Linux

Gentoo

PDF 23.04.2011. blindage.org


......................................................................10
........................................................10
.........................................................................10
Daniel Robbins...................................................................10
Chris Houser.......................................................................10
Aron Griffis.........................................................................11
.....................................................................11
1. BASH, ....................................12
bash.................................................................12
...........................................................................12
bash?.......................................................12
bash.................................................................................12
cd..........................................................12
...................................................................................13
..............................................................13
........................................................13
.................................................................13
.......................................14
.......................................................................14
cd ..............................................14
...............15
...........................16
Linux...........................................16

 ls..................................................................16
....................................16
..................................................17
.....................................17
..................................................................17
mkdir..................................................................................18
touch..................................................................................19
echo....................................................................................19
cat cp...............................................................................19
mv.......................................................................................20
, ...........21
..............................21
................................................................21
.........................................................21
..........................................................22
rm.......................................................................................23
rmdir...................................................................................24
Glob-.............................................................26
.................................................26
..................................................26
..................................................26
: * ?................................................27
[]........................................................27
..........................................28
...........................................................29

....................................................................................29
2. ......................................30
....................................................30
?...............................30
................................................30
............................................................30
.......................................30
....................................................................31
[]...............................................................31
[^].............................................................31
................................................32
*....................................................................32
.....................................................33
...............................................33
FHS ..........................................................33
...........................33
FHS.........................34
/usr...............................................34
....................................................................34
PATH...................................................................................35
PATH...............................................................35
which............................................................35
which -a..............................................................................36
whereis...............................................................................36
find.....................................................................................36

find ..................................................................36
find........................................37
find ..........................................37
find ...........................................................37
find mtimes.....................................................................37
-daystart.................................................................38
- size.......................................................................38
.........................................38
locate..................................................................................39
updatedb..................................................39
slocate................................................................................39
...................................................41
...................................................41
xeyes.......................................................................41
..........................................................41
fg bg.................................................................................41
"&"...........................................................42
........................................42
..........................................................42
SIGTERM SIGINT.............................................................43
...............................................................43
nohup.................................................................................43
ps .................43
.........................................44
u l ps..............................................................44

 top............................................................45
nice.....................................................................................45
renice..................................................................................45
.............................46
..............................................................46
.................................46
()........................................46
.................................................46
..............................................................47
!.................................47
! ..............................49
">>"...........................................................49
......................................................................51
......................................................................51
, uname......................................................51
uname...........................................................51
.........................................................................51
...................................................................................51
...................................................52
........................................................52
lsmod..................................................................................52
................................................................52
............................................................53
depmod ..........................................................53
........................................................53

 depmod....................................................54
............................................54
insmod vs. modprobe..........................................................54
rmmod modprobe .........................................54
modinfo modules.conf......................55
modules.conf....................................................55
................................................................55
.................................................................................55
..............................................................................56
3. .....................................................57
................................57
Linux..........................57
.......................................................57
-........................................................57
-.....................................58
.........................................................58
apropos................................................................58
MANPATH...........................................................................59
GNU info.............................................................................59
/usr/share/doc.....................................................................59
Linux Documentation Project.............................................60
LDP..........................................................................60
..............................................................60
...................................................61
...............................................................61

 ..........................................61
62
...........................................................................................62
........................................................63
Linux............................................63
, .....................................63
ls -l..............................................................63
........................................................................63
?.................................................................................64
?...............................................64
...............64
..........................................65
chmod..........................................................65
,
..............................................................................65
............................................................65
............................................................66
...................................66
umask.................................................................................66
suid sgid...................................................67
suid.....................................................................................68
suid/sgid.............................................68
suid sgid.......................................................69
.........................................................69
sgid....................................................69

 ....................................................69
................................................70
Linux......................................71
Linux......................................71
, /etc/passwd..................................................71
/etc/passwd, ........................................71
/etc/shadow........................................................................71
/etc/group...........................................................................72
.....................................................72
........................73
/etc/passwd.............................................73
/etc/shadow............................................73
..............................................................74
/etc/group...............................................74
....................................74
............74
......................76
......................76
fortune.....................................................76
.bash_profile.......................................................................76
.................................................................76
--login............................................................77
.........................................77
/etc/profile /etc/skel........................................................77
export.................................................................................78

 ........................................78
Export set -x....................................................................79
set.........................................79
Unset vs. FOO=...................................................................79

..................................................................................80
env........................................................80
.................................................................80
.................................................................................80
...............................................................................80
4. ,
...................................................................................................82
, ......82
......................................82
..................................................82
.............................................................................82
fdisk................................................................83
fdisk.......................................................................83
.............................83
..................................................................84
..................................................................84
fdisk ..................84
......................84
..................................................85
..................................................................85

