He158c Experimental Manual PDF

SOLTEQ
EQUIPMENT FOR ENGINEERING EDUCATION
EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL
HEAT EXCHANGER
TRAINING
APPARATUS
MODEL: HE158C
SOLUTION ENGINEERING SDN. BHD.

NO.3, JALAN TPK 2/4, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KINRARA,
47100 PUCHONG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, MALAYSIA.
TEL: 603-80758000 FAX: 603-80755784
E-MAIL: solution@solution.com.my
WEBSITE: www.solution.com.my
236-0510-HE
Table of Contents
Page
List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... i
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1
2.2
Description and Assembly .................................................................................................. 2

Experimental Capabilities ................................................................................................... 5
2.3
Process Instruments ........................................................................................................... 5
2.4
Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................................. 6
2.5
General Requirements ........................................................................................................ 6
3.0 INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING.. .. 7

3.1
Installation procedures ....... ..7
3.2
Commissioning procedures..7
4.0 SUMMARY OF THEORY

4.1
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger ............................................................................................ 8
4.2
4.3
Spiral Heat Exchanger ...................................................................................................... 17

Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger....................................................................... 17
4.4
Plate Heat Exchanger ....................................................................................................... 18
5.0 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES .................................................................................. 21

5.1 General Start-up Procedures ............................................................................................ 21
5.2
General Shut-down Procedures ....................................................................................... 21
6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

6.1 Experiment 1.A: Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger. ................................... 22
6.2
Experiment 1.B: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger............................................. 24
6.3
Experiment 2.A: Counter-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger ................................................ 26
6.4
6.5
Experiment 2.B: Co-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger ........................................................ 27

Experiment 3.A: Counter-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger........................................ 28
6.6
Experiment 3.B: Co-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger ................................................ 29
6.7
Experiment 4.A: Counter-Current Plate Heat Exchanger ................................................. 30
6.8
Experiment 4.B: Co-Current Plate Heat Exchanger ......................................................... 31
7.0 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................... 32

8.0 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 32
9.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 33
APPENDIX A: EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS
APPENDIX C: HEAT EXCHANGER CALCULATION DATA
APPENDIX D: RESULTS SUMMARY
APPENDIX E: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
APPENDIX F: TEMPERATURE SENSOR CALIBRATION
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1
Schematic Diagram for Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus

(Model: HE 158 C)
Figure 2a
Temperature profile for a parallel-flow heat exchanger
Figure 2b
Temperature profile for a counter-flow heat exchanger
Figure 2c
Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger
Figure 3
Single pass flow plate heat exchanger diagram
20
List of Tables
Page
Table 1
Valves Arrangement for Flow Selection
Table 2
Valves Arrangement for Heat Exchanger Selection
ii
SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model: HE 158C) has been
designed to allow students to get familiarized with different kinds of heat exchangers and to
collect the necessary experimental data for the calculation of heat losses, heat transfer
coefficient, log mean temperature difference, etc. Students will also be able to study the
effect of flow rate on the heat transfer rate. The students may apply this knowledge to
complex industrial heat exchangers.
The unit comes with four different types of heat exchangers and two stainless steel sump
tanks for hot and cold water source. The hot tank is fitted with an 11.5 kW immersion type
heater that is protected against possible over heating. Each tank has a centrifugal pump
capable of delivering the required 10 LPM of water. The pumps are protected from dry-run
by electronic level switches installed.
All necessary electronic sensors are fitted at suitable locations for measuring the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water, and also the flow rates of the hot and cold
water streams. Digital indicators are provided on the control panel for students to read the
appropriate data. The unit comes with non-corroding type of piping and fittings including all
necessary regulating valves.
Upon request, an optional data acquisition system can be provided with the unit which
includes personal computer, electronic signal conditioning system, stand alone data
acquisition modules and Windows based software for data collection and manipulation.
The four heat exchangers supplied with the unit are:
a) Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
b) Spiral Heat Exchanger
c) Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger
d) Plate Heat Exchanger
2.0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1
Description and Assembly

The SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model: HE 158C) consists
of mainly the following items.
a) Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Tube O.D. (do)
Tube I.D. (di)
Tube Length (L)
Tube Count (Nt)
Tube Pitch (pt)
Tube arrangement
Shell O.D.
Shell I.D. (Ds)
Baffle Count
Baffle Cut (Bc)
Baffle Distance (lB)
Material of Construction
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
9.53 mm
7.75 mm
500 mm
10 (single pass)
18 mm
Triangle
100 mm
85 mm
8
20 %
50 mm
316L Stainless Steel/Borosilicate Glass
b) Spiral Heat Exchanger

Coil Tubing O.D.
Coil Tubing I.D.
Coil Length (L)
Shell O.D.
Coil I.D.
Coil O.D.
Shell I.D. (Ds)
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
9.53 mm
7.05 mm
5.00 m
100 mm
34 mm
44 mm
85 mm
316L Stainless Steel/Borosilicate
c) Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger

Tube O.D. (do)
: 33.40 mm
: 26.64 mm
Tube I.D. (di)
Length (L)
: 500 mm
Shell O.D.
: 100 mm
Shell I.D. (Ds)
: 85 mm
: 316L Stainless Steel/Borosilicate Glass
d) Plate Heat Exchanger
Nominal Surface
Plate Material
No.of plates
Plate length
Plate channel
Plate width
:
:
:
:
:
:
0.50 m2
316L stainless steel/copper brazed
4
309.88 mm
43.18 mm
124.46 mm
e) Cold Water Circuit

Tank
:
Material
:
Circulation Pump :
Operating Flow rate :
f)
Hot Water Circuit

Tank
:
Material
:
Circulation Pump :
Operating Flow rate :
Heating System
:
50 liter
Stainless Steel
Centrifugal type
10 LPM (dry-run protected by level switch)
50 liter
Stainless Steel
Centrifugal type
20 LPM (dry-run protected by level switch)
11.5 kW immersion type heater protected by
temperature controller and level switch
g) Instrumentations
Measurements of inlet and outlet temperatures for hot water and cold water
streams
Measurements of flow rates for the hot water and cold water circuits
h) Control Panel
To mount all the necessary digital indicators, temperature controller and all
switches
To house electrical components and wirings
To house all the necessary data acquisition modules and signal conditioning
unit
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model: HE 158 C)
2.2
Experimental Capabilities
Energy Balance for Heat Exchangers
Temperature Profiles in Co-current
2.3
Process Instruments
It is important that the user read and fully understand all the instructions and
precautions stated in the manufacturer's manuals supplied with the unit prior to
operating. The following procedures serve as a quick reference for operating the
unit.
a) Temperature Controller
The first line displays the liquid temperature in the tank while the second line
displays the set value. Adjust the set value as follows:
Press the ENT button, and then press UP or DOWN arrow key continuously
until almost near the desired set value.
Press UP or DOWN arrow key one by one until desired set value is reached.
Notice that the least digit point is flashing.
Press ENT to register the data. Notice that the least digit point goes off.
b) Valve Arrangements
Table 1: Valves Arrangement for Flow Selection
CoCurrent
OPEN
V1, V12, V16, V17,
V28
CLOSE
V15, V18, V27,
V29, V30
LEAVE ALONE
V2, V3, V4 - V11,
V13, V14, V19 - V26
CounterCurrent
V1, V12, V15, V18,

V28
V16, V17, V27,

V29, V30
V2, V3, V4 V11,

V13, V14, V19 V26
Table 2: Valves Arrangement for Heat Exchanger Selection
OPEN
Shell & Tube Heat
Exchanger
Spiral Heat
Exchanger
Concentric Heat
Exchanger
Plate Heat
Exchanger
V4, V5, V19, V20

V6, V7, V21, V22
V8, V9, V23, V24
V10, V11, V25, V26
CLOSE
V6 - V11, V21 - V26
V4, V5, V8 - V11, V19, V20,
V23 - V26
V4 - V7, V10, V11, V19 V22, V25, V26
V4 - V9, V19 - V24
Valve V3 : to vary hot water flowrate

Valve V14 : to vary cold water flowrate
Valve V2 and V13
: Flow bypass for water pump. These valves should be
partially opened all the time. If the water flowrates are
not stable, reduce the bypass.
c) Flow Measurements
FT1: Hot water flowrate
FT2: Cold water flowrate
The flowrates are digitally displayed in LPM.
d) Temperature Measurements
i)
Counter-Current
TT1: Hot water inlet temperature
TT2: Hot water outlet temperature
TT3: Cold water inlet temperature
TT4: Cold water outlet temperature
ii) Co-Current
TT1: Hot water inlet temperature
TT2: Hot water outlet temperature
TT3: Cold water outlet temperature
TT4: Cold water inlet temperature
e) Operating Limits
Temperature
2.4
Overall Dimensions
Height :
Width :
Depth :
2.5
: max. 70 C
1.60 m
2.00 m
0.60 m
General Requirements
Electrical
:
Cooling water :
415VAC/50Hz (3 phase) @ 50Amps

Laboratory tap water, 20 LPM @ 2 m head
Drainage point
3.0
INSTALLATIONS AND COMMISIONING

