 o'clock) | Yes, they 4 Has Sarah gone away? (on Friday) | Yes a 5 | Have you worn your new shoes? (yesterday) of M2 Right or wrong? Correct tie verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.) 1 Eve lost my key. I can’t find it. RIGHT. 2. Have you seen Ann yesterday? 3 T've finished my work at 2 o'clock, 4. I'm ready now. I've finished my work, 5 What time have you finished your work? 6 Sue isn’t here. She's gone out. 7. Jim's grandmother has died in 1989. 8 Where have you been last night? Z 28.3 Putthe verb in the present perfect or past simple. is a writer. He Was. written f Whar cime 6 ‘The weather 7 My hairis wet. 1. 8 os (t 9 Kathy travels alot. She ..... 10 ‘IsSonia here?” ‘No, she EA Purthe verb in the present, perfect or past simple. (write) many books. hawe.(not/have) a holiday last year. 3. (oly) tennis yesterday afternoon. (you/go) to bed last night? . (you/ever/meet) a famous person? jot/be) very good yesterday. (just/wash) it. wash) my hair before breakfast this morning, ~ (visit) many countries. (not/come) yet! 1 A: Have. you ever been (you/ever/be) | 3 Rose works in a factory. She to Florida? _. (work) there for six B: Yes, we ...Went.. (go) there on holiday months, Before that she .. ‘two years ago. (be) a waitress in a restaurant: She A: ietnnes (you/have) neers (work) there for two a.good time? years but she “ B: Yes, it (be) great. | (not/enjoy) it very much. 2 A: Where's Alan? 4 ts Dp you know Martin's sister? (you/see) him? (see) her a few Be Yes, he cece (go) outa se but . few minutes ago. (never/speak) to her. A: And Julia? (you/ever/speak) to her? B: I don't know. 1 a A: Yes. I — (meet) her (not/see) her. ata party last week. She's very niceisdone was done (passive 1) The office is cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive Somebody cleans heoffice everyday. (active) et The office’ is cleaned every day. (passive) Somebody cleaned l{h@efiee yesterday. (active) eee ‘The office) was cleaned yesterday. (passive) B The passive is: Mipabaiie = aoe cleaned done present simple | am/is/are (aor | + | invented — built past simple | was/were injured taken ete. The past participle of regular verbs is ~ed (cleaned /damaged efc.). Fora list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken etc.), see Appendix 2-3. © Butter is made from milk. © Oranges are imported into Britain. @ How often are these rooms cleaned? © Lam never invited to parties. © This house was built 100 years ago. ‘These houses were built 100 years ago. @ When was che telephone invented? © We weren't invited to the party last week. © ‘Was anybody injured in the accident?” "Yes, two people were taken to hospit © was/were born @ I was born in London in 1962. (uot ‘I am born’) © Where were you born? D Passive + by... © We were woken up by a loud noise. (= The noise woke us up.) © The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. © My brother was bitten by a dog last week. is being done / has been done => [50] active and passive => incgubr vers IEEE by =>m1 22 a3 214 EXERCISES Write sentences from the words in brackets (...). Sentences 1-7 are present. 1 (the office / clean / every day) The. office is deaned. every day. 2 (these rooms / clean / every day?) _.. Ate these. rooms, Cea every day? 3 (glass / make / from sand) Glass sie : 4 (stamps / sell / in a post office) 5 (this room / not / use / very often) 6 (we / allow / to park here?) = 7 (how / this word / pronounce?) Sentences 8-15 are past 8 (the office / clean / yesterday) The office. was 9 (the house / paint / last month) The house 10 (three people / injure / in the accident) 11 (my bicycle / steal / a few days ago) 12 (when / this bridge / build?) 13. (you / invite / to the party last week?) 14 (how / these windows / break?) 15 (1/not / wake up / by the noise) Correct these sentences, 1 (THis Rouse Built) 100 years ago. This, house. was. built Football plays in most countries of the world. Why did the letter send to the wrong address? A garage is a place where cars repait. co iceonons ‘Where are you born? ‘How many languages are speaking in Switzerland? Somebody broke into our house but norkings stolen. ‘When was invented the bicycle? Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs: eleen damage find give invite make make show steal teke The room ..4. deaned. every day. Isaw an accident yesterday. Two people . Paper from wood. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms 1: : “Where did you get this picture?’ ‘It ... to me by a friend of mine! eYauaun to hospital, Coyauaene Many American programmes on British tel ‘Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding’ but they didn’t go’ “How old is this film?” ‘Ie... in 1965. My car... last week but the next day it seo aus by the police. Where were they born? 1 (lan / Edinburgh) 2 (Sally / Birmingham) 3 (her parents / Ireland) 4 (you / 222) 5. (your mother / 72)is being done (passive 2) has been done A isvare being ... (present continuous passive) al ia | ae Somebody is painting | jeddor!. (active) | ‘The door is being painted. (passive) se M . oil © My caris at the garage. It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it) © Some new houses are being buile opposite the park. (= somebody is building them) Compare the present continuous and present simple: © The office is being cleaned at the moment. (continuous) The office is cleaned every day, (simple) © In Britain football matches are usually played on Saturday, but no matches are being played next Saturday. For the present continuous and present simple, see Units 8 and 26 B has/have been .... (present perfect passive) Somebody has painted he door. (active) ‘The door has been painted. (passive) BEFORE Now © My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it) © My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them) © I'm not going to the party. I haven’t been invited. (= nobody has invited me) © Has this shirt been washed? (= Has somebody washed it?) Compare the present perfect and past simple: © The room is clean now. Ithas been cleaned. (present perfect) The room was cleaned yesterday. (past simple) © I can't find my keys. I think they've been stolen, (present perfec) My keys were stolen last week. (past simple) For the present perfect and past simple, see Unit 20. [52] isdone / was done => PIEGN sctive and pasive> EEOmA What's happening? 2 Abridge Look at the pictures. What is happening or what has happened? Use the Present continuous (is/are being ...) or the present perfect (has/have been 1 (the office / clean) . The. office is being cleaned. 2 (the shirts / iron). The shirts have. been ironed. 3 (the window / break) The window . sep 4 (the roof / repair). The roof — 5 (the car / damage) 6 (the houses / knock / down) 7 (the trees / cut / down) ze A 8 (they / invite / toa party) os Use the words in brackets (...) to complete the sentences. (Units 21 and 22) 1 Tcan't use my office at the moment. tp 4, being painted. (paint). 2 We didn't go to the party. We _ weren't invited. (not/invite), 3. The washing machine was broken but it's OK now, It (repair). 4 The washing machine... oon wou (tepait) yesterday afternoon. 5A factory is a place where things (make), 6 (they/build)? 5 How old are these houses? When he B: Yes, Jim is using it. Pve never seen these flowers before. What Soo The bridge is closed at the moment. It and it... (not/repait) yer. (the computer / use) at the moment? = (they/call)? Some trees (blow) down in the storm last night. (damage) last week [53]4] be/have/do in present and past tenses be (= am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working ¢tc.) am/is/are + -ing (present continuous) => Units 3-4 and 26 was/were + -ing (past continuous) = Unit 13 am/is/are + past participle (passive present simple ) => Unit 21 was/were + past participle (passive past simple ) => Unit 21 have/has + past participle (present perfect) = Units 15-18 do/does + infinitive (present simple negative and questions) = Units 6-7 did + infinitive (past simple negative and questions) = Unit 12 igor verbs = © Please be quiet. I'm working. © Ivisn’t raining at the moment. © What are you doing this evening? © I was working when she arrived. © ic wasn’t raining, so we went out © What were you doing 2t three o'clock? be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten etc) © The room is cleaned every day, © I'm never invited to parties. © Oranges are imported into Britain. © The room was cleaned yesterday. These houses were built 100 years ago. © How was the window broken? © Where were you born? have/has + past participle (leatied/lost/eaten/been etc) ® P've cleaned my room, © Tom has lost his passport. © Barbara hasn’t been to Canada © Where have Paul and Linda gone? do/does/did + infinitive (clean/like/eat/go etc.) © I like coffee but I don’t like tea. © Chris doesn’t go out very often. © What do you usually do at weekends? © Does Barbara live alone? © I didn’t watch TV yesterday. © it didn’t raim last week. © What time did Paul and Linda go owt?EXERCISES Put in s/are/da/does. 1 2 you work in the evenings? 