 ..................................86
.......................................86
.............................................87
........................................................87
...............................87
.............................................88
ext2.....................................................88
ext3.....................................................88
ReiserFS..............................................89
XFS......................................................89
JFS.......................................................89
.............................89
.............................................90
ext2, ext3, ReiserFS..............90
XFS JFS.............................90
....................................91
.........................................92
.......................................................92
fstab.............................................................93
fstab.....................................................................93
...............................94
fsck..................................................................94
fsck................................................................95




Linux,
Linux Professional Institute 101.
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Daniel Robbins

Gentoo
Gentoo Linux.
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IBM developerWorks,
Intel Developer Services C/C++ Users Journal.
Chris Houser

UNIX c 1994 ,

(, ),
.
, -,
, UNIX .
Sentry Data Systems.
,
Gentoo Linux Clojure, The Joy of Clojure.
Aron Griffis

,
Hewlett-Packard
, UNIX- Tru64,
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HP ePrint.

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54
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root
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root
root
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168 Nov 24 14:02 X11R6

14576 Dec 27 08:56 bin
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root

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1856 Dec 27 15:54 gentoo-

root

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152 Dec 12 23:10 i686-

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10150 Dec 12 20:09

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10150 Dec 12 20:09
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8 Jan

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reiserfs

sw 0 0
noatime,rw 1 1

dev.sda
/etc/fstab. , grep
dev.sda, dev.sda . ,

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, "." ,
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, ".",
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:
$ grep dev.sda[12] /etc/fstab
/dev/sda1
/boot
noauto,noatime,notail 1 2
/dev/sda2
swap

reiserfs
swap

sw 0 0

, ,
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:
, glob-,
.
[^]

^
[.
. ,
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$ grep dev.hda[^12] /etc/fstab
/dev/hda3
/
#/dev/hda4
/mnt/extra

reiserfs
reiserfs

noatime,ro 1 1
noatime,rw 1 1

,

. , "."

 ,
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,
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$ grep dev[.]sda /etc/fstab

, :
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/etc/fstab .
*

, .
, * (),

. , , *
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?)
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bqe, be)
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,
)
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glob-)
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#

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:
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# /etc/fstab: static file system information.

,
$ . $
, grep
.

FHS

(Filesystem Hierarchy
Standard . FHS)
Linux-. FHS

,

. FHS
( ):
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:
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;
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, ).
; (
).

, ,
. ,
:

/usr
/opt

/etc
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/var/mail
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/var/run
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/usr

/usr ,
. /usr
,
()

CD-ROM
().

Linux /usr,

/usr.
,
.

 .
Linux.
: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.

Linux- .
, ,
, ,
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Linux .
.
PATH

, bash

. , ls,
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/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/X11R6/bin.

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/usr/local/bin, /usr/bin
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bash .
PATH

PATH,
:
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/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/hom

e/agriffis/bin

PATH,
,
$PATH.
PATH , :
$ PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:~/bin
$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/home/agriffis/bin

PATH
, ,
export:
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which

,
PATH which. ,
PATH , sense
:
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which: no sense in
(/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/X11R6/bin)

, ls :
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/usr/bin/ls
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, -a, which
PATH:
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/usr/bin/ls
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ls: /bin/ls /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz

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,
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,
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.
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/usr/share/doc/ion-20010523/README
/usr/share/doc/bind-9.1.3-r6/dhcp-dynamic-dns-examples/README
/usr/share/doc/sane-1.0.5/README
find

glob-
-name,
(
, bash'
).

README :
$ find /usr/share/doc -name README\*
/usr/share/doc/iproute2-2.4.7/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/iproute2-2.4.7/README.iproute2+tc.gz
/usr/share/doc/iproute2-2.4.7/README.decnet.gz
/usr/share/doc/iproute2-2.4.7/examples/diffserv/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/pilot-link-0.9.6-r2/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/gnome-pilot-conduits-0.8/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/gimp-1.2.2/README.i18n.gz
/usr/share/doc/gimp-1.2.2/README.win32.gz
/usr/share/doc/gimp-1.2.2/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/gimp-1.2.2/README.perl.gz
[ 578 ]
find

, :
$ find /usr/share/doc -name '[Rr][Ee][Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]*'

, :
$ find /usr/share/doc -iname readme\*

,
-iname .

find

,
-regex
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. :
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/etc/X11/app-defaults/XTerm-color