3.1
Installation Procedures
1. The unit must be placed on rigid and level floor that has adequate strength to
support its complete weight.
2. Connect the electrical socket 415-VAC/50Hz/3 phase power supply.
3. Connect hoses to the water supply and the drain ports.
3.2
Commissioning Procedures
1. Push the reset button on the Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) inside the
control panel after the main power supply is switched on. The ELCB should be
kicked off, indicating that the ELCB is functioning properly. If not, get a trained
electrician to inspect the electrical connection for any electrical leakage. The
ELCB should be tested at least once a month.
2. Ensure that all valves are closed.
3. Fill up water in the tank 1 and tank 2 by opening valves V27 and V28.
4. Switch on the main switch. All indicators should lit-up.
5. Check all temperature readings on the indicators. The measurements should
be closed to the surrounding temperature.
6. Switch on the water heater switch on the control panel and set the set point of
the temperature controller to 50C according to section 2.3 (a). Notice that the
water temperature in the hot water tank rises.
7. Set the valves to co-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger testing
arrangement according to Section 2.3 (b).
8. Switch on the hot and the cold water pump (Pump 1 and Pump 2) and set the
flowrates of both streams to 5 LPM by adjusting valves V3 and V14. Check
that both pumps are functioning well.
9. Read the water flowrate on the water flow indicators (FT1 and FT2) and check
that they are showing the correct readings.
10. Check all pipelines and Shell and tube Heat Exchangers and identify any
leakage. Fix the leaking if there is any. Then, proceed to check the other heat
exchangers.
11. Use the differential pressure transmitters (high range and low range) located
on the bench to measure the pressure drop across the heat exchangers. Read
the measurements on the indicators.
12. The unit is now ready for use.
SUMMARY OF THEORY
4.1
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Most chemical processes involve heat transfer to and from the process fluids. The
most commonly used heat-transfer equipment is the shell and tube heat exchanger.
If the fluids both flow in the same direction, as shown in Figure 2a, it is referred to
as a parallel-flow type; if they flow in the opposite directions, a counterflow type.
Fluid Temp.
4.0
T1
T2
T2
T1
t1, mt
t2
t2
t1
Heat Transfered
T1, ms
Figure 2a: Temperature profile for a parallel-flow heat exchanger.
Figure 2b: Temperature profile for a counterflow heat exchanger.
Figure 2c: Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger.
T2
Heat Balance
For a parallel-flow shell and tube heat exchanger with one tube pass and one shell
pass shown in Figure 2a, the heat balance is given as:
mtCpt (t2 - t1) = msCps(T1 - T2) = q
(1)
Similarly, for the counterflow shell and tube heat exchanger with one tube pass
and one shell pass shown in Figure 2b, the heat balance is given as:
mtCpt (t2 - t1) = msCps(T1 - T2) = q
where,
mt
ms
Cpt
Cps
t1, t2
T1, T2
q
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(2)
mass flowrate of cold fluid in the tube (kgs-1)

mass flowrate of hot fluid in the shell (kgs-1)
specific heat of cold fluid in the tube (kJkg-1C-1)
specific heat of hot fluid in the shell (kJkg-1C-1)
temperature of cold fluid entering/leaving the tube (C)
temperature of hot fluid entering/leaving the shell (C)
heat exchange rate between fluid (kW)
Heat Transfer
The general equation for heat transfer across the tube surface in a shell and tube
heat exchanger is given by:
q = Uo Ao Tm = Ui AiTm
(3)
where,
Ao
Ai
Tm
Uo
=
=
=
=
Ui
outside area of the tube (m2)

inside area of the tube (m2)
mean temperature difference (C)
overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the outside area of the tube (kWm-2C-1)
overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the inside area of the tube (kWm-2C-1)
The coefficients Uo and Ui are given by:
1 1
1 d o ln(d o d i ) d o
d

o
Uo ho hod
2k w
d i hid d i hi
(4)
and,
d
d
1 1 1 d i ln(d o d i )

i i
U i h i h id
2k w
d o hod d o ho
(5)
where,
ho
hi
hod
hid
kw
do
di
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
outside fluid film coefficient (kWm-2C-1)

inside fluid film coefficient (kWm-2C-1)
outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor) (kWm-2C-1)
inside dirt coefficient (kWm-2C-1)
thermal conductivity of the tube wall material (kWm-1C-1)
tube outside diameter (m)
tube inside diameter (m)
The mean temperature difference for both parallel and counterflow shell and tube
heat exchanger with single shell pass and single tube pass is normally expressed
in terms of log-mean temperature difference,
Tlm
T1 T2
ln T1
T2
(6)
where, T1 and, T2 are as shown in Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b.

For a more complex heat exchanger, such as 1:2 heat exchanger (Fig. 2c), an
estimate of the true temperature difference is given by,
Tm = Ft Tlm
(7)
where Ft is the temperature correction factor as a function of two dimensionless

temperature ratios R and S:
(T1 T2 )
(t t )
and, S 2 1
( t 2 t1 )
(T1 t1 )
(8)
Having calculated R and S, then Ft is determined from the standard correction

factor figures. (Figure C.1 in Appendix C)
Tube-side Heat-transfer Coefficient, hi
For turbulent flow, Sieder-Tate equation can be used:

Nu C Re 0.8 Pr 0.33 ( f / w ) 0.14
where,
Re
Nu
Pr
=
=
=
Reynolds Number = f u t d e / f Gt d e / f
Nusselt Number = h i d e / k f
Prandtl Number = C p f / k f
de
=
=
=
equivalent (or hydraulic) diameter (m)

4 x (cross-sectional area of flow) / wetted perimeter
di for tubes
10
(9)
Gt
f
w
f
ut
Cp
C
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kf
mass velocity, mass flow per unit area (kg/ s.m2)

fluid viscosity of bulk fluid temperature (Nsm-2)
fluid viscosity at the wall (Nsm-2)
fluid density (kgm-3)
fluid velocity in tube (ms-1)
fluid specific heat, heat capacity (J/kgC)
0.023 for non-viscous liquids
0.027 for viscous liquids
Fluid thermal conductivity (W/mC)
For laminar flow (Re < 2000), the following correlation is used:
Nu 1.86(Re . Pr) 0.33 (d e / L ) 0.33 f w
0.14
where,
(10)
L = the tube length (m)
Tube-side Pressure Drop, Pt
The tube-side pressure drop is given by:
Pt N p 8 j f (L / d i ) w
where,
Pt
=
=
=
L
ut
m
=
=
=
=
Np
jf
2.5
2u
f
2
t
(11)
tube-side pressure drop (N/m2)

number of tube-side passes
tube dimensionless friction factor (Figure C.3 in Appendix
C)
length of one tube, (m)
tube-side velocity (m/s)
0.25 for laminar, Re < 2100
0.14 for turbulent, Re > 2100
Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient, hs (Kerns Method)
In order to determine the heat transfer coefficient for fluid film in shell, first
calculate the cross-sectional area of flow As for hypothetical row of tubes of the
shell as follows:
As ( pt d o )D s l B / pt
where,
do
pt
Ds
lB
=
=
=
=
(12)
tube outside diameter (m)

tube pitch (m)
shell inside diameter (m)
distance between baffle (m)
11
Then, the shell-side mass velocity, Gs and linear velocity, us are calculated as
follows::
where,
Gs
us
=
=
W s /A s
G s / f
Ws
f
=
=
Fluid flowrate on the shell-side (kg/s)

shell-side fluid density (kg/m3)
(13)
(14)
The shell equivalent diameter, de is given by:

de
4 ( p t2 d
do
1 . 27
do
2
t
2
o
/4)
0 . 785 d
2
o
(15)
(For square pitch arrangement)

1
p
4 t 0.87p t d o2 / 4
2
2
de
d o / 2
(16)
1.10 2
p t 0.917d o2
do
(For equilateral triangular pitch arrangement)
Thus, Reynolds number in shell is given by:

Re
=
=
Gs de / f
us de f / f
(17)
Baffle cut, Bc, is used to specify the dimensions of a segmental baffle. It is the
height of the segment removed to form the baffle, expressed as a percentage of
the baffle disc diameter.
Using this Reynolds number and given Bc value, the heat transfer factor, jh value is
determined from Figure C.4. Then, the heat transfer coefficient for fluid film in shell
is calculated from:
Nu hs d e / k f j h Re Pr 0.33 f w
0.14
12
(18)
Shell-side Pressure Drop, Ps (Kerns Method)
The shell-side pressure drop is given by:

Ps 8 j f (D s / d e )(L / l B )
u s2
2
w 0.14
(19)
where,
Ps
jf
lB
us
=
=
=
=
shell pressure drop (N/m2)

shell dimensionless friction factor from Figure C.5
distance between baffle (m)
shell-side velocity (m/s)
Shell-side Heat-transfer Coefficient, hs (Bells Method)
The shell-side heat transfer coefficient is given by:

hs hoc Fn Fw Fb FL
where,
hoc
Fn
Fw
Fb
FL
=
=
=
(20)
heat transfer coefficient calculated for cross-flow over an ideal

tube bank, no leakage or by-passing,
correction factor to allow for the effect of the number of
vertical tube rows,
window effect correction factor,
by-pass stream correction factor,
leakage correction factor.
The ideal cross-flow heat transfer coefficient hoc is given by,

h oc d o
j h Re Pr 0.33 ( f w ) 0.14
kf
where,
Re
=
=
(21)
Gs do/ f
us do f / f
Heat-transfer coefficient for an ideal cross-flow tube banks can be calculated using
the heat transfer factors, j h from Figure C.6 in Appendix C.
The correction factor Fn is determined as follows:
a)
For Re > 2000, turbulent, take Fn from Figure C.7
b)
For Re > 100 to 2000, transition region, take Fn = 1.0
c)
For Re < 100, laminar region, Fn (N c ) 0.18
where N c = numbers of rows crossed in series from end to end of the
shell.
13
The window correction factor Fw is plotted against Rw as shown in Figure C.8

where Rw is the ratio of the numbers of tubes in the window zones to the total
number in the bundle.
The by-pass correction factor Fb is,
A
13
(22)
Fb exp b 1 2N s / N cv for N s N cv / 2
As
where,
=
1.5 for laminar flow, Re < 100,
=
1.35 for transitional and turbulent flow Re > 100
clearance area between the bundle and the shell
Ab =
maximum area for cross-flow
As =
number of sealing strips encountered by the by-pass stream
Ns =
in the cross-flow zone
the number of constrictions, tube rows, encountered in the
Ncv =
cross-flow section.
If there is no sealing strips used, Fb is obtained from Figure C.9.