6 the sun shining? 2 Where a2. they going? 7 What time......... the shops clase? 3 Why you looking at me? 8 ‘Ann working today? 4 Bill live near you? 9 What... this word mean? 5 cnn YOU like cooking? 10... you feeling all right? Putin am not /isn't/ aren't / don't / doesn’t. All these sentences are negative. 1 Tom doesn’t work in the evenings. 2 Pmvery tired. I 3 I'mvery tired. I... 4 George ‘want fo go ont this evening. ws» going out this evening, working this week. He’ on holiday. 5. My parents are usually at home. They . go out very often, 6 Barbara has travelled a lot but she ~ speak any foreign languages. 7 You can turn off the television, I... watching it. 8 Theresa party next week bur we _--- going. Put in was/were/did/have/has. g Where ee your shoes made? 6 What time .. she go? 2 you go out last night? 7 When these houses built? 3 What you doing at 10.302 8 econ enne Jim arrived yet? 4 Where ... som your motherborn? 9 Why... ~. you go home early? 5 “Barbara gone home? 10 How long they been married? Putin is/are/was/were/have/has, 1 Joe 44S. lost his passport. 6 Tone just made some coffee, Would 2 This bridge ..... built ten years ago. you like some? 3 Le you finished your work yet? TGS 88§ oem made from sand, 4 This town is always clean. The streets 8 Thisisa very old photograph. It... somos Cleaned every day, taken along time ago. 5 Where you born? 9 Joe... bought a new car. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form. damage cat enjoy go goaway listen open pronounce rain understand use 1 I’m going to take an umbrella with me, Ie’s taining 2 Why are you so tired? Did you 99... to bed late last night? 3 Where ate the chocolates? Have you 2 .. them all? 4 Hows your new job? Are you . 5. My carwas badly... 6 Chris has got a car but she doesn't 7 Mary isn't at home. She has in? ~ in 1 the accident but I was OK. i very offen. noose fra fed das BL GOME cs -the problem. Can you explain it again? 9 Martin isn his room, He's esa —~ to-music. 10 Tdon’t know haw to say this word, How is it. ? 11 How do you os this window? Can you show me? (55]Regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is ed: clean cleaned live lived paint painted _ study — studied ast simple (=> Unit 11) ® I cleaned my shoes yesterday. © Charlie studied engineering at university. Past participle Present perfect = have/has + past participle (= Units 15-18): © Ihave cleaned my shoes. © Jane has lived in London for ten years. Passive = be (is / are / were / has been etc.) + past participle (=> Units 21-22): © These rooms are cleaned every day. © My car has been repaired. Irregular verbs ‘The past simple and past participle of inegular verbs are not ~ed: make break cut pastsimple made broke cut pastpanticple made broken —_cut ‘Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same, For example: make find buy cut mila | made found bought cut past participle © I made a cake yesterday. (past simple) © Ihave made some coffee. (past participle — present perfect) © Butter is made from milk. (past participle — passive present) Sometimes the past simple and past participle ate different. For example: break know — begin. go pestsimple broke knew — begin. went pastpariciple broken known —_began__gone © Somebody broke this window last night, (past simple) © Somebody, has broken this window. (past participle — present perfect) © This window was broken last night. (past participle ~ passive past) fat ofepilarvers spelling (regolar verbs) =» EIDEEXERCISES ‘Write the past simple / past participle of these verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same for allthe verbs in this exercise.) 11 hear... 12 put 13. catch 14 watch — 15 understand 11 take 12 go 1 mashed. my hands because they were dirty. (wash) 2 Somebody has broken. this window. (break) . ---w» very well last night. (leep) ~~ & Very good film yesterday, (sce) a lot while we were on holiday. (rain) my bag. (lose) Have you... it? (Gee) 9 Have you... 10 The shopping centre was 11 Ano... ~mve t0 drive when she was 18. (learn) 12 I've never ahorse. (ride) 13 Julia is a good friend of mine. I've her for along time. (know) 14 Yesterday I. x and... samy leg. (fall / hurt) Complete these sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form. cost drive fly meke meet sell speak swim tell think wake up win i 1 Thave made... some coffee. Would you like some? 2 Have you John about your new job? 3 We played basketball on Sunday. We didn’t play very well but we ..... 4 Lknow Gary but I've never his wife. 5 We Were an your work yet? (finish) about 20 years ago. (build) ud music in the middle of the night. 6 Stephanie jumped into the riverand.............. to the other side, 7 ‘Did you like the film?” "Yes, I... it was very good: 8 Many different languages are. in the Philippines. 9 Our holiday ~-wu» lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel, 10 Have you ever a very fast car? 11 All the tickets for the concert Were oer very quickly, 12 Abird ~~v-mm in through the open window while we were having our dinner, [57]lused to ... A pave arew veans aco DAVE TODAY Dave used to work ina factory. Now he works in a supermarket, Dave used to work in a factory = he worked in a factory before but he doesn’t work there ng he used to work he works. >, past t how B Youcan say I used to work... / she used to have ... / they used to be ... etc Vyou/we/they he/she/it © When I was a child, I used to like chocolate. © [used to read a lot of books but I don’t read much these days. © Liz has got short hair now but it used to be very long. © They used to live in the same street as us, so we often used to see them. But we don't see them very often these days. @ Ann used to have a piano but she sold it a few years ago. The negative is I didn’t use to . When | was a child dida’e ase to like tomatoes ‘The question is did you ase to . ‘@ Where did you use to live before you came here? @ Weuse used to ... only for the past, You cannot say ‘Luse to ...” (present): © [used to play tennis. These days I play golf. (not T use to play gole’) © We usually get up early, (not "We use to get up early’) (58)Gl 25.2 253 EXERCISES Look at the pictures, Complete the sentences with used to... . inthe country. Karen works very hard and has very little free time. A few years ago, things were different, KAREN Now ae, KAREN A FEW YEARS AGO ‘Yes, I go swimming dayand Uplay volleyball ‘Yes, most evenings. ‘Yes, the guitar. ‘Do you do any sport? Do you go out in the evenings? Do you play 2 musical instrument? Do you like reading? Do you travel much? ‘Yes, I read a lov. Yes, I go away two or three Write sentences about Kae with used to... Complete these sentences. Use used to or the present simpie (| play / he lives etc.). 1 ed. to play. tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago. 2 Do you do auy sport?” ‘Yes, | PAM. basketball. 3 ‘Have you ere "No, 1... ‘one but I sold it’ 4 George a waiter. Now he's the manager of a hotel. 5 ‘Do you go to work by car?” ‘Sometimes but most days Teo wn by train! 6 When I was a child, I never en sesnn nen meat, but I eat it now, 7 8 9 10 Mary loves ‘atching TW s t ‘TV every evening. We en near the airport but we moved to the city centre a few years ago. Normally I start work at 7 o'clock, so I “What games. YOU enim up very early. when you were a child? 