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1.SYNOPSIS
Triangle drill heads are designed for use with most drilling machinery.
They can, almost immediately, triple the drilling operations by simultaneously
drilling in one operation. It has proved to be the most versatile method to drill
close trianglular space holes.
This machine includes a first functional portion known as the bar support
which assures the feeding, holding and driving of the bars. This part is provided
with a set of spindles in which are respectively introduced the bars of material in
question, which bars project from said spindles towards the cutting tools mounted
on a supporting structure.
2. METHODOLOGY
This project is designed with
Drilling head
Motor
Drill bit
Shaft
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Here
transferred to the three gears to which the drill heads are connected.
4. LINE DIAGRAM
5. ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most
electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors to generate force, although a few use electrostatic forces. The reverse
process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by
some type of generator such as an alternator or a dynamo. Many types of electric
motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a starter/generator for
a gas turbine, or traction motors used on vehicles, often perform both tasks.
In a wound-rotor motor, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire
and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other
control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the
Motor speed can be changed because the torque curve of the motor
is effectively modified by the amount of resistance connected to the rotor circuit.
Increasing the value of resistance will move the speed of maximum torque down.
If the resistance connected to the rotor is increased beyond the point where the
maximum torque occurs at zero speed, the torque will be further reduced.
When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor
will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the
load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the
load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal.
Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors
and can be very significant. The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very
poor.
Early motors
When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the
magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around
the wire.[3] This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine
substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to
this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain
unsuited to practical application until late in the century.
After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak
rotating and reciprocating apparatus the German-speaking Prussian Moritz von
Jacobicreated the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually
developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record
which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself.
His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a
wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to
build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.
In 1855, Jedlik built a device using similar principles to those used in his
electromagnetic self-rotors that was capable of useful work. [5][11] He built a
model electric vehicle that same year
This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric
trolley system in 188788 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control
system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally
controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side
Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor
and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for
industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its
primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The
development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several
decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap
between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap.
[17] [a]
The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is
extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a
modern motor.
Emergence of AC motors
excited DC supply to rotor winding. One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887,
however, also described a shorted-winding-rotor induction motor. George
Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla's patents, employed Tesla to develop them,
and assigned C. F. Scott to help Tesla, Tesla leaving for other pursuits in 1889.
Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and
rotating
bar
winding
Electric
Rotor
In an electric motor the moving part is the rotor which turns the shaft to
deliver the mechanical power. The rotor usually has conductors laid into it which
carry currents that interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the
forces that turn the shaft. However, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the
stator holds the conductors. Devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers
that convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical power
are respectively referred to as actuators and transducers. Electric motors are used to
produce linear force or torque (rotary).
Stator
Main article: Stator
The stationary part is the stator, usually has either windings or permanent
magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motors electromagnetic circuit.
The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets, called laminations.
Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were
used.
Air gap
In between the rotor and stator is the air gap. The air gap has important
effects, and is generally as small as possible, as a large gap has a strong negative
effect on the performance of an electric motor.
Windings
Main article: Windings
Windings are wires that are laid in coils, usually wrapped around a
laminated soft iron magnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized
with current.Electric machines come in two basic magnet field pole
configurations: salient-pole machine and nonsalient-pole machine. In the salientpole machine the pole's magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around the
pole below the pole face. In the nonsalient-pole, or distributed field, or round-rotor,
machine, the winding is distributed in pole face slots. [51] A shaded-pole motor has a
winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that
pole.
Some motors have conductors which consist of thicker metal, such as bars
or sheets of metal, usually copper, although sometimes aluminum is used. These
are usually powered byelectromagnetic induction.
Commutator
Main article: Commutator (electric)
[52][53]
In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light
6. HANDLE
by
hand.
The
design
of
each
type
of
handle
involves
USESE
A sheath or coating on the handle that provides friction against the hand,
reducing the gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip.
One major category of handles are pull handles, where one or more hands
grip the handle or handles, and exert force to shorten the distance between the
hands and their corresponding shoulders. The three criteria stated above are
universal for pull handles.