, find
,
. ,

 .*; xt
.
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-type
. -type : b
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), s (). ,
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/usr/bin/rvim
/usr/bin/vimdiff
/usr/bin/gvimdiff
find mtimes

-mtime
. mtime
24- ,
( )
( ). , :
$ ls -l ?
-rw------1 root
root
-rw------1 root
root
-rw------1 root
root
-rw------1 root
root
$ date
Tue Jan 7 18:14:52 EST 2003

0
0
0
0

Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan

7
6
5
4

18:00
18:00
18:00
18:00

a
b
c
d

,
24 :
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./a

24-
:

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,
. ,
:
$ find . -name \? -daystart -mtime +0 -mtime -3
./b
./c
$ ls -l b c
-rw------1 root
root
0 May 6 18:00 b
-rw------1 root
root
0 May 5 18:00 c
- size

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,
. : b (512- ), c (),
k (), w (2- ). ,
( )
( ).
, /usr/bin
50 :
$ find /usr/bin -type f -size -50c
/usr/bin/krdb
/usr/bin/run-nautilus
/usr/bin/sgmlwhich
/usr/bin/muttbug

! , find
-exec.
, ;,
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:
$ find /usr/bin -type f -size -50c -exec ls -l
-rwxr-xr-x
1 root
root
27 Oct
/usr/bin/krdb
-rwxr-xr-x
1 root
root
35 Nov
/usr/bin/run-nautilus
-rwxr-xr-x
1 root
root
25 Oct
/usr/bin/sgmlwhich
-rwxr-xr-x
1 root
root
26 Sep
/usr/bin/muttbug

'{}' ';'
28 07:13
28 18:26
21 17:51
26 08:00

, find .
UNIX Linux. find
. man-.
locate

which, whereis find.

, find
, ..
. , locate
,
updatedb (updatedb ).
locate ,
. :
$ locate bin/ls
/var/ftp/bin/ls
/bin/ls
/sbin/lsmod
/sbin/lspci
/usr/bin/lsattr
/usr/bin/lspgpot
/usr/sbin/lsof

 updatedb

Linux cron job

. locate
, updatedb
root' :
$ locate bin/ls
locate: /var/spool/locate/locatedb: No such file or directory
$ su Password:
# updatedb

updatedb .
,
. :)
slocate

Linux , locate
slocate.
locate, ,
. slocate locate ( . secure
locate . .).
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, .
slocate locate,

.

,
, ,
,
. . ,
bg, fg, jobs, kill, nohup, nice, renice, ps top.

xeyes

, -
. ,
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:
$ xeyes -center red

xeyes ,
. , ,
.

, Control-C
( Ctrl-C ^C):
, xeyes
. , .
Control-C,
Control-Z:
$ xeyes -center red
Control-Z
[1]+ Stopped
$

xeyes -center red

bash'a, xeyes

 . ,
, . xeyes
,
, .
. .
fg bg

,
fg (
. foreground . .):
$ fg
(test it out, then stop the process again)
Control-Z
[1]+ Stopped
xeyes -center red
$

bg (
. backgroud . .):
$ bg
[1]+ xeyes -center red &
$

! xeyes
, bash.
"&"

xeyes
( Control-Z bg),
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$ xeyes -center blue &
[2] 16224

xeyes.

jobs:
$ jobs -l
[1]- 16217 Running
[2]+ 16224 Running

xeyes -center red &

xeyes -center blue &

,
bash . (+)
, ,
fg.
;
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pid,
-l. ,
Running ()
.

, , , Linux
,
. ,
, , - . ,
, Control-C,
Control-Z, bg fg bash
.
kill id
(pid):
$ kill -s SIGSTOP 16224
$ jobs -l
[1]- 16217 Running
[2]+ 16224 Stopped (signal)

xeyes -center red &

xeyes -center blue

, kill ,
. -s, kill
. Linux ,

 SIGINT, SIGSTOP,
SIGCONT . ,
;
.

man' SIGNALS.
SIGTERM SIGINT

, . , kill SIGTERM,
SIGINT Control-C,
:
$ kill 16217
$ jobs -l
[1]- 16217 Terminated
[2]+ 16224 Stopped (signal)

xeyes -center red

xeyes -center blue

, SIGTERM SIGINT,
, , ,
- . ,
SIGKILL.
SIGKILL:
$ kill 16224
$ jobs -l
[2]+ 16224 Stopped (signal)
$ kill -s SIGKILL 16224
$ jobs -l
[2]+ 16224 Interrupt

xeyes -center blue

xeyes -center blue

nohup

,
. (
bash -), SIGHUP

 , .
, nohup
:
$ nohup make &
[1] 15632
$ exit
ps

jobs,
,
bash. ,
ps a x:
$ ps ax
PID TTY
1 ?
2 ?
3 ?
4 ?
5 ?

