UNIT 1 PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND L(y (b) (be) © PERIODICITY Complete the following table. Relative mass | Relative charge Neutron \ Oo Hlectron tno = ‘An atom has twice as many protons as, and four more neutrons than, an atom of "Be, Decluee the symbol, including the mass number, of this atom. Ls 0. {) mass number of an atom, (ii) relative molecular mass. ONevage Mass. oF, Omaderile/.foxmala unt @ @ eating. fo a mass.e) owe alsin wy C— 12 Ischofe () Complete the electron arrangement fora copper atom 7 2 6 ad us Is! 28.28. 3S ap 3d_.kS (i) Wdentify the block inthe Periodic Table to which copper belongs. A= block (ill) Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of “Cu 65.-29.= 36 A sample of copper contains the two isotopes "Cu and atomic mass, A,, less than 64. The ma ‘Cu only. It has. relative () Explain why the A, of this sample is less than 64, ‘Syed M.Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M-Phil. (Ph.D).FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme spectrum f ths sample shows major peaks with nz vanes oF 6 and 65, respectively more 8G aboms than $C. abbdins 6) Co)(i) Explain how Cu atoms are converted into Cu’ ions in a mass spectrometer. attra geo vin LomtsaSio. Cnaweer pweduces Wgh Cnsagy...8 5 volt Kuseks eh, am.% from gasses (Gil) Inaddition to the major peaks at m/z ~ 63 and 65, much smaller peaks at miz.- 31.5 and 32.5 are also present in the mass spectrum. Identify the ion responsible {or the peak at m/z, - $1.5 in the mass spectrum, Explain why your chosen ion has this m/z value and suggest one reason why this peak is very small. 2+ Identity ofthe ion & lave Poplanation for m/z vale... @.....%..63. 2, = 315 Reason why this peak is very small ..ADYE...QALABY...15...eadod te Mee... $2Cond..ebo livin. @) 3. _Asample of iron from a meteorite was found to contain the isotopes Fe, °Fe and "Fe. (a) The relative abundances of these isotopes can be determined using a mass spectrometer. Inthe mass spectrometer, the sample is frst vaporised and then ionised, (i) State what is meant by the term isotopes. (ii) Explain how, in’a mass spectrometer, ions are detected and how their abundance is measured, Mowiwaredected Gebernn Gatiens...breduce alachre Algal, fimprlses (vetkage vohach One How abundanceismeasured Cunnenk fveltage produced daperds on Vuumlan, 2k Wns Quitting debettey — Aeumndance 6 man | mass Fh ole ©) (Define the term rive atomic mass ofan clement. Ne val tom ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy MSe..M.Phil, (Ph.D). FICS -Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme MOS 0} @r AkEw By C-12 (sokepe(ii) ‘The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample of iron were found to be as follows. m/z, sa | so | 57 Relative abundance (x) | 58 | 916 | 26 ‘Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of iron in this sample, Give your answer to one decimal place, 554 . (4) (©) (@ Give the electron arrangement of an Fe’ ion, 13? a st ape adapt ad® (i) State why ron is place thd block ofthe Pei Table last & | volouny owds vn... A subshell - (ii) Slate the difference, if any, in the chemical properties of isotopes of the same element. Explain your answer. Difference... WD... ference Explanation ... BOWNZ...cIMAl2A. yes {Some & Compryuvatton 4) 4. (@) Complete the following table ticle toe | mee Troon +! \ Neutron: oO \ Hlectrom +1 Te 40 _Coaghlq vblo @) ‘Syed M.Yousuf Hussainy M.Se..M Phil. (Ph.D). FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme(b) «) (a) 5 fa) (b) te) (a fe) ‘An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of 1{S. Give the symbol, ae ‘mass number and atomic number, for this atom of Z. 28 yh @ Complete the electronic configurations forthe sulphur atom, and the sulphide on, v. s w2s* ape 3s ot 2S ape ag 3yf co) State the block in the Periodic Table in Which sulphur is placed and explsin your Block pe-block 2 (Tota 9 nary Define the term atomic number of an clement cu) Give the symbol, including mass number and alomic number, fr an alom of an element Which contains 