159]What are you doing tomorrow? They are playing tennis (now). He is playing tennis tomorrow. We use am/is/are + ing. (present continuous) for something happening now: © “Where are Sue and Caroline? “They're playing tennis in the park! Please be quiet. ’'m working, We alo use am/ié/are + ~ing for the future (tomorrow / next week etc): © Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow. © Pm not working next week. B Tam doing something tomorrow ~ I have arminged to do it, L have a plan to do it: ® Alice is going to the dentist on Friday. (= she has an appointment to see the dentist) © We're having a party next weekend. © Aro you meeting Bill this evening? What are you doing tomorrow evening? @ Pm not going our tonight. I'm staying at home You can also say ‘I'm going to do something’ (=> Unit 27). © Do noruse the present simple (I stay / do you go etc.) for plans and arrangements: © I'm staying at home this evening. (nol 'I stay’) Are you going out tonight? (jot ‘Do you go’) © Ann isn't coming to the party next week. (ito ‘Ann doesn’t come’) But we use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses ete.: © The train arrives at 7.30. © What time does the film finish? Compare: ‘present continuous — usually for people present simple — timetables, programmes etc. @ I'm going to a concert tomorrow. © The concert starts at 7.30. © What titite are you leaving? © What time does your train leave ? [60] present contintions => presen simple => Tim going co... => IME63 A Look at the pictures. What are these people doing next Friday? 2 RicHarn 3 BARKARA i 5 Tom ano Sus lunch with Ken. ae to the cinema. ‘Write questions, All the sentences are future, 1 (you / go / out / tonight?) 2 (you / work / next week?) 3 (what / you / do / tomorrow evening?) 4 (what time / your friends / arrive?) 5. (when / Liz / go / on holiday?) Write sentences about yoursalf. What are you doing in the next faw days? 1 _1'm staying at home tonight. 2 Un gig eats. Nerd, aoKe Put the verb in the present continuous (ha is leaving etc.) or present simple (the train leaves ‘et0.), 4 +Are you going. (you/go) out this evening? ‘No, I’m too tired? We're. going.” (we/ga) So sane ak crete It starts. (it/start) at 7.30, ane you know about Sally? (she/get) married next month! 4 A: My parents. Ls (go) so heli, next week, B: Oh, that’ nice. Where they/207? 5 Silvia is doing an English course at the moment. The course... (Ginish) on Friday. § There football match fomorrow but. : (/aot/go). (go) out with some friends tonight. Why don't you come : (we/meet) at John’s house at 8 o'clock. A ~ueuu (yOU/get) home after the party tomorrow? By taxi? B: No,I'can go by bus. The last bus na eave) at midnight. 9 A: Do you wantto go to the cinema tonight? B: A Bi Yes, what time an —-~. (the film / begins)? : What a me (you) next Monday afternoon? qu - (/ work), [61]I’m going to... A rm going to (do something) MORNING, ‘THIS EVENING She is going to watch TV this evening, We use am/is/are going to... for the future: 1 am do... he/she/it is | (not) going to | drink we/you/they are watch ... am | buy is he/she/it going to | eat... are we/you/they wear B Lam going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it: I decided to do it "in going to doit)» ————» past NOW future © I'm going to buy some books tomorrow. @ Sarah is going to sell het car. @ Pm not going to have breakfast this morning, I'm not hungry. @ What are you going to wear to the party tonight? ‘Your hands are dirty’ ‘Yes, I know. I'm going to wash them’ @ Are you going to invite John to your party? “We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangements (= Unit 26): © Lam playing tennis with Julia tomorrow, G Something is going to happen Somethingis going to happen = itis clear now that it is sure to happen: © Look at the sky! It’s going to rain, (black clouds now —> rain) © Oh dear! Its 9 o'clock and I'm not ready. T'm going to be late. (9 o'clock now and not ready ~> late) [62] present forthe furuce = will =71 77.2 27.3 EXERCISES What are these people saying? Complete the sentences. Use going ta + one of these verbs: eat do give liedown stay walk wash watch wea im. going to. wash. them. 1 My hands are dirty. 2 What Ar you going to wear. fot pay faniehes 3. Tdon't want to go home by Bus. [ve 4 Joli going io Lentil Weck He... senna. With some friends. 5 Tmhungry. | __ this sandwich. 6. We Shama’ bithay nore weck, We hera present 7 Sue says she’s feeling very tired, She for an hour. 8 There’sa good film on TV this evening. ca YOU san oe it? 9 What... a» Rachel ss nmewssmensnscsn When she leaves school? Look at the picturas, What is going to happen? 1Tm.[64] will/shall (1) Sarah goes to work every day. She is always there ffom 8.30 until 4.30. Iris 11 o'clock now. Sarah is at work. At 11 o'clock yesterday, she was at work. At 11 o'clock tomorrow, she will be at wo: ‘will + infinitive (will be / will win / will come et.): be I/we/you/they } will (Il) win will I/we/you/they he/she/it } | will mot (won't) | eat . he/she/it come ec. ‘= will: PU (will) / you'll / she'll ete. won’t = will not: I won’t (= I will not) / you won't / she won't etc. ‘We use will for the future (tomorrow / next week cic): @ Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid, Tomorrow she'll be in Rome. she'll be in Tokyo. ‘You can phone me this evening, ll be at home. © Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it. © We'll probably go out this evening. @ Will you be at home this evening? @ Lwon’t be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here) @ Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You won't sleep We often say I think ... will ... : @ I think Diana will pass the exam. don’t think it will rain this afternoon. © Do you think the exam will be difficult? ‘We do not use will for things we have arranged or decided to do (=> Units 26-27): @ We're going to the cinema on Saturday. (not “We will go’) @ I’m not working tomorrow. (not ‘I won't work’) @ Are you going to do the exam? (not “Will you do’) Shall ‘You cart say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will): I shall be late tomorrow. or I will (Pll) be late tomorrow. @ I think we shall win. or _I think we will (we'll) win, not use shall with you/they/he/she/it: @ Tom will be late, (not “Tom shall be’) ‘What are you doing tomorrow? —> [JET] I'm going to... => will/shal 2) => [TEE]78.1 78.2 8.3 28.4 28.5 EXERCISES Helen is travelling in Europe. Complete the sentences with she was, she's or she'll be. 1 Yesterday .SM@. 94S. in Paris, HELEN Ape re BS 3 Last week in Barcelona. 4 Next week mw it London, a 5 Arthe moment... in Brussels. minich 6 Three days ago in Munich. Se GBPAYS AGO) 7 Atthe end ofher trip... -~ very tired f garcengwa Where will you be? Write sentences about yourself. Use: GST wae) Tilbe... or Vilprobably be... or I don’t know where I'll be. 1 (at 10 o'clock tomorrow) ilorhabua he oe the. each 2 (one hour from now) 3 (at midnight tonight) 4 (at3 o'clock tomorrow 5. (two years from now) Put in will ('tl) or won't, 1 Don't drink coffee before you go to bed. You OnE. sleep. 2 ‘Are you ready yet?” ‘Not yet. I be ready in five minutes? 3 I'm going away for a few days, I'm leaving tonight, $0 1. ..nu.nerma be at home tomorrow. leet oe rain, so you don’t need to take an umbrella 5 A: I don't feel very well this evening. B: Well, go to bed early and you .... 6 Ie’ Bills birthday next Monday. He 7 T'm sorry I was late this morning. It ‘Write sentences beginning | think... or tdon't think... . 1. (Diana will pass the exam) 2 (Diana won't pass the exam) 3. (we'll win the game) 4 (won't be here tomorrow) 5 (Sue will like her present) 6 (they won't get married) : 7 {you won't enjoy the film) Which is right? (Study Unit 26 before you do this exercise.) 1 Weillge / We're going to the theatre tonight. We've got tickets. We're going is right 2 *What will you do / are you doing tomorrow evening?’ ‘Nothing, I'm free’ 3 They'll go / They're going away tomorrow morning. Their train is at 8,40. 4 I'msure she'll lend / she’s lending us some money. She's very rich. 5 “Why are you putting on your coat?" ‘I'll go / I’m going out’ 6 Do you think Claite will phone / is phoning us tonight? 7. Steve can’t meet us on Saturday. Hle’ll work / He's working. 8 Will / Shall you be at home tomorrow evening? feel better in the morning. -be 23. ww happen again. [65][66] will/shall (2) SS You can use Pl... (Iwill) when you offeror decide to do something: @ ‘My bag is very heavy’ ‘I'll carry it for you! @ ‘Til phone you tomorrow, OK? ‘OK, goodbye’ We often say I think I'll... /T don’t think Pll... when we decide to do something: © I'm tired. I think P'Ml go to bed eatly tonight. @ [rsa nice day. I think I'll sit in the garden. © 3 raining. I don’t think I'll go out. Do not use'the present simple (I go / T phone eiz) in sentences like these: @ I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (not ‘I phone you’) @ I think Pl go to bed early. (not ‘I go to bed’) Do not use Pll .., for something yon decided before (= Units 26-27): @ I’m working tomorrow. (not ‘Tl work’) @ There's a good film on TY tonight. 