STAT
S
SW
SWN
SW
SW

TIME
0:04
0:11
0:13
2:33
0:00

COMMAND
init [3]
[keventd]
[ksoftirqd_CPU0]
[kswapd]
[bdflush]

5 ,
.
, ,
. ,
ax, ,
, .
ps x , ,
. ps a,
.

. --forest
,
.

 ,
. --forest,
, :
$ ps x --forest
PID TTY
STAT
927 pts/1
S
6690 pts/1
S
26909 pts/1
R
19930 pts/4
S
25740 pts/4
S

TIME COMMAND
0:00 bash
0:00 \_ bash
0:00
\_ ps x forest
0:01 bash
0:04 \_ vi processes.txt

u l ps

u l
a, x
:
$ ps au
USER
PID %CPU %MEM
COMMAND
agriffis
403 0.0 0.0
-bash
chouser
404 0.0 0.0
-bash
root
408 0.0 0.0
0:00 /sbin/agetty 3
agriffis
434 0.0 0.0
0:00 /bin/sh /usr/X
chouser
927 0.0 0.0
bash
$ ps al
F
UID
PID PPID PRI
TIME COMMAND
100 1001
403
1
9
0:00 -bash
100 1000
404
1
9
0:00 -bash
000
0
408
1
9
0:00 /sbin/ag
000 1001
434
403
9
0:00 /bin/sh
000 1000
927
652
9
0:00 bash

VSZ

RSS TTY

STAT START

TIME

2484

72 tty1

2001

0:00

2508

92 tty2

2001

0:00

1308

248 tty6

2001

1008

4 tty1

2001

2540

96 pts/1

2001

NI

VSZ

RSS WCHAN

STAT TTY

2484

72 wait4

tty1

2508

92 wait4

tty2

1308

248 read_c S

tty6

1008

4 wait4

tty1

2540

96 wait4

pts/1

0:00

 top

, ps
, ,
top. top
,
:
$ top
10:02pm up 19 days, 6:24, 8 users, load average: 0.04, 0.05,
0.00
75 processes: 74 sleeping, 1 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states: 1.3% user, 2.5% system, 0.0% nice, 96.0% idle
Mem:
256020K av, 226580K used,
29440K free,
0K shrd,
3804K buff
Swap: 136544K av,
80256K used,
56288K free
101760K cached
PID USER
PRI
TIME COMMAND
628 root
16
91:43 X
26934 chouser
17
0:00 top
652 chouser
11
3:52 gnome-termin
641 chouser
9
2:13 sawfish

NI

SIZE

RSS SHARE STAT

213M

31M

2304 S

1.9 12.5

1272 1272

1076 R

1.1

0.4

0 12016 8840

1604 S

0.5

3.4

1416 S

0.1

1.0

2936 2808

LIB %CPU %MEM

nice

,
Linux CPU.
,
nice:
$ nice -n 10 oggenc /tmp/song.wav

, nice,
, , nice
(nice , ; . .) ,

CPU. -, 0,

 10 oggenc ,
.
, , oggenc
,
, oggenc.
NI ps top
.
renice

nice
.
, renice:
$ ps l 641
F
UID
PID PPID PRI NI
VSZ RSS
TIME COMMAND
000 1000
641
1
9
0 5876 2808
2:14 sawfish
$ renice 10 641
641: old priority 0, new priority 10
$ ps l 641
F
UID
PID PPID PRI NI
VSZ RSS
TIME COMMAND
000 1000
641
1
9 10 5876 2808
2:14 sawfish

WCHAN

STAT TTY

do_sel S

WCHAN

STAT TTY

do_sel S



Linux.
- bash.

,
>,
, :
$ echo "firstfile" > copyme

,

(). ,
. :
$ echo "hi there" | wc
1
2
9

|
, . ,
echo hi there
. ,
wc,
, .
()

:
$ ls -s | sort -n

, ls -s
, .
, sort -n,

 . ,
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,

Linux.

,
:
$ bzip2 -d linux-2.4.16.tar.bz2
$ tar xvf linux-2.4.16.tar

,
. tar
( ),
:
$ bzip2 -dc linux-2.4.16.tar.bz2 | tar xvf -

!
.

:
$ cat myfile.txt | sort | uniq | wc -l

cat myfile.txt
sort. sort ,
,
uniq. uniq (
uniq, )

 wc -l. wc ,
. -l,
,
. ,
.