12 neutrons and 11 electrons 4 2 No WwW _ @ In terms of «and p sub-levels give the electronic configuration of an ahuninium atom. 2 2 I ir rstape act ap a How many neutrons are there in one “7Al atom? QA dB we A (i) Name the device used to ionise atoms in a mass spectrometer Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M Phil. (Ph.D). FICS Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme oy clei(i) Why is it necessary to ionise atoms before acceleration? posttuches mauah...be. Changed Gons) bape attraction bo...0.changecd Aero... hochie Freld « (0 AEs HT abet Facog by on mognotic..Batd [Nasa Croan maguals - (jv) What is adjusted in order to direct ions of different mass to charge ratio onto the detector? shrengtin cay mognohic Redd “ (8) Ameteorite was found to contain three ibtopes of element X ‘Amass spectrometer gave the following information about these isotopes. mlz 240 250 260 Relative abundance | 642 203 185 (Calculate the reatve atomic mass ofX 2hes. (i) Using the Periodic Table, suggest the most likely identity clement X. Mg { MO.g WLM. (ii) Suggest one reason why the relative atomic mass of X given in the Periokie Table éitfers from your answer to part (g)) velodne . bum dance. Sc epes Is dv ffereud @ ‘Syed M.Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M-Phil. (Ph.D),FICS Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme6 (a) The diagram in Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the three fundamental particles when passed through an clectrie field Se - B c —— Figure 1 (i) Identify the particles represented by A.B, and C. a elechou.... newton c_prokow (ji) Explain the shapes and directions of the paths traced by the fundamental particles as they pass through the electric fie neuen. (.B).-hos...r.0 Chonge - $e ws dole clten @) QQ proto (C) oma_arectron.(A). atkvactad te Ce... oA. a e 6) (b) Figure 2s simplified! diagram of a mass spectrometer magnet pump leet fel Figure 2 ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M Phil, (Ph.D). FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme0) Stated explain the purpose ofthe pao th as spectrometer abled P Fe. produceAugh...sbead.{Pagh.onngy ebectienr Uobacl Kivocks. OA... €. Aan remumng wi Pormabcen A) ey ve bos State the purpose ofthe electric field, of the magnet and of the part labelled Q. Blctric field. FO... Cedorofe...ike. beam Ay GH) ur ww Magnet to. Aw\hack ts n non ratg....to....debeck (h). ae ua, ® (a) 6) (6) The table below concems a sample of krypton. ‘Mass number 82 83 4 86 Relative abundance | 12 12 50 26 Calculate the relative alomic mass ofthis sample of krypton. @ (2) Explain why the first ionisation energy of rubidium is less than the first ionisation whwth 15 ‘energy of krypton. 5s! outta. vaboucey.2mr.Rb isan 5 Shel GsaX) hiekded com s unten Ouartay. /rmere_shid from Wr (¢) Sulphur consists of three isotopes. The table below shows the relative abundance of each isotope. ‘Mass numberof tote v2 33 u Relative abundancel% 950 08, 42 3261 Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M-Phil.(Ph.D)..FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry ProgrammeUsing the data from above table calculate the relative atomic mass, A, of sulphur, giving ‘your final answer to I decimal place. 3201 2 98. (a) Write the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for the isotope which has cight electrons and nine neutrons in each atom, Dg (b) The table below shows some data about fundamental particles. Particle Proton neutron Electron Mass/s, 1.6725x10 | 1.6748%10% | 0.0009 10 Relative charge +1 0 7 (3) Complete the table by giving a value for the relative charge of each particle. (ii) Calculate the mass of an atom of hydrogen which is made from a proton and an electron 6134 x15 29g = (iii) Calculate the mass of one mole of such hydrogen atoms giving your answer to four decimal places. (The Avogadro constant, L~ 6.0225 « 10% mot) \ 0048.4 (iv) Amaccurate value for the mass of one mole of hydrogen atoms is 1.0080 g. Give ‘one reason why this value is different from your answer to part (c)(ii), . Olin. ‘sobefpen prt. . () The diagram below shows a section of a mass spectrometer between the acceleration stage and the detection stage. The accelerated ions are from a sample of krypton which thas been ionised as follows. @) Keri) —> Kr’ (g)-¢ ‘The ions are deflected in four distinct paths, A, B, Cand D. Tons are detected and a mass. spectrum is then produced Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M.Phil.