'm going to wateb it. (not ‘I'll watch’) © What are you doing at the weekend? (not “What will you do’) Shall I ...? Shall T/we ... ?=Do you think this is « good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea? © {es very warm in this room. Shall T open the window? © ‘Shall I phone you this evening?” “Yes, please’ © I'm going to a party tonight. What shall I wear? © Ics a nice day, Shall we go for a walk? @ Where shall we go for our holidays this year? © ‘Let's go out this evening’ ‘OK, what time shall we-meet?” What are you doing tomorrow? => FEI) I'm going to... = (INEZ wil/shatl:) > [NE Let's=>23.1 EXERCISES ‘Complete the sentences. Use I'll (1 will) + one of these verbs: * earry do eat send show sit stay ik carry. it for you. My bag is very heavy. Enjoy your holiday. I don’t want this banana. ‘Do you want a chair? Did you phone Jenny? Are you coming with me? How do you use this camera? | | Giveit to me and... Nowsene 8.2 Complete the sentences. Use J think I'll... or | don't think I'll... + one of these verbs: | 33 Whichis right? ! ! ; m5 buy ge have play 1 Itscold today. | don't think Il go. our. 2 Y'm bungry.I...... Sneataee 3 [feel tired. ae: 4 This camera is too expensive, eneeennn oe something to eat, tenis, = ite 1 Ephone / I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? _ I'l phones right 2 haven’ done the shopping yet. do / I'll do it later. 3 Ikke sport. [watch / I'll watch a lot of sport’on TV. 4 Inced some exercise. [think I go / I'll go for a walk. 5, Jim is going to buy / will buy a new car. He told me last week 6 “This letter is for Rose’ ‘OK, give /1'll give / I'm going to give it to her’ 7. A: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening? B: Yes, I'm going /1'll go out with some friends, ‘Write sentences with Shall I... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B. & A wren make yp ‘omesandwiches the television turn off epee chewindow the light ise 1 It’s very warm in this room, Shad | open, te. windon ? 2 | This progcamme isn’t very good. —— 3 I'm hungry. ‘ 4 It’s dark in this room, , Write sentences with Shall we ... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B. Duy invite Let's go out tonight. Let’s have a holiday. Let's spend some money. Let's have a party. Sennemight Where are you for your holidays? He might go to New York. Itmight rain. (= itis possible that he will go to NewYork) (= it is possible that it will rain) might + infinitive (might go / might be / might rain etc): be Vwwefyousthey |, go he/shesic | PBBAE OD | Stay come eit. Imight ... = itis possible that { will ...: ‘® I might go to the cinema this evening. (= it is possible that I will go) © A: When is Barbara going to phone you? B: I don’t know. She might phone this afternoon. @ Take an umbrella with you. It might rain. @ Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky, (= perhaps you will be lucky) © ‘Are you going out tonight?” ‘I might’ (= I might go our) Study the difference: © Pm playing tennis tomorrow. (sure) 1 might play tennis tomorrow. (possible) © Barbara is going to phone later. (sure) Barbara might phone later. (possible) The negative is might not: @ I might not go to work tomorrow. (= it is possible that I will not go) © Sue might not come to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come) may You can use may in the same way. I may ... =I might ... : @ I may go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go) @ Sue may not come to the party, (= Sue might not come) May I... ?= Isit OKto.,. / Cant...?: May I ask a question? (= Can I ask?) @ "May Isit here?’ "Yes, of course! wil => EERE] can =EXERCISES Write sentences with might. 1 (ies possible that I'll go to the cinema) 2 (its possible that I'll see you tomorrow) 3 Gt’ possible that Ann will forget to phone) 4 (es possible that it will snow coday) 5 (it' possible that I'll be late tonight) Write sentences with might not, 6 (it' possible that Mary will notbehere) 7 (ts possible chat I won't have time to meet you) ‘Somebody is asking you about your plans, You have some ideas but ‘you are not sure. Choose from the list and write sentences with | might. \ fish go away Healy Monday new car taxi A ‘Where are you going for your holidays? ‘What are you doing at the weekend? ‘When will you see Ann again? ‘What ate you going to have for dinner? How are yon going to get home tonight? Thear you won some money. What are you going to do-with it? | | Ube ‘Are you playing tennis tomorrow? Are you going out in the evening? Are you going to get up early? Are you working tomorrow? ‘Will you be at home tomorrow morning? Are you going to watch television? Are you going out in the aftemoon? Are you going shopping? Now write about Bill, Use might where necessary. waecan and could He can play the piano. can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come ¢tc): do do? I/we/you/they || can play can | !/we/you/they | play? hhe/she/it cannot (can’t) | see he/she/it | see? come etc. come? etc. B {can do something = I know how to do it or itis possible for me to do it: © can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too. Sarah ean speak Italian but she can’t speak Spanish ‘Can you swim? “Yes, but I'm not a very good swimmer? Can you change twenty pounds?’ ‘I'm sorry, I can’t? von having a party next week but Paul and Jenny can’t come. @ For the past (yesterday / last week exc:), we use conld/couldn'’t: © When 1 was young, I could run very fast. © Before Anna came to Britain, she couldn't understand much English. Now she can understand everything. © Twas tired last night but I couldn’t sleep. © I had a party last week bur Paul and Jenny couldn’t come, D canyou ...? Could you ..,? CanT...? Could... ? “We use Can you ... ? or Could you ... ? when we ask people to do things: © Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please? © Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait ...? We use Can I have ... ? or Could I have ... ? to ask for something: © (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? or Could I have ...? Can I... ? or Could I... ? =is it OK to do something? © ‘Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, could I borrow your umbrella? © (on the phone) Hello, can 1 speak to Gerry, please? or ... could I speak... ? (70) saay 1.2 => SEDm2 3 m4 EXERCISES Ask Steve if he can do these things: ‘3 STEVE z 5 oe ie Es een Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use can ort can't. 71 = i 12 Complete these sentences. Use eam or can't + one of these verbs? come find hear see_—_speak 1 P'msorry but we can't. come... to your party next Saturday. | 2. [like this hotel room, You ee the mountains from che window. 3 You are speaking very quietly. [ » You. 4 Have you seen my bag? I... it, 5 Catherine got the job because she - ~~ five languages, Complete these sentences. Use ean't or couldn't + one of these verbs; | eat decide find go go _ steep 1 Iwas tired but I couldn't, 2 Lwasn’t hungry yesterday. L 3 Ann doesn’t know what to do. She .. 4 Lwanted to speak to Martin yesterday but 1 van €0 the concert next Saturday. He to the meeting last week, She was ill. ‘What do you say in these situations? Use can or could. Use the words in brackets (...).. |3 (turn off) 4 Sea Gea open the door, please? | (have) / 7must mustn't needn't miust + infinitive (must do / must see etc): nent Seen Lvwe/you/they he/she/it B Use must when you think itis necessary to do something: © The windows ate very dirty, I must clean them © Its fantastic film, You must see it We miust go to the baak today: We haven't got any money. For the past (yesterday / last week etc), we use had to .., (not must} © We had to go to the bank yesterday. (not ‘We must go ... yesterday’) © [had to walk home last night. There were no buses. (not “I must walk’) fo Tissse C mum’ © must nod) Tmustn’t (do something) = it is necessary not to do it, itis the wrong thing to do: © [ must hurry. | mustn’t be late. © { mustn’t forget to phone Julia. (© Emust remember to phone hes) © Be happy! You mustn’t be sad. (= don't be sad) © You mustn’t touch the pictures, (= don’t touch the pictures) D needn't (= need not) Tneedn't (do something) = it is uot necessary to do it, I don’t need to do it: Ineedn’t clean the windows. They aren't very dirty. © You needn’t go to the bank today. I can give you some money. ‘You can also say don't need to ... (= needn't): I don’t need to clean the windows. © You don’t need to go to the bank today. Compare needn’t and mustn't: © You needn’t go. You can stay here if you want, © You mustn’t go, You must stay here. Thave to. => IIE [72]EXERCISES 32.1 Complete the sentences. Use must + One of these verbs: be ge go learn meet wash win 2 ., to the bank today, We haven't got any money, 2 Marilyn is 2 very interesting person. You >a ean 3. My hands are dirty. 