.
.
!

Linux
.
,
. ,
man- ( man echo,
) ,
. ,
,
.
, . , . :)
echo .
-e
; echo -e 'foo\nfoo' foo,
, foo.
-n echo
, -.
cat .
, , cat foo.txt | blah.
sort ,

, . , sort
. man sort
,
.
uniq
( ) .
wc ,
( ). man wc
, .
head .
-n, ,
.
tail .
-n, ,
.
tac cat,
, ,
.
expand
. -t .
unexpand
. -t .

cut
, . (
echo 'abc def ghi jkl' | cut -d ' ' -f2,2 . .)
nl .
.
pr ;
.

tr () ;

.
sed -
. sed
Funtoo:
Sed , 1 (En)
Sed , 2 (En)
Sed , 3 (En)
LPI,
.
awk
.
awk Funtoo:
Awk , 1 (En)
Awk , 2 (En)
Awk , 3 (En)
od
, .. .
split
, .
fmt ,
. ,
,
, .
paste
, .
.
join paste,

 (-
).
tee
. ,
-, .
!

> , <
, .
, .

.
Bash herefile.

.
:
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apple
cranberry
banana
END
apple
banana
cranberry

, apple,
cranberry banana, END
. sort
.
">>"

, >> - <<,
. ,

 , >. :
$ echo Hi > myfile
$ echo there. > myfile
$ cat myfile
there.

! Hi! :
$ echo Hi > myfile
$ echo there. >> myfile
$ cat myfile
Hi
there.



Linux. ,
,

.

, uname

uname
. ,
, uname -a, uname
:
$ uname -a
Linux inventor 2.4.20-gaming-r1 #1 Fri Apr 11 18:33:35 MDT 2003
i686 AMD Athlon(tm) XP 2100+ AuthenticAMD GNU/Linux
uname

, ,
uname





MDT 2003"

-s
-n
-r
-v

"Linux"
"inventor"
"2.4.20-gaming-r1"
"#1 Fri Apr 11 18:33:35

-m
-p
-i
-o

"i686"
"AMD Athlon(tm) XP 2100+"
"AuthenticAMD"
"GNU/Linux"

! uname -a ?

. uname -r
,

 .
/lib/modules !
, ! OK,
,
/lib/modules, ,
.

Linux , Linux
,
.
,
, SCSI IDE, RAM,
. ,
.

, ?
, .
,
.
,

,
.
,

,
.

,
. ,
,
- .
lsmod

lsmod:
# lsmod
Module
vmnet
vmmon
nvidia
mousedev
hid
usbmouse
input
usb-ohci
ehci-hcd
emu10k1
ac97_codec
sound
usbcore
hcd]

Size
20520
22484
1547648
3860
16772
1848
3136
15976
13288
64264
9000
51508
55168

Used by
Tainted: PF
5
11
10
2
0 (unused)
0 (unused)
0 [mousedev hid usbmouse]
0 (unused)
0 (unused)
2
0 [emu10k1]
0 [emu10k1]
1 [hid usbmouse usb-ohci ehci-

,
. vmnet vmmon ,
VMWare Workstation,
.
nvidia NVIDIA corporation
3D- Linux.
,
USB mousedev, hid, usbmouse,
input,
usb-ohci,
ehci-hcd

usbcore.

 USB .
? USB plug and play (
) USB ,
USB ,
,
.
-.

: emu10k1, ac97_codec sound,

Audigy.
,
. , USB-
Linux.
, nvidia, emu10k1 VMWare-
.


. .
depmod

/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/,
modules.:
$ ls /lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.*
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.dep
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.generic_string
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.ieee1394map
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.isapnpmap
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.parportmap
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.pcimap
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.pnpbiosmap
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/modules.usbmap

. ,

.

, emu10k1
. ,
PCI
IDs ,
.
, hotplug (
)

.
depmod

, .
, depmod -a. depmod
/lib/modules
.
/lib/modules symbols
.

