Regulile Limbii Engleze

..
811.111(075)
81.2 -9
60
60
/ . . .
: ACT, 2014. 254, [2] . (
).
ISBN 978-5-17-084561-3
,
, .
.
.
, .
811.111(075)
81.2 -9
ISB N 978-5-17-084561-3

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( ) ..................
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who, whom, whose,
that, which ...........................................................................................
each every ................................
other
another the other ...........................................................................
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some any
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one ...............................................
all .................................................
b o th .............................................
either neither ........................
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little few
a little a f e w .................................................................
much m a n y ..............................
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0 1 2 ..........................................
1 12...................................................
13 9. 999. 999 ........................
13 9. 999. 9 9 9 .................................
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in, on a t ...............................................
in, on at .......................................
from ...................................
o f ...................................................................................................
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for .................................................................................................
during ..........................................................................................
out (out of) .................................................................................
over up ...................................................................................
by ..................................................................................................
a b o u t............................................................................................
under ...........................................................................................
through .......................................................................................
in t o ................................................................................................
with, within without ............................................................
t o ...................................................................................................
after .............................................................................................
across ..........................................................................................
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to do ....................................................................
to be .....................................................................
to h a v e ..................................................................
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{Present Indefinite) ...................

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to be
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----------------------------------------------
to be
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(Present Continuous) ......................

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(Present P e r fe c t)..........................

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(Past Continuous) ..........................

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(Past Perfect) ..............................

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(Future Perfect) ................................

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(P erfect Continuous) ..................
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would, could might
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had better would r a th e r ........................................
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1. ...................
2. ...........
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1
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[a ]
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tyre
-------------------------------------

[i:]
- see; - sea; ie -
[a:] +ss -
s;a+st ra
g
a+sp [o:]
[t) ]
[u:]
; ei - receive
st;a+sk - task
la
spa+lm
ra
g
;
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calmea +r - heart
au - author, aw - saw, oo+r - door, aught ;

ought g;a+l - wa//; a+lk - talk] wa+r - warm
u
o
th
wa - want
oo - too] ou - group
Du:] ew - new
[u]
oo - book
[:]
ea+r -
[]
- son] ou - country] 00 - flood
learn]w o + r -
work
[ei] ai - rain] ay - day; ey - they, eigh - eight

[] i+gn - sign] i+ld - child] i+nd - blind] igh - night
[01] oi -
il]oy - toy
o
[au] ou - out] ow - down

[] oa - coat] ow - know] o+ll -
o+ld - cold
[] ea+r - near, ee+r - engineer

[] ai+r - chair, e+re - there] ea+r - bear
[] oo+r - poor, our - tour
[]
sh
[fl - s h ip
m - c h ip
[tfl - c a tc h
ch
tch
th
th
- lu c k
[0 ] - th ic k
[9] - this
w h+ o -
ph
phone
qu
[f]
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kn
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kn ife
ng
nk
[0]
m
th in g
q u ite
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w h+ - [w] - w h a t
w r - [] - w rite r
14
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,
, i, : nice,
city, ic y
: co m e , c a tc h
, i, : large, e n g in e ,
: get, beg in, g ive
: g o o d ,

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Dodson ['dndsan];
this is Sid [sid].

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16
-------------------------------------------
2.

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s it behind it

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17
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21
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Its winter, ( - ;
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Everyday \ friend and I \ study this subject \ very hard.
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22
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Tapples,Tberries, Toranges, and demons.

23
------------------------------------------2,
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'G e t\o u t o f here!
.
please -
:
1Make us some more Ttea, please.
3, thank you
:
TThankyou!
4, ,
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5, ,
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I like tea \ and Pete likes coffee \.
6, ,
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'On the right you can see the Houses o f Parliament.

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is it? (
?)
who is it? ( ?).
!

| ,I | .

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- ; butter - .
! =>
,
: dark
ness - ; childhood - ; em ploym ent -
.
! =>
: a newspaper - ; a bathroom ; a
father-in-law - .
,

:
-
w r ite
w r it e r
-n e s s
h a p p y
h a p p in e s s
-io n
c o n n e c t
c o n n e c t io n
26

-m e n t
sh ip
s h ip m e n t
-h o o d
n e ig h b o u r
n e ig h b o u rh o o d
-d o m
king
king do m
-s h ip
p a r tn e r
p a rtn e rs h ip
,
(
,
):
re d is in m is u n d e rc o u n te rsub-
c o n s tru c tio n
re c o n s tru c tio n
a rm a m e n t
d is a r m a m e n t
a b ility
in a b ility
u n d e rs ta n d in g
m is u n d e rs ta n d in g
g ro u n d
u n d e rg ro u n d
()
a t ta c k
c o u n te r a tt a c k
w ay
subw ay
( )

:
) :
=> : London - ; Thames
=^> : John;
=> : Blackie; Randy
=> , : January - ;
Monday - ;
27

) :
=> : table - ;
steak -
= : wood - ; water
=> : love - ; friendship -
=> : furniture - ; police -

J
^
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,
( , ,
..): an engineer - ; a g irl ; an Englishman - .
,
, ..: a table - ; glass
- , .

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____________ ^
____________^
, ,
, , , ..

, : a cat - cats
( - ); a table - tables ( - ); a teacher teachers ( - ).

, :
honesty - ; m eat - .

, -
28

.

, ,
. ,
,

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,
, ,
.
(. .
)
agreem ent
an agreem ent
agreem ents
,
()
bone
{
)
a bone
bones
business
a business
businesses
cloth
{
)
a cloth
cloths
decision
a decision
decisions
education
{
)
an education
educations
fire
a fire
fires
glass
(
)
a glass
glasses
,
,
history
( )
a history
histories
honour
an honour
honours
language
a language
languages
29
life
light
)
{
(. .
)
a life
lives
a light
lights
noise
, (
a noise
noises
pain
a pain
pains
paper
{
)
a paper
papers
,
, ;
pleasure
{
)
a pleasure
pleasures
silence
a silence
silences
-,

space
a space
spaces
,
( ,
)
stone
{
)
a stone
stones
success
a success
successes
time
a time
times
,
;
war
a w ar
wars
work
,
(
a work
works
(),
;
,
30

.
:
-S
-e s

(
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- , - ),

-5.

[ ]
[]
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-, -5, -55, -5/7, -,

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-

[I]: [^;
\2]
31
a book - books
( - );
a trick - tricks
( - ).
baths [bci:0s] -
;
tables [teTblz] -
.
a bench - benches
( -
);
a bus - b u s e s (
- ).
-ie s
,
- (
),

-ies [ z , iz ] .
an arm y - arm ies

( - );
a fly - flies (
- ); a lady
- ladies ( ).
-y s
,
- (
),

-ys [z].
day - days ( );
play - plays ( ).
-e s
,
-,
,

-es.
a potato - potatoes
(
-

).
-s

,
-,
-s.
(grand) piano pianos (

); photo
photos (
- );
video - videos (

).
- f(-fe ),
, -v,
-ves.
a ca lf - calves
( -
); a knife - knives
( - ).
,
- f,

-S.
ro o f - roofs (
); c h ie f chiefs ( );
handkerchief handkerchiefs
( ).
-v e s
-s
32

. :
)
:
a man - men ( - );
a goose - geese ( - );
a woman - women ( -
); a mouse - m ice ( ); a foot - feet ( - );
a louse - lice ( - ); a tooth teeth ( - );
)
-:
an - oxen ( - ); a child children ( - );
)
,

,

,
:
a formula - form ulae (form ulas)

( - ); an in d e x indices ( - );
a crisis - crises ( - );
a bacterium - bacteria ( ); a criterion - criteria (
- ).
a d e e r () - deer ();
a sheep ( ) - sheep ( );
a fish () - fish ().
advice - ; furniture - ;
luggage - ; knowledge -
; inform ation - .
news - ; looks -
; clothes - ; riches
- ; anners - ;
damages - ; goods ; thanks - .

:
A
fo lk s o n g is a p ie c e o f p o p u la r m u sic. -
- .
I o rd e re d tw e lve b a rs o f so ap . -
.
33

:
a piece of advice
two pieces of advice
a piece of bread

two pieces of bread
a piece of equipm ent

two pieces of equipment
a piece of furniture

two pieces of furniture
a piece of information

two pieces of information
a piece of jew elry
two pieces of jewelry
a piece of luggage

two pieces of luggage
a piece of mail

two pieces of mail
a piece of music

two pieces of music
a piece of news
( - )
two pieces of news
a piece of toast
two pieces of toast
a loaf of bread
,
two loaves of bread
a slice of bread

two slices of bread
a bar of soap

two bars of soap
a bolt of lightning

two bolts of lightning
a clap of thunder

two claps of thunder
a gust of wind

two gusts of wind

34

!

: advice (), equipm ent
(), furniture (), m ail (), music
() .

,
: a wind - winds, a toast - toasts.
!

brother-in-law (, ,
)
,
: brothers-in-law
(, , ), : postm an
() - postm en ().
!

:
+ | +
1. (
):
The postm an delivered a letter to m y house. -
( ).
35

2 . ,

/
:
The postm an delivered a le tte r to m y house.
3 . ,
:
The p ostm ans uniform is blue.
.

- -
.
!

1. -
()
s:
a g irls h at
- ; J a c k s friend
; an actre ss s c a re e r - ; the boys
fath er - .

[z],
- [s], ,
-s, -z, -sh,
-ch, - [iz ].
2.
-s
() :
the a ctre s s e s careers - ; the g irls
notepads - .
36
---------------------------------------------------
3 .

() -s:
the m e n s s u its - ; th e o x e n s fo o d .
4 . , -s,
()
-s:
S t J a m e s s P a rk - . ; C h a rle s s
d a u g h te r - .
5. , -s,
()
:
K e a ts p o e tic a l w orks - .
6.
of:
S h a k e s p e a re s w o rks
( );
th e te a c h e rs ta b le - a ta b le o f th e
).
- th e w o rks o f S h a
, , ,
, ..
( ) :
We w e n t to th e d o c to r s. - .
- ,
.

, .
:
the
()
37

( )
-----
!

1. ,

-
, :
We bought a car yesterday. - .
,
,
( ):
We bought cars yesterday.

.
2 . ,
:
There is a man with a pipe standing there.
(-) .

,
:
The man with a pipe is m y brother. - ()
- .
3 . ,

,
:
A baby can understand this. - .
4. ,
:
I ll be back in a minute. - .
5 . ,

:
A donkey is a stubborn animal.
-
.
-
38
---------------------------------------------------
6.

,
, :
I could do with an ice cream . - .
!

1.
:
The farm er was watching all this with disbelief. -
.
2.
,
:
w anted to buy oranges. -
.
3 .
:
Randy is the cleverest boy in the class. - .
4 .
,
:
I w arned you, m y boy. - ,
.
D o n t take these green apples. - He
.
5. dinner
(), breakfast (), lunch (),
,
(
, ,
), school (),
39
--------------------------------------------------church (), prison (), town (), hospital

(), ,
,
:
I havent had dinner yet. - .
: The dinner I a te yesterday was delicious. - ,
, .
I w ent to school when I was a little boy. -
, .
: The City Council built a new school in the suburbs.
- .
They took him to prison fo r a m inor o ffence. -
.
: The walls o f the prison w ere really high. -
.
bed , ,
(
), ,
, - ,
:
You m ust go to bed im m ediately. -
.
: A new bed was standing in the middle o f the
bedroom . - .
!

1.
,
( ,
..)> (,
) :
We w ent to the m arket to buy oranges. -

.
40
---------------------------------------------------
I
have seen all the horses on the farm .
.
2. ,
,
.
:
The Earth orbits the Sun.

.
The president visited France.

.
Randy is the cleverest boy in the class. - .
-
3 . ,
(
) :
I have ju s t bought the c ar th at we saw yesterday.
, .
-
!

