PEST & PARASITES

Objectives
Distinguish

between pests and parasites.

Discuss the types of micro organisms that
can cause disease
Describe how our body responds to infection
Explain how a vaccination works
Explain how AIDS is caused and its dangers

PESTS

They are a nuisance.

They affect us in a
negative way.
Common household
pests include:
- flies
- rats
- mosquitoes
- cockroaches

Parasites
These

are micro organisms that harm other

living organisms.
They live on or in that particular organism,
also known as the host.
* Note: Unlike parasites, pests do not cause
diseases; they can transmit organisms
that do.

What types of micro

organisms cause disease?
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
FUNGI
PROTOZOA

Bacteria & Viruses

Bacteria

are unicellular organisms that

multiply and release toxins.
Not all are harmful- some exist naturally in the
body.
*bacterial diseases- typhoid, cholera, TB
Viruses

are smaller than bacteria.

They invade living cells and cause more
harm.
*viral diseases-AIDS, measles, influenza (flu)

How does the body respond to

being infected?
We

detect these foreign bodies and destroy

them.
These harmful micro organisms have a
chemical marker on their surface called an
antigen.
An antigen is a substance that prompts the
generation of antibodies and can cause an
immune response.

Immunity

Immunity is the
protection against
diseases by antibodies.

They are two types:

- natural
-artificial

Natural immunity
Natural

passive immunity involves antibodies

passing directly from mother to the foetus,
through the placenta and later in the breast
milk.

Natural

active immunity involves the white

blood cells ( lymphocytes) producing
antibodies that destroy the antigens.

Artificial immunity
Artificial

passive immunity occurs when the

body is injects with antibodies produced by
other organisms.

Artificial

active immunity occurs when the

body is injected with weak strains of the
pathogen. we make antibodies and memory
cells against it so we can become immune to
the actual disease. It is also known as a
vaccination.

Which type of immunity is seen here?

Acquired immune deficiency

syndrome
This

is a disease caused by the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
This virus causes severe weakening of the
bodys immune system.
This results in the body not being able to
produce antibodies and therefore becoming
vulnerable to many diseases.

SANITATION

Objectives
Describe

the conditions which promote the

growth of micro organisms
Discuss the principles of food preservation
Discuss conditions that encourage the
breeding of household pests
Discuss the different types of waste
Discuss the need for personal & community
hygiene.

Food spoilage

When micro organisms

feed on our food it spoils.

This action is caused by:

-the micro organisms first
breaking down food using
digestive enzymes.
-then absorbing the soluble
material

Growth of micro organisms

The factors that influence this growth are:
Temperature
Moisture
Oxygen
* Most micro organisms develop rapidly in
moist conditions, because they need water to
germinate and grow.

How can we preserve food?

Canning
Pickling
Freezing
Salting
Drying
Adding

sugar
Adding preservatives
Refrigeration

Household pests
Can

you recall some of these pests?

Household pests are a nuisance because of
the economic damage they cause.
They thrive best in dirty places filled with
garbage; these conditions provide good
breeding grounds.
Think about these conditions, how are pests
encouraged to breed there??

How can they be controlled?

Sanitary-

keeping the surroundings clean

Chemical-

using pesticides

Biological-using

other animals to catch the

pest
*Can you think of examples of each???

Pollution

Pollution results from waste

substances of human activities.

They are harmful to all living

organisms & the environment.

These waste substances can be:

-domestic
-biological
-industrial

Hygiene
Micro

organisms and pests, if given the right

conditions to thrive can cause diseases
Mosquitoes can cause malaria, dengue fever
Rats can cause leptospirosis
Other micro organisms can cause cholera,
typhoid and food poisoning
What

are the symptoms of these diseases??

Personal hygiene

Can you make a list of

things that you can do to
prevent illness from micro
organisms and pests???

Community hygiene

The members of your

community can also
play a role in the
prevention of diseases.

Can you think of some

of the ways to dispose
of this waste?