7.GNEVA MECHANISM
Gneva mechanism, also called Geneva Stop, one of the most commonly
used devices for producing intermittent rotary motion, characterized by
In the Figure the driver A carries a pin or roller R that fits in the four radial
slots in the follower B. Between the slots there are four concave surfaces
that fit the surface S on the driver and serve to keep the follower from
rotating when they are fully engaged. In the position shown, the pin is
entering one of the slots, and, on further rotation of the driver, it will move
into the slot and rotate the follower through 90. After the pin leaves the slot,
the driver will rotate through 270 while the follower dwells
i.e., stands still. The lowest practical number of slots in a Geneva
mechanism is 3; more than 18 are seldom used. If one of the slot positions is
uncut, the number of turns that the driver can make is limited. It is said that
the Geneva mechanism was invented by a Swiss watchmaker to prevent the
overwinding of watch springs. For this reason it is sometimes called
a Genevastop.
8. BENCH VICE
Woodworking
"Quick-release" vises employ a split nut that allows the screw to engage or
disengage with a half-turn of the handle. When disengaged the movable jaw may
be moved in or out throughout its entire range of motion, vastly speeding up the
process of adjustment. Common thread types are Acme and buttress.
Engineer's
Engineer's bench vise made of cast iron - image inset shows soft jaws
An engineer's vise is bolted onto the top surface of a workbench, [2] with the
face of the fixed jaws just forward of its front edge. The vise may include other
features such as a small anvil on the back of its body.
Woodworking
Woodworking vises are attached to a workbench, typically flush with its work
surface. Their jaws are made of wood or metal, the latter usually faced with wood,
called cheeks, to avoid marring the work.[1] The movable jaw may include a
retractable dog to hold work against a bench dog.
"Quick-release" vises employ a split nut that allows the screw to engage or
disengage with a half-turn of the handle. When disengaged the movable jaw may
be moved in or out throughout its entire range of motion, vastly speeding up the
process of adjustment. Common thread types are Acme and buttress.
Engineer's
Engineer's bench vise made of cast iron - image inset shows soft jaws
An engineer's vise is bolted onto the top surface of a workbench, [2] with the
face of the fixed jaws just forward of its front edge. The vise may include other
features such as a small anvil on the back of its body.
8. GEAR
When two gears mesh, and one gear is bigger than the other (even though
the size of the teeth must match), a mechanical advantage is produced, with
the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in an inverse
relationship.
but they can be traced back to the Greek mechanics of the Alexandrian school in
the
3rd
century
BCE
and
were
greatly
developed
by
the
of
very
early
and
intricate
geared
device,
designed
to
The water-powered grain-mill, the water-powered saw mill, fulling mill, and
other applications of watermill often used gears.
The 1386 Salisbury cathedral clock may be the world's oldest working
mechanical clock.
The definite velocity ratio that teeth give gears provides an advantage
over other drives (such as traction drives and V-belts) in precision machines such
as watches that depend upon an exact velocity ratio. In cases where driver and
follower are proximal, gears also have an advantage over other drives in the
reduced number of parts required; the downside is that gears are more expensive to
manufacture and their lubrication requirements may impose a higher operating
cost.
Internal gear
An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or
cone. Conversely, an internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface
of a cylinder or cone. For bevel gears, an internal gear is one with the pitch angle
exceeding 90 degrees. Internal gears do not cause output shaft direction reversal.
Spur
Spur gear
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not
straight-sided in form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive
ratio, mainly involute), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the
axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are
fitted to parallel shafts.
Helica
Helical gears
Top: parallel configuration\
Bottom: crossed configuration
Helical or "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The
leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an
angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment
of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed in parallel or crossed orientations. The
former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the most common
orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this configuration the
gears are sometimes known as "skew gears".