,
,
:
Yesterday I recieved a le tte r which contained some
interesting data. - ,
.
4 .
, , , ,
:
The birch tree grows everyw here. -
.
!
man,
:
M an c a n t live by b read alone. - He
.
41
---------------------------------------------------
5 .

last next , last
, next
, first (),
second (), third (),... twenty seventh (
)...:
The next morning the farm er looked out an d saw his
hens lying on his lawn. -
.
The first thing I did was opening the window. -
.
6.
,
same ( ), all (), wrong
(), right (), following (),
only (), whole ():
The whole thing seem ed to him absurd now. -
.
They m et the following day. -
.
7
(..
) :
The young never understand the old. -
.
8 .
, :
, ,
..:
/ am going to the bank. - .
Jake w ent to the library. -
.
I h eard it over the radio. - .
9. , ,
:
I m fond o f playing the piano. -
.
42
---------------------------------------------------
10.

:
TheEnglish like their tea with milk.
.
11.
,
,
,
:
The milk you bought yesterday w ent sour. - ,
, .
12. ( )
,
:
We caught a Fritz yesterday. - .
The Fritz we caught the day before escaped. - ,
, .
The London o f the days o f Shakespeare is d ifferen t
from the London o f today.
-
.
13.
, :
The Browns are arriving in M ay.

.
-
!

1.
, , , , ,
, , :
the Black Sea
; the Alps - ;
the Thames - ; the Pacific Ocean - .
-
43
--------------------------------------------------2 .
, (
):
the Hague -; the Crimea - ; the Netherlands
; the W est Iridis
-; the
Caucasus - ; the Ruhr - Pyp; the Congo - ;
the Riviera ; the Argentine .
-
3 .
, :
the United States o f Am erica -
;
the United Kingdom ;
the Russian Fdration .
-
4 .
,
:
Everest
; Corfu
5 .
, :
Africa ; North A m erica
;
Asia ; C entral Asia ; M oscow
; Tver - .
-
6 . ,
Lake\
Lake Victoria - .
!
Lake
, :
the Ontario - ;
the Seliger Lake - .
44
- ,
,
:
This is a red-line bus. () -
. knows everything, () -
. I am proud o f you. (
) . car was stolen, (
) - .
!

, -
-. ,
,

.

: .
45
------------------------------------------- (
)
:
I saw
him a t the p o st office. -
1-
[]
we
[w i:]
2 -
you
Du:]
you
Du:]
3 -
he
she
[hr]
LM
[it]
. ., 3 - .
.

they
[]
it

.
,

, ,
, ,
:
Give it to me. - . (. )
W ell do it without him.
.
(. )
The novel was written by him. .
(. )
I ve told you about it. - , (.
)
-
1 -
[m i:]
, ,
US
[AS]
, ,
2 -
you
Du:]
, ,
you
Du:]
, ,
3 -
him
her
it
[ h im ]
, , , them
, ,
[ ]
, ,

[ h s :]
[it]
.

- , , ,
..
46
!

.
:
I ve brought home m y b est friend. -
.

1-
[ ]
our
[ ]
2 -
your
Do:]
your
Do:]
his
[h iz ]
her
[h a :]
their
[deg]
its
[rts]
, ( .
3 -

(
) :
house is really beautiful! -
!
M ine is much more beautiful! -
!
!
:
Jake is a friend o f mine. - .
!

,
.
47
1-
mine
[m am ]
ours
['auaz]
2 -
yours
0o:z]
yours
[p:z]
3 -
his
hers
[hrz]
[h3iz]
theirs
[]
!

, , ,
- (), :
hurt himself. - .
Do it yourself.
- .

.

:

1 -
myself
[m a i'se lf]
our
selves
[a u o 'se lv z ]
2 -
your
self
[jo:se lf]
,
( )
your
selves
[o:'selvz]
him
self
her
self
itself
[h im 'se lf]
,
th e m
selves
[ sm 's e lv z ]
3 -
[h 3 :'self]
[it'self]
(c Heo / 1 TaMi/i i/i < 1)
48
--------------------------------------------

:
She is enjoying herself. - .
They did it th em selves.- .
Behave yourself! - !
Take care o f yourself. - .
She lives by herself. - ( ).

( )
-
each other one another (
, ).
each other, ,

:
They praised each other. - .
one
,
, :
M em bers o f the com m ittee often disagree with one
another. -
.
!

,
(, , ),
(, , ):
49
-------------------------------------------th is [5ts] -
these [5i:z] -
that [dast] -
those [] - .
This pencil is mine.
- .
Those pencils a re theirs. - - .
, , this
these , a that those
:
will go south this summer.

.
A t that m om ent the door opened and a girl en tered the
room. - ,
.

it (
, ):
/
Who is that? - ? I t s Jake
!

who ()] whom ()]
whose ()] what ()] which ()
:
Whowants to live forever? - ?
Whom did you see in the ward?
?
Whose pen is this? - ?
What can I do for you? - ?
Which o f them is mine? - ?
who whom
; a what which - ,
:
What are you? - ( )?
Which o f those men is the judge? -
?
50
--------------------------------------------
whom
who:
Who (whom)
did you see in the garden? -
?
Who (whom) did you send the le tte r to? -
?
who, whom, whose, that, which

who ()] whom ();
whose (); what (
;) which (),
, that,

,
:
I did not know which o f them knew it better.
, () .
The lady who is sitting next to m y aunt is M rs Brown. , , .
The le tte r that I recieved yesterday had been written
in pencil.
- , ,
.
-
!
, ,

:
The man (that) we spoke about turned out to be an
Am erican. - , ,
.
51
------------------------------------------- each every

each every ()
.
each
,
Each o f the three brothers had som ething to say.

.
every
:
We go to the countryside every weekend. -
.
every body, thing
one , ,
(
):
Everything is here. - () .
everything, everyone, everybody,
,
, ,

:
Everybody has received p ro p er training. -
.
other
another the other
other ()
another the other, others the others
.
another (
other - )

, :
One movie starts a t five, another movie starts a t
seven. - , - .
52
--------------------------------------------

another,
.
,

other
other - ,
:
One movie starts a t five, and the other movie starts a t
seven. - , - .

other the other.
Some people like coffee a fte r their lunch, o th er people
p re fe r tea or ju ice. -
, .
Some o f the boys in our class go in for tennis, and the
other boys p re fe r football. - ()
, ( ..
) .
others the others

;
:
Some people p re fe r television, others still go to the
movies. - ,
.
Some leaves on the tree are yellow, the others are
green. - ,
- .
!

some, any,
no, every ( ), much, many, few,
little, all, both, either, neither, each, every, other, one.
53
-------------------------------------------

some any
som e (-,
-, -,
-
..)
-, , -, - ..),
somebody, someone, something,
somewhere, somehow, anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere,
anyhow :
,
,
.
, :
Have you seen him anywhere? - -
?
We havent g o t any information about the man. -
.
Something happened, although I d o n t know what
really happened. - - , ,
.
some any
body one (/), thing - (), where - (), how - ():
som eb o d y - -; anybody - -, ;
someone - -; anyone - -, ; something - ; anything - -, ; somewhere - - ;
anywhere - -, ; som ehow - -
; anyhow - - .
some any
: some (-, -,
-, -) - ; any
(, , ) - .
some
,
any -
:
Give me som e bread, p lease! - , ,
, (,
)
54
--------------------------------------------
Is there any b read on the table? - ?
( - )
There isn t any b re ad on the table. -
. ()
,
, any
,
some -
:
Anybody can tell you the way to the station. -
.
Do you w ant some milk? - ?
I didnt see som ebody you speak about.
-, .
one
,
-,

:
If one doesnt work hard, he c a n t expect to succeed.
, .
One m ust p resen t his thesis not la te r than the end o f
June. -
.
-

,

one
() he.
,
- (
-
),
she
her. he/his, she/her:
55
-------------------------------------------If one d o esn t work hard, he or she c a n t exp ect to

succeed. - ,
.
One m ust p resen t his or her thesis not la te r than the
end o f June. -
.
()
one
- o n e s:
If one d o esn t work hard, one c a n t exp ect to succeed.
- ,
.
One m ust p resen t o n e s thesis not la te r than the end
o f June. -
.

you they your
their .
all
all

;
- , , .
, all,
the,
, .. , ,
:
All people have two legs and two arms. -
.

( )
, the:
All the students o f our class are read y for the dictation.
- .
all
:
is ready. - , (
)
56
--------------------------------------------
A ll are ready. - , (
)
both
both
, :
Both m y friends live in Denmark. -
.
We both chose m athem atics.
.
:
B o th o f m y friends live in Denmark. -
.
Both o f us chose m athem atics. -
.
both
,
( ) , :
Would you ra th e r have cheese o r a ham burger?
?
I d have both. - , .
-
,
neither.
N eith er o f us chose m athem atics. -
.
either neither
either
,
, :
Either o f these flowers will do. -
.

either
, -
:
Either o f the pupils is good for this work. -
.
57
------------------------------------------- neither
either
:
N either o f the statem ents is correct. -
.
neither, either,
too, so also,
.

,

neither, either, too,
so also.
M y wife will talk to him!

-
So will I! - !
wife talked to him. - .
I did too. - .
wife talked to him. - .
I did also. - .
wife w asnt talking to him. -
.
N either was I. - ( ).
wife hasnt talked to him.
.
I havent either. - ( ).

.

so, too also :
=> so
() :
So have I.
So did she.
So m ust we.
==> also too

() :
I will too.
I have also.
58
--------------------------------------------
either
neither :
=> neither
() :
N either will I.
N either has she.
=> either
() :
I w ont either.
She h a s n e i t h e r .

()
.
:
My
My
My
wife
wife
wife
wife
will talk to him, and so will I.

has talked to him, and so have I.
talked to him, and so did I.
was talking to him, and so was I.
My
My
My
My
wife
wife
wife
wife
will talk to him, and I will too.

has talked to him, and I have too.
talked to him, and I did too.
was talking to him, and I was too.
:
My
My
My
My
wife
wife
wife
wife
w ont talk to him, and neither will I.

hasnt talked to him, and neither have I.
didnt talk to him, and neither did I.
w asnt talking to him, and neither was I.
My
My
My
My
wife
wife
wife
wife
w ont talk to him, and I w ont either.

hasnt talked to him, and I haven either.
didnt talked to him, and I d id n t either.
w asnt talking to him, and I wasnt either.
59
-------------------------------------------------
little few
a little a few
little ()
a little ()
, few ()
a few () - :
Give me a little milk, please.

.
There is little w ater in the bottle. -
.
I have a fe w friends in Holland. -
.
I ve g o t fe w pencils in the box.

.
:
few little , a few
a little - .

.
,
(, , , ..),
little few.
, -
, - (, , , ),
,
a little a few:
- Excuse m e, could you give m e som e milk? -
, ?
- Sorry, I c a n t. I have little milk. - , ,
.
( ):
- Oh, yes, I ve got a little milk. Help yourself! -
, . !
60
--------------------------------------------
much many
much many
:
much
- ;
m any -
.
much many, ,

:
Is there much w ater in the jar?

?
There are not m any people in the class. -
.

a lot of,plentyof,
, :
There are a lot o f people in the street. -
.
There is p lenty o f w ater in the jar. -
.
, much many
- , :
spent as much as thirty thousand on building a
home. -
.

:
There is b read on the table. -
.
61
-------------------------------------------There are no people in the room. .
()

body, one, thing, where:
nobody ()
nothing ()
no one ()
nowhere ()

:
There is child in the room. .

,
not any :
I cannot see him anywhere.
can see him nowhere.
- .
There is nobody in th at room. = There isn t anybody in
that room. - .
=

,

not.

.
1.
:
Have you got any milk?
-
?
- No, I ve got none. - , ().
- Have you got any friends in M orocco? -
?
- No, I ve g o t none. - , (
);
2.
:
-
I saw none o f the people you speak about.

, .
62
----------------------------

- ,
.
,
how many? (?),
, which? (
?):
There a re tw enty people in the street. -
.
I am the first to speak. - , .
12
zero (ou)
one
two
three
four
five
six
['ZTgrgu] [0U] -
-
[wait]
[tu:]
-
-
[Gri:]
-
[to:]
-
[faiv]
-
[siks]
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
['sev(0 )n] [ert]

[nam]
[ten]
[T'levn]
[twelv]

( )
( ,
) th [0]
,
:
first
seco n d
third
fourth
ninth
tenth
[f3:st]
['seksnd] [03:d] [fb:0]
[ ] [ten] -
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
eleventh
twelfth
63
[frf6]
[siksG]
['seven]
[eTt0]
[I'levsn]
[twelf]
--------------------------------------

, ,
:
reads the first chapter. - .
is the first to read it. - ,
.