(Ph.D)..FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programmei) ii) (iil oy) iv) 10. (a) Name the device, in a mass spectromet (haere te Re en sre yore ac UO). tledhic. Hadiy...Celediré fda) ‘Whal deflects the moving ions round a curved path? Large mnonguats . naognan, ford Why do the Kr ions from ths sample of krypton separate into four paths? prenence a b\sokwper ~ What adjustment could be made to the operating conditions of the mass spectrometer in order to direct the ions following path C onto the detector? Odjurk. shreugih..d.mognehic fact For each type of kn what two measurements canbe made from the mass spectrum Measorement Toon MJ@ 12. Oba darace. ‘Measurem ‘which causes particles to become ionised, eleckon ges {b) What happens to these particles immediately after they are ionised in a mass, spectrometer? accelerated (6) What factor, other than the mass lo charge ratio of an ionised particle, determines how ‘much that particle is deflected in a magnetic field of a given strength? Spud ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Se..M Phil. (Ph.D). FICS Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme O) a m a(a) 1. @) a) ) Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Se.M Phil (Ph.D).,FICS ~Coordi ‘The mas spectrum of aypon has peaks with mlz 82 88, 84, and 86 whose relative shundances are I, 1.5 and 2, respectively. Calalte a value forthe reative atomic mass ct eypion Bel ®) State, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes. @ ‘An atom contains one more proton than, but the same number of neutrons as, an atom cof “'S. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number, of this = sty 17 @ The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of a sample of germanium, Ge. 70 "4 43.2 Relative abundance (%) 244 pon eecetene meee rate 5 we 2S 2pb ad ap 3d AS pe (ii) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium. Give your answer to one decimal place. 2H12, 13, @) (ii) State what is adjusted in a mass spectrometer in order to divect ions with different ‘m/z values onto the detector. Explain your answer. Adjustment mragnalie a Explanation... daflackrer.is dusvecltay pepotienad t Charge om tie fonticle fe. inverse t moss - i») One of the isotopes of Ge, given in the table in part (c), has an ion that forms a small peak in the mass spectrum which is indistinguishable from a peak produced bby 5s" ions. dentify this Ge ion and explain your answer, 22 Fon oon Gee ey Explanation... SaMML...MI.@.....08......9 @ Aluminium, magnesium and vanadium are metals (@) Complete the electronic configurations for aluminium and vanadium, 2 ae% p60 2c ap! ectronic configuration of aluminium Is!..2S.2-b2..3S 3p 2 2 = Hectronic configuration of vanadium 1st. 2.7 20.38 sphad 4S ® (0) _ State the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs. SablocK = : % Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, forthe isotope which has a mass numberof $4 and which has 18 neutrons in each nucleus 3ko i : ® ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M Phil.(Ph.D).FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme12 (©) Some data obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of carbon are given below. Jon Re 1800 Absolute mass of one ion/s, 1.993 « 107% 2.188. 10% Relative abundance/% 98.9 ua Use these data to calculate a value for the mass of one neutron, the relative atomic mass of 13 C and the relative atomic mass of carbon in the sample. You may neglect the mass of an electron 23 33 i Mass of one neutron... 2215 BXIG. ALGAE AO = [OS XO . we Bei 58X02? a Reve some ma of an gg KI = 12°94 23 2 OM 4. 