The leakage correction factor FL is,
FL 1 L Atb 2 Asb / AL
where
=
=
=
=
Atb
Asb
AL
(23)
a factor obtained from Figure C.10.

tube-to-baffle clearance area, per baffle,
shell-to-baffle clearance area, per baffle,
total leakage area, Atb + Asb
Shell-side Pressure Drop, Ps (Bells Method)
The total shell-side pressure drop is the sum of pressure drop in cross-flow and
window zones, determined separately.
The pressure drop in the cross-flow zones Pc between the baffle tips is calculated
from the correlations for ideal tube banks, and corrected for leakage and
bypassing.
Pc Pi FbFL
(24)
where,
Pi =
=
Ncv
pressure drop calculated for an equivalent ideal tube bank,

u s2
w 0.14
8 j f N cv
(25)
2
number of tube rows crossed (in the cross-flow region),
14
us
jf
Fb
FL
=
=
=
shell-side velocity, based on the clearance area As at the

bundle equator,
friction factor from Figure C.11 for Re calculated with us
by-pass correction factor,
leakage correction factor.
Calculate Fb from Equation 21 with = 5.0 for laminar region, Re < 100 and =
4.0 for transition and turbulent region, Re > 100. If no sealing strips used, take
Fb from Figure C.12.
Calculate FL from Equation 22 taking L from Figure C.13.
The window-zone pressure drop is,
Pw FL(2 0.6N wv ) u z2 2
(26)
where,
uz
geometric mean velocity, =
uw us
uw
Ws
Nwv
=
=
=
velocity in the window zone = Ws Aw ,

shell-side fluid mass flow (kg/s),
number of restrictions for cross-flow in window zone,
approximately equal to the number of tube rows.
The end-zone pressure drop is,
Pe Pi N wv N cv N cv Fb
(27)
Thus, the total shell-side pressure drop is the sum of pressure drops over all the
zones in series from inlet to outlet:
Ps 2(end zones) + (N b 1)(crossflow zones) + N b (window zones)

=2Pe (N b 1)Pc N b Pw
(28)
where,
Nb = number of baffles = (L/ lB 1)
(29)
Shell and Bundle Geometry
The shell and bundle geometry described below shall be used for calculating the
correction factors above.
where
Hc
Hb
baffle cut height = Bc x Ds, where Bc is the baffle cut as

a fraction,
height from the baffle chord to the top of the tube bundle,
15
Bb
b
Db
=
=
=
bundle cut = Hb / Db,

angle subtended by the baffle chord (rads),
bundle diameter
Subsequently,
H b Db / 2 Ds (0.5 Bc )
(30)
Ncv (Db 2H b ) / pt
(31)
Nwv H b / pt
(32)
where
pt
=
=
=
vertical tube pitch,

pt for square pitch,
0.87 pt for equilateral triangular pitch.
The number of tubes in a window zone Nw is given by:

N w N t Ra
(33)
where Ra can be obtained from Figure C.15, for the appropriate bundle cut, Bb.
The number of tubes in a cross-flow zone Nc is given by,
Nc=Nt 2 Nw
(34)
and
Rw=2 Nw / Nt
(35)
Aw R a ( D s2 4) N w ( d o2 4)
(36)
where Ra is obtained from Figure C.15 for the appropriate baffle cut, Bc.
Atb (c t d o 2) (N t N w )
(37)
where ct is the diametrical tube-to-baffle clearance, typically 0.8mm.

Asb (c s Ds 2) (2 b )
(38)
where cs is the baffle-to-shell clearance and b can be obtained from Figure C.15
for the appropriate baffle cut, Bc.
Ab=lB (Ds Db)
(39)
where lB is the baffle spacing.
16
4.2
Spiral Heat Exchanger
A Spiral Heat Exchanger is actually a form of concentric heat exchanger (Please

refer to Section 3.3), but coiled in such a way that the effectiveness of the heat
transfer is increased.
The correlation for forced convective heat transfer in conduits can be used to
predict the heat transfer coefficient in the annulus, with the following modification
of the equivalent diameter.
4 cross sec tional area
wetted perimeter
de =
(40)
2
2
2
4 d 3 d 2 d1
2
2
2
4
= d 3 d 2 d1
=
d 3 d 2 d 1
d 3 d 2 d 1
where,
4.3
=
=
=
d3
d2
d1
Shell Inside Diameter

Coil Inside Diameter
Coil Outside Diameter
Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger
A concentric (double pipe) heat exchanger is actually the simplest form of shell
and tube heat exchanger. The correlation for forced convective heat transfer in
conduits (Equation 39) can be used to predict the heat transfer coefficient in the
annulus, using the appropriate equivalent diameter:
de
4 x cross sec tional area

wetted perimeter
4 d 22 d12
4

d 2 d1
(41)
d 2 d1
where
d2
d1
=
=
inside diameter of the outer pipe

outside diameter of the inner pipe
17
4.4
Plate Heat Exchanger
Plate heat exchangers are used extensively in the food and beverage industries
due to the fact that they are easily taken apart for cleaning and inspection. Their
used in other industries will depend on the relative cost as compared to other types
of heat exchanger such as the shell and tube heat exchangers.
The general equation for heat transfer across a surface is:
Q = U A Tm
where,
Q =
U =
A =
Tm =
(42)
heat transfer per unit time, W

the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2C
heat transfer area, m2.
the mean temperature difference, the temperature driving force, C
For counter-current arrangement, the temperature difference correction factor Ft

will be close to 1. Therefore,
Tm = Tlm
(43)
where,
Tlm
Tlm
T1
T2
t1
t2
=
=
=
=
=
T1 t2 T2 t1
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1
(44)
log mean temperature difference

inlet hot water temperature
outlet hot water temperature
inlet cold water temperature
outlet cold water temperature
From heat balance,

Q = m Cp T
(45)
where,
m = mass flowrate of fluid in the plates (kgs-1)
Ct = specific heat of fluid in the plates (kJkg-1C-1)
T = temperature difference of fluid entering/leaving the plates (C)
One may use the equation for forced-convective heat transfer in conduits to the
plate heat exchangers by applying appropriate constant C and indices a, b, and c.
For the purpose of designing the exchanger, a typical equation as given below is
useful for making a preliminary estimate of the area required.
18
hpd e
kf
0.26 Re
0.65
Pr f
w
0.4
0.14
(46)
where,
hp = plate film coefficient.
Gd
Re p e
(47)
and
Pr
Cp
(48)
kf
where,
Gp =
=
Af =
de =
=
Cp =
mass flow rate per unit cross-sectional area

W/Af
cross-sectional area for flow
equivalent (hydraulic) diameter
twice the gap between the plates
fluid specific heat, heat capacity
The flow arrangement in a plate heat exchanger is much closer to true countercurrent flow than in a shell and tube heat exchanger. Therefore, the mean
temperature difference will generally be higher in a plate heat exchanger. For a
series arrangement the logarithmic mean temperature difference correction factor
Ft will be close to 1.
The plate pressure drop can be estimated using a form of the equation for flow in a
conduit:
Lp
Pp 8 j f
de
u p
(49)
where,
Lp = the path length
up = Gp/.
For preliminary calculations the following relationship can be used for turbulent
flow:
j f 1.25 Re 0.3
(50)
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow will normally occur at a Reynolds
number of 100 to 400, depending on the plate design.
With some designs, turbulence can be achieved at very low Reynolds numbers,
which makes plate heat exchangers very suitable for use with viscous fluid.
19
Figure 3: Single pass flow plate heat exchanger diagram
20
5.0
GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

5.1
General Start-up Procedures
1. Perform a quick inspection to make sure that the equipment is in a proper

working condition.
2. Be sure that all valves are initially closed, except V1 and V12.
3. Fill up hot water tank via a water supply hose connected to valve V27. Once
the tank is full, close the valve.
4. Fill up the cold-water tank by opening valve V 28 and leave the valve opened
for continues water supply.
5. Connect a drain hose to the cold water drain point.
6. Switch on main power. Switch on the heater for the hot water tank and set
point the temperature controller to 50 C.
Note: Recommended maximum temperature controller set point is 70 C
7. Allow the water temperature in the hot water tank to reach the set-point.
8. The equipment is now ready to be run.
5.2
General Shut-down Procedures
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switch off heater. Wait until the hot water temperature drops below 40C.
Switch off pump P1 and pump P2.
Switch off main power.
Drain off all water in the process lines. Retain water in the hot and cold water
tanks for next laboratory session.
5. Close all valves.
Note: If the equipment is not to be run for a long period, drain all water completely.
21
6.0
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
6.1
Experiment 1.A: Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water
enters the tubes in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and
cold water flow rates and record the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot
water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 4.1.