13 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
13 19

3 9 (
) -teen.
13 19
,
: fifteen [ , f if 'ti:n], fifteen books
['ffftk n b u k s ].
thirteen
[,:^1:]
fourteen
[:':]
fifteen
[,:]
sixteen
[^^]
seventeen
[18(),:]
eighteen
[. ]
nineteen
[.']
, ,
( )
2 9 -ty.
, ,
: thirty ['0 : ].
twenty [tw e n ti] -
thirty
[:]
[siksti]
-
seventy ['sev(3)ntT] -
fourty
[Toll]
eighty
['em ]
fifty
['fifti]
ninety
['n a m ti]
sixty
64
---------------------------------------
,
,
1 9
, .
: twenty-one
[,twenn'wAn]:
25- twenty-five 78 - seventy-eight
64 - sixty-four
52 - fifty-two

one (two, three,...
nine) hundred () ['b\ndr?d].
: two hundred
['tir'hAndrad].
,
.
, ,
:
one thousand [WAn'0auz(g)nd]
two thousand...
one million [wAn'miljsn]

two million...
!
hundred, thousand, million
-s,
3, 4,... 9:
There are more than three thousand people in the square.
- .
, ,
:
There are thousands o f p eople in the s tre e t.
.
-
:
178 854 913 367 1 567
one hundred and seventy-eight;

eight hundred and fifty-four;
nine hundred (and) thirteen;
three hundred and sixty seven;
- one thousand five hundred and sixty seven.
65
--------------------------------------
13 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9
13 19

thirteenth...
2 0 9 0 (
)
-th: twentieth...
21 9 9 (
)
-
: twenty-first...
100 9 0 0 (
)
-thone
:
hundredth [].
101 9 9 9 (
)
-
: two hundred and tw enty-first (
)...

, ..:
two thousand one hundred and tw enty-first
two million two thousand one hundred and tw enty-first
!
1.
,
, , , , ..,
,
.
,
-
:
lives in ap artm en t six. -
.
66

:
lives in the sixth apartm ent.
.
2. :
1954
1675
1713
2000
2001
2014
- nineteen fifty-four;
- sixteen seventy-five;
- seventeen thirteen;
- two thousand;
- two thousand one, twenty ['] one,
two double ['] one, two [''] one;
- twenty fourteen, two ['] fourteen.
3 . - ,
, :
734 06 53 = seven-three-four-ou-six-five-three.

what,
:
What colour is m y pen? - ?
What size a re your trousers? -
?
What kind o f a man is he? - ?

:
The book is funny. - , (
)
I t s a funny book. - , (
)
67
--------------------------------------

, :
large ; green ; long .
-

,
.

1.
( )
un-
happy
unhappy
dis-
honest
essential
dishonest
non-essential
capable
legal
incapable
illegal
regular
irregular
patient
historic
impatient
prehistoric
nonin-
///imp re -
po st- war
anti-
postwar
aircraft
anti-aircraft
in ter- national international

sub-
conscious
subconscious
68

2.
( )
-
east
eastern
sun
sunny
-less
sun
sunless
-a n t
please
pleasant
-ous
marvel
marvellous
-able
suit
suitable
-ible
access
accessible
-fu l
beauty
beautiful
-ish
boy
boyish
-ive
act
active ,
-tia l
beast
bestial
-ous
conscience
conscious ,

, ,
:
dark-blue .
-; je t-b la c k -
!

,
, , , four-year-old .
:
A tw o-door c a r is cheaper than a four-door model.
- ,
.
69
------------------------------------A three-m inute call costs less than a dollar when you
dial it yourself. -
, .
: six-storeyed - .
!

, , ,
. .

: ( ),
.
( )

:
-er, - high - higher - highest
( - - );
hard - h arder - hardest
( - - ).
,
-,

:
brave - braver - bravest
( - - ).

,
:
big b igger - biggest
( - - ).
-
70
-------------------------------------

- ,
- -/:
busy - busier - busiest
( - - ).
- , -
:
g ay - gayer - gayest
(. - - ).

more (less)]
- m ost (least):
interesting - m ore (less) interesting - m ost (least)
interesting ( - () () ).
!

:
.
bad
worse
worst
farth er
farthest
,
( )
further
furthest
far
( , ..)
good
better
best
little
less
least
many
more
most
much
more
most
older
oldest
() ,
elder
eldest
old
71
------------------------------------!
1. ,
,
(, ,
, );
2.
M ost

, , ,
.
,
-
:
I t s a m ost interesting book. -
.
Those w ere m ost interesting books. -
.
3. M ost (m ost of)
,
:
M ost people p re fe r to live in families. -
.
M ost o f m y friends like sports. -
.
*
, ,
.
,
, -
:
*
72
-------------------------------------
The old never understand the young. -
.
,
- -/,
,
,
, :
Russian (
a Russian - (
);
three Russians - ;
the Russians - ( ).
,
-se -ss,
,
,
, ,
-s:
Chinese ( );
a Chinese - (
);
three Chinese - ;
the Chinese - ( ).
,
-sh -ch,
,
.
: the English (
); the French
{).
,
, :
Frenchman, an Englishman.
73
- ,
,
.
? ? ? ?
? :
cam e into the hall quickly. - .
She sings beautifully. - .

:
She is a very good student. -
.
sings very well. - .

.
:
som etim es ()
often () seldom ().

:
h a rd
.);
(
(.).
long - (.); (.).
-
.
-/:
attentive ( ) - attentively ( );
beautiful () bea
great (, ) - greatly ().
74

:
The children behaved normally. -
.

, ,
:
atten tively () - inattentively (
);
happily ( ) - unhappily ();
honestly ( ) - dishonestly ().

:
:
here - inside -
there - outside -
where -
below - ,
above - ,
!

. , above
:
hung the lamp above the table. -
.
:
is flying high above. - ( ,
).
:
now - yesterday -
when -
tom orrow -
then -
before -
a fte r -
always -
never -
:
little -
too - , hardly -
much - very -
alm ost -
75
-------------------------------------------------!
.
, little
, :
reads little. - .

:
Little has been done. - .
:
well
- quickly - , ;
easily -
slowly
fast -

, ,
?: fast (); late (); hard
(, ).

fast (), late (
, ) hard (, , )
-1.

:
;
:
She is beautiful. - .
(beautiful - )
I t s a hard life. - .
(hard - )
:
She works hard. - .
(hard - )
!
:
,
: Its nice. - .
76
--------------------------------------------------
late () hard (, )
lately hardly,
, ,

hard late.
:
lately
, h a rd ly :
I have seen the farm er several times lately. - 3a
.
I can hardly see the signs. - ( )
.
, ,
fastly.
, ,
, ,
.. (to sound - , to taste , to look -
..), ,
,
- to be:
It sounds good. = It is good.
It tastes delicious. = It is delicious.
She looks beautiful. = She is beautiful.

(
) ,
.
( early - )

-
-est:
77
-------------------------------------------------fast - fas te r - fastest

- -
hard - h arder - hardest
- -
late - la te r - latest
- -
soon - sooner - soonest
- -
early - earlier - earliest
- -
,
-/,

m ore (less) m ost (least):
clearly - more clearly - m ost clearly
- -
clearly - less clearly - least clearly
- -
!
, often (),
quickly (), slowly (),
:
quickly - quicker - the quickest
quickly - more quickly - m ost quickly

:
well - b e tte r - best
- -
badly - worse - worst
- -
much - m ore - m ost
- -
little - less - least
- -
fa r - farth er - farthest
- -
fa r - further - furthest
- -
78

-
:
speaks fluently. - .
-
:
carefully answ ered the le tte r (carefully). -
.
-
:
usually take bus seven to g etto school. -
, .
-
to be:
is never late for dinner. -
.
( ,
, --)
:
I have never been there. - .
sometimes - ,
, :
Som etim es I (som etim es) go to the movies (som etim es).
- .
tomorrow, today, yesterday -
, :
Tomorrow w e ll go to the circus. -
.
I saw him a t the Zoo yesterday. -
.
before, lately, recently -
:
I ve never seen him before. -
.
79
--------------------------------------------------,
, - ( enough,
, ):
I am very happy to be here. - .
speaks Japanese well enough. -
-.
too ( ) either -
:
I saw him there , too. - .
I didnt see him either: - .
too ( ) -
:
I t s too cold to swim here. -
.
- ,

. (
,
, )
.
!
1.
,
. ,
:
on ()]
at (
): / work at the factory.
2 . :

, .. .
, on, ,
:
Put your hands on the table. - .
80
------------------------
on
:
I ll m e e t you on Sunday. -
.
3.

: to bring - ; to bring up - ;
to bring about - ..
,
,
.
.
,
.
ON

: /
,
;
- , -
, :
-

in th e c o u n try
in th e s ta te , re g io n ,
,
,
p ro v in c e
in th e c ity
in th e s tr e e t
(, .)
81
on th e s t r e e t ( .
.)
on th e
s tre e t
on th e
coast
on th e
on th e
on th e
on th e
-
/ -

c o rn e r o f th e
s h o re , b a n k ,
riv e r
sh ip
tra in
p la n e
a t 3 5 , C a rn iv a l D riv e
in th e
room
in th e
in th e
in th e
in th e
in th e
c o rn e r o f th e
room
b u ild in g
p a rk
car
boat
1.
in
, :
She lives in a big house. - .
We found them in the woods. .
Do you live in the centre or in the suburbs o f the
city?
- ?
They spoke about their experience in the A ntarctic.
.
prom ised to drop in on Sunday. -

( , ).
H and in the papers, please, the te a c h e r d em an d
ed.
- ,
-
).
in

, :
In th at case we ll have to break the rules. -
.
Jack failed in his exams again. -

( ).
82
------------------------
M ost o f all I am in terested in Geography. -
(
).
You can m ake a lo t o f mistakes in a rush. -
.
M ike is an expert in M athem atics. - -
( ).
T h eres no sense in pointing out her mistakes to her.
- (
) .
You are sure to succeed in doing this. -
,
(
We are all in trouble, I m afraid. - ,
( out o f trouble).
2. on , ,
..:
On the way to the station I m e t an old friend o f mine. .
on
on (, , ):
Put on your n ew dress, M o th er said. -
, - .
The new film is on in O deon. -
.
3 . at
- - , :
Jack works a t the factory. -
( ).
The tea ch e r is a t the table. - .
Keep a t rest, will you? - , ? (
.)
D ont stare a t me in such a way. - He
She looked at him
attentively. -
? (
, ,
):
83
-----------------------D ont point your finger a t peo p le! I t s im polite! - He

! !
!
IN, ON
in, on a t
: in -
(, ), on -
( , ),
at -
:
On M onday I g e t up a t six-thirty, as I have to go to
work. - ,
.
In 2 0 2 0 I ll be seventeen. - 2020
.
1. in,
, , ,
:
In the time when I was b o rn... - ,
...
She cam e in time fo r the party. -
.
in time on time
: in time - ,

, ; on time - ,
- .
2. on :
on Thursday - , :
Let m e congratulate you on the occasion o f your
birthday. -
.
3 . at ,
( ):
84
------------------------
at twenty minutes to nine ( ), at
eight o clock ( ).