, ? 2.4,
/lib/modules
".o" ( 2.6 ".ko" . .).
/lib/modules, :
# find /lib/modules -name '*.o'
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/misc/vmmon.o
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/misc/vmnet.o

/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/video/nvidia.o
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/kernel/fs/fat/fat.o
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/kernel/fs/vfat/vfat.o
/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/kernel/fs/minix/minix.o
[ ]
insmod vs. modprobe

, ?
, insmod
, :
# insmod /lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/kernel/fs/fat/fat.o
# lsmod | grep fat
fat
29272
0 (unused)

,
modprobe. , modprobe

. ,
.
rmmod modprobe

fat.o
modprobe:
# rmmod fat
# lsmod | grep fat
# modprobe fat
# lsmod | grep fat
fat

29272

(unused)

, rmmod
modprobe,
.
modinfo modules.conf

modinfo,
:
# modinfo fat

filename:
description:
author:
license:

/lib/modules/2.4.20-gaming-r1/kernel/fs/fat/fat.o
<none>
<none>
"GPL"

/etc/modules.conf.
modprobe
modprobe. ,
/ ,
, .
modules.conf

modules.conf
, ( man
modules.conf ),
, .
-,
,
/etc/modules.d/. , Gentoo Linux ,
update-modules
/etc/modules.d/ /etc/modules.conf. ,
/etc/modules.d/
update-modules, Gentoo. Debian,
, ,
/etc/modutils/.
2.6
etc modprobe.conf modprobe.d .
, man modprobe.conf
.

 Linux!
Linux.

,
, , ,
.
, . ,
,
LPIC
Level 1 Linux Professional Institute.

LPIC,
,
,
.

. :
Regular Expressions Reference
Regular Expressions Explained

(Filesystem
Hierarchy
Standard)

http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.
Bash ,
bash .
( )
LPIC Level 1.
sed Sed
( ). LPI
, .

 awk, Awk
( ).
vi,
Vi the cheat
sheet method. ,
. ,
,
vi.

 3.
,
,
Linux Professional Institute's 101 (2- ).
,
Linux.
, ,
Linux,
.

Linux

Linux
: (), info-
/usr/share/doc.
,
,
.

, man ( . manual
) , -,
UNIX Linux.
, ,
. , ,
Linux
.
, ,
.
man, .
- (, less

more) . , ,
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NAME ()
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7582

!
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Linux Documentation Project

,
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Documentation Project" (LDP) ,

Linux.
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, .
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Guides () ,
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,
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.
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( Linux).

,

.
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LKML FAQ
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 ,
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comp.os.linux.
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Linux

,
,
,
. :

Redhat Linux
Ubuntu Linux
Debian Linux
Gentoo Linux
SuSE Linux
Caldera
Turbolinux

,
Linux
. ,
Linux,
, , Linux
, ,
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IBM Linux

 HP Linux
Sun Linux
Oracle Linux.


Linux
. ,
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.

Linux
,

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(ownership). ,
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ls
-l.
$ ls -l /bin/bash
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 430540 Dec 23 18:27 /bin/bash

/bin/bash
root wheel.

,
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. (-)
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drobbins
?

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drobbins wheel audio

, drobbins,
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,
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root : root bin daemon sys adm disk wheel floppy dialout tape
video
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(
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,
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0755,
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, x

 s.
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mygroup
/home/groupspace
mygroup.
umask
,

 mygroup.

Linux
.

. ,
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1755
. :)

 Linux
Linux
, /etc/passwd

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, .
/etc/passwd, less
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drobbins:x:1000:1000:Daniel Robbins:/home/drobbins:/bin/bash

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drobbins:$1$1234567890123456789012345678901:11664:0:-1:-1:-1:1:0

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drobbins:x:1000:

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,
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.
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drobbins drobbins,
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:
-
, ( ).

 -
.
.

,

.

,
.
.
EDITOR
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,
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passwd group vipw vigr.
,
.
/etc/passwd

, /etc/passwd,
:
testuser:x:3000:3000:LPI tutorial test
user:/home/testuser:/bin/false

testuser
3000.

, .
,
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. vipw -s.
/etc/shadow.

(,
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drobbins:$1$1234567890123456789012345678901:11664:0:-1:-1:-1:1:0

(
) :
testuser:$1$1234567890123456789012345678901:11664:0:-1:-1:-1:1:0

. ,
.
# passwd testuser
Enter new UNIX password: (enter a password for testuser)
Retype new UNIX password: (enter testuser's new password again)

 /etc/group

/etc/passwd /etc/shadow
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# vigr

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. ,
,
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:
testuser:x:3000:

.
testuser':
#
#
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#

cd /home
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chown testuser:testuser testuser
chmod o-rwx testuser

. .
, vipw
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.

, ,
, Linux. -

, .

 -
man-.
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.
newgrp , ,
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,
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// /etc/group

useradd/userdel/usermod

// /etc/passwd.
.
man .
pwconv/grpconv passwd
group shadow passwords.
, Linux shadow passwords,
.



fortune

,
.
,
, ,
.