2. Switch the valves to counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
arrangement (Please refer to Section 2.3).
3. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
4. Open and adjust valves V3 and V14 to obtain the desired flowrates for hot
water and cold water streams, respectively.
5. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
6. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4.
7. Record pressure drop measurements for shell-side and tube-side for pressure
drop studies.
8. Repeat steps 4 to 7 for different combinations of flowrate FT1 and FT2 as in
the results sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2 after the completion of experiment.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
FT 2
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
FT 1
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
FT 2
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
22
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
Calculate the LMTD.
Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
Calculate the pressure drop and compare with the experimental result.
Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
23
6.2
Experiment 1.B: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
enters the tubes in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold
water flow rates and record the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water
and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to co-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger arrangement
(Please refer to Section 2.3).
4. If there is air trap in the shell-side, switch the valves to counter-current and
bleed the air with high water flowrate. Then switch the valves position back to
co-current position.
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
FT 2
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
FT 1
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
FT 2
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
24
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
4. Calculate the pressure drop and compare with the experimental result.
5. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
25
6.3
Experiment 2.A: Counter-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger
cold water flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of
both the hot water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to counter-current Spiral Heat Exchanger arrangement
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
FT 2
(LPM)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Assignments:
26
6.4
Experiment 2.B: Co-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger
water flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both
the hot water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to co-current Spiral Heat Exchanger arrangement (Please
refer to Section 2.3).
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
FT 2
(LPM)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Assignments:
27
6.5
Experiment 3.A: Counter-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger
cold water flow rates and record the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot
water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to counter-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
FT 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate the LMTD.
28
6.6
Experiment 3.B: Co-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger
water flow rates and record the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water
and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to co-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
FT 2
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate the LMTD.
29
6.7
Experiment 4.A: Counter-Current Plate Heat Exchanger
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature
while hot water enters the heat exchanger in the opposite direction. Students shall
vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and record the inlet and outlet
temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:

2. Switch the valves to counter-current Plate Heat Exchanger arrangement
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
FT 2
(LPM)
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate the LMTD.
30
6.8
Experiment 4.B: Co-Current Plate Heat Exchanger
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature
while hot water enters in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and
cold water flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of
both the hot water and cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:
2. Switch the valves to co-current Plate Heat Exchanger arrangement (Please
refer to Section 2.3).
drop studies.
the results sheet.
Results:
FT 1
(LPM)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
9.5
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
FT 1
(LPM)
FT 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
9.5
Assignments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate the LMTD.
31
7.0
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
1. Restore the system to operating conditions after any repair job.

2. Only properly trained personnel shall be allowed to carry out any servicing.
3. Before servicing, shut down the whole operation and let the system to cool down.
8.0
SAFETY PRECAUTION
1. The unit must be operated under the supervision of trained personnel.

2. All operating instructions supplied with the unit must be read and understood before
attempting to operate the unit.
3. Always check and rectify any leak.
4. Always make sure that the heater is fully immersed in the water.
5. Do not touch the hot components of the unit.
6. Be extremely careful when handling liquid at high temperature.
7. Always switch off the heater and allow the liquid to cool down before draining.
32
9.0
REFERENCES
Chopey, N.P. Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations (2nd Edition), McGraw-Hill,

1994.
Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. Chemical Engineering, Volume 1 (3rd Edition),
Pergamon Press, 1977.
Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. Chemical Engineering, Volume 6 (Revised 3rd
Edition), Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
Kern, D.Q. Process Heat Transfer (Intl Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. and Maloney, J.O. Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook (6th
Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1984.
33
APPENDIX A
EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHEETS
Experiment 1.A: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
Experiment 1.B: Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
DPT1
(mmH2O)
DPT2
(mmH2O)
Experiment 2.A: Co-Current Helical Coil Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Experiment 2.B: Counter-Current Helical Coil Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
Experiment 3.A: Co-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Experiment 3.B: Counter-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
Experiment 4.A: Co-Current Plate Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
TT 3
(C)
TT 4
(C)
Experiment 4.B: Counter-Current Plate Heat Exchanger
FI 1
(LPM)
FI 2
(LPM)
TT 1
(C)
TT 2
(C)
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
Table B.1: Conversion Factors for Single Terms
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Btu (thermochemical)
Calorie (thermochemical)
Foot lbf
Foot poundal
Kilowatt hour
Watt hour
Energy
Joule
Joule
Joule
Joule
Joule
Joule
1054.35026448
4.184
1.3558179
0.042140110
3.6 x 106
3600
Dyne
Kilogram force (kgf)
Ounce force (avoirdupois)
Pound force, lbf (avoirdupois)
Poundal
Force
Newton
Newton
Newton
Newton
Newton
1.0 x 10-5
9.80665
0.27801385
4.44822161526
0.1382549543
Angstrom
Foot
Inch
Micron
Mil
Mile (U.S state)
Yard
Length
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
1.0 x 10-10
0.3048
0.0254
1.0 x 10-6
2.54 x 10-5
1609.344
0.9144
Gram
Kgf second2 meter
Lbm (avoirdupois)
Ounce mass (avoirdupois)
Ton (long)
Ton (metric)
Ton (short, 2000 pound)
Mass
Kilogram
Kilogram
Kilogram
Kilogram
Kilogram
Kilogram
Kilogram
1.0 x 10-3
9.80665
0.45359237
0.028349523
1016.0469
1000
907.18474
Celcius
Fahrenheit
Temperature
Kelvin
Celcius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
Kelvin
Celcius
Rankine
Kelvin
K = C + 273.15
5
C = ( F 32 )
9
5
C = ( F 459.67 )
9
5
C=
F 273.15
9
5
C= R
9
Table B.2: Conversion Factors for Compound Terms
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Foot/ second2
Inch/second2
Acceleration
Meter/ second2
Meter/ second2
0.3048
0.0254
Gram/ centimeter
Lbm/ foot3
Slug/ foot3
Density
Kilogram/ meter3
Kilogram/ meter3
Kilogram/ meter3
1000
16.018463
515.379
Btu/ foot2 hour

*Calories/ second
Watt/ centimeter2
Energy/ Area-Time
Watt/ meter3
Watt/ meter3
Watt/ meter3
3.1524808
697.33333
10000
Btu/ second
Calories/ second
Foot lbf/ second horsepower
(5550 ft lbf/ second)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
Power
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
1054.3502644
4.184
1.3558179
745.69987
746.00
735.499
Atmosphere
Bar
Milimeter of mercury (0C)
Centimeter of water (4C)
Dyne/ centimeter2
Kgf/ centimeter2
Lbf/ inch2 (psi)
Pascal
Torr (0C)
Pressure
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
Newton/ meter2
1.01325 x 105
1.0 x 105
133.322
98.0638
0.100
98066.5
6894.7572
1.00
133.322
Foot/ second
Kilometer/ hour
Knot (international)
Mile/ hour (U.S state)
Speed
Meter/ second
Meter/ second
Meter/ second
Meter/ second
0.3048
0.27777778
0.51444444
0.44704
Btu inch/ foot2 Second-F

Btu/ food-hour F
Thermal Conductivity
Joule/ meter-second-K
Joule/ meter-second-K
518.87315
1.7295771
Table B.3: Conversion Factors for Compound Terms (Continued)
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Centipoises
Centistoke
Foot2/ second
Lbm/ food-second
Lbf second/ foot2
Poise
Poundal second/ ft2
Slug/ foot-second
Stoke
Viscosity
Newton second/ meter2
Meter2/ second
Meter2/ second
Meter2/ second
1.0 x 10-3
1.0 x 10-6
0.09290304
1.4881639
47.880258
0.10
1.4881639
47.880258
1.0 x 10-4
Fluid ounce (U.S)

Foot3
Gallon (British)
Gallon (U.S dry)
Gallon (U.S liquid)
Liquid (H2O at 4C)
Liter (SI)
Pint (U.S liquid)
Quart (U.S liquid)
Yard3
Volume
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
Meter3
2.95735295 x 10-5
0.0283168465
4.546087 x 10-3
4.40488377 x 10-3
3.78541178 x 10-3
1.000028 x 10-3
1.0 x 10-3
4.73176473 x 10-4
9.4635295 x 10-4
0.764554857
Table B.4: Heat Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, SI Units
T (C)
T (K)
(kg/m3)
cp (kJ/kg.K)
k (W/m.K)
NPr
0.0
273.2
999.6
4.229
0.5694
13.3
x 103
(Pa.s)
1.786
15.6
288.8
998.0
4.187
0.5884
8.07
1.131
26.7
299.9
996.4
4.183
0.6109
5.89
0.860
37.8
311.0
994.7
4.183
0.6283
4.51
0.682
65.6
338.8
981.9
4.187
0.6629
2.72
0.432
93.3
366.5
962.7
4.229
0.6802
1.91
0.3066
121.1
394.3
943.5
4.271
0.6836
1.49
0.2381
148.9
422.1
917.9
4.312
0.6836
1.22
0.1935
204.4
477.6
858.6
4.522
0.6611
0.950
0.1384
260.0
533.2
784.9
4.982
0.6040
0.859
0.1042
315.6
588.8
679.2
6.322
0.5071
1.07
0.0862
APPENDIX C
HEAT EXCHANGER CALCULATION DATA
Figure C.1: Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube passes
Figure C.2: Tube side heat transfer factors
Figure C.3: Tube side friction factors.
Figure C.4: Shell side heat transfer factors, segmental baffles.
Figure C.5: Shell side friction factors, segmental baffles.
Figure C.6: Heat transfer factors for cross-flow tube banks.
Figure C.7: Tube row correction factor, Fn
Figure C.8: Window correction factor, Fw
Figure C.9: Bypass correction factor, Fb.
Figure C.10: Coefficient for FL, heat transfer.
Figure C.11: Friction factors for cross-flow tube banks.
Figure C.12: Bypass factor for pressure drop, Fb.
Figure C.13: Coefficient for FL, pressure drop.
Figure C.14: Baffle and tube geometry
Figure C.15: Baffle geometrical factors
APPENDIX D
RESULTS SUMMARY
Experiment 1.A: Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

TYPICAL CHEMICAL DATA
Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR SHELL AND TUBE (Counter-Current)