: a t first ()]
at last ()] at our approach (
)] at once ().
!
FROM

from (, )
, :
G et the book from the table. - .
I know it from experience. -
( , ).
!
OF
o f ,
,
:
It s very kind o f you.
(
)
as a m atter o f fact - ( )
to m ake fun o f som ebody - -
is o f French nationality. -
( ).
Who will take care o f the children? -
? ( ,
?)
You will never g e t rid o f m e! -
( , )!
85
------------------------
They took no notice o f the s ca r on his cheek. -

(' ).
We are not a fra id o f him.
-
One o f the first to com e to the office was Jack. ( )
.
o f

mine (, , )', yours (, , , , )]
his ()] hers (); ours (, , )] theirs ().
Jack is a friend o f mine. - .
Those are friends o f ours. .
!
FOR
for , , , ,
-, , , , ,
..:
did it for fun. - .
S h e s been ra th e r unwell a ll the w eek, an d now she
turns for the better. -
, (
).
M ike sent for the doctor, as his m other was ill. -
- .
Who are you looking for? - ?
What will I g e t for it? - ?(
)
The house is q u ite c o n ven ien t fo r living in the
sum m ertim e. -
.
This is n o ta n occasion fo r laughter. -
.
86
------------------------
W ell see changes fo r the b e tte r soon. -
.
I
41go and change for the lunch, M ary said.
, - .
Fathers as a rule provide fo r their fam ilies. -
(
).
For fe a r o f an accid en t he slowed down. - -
.
for, ,

: fo ra week ( )] for some time

(
)
; for a year ( ).
!
DURING
fo r during (
, ) ,
, ; ()
:
During our voyage we m an ag ed to see a lo t o f
interesting places. -
.
!
OUT (OUT OF)
o u t/o u t o f ()
;

:
A t last they found that she was out o f danger (
- in danger).
87
-----------------------D o n t speak out o f turn. - He (

).
Leaving home d o n t fo rg et to turn out the gas. -
, .
I am really tired out! - (
, )!
On receiving the letter, they decided to s e t out a t once. , ( ).
I t s ra th e r hard to carry out a plan like this. -
( ,
) , .
!
OVER UP
over (, )
-; -.
Where is the National Theatre?
: Its there Its over there.

, ,
- : .
up (, ..)
, ,
,
, ..:
I t s im portant to keep up (to back up) the traditions
o f folk music. -
.
The shares a re up five percen t. -
( ).
The man cam e up to the table an d g o t the book. -
( ) .
She was up all night long. -
(
).
88
------------------------
She woke up a t six yesterday. -
.
Something is up, I m afraid. - , -
( , ).
I t s up to you to decide. - .
They o ffered to p u t m e up fo ra night. -
.
The question was brought up before the conference.
- (
).
was able to bring up eleven children without anybodys
aid. -
(
)
- .
L e ts clear the m a tte r up with the manager. -
.
took up music for a change. -
.
Have you m ade up your m ind? the teach er asked. ()? - .
!
BY
by (, , )
, ,
:
By the tim e you return the children will be sleeping. ( ), ,
.
I t s h alf p as t three by m y watch. -
.
What do you m ean by that? - ( )
?
cam e home by train. -
(b y car, by plane, by taxi, : in a taxi).
89
------------------------
/ saw
him quite by chance yesterday. -

( ,
).
The children were excited by what they saw in the
Zoo. - ,
( ...).
!
ABOUT
about - , , , ,
, . .:
Jack warned M ary about the man whom he had seen the
day before.
-
.
She should be careful about the man. -
() .
D ont worry about the children. - He .
How about going there in a taxi? - ,
?
L e ts w alk a b o u t the g ard en . -
.
I m really sorry ab o u t it. -
( ).
Jack is surely e ag e r about doing his best a t the exams.
- ('
) , .
under (, -, )
, ,
, :
90
------------------------
Jack is
.
M ary is
(
).
The c a r
).
u n der the bridge now. -

under tw enty yet. -

is under re p a ir a t the m om ent. -

(
!
THROUGH
through
- , , ,
..:
I heard o f him through his friend. -
( , , ).
looked through the book without reading it. -
, .
!
INTO

into ()
:
Jack cam e into the room. - .
, ,
,
- , :
When Jack grows up he is sure to go into his fa th e rs
business. - ,
.
M ary eventually grew into a p re tty young woman. - Co

.
91
!
WITH, WITHIN WITHOUT
with - , :
You should be careful with him. -
.
W hats wrong with you? - ?
The house was d eco rated with flowers. -
.
John has trouble with his eyes. -
.
She always finds fault with Jack. -
( , ).
within without - ,

(within = with + in - , ; without = with +
out - , ):
John le ft the p a rty without saying goodbye to anybody.
- , .
A re you within the law? - He ?
(' )
!

to (, , )
:
When I g o t to the office, the secretary had already
gone. - (
), .
Jack invited me to dinner yesterday. -
( ).
92
------------------------
to
:
M ike has been m arried to Joanna for three years.
- ( to m arry
- - - -
).
our surprise, John passed the exam. -
, .
They did a lo t o f harm to the farm ers. -
.
A t last I found the solution to the problem . -
(
).
!

, .
, Jack listens to the
music (
) to listen to
, :
,
,
. Jack hears
the music ( )
,
- ,
.
!
AFTER
after - , , , ,
:
93
-----------------------L e tsm e e t a fte r six. - .

Miss Johrdan will look a fte r the children while we are
away. -
.
:
M ike hurried a fte r the Smiths to tell them that he would
com e. - ( ,
- ), ,
.
A fte r all, Jack is your son, and you have to take care o f
him. - ( )
, .
!
ACROSS
across - , ,
..:
The troops were moving across the country. -
.
We cam e across Jack the o th er day. -
( ).
,
, ..
a c c e d e to
( -)
a c c o rd in g to
( -)
a p p ro v e o f
(-)
be asham ed o f
(-)
b e b o re d w ith
, ( -)
b e c a p a b le o f
( -,
-)
c o m p a r e w ith
( -)
94

c o m p e te w ith
( -)
be co m p o sed o f
( -)
b e c o n s c io u s o f
(-)
d e p e n d on
( - )
e f f e c t on
( -)
b e e q u a l to
( -)
e x c e p t fo r
(-)
fro w n on
( -)
g la n c e a t
( -)
g la n c e th ro u g h
b e in c a p a b le o f
( -)
b e in fe rio r to
( -)
k n o w le d g e o f
(-)
b e n e x t to
( -)
b e p rio r to
( -)
b e r e la te d to
( -)
b e s im ila r to
()
w ith re g a rd to
(-)
to arrive (, )
(When did you arrive?),
at
in -.to arrive at (in) the station, to arrive at a decision.
to call ()
: to call a t - ; to call for - ; to call
in - ; to call on - ; to call
o ff - ..
,
(Phrasal Verb).
attention (),
attentive ()
attentively (), ,
to -.
Pay attention to this, will you? - ,
.
95
-----------------------You m ust be attentive to your parents. -

.
John looked a t him with attention and smiled.
.
to shout (
,)
: shout to
-; shout for - -; shout
with - - ( , ..),
shout a t - - ..:
Richard shouted to the captain, The land! I see the
lan d ! - ! ! -
.
On hearing the news M ary shouted with jo y. -
, .
D o n t shout a t m e! - He !
to join (, ;
) (to join in),
:
jo in ed the arm y going West. -
, .
The arm ies jo in ed in the battle. -
( ).

*
,
, (
).
*
.
96
------------------------
, -
.
, .
, to drop (, , )

:
drop o ff
(1) - (The hill dropped o ff near the
river.
- .)
drop o ff (2) - (While doing his homework, he
dropped off. - .)
drop o ff (3 )
- , ,
- - (W ould you drop this o ff a t the
p ost office? - He ?)
drop out - ()
(A fter two laps, the runner dropped out. -
.)

,
- . ,
,
,
.
, add up (, ,
)
:
She added up the total on her calculator. -
.
: She added it up on her calculator. -
.
g e t around (, )
:
She always gets around the rules. -
.
97
- ,
:
/ am a student. - () .
She works a t the factory. - .
: ?
?
.
!

.
1.
, : to go (); to com e ();
to live (); to sing ().
2.
,
.
,
:
re -
lo a d
re lo a d
d is -
a rm
d is a rm
un-
do
undo
en-
rich
e n ric h
98
-----------------------------------------------------
,
(
,
):
-e n
w id e
w id e n
- fy
s im p le
s im p lify
-ize
m o b ile
m o b iliz e
!

,
.
,
,
:
Ja ke is w ritin g a le tte r. - ()
( ).
,
, :
I live in St. P e te rs b u rg . - (
).
Ja ke a rriv e d y e s te rd a y . - (
).

, .
99
---------------------------------------------------- to grow:
Farmers grow vegetables. -
( ).
to grow:
Vegetables grow in the hothouse. -
().
to open:
Open the window, please. - (
), .
to open:
The superm arket opens a t nine. -
().
/

().
-

.
, Jane reads seventy pages a day.
( .) to
read
100
-----------------------------------------------------

.
The house would have been painted if the
workers had not been dismissed. (
,

.
) to paint

.

.
I
II, ,
, .
!

,
(
).
, ,
, .. to do, shall (should), will
(would).
- to be to have.
1. to do :
- ,

(,
- - to ,
to come, to grow, to understand, to begin, to finish, to eat,
to drink ..)
:
101
----------------------------------------------------Do you like cheese? - ?

Yes, / do. - .
No, I d o n t. I do not like cheese. - ,
.
Does he like cheese? - ?
Yes, he does. - .
No, he doesnt. - .
Did you buy this house? - ?
No, I didnt. I did not buy it. - . .
-
:
I do like cheese. - (, ) .
to do

- -
do
did
shall (will)
do
should (would)
do
you
do
did
will do
would do
he, she, it d o e s
did
will do
would do
we
do
did
shall (will)
do
should (would)
do
you
do
did
will do
would do
they
do
did
will do
would do
2 . shall :
- ,

( ),
:
We shall go to the Crimea in summer. -
.
We shall not be driving very fast. -
.
102
will,
.
- ,

:
Shall I sign here? - ?
3 . will
,
(
) ,
(
):
will be quite p leased a t hearing this news. -
.
They will stay up for the night. - .
!
will

1- .
4 . should would
:
- ,

--
( ):
said th at he would be with m e the next day. -
, .
- ,
(. );
- (. ).
5. to be :
-
( ),
103
---------------------------------------------------- , ,
, , --
:
I am writing a letter. - .
was drinking his coffee in solitude. -
.
I would be playing chess by this time. -
.
- -
:
is a student. - .
She is beautiful, isnt she? - , ?
- (. ).
t o b e

- -
am
w as
shall (will)
be
should (would)
be
you
are
were
will be
would be
he, she, it is
w as
will be
would be
we
are
were
shall (will)
be
should (would)
be
you
are
were
will be
would be
they
are
were
will be
would be
6.
to have

( )
, , ,
, -- :
I have done it easily. - .
has written a long letter. -
.
They would have stopped if they had seen the traffic
lights. - , .
to have
(. ).
104

to have

- -
have
had
shall (will)
have
should (would)
have
you
have
had
will have
would have
he, she, it has

we
have
had
had
will have
shall (will)
have
would have
should (would)
have
you
have
had
will have
would have
they
have
had
will have
would have
!

can {could),
must, may(might), need, ?(

,
- ,
, , .
:
I swim in the river. - , (
)
:
I can swim (I c a n t swim) in the river. - (
) , (
)

.

-s (-es):
105
----------------------------------------------------I can swim in the river. - .

can swim in the river.
.
.
(
ought to) to.

:
M ay I smoke here? - ?
No, you m ay not. - , .

not
:
You m ust not cross the s tre e t here. -
.
:
1. - ,
;
- could ( ,
,
-):
/ can speak two languages. - ( )
.
I could run fas te r when I was younger. - (
) , .
- to be
able to ( - ):
I shall be able to call you when I am free. -
, .
to be able to
, could,
. :
I could swim when I was young. - ,
.
106

:
D espite the storm I was able to swim to the shore. .
2. May - ,
( -)] - might:
M ay I smoke here? - ?
Yes, you may. - , .

may - to be allowed to
( -):
I will be allow ed to do it. - .
I was allowed to do it. - .
3 . M ust - , :
You m ust do it now. - .
m ust
.
to have to to be to,
.
to have to ,
, to be to -
,
:
I had to g e t up early yesterday. -
.
The train was to com e a t 6 p .m . -
6 .
: m ust
,
; to have to - ,
:
I told m y friend that he m ust re a d a t least one hundred
pages a day, but he said he did not have enough tim e. -
, , ,
, , , (
, )
107
---------------------------------------------------- frie n d s a id th a t he h a d to re a d one h u n d re d p a g e s a

day. - , ()
, ( )
!
,
, : to
have to to have to have,
, to be to
- to be to be,
.
, ,
to; to
have - , , , ; to have,
, -
( ); - to
be - , ..,
to be, , -
(// ).
may, must,
.