.
,
.
, fortune:
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, .
:
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.
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mycroft.flatmonk.org login: chouser

Password:
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.

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USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
chouser 404 0.0 0.0 2508 156 tty2 S 2001 0:00 -bash

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EDITOR="vim"
HOME="/home/chouser"
MAIL="/var/spool/mail/chouser"
PAGER="/usr/bin/less"
PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/home/chouser/bin"
PWD="/home/chouser"
TERM="xterm"
USER="chouser"

,
.
,
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set.

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bar
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:
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set
export , set
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.

. , bash,

, .

, man PAGER,

.
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$ echo $PAGER
less

PAGER
cat man,
PAGER bash.

3-
.
,

 Linux,
.

c Linux ,
, Linux
Documentation Project, , FAQ,
. Linux
Weekly News.
The Linux System Administrators guide
.
"Unix and
Internet Fundamentals HOWTO".
Vi
"Vi intro the cheat sheet
method tutorial".
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Vi.
Emacs,
the developerWorks, "Living in Emacs".

 4. ,

,
.
fdisk,

fstab.

Linux , ,
.
,
Linux.
.
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fdisk /dev/hda
# fdisk /dev/sda
!
-

, ,
. , ,
.
fdisk

fdisk, ,
:
Command (m for help):

p
:
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 240 heads, 63
Units = cylinders of 15120 *
Device Boot
Start
/dev/hda1
1
/dev/hda2
15
/dev/hda3
50
/dev/hda4
71
/dev/hda5
71
/dev/hda6
210
/dev/hda7
349
/dev/hda8
627
/dev/hda9
905
Command (m for help):

sectors, 2184 cylinders

512 bytes
End
Blocks
Id System
14
105808+ 83 Linux
49
264600
82 Linux swap
70
158760
83 Linux
2184 15981840
5 Extended
209
1050808+ 83 Linux
348
1050808+ 83 Linux
626
2101648+ 83 Linux
904
2101648+ 83 Linux
2184
9676768+ 83 Linux

Linux ( ,
Linux), (
Linux swap).

,
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,
( ).
,

 .
, 4-
. ,
. . ,
.

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hda1 hda4
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, ,
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. 83
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t fdisk. Linux

.
fdisk

,
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Linux.
, .
,

 Linux .
!
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, Linux
( . .),
.

,
,
:
Disk /dev/hda: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes
240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3876 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
/dev/hda1
*
1
14
105808+ 83
/dev/hda2
15
81
506520
82
/dev/hda3
82
3876 28690200
83
Command (m for help):

System
Linux
Linux swap
Linux

, ,
. (/dev/hda1)
, .
,
GRUB, Linux ().

, .

. SCSI (
libATA . .),
, , /dev/sda1.

 (
) .
, ,
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1024 .
(/dev/hda2) .

, .
, 512 . SCSI (
libATA . .)
/dev/sda2.
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. ,
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SCSI ( libATA . .)
/dev/sda3.

, ,
fdisk /dev/hda fdisk /dev/sda ,
IDE SCSI ( libATA
. .) . p
. - ,
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.
!
!
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. ,
.

.
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:
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Partition number (1-4): 1

.
, p, ,
.
, q, Enter,
.
, ,
, p,
, d
. :
Disk /dev/hda: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes
240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3876 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id System
Command (m for help):

, ,
. , n
, p
fdisk, . , 1
.
Enter.
+100M 100 .
:

Command (m for help): n

Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-3876, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-3876, default
3876): +100M

p,
:
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes
240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3876 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 1 14 105808+ 83 Linux

, .
n , p
fdisk .
2 , /dev/hda2
.
, Enter,
, +512M
, 512 . , ,
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:
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Disk /dev/hda: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes
240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3876 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 1 14 105808+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 15 81 506520 82 Linux swap

.
/dev/hda1 ,
a 1 .
p, /dev/hda1 * Boot.
.
w Enter.
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:
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.

. Linux,
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.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
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.

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, , .

, ,
,
.
.
;
.
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.
,
,
, .

,

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, ,

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, , ,

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.
, ,
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.
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,
, ,
,

, ,
. ReiserFS
.
XFS

XFS
.
.
Linux
SCSI / Fibre Channel
.
XFS ,
(. . ,
(
)) ,
.
JFS

JFS IBM
.
,
,
.

, ext3.

ReiserFS; ext3
ReiserFS ,
.