Fixed Hot water flow rate at 10 LPM
TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
Hot fluid (Tube): Water

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.9
9.8
0.1647
0.1647
0.1647
0.1630
0.1614
Inlet temp
50.8
50.8
51.0
51.4
51.2
Outlet temp
48.6
47.9
47.6
47.4
47.1
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1512.74
1994.06
2337.87
2722.93
2762.81
Pressure drop
mmH2O
420.00
420.00
412.00
407.00
388.00
Cold fluid (Shell): Water

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
2.0
3.8
5.6
7.3
9.1
0.0332
0.0631
0.0929
0.1211
0.1510
Inlet temp
31.2
30.4
30.3
30.2
30.2
Outlet temp
40.7
37.3
35.8
34.9
34.3
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1318.88
1820.06
2137.98
2381.62
2589.87
Pressure drop
mmH2O
35.50
116.30
238.40
400.20
over
Temp difference
Hot side inlet T, T1
50.8
50.8
51
51.4
51.2
Hot side outlet T, T2
48.6
47.9
47.6
47.4
47.1
Cold side inlet T, t1
31.2
30.4
30.3
30.2
30.2
Cold side outlet T, t2
40.7
37.3
35.8
34.9
34.3
T log mean, Tlm
13.42
15.41
16.23
16.85
16.00
Heat Loss
193.86
174.01
199.89
341.31
172.95
Efficiency
87.18
91.27
91.45
87.47
93.74
C
C
C
C
Overall heat transfer coeff

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
752.97
864.22
962.41
1079.66
1153.50
Exchanger layout
Tube
Shell
Length of tubes
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Tube ID
mm
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
Tube OD
mm
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
Tube pitch
mm
18
18
18
18
18
Tube surface area
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
10
10
10
10
10
Shell diameter
mm
85
85
85
85
85
Baffle distance
mm
50
50
50
50
50
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
10
10
10
10
10
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
Number of tubes
Tube side
Cross section area
Number of tubes
Total cross section area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
349.13
349.13
349.13
345.64
342.15
Linear velocity
m/s
0.3533
0.3533
0.3533
0.3498
0.3462
4924.98
4924.98
4924.98
4875.73
4826.48
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
L/ID
Heat transfer factor, jh
Tube coeff, hi
W/m .K
64.52
64.52
64.52
64.52
64.52
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
2426.16
2426.16
2426.16
2401.90
2377.64
2.00E-03
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
16.60
31.53
46.47
60.57
75.51
Linear velocity
m/s
0.0167
0.0317
0.0467
0.0608
0.0758
Equivalent diameter
mm
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
Baffle cut

Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
575.88
1094.17
1612.46
2101.96
2620.25
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
turbulent
turbulent
20
20
20
20
20
2.30E-02
1.80E-02
1.60E-02
1.40E-02
1.20E-02
513.18
763.08
999.59
1140.16
1218.25
Pressure drops across heat exchanger

Tube-side friction factor, jf
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
Shell-side friction factor, jf
9.80E-02
8.60E-02
7.50E-02
7.20E-02
7.00E-02
Tube-side pressure drop, Dptube (Pa)
338.8
338.8
338.8
332.1
325.4
Tube-side pressure drop, DPtube (mmH2O)
33.4
33.4
33.4
32.8
32.1
Shell-side pressure drop, DPshell (Pa)
3.3
10.5
19.9
32.5
49.1
Shell-side pressure drop, DPshell (mmH2O)
0.3
1.0
2.0
3.2
4.8
Experiment 1.B: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR SHELL AND TUBE (Co-Current)

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.1
0.1630
0.1630
0.1630
0.1630
0.1663
Inlet temp
51.1
51.1
51.3
51.2
51.2
Outlet temp
49.0
48.2
47.8
47.2
46.9
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1429.54
1974.12
2382.56
2722.93
2986.28
Pressure drop
mmH2O
405.00
405.00
408.00
406.00
402.00

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
2.0
3.8
5.6
7.5
9.2
0.0332
0.0631
0.0929
0.1245
0.1527
Inlet temp
31.6
30.8
30.4
30.3
30.4
Outlet temp
40.2
36.8
35.4
34.5
34.1
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1193.93
1582.66
1943.61
2186.57
2362.88
Pressure drop
mmH2O
35.40
117.00
233.00
411.30
over
51.2
Temp difference
51.1
51.1
51.3
51.2
49
48.2
47.8
47.2
46.9
31.6
30.8
30.4
30.3
30.4
40.2
36.8
35.4
34.5
34.1
T log mean, Tlm
13.45
15.42
16.28
16.46
16.48
Heat Loss
235.60
391.47
438.95
536.36
623.40
Efficiency
83.52
80.17
81.58
80.30
79.12
C
C
C
C

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
710.11
854.97
977.52
1105.01
1210.67
Exchanger layout
Tube
Shell
Length of tubes
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Tube ID
mm
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
Tube OD
mm
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
Tube pitch
mm
18
18
18
18
18
Tube surface area
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
10
10
10
10
10
Shell diameter
mm
85
85
85
85
85
Baffle distance
mm
50
50
50
50
50
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
4.72E-05
10
10
10
10
10
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
4.72E-04
Number of tubes
Tube side
Cross section area
Number of tubes
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
345.64
345.64
345.64
345.64
352.62
Linear velocity
m/s
0.3498
0.3498
0.3498
0.3498
0.3568
4875.73
4875.73
4875.73
4875.73
4974.23
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
L/ID
Tube coeff, hi
W/m .K
64.52
64.52
64.52
64.52
64.52
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
3.90E-03
2401.90
2401.90
2401.90
2401.90
2450.43
2.00E-03
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
2.00E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
16.60
31.53
46.47
62.23
76.34
Linear velocity
m/s
0.0167
0.0317
0.0467
0.0625
0.0767
Equivalent diameter
mm
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
Baffle cut

Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
575.88
1094.17
1612.46
2159.55
2649.04
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
turbulent
turbulent
20
20
20
20
20
2.40E-02
1.80E-02
1.60E-02
1.50E-02
1.30E-02
535.49
763.08
999.59
1255.06
1334.27
Pressure drops across heat exchanger

Tube-side friction factor, jf
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
5.80E-03
Shell-side friction factor, jf
9.20E-02
8.20E-02
7.50E-02
7.20E-02
7.00E-02
Tube-side pressure drop, Dptube (Pa)
332.1
332.1
332.1
332.1
345.6
Tube-side pressure drop, DPtube (mmH2O)
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
34.1
Shell-side pressure drop, DPshell (Pa)
3.1
10.0
19.9
34.3
50.1
Shell-side pressure drop, DPshell (mmH2O)
0.3
1.0
2.0
3.4
4.9
Experiment 2.A: Counter-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER (Counter-Current)

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90
8.07E-02
8.07E-02
8.07E-02
8.07E-02
Inlet temp
51.00
51.00
51.10
51.10
Outlet temp
47.90
47.60
47.50
47.10
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1044.48
1145.56
1212.94
1347.71

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
2.10
3.00
3.70
4.70
Mass flow
kg/s
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
Inlet temp
31.10
30.90
30.60
30.60
Outlet temp
37.60
35.80
34.90
34.20
heat transfer rate
J/s
947.51
1020.40
1104.39
1174.50
Temp difference
51.00
51.00
51.10
51.10
47.90
47.60
47.50
47.10
31.10
30.90
30.60
30.60
37.60
35.80
34.90
34.20
T log mean, Tlm
15.04
15.94
16.55
16.70
Heat Loss
96.97
125.16
108.55
173.21
Efficiency
90.72
89.07
91.05
87.15
C
C
C
C

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
420.96
427.68
445.84
469.83
Coil
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Shell
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Exchanger layout
Length of tubes
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Tube ID
mm
7.05
7.05
7.05
7.05
Tube OD
mm
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
Coil surface area
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Shell diameter
mm
85.00
85.00
85.00
85.00
Coil ID
mm
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
Coil OD
mm
44.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
3.90E-05
3.90E-05
3.90E-05
3.90E-05
2067.34
2067.34
2067.34
2067.34
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
26528.53
26528.53
26528.53
26528.53
Tube side
2
Cross section area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
TEST 5
Tube coeff, hi
11047.45
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
6.88
9.83
12.13
15.41
0.01548
W/m .K
11047.45
11047.45
11047.45
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
0.00691
0.00988
0.01218
Equivalent diameter
mm
39.54
39.54
39.54
39.54
339.97
485.67
598.99
760.88
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
Nusselt Number
4.26
5.67
6.71
8.12
Stanton Number
0.00230
0.00215
0.00206
0.00196
0.00717
0.00668
0.00640
0.00610
66.35
88.26
104.39
126.40

Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
Experiment 2.B: Co-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER (Co-Current)

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Mass flow
kg/s
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Inlet temp
51.10
51.10
51.00
51.10
Outlet temp
48.20
47.50
47.00
46.90
Heat transfer rate
J/s
997.03
1237.70
1375.22
1443.98

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
2.00
2.80
3.80
4.80
Mass flow
kg/s
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
Inlet temp
32.30
31.90
31.80
31.60
Outlet temp
38.00
36.70
36.00
35.10
heat transfer rate
J/s
791.33
932.93
1107.86
1166.17
Temp difference
51.10
51.10
51.00
51.10
48.20
47.50
47.00
46.90
32.30
31.90
31.80
31.60
38.00
36.70
36.00
35.10
T log mean, Tlm
14.06
14.60
14.72
15.33
Heat Loss
205.70
304.76
267.36
277.81
Efficiency
79.37
75.38
80.56
80.76
C
C
C
C