, (
, may ,
must):
There m ig h t b e a c a r b e h in d th e co rn e r. -
( ).
There m u s t be a c a r b e h in d th e co rn e r. - ,
, ( ).
She m a y b e sleeping now . , , .
She m u s t b e s le e p in g now . - , ,
.
4.
ought (to) ,
,
-
:
108
-----------------------------------------------------
You ought to help the old woman. -
.
5. need

, ,
:
N eed I do it? - ?
You n ee d n t com e home so early. -
.
need
, must:
M ust I do it now? - ?
No, you n ee d n t. - , .
!
need
-.
(
)
,
.
need
to do. , need,
to:
Jake needs it badly. -
.
Does it n eed repairing? - ?
We all n eed to work. - .
6. () should
ought ,
-.
:
You should go there by train. -
.
You shouldnt do that, I suppose. - ,
.
109
-----------------------------7,

.
Must
, ,
, :
must have done it. - , ,
.
Can (could)
,
, ,
:
can (could) have done it. - .
May (might)
,
, ,
:
m ay (might) have done it. - , ,
.
Need ( )

,
; , :
n eed n t have done it. -
.
Should
,
:
should have done it. - .

:
( ),
(
) (
).
110
------------------------------

.

- :
to open
opened
opened
to expect
expected
expected
-e d :
=> ( d) lived [lTvd] - ;
informed [in'fo:md] - ;
[d ]:
=> ( t) - [ t ] :
helped [helpt] - ;
asked [a:skt] - ;
=>
df - [id]:
w aited ['weitid] - ;
decided [di'saidTd] - .

:
=> , -,
-ed : to hope - hoped
- hoped ( - - );
=^> , -
, - -/: to try - tried - tried ( - );
=> ,
,
: to stop - stopped - stopped
( - - );
111
. ---------------=>
, ,

: to refer - referred - referred (
- );
=> ,
,
,
: to develop - developed - developed (
- - );
-/,
( ): to
travel - travelled - travelled ( -
- ).

*
. 2 . 253.
112

- Present (),
Past (), Future () Future-in-the-Past
(--),
- Indefinite (
), Continuous (), Perfect ()
Perfect Continuous ( ).
Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Perfect
Continuous .
Indefinite () | => ,
,
,
(--):
I to school every day.
-
I am a student. - .
I w ent to school when I was young. ,
.
I was a student when I was young. ,
.
I will go to school next year. -
.
I will be a student next year. -
.
said th at he would go to school the next year. -
, .
said that he would be a student the next year. -
, .
Continuous ()

() , (--)
:
I am writing a letter. - .
I was writing a letter. - .
113
---------------I w ill be writing a letter. - .

said that he would be writing a letter. - ,
.
!

to be
, to be
Continuous
-
() :
The girl was being followed. .

P erfect ()
,
(--):
/ have ju s t written a letter. -
.
I had written a le tte r by five yesterday. -
.
I will have written the le tte r by five tomorrow.
.
said that he would have written the le tte r by five the
next day. - ,
.
Perfect Continuous ( )!^
, ( ) -
:
/ have been doing homework since nine o clock. .
had been doing homework fo r five hours when his
fath er cam e. -
, .
!
Perfect Continuous --
.
114
---------------------------

!

(PRESENT INDEFINITE)
Present
Past
UilUOUS
inOGTInlTG
#4
uture
uture in the Past
oonunuous
=

,
,
to.
-es:
I go to school every day. - .
You go to school every day. -
.
(she) goes to school every day. - ()
.
We go to school every day. -
.
You go to school every day. -
.
They go to school every day. -
.

, ,
, (,
), : ,
.
115
--------------------------
,
,
:
usually - ;
every day - ;
always - ;
never - ;
often - ;
som etim es - ;
seldom - .
:
I never p ay fo r the office visit.
.
We always finish a ll tests a t about five. -
.
Som etim es I g e t up a t ten. - .

to be
:
I am a student. - .
You are beautiful. - .
She is a school teacher. - .
We are lucky. - ( ).
They are students. - .

,
, :
I can always trust him. - .
You must work hard. - .
She m ay stay with us. - .
We can rely on you. - .
They m ust be a t home. - , , .
!

can,
m
to be able (to), to be allowed (to), to have (to) to be (to)

:
116
------------------------
I have to there. - .
has to go there. - .

(General Questions), (Special Questions),
(Disjunctive Questions)
(Alternative Questions).

*

(Yes/No):
Do you like coffee? - ?
Yes, Id o . - .
No, I dont. - .

:
What would you have? - ?
I would have a cup o f c o ffee. -
.

,
.
(
)
, :
You like coffee, dont you? - , ?
Yes, Id o . - .
No, I don t. - .
, ,
, - .
: ,
, , - :
You dont like coffee, do you? -
, ?
117
--------------------------!
1. ,
yes;
- :
, ?
, . - Yes, / do.
( ) , . - No,
I d o n t.
2.

, :
You are clever, are you? - , , ?

}
, ,
o r
:
Do you like c o ffee or tea? - ?
I like coffee. - .
!

- ,
.
- ,
...?, ...?:
D o n t you like tea? - ?
-
:
Do you like biscuits? - ?

to do
Does he like biscuits? - ?
Does she like biscuits? - ?
118

!
,
do (does),
,
.
,
: Yes- No - ,
,
.
, :
Yes, Id o . - .
Yes, he does. - .
, :
Yes, Id o . Hike biscuits. - . .
Yes, he does. likes biscuits. - . .
, :
No, I do not. ( - d o n t [daunt]) .
No, he does not. ( - d o e s n t
[cLvznt]) - .
, :
No, I d o n t. I d o n t like biscuits. - .
.
No, he d o esn t. He d o esn t like biscuits. - .
.
!
-es , ,

,
.
, ;
, ,

.
119
(D
to be

to be,
,
.

(-)
; -
:
Is your dog ill? - ?
A re you students? - ?
, :
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
, :
Yes,
i t is. dog is ill.
Yes, we are. We are students.
, :
No, it is n o i ( - isnt).
No, we are
n o t ( - a re n t).
, :
No, it isn t. M y dog is not ill.
No, we a re n t. We a re n t students.
!
to be
not
You (we, they) are not - you ( we, they) aren
He (she, it) is not - he (she, it) isn t [Tznt].
[ci:nt].
/ am not .
aren

- I ain [eint].
120

.

( )
:
Can you show m e your dog? -
?
M ust I do it now? - ?
, :
Yes, le a n .
Yes, you must.
, :
Yes, / can. I can show you my dog.
Yes, you must. You m ust do it now.
, :
No, I cannot, [ksenat] ( : cant [ka:nt])
No, you must not. ( : m ustn't [rmsnt])
, :
No, I c a n t. I c a n t show you m y dog.
No, you m ustnt. You m ustnt (You neednt) do it now.
!
1. ,

to have (to),
to do.
:
Do you have to go now? - ?
Yes, Id o . - , . No, I d o n t. - , .
2. ,

121

to be allowed to to be able to,
to be (to),
to
e
b
:
Am I allowed to sit here? - ?
Is he able to cross the river here? -
?
A re we to s ta rt classes a t nine? -
?

, , ,
.
,
,
,
.

, :
Where -
Who
Whom -
( ,
who)
What
When
How
Which -
(
)
Whose -
Why
(
,
):
122
---------------------------
How much (money, water, le m o n ad e ...) - ,
( ):
How much m oney do you have? - ( )
() ?
How m anyfpigs, children, p e o p le ...)- ,
( ):
How m any pigs are there in the pighouse? -
?
What colour - :
What colour is your car? - ?
What size - :
What size are your s h o e s ? -
?
Which o f (them , us, y o u ...) - (, ,
...):
Which o f them is your friend? - ( )
?
Whose (table, car, p a rtn e r...) - , ,

:
Whose table is that? - ?
!

,
,
.

,
. ,
,
, .
,
, . ,
where
: , , .
123
-------------------------- ( )
:
Where do you live? - ?
Where do you go (to)? - ?
Where do you com e from? - ?
Who do you send all these letters t o ? -
?

( )
, , (
),
to do,
( )
.
:
Jake visits his friend in the hospital every day. -
.
:
What does Jake do? - ?
:
Whom does Jake visit in the hospital?
:
Where does Jake go every day?
:
How often does Jake visit his friend?
:
Who visits his friend in the hospital every day?
!
1. , ,
whom ()
who ( ).

124
---------------------------
: Who does Jake visit
in the hospital?

do ,
- - .
2. , ,

( )
-s:
Who lives in this henhouse? -
?
Randy does. - .
,
(,
), -s :
Who live in this apartment? - ?
The Browns do. - .
to be

?

-. -
, ,
.
:
I am a student o f the local University. -
.
She is beautiful beyond belief. -
.
:
Who is a student o f the local University? -
?
125
--------------------------Who is beautiful beyond belief? -

?

:
What am I? - ?

- to look:
How does she look? - ?
:
What University am I a student of? -
?
:
How beautiful is she? - ?

.
.
:
I can swim in cold w ater in winter. -

.
:
Who can swim in cold w ater in winter? -
?
:
What can I do in winter? - ?
:
Where can I swim in winter? -
?
126
---------------------------
:
When can
?
I swim in cold water? -
,
to have (to), ,
.
:
I have to g e t up early every day.
.
:
Who has to g e t up early every day? -
?
:
What do I have to do every day? -
?
:
When do I have to g e t up every day? -
?
,
to be (to), to be able (to) to be allowed
(to), ,
to
:b
e
Who is to m e e t the delegation on Wednesday? -
?
What am I able to do in spring? -
?
Where are we allow ed to sing a fte r midnight? -
?

,

. ?
127
-------------------------- to be
.

:
You like biscuits, dont you? - ,
?
has dinner a t seven, d o esn t he? -
, ?
We are friends, a re n t we? - , ?
is an American,
is n t he? - ?
We must drive carefully, m ustnt we? -
, ?
She can sing, c a n t she? - , ?

Do you like c o ffee or tea? - ?
Are you Am erican or English? -
?
Do we have to go or (to) stay? -
?

,
. ,
,

:
Would you like coffee or to drink a cup o f tea? -
?

-
:
Would you have a cup o f coffee o ra cup o f tea? -
?
Would you p re fe r a cup o f coffee o r would you rath er
have a cup o f tea? -
?
128
---------------------------
Could I see you a t the m om ent o r should I wait till
tomorrow? -
?
!

(PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
Present
P ast
uture
uture in the Past
X
in a G T in iiG
Continuous
G i TGCI
nG rTG C I O O n iin U O U S
=

,
:
The man is writing a le tte r now. -
(, ).
We are having dinner. - .
, Present Continuous
, :
I am coming in a m om ent. - ( )
.

,

, :
now - ;
a t the m om ent - ;
a t p resen t - ;
from six to nine - .
: la m examining the dog a t present. -
.
129
---------------------------
!
,
( ,
), , ,
. :
to see - ; to understand - ;
to know - ; to hear - ;
to think - . .
: / see you a t the moment. - You are writing
a letter.

to be
( I, /
):
I am singing a Christmas carol. .
You are singing a Christmas carol. .
is singing a Christmas carol. .
She is singing a Christmas carol. .
We are singing a Christmas carol. .
You are singing a Christmas carol. .
They are singing a Christmas carol. .

,
to be.
130

to be
,
I:
Am I getting up a t the m om ent? - ?
Are you getting up a t the moment? - ?
Is he reading an interesting jo ke a t the moment?
:
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
:
Yes, I am. I am getting up a t the moment.
Yes, you are. You are getting up at the moment.
Yes, he is. He is reading an interesting joke at the moment.
No,
No,
No,

la m not (I a re n t, I a in t).
you are not (you a re n t).
he is not (he isn t).
:
No, I am not (I arent, I aint). I am not getting up at the
moment.
No, you are not (you a re n t). You a re n t getting up at the
moment.
No, he is not (he isn t). He isn t reading an interesting joke
at the moment.