10 the post office, need some stamps, 6 The game tomorrow is very important for us. We 7 ‘You can’t always have things immediately. You .. 92.2 putin 1 must or had to. 1 Uhad. to ee es 2 Ieslate. 3 Travan Saree AS Sarde 4 vnwennn GEC Up ely tomorrow. T've gota lot t0 do. 5 L went to London by train last week. The train was full and 6 Twas ney te fx my sppolnimet iis morning. 7 Tforgot to phone David yesterday, 32.3 Complete the sentences. Use mustn't or needn't + one ofthese verts: clean forget. hurry lose wait write 1 The windows aren't very dirty. You needn't 2. We have alot of time, We . 3 Keep these documents in a safe place. You 4 Tm noe ready yer but you 5 We them. ... for me, You can go now and I'll come later. on t turn off the lights before we leave. the letter now. I can do it tomorrow, 82.4 Find the sentences with the same meaning. 1 We can leave the meeting early. 2 We must leave the meeting early. 3 We mustn't leave the meeting early. 4 We needn't leave thie meeting early, 5. We had to leave the meeting early. ‘A We must stay until the end. B We couldn't stay until the end. C We can’t stay until the end, D We needn't stay until the end. E We can say until the end. 92.5 putin must/ had to / mustn't / needn't. 1 You needn't... g0, You can stay here if you want. 2 It’s fantastic film, You MSE. see it. 3. We've got enough food, so we ... 4 We didn’t have any food yesterday, so we . 5 want eo know what happened. You 6 You... _.» tell Sue what happened. I don't want her to know. 71 . hurry or I'll be late, 8 ‘Why were you so late?” ‘I... wait balfan hour for a bus? 9 We nme snnnnnemens GeCide now. We can decide later, (73)should —— You shouldn't watch TV so much. should + infinitive (should do / should watch etc): do Teele should | stop he/she/it J | shouldn’t| go watch etc. B (You) should do something ~ it 3 good thing to do it is the right thing to do: © ‘Tom should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late and he’s always tired. (’s a good film. You should go and see it. © When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball. © rou) shouldn't do something = it is not a good thing to do. Shouldn’e = should not: ® Tom shouldn't go to bed so late. © You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so ntuch, D Weoften use think with should: I think .,. should ... ® I think Carol should buy some new clothes (= I think it is a good idea.) © Ics lace. I think I should go home now. © A: Shall I buy this coat? B: Yes, I think you should. I don’t think ... should ... : ® I don’t-think you should work so hard. (= I don’t think it is a good idea.) © I don’t think we should go yet. It's too early. Do you think ... should ... ?: © Do you think I should buy this hat? ‘What time do you think we should go home? E Mustis stronger than should: © 13 a good film. You should go and see it. © Ita fantastic film. You must go and see it. F Another way to say should ... is ought to ...: © Its a good film. You ought to go and see it. (= you should go) © I think Carol ought to buy some new clothes, (= Carol should buy) (74) hat EE ose =EXERCISES Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs: clean go take visit. watch wear 1 When you play tennis, You sh 2 Its late and you're very tired. 3 & = to bed. your teeth twice a day. - the Science Museum. It’ very interesting a seat belt. ‘You ask a friend for advice. Write questions with Do you think | sHiould ... ? 1 You are ina shop. aera csp ake ‘You ask your fiend: - Do yon tne | should, bug, a te Jacket? You can’t drive, oe You ask your friend: Do you think sew ‘You don't like your job. (get another job?) You ask your friend: ........ You are going to have a party. (ote Gary You ask your friend: .... nN oe - Wit sentences with tthink.. ould. oF don think... shoul 1 Ieslate. (go homenow) .. e. should. go home, we 2 That coat is too big for you. (buy it}, 3 You don't need your car. (sell it) ... 4 Diane needs a rest. (have a holidlay) 5 Silly and Colin are too young, (get married) 6 You're not well chis morning. (go to work) 7 James isn't well today. (go tp the doctor), 8 The hotel is too expensive for us. (Gay then) What do you think? Write sentences with shold. 5 I think I should[76] | have to... Thave to do so: ¢ is necessary for me to doit, [am obliged to-do it T/we/you/they aye | to do he/she/it has [ll be late for work tomorrow, I have to go to the dentist. © Jill starts work at 7 o'clock, so she has to get up at 6. © ‘You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence. ‘The past (yesterday / last week efc) ishad to ... : was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist. © We had to walk home last night. There were no buses. In questions and negatives we use do/does (présent) and did (past): present ‘the I/we/you/the don’t Joo) ewe eet os cave tae eee ea | sae tal does _be/she/it he/she/ie doesn’t past — ., | W/we/you/they Twe/you/they | 4: did | he/shesit | have to..? befinerit | SAE Beve to, ‘What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow? © Doss Jill have to work on Sundays? © Why did they have to leave the party eatly? I don’t have to (do something) = itis not necessary to do it: © I'm not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early. © [an doesn’t have to work very hard. He's got an easy job. © We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus. must and have to Use must or have to when you say what yor think is necessary, when you give your opinion: © Its a fantastic film. You must see it. or You have to see it. ‘When you are not giving your personal opinion, use have to (not must): @ Jill won't be at wotk this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor. (this is not my ‘personal opinion — itis a fact) © In many countries, men have to do military service. (this is not my opinion —it is the: law in those countries) must / mustn’t / needn't => [IEEEEXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs: do read speak travel wear 1 My eyes are not very good. I. have. #2. 2 Acthe end of the course all the students... 3 Mary is studying literature. She 4 Albert does’ undersiand mach English You. a 5 Kate is not often at home. She ...... i @ ot in her job, Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs; answer buy change go walk 1 We had. to walk... home lst night. There were no buses. 2 Ies late. . now. I'll see you tomorrow: 3. Twentto the supermarket after work yesterday. I 4 This train doesn’t go all the way to London, You 5 We did an exam yesterday. We....... Complete the questions. Some are present and some are past. -. some food. wm at Bristol. six questions out of ten. Thave to get up early tomorrow, George had to wait a long time. Liz has to go somewhere. We had to pay alot of money. Thave to do some work. wean Write sentences with don't/doesn’t/didn't have to 1 Why are you going ont? You don’t have, to. 90, 2 Whyis Ann waiting? She oo... 3. Why did you get up early? You . 4 Whyis Paul working so hard? He ....... 5. Why do you want to leave now? We Which is correct? Sometimes must and have to are both correct. 1 Itsa great film. You must see / have to see it. _ both are correct 2 In many countries, men-snust-de / have to do military service. _ have to do |s correct 3 You can't park your car here for nothing, You must pay / have to pay . 4 I didn’t have any money with me last night, so I must borrow. / had to borrow some, 5 eat too much chocolate, I really must stop / have to stop. 6 ‘Why is Panla going now?’ ‘She must meet / has to meet somebody. 7 What's wrong? You must tell / h: Trwant to help you. ‘Write some things that you (or your friends or family) have to do or had to do. 1 (every day) 2 (every day) 3 (tomorrow) .. 