Chapter 9 Buckling of Columns 9.0 INTRODUCTION TO BCUKLING (S1&4":649-652) In discussing the analysis and design of various structures in the previous chapters, we had two primary concems: (1) the strength of the structure, i.e. its ability to support a specified load without experiencing excessive stresses; (2) the ability of the structure to support a specified load without undergoing unacceptable deformations. In this chapter, we shall be concemed with stability of the structure, i.e. with its ability to support a given load without experiencing a sudden change in its configuration. Our discussion will relate mainly to column, i.c. to the analysis and design of vertical prismatic members supporting axial loads. Ifa beam element is under a compressive load and its length if the orders of magnitude are larger than either of its other dimensions such a beam is called a columns. Due to its size its axial displacement is going to be very small compared to its lateral deflection called buckling. Quite often the buckling of column can lead to sudden and dramatic failure, And as a result, special attention must be given to design of column so that they can safely support the loads. In looking at columns under this type of loading we are only going to look at three different types of supports: pin-ended, doubly built-in and cantilever. 9.1 SLENDER PIN-ENDED COLUMN (SI 649-657; 4°:652-657; 661) Due to imperfections no column is really straight. At some critical compressive load it will buckle. To determine the maximum compressive load (Buckling Load) we assume that buckling has occurred as shown in Fig. 9.1, }— ss , Fig. 9.1 Deflection column due to applied compressive load P "Ed p.653- Look closely at the FBD of the left hand end of the beam as in Fig. 9.2: MG Fig. 9.2 FBD of section of length x of deflected column Equating moments at the cut end: DM =0= Pvt M(x)=0 2 M(x)=-Py @.D But since the deflection of a beam is related with its bending moment distribution, then: ay ela Py (9.2) 2 7p) which simplifies to: @%4{?\,=0 (9.3) dx? \ EI} where P/ET is a constant, This expression is in the form of a second order differential equation of the following type: Lecture Notes of Mechanies of Solids, Chapter 9 |ievn0 (9.4) 1? here: a? =—— 9.5 where: a? = (9.5) The solution of this equation is: v= Acos(ax) +B sin(ax) (9.6) where A and B are constants, which can be determined using the column’s kinematic boundary conditions. Kinematic Boundary Conditions atx=0,v=0: 0=A +0, giving that A= 0 atx=L,v=0, then: 0= Bsin(aL) If B = 0, No bending moment exists, so the only logical solution is for: sin(aL)=0 and the only way that this can happen is if aL=nn, 7) where 1 =1,23,---. But since: a? (9.8) then we get that buckling load as: (9.9) The values of '' define the buckling mode shapes, as in Fig. 9.3: », > First mde of buckling F Py Py Second mode of buckling P, - 4% Af z Py p Third mode of buckling Ps Fig. 9.3 First three modes of buckling loads Critical Buckling Load However, since P; < P; < Ps, the column buckles at P; and never gets to P2 or P; unless bracing is placed at the points where v= 0 to prevent buckling at lower loads. The critical load for a pin ended column is therefore: Pont (9.10) which is also called Euler Buckling Load, Pon Critical or maximum axial load on the column just before it begins to buckle E I Ieast second moment of area for the column’s cross sectional ar L unsupported length of the column, whose ends are pinned Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chaprer 99.2 BUILT-IN COLUMN (S1&4": 658-668; 3"! Ed p.662-672) The critical load for other columns can be expressed in terms of the critical buckling load for apin- ended column Pr. A built-in column looks like Fig. 9.4: L —— 1, ———+ column at both ends showing the effective pin-ended length From symmetry conditions, at the points of inflection ae which occurs at 1/4L points. Thus the middle half of the column can be taken out and treated as a pin-ended column of length Lz= L/2 as shown in Fig. 9.4. The critical load for this half length is then : (9.11) 9.3 CANTILEVER COLUM! I=L 2 Fig. 9.5. Cantilever column and its effective length This is similar to previous case, However, this span is equivalent to 1/2 of the Euler span Le, as illustrated in Fig. 9.5, thus: 2 2 Poy = EEL PEL Pe 1 Note: Since Pov is proportional to /, the column will buckle in the direction corresponding to the minimum value of J, as shown in Fig. 9.6: Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chaprer 9.3Buckling Direction Cross-section 1 P ty 4 y z foe] ae ~h £ + z | 121 3 Fig. 9.6 Column cross section showing the direction of buckling (here: /, = * < 9.4 CRITICAL COLUMN STRESS A column can either fail due to the material yielding, or because the column buckles, it is of interest to the engineer to determine when this point of transition occurs. Consider the Euler buckling equation 9.10 wel E Because of the large deflection caused by buckling, the least second moment of area term I can be expressed as follows: 1=Ar* (9.13) where: A is the cross sectional area and r is called radius of gyration of the cross sectional area, ic. r= 1/A. Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e. the least second moment of area J should be taken in order to find the critical stress. Dividing the buckling equation by A, gives = (9.14) where: Gris the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the yield stress oy of the material, ie. o¢ 250x10°L 7, E ™ soto. _[as0xt0" x2? or: sy, 24 RORUO Ey gf 28010 82 12 — 0,0993m = 99.3mm Voowe Vn? x12.5x10 Stress criterion [2 froox10 Satiow V 12106 Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s > max{s,,,42 }=99.3mm . In this case, the design is taken against the buckling criterion, Finally, one may select a round-up amount, €.g. s= 100mm, as the design of the size of cross section. iv 0.0913m = 91.3mm ive. 5, Part (b) Buckling criterion Poy 2 FSX P = 2.5% 200KN = 500% 10° N 500%10°L? Step 2: Euler’s formula Poy, = Koos oomph |500%10° 7 | 500x10° x27 or spy 24] xt = gf ES 12 = 0.1181 = 118. 1mm Pey e Var 125x107 Stress criterion Peco, A=st2— A Saliow >[2 [200x10° Ve atow V 12x10° Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s > max{s p54) }=129.Imm. In this case, the design is taken against the stress criterion. One may select s= 130mm as the design of the size of cross section. ie. s, 1.129 1m = 129. 1mm Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9SExample 9.2 Determine the largest load P which may be applied to the structure as shown, Assume that E=200GPa, allowable vertical deflection at point A 8,to=0-5mm and allowable compressive and tensile stress oi..=50MPa. Pind IT Fa im (Cross section for AB & AC =50mm J y P ‘b=100mm Step 1: Determine the members’ internal forces +7 OF, =0= Fyy sin30°—P Fy =2P (+ tensile force) roy Step 2: Buckling criterion Fg is in tension, we do not considered its buckling. But bar AC is a strut and we need to check for buckling. I about y and z is computed respectively : Fg C0830 + Fue. Fy = -V3P (- compressive force) > 5 \¢ 3 3 ) , PIL OOS" g4n67xt0r'mé | <| 1, = AE 2S OF «41, 667.10-% mt 12 12 ) ” 12 12 Pemae = 0010 bt 0426710) 55 ogy But Fy = Pope sc =—V3P5 Py = Pepin (NB = 18.55KN Step 3: Strength criterion Consider tensile and compressive stresses in AB and AC respectively. yp =A =P coy, =50x10° p= SPX ase Ay 0005x0.1 400 : 6 oye = EP cg, =Sox10® p= 5080" _s4g 347 Aye 0.05x01 From stress criterion, the maximum allowable load should be the smallest one i.e. Pp=125kN Step 4: Stiffness criterion Consider vertical deflection at point A using Castigliano's method. on wa 3 Total strain energy due to axial forces: u=y ee fee ' pe DEA, PEypAgg DE sc Asc The displacement can be then computed as: A» =< Member Fi mm (OP | Lim) AB 2 6 0.08 AC ma 3 8 0.05 2.4x10°P Thus we have: 4p = (2. Raxi0P)+f (2.4x 10° P)= 48x10 P< Syyoy 2, = 0.0005 = 104.17kN 48x10 Step 5: Determine the maximum allowable load P from the above three criteria Cleatly, for the safety reason, we should pick the lowest level as the allowable load P=min{Py, P,,,Ps}=18.55kN Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 96