,
, .
?
.
131
-------------------------- :
We are reading an interesting jo ke about Irishmen a t
the moment. -
.
:
A re we reading an interesting jo k e about Irishmen a t
the m om ent? -
?
:
Who is reading an interesting jo k e about Irishmen a t
the m om ent? -
?
:
What are we reading? - ?

, I:
What are we doing a t the m om ent? -
?
interesting:
W hat sort o f a jo ke are we reading? -
?
about Irishmen:
Who are we reading an interesting jo ke about a t the
moment? - ?
!

,
:
,
.

,
132
---------------------------
to be
:
Iam getting up a t the moment, am I not (a re n t I, a in t I)?
You are getting up at the moment, a re n t you?
He is reading an interesting joke a t the moment, isn t he?
:
Iam not getting up at the moment, am I?
You are not getting up a t the moment, are you?
He is not reading an interesting joke a t the moment, is he?

,
to be :
Are we reading an interesting jo ke about Irishmen or
about B ritish?-
?
A re we reading an interesting jo k e or a stupid story? ?
A re we reading or writing? - ?
!

(PRESENT PERFECT)
Present
Past
Future
Future in the Past
I GTI116
II U US
n ri'f
/^41
|D
Ke
TG
Ci
oonxinuous
=

,
( )
133
-------------------------- , . ,
Perfect
, :
/ have exam ined your dog. - ( )
( -
).
( )
. ,
,
,
,
, .

.
, - ,
to have
.
, :
I have a friend in Canada. - ,
,
,
'.
/ have written the letter.
-
/ have broken the vase. - .
!

: ...
..
, : ,
, :
-. - 1was in St Petersburg (last
M onday). - ;
-. - I have been to St P e ters
burg. -
134
---------------------------
,
, ,
,
.
:
- Have you e ve r b een to S t P etersb u rg ? -
- -?
- Yes, I have (been there). I was there last week. - ,
. .

to have
II (
, ):
I have broken the vase. - .
You have taken the pen from the table. -
.
(she) has written a long letter. - (
) .
We have spoken about it with the head o f the d ep art
ment. - .
They have done it. - .

already - (
) yet - (
), ( ):
has alread y filled the bag with goodies. -
.
Has he filled the bag with goodies yet? -
?
hasnt filled the bag with goodies yet. -
.
135
---------------------------
!
already, ,
, yet .
!
yet
, ; yet
, already -
.
, ,
:
ju s t -
:
has ju s t filled the bag with goodies. -

.
since - , - :
I havent seen him since 2 0 0 8 .
2008
.
fo r - - :
I havent seen him for six years. -
.

to have :
Have I broken the vase? - ?
Have you taken the pen from the table? -
?
Has he (she) written a long letter? - (
) ?
Have we spoken abo u t it with the h ead o f the d ep a rt
m ent? - ?
Have they done it? - ?
136
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I have.
he (she) has.
we have.
, :
Yes, / have.
I have broken the vase. - ,
.
Yes, he (she) has. He (she) has written a long letter. , ( ) .
Yes, we have. We have spoken about it with the head
o f the departm ent. - ,
.
, :
No, I have not ( - / havent).
No, he (she) has not ( - he (she)
hasnt).
No, we have not ( - we havent).
, :
No, I havent. I havent broken the vase. - ,
.
No, he (she) hasnt. He (she) h asn t written a long
letter. - , ( )
.
No, we havent. We havent spoken abo u t it with the
head o f the departm ent. - ,
.

( )
;
,
. ,
, to have
has.
137
---------------------------
:
Jake and M ike have ju s t com pleted their papers on the
French Revolution.
-
.
:
Have Jake and M ike ju s t com pleted their papers on the
French Revolution? -
?
:
Who has ju s t c o m p le te d p ap e rs on the French
Revolution? -
?
:
What have Jake and M ike ju s t done? -
?
:
What have Jake and M ike ju s t com pleted? -
?
their:
Whose papers have Jake and M ike ju s t com pleted? ?
on the French Revolution:
W hat papers have Jake and M ike ju s t com pleted? ?
!

,
:
,
, .

,
138
---------------------------
:
to have
:
I have broken the vase, havent
,
?
You have taken the pen from the table, havent you? , ?
(she) has written a long letter, hasnt he (s h e )? -
( ) , ?
We have spoken ab o u t it with the h ea d o f the
d ep artm en t, h aven t we? -
, ?
They have done it, havent they? - ,
?
:
I havent broken the vase, have
,
?
You havent taken the pen from the table, have you? , ?
(she) hasnt written a long letter, has he (she)? -
( ) , ?
We h aven t spoken a b o u t it with the h ead o f the
d ep artm en t, have we? -
, ?
They havent done it, have they? -
, ?
Have you seen Jake or M ike? -

?
Has she decided to go home or stay with us for a couple
o f weeks? -
?
Has Jake been the firs t to do it, o r has it been
Jane? - , ,
?
139
------------------

!

(PAST INDEFINITE)
Present
Past
uture
uture in the Past
uonim uous
-'
uoniinuous
4*1
i t 4^
-
:
1. , ;
, :
I bought a c ar yesterday. - .
( - ; ,
).
: ,
.
2. :
I w ent to school when I was younger. -
, .
3. ,
,
:
I le ft home a t eight an d got in a bus. Then I opened a
newspaper and began to read. -
. .
,
, ,
140
-------------------------
,
:
yesterday - ;
the day before yesterday - ;
last w eek - ;
last month - ;
last y ea r - ;
a w eek ago
- ;
a y ea r ago
- ;
when I was young - ;
when I first m e t you - .

- ,
-ed,
- (. . 253).
:
We decided to go there by train. -
.
d ecid ed to s tay a t hom e. -
.
Jake bought som e biscuits in the stalls.
.
to be

:
I was a student in 1995. - 1995
.
M ary was in the superm arket yesterday. -
.
We w ere hom e when Jake cam e. - ,
.
141
----------------

to do - did .
:
Did you understand how the magician did every trick? , ?
Did they m ake a reservation?
?
Did he see his friend yesterday? -
?
!
, he
- ,
-es -
.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I did.
they did.
he did.
Yes,
trick.
Yes,
Yes,
, :
I did. I understood how the m agician d id every
they did. They made a reservation.
he did. He saw his friend yesterday.
No, I d id n t.
No, they d id n t.
No, he d id n t.
142
-------------------------
No, I didn
t.I didn
'tunderstand how the magic
trick.
No, they d id n t. They d id n t make a reservation.
No, he d id n t. He d id n t see his friend yesterday.
to be

to be
(
)
:
Was I a student in 2 0 0 5 ?
2005
?
Was M ary in the superm arket yesterday? -
?
Were we a t home when Jake cam e ? - ,
?
Yes, I was.
Yes, she was.
Yes, we were.
Yes, I was. I was a student in 1995.

Yes, she was. Mary was in the superm arket yesterday.
Yes, we were. We were at home when Jake came.
No, I wasnt.
No, she wasn
No, we weren
t.
t.
,
No, I wasnt. I w asnt a student in 1995.

No, she wasnt. Mary wasn
No, we w erent. We w erent at home when Jake came.
143
tin the superm arke

,
,
.
:
/ could swim when I was young. - ,
.
You might use m y car whenever you wanted. -
, .
:
Could I swim when I was young? - ,
?
M ight you use m y car whenever you wanted? -
, ?
:
Yes, I could. I could swim when I was young.
Yes, you might. You m ight use m y ca r whenever you
wanted.
:
No, I couldnt. I couldnt swim when I was young.
No, you m ight not. You m ight not use m y car whenever
you wanted.

,
{to have (to) to be (to)
must).
.
I w ent to the country with m y friends yesterday. -

.
144
-------------------------

,

:
Who w ent to the country yesterday? -
?
:
What did you do yesterday? - ?
:
Where did you go yesterday? - ?
:
When did you go to the country? -
?

:
Who did you go to the country with? -
?
to be

.
:
M ary was in the superm arket yesterday. -
.
:
Who was in the sup erm arket yesterday? -
?
:
Where was M ary yesterday? - ?
145
------------------------
When was M ary in the superm arket? -

?
,
,

.
:
/ could swim when I was young. - ,
.
You might use m y car whenever you wanted. -
, .
:
Could I swim when I was young? - ,
?
M ight you use m y car whenever you wanted? -
, ?
:
Who could swim when he was young? - ,
?
Who m ight use m y c ar whenever he wanted? -
, ?
:
What could I do when I was young? - ,
?
What m ight you do whenever you wanted? -
, ?
:
What m ight you use whenever you wanted? -
, ?
146
-------------------------
When could I swim?

- ?
When m ight you use m y car? -
?

,
(to have (to) to be (to)
must).

.

,
,
,
( )
to do did , to be
was w ere,
:
broke his leg, didnt he? - ,
?
was in Brasil last year; wasn 4 h e ? -
, ?
I could swim in this lake, couldnt I? -
, ?
:
didnt break his leg, did he? - ,
?
w asnt in Brasil last year, was h e ? -
, ?
I couldnt swim in this lake, could I? -
, ?
147

,
:
Did you like coffee or tea? ?
Were they Am erican or English? -
?
Did we have to go or (to) stay? -
?
Present
Past
1rtl
w fO\ ntini
niinuous
uture
uture in the Past
re rre c i
oorninuous
J
=
,
.
to be

( I, / ):
/ was hiding the flowers under the table when he saw
m e. - , .
We were repairing the clients c a r yesterday a t 6 p .m .
.
148
-------------------------
was trying to open the bag while she was checking
the passport. - ,
.
,
,
(at 6 p.m .), - (when the
telephone rang) -
(while she was checking the passport).

,
.
:
/ was hiding the flow ers u n der the table when he
saw m e. - ,
.
We w ere watching a new film. -
.
:
Was I hiding the flowers u n der the table when he
saw m e? - ,
?
W ere we watching a new film? -
?
:
Yes, I was. I was hiding the flowers under the table
when he saw me.
Yes, we were. We were watching a n ew film.
149
------------------------
No,
Iw
a
s
n
t.
Iw
a
s
when he saw me.
No, we w eren t. We w eren t watching a new film.

,
, .. (
) .
was (
to be
).
:
Who was hiding the flowers under the table when he
saw me? - ,
?
:
What was I doing when he saw m e? - ,
?
:
What was I hiding under the table when he saw me? , ?
:
When was I hiding the flowers under the table? -
?

,
.
150
t hiding
-------------------------
I
was hiding the flowers under the table when he saw
m e, w asnt I? - ,
, ?

,
.
Was I hiding the flowers orcham paigne under the table
when he saw me? -
, ?
Present
Past
Indefinite
Continuous
uture
uture in the Past
Perfect Perfect Continuous
=
:
1. ,
.
by:
I had written the le tte r by five o clock yesterday. .
2. ,
, ,
,
, ( )
151
------------------------ , ( ,
-) - :
When I cam e into the th eatre, the play had already
begun. - , . (

,
, ..)
!

,
, ,
,
:
I got out o f my apartm ent and went into the s tre e t Then
I got into the bus and went three stops. I g o t o ff the bus
and en tered the subway station. -

. .

to have (had

) (
): I had written the letter: -
.

,
:
152
-------------------------
:
The ship had sunk by five clock yesterday. -
.
:
Had the ship sunk by five clock yesterday? -

?
:
Yes, she had. She had sunk by five 'clock yesterday.
:
No, she h a d n t. She h a d n t sunk b y five o c lo c k
yesterday.
:
What had sunk by five o clock yesterday? -
?
:
What had the ship done by five clock yesterday? -
?
:
When had the ship sunk? - ?
The ship had sunk by five o clock yesterday, h adnt

it? - , ?
H ad the ship sunk by five o r by six clock yesterday? ?

153

!

(FUTURE INDEFINITE)

, .
-
.

shall
(
)
will (
-
):
/ shall (will) bring m y parrots tom orrow morning. -
.
will go to Canada next week. -
.
I shall be with you in a minute. -
.
She will have to stay up long. -
.
154

:
141
[ 1] bring parrots tom orrow morning. -
.
41 [hi:l] go to Canada next week. -
.
141 [1] be with you in a minute. -
.
She 41 [:1] have to stay up long. -
.