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
375.85
426.88
502.72
508.20
Coil
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Shell
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Exchanger layout
Length of tubes
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Tube ID
mm
7.05
7.05
7.05
7.05
Tube OD
mm
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
Coil surface area
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Shell diameter
mm
85.00
85.00
85.00
85.00
Coil ID
mm
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
Coil OD
mm
44.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
Tube side
2
Cross section area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2109.53
2109.53
2109.53
2109.53
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
27069.93
27069.93
27069.93
27069.93
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
TEST 5
Tube coeff, hi
11227.45
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
6.56
9.18
12.46
15.74
W/m .K
11227.45
11227.45
11227.45
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
Equivalent diameter
mm
39.54
39.54
39.54
39.54
323.78
453.29
615.18
777.07
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
Nusselt Number
4.10
5.37
6.85
8.26
Stanton Number
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
63.81
83.52
106.64
128.55
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
Experiment 3.A: Counter-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER (Counter-Current)

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
9.70
9.60
9.60
9.70
9.70
0.15976
0.15811
0.15811
0.15976
0.15976
Inlet temp
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.10
Outlet temp
50.00
49.90
49.80
49.70
49.70
Heat transfer rate
J/s
733.68
792.13
858.14
933.77
933.77

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
2.00
3.70
5.40
7.20
8.90
0.03319
0.06140
0.08961
0.11948
0.14769
Inlet temp
32.70
31.90
31.70
31.40
31.40
Outlet temp
35.30
33.70
33.20
32.70
32.60
Heat transfer rate
J/s
360.96
462.30
562.26
649.72
741.35
Temp difference
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.10
50.00
49.90
49.80
49.70
49.70
32.70
31.90
31.70
31.40
31.40
35.30
33.70
33.20
32.70
32.60
T log mean, Tlm
16.54
17.70
18.00
18.35
18.40
Heat Loss
372.72
329.82
295.88
284.05
192.42
Efficiency
49.20
58.36
65.52
69.58
79.39
C
C
C
C

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
845.55
853.09
908.70
969.93
967.30
Exchanger layout
Tube
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Shell
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Length of tubes
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Tube ID
mm
26.64
26.64
26.64
26.64
26.64
Tube OD
mm
33.40
33.40
33.40
33.40
33.40
Tube surface area
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Shell diameter
mm
85.00
85.00
85.00
85.00
85.00
0.000557
Tube side
2
Cross section area
0.000557
0.000557
0.000557
0.000557
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
286.61
283.66
283.66
286.61
286.61
Linear velocity
m/s
0.29004
0.28705
0.28705
0.29004
0.29004
13897.73
Reynolds
13897.73
13754.45
13754.45
13897.73
Prandtl
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
Nuselt number
72.15
71.55
71.55
72.15
72.15
Type of flow
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
Stanton Number
0.00146
0.00146
0.00146
0.00146
0.00146

Tube coeff, hi
W/m .K
0.00341
0.00342
0.00342
0.00341
0.00341
1743.02
1728.63
1728.63
1743.02
1743.02
0.0048
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
Equivalent diameter
mm
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
Nuselt number
Stanton Number
Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
6.917
12.796
18.675
24.900
30.780
0.00695
0.01285
0.01876
0.02501
0.03091
51.60
51.60
51.60
51.60
51.60
445.74
824.62
1203.50
1604.67
1983.55
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
5.29
8.66
11.72
14.75
17.48
0.00218
0.00193
0.00179
0.00169
0.00162
0.00679
0.00600
0.00557
0.00526
0.00504
63.15
103.30
139.78
175.96
208.47
Experiment 3.B: Co-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER (Co-Current)

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.8
9.7
0.1548
0.1548
0.1581
0.1614
0.1598
Inlet temp
51.1
51.1
51.1
51.1
51.0
Outlet temp
49.7
49.7
49.7
49.7
49.6
Heat transfer rate
J/s
904.89
904.89
924.15
943.40
933.77

Volumetric flowrate
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
2.0
3.7
5.5
7.2
8.9
0.0332
0.0614
0.0913
0.1195
0.1477
Inlet temp
32.6
31.8
31.7
31.6
31.6
Outlet temp
35.7
33.9
33.0
32.7
32.5
Heat transfer rate
J/s
430.37
539.35
496.32
549.77
556.01
Temp difference
51.1
51.1
51.1
51.1
51
49.7
49.7
49.7
49.7
49.6
32.6
31.8
31.7
31.6
31.6
35.7
33.9
33
32.7
32.5
T log mean, Tlm
16.15
17.49
18.02
18.22
18.23
Heat Loss
474.52
365.54
427.83
393.63
377.76
Efficiency
47.56
59.60
53.71
58.27
59.54
C
C
C
C

2
Total exchange area
W/m .K
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
1068.26
986.05
977.71
986.84
976.53
Exchanger layout
Tube
Shell
Length of tubes
Tube ID
mm
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
26.64
26.64
26.64
26.64
26.64
Tube OD
mm
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.4
Tube surface area
0.0525
0.0525
0.0525
0.0525
0.0525
Shell diameter
mm
85
85
85
85
85
5.57E-04
Tube side
2
Cross section area
5.57E-04
5.57E-04
5.57E-04
5.57E-04
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
277.75
277.75
283.66
289.57
286.61
Linear velocity
m/s
0.2811
0.2811
0.2871
0.2930
0.2900
13897.73
Reynolds
13467.90
13467.90
13754.45
14041.00
Prandtl
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
Nuselt number
70.36
70.36
71.55
72.74
72.15
Type of flow
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
Stanton Number
1.47E-03
1.47E-03
1.46E-03
1.45E-03
1.46E-03

Tube coeff, hi
W/m .K
3.43E-03
3.43E-03
3.42E-03
3.41E-03
3.41E-03
1699.75
1699.75
1728.63
1757.38
1743.02
4.80E-03
4.80E-03
4.80E-03
4.80E-03
4.80E-03
6.92
12.80
19.02
24.90
30.78
0.0069
0.0129
0.0191
0.0250
0.0309
Shell side
2
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
Linear velocity
m/s
Equivalent diameter
mm
Reynolds
Prandtl
Type of flow
Nuselt number
Stanton Number
Shell coeff, hs
W/m .K
51.60
51.60
51.60
51.60
51.60
445.74
824.62
1225.79
1604.67
1983.55
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
laminar
5.29
8.66
11.89
14.75
17.48
2.18E-03
1.93E-03
1.78E-03
1.69E-03
1.62E-03
6.79E-03
6.00E-03
5.55E-03
5.26E-03
5.04E-03
63.15
103.30
141.85
175.96
208.47
Experiment 4.A: Counter-Current Plate Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

Fixed Hot water flow rate at 7.5 LPM
TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
Hot fluid: Water

Actual volume flow
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
7.18
7.18
7.18
7.18
7.18
0.11825
0.11825
0.11825
0.11825
0.11825
Inlet temp (calibrated temp)
50.5
50.5
50.5
50.5
50.5
Outlet temp (calibrated temp)
45.9
43.5
41.6
40.4
39.7
Heat transfer rate
J/s
2298.2
3487.2
4379.0
4973.5
5320.3
Cold fluid: Water

Actual volume flow
L/min
Mass flow
kg/s
2.10
3.74
5.48
7.39
8.82
0.03485
0.06206
0.09094
0.12263
0.14636
32.9
32.5
32.5
32.5
32.5
48.2
45.9
43.8
42.0
41.1
Heat transfer rate
J/s
2235.6
3458.0
4261.5
4867.7
5254.1
Temp difference
50.52
50.52
50.52
50.52
50.52
45.86
43.45
41.65
40.44
39.74
32.85
32.55
32.55
32.55
32.55
48.19
45.87
43.75
42.04
41.13
T log mean, Tlm
6.21
7.34
7.87
8.18
8.24
62.6
29.3
117.5
105.9
66.3
97.3
99.2
97.3
97.9
98.8
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
4024.32
5167.48
6046.14
6607.78
7019.42
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
Heat loss
Efficiency
C
C
C
C

Total plate area
W/m .K
Exchanger layout
Plate channel
mm
No of plates
Plate width
mm
71
71
71
71
71
Plate Length
mm
308
308
308
308
308
Plate area
Cross sectional area
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
Plate film coefficient (hot)

2
Total cross section
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
Equivalent diameter, de
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
430.37
430.37
430.37
430.37
430.37
Linear velocity
m/s
0.4355
0.4355
0.4355
0.4355
0.4355
2021.02
2021.02
2021.02
2021.02
2021.02
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
Reynolds
Prandtl
Hot film coeff
W/m .K
15183.17
15183.17
15183.17
15183.17
15183.17
Plate film coefficient (cold)

2
Total cross section
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
126.8277
225.8741
330.9599
446.3128
532.6764
Linear velocity, Gp
m/s
0.1274
0.2269
0.3324
0.4483
0.5350
408.66
727.81
1066.41
1438.10
1716.38
Reynolds
Prandtl
Cold film coeff
W/m .K
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
6084.99
8854.91
11350.76
13785.94
15465.79
Experiment 4.B: Co-Current Plate Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
988.18
Heat capacity:
4175.00
Thermal cond:
0.6436
Viscosity:
kg/m
J/kg.K
W/m.K
0.0005494
Pa.s
995.67
kg/m
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
4183.00
Thermal cond:
0.6155
Viscosity:
0.0008007
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
CALCULATIONS FOR CO-CURRENT FLOW PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

Fixed Hot water flow rate at 7.5 LPM
TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
Hot fluid: Water

