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Objectives
The objective of this lab was to use the Thevenin and Norton equation in circuits, to use the idea
of super position, and to find the maximum power.
Measured (V)
vs1
9.99
vs2
4.99
Calculated
(V)
v2
4.356
N
o M
R mi ea
es na sur
ist l ed
or (k (k
)
)
.
R 1.
97
0
a
5
R 1.
1.3
3
b
R 3. 3.8
9
5
c
R 4. 4.2
3
3
d
2
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
0
Ra
Rb
Rc
1
v
v
1
1
s1 s 2
Ra Rc
Ra Rb Rc
v2
v2
vs1 vs 2
Ra Rc
1
1
1
Ra Rb Rc
ia
Calculated
(mA)
5.778
ib
2.43
ic
5.97
ia
v1 v2 vs1 v2
Ra
Ra
ib
v2 v3 v 2 v s 2
Rc
Rc
ic ib
v2 vs1 v2 v2 vs 2
0
Ra
Rb
Rc
v1 v3
v v
ib s1 s 2
Rd
Rd
vs1 energized
Calculated
(V)
v2,vs
Calculated
(V)
v2,vs
4.986
vs1 andvs2
energized
Calculated
(V)
vs2 energized
-.6308
vs1 energized
v
2
v2 v2,vs1 v2,vs 2
ia ia ,vs1 ia ,vs 2
ib ib ,vs1 ib ,vs 2
4.3552
ic ic ,vs1 ic ,vs 2
vs1 andvs2
energized
Calculated
(mA)
vs2 energized
Calculated
(mA)
Calculated
(mA)
ia,vs1
5.128
ia,vs2
.646
ia
5.774
ib,vs1
1.296
ib,vs2
1.1322
ib
2.4282
ic,vs1
3.65
ic,vs2
2.3118
ic
5.95
Measured values
vs2 energized
(V)
vs1 energized
(V)
v2,vs1
v2,vs2
4.99
-.631
Measured values
vs2 energized
(mA)
vs1 energized
(mA)
4.36
vs1 and vs2
energized (mA)
ia,vs1
5.11
ia,vs2
.64
ia
5.75
ib,vs1
1.29
ib,vs2
1.12
ib
2.42
ic,vs1
3.64
ic,vs2
2.3
ic
5.95
v2,vs
1
v2,vs
1
4
(mA)
ia,vs
1
ib,vs
1
ic,vs
5.128
1.296
3.65
(mA)
ia,vs
2
ib,vs
2
ic,vs
2
(mA)
ia,vs
.646
ib,vs
1.1322
ic,vs
2.3118
5.11
1.29
3.64
4.3552
(mA)
ia,vs
.64
ib,vs
1.12
ic,vs
2.3
% Error
4.36
.1
% Error
ia
5.778
5.75
.1
ib
2.43
2.42
.1
ic
5.97
5.95
.1
We created the circuit below and selected resistors then measured voltage across the
circuit.
R1
Expected value
(k)
1
R3
Resistor
Supply voltage
vs
Specified value
(V)
15
Measured value
(V)
14.99
R1
Nominal
value
(k)
.975
Measured
value
(k)
.975
R2
R3
Resist
or
Resist
or
Rth
Expect
ed
value
(k)
1.6554
Measur
ed
value
(k)
1.643
Measured
value
in Step 7
(Figure 2)
RL
(k)
vL
(V)
iL
(mA)
Expected
value
Measured
value
% difference
voc (V)
10.077
10.08
.1
isc
(mA)
6.087
6.07
.2
Rth R1 // R2 R3
Measured value
RL (k)
9.88
vL (V)
8.64
iL (mA)
.87
Measured
value
in Step 11
(Figure 3)
9.88
9.88
8.64
8.64
.87
.87
%
Difference
0
0
0
Measured Measured
values
values
%
in Step 4
in Step 9 Difference
(Figure 2) (Figure 3)
created
the circuit below, assembled the
vWe
oc
10.08
current source out of10.07
an opp amp. .1
(V)
isc
(mA
6.07
6.14
.2
)
Resisto
r
Rs
Expected
(k)
vs / isc
2.5
Measured
(V)
v
s
14.6
isc
Nominal
value
(k)
2.4
Measured
value
(k)
2.379
Measured in part B
(mA)
Measured
(mA)
6.14
6.15
7
Expected value
Measured value
% difference
voc (V)
9.815
10.07
isc (mA)
5.93
6.13
voc (V)
RL (k)
isc (mA)
vL (V)
iL (mA)
Measured values in
Step value
4 Part B
Measured
in Step
7 Part B
10.08
9.88
6.07
8.64
.87
Measured values in
Step
6 Part
C
Measured
value
in Step
8 Part C
10.07
9.83
6.13
8.64
.87
% Difference
% Difference
1
1
2
0
0
We set up the circuit below, and used the Norton and Thevenin resistances to find the value of
the resistance across RL.
Rth/10
Expected
Load
Setting
R(mW)
(k)
L
Pmax.1643 15.43
voltage vL
(V)
.920
Power PL
(mW)
5.15
Rth/8
.2053
1.126
6.14
Rth /5
.3286
1.682
8.609
Rth/4
.41075
2.026
9.99
Rth/2
.8215
3.37
13.82
Rth
1.643
5.06
15.5
Rth * 1.5
2.4645
6.06
14.9
Rth * 2
3.286
6.74
13.8
Rth * 3
4.929
7.62
11.78
Rth * 4
6.572
8.08
9.934
RL Rn Rth
Pmax
i
Rth sc
2
v
v2
RL oc oc
4 Rth
2 Rth
Discussion
I would start by measuring the voltage across the open terminals with a known load
resistor, instead of using no load resistor so we dont short the circuit. We will then use this
value Vth, to calculate the current output. As long as we keep in mind what load resistance
we used we can do the calculations.
Conclusion
In this lab we got to derive the Thevenin and Nortons equivalent circuits, verify the max
power, and learn about superposition. All of our measure values were close to the expected
values so we did not have too much error in our results or processes. The most difficult part of
this lab was setting up the Demo box correctly, in order to not short the box. After this lab I have
a better understanding of circuits, and the relationship between their elements.