4 (yesterday) 07Would youlike...? I'd like ... A Would you like ...? = Do you want ...? We use Would you like... ?to ofér things: ® A: Would you like some coffee? No, thank you. © A; Would you lilee a chocolate? Yes, please © A: Whit would you like, tea or coffee? B: Tea, please. We use Would you like to ... ?to invite somebody: a> © Would you like to go for 2 walk? ®@ A: Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday? B: Yes, Vd love to. (= E would love to have dinner with you) © What would you like to do this evening? B Pa like ... is a polite way to say ‘I want’. I'd like = I would like: © i'm thirsty. Ld like a drink, © (ina tourist office) I'd like some information about hotels, please. © Td like to see the film on television this evening. © Woutd you like ... ? and Do you like... ? Do you like tea? = Do you think tea is nice? © A: Do you like going to the cinema? (in general) B: Yes, I go to the cinema a lot. © [like oranges. (in general) ‘Would you like some tea? = Do you want some tea? © A; Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? (= Do you want to go tonight?) B: Yes, I'd love to. © [ad like an orange, please. (= Can I have an orange?) © What would you like to do next weekend?| © ‘What do you like to do at weekends? [78] take to do and like -ing => [IEE I woald do something if... > [INNEKERCISES 1 What are the people in the pictures saying? Use Would you like ... 7 2 You want to play X fou says. PAR ces ore 3 You've got some holiday photographs. Sue hasn't seen them yet. (see) Gey tee 4 Nou have an extra ticket for a concert next week, Pethaps Sue will go. (go) ROD recto ee ee é ee... 5 Its saining and Sue is going out. She hasn't got an umbrella but you have one. (borrow) You says oa te et ce %53_ Whichis right? 1 ‘De-youtlike /-Would you like a chocolate?” "Yes, please’ Would you like ls right like a choc 2 ‘Do you like / Would you like bananas?” ‘Yes, I love them! 3 Do vou like / Would you like an ice-cream? ‘No, thank you’ 4 ‘What do yon like / would you like to drink?’ —_‘A glass of water, please’ 5 ‘Do you Tike / Would you like to go out fora walk?” ‘Not now. Perbaps later’ 6 Like / Td like tomatoes but I don't eat them very offen. 7 What time do you like / would you like to have dinner this evening? 8 "Do you like / Would you like something to eat? ‘No, thanks, I'm not hungry’ 9 ‘Do you like / Would you like your new job? ‘Yes, I'm enjoying it’ 10 I'm tired, [like / Td like to go to sleep now. 5thereis there are STATION SUNDAY > 4 MONDAY TUESDAY sy WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY _ ‘There’samanontheroof. There's a train at 10.30. ‘There are seven days in a week. singular © There's 2 big tree in the garden. There's a good film on TV tonight. ‘A: Have you got any money? B:. Yes, there’s some in my bag. © A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here? B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. @ Wecan't go skiing. There isn’t any snow, (there’s) (there isn’t or there’s not) ee) plural there are ... are there... ? there are not ... (there aren’t) @ There are some big trees inthe garden. @ There are a lot of accidents on this road. ‘A; Are there any letters for me today? B; Yes, there are, / No, there aren't. © This restaurant is very quiet. There aren’t many people here, How many players are there in a football team? There are 11 players in 2 football team. B there is and it is there is itis GERALD a There’s a book on the table. like [Ehis book]. It’s interesting, (not ‘Te’s a book on the table’) (it = this book) Compare: © ‘What's that noise?’ ‘It's train’ (it = chat noise) There's a train at 10.30. It’s a fast train. (it = the 10.30 train) © There's a lot of salt in this soup. I don't like this soup. It’s too salty. -(it = this soup) at [80] chere-was / were / has been etc. => [EH it and chere => ET] some and any =|EXERCISES ‘Xenham is @ small town. Look at the information in the box and write sentences about Kenham ‘Thare Is/are or There isn'Varen't. a castle? No any restaurants? Yes (a lov) a hospital? es aswimming pool? No any cinemas? Yes (two) a university? any big hotels? Noausene Putin there is / there isn't /is there / there are /there aren't / are there. 1 Kenhamisn'tan oldtown. There.aren’t... any old buildings. Pi Weed seciasnsscessalcs a photograph of your brother in the newspaper! 3 ‘Excuse me, -abank near here?’ "Yes, at the end of the street? 4 five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me. 5 ‘How many students... inthe class?” “Twenty? 6 ‘Can we ake a phorogaph” PNG, nn noneene film in the camera’ ts 8 9 a bus from the city centre to the airport?” ‘Yes. Every 20 minutes’ any problems? ‘No, everything is OK’ nowhere tositdown. .... aay chairs, Write sentences with There are .... Choose from the boxes. lewers days players days planets states September the USA arugby team the English alphabet the solar system weve ounene ateain at 10.307 "m not going to buy this shirt. "What's wrong?” ‘. ... something in my eye! red car outside the house, eennnveen YOURS? .. anything on television tonight?” ‘Yes, “What's that building?” aschool.” ee a restaurant in this hotel?” ‘No, I'm affaid not a film at 8.15? Mourners iuthere was/were there will be there was / there were (past) Compare: there has/have been ‘There is a train every hour. ‘The time now is 11.15. ‘There was a train at 11 o'clock. there is/are (present) © There is a good film on TV tonight. are 250 rooms. ®@ Are there any letters for me this © I'm hungry but there isn’t anything eat. © Weare staying at a very big hotel. There there was/were (past) © There was a good film on TV last night. © We stayed at a very big hotel. There were 250 rooms. ® Were there any letters for me yesterday? © When I gor home, I was hungry but there wasn’t anything to eat. to 182] there andit = was/were => ETE] has/have been => EEEESTY some and any => [STEEL there has been / there have been (present perfect) @ Look! There’s been an accident. (ehere’s been = there has been) © This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents Compare there was (past): © There was an accident last night. (not "There has been an accident last night’) For past simple and present perfect see Unit 20. © Do you think there will be alot of people at the party on Saturday? © The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon. © I'm going away tomorrow. I'll do my packing today because there won’t be time tomorrow. (there won’t be = there will not be) will => ET] there is/are = IfEXERCISES Look at tha two pictures. Now the room is empty but what was in the room last week? Write sent with There was ... or There were ... + the words in the list. anarmchair carpet some flowers a soft some books ecleck three pictures _ a small table on the wall near the door. in the middle of the room, on the table. on the shelves. in the corner near the door. ~ opposite the door. Put in there was / there wasn’t / was there / there were / there weren't / were there. 1 Twas aay but there. wasn’t. anything to eat. 2 Were. .. any letters for me yesterday? 5 a football match on TV last ee Did you see it? 4 ‘We stayed ata very nice hotel’ ‘Did you? a swimming pool?” 5 ‘Did you buy any eggs?” ‘No, “ sonoma in the shop & The wallet wa exes any money in it. oun many people at the meeting?’ ‘No, very few! 8 Wedidnt vai the masoum. enough time. 9 I'm sorry I'm late. a lot of traffic. 10 ‘Twenty years ago... _.. many tourists here. Now thereare a lot. Put in there + is/are /was /were / has been/ have been / will be. 1 There was a good film on TV yesterday evening. 2 24 hours in a day: 3 4 party atthe club last Friday but I didn't go. 4 "Where can I buy a newspape om a shop at the end of the street! 5 ‘Why are those policemen outside the bank?‘ ssa a TObbETY! 6 When we arrived at the cinema... 7 When you arrive tomorrow, Units 6-7) © Tdon't like hot weather but Sue does, (= Sue likes hot weather) © Sue works hard but I don’t, (= I don't work hard) © "Do you enjoy your work? “Yes, I do. We use did for the past simple: (=> Unit 12) © A: Did you and John enjoy the film? Idid but John didn’t, (= 1 enjoyed it but John didn't enjoy it) © ‘Lenjoyed the film’ ‘I did too’ (= I enjoyed it too) = “Did it rain yesterday?’ ‘No, it didn’t? have you? / don’t you? exc. = I soam I / neither do 1 cte => TIESComplete these sentences. Use only one verb (is/nave/can etc.) each time. 1 Kate wasn’t hungry but we Were... 4 Thaven't seen the film but Tom 2 I’m not married but my brother 5 Diane won't be here but Chris 3 Billcan’thelp you but... 6 You weren't late But Donn Complete these sentences: with anegative ne (isn’Vhaven't/can't etc.). 1 My sister can play the piano but 4 Richard has got a car but [ 2 Ann is working today but I... : 5 I'mzeady to go but Tom 3 Twas working but my friends... 6 I've gota key but Sally... Complete these sentences with do/daes/did or don'Ydoesn'Yididn’t. 1 I don't like hot weather but Sue does. 2 Sue likes hot weather but I, don't, 3. My mother wears glasses but my father nin 4 You don't know Paul very well but I 5 I dida’t enjoy the party but my friends... 6 [don't watch TV much but Peter... 7 Kate lives in London but her parents 8 You had a shower this morning but I... Complete the sentences. OATS it se people. (See the example.) 1 I didn’t 99.08 last mi 2 Iiike.. 3 Idon't Put In a verb, positive or negative. 1 ‘Are you tired” ‘1 .W45.... earlier but I'm not now! 2 John is happy today but he .... yesterday. 3. The post office isn’t open yet but the SHOPS nunc 4 {haven' got video camera bus Linov somebody who —. So 5 I would like to help you but I’m afraid | . 6 Idon’t usually go to work by car but [... yesterday. 7 A: Have you ever been to the United States? BE No, but Sanda os ssmnsnnan « She Went there on holiday last year. 8 ‘Do you and Ann watch TV alot?” ‘T............ .. but Ann doesn’t’ 9 I've been invited to the party but Kate... iS 10 ‘Do you think Diane will pass her exams?” Pim sure $h@ socsecmeee 11. ‘Are you going out this evening?’ ‘I [don't know for sure? Answer these questions about yourself. Use Yas, |have./ No, l'mnot. etc. 1 Are you British? NQ,. I'm nob. 6 Do you like classical music? .. 2 Have you gota car? 7 Will you be in Paris tomorrow? 3 Doyou feel well? .... ». 8 Have you ever been in hospital? 4 [sit snowing? ....... 9 Did you buy anything yesterday? 5 Are you hungry? 10. Were you asleep at 3.m.? [87]Have you? Are you? Don’t you? etc. (Tye Baugh een eat) a Are yo ally? What about? . SS ‘Don’t you? Why nob? ‘You can say have you? / is it? / can’t he? etc. to show that you are interested or surprised: @ ‘You're late’ ‘Oh, am I? I'm sorry! @ ‘I was ill last week! “Were you? I didn’t know that! ‘It’s raining again’ ‘Is it? It was sunny ten minutes ago! © ‘There’s a letter for you’ ‘Is there? Where is it?” © ‘Bill can’t drive’ ‘Can’t he? [ didn’t know that! @ ‘Pm not hungry’ ‘Aren’t you? Tam! @ ‘Sue isn’t at work today’ ‘Isn’t she? Is she ill?” Use do/does for the present simple and did for the past simple: © ‘Tspeak four languages’ ‘Do you? Which ones?” © “Tom doesn’t eat meat’ ‘Doesn't he? Does he eat fish?” V'm_ writing @ ‘Linda got married last week’ ‘Did she? Really?’ B Question tags ‘You carruse have you? / is it? / can't she? etc. at che end of a sentence. "These ‘mini-questions’ are question tags. a positive sentence > a negative question tag a negative sentence —> a positive question tag positive > negative Te’s a beautiful day, Sally lives in London, doesn’t she? ‘Yes, chat’s right. You closed the window, didn’t you? ‘Yes, I think so, "Those shoes are nice, aren’t they? Yes, very nice, ‘Tom will be here soon, won't he? Yes, probably. negative —+ positive ‘That isn’t your car, No, my car is white, - Yon haven’t met my mother, No, Ihaven't. Sally doesn’t smoke, No, she doesn’, “You won’t be late, No, I’m never late. [88] tam /1don’e ete.~ EXERCISES Answer with Do you? / Doesn't she? / Did they? etc. I speak four languages. Twork in a bank. I didn't go to work yesterday. Jill doesn’t like me. You look tired. Julia phoned me last night. OME ‘Which ones? Lwork in a bank too. ‘Were you ill? Why not? | feel fine. ‘What did she say? Answer with Have you? / Haven't you? / Did she? / Didn’t she? etc. T'ye bought a new car. Tim doesn't eat meat, T've lost my key. Sue can't drive. I was born in Italy. I didn’t sleep well last night. There's film on TV tonight. Tm not happy. met Paula last week. ‘Margaret works in a factory. I won't be here next week. ‘The clock isn’t working. What make is it? Does he eat fish? When did you last have it? She should Jearn. I didn't know that. “Was the bed uncomfortable? ‘Are you going to watch it? Why not? How is she? What kind of factory? ‘Where will you be? 7 | You'll help me, ‘Yes, but I didn’t speak to her. Yes, many times. Yes, but not very well. ‘Yes, he works very hard. Yes, of course I will. Complete these sentences with a question tag, positive (Is It? / do you? etc.) or negative {isn’t It? / don’t you? etc.), 1 {You haven't got a car, .. hawe. 2 | You aren’t tired, 3 | Carol isa very nice person, 4 | You can play the piano, . 5 | You don’t know Mike’ sister, 6 | Sally went t6 univers 7 | ‘The film wasn't very good, 8 Ann livesnear you, .. 9 | You won't tell anybody what said, No, I can't drive, Yes, but I'ma not very good. No, I've never met her. Yes, she studied economies, No, it was terrible, ‘That'stight, In the same street. No, ofcourse not.too/either too and either so am | / neither do | etc. ‘We use too and either at the end of a sentence. We use too after a pasitive verb: © A: I'm happy. B: Pm happy too. © A: Lenjoyed the film. B: Lenjoyed it too. © Mary isa doctor. Her husbandis 2 doctor too. ‘We use either after a negative verb: @ A: I’m not happy. B: ['mnot happy either, (ot‘I’m not... too") ® A: Ican'tcook. B: [can’t either. (not ‘I can’t too’) © Bill doesn’t watch TV. He doesn’t read newspapers either, B soamI/neither do Tete. : so Wee AR, Em 'e ons neither 30 am I = Tam too neither am I = I'm not either 30 have I = I have too (eta): neither can I = I can't either (etc): @ A; Pm working © A: [haven't got a key. B: So am I. (= I'm working coo) B: Neither have I. (= I haven't either) © A: Twas late for work coday. © A: Ann can’t cook. B: So.wasJohn, (= John waslate too) |B: Neither can Tom. (= Tom can'teithes) © A: Lwork in a bank. © A: Lwon't (= will not) be here tomorrow. B: So dol. B: Neither will I © A: We went to the cinema last night. | @ A: I never go to the cinema. Did you? So did we. B; Neither do I a em Buea: You can also use Nor ... (= Neither. Pe OORa Ae © A: I'm not married. B: Nor am I. or Neither am Note that we say: So am I (not ‘So I am’), Neither have I (not ‘Neither I have’). (90] tam/tdon't etc. PIEDEXERCISES Putin too or either. I'm happy. T'm not hungry. I'm going out. It rained on Saturday. Jenny can’t drive’ car. I don't like shopping, I'm happy .120... Tm not hungry I'm going out . Ir rained on Sunday .... ‘She can't ride a bicycle I don't like shopping . Mauwsune Jane's mother is a teacher. ‘Her father is a teacher. Answer with So... 1(Soam1/Sodo|/Socantetc,), I went to bed late last night. T'm thirsty. I've just had dinner. inced a holiday. Il be late comorrow. I was very tired this morning. auaune Answer with Neither. Tcan't go to the party. I didn’t phone Alex last night. Thaven't got any money. T’m not going out tomorrow. Tdon’t know what to do. RScnxu ‘You,are talkingto Maria. Write true sentences about yourself. Where possible, use So ... | or Nelther... 1, Look a these examples carefully: Tard) yorcanaswer > Gratien aeons 1 T'm learning English. 2 Tean ride a bieycle. 3 Tm not American. 4 Tike : 5 I don’t like cold weather. 6 Tleptrwel last night. 7 T've never been to Scotland. 8 | don’t write letters very often. 9 | Pin going out tomorrow evening. 10 Thaven't got a headache. 1 Ididn’t watch TV last night, 12 Toften go to the cinema. pyisn’t haven’t don’t etc. (negatives) A We use not (u's) in negative sentences: positive —> negative am am not ('m not) Pm not tired. is is not (isn’t or’s not) Irisn't (or Irs not) raining. are are not (aren't or ‘re not) ‘They aren't (or They're not) here. was was not (wasn’t) Julian wasn’t bungry. were were not (weren't) The shops weren’t open. have have not (haven't) Uhaven’t finished my work. : has has not (hasn't) Sue hasn’t got a car. will will not (won't) ‘We won'tbe here tomorrow: can cannot (can’t) George can’t drive, could could not (couldn’s) I couldn’t sleep last night. ‘must must not (mustn't) I mtustn’t forget to phone Ann. should should not (shouldnt) You shouldn’t work so hard. would — would not (wouldn’t) Twouldn’t like to be an actor. B dou't/doosn’t/didn’t T/we/you/they do not (don’t) he/she/it does not (doesn’t) Past simple negatives U/they/he/she (etc,) did not (didn’t) work/live/go ete Present simple negative: work/live/go ete positive —> negative want to go out. —} I don’t want to go out. ‘They work hard. — They don’t work hard. Lit plays the guitar. ~» Liz doesn’t play the guitar ‘My father likes his job. —° My father doesn’t like his job. I got up carly this morning, > I didn’t get up early this morning, They worked hard yesterday. —> They didn’t work hard yesterday. ‘We played tennis, —» We didn't play tennis. Diane hada bath, —> Diane didn't have a bath. Don’t... Look! — Don't look! Wait for. — Don’t wait for me. Sometimes do is the main verb (don’t do / doesn’t do / didn’t do); Do something! ~> Don*t-do-anything! Sue does x lot at weekends, + Sue doesn’t do much at weekends, I did what you said. — I didn't do what you said. 2 (92] presen simple naga pastsimple negative => ITER] Why ien't/don't 2 => INNES423 EXERCISES Make these sentences negative. 