The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth,
causing them to run more smoothly and quietly.[8] With parallel helical gears, each
pair of teeth first make contact at a single point at one side of the gear wheel; a
moving curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face to a maximum
then recedes until the teeth break contact at a single point on the opposite side. In
skew gears, teeth suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire width causing
stress and noise. Skew gears make a characteristic whine at high speeds. Whereas
spur gears are used for low speed applications and those situations where noise
control is not a problem, the use of helical gears is indicated when the application
involves high speeds, large power transmission, or where noise abatement is
important.[9] The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line velocity
exceeds 25 m/s.[10]
A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultant thrust along the axis of the gear,
which needs to be accommodated by appropriate thrust bearings, and a greater
degree of sliding friction between the meshing teeth, often addressed with
additives in the lubricant
Skew gears
For a 'crossed' or 'skew' configuration, the gears must have the same pressure angle
and normal pitch; however, the helix angle and handedness can be different. The
relationship between the two shafts is actually defined by the helix angle(s) of the
two shafts and the handedness, as defined:[11]
is the helix angle for the gear. The crossed configuration is less
mechanically sound because there is only a point contact between the gears,
whereas in the parallel configuration there is a line contact.[11]
Quite commonly, helical gears are used with the helix angle of one having the
negative of the helix angle of the other; such a pair might also be referred to as
having a right-handed helix and a left-handed helix of equal angles. The two equal
but opposite angles add to zero: the angle between shafts is zerothat is, the shafts
are parallel. Where the sum or the difference (as described in the equations above)
is not zero the shafts are crossed. For shafts crossed at right angles, the helix angles
are of the same hand because they must add to 90 degrees.
3D Animation of helical gears (parallel axis)
3D Animation of helical gears (crossed axis)
Double helical
Spiral bevels[edit]
or Klingelnberg Palloid. Spiral bevel gears have the same advantages and
disadvantages relative to their straight-cut cousins as helical gears do to spur gears.
Straight bevel gears are generally used only at speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min),
or, for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.[12]
Hypoid[edit]
Hypoid gear
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not
intersect. The pitch surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft,
are in fact hyperboloids of revolution.[13][14] Hypoid gears are almost always
designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is
offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear teeth may
be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear teeth, but also have
a sliding action along the meshing teeth as it rotates and therefore usually require
some of the most viscous types of gear oil to avoid it being extruded from the
mating tooth faces, the oil is normally designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a
number denoting the viscosity. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth
than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are
feasible using a single set of hypoid gears.[15] This style of gear is most common in
driving mechanical differentials, which are normally straight cut bevel gears, in
motor vehicle axles.
Crown[edit]
Crown gear
Main article: Crown gear
Crown gears or contrate gears are a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth
project at right angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth
resemble the points on a crown. A crown gear can only mesh accurately with
another bevel gear, although crown gears are sometimes seen meshing with spur
gears. A crown gear is also sometimes meshed with an escapement such as found
in mechanical clocks.
Worm[edit]
Worm gear
A worm gear is a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is usually
somewhat large (close to 90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in the axial
direction. These attributes give it screw like qualities. The distinction between a
worm and a helical gear is that least one tooth persists for a full rotation around the
helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A worm may have as
few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix, the worm
appears, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the
same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual screw
nomenclature applies: a one-toothed worm is called single thread or single start; a
worm with more than one tooth is called multiple thread or multiple start.
The helix angle of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the lead angle,
which is equal to 90 degrees minus the helix angle, is given.
In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear
attempts to drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead
angle is small, the gear's teeth may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because
the force component circumferential to the worm is not sufficient to overcome
friction.
Worm-and-gear sets that do lock are called self locking, which can be used to
advantage, as for instance when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by
turning the worm and then have the mechanism hold that position. An example is
the machine head found on some types of stringed instruments.
If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only a single point of
contact is achieved.[15][18] If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth
shape of the gear is modified to achieve more intimate contact by making both
gears partially envelop each other. This is done by making both concave and
joining them at a saddle point; this is called a cone-drive.[19] or "Double
enveloping"
Worm gears can be right or left-handed, following the long-established practice for
screw threads.
9. MERITS
It reduces the manual work.
Quick operation
Accuracy is more
Low cost machine
Its used multipurpose device like Grinding, screw driving.
10. APPLICATIONS