( ,
)
- shall/w ill
:
Will I bring m y parrots tom orrow morning? -
?
Will he go to Canada next week? -
?
Will I be with you in a minute? -
?
Will she have to s tay up long? -
?
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I will. I will bring m y parrots tom orrow morning.

he will. He will go to Canada next week.
I will. I will be with you in a minute.
she will. She will have to stay up long.
No,
[wsTOit]).
you will not ( : youll not, you w ont

Iw ont bring m y parrots tom orrow morning.
155

No, he will not ( : h e ll not, he w ont
[W 0 'u n t]). He w ont go to Canada next week.
No,
I will not ( : Ill not, waont]).
I w ont be with you in a minute.
No,
shewilnot( : shell not, sh ew o n t
[waont]). She w ont have to stay up long.
!
shall
:
Shall I m e e t him a t the station? -
? ( )
:
Yes, you shall. You shall m e e t him a t the station. - ,
.
:
No, you shall not ( : youll not, you
shant [fa:nt]). You shan t m e et him a t the station. - ,
.

(
)
, .
:
I will bring m y parrots tom orrow morning. -
.
:
Will I bring m y parrots tom orrow morning? -
?
:
Who will bring m y parrots tom orrow morning? -
?
156
What will I do tom orrow morning? -

?
Who (Whom) will I bring tom orrow morning? -

?
When will I bring m y parrots? -

?

.
( )
will ( - shall) w ont (
- sh an t) -
:
I will bring m y parrots tom orrow morning, w ont I? , ?
:
I w ont bring m y parrots tom orrow morning, will I? , ?

,
:
Will I bring m y p arro ts o r m y kittens tom orrow
morning? - ?
Will he go to Canada or M exico next week? -
?
157
Will
he be with you o r with m e in a minute? -
?
Will she have to stay up long o r will she have to go to
b ed im m ediately?
-
?
(FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
Present
Past
Future
Future in the Past
I 0 GTI ILS
v O t l LID U O U S
1 GlTGCL LI L I US
=
,

.

to be will be
(shall
- ,
) I (/
) :
I will be watching television a t five tom orrow.
.
will be watching television a t five tomorrow. -
.
We will be watching television a t five tomorrow.
.
158

will :
Will I be watching television a t five tomorrow?
?
Will he be watching television a t five tomorrow?
?
Will we be watching television a t five tomorrow? -
?

,
.
:
Who will be watching television a t five tomorrow? -
?
:
What will I be doing? - ?
:
What will I be watching? - ?
:
When will I be watching television? -
?
:
Who will I be watching television with? -
?
159

,
. (
)
will
w ont:
Iwill be watching television at five tomorrow, w ont I?
He will be watching television a t five tomorrow, w on t
he?
We will be w atching television a t five tomorrow, w ont
we?
:
I w ont be watching television a t five tomorrow, will I?
He w ont be watching television at five tomorrow, will he?
We w ont be watching television at five tomorrow, will we?

,
:
WillI be watching television at five o r a t six tom orrow?
()?
Will he o r she be watching television at five tom orrow? -
?
Will we be playing football o r watching television a t five
tomorrow? -
?
160
!

(FUTURE PERFECT)
Present
Past
Future
Future in the Past
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
=
,
( )
.

(shall) (have
II )
:
I will have finished this work by six tomorrow. -
.
will have finished this work by six tomorrow. -
.
We will have finished this work by six tomorrow. -
.
They will have finished this work by six tomorrow. -
.
161

:
Will I have finished this work by six tom orrow? -
?
Will he have finished this work by six tomorrow?
?
Will we have finished this work by six tomorrow? -
?

,
.
Who will have finished this work by six tomorrow? -

?
What will I have done by six tomorrow? -

?
What will I have finished by six tomorrow? -

?
When will I have finished this work? -

?
162

, :
Iwill have finished this work b y six tomorrow, w ont I?
:
Iw ont have finished this work b y six tomorrow, will I?

,
:
Will I have finished this work by six or by five tomorrow? ?

1. ,
,
:
I am leaving for A m erica soon. -
.
2.
to be going to do
:
I am going to cross the river here. -
.

, . to be going
to do som ething to go to come .
163
--------------------------3.
,
( ,
),
,
:
/
will to see aunt next winter. -
.
!
--
(FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST)

:
(), ()
.
, -
(. ),
- - -
, ,
.

would ( - should),
will,
:
/-/5()/7/(--)
to America the next spring. - ,
.
I thought she would com e. - , .
told me th at he would m e et us a t the station. -
, .
164
---------------------------
,
--
.
!
( ),

,
as soon as, until, before,
after .., --
:
I would be quite co n ten t if he brought m e som e
flowers. - ,
.
!

(PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
(
- Perfect Indefinite Perfect Continuous) ,
,
( ).
!
1.

.
2.
, ,
.
,
(Perfect Indefinite),
,
(Perfect Continuous)
165
---------------------------
,
,
.
:
I ve w ritte n th re e le tte r s b y now . -
,
I ve b ee n w ritin g le tte rs s in c e s ix in th e m o rn in g , a n d I
h a v e n t fin is h e d th em y e t.
-
.
!

1. -
, -

, . :
I th in k yo u a re rig h t.
- , .
Do yo u k n o w w h y he was o u t y e s te rd a y ? - ,
?
2. -
,
:
s a id he was le a vin g fo r A m e ric a th e n e x t year.
, .
!
,

:
(), ()
-.

:
166
---------------------------
I d id n t know () that he spoke ()
English.
,
,
(
),
:
I d id n t know he had gone away. ,
.
M ike thought that his friends had phoned his wife about
the accident. - ,
.
!

- , ..,
:
The pilo t said that the Moon is about 3 0 0 thousand
kilom etres from the Earth. - ,
.
!

when (), after
(), before ( ), as soon as ( ), until
( ), ,
, () un
less (),
, . :
If you help m e, I shall do this work on time. -
, .
As soon as I g e t free, I shall give you a call. -
, .
167
() .--------------------Before you call him, I will speak to Kate. -

, .
We shall not sit to dinner until you com e. -
, .
!
when
if ,
.
.
,
,
?
? ,
? -
:
We shall sit to dinner (?) when he comes. -
, .
We will go to the movies ( ) if he
com es. - , .
I want to
know (?) when you will com e. - ,
.
I w ant to know (?) if you will com e. - ,
.
()
!

to be
( , )
(Participle II) :
168
)
Present Indefinite
P ast Indefinite
- The le tte r was w ritten.
Future Indefinite
- The le tte r will be written.
Present Perfect
- The le tte r has been written.
P ast Perfect
- The le tte r had been written.
Future Perfect
- The le tte r will have been written.
Present Continuous
- The le tte r is being written.
P ast Continuous
- The le tte r was being written.
The fetter is written.
Future-in-the-Past Indefinite - The le tte r would be written.

Future Perfect in the P ast
- The le tte r would have been

written.

--
.
- ,

.
:
I wrote the letter. - .
The le tte r was written (by m e). -
().

:
I wrote the letter. - .
,
; ,
,
(, , , ).
,

by with.
by, ,
(,
169
) --------------------); with -
( ,
):
I wrote the le tte r. - .
The le tte r was written by m e. -
.
Snow covered the earth. - .
The earth was covered with snow. -
.

,

( ):
We must com plete the task. -
.
:
The task m ust be com pleted. -
.

, ,
:
Jake was reading a book. - The book was being read
by Jake.
, ,

,
(
).

(. ).

They showed us an ancient castle. -

.
170
--------------------- )
( -
):
An ancient castle was shown to us. -
.
( -
):
We were shown an ancient castle (

).

:
We can rely on this man. -
.
:
This man can be relied on. -
.
!

, :
to account for -
to agree upon -
to arrive at - ; ( )
to depend on -
to insist on -
to laugh at -
to listen to -
to look at -
to provide for -
to rely on -
to speak about -
to send for -
to take care of -
171
) --------------------
:
The doctor has been sent for.
!
to explain (), to dictate (
), to suggest (, ), to announce
() .,
to,
.

- .
:
They explained the rule to us. -
.
:
The rule was explained to us. -
. ( We were explained the rule)
!

,
, ,
, :
I would help you if you asked. - ,
, (,
)
I would have telephoned if I had been in the country. , , (
)

( ,
172
--------------------- )
) ,
,
-
:
:
If I learn his address, I will write to him. -
, .
:
If I learnt his address, I would write to him. -
(), (
).
would
could, might,
:
If I learnt his address, I could write to him. -
(), (
).
, ,
, ,

, -
:
If I had learnt his address, I would have written to him. ( ),
( ).

:
1.
Iwish... (, ...)
:
I wish I lived not fa r from here. - ,
.
():
I wish I had seen th at film. - ,
.
I wished I had seen that film. - ,
.
173
) --------------------2 . If only... ( ...)

If only he telephoned!
():
If only I had m e t him there! -
!
3. Its (high) time (
...)
:
I t s high time the children w ent to bed. -
.
!
to be

r:
e
w
I wish I were in your place. -
.
!
WOULD, COULD MIGHT

would could

,
.
:
If he w ere present, that could change the rating o f
all the candidates. - , ,
,
.
If he were present, th at m ight change the rating o f
a ll the candidates. - ,
,
.
174
--------------------- )
, could ,
might, ,
.

would could , , might.
!

,
( )

- ,
.
would ,
,
:
would lay the table and invite his friends to the party;
and there would be p lenty o f food and drink, and also a lot
o f fun.
- , , ,
; ,
... ( ,
would)
would (
could)
.
:
Can I help you? - ?
Could I help you? - ?
Will you give m e ten bucks? - ?
Would you give m e ten dollars? - He
?
:
Can you give me ten bucks? -
?
Could you give m e ten dollars? - He
?
175
) -------------------- ,
please,
:
Would you give me ten dollars, please?
:
Would you please give me ten dollars?
Id like to ( / would like to)

:
I d like to have a glass o f lemonade.
would
,
:
I wouldnt tell you, I d o n t know.
,
.
!

THAT

to ask
, to propose - , to dem and -
, to recom m end - , to desire - , to
request - , to insist - , to require -
, to p re fe r - , to suggest - ,
to urge - .
,
that,
to - ,
,
(
176
--------------------- )
).
should :
I suggest th a t M a ry (should) go to the library with
Paul. - .
The Smiths insisted that Roger (should) buy a new tie
for the party. - ,
.
M r Johnson p refers that she (should) speak with him
personally. - ,
.
,
, dem and -
, recom m endation - , insistence -
, request - , ,
preference - , requirem ent - ,
, proposal - , suggestion -
,
to:
R equirem ent is that you (should) have your passport
with you. - , .
It was a recommendation that all present (should) open
their books a t page fourty-six. -
.
to
( )
essential , imperative - , im portant - ,
necessary - that:
I t s im portant th a t the d ata (should) be verified. , .
I t s im perative th at Jack (should) see his tutor before
leaving for home. - ,
, .
, that
:
I t s necessary to have a ticket. - .
I t s im portant to verify the data. -
.
177
) ------------------
!
HAD BETTER WOULD RATHER
had b etter would rather

.
had better
:
I had b e tte r walk. - .
You had b e tte r take this course next semester. -

.
had b e tte r re a d the book. -
.

not
to
:
I had b e tte r not do this. -
.
You had b e tte r not smoke here. -
.

Youd better..., I d better..., Wed better... ..
would rather

:
I would ra th e r drive than walk. - ,
.
would rather type this letter, because his handwriting
isnt legible. -
, .

not to
:
I would ra th e r not e a t this fish. -
.
178
--------------------- )
would rather
that :
I would ra th e r you drove. - ,
.
I would rath er you didnt drive.
.
!

(
); to do

did.
would rather
: I d rather.
!

: , ,
,
( -
, ).
.
:
, :
P e te r said, Mother, I ll com e home early. -
:
, .
:
P e te r said that he would com e home early. -
, .
179
) --------------------!

- (
Future Indefinite
Future-in-the-Past),
/
he.