5K 6+ 023xI0 Relative atomic mass of carbon in the sample Sete e ey ~ = ~9VE 12-01 & £02 *989) Cis xt) > LAF —i—— 14. (a) Givetwo reasons wt particles must be ionise before being analyse in amass spectrometer, Reason 1 accolenatimn Reason 2 ejection (b) Asample of boron contains 20% by mass of '°B and 80% by mass of "B, Calculate the refative atomic mass of boron in this sample. @) 10° @ 15. (a) _ Complete the following to show the electronic configuration of silicon, 22 tog Ey ist ast 2p S 3p 0 ‘Syed M-Yousuf Hussainy M.Se..M Phil, (Ph.D). FICS -Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme3 (b) Write chemical equations including state symbols forthe following enthalpy changes the first molarionisation energy of silicon; F ot - Sieg > Lent Cr the second molar ionisation energy of silicon. a 2+ 7 Siggy ee Stayt “@ Ce - v “ (a) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg” ion. 18.26% aps (©) density the block inthe Periodic Table fo which magnesium belongs. Sableck. a «@ (€) The Ne atom and the Mg”* ion have the same number of electrons. Give two reasons ‘why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation energy of magnesium, . > ay Reson 1g" ton.Smaller. thaws .Necikenn (€ Wi Mg) Closer ke mactany Reason 2... Mg2*. hod..nooe. bret tan Ne C nachons ¢ ) 4 P Tene machow, Choose (4) Thereisa general trend in the frst ionisation energies ofthe Period $ elements, Na— Ar (i) State and explain this general trend Trend nnd ALTRI LD. Explanation WWE. preGins. /.ineneased pretr ner / (rite Chase added Eww Aows,.holl. = Shielding almest same Jalinud ayp devrcaner (ii) Explain why the frst ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be predicted from the general trend, [gO haa om jincomptete apt (BEET votoucy gubshell 6) ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc.,M.Phil, (Ph.D), FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme17. The diagram below shows the electronic structure of boron. ~» t_ as th Energy wtf (a) The clectrons are represented by arrows. What property ofthe electrons do these “up? and ‘down arrows represent? (b) Suggest why electrons which occupy the 2p sub-levels have a higher energy than electrons in the 2s sub-level, funtion the neers “ (©) _elainwhy bron ha. ower ist ionisation energy than beri t Eventi agh 5B har moe ee thang Be Te ate Svb..Un.2S.. Sasbos hol usheroos B's GW. Vahey FAS AM, 2p. Subs halt wrhach 5 rant Sicsldedl fra mueis f hence’ Ur Causes mame repulresita, — ©) (d)_ Explain why the first ionisation energy of helium i very large Sk Ros ven. Saye l.cand...uye.y quad ono Shel! ; 1s” odoury és Leank: shied. from the, mince k hance mest eudolacunic STE. 0 18 (a) (i) Slate the general trend in the first ionisation energy ofthe Period 3 clements from a Nato Ar. WW reanes ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M-Phil. (Ph.D). FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme(8) State how, and explain why, the frst ionisation energy of aluminium does not follow this genera trend Rrattegp bit Rar. -prstin. ne The, Ma Os WL move QU foe _pewsd ~ M. Ronis. vadauiy 5 sin. BP vabaney sobshatt votud,,..ig nme dliedde d from wien jinen...Compoake Subshalls ~ plea Comaennaore depuloraa..« les euseges ae Yemoe & Pom 3p subshell, (b) Give the equation, incinding state symbols, for the process which represents the second ionisation energy of aluminium. ag Nea M gy t-& “ 19. There isa general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na to Ar ‘The first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend. (2) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the ‘energy change isthe first ionisation energy of Na + = Noa gg NOt. € @ (©) State & explain the general trend in the values ofthe firs ionisation energies ofthe elements Na to he Trend... Patmenoey Foplanation ACS. WR nase. cuvers..farm Nano Av) adres [prota ne/ wathaan chowrge winsaaea ty tunis Es beaux addod “te Sane hall Ronee smalduig Memarie alwwerh same —vesclting wi nucloon pbkvo low Cent Oma ontin J Catone suze