:
# mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
# mkswap /dev/hda2
# mkreiserfs /dev/hda3

ext3
/dev/hda1,
.
mkswap /dev/hda2
.
/dev/hda3 ReiserFS,
.
.

mkswap :
# mkswap /dev/hda2

,
. ,
swapon:
# swapon /dev/hdc6

Linux
. ,
swapon, ,
,
.
, cat /proc/swaps.
ext2, ext3, ReiserFS

ext2
mke2fs:
# mke2fs /dev/hda1

 ext3,
mke2fs -j:
# mke2fs -j /dev/hda3

ReiserFS
mkreiserfs:
# mkreiserfs /dev/hda3
XFS JFS

XFS
mkfs.xfs:
# mkfs.xfs /dev/hda3
: mkfs.xfs :
-d agcount=3 -l size=32m. -d agcount=3
. XFS
4 , , ,
20, agcount=5. -l
size=32m 32 ,
.
. : .
, , , 6 ,
(allocation group) XFS .

JFS,
mkfs.jfs:
# mkfs.jfs /dev/hda3

,
, mount:
# mount /dev/hda3 /mnt

 ,
.
.

/mnt .
, .
,
/mnt
ReiserFS, .
,
/mnt. , :
# mkdir /mnt/boot
# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/boot

,
/mnt/boot. /mnt/boot,
ext3 ,
/dev/hda1. /mnt,
/mnt/boot, ReiserFS
/dev/hda3.
/mnt,
( ),
Linux .

, mount .
mount Linux ,
,
:
/dev/root on / type reiserfs (rw,noatime)
none on /dev type devfs (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
usbdevfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw)
/dev/hde1 on /boot type ext3 (rw,noatime)


cat /proc/mounts. /dev/hda3

/dev/hda3.
/dev/hda3, /dev/root
, , :
# ls -l /dev/root
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 33 Mar 26 20:39 /dev/root ->
ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part3
# ls -l /dev/hda3
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 33 Mar 26 20:39 /dev/hde3 ->
ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part3

, /dev/ide/host0? , ,
devfs
/dev,
,
Linux

,
/dev/ide/host0/bus1/target0/lun0/part7
/dev/hdc7, /dev/hdc7
() .
devfs,
/dev/.devfsd; devfs
.
mount
,
.
, -t, :
# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/boot -t ext3

# mount /dev/hda3 /mnt -t reiserfs

. ,

ro:
# mount /dev/hdc6 /mnt -o ro

/dev/hdc6 ,
/mnt .
/
,

remount

:
# mount /mnt -o remount,ro

,
, . . mount
/mnt /dev/hdc6.
,
/:
# mount /mnt -o remount,rw

,
, /mnt -
.
mount Linux, man mount.
fstab

. ,
Linux, ,
? ,
Gentoo Linux .
,

 /dev/hda3? - ,
, ,
?
,
Linux

,
, Linux
. , Linux
, /etc/fstab
.
.
fstab

/etc/fstab:
<fs> <mountpoint> <type>
<opts>
/dev/hda1
/boot
ext3
1 1
/dev/hda3
/
reiserfs
0 0
/dev/hda2
none
swap
0 0
/dev/cdrom
/mnt/cdrom
iso9660
0 0
# /proc should always be enabled
proc
/proc
proc
0 0

<dump/pass>
noauto,noatime
noatime
sw
noauto,ro,user
defaults

/etc/fstab
, ,
, ,
. ,

dump. ,
dump ,
.
fsck,

.

 fsck .
/dev/hda1; , /dev/hda1
ext3, /boot.
opts.
noauto /dev/hda1
; /dev/hda1
/boot .
noatime,
atime ( )
. ,
atime
.
/proc defaults.
defaults,
. . . /etc/fstab
,
.
/dev/hda2 /etc/fstab.
/dev/hda2 .
,
. /etc/fstab,
/dev/hda2 ,
.
/dev/cdrom, /etc/fstab CDROM . :
# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom -o ro

:
# mount /dev/cdrom

, /etc/fstab
user.

 ,
.
, CD-ROM.
, root
CD-ROM.

,
.
,
.
, .
, , ,
- . ,
umount,
:
# umount /mnt

# umount /dev/hda3

, /mnt,
, .
fsck

- ,
.
,

, fsck ,

, /etc/fstab.

!
, fsck,
pass ( ) /etc/fstab. ,
1, ,
. ,
, pass 2 .
, ReiserFS,
0, (
fsck) .

, , fsck
.
, , ,
fsck ,
.
fsck ,
.
, y () ,
fsck .
fsck

fsck ,
,
(
) ,
. , ,
fsck .
, ,
, .

. ,
.
,

 .
,
,
.
Linux.
Funtoo Filesystem Guide,
part 1: Journaling and ReiserFS.