Actual volume flow
L/min
6.66
6.66
6.66
6.66
6.66
Mass flow
kg/s
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
50.5
50.5
50.5
50.5
50.5
46.6
44.7
42.8
41.9
41.4
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1792.86
2683.23
3510.42
3924.01
4153.79
Cold fluid: Water

Actual volume flow
L/min
2.07
3.68
5.74
7.50
8.88
Mass flow
kg/s
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.15
33.7
33.4
33.1
32.9
32.9
46.0
43.8
41.4
40.3
39.5
Heat transfer rate
J/s
1764.58
2673.72
3327.30
3875.40
4091.55
Temp difference
50.52
50.52
50.52
50.52
50.52
46.60
44.66
42.85
41.95
41.44
33.67
33.37
33.07
32.86
32.86
45.95
43.83
41.42
40.31
39.50
T log mean, Tlm
Heat loss
Efficiency
C
C
C
C
C
4.97
5.37
6.41
6.74
7.12
28.28
9.51
183.12
48.62
62.24
98.42
99.65
94.78
98.76
98.50
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
3918.48
5429.50
5954.82
6331.88
6342.69
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29

Total plate area
W/m .K
Exchanger layout
Plate channel
mm
No of plates
Plate width
mm
71
71
71
71
71
Plate Length
mm
308
308
308
308
308
Plate area
Cross sectional area
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
Plate film coefficient (hot)

2
Total cross section
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
399.20
399.20
399.20
399.20
399.20
Linear velocity
m/s
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
1874.65
1874.65
1874.65
1874.65
1874.65
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
Reynolds
Prandtl
Hot film coeff
W/m .K
14459.05
14459.05
14459.05
14459.05
14459.05
Plate film coefficient (cold)

2
Total cross section
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.75E-04
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
2.58E-03
Mass velocity
kg/m .s
125.02
222.25
346.66
452.96
536.30
Linear velocity, Gp
m/s
0.13
0.22
0.35
0.45
0.54
402.82
716.13
1117.01
1459.51
1728.06
Reynolds
Prandtl
Cold film coeff
W/m .K
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
6028.35
8762.31
11697.97
13918.98
15534.10
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Sample Calculation for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
988.18
4175.00
0.6436
0.0005494
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
995.67
4183.00
0.6155
0.0008007
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
Cold Water Flowrate = 2.0 LPM

COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW (Hot water inlet at 50'C)
Hot fluid (Tube-side): Water
Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Cold fluid(Shell-Side): Water
Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
L/min
oC
oC
10.0
50.8
48.6
L/min
oC
oC
2.0
31.2
40.7
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Tube
Shell
1
1
Length of tubes
Tube ID
Tube OD
Tube pitch
m
mm
mm
mm
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
Tube surface area

Number of tubes
Shell diameter
Baffle length
Baffle Cut
m2
0.015
10
85
50
20
mm
mm
%
1. Calculation of Heat transfer and heat Lost:

The Heat Transfer rate of both hot and cold water are both calculated using the heat balance
equation.
Heat Transfer Rate for Hot Water, Q hot (W) m h C p T
L
1 m3
1 min
kg
J
988 .18 3 4175

(50 .8 48 .6 ) C
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .C
m
1512 .74W
10 . 0
Heat Transfer Rete for Cold Water, Qcold (W) mc C p T

1 m 3 1 min
L
kg
J
995.67 3 4183
(40.7 31.2)C
min 1000 L 60s
kg.C
m
1318.88W
2.0
Heat Lost Rate Qhot Qcold
1512.74 1318.88 193.86 W
Efficiency Qcold / Qhot 100%
1318.88
100% 87.18 %
1512.74
2. Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:

Tlm Th, in Tc, out Th, out Tc, in / lnTh, in Tc, out / Th, out Tc, in
(50.8 40.7) (48.6 31.2)

13.42 C
50.8 40.7
ln
48.6 31.2
3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns method:
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass, Tm = Tlm
Heat transfer coefficient at Tube side:

Cross Flow Area, A
di
4
3.142 0.00775 2
4
= 0.0000472 m2
Total cross Flow Area, At = 0.0000472 x number of tubes
= 0.0000472 x 10
= 0.000472 m2
Mass velocity, Gt
mt
At
0.1647
0.000472
= 349.13 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity, ut
Gt
349.13
988.18
= 0.3533 m/s
Renolds No, Re
=
=
G t de
349.13 7.75
1
0.0005494 1000
= 4924.8 (Turbulent Flow)
Prandtl No, Pr
=
=
Cp
k
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
Tube side heat transfer factor, jh = 0.0039 (From Fig. C.2, Appendix C)
Tube Side Coefficient, hi
j h Re Pr 0.33 k
di
=
=
0.0039 4924.98 3.56 0.33 0.6436

0.00775
= 2426.16 Wm-2K
Heat transfer coefficient at shell side:
Cross Flow Area, As = [(Tube pitch-Tube OD) x (Shell Diameter) x (Baffle distance)]/Tube pitch
= 0.002 m2
Mass velocity, Gs
Ws
As
0.0332
0.002
= 16.60 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity, us =
=
Gs
16.60
995.67
= 0.0167m/s
Equivalent Diameter, de =
=
1.1 2
2
p t 0.917d o
do
1.1
18 2 0.917(9.53) 2
9.53
= 27.78 mm
Reynolds Number, Re =
=
G s de
16.60 27.78
1
0.0008007 1000
= 575.88 (Laminar Flow)
Prandtl No, Pr
Cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
Shell side heat transfer factor, jh = 0.023 (From Fig. C.4, Appendix C)
Shell Side Coefficient, hi
jh Re Pr 0.33 k
de
0.023 605.16 5.44 0.33 0.6155

0.02053
= 513.18 W/m2.K
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
Total exchange area, A = Number of tube x

= 10 x
x Tube OD x Length of Tubes
x (9.53/1000) x 0.5
= 0.15 m2
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
Q hot
A Tlm
= 752.97 W/m2.K
4. Calculation of Pressure Drop across Tube and Shell
Pt N p
u t2
2
8 j
( L / d i ) w
2.5
988.18 0.3533 2
8 0.0058 (0.5 / 0.00775) 2.5
2
= 338.8 Pa
Ps 8 j f (D s / d e )(L / l B )
u s2
w 0.14
2
2
0.085 0.5 (995.67)(0.0167)

1.00.14
Ps (8)(0.098)
2
0.02778 0.05
3.3 Pa
The pressure drop measured experimentally is the combination of pressure drop across the heat
exchanger construction and fittings. Therefore, the measured pressure drops will be much greater
than the actual pressure drops across the heat exchanger.
5. Temperature Profile for counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
6. Heat transfer Coefficient Study
Sample Calculation for Spiral Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
988.18
4175.00
0.6436
0.0005494
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
995.67
4183.00
0.6155
0.0008007
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s

Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
L/min
oC
oC
4.90
51.0
47.9
L/min
oC
oC
2.10
31.1
37.6
SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Coil
Shell
1
1
Length of tubes
Tube ID
Tube OD
Coil surface area
mm
mm
m2
7.05
9.53
0.15
Shell diameter
mm
85
Coil ID
Coil OD
mm
mm
34
44
equation.
L
kg
1 m3
1 min
988 .18 3
min 1000 L 60 s
m
J
4175
( 51 . 0 47 .9 ) C
kg .C
1044 .48 W
4 .90

1 m 3 1 min
L
kg
995.67 3
min 1000 L 60s
m
J
4183
(37.6 31.1)C
kg.C
947.51 W
2.1
1044.48 947.51 96.97 W
947.51
100% 90.72 %
1044.48

(51.0 37.6) (47.9 31.1)
15.04 C
51.0 37.6
ln
47.9 31.1
Assuming, Tm = Tlm
Cross Flow Area, At
di
4
3.142 0.00705 2
4
= 0.000039 m2
mt
At
Mass velocity, Gt
0.0807
0.000039
= 2067.34 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity, ut
Gt
2067.34
988.18
= 2.09 m/s
Renolds No, Re
=
=
G t de
2067.34 7.05
1
0.0005494
1000
Prandtl No, Pr
=
=
Cp
k
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33 k

=
de
0.023 26528.530.8 3.56 0.33 0.6436

0.00705
= 11047.45Wm-2K
Cross Flow Area, As =

=
D
4
D 2 D1
0.085
0.044 2 0.033 2
= 0.00506 m2
Mass velocity, Gs
Ws
As
0.0332
0.00506
= 6.88kg/m2.s
=
Gs
6.88
995.67
= 0.00691m/s
d
Equivalent Diameter, de =
d 2 d1
d1 d 2 d 3
3
85
=
44 2 34 2
85 44 34
2
= 39.54 mm
=
G s de
6.88 39.54
1
0.0008007 1000
Prandtl Number, Pr
=
=
Cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
Nuselt Number, Nu
= 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33

= 0.023 339.97 0.8 5.44 0.33
= 4.26
Stanton Number, St
=
=
Nu
Re Pr
4.27
339.97 5.44
= 0.00230
Heat transfer factor, jh = St Pr 0.67
= 0.00230 5.44 0.67
= 0.00717
Shell Side Coefficient, hs
jh Re Pr 0.33 k
de
0.00717 339.97 5.44 0.33 0.6155

0.03954
= 66.35W/m2.K
Total exchange area, A =
x (0.00953/1000) x 5.0
= 0.15 m2
Q hot
A Tlm
= 420.96 W/m2.K
4. Temperature Profile for counter-current Spiral Heat Exchanger
Sample Calculation for Concentric Heat Exchanger

Hot water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
988.18
4175.00
0.6436
0.0005494
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
995.67
4183.00
0.6155
0.0008007
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s

Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
L/min
oC
oC
9.70
51.1
50.0
L/min
oC
oC
2.0
32.7
35.3
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Tube
1
Shell
1
Length of tubes
0.5
Tube ID
Tube OD
Tube surface area
mm
mm
m2
26.64
33.4
0.0525
Shell diameter
mm
85
equation.
1 m3
1 min
L
kg
988 .18 3
min 1000 L 60 s
m
J
4175
( 51 . 1 50 .0 )C
kg . C
733 .68W
9 .70

1 m 3 1 min
L
kg
995.67 3
min 1000 L 60s
m
J
4183
(35.3 32.7)C
kg.C
360.96 W
2.0
733.68 360.96 372.72 W
360.96
100% 49.20 %
733.68

(51.1 35.3) (50.0 32.7)
16.54 C
51.1 35.3
ln
50.0 32.7
Assuming, Tm = Tlm
Cross Flow Area, At
di
4
3.142 0.02664 2
4
= 0.000557 m2
mt
At
Mass velocity, Gt
0.1597
0.000557
= 286.61 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity, ut
Gt
286.61
988.18
= 0.29004 m/s
Renolds Number, Re
=
=
G t de
286.61 26.64
1
0.0005494
1000
Prandtl No, Pr
=
=
Cp
k
0.0005494 4175
0.6436
= 3.56
= 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33
Nuselt Number, Nu
= 0.023 13897.730.8 3.56 0.33

= 72.15
Stanton Number, St
Nu
Re Pr
72.15
13897.73 3.56
= 0.00146
= 0.00146 3.56 0.67
= 0.00341
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33 k
=
di
0.023 13897.730.8 3.56 0.33 0.6436

0.02664
= 1743.02 Wm-2K
Cross Flow Area, As =
D
4
2
s
do
= 0.0048 m2
Mass velocity, Gs
Ws
As
0.0332
0.0048
= 6.917 kg/m2.s
Gs
6.917
995.67
= 0.00695 m/s
Equivalent Diameter, de = d 2 d1
= 85.0 33.4
= 51.6 mm
=
G s de
6.917 51.6
1
0.0008007 1000
Prandtl No, Pr
=
=
Cp
k
0.0008007 4183.00
0.6155
= 5.44
Nuselt Number, Nu
= 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33

= 0.023 445.74 0.8 5.44 0.33
= 5.29
Stanton Number, St
Nu
Re Pr
5.29
445.74 5.44
= 0.00218
= 0.00218 5.44 0.67
= 0.00679
Shell Side Coefficient, hs
jh Re Pr 0.33 k
de
0.00679 445.74 5.29 0.33 0.6155

=
0.0516
= 63.15 W/m2.K
Total exchange area, A =
x Tube OD x Length of Tubes
x (26.64/1000) x 0.5
= 0.05 m2
Q hot
A Tlm
= 845.55 W/m2.K
4. Temperature Profile for counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Sample Calculation for Plate Heat Exchanger

TYPICAL CHEMICAL
DATA
Hot water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
Cold water
Density:
Heat capacity:
Thermal cond:
Viscosity:
988.18
4175.00
0.6436
0.0005494
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s
995.67
4183.00
0.6155
0.0008007
kg/m3
J/kg.K
W/m.K
Pa.s

Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Volume flow
Inlet temp
Outlet temp
L/min
oC
oC
7.18
50.5
45.9
L/min
oC
oC
2.10
32.9
48.2
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Plate width
m2
mm
0.000275
71
Plate length
Plate channel
No. of plate
mm
mm
308
1.29
6
1. Calculation of Heat Lost and Efficiency:
The heat transfer rate of both hot and cold water is both calculated using the heat balance
equation.
heat trans fer rate for Hot Water, Q hot (W) m h C p T
7 .18 m 3 1 min
kg
988 . 18 3
1000 min
60 s
m
J
4175
( 50 . 5 45 .9 )C
kg .C
2298 .2 W
Heat transfer rate for Cold Water, Qcold (W) mc C p T

kg
2.10 m 3 1 min
995.67 3
1000 min 60s
m
J
4183
(48.2 32.9)C
kg.C
2235.6 W
Power Lost = Qhot Qcold
2298.2 2235.6 62.6 W
Efficiency Qhot / Qcold 100%
2235.6
100% 97.3 %
2298.2
(50.5 48.2) (45.9 32.9)

6.21 C
50
.
5
48
.
2
ln
45.9 32.9
3. Calculation of the hot and cold plate heat transfer coefficients:

Heat Transfer Coefficient at Hot Plate
Mass Velocity
Mass Flow Rate

Total Cross Section Area
0.11825kg/s
0.000275 m 2
= 430.37 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity
Mass Velocity
Density
430.37kg/m 2 s
=
988.18 kg/ m 3
= 0.4355 m/s
Equivalent Diameter, de
= 2 depth
= 2 x 0.00129
= 0.00258 m
Reynolds No
Mass Velocity de
viscocity
430.37kg/m 2 s 0.00258m
0.0005494 Pa.s
= 2021.02
Prandtl No
Heat Capacity Viscocity

ThermalConductivity
4175.00 J/kg.C 0.0005494 Pa.s

0.6436 W/m.s
= 3.56
Plate Film Coefficient at Hot Side, hpH
0.26 Re 0.65 Pr 0.4 k

=
de
=
0.26 2021.02 0.65 x 3.56 0.4 0.6436

0.00258
= 15183.17 W/m2.K
Heat Transfer Coefficient at Cold Plate
Mass Flow Rate

Total Cross Section Area
0.03485 kg/s
0.000275 m 2
Mass Velocity
= 126.8277 kg/m2.s
Linear Velocity
Mass Velocity
Density
=
126.8277 kg/m 2 s
995.67 kg/ m 3
= 0.1274 m/s
Reynolds No
Mass Velocity de
viscocity
126.8277 kg/m 2 s 0.00258 m

0.00080071Pa.s
= 408.66
Prandtl No
Heat Capacity Viscocity

ThermalConductivity
4183.00 J/kg.C 0.0008007 Pa.s

0.6155 W/m.s
= 5.44
Plate Film Coefficient at Cold Side, hpC
0.26 Re 0.65 Pr 0.4 k

=
de
=
0.26 408.66 0.65 5.44 0.4 0.6155

0.00258
= 6084.99W/m2.K
4. Temperature profile for counter-current Plate Heat Exchanger
APPENDIX F
TEMPERATURE SENSOR CALIBRATION
Temperature Sensor Calibration Table

ActualTemperature
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
slope
correctingfactorforthe
calibratedsensortemperature
T1
30.0
35.0
40.0
44.8
49.6
54.5
59.7
64.0
69.6
74.5
79.6
84.2
88.8
0.9920
1.0081
SensorTemperature
T2
T3
T4
29.7
30.0
29.2
34.8
35.0
34.0
39.7
40.0
39.7
44.6
45.0
44.6
49.5
49.7
49.4
54.4
54.8
54.5
59.6
60.0
59.5
64.4
64.8
64.4
69.5
69.8
69.4
74.4
74.8
74.4
79.4
79.8
79.2
84.4
84.6
84.2
89.5
89.3
89.0
0.9924 0.9965 0.9898
1.0077
1.0035
1.0103
Note: The temperature recorded from the indicator need to multiply the correcting factor to get the
accurate temperature reading.

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SOLTEQ

EQUIPMENT FOR ENGINEERING EDUCATION

SOLUTION ENGINEERING SDN. BHD.

Description and Assembly .................................................................................................. 2

Process Instruments ........................................................................................................... 5

Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................................. 6

General Requirements ........................................................................................................ 6

3.0 INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING.. .. 7

Installation procedures ....... ..7

4.0 SUMMARY OF THEORY

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger ............................................................................................ 8

Spiral Heat Exchanger ...................................................................................................... 17

Plate Heat Exchanger ....................................................................................................... 18

5.0 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES .................................................................................. 21

General Shut-down Procedures ....................................................................................... 21

6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Experiment 1.B: Co-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger............................................. 24

Experiment 2.A: Counter-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger ................................................ 26

Experiment 2.B: Co-Current Spiral Heat Exchanger ........................................................ 27

Experiment 3.B: Co-Current Concentric Heat Exchanger ................................................ 29

Experiment 4.A: Counter-Current Plate Heat Exchanger ................................................. 30

Experiment 4.B: Co-Current Plate Heat Exchanger ......................................................... 31

7.0 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................... 32

Schematic Diagram for Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus

Temperature profile for a parallel-flow heat exchanger

Temperature profile for a counter-flow heat exchanger

Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger

Single pass flow plate heat exchanger diagram

Valves Arrangement for Flow Selection

Valves Arrangement for Heat Exchanger Selection

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

Description and Assembly

b) Spiral Heat Exchanger

c) Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

e) Cold Water Circuit

Hot Water Circuit

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

V1, V12, V15, V18,

V16, V17, V27,

V2, V3, V4 V11,

Table 2: Valves Arrangement for Heat Exchanger Selection

V4, V5, V19, V20

Valve V3 : to vary hot water flowrate

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

415VAC/50Hz (3 phase) @ 50Amps

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

INSTALLATIONS AND COMMISIONING

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Figure 2a: Temperature profile for a parallel-flow heat exchanger.

Figure 2b: Temperature profile for a counterflow heat exchanger.

Figure 2c: Temperature profile for a 1:2 heat exchanger.

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

mass flowrate of cold fluid in the tube (kgs-1)

outside area of the tube (m2)

The coefficients Uo and Ui are given by:

SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER TRAINING APPARATUS (Model: HE 158C) _______________________________

outside fluid film coefficient (kWm-2C-1)

where, T1 and, T2 are as shown in Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b.

where Ft is the temperature correction factor as a function of two dimensionless