vledeage.) {c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements AL and S deviate from the general trend, How the values deviate from the trend On. Jews. . Explanation for Al vabaucey ap. S16 harghar® Progy be beltn shielder than 38. — " pledikal. E..1s. moc. sheetded by tance pate) aplanation for. Cao. EM... pH. Cossaed. pong ak 3 oxbital wah inGrenaed hepulawine bfw ' pomed & 6 Syed M.Yousuf Husssiny M.Se.MPhiL (Ph.D). °S Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme16 20. (a) Thediagram below shows the variation in first ionisation energy across Period 8, First ionisation energy Nao Me AL Si P s cia ear Period 3 clement (i) Whatis the maximum number of electrons tht can be accommodated in an $ sub-shell? 2 7 . (i) Whatevidence from the diagram supports your answer to part fai)? Furr. cLamewks Canta) befere the drop un enngn fy (iy What evidence irom the diagram supports the fact that the 3p sub-shell is higher in energy than the 33? FE, of AL is Loo tran TE, oh Mg. (iv) What evidence from the diagram supports the fact that no more than three "unpaired electrons can be accommodated in the Sp sub-level? fall..wi.tinas.oLion..eameray fom PRs 6) (0) Explain why atomic radius decreases across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine oe eulc...rwunbtn...ineatraen, roves Es bean added by tame shell ~ snie Renan, @) Alwar Syed M.Yousuf Hussainy M.Se..M Phil, PhD)FICS -Coordinator A-Level Chemisty Programme &AW@_ huclear altyactieu truracds von E Wotaces Ohenic any deurcaces -21. The diagram below shows the trend in the first ionisation energies of the elements from neon toAlnminium Fist try NeoN MOA SHOPS. a (2) Draw crosses on the graph to show the fist ionisation energies silicon, phosphorus and sulphur. Cavanon) [shovon abore ° (b) Write an equation to illustrate the process which occurs during the first ionisation of New =. Nee ee eo (c) Explain why the first ionisation energy of ncon and that of magnesium are both higher ‘than that of sodium, 6 epationtorncon Ne..Aao..o. eennpbats babonuy subi Fhore is -Abrang, Ora ehtews bfia..raxcl.oads..awch veto ub sho €s Ana. lens sluclding ushernan..Na has au in conplute 3S ui = Eater i met ghreddod fom tra runcleus from Us Inner anal agnesium 128 Mg Aao.mune.prokins Ca.) Compared te Na (1) Eumdded Ae Niet Same cle’. Cauees auvry Sano Sivretdais voted ers wi mound attraction from nareleus A) Srealtor (4) Explain why the frst ionisation energy of annum slower than that of magnesium. aye AU rte Zl dS. Shrsulesholl= Reghev wi e thon 35 wi lig: p 7 as ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy MSc..M.Phil. (Ph.D). FICS ~Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme18 22. ‘Values for the covalent radii of the elements in Period 3 are given in the table below. Elements Na] Mg} a} si | ep | s | cat | ar Covalent radiusnm | 0.157 | 0.136 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.110 | 0104 | 0099 | ¢ Explain the decease inthe values shown in the table Incrtancl mathear charge dane te...ukotace ur protein ne — oluwst Savas, Slatedduing.A..8s beoun..oddod., came chott ~ Tare for..cwkta. Madaiasag 25..whene.atbradd.by wrcQous — ONE... Aye. AOpeanes.. (Total 3 marks) 23, _Asample of element Q was extracted from a meteorite. The table below shows the relative abundance of cach isotope in a mass spectrum of this sample of Q mz o | os | o7 | os Relative abundance (%) | 89 | 278 | 147 | 186 (@) Define the term relative atomic mass ofan element 65-4 a (0) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of Q. Give your answer toone decimal ples Suggest theidentiyofQ_ [ Kuce [tn ° (6) norder to obtain a mass spectrum of Q. a gaseous sample is first ionised. Describe how ionisation is achieved in a mass spectrometer. Give three reasons why ionisation is neces, EF qu produces fac moving (bigh eo Es whic, Kos oft ane from Q ® O~ be alle ions & be accoleraled GOOD LUCK a Wu 1 hatpected " eae 0 dakecked by oRectne Volbege /tivpulte th produced . ‘Syed M. Yousuf Hussainy M.Sc..M Phil. (Ph.D).FICS -Coordinator A-Level Chemistry Programme