1 He's gone away. _! 2 They'e married, .. 5 We'll be late. 3 I've had dinner. 6 You should go. .. Make these sentences negative. Use don'i/doesn’Y/didn’t. 4 It's cold today, 1 She sawme. .Shedidn’t see me... 4 He lives here. 2 Llike cheese. ... me 5 Go awayl a 3. They understood. _. 6 I did the shopping. Make these sentences negative. 1 Shecan swim. She can't swim. 6 He'll be pleased. 2 They've arrived. 7 Phone me tonight. 3. Lwent to the bank. 8 Icrained yesterday. 4 He speaks German. 9 [could hear them. ...... 5. We were angry. 10 Tbelieve you. .. Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn'/haven'Vdon’t etc). 1 They aren't rich. They haven't... got much money. 2 ‘Would ‘you like something to eat?” ‘No, thank you. I at .. find my glasses. Have you seen them? .- hungry! i hee sosisussssan Weite letters very often. He prefers to use the phone. 5 We san wal to de sation from ete, It meme YY fa 6 "Where's jill? ‘T ve know. I wnnmon S@0n beer today? 7 Be carefill ...cosoe snes fall 8 We went to the cinema last night. 1... -... ike the film very much. 9 I've been to Spain many times but I been to Portugal. 10 Julia... ~ be here tomorrow, She's Boing away. 11 "Who broke that window? ‘Not me, T sjcenensne-n d0 it? 12. We didn’t see what happened. We ...... “looking at the time. ‘You ask Gary some questions. His answers are always ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Write sentences about Gary, positive ornegative. ‘Are you married? Do you live in London? ‘Were you born in London? Do you like London? ‘Would you like to live in the country? Can you drive? Have you gota car? Do you read newspapers? ‘Are you interested in politics? Do you watch TV most evenings? ‘Did you watch TV last night? Did you go out last night? 193)have you... ? .? etc. do they (questions 1) A positive: GBH [JRF] You are cating. —— 4 question: (ARE YG) Are you eating? What are you eating? In questions, the first verb (is/are/have etc:) is before the subject: positive question subject + verb verb + subject I amate. ~$ Am Ilate? That seat is free 4 Is that seat free? She was angry. > Whywas she angry? David has gone. ~ Where has David gone? You have got a car. 4+ Have you gota ci? They willbeheresoon, -+ Whenwill they be here? can swim. 8 Can Paula swim? Be careful with word order: the subject is after the first verb: © Where has David gone? (not ‘Where has gone David?’) ® Are those people waiting for something? (not ‘Are waiting ... ?') @ When was the telephone invented? (not "When was invented ... ?’ Bo do... ?/ does ...?/did...? Pritt simple question: 4 20 Vwelyou/they | work/tive/eo ete Past simple questions: did you/she/they (et) work/live/go etc. tple quest f ‘go positive question They work hard. Do they work hard? ‘You watch television, How often do you watch television? Chris works hard. Does Chris work hard? ‘She gets up carly. ‘What time does she get up? They worked bard. Did they work hard? ‘You had dinner. What did you have for dinner? She got up early. ‘What time did she get up? Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do / did he do etc): © What do you usually do at weekends? © “What does your brother do?" ‘He works in a bank! © “broke my finger last week’ ‘How did you do that?” (not ‘How did you that?’} Co why isn't ... 2 / Why don’t ... ? etc. (Why + negative): @ Where's John? Why isn’t he here? (not Why he isn’t here?’) © Why can’t Paula come to the meeting tomorrow? (not ‘Why Paula can't ... ”) © Why didn’t you phone me last night? vid tyve uct 233 [oa] PE simple questions => [IIR past simple questions => what/which/how ... ?=>BA EXERGISES Write questions. Tecan swim. (and you?) I work hard. (and Jim?) Iwas late this morning. (and you?) I've gota key. (and Ann?) I'll be here tomorrow. (and you?) V'm going out this evening. (and Paul?) Like my job. {and you?) ive near here. (and Linda?) Lenjoyed my holiday. {and you?) Thad a shower this morning. (and you?) You are talking to a friend ebout driving, Write the full questions. Becovusamsene 0 (have / a car?) (use /alot?) .... {use / yesterday?) (enjoy driving?) (a good driver?) (ever / have / an accident?) ausune Put the words in the right order. All the sentences are questions. 1 (has / gone / where / David?) Where has David. gone? 2 (working / Rachel /is / today?) .!5 Rachel working to 3 (the children / what / are / doing?) What 4 (made / is / how / cheese?) 5. (to the party / coming / is / your sister?) 6 (you/ the truth / tell / don't / why?) 7 (your guests / have / yet / arrived?) 8 (leave / what time / your train / does?) 9 (your car / in the accident / was / damaged?) 10 (to work / Ann / why / go/ didn't?) Complete the questions. I want to go out, Ann and Paul aren't going to the party. T'm reading. Sue went to bed early. My parents are going on holiday. I met Tom a few days ago. ‘Tina has gone away. can't come to the party. I need some money. Angela doesn't like me. trains sometimes, I did the shopping, [95]Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) Sylvia saw Paul, Who saw Paul? Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.) Who did Sylvia see? Paul. (She saw Paul.) | Who!) did sylvia see? (Witte) saw Paul § Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.) Paul. (She saw Paul.) ‘who’ is the subject ‘who’ is the object ‘Pan’ is the object ‘Sylvia’ is the subject B in chese questions, who/what is the subject: © Who lives in this house? (= somebody lives in it ~ who?) (not "Who does live?) © What happened? (= something happened ~ what?) (ot “What did happen) © What's happening? (Whats = What is) © Who's got my key? (Who's = Who has) In these questions, who/what is the object: ® Who did you meet yesterday? (= you met somebody who?) © What did Paul say? (= Paul said something — what?) © Who are yon phoning? © What was Sylvia wearing? Compare: © George likes oranges. > Who likes oranges? — George. What does George like? — Oranges. © Jil won some money. —> Who won some money? — Jill. What did Jill win? — A hundred pounds. € Use who for people (somebody). Use what for things, ideas ec. (something): © Who is your favourite singer? © What is your favourite song? 196] questions => IEEE what/which/bow => FE~ 442 44.3 Make questions with who or what. In these questions, who/what is the subject. Somebody broke the window. Who broke the window? Something fell offthe shelf. |_| Waar Somebody wants to see you A Somebody took my umbrella, Something made me ill. Somebody is coming. aueuUNe Maké questions with who or what (subject or object) 1 Thought something, | _{ What did. you buy? 2'| Somebody lives in this house. Who lives in this house? 3 I phoned somebody. 4 | Something happened last night. i 5. | Somebody knows the answer, ar 6 | Somebody did the washing-up. ee : 7 Jill did something. 8 Something woke me up. z eas 9| Somebody saw the accident : 10 saw somebody. gi ore 1 Somebody has got my pen 12 | ‘This word means something ‘You want the missing information (XXXXX), Write questions with whe or what, 1 | Tost XXXX yesterday bur fortunately What did. you lose? found it and gave it back to me 2 | XXXXX phoned me last night. She wanted | = ¥ 3 He said XXXXX. 4 | Uhear that XXXXX gor married last week. XXXXX told me. 5 | Vinee XXXXX on my way home this needed some advice, s0 | asked XXX ] evening. She told me XXXXX | Steve and I played tennis yesterday won. After the game we XXX. Te was my birthday last week and I had some presents, XXXXX gave me a book and Catherine gave me XXXXX.