:
1. ,
,

that
to say, to tell, to write, to answer, to
reply .
to tell
(to tell somebody), to say -
(to say to somebody)
:
P e ter told his m other to leave the door open. -
.
P e te r said th at he would com e home late. -
, .
P e te r said to his m other th at he would com e home
early. - , .
to answer, to write
. :
The boys answ ered th at they knew nothing about it. , .
2.
.
, ,
, .
:
Yan says: I am very sorry. - :
.
180
. ()
Yan says (that) he is very sorry. - ,
.

( Past Indefinite),
.

:
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Indefinite
Past Perfect
Future Indefinite
Future-in-the-Past

( ).
, ,
,

. :
(): ()
(), ()
.
3.

:
this - that
this week - that week
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
these - those
tom orrow - the next day
here - there
next week - the next week
now - then
la s t w e e k (year, night...) the w eek (year, n ig h t...)
before
FlanpnMep:
He said:
141com e tom orrow . ( :
.) said (told m e) he would com e the next day. (
, .)
181
) --------------------4.

. :
-

:
M ary said: What do you w ant to do? ( :
?)
M ary asked what I w anted to do. ( ,
.)
(what, where, when,
who ..) .
to ask.

,
.
, :
asked his secretary, Has the postman been yet?

: ?
, :
asked his s e c re ta ry if the postm an had alread y

been .
- ,
.
!
:

yet, , ,
, already,

.
, :
asked his son, What does the word m ean? -

: ?
182
--------------------- )
, :
asked his son what the word m eant.

, .
if whether:
P e ter said: Can you a tte n d evening classes? -
: ?
P eter asked me if I could attend evening classes. -
, .
- to tell, to say, to ask
. :
to explain - ;
to warn - ;
to point out - ;
to p ro te s t - ;
to inform - ;
to thank - ;
to think
- ;
to insist
- ;
to reply - ;
to declare - ;
to boast - ;
to prom ise
- ..
The doctor says: You have been working too much. : .
The doctor thinks th at I have been working too much. , .
M arysaid: You had b e tte r stay a t home, N ic k. -
:
, .
M ary advised Nick to stay a t home. -
.
Tom said: I can fix th at radio o f yours easily. -
: .
Tom o ffered to fix radio. -
.
183
) --------------------- , :
to tell -
to warn -
to beg
-
to refuse
- )
to request -
to dem and -
to urge -
The salesm an said: You are strongly recom m ended
to buy this c a m e ra . - :
.
The salesman persuaded the custom er to buy that c a
m era. - .
- :
to ask -
to w ant to know -
to inquire -
to try to find out -
to wonder -
John asked: Have you done the crossw ord puzzle
yet, P eter? - : ,
?
John w anted to know if P e ter had done the crossword
puzzle. - ,
.
:
,
-
. , ,
to ask:
Peter asked, Will you go to Paris?
P e ter asked me if I would go to Paris. -
, ;
- to wonder he
wanted to know:
He asked, Are you going to stay there long?
184
------------------------------
Then he w anted to know if was going to stay there
long. - ,
.

!
(INFINITIVE)
, ,
,
to .
,
:
to go -
to anticipate - ,
to s ta rt
-
to grow
- , .
.
:
1. :
skate is pleasant. - .
It was a pleasure to walk in the garden. -
.
2. ( -
to be):
Your duty was to inform m e about it.
.
3 . (
):
She began to translate this text. -
.
185
-----------------------------4 . ( ):
I asked him to help m e. - .
5. :
expressed a desire to help . -
.
The sum to be p aid exceeds two thousand. - ,
, .
was the first (the second, the last) to com e to the
party. - (, ) ,
.
brought me a book to read. -
.
Give m e som ething to e a t. - -
.
6. :
) : / w ent to the station (in order) to see o ff a
friend. - ( ) ;
) : I t s too cold to swim today. -
.
7.
:
I t s for him to decide. - .
I t s necessary fo r the goods to be packed. - ,
.
8. :
It is said to be good. - , .
is considered (to be) a clever man. -
.
They are said to be writing a new novel (to have written
a new novel). - , (
).
They are likely (sure, certain) to be there in tim e. ( ), .
seem s to know Chinese well. - ,
.
appears to be a good sportsm an. - ,
.
186
------------------------------
proved to be a good worker. -
.
:
1. :
I told him to p o st the letter. -
.
2. :
I asked him to speak slowly. -
.
3. : (
), (
), : ,
.
: - , -
..
( ,
, , ).

(, )
F o rm
A c tiv e
P a s siv e
Indefinite
to a sk
to be ask ed
Continuous
to be asking
Perfect
to have ask ed
Perfect Continuous
to have been asking
to have been ask ed

-
!

.
not
: not to be asked.
,

, ;
187
----------------------------- ,
:
I w ant to inform you o f her arrival. -
.
:
I w ant to be inform ed o f her arrival. -
.
In d e fin ite C o n tin u o u s
, , ,
,
(
to expect, to hope ..) :
/ am glad to see you. - .
The w eather seem s to be improving. - , ,
.
I can go there tom orrow. -
.
P e rfe c t P e rfe c t C on tin u o u s
,
:
seem s to have finished the article. - ,
.
is known to have been working on this problem for
m any years. - ,
.

:
) (
):
m ust have forgotten about it. - ,
;
) , ,
(should, ought to, could, /as):
You should have gone there. -
( ).
to intend,
to hope, to expect, to mean :
He m eant to have gone there. -
( ).
188
------------------------------
(Complex Object)
-

I.
(,
)
.
.

:
1.
to I
to see
- , to feel , to h
, to watch
- , to notice - .
to see:
I saw him e n te r the house.
,
.
She saw them playing in the garden. - ,
.
to feel:
I fe lt som ebody touch m y hand. ,
- .
fe lt som eone watching him. - ,
- .
to hear:
I heard him arrive early in the morning. - ,
.
I heard him playing the piano. - ,
.
to watch:
w atched the ship leave the port. - ,
.
I sit and watch the children playing. - ,
.
to notice:
Nobody noticed him disappear. - ,
.
189
-----------------------------I noticed her listening to the concert with g re a t p le as

ure. ,
.
(
) ,
( I) - :
/ saw him enter the house. - , .
I saw him entering the house. - ,
.
2.
to to let, to
make (
to help to
):
Let me tell you something about it. -
- .
D o n t m ake m e laugh. - He (
).
I ll have him p aint the house. -
.
3.
to to
want - , to expect - , to believe - , to
know - , to advise - , to consider - ,
, to order - , to think - , to like , to find - ..:
I w ant you to find me a place in the car. - ,
.
I believe her to be a very good cook. - ,
() .
!
(GERUND)
- ,
- .
.
, ,
.
190
------------------------------
. :
1. ,
:
Reading means gaining knowledge. -
, ( )
Do you like dancing? - ? (
)
Your way o f doing it is inappropriate. - ,
, , ()
On coming home I got to bed. - ,
, ()
2.
:
We enjoyed the b an d s playing this new tune. -
, .
I d o n t mind his singing in the shower.
.
!

: / d o n t m ind him singing in the shower.

(singing - ), -
, .
,
(
,
-ing)\
The readings o f the m ete r were distorted b y the short
circuit. -
.
. :
1 . , (
) () ,
.
191
----------------------------- ,
(
).
, , ,
:
active non-perfect
passive non-perfect
active perfect
perfect passive
writing
being written
having written
having been written
2.
:
I am fond o f translating long books. -
.
( ):
His translations o f Shakespeare are fairly good. -
.
3 . ,
, :
/ was frig h te n e d by his opening the d o o r so s u d
denly. - ,
.
4. ,
, , ,
,
:
I d o n t mind going there. ,
( ).
I d o n t mind your going there. ,
( , ).
5. , ,
:
Thank you for reminding m e abo u t it. - ,
.
192
------------------------------
.

1.
:
-
to like
to need
-
-
to prefer
-
to rem em ber
-
to enjoy
-
to mind
-
to be busy
-
to excuse
- .
to be worth
I like going there alone.

-
Excuse m y interrupting you. - ,
.
Your o ffe r needs considering. -
.
Do you rem em b er taking this exam? - ,
?
I am busy looking a fte r the baby. - ,
.
!
to like, to p re fe r
:
Ilike reading / like to read.
2.
,
, :
to depend on
()
to rely on
()
( )
to object to
to b lam e... for
()
to th a n k... for
()
193

to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
p raise... for
be responsible for be interested in
be engaged in
be fond of
be tired of
be afraid of
look forward to
feel like
()
()
()
( )
()
I t depends on our coming in time. - ,

.
objects to m y smoking here. -
, .
Thank you fo r writing m e a long letter. - ,
.
Jake was responsible for delivering mail. -
.
was fond o f doing it. - .
I am tired o f working in this manner. -
.
to be afraid
, .
:
I am afraid o f falling down. - .
- :
I am a fra id to say a word. - He ,
.
- to be
afraid / think:
I am afraid, I am m istaken. - , .
3.

, :
opportunity (of) -
way (of) -
194

idea (of) - ,
experience (in) -
im portance (of) -
interest (in) -
hope (of) -
reason (for) -
chance (of) - , .
/ d etest your way o f doing it.
,
.
H e s got a lot o f experience in taming wild animals.
.
Th eres no reason for coming so soon. -
.
!
, opportunity, chance,
way .
:
T h ats the only way to do it. - -
, .
4 .
after, before, on, upon
by, without, instead of,
:
We learn a lo t by reading.
, .
The boy s a t watching TV instead o f doing lessons. ,
.
le ft without saying goodbye.
,
.
Besides taking p a rt in the conference he sen t out his
theses to the com m ittee. - ,
.
5.
:
to stop -
to go on -
195
------------------------------
to fin is h -
to ke ep on -
to c o n tin u e -
to s ta rt - .
(, to remember,
to forget, to stop) ,
.
.
:
I rem em b er m eeting him for the first time five years
ago. - ,
( ).
I m ust re m e m b e r to m e e t him a t the station next
Saturday. -
.
Jake com pletely forgot buying two pounds o f sugar
the day before. - ,
.
Jake forgot to buy sugar although I rem inded him twice
about it. - ,
.
Stop talking! the teach er shouted in exasperation. !
-
.
They stopped to talk the m a tte r over in detail. -
, .

. :
I rem em b er visiting Rome last summer. It was g re at! .
!
Please, rem em b er to p o st the le tte r a t the C entral
Post O ffice! - ,
!

(), - (),
.
196

!
,
- ,
(
, ).
:
to w ant -
to deserve -
to need -
to require - ,
worth - .
: This c ar needs repairing. -
(, .. ,
; - , - ).
This film is worth seeing. - ,
. ( - - ,
- .)
!

-
.
:
to
to
to
to
rem em ber -
forgive -
excuse -
thank - ,
:
upon -
a fter -
on -
without - .
: wrote a le tte r in which he thanked John
for giving him a chance to m ake a photo o f that rare bird
last M onday. - ,
197
----------------------------- ,

.
A fte r receiving the telex he started for N ew York. -.

, -
.
, .

, :
, ,
( ) :
agree -
appear - ,
arrange - ,
ask - ,
claim - ,
consent - ,
decide -
demand -
deserve -
expect -
fail -
forget -
hesitate - ,
hope -
intend -
learn - ,
m anage -
mean -
o ffer -
plan -
198

prepare -
pretend - ,
promise -
refuse - )
seem -
threaten -
w ait -
w ant -
We hope to buy a car. - .
You expected to g e t all information you need. -
, .
d o esn t want to produce these goods. -
.
You want to use a new computer. -
.
deserves to be sent to prison. -
, .
, ,
( ):
adm it -
appreciate - ,
avoid -
com plete -
consider - ,
delay -
deny -
discuss -
enjoy - ,
finish -
keep - ,
mention -
miss - ,
postpone -
practice -
quit - ,
recall -
recommend -
199
------------------------------
risk -
suggest -
tolerate - ,
understand -
enjoys talking to you.

.
They postponed leaving.
-
They stopped firing.
-
regrets being unable to help. - ,
.

to use
. -
:
-

I used the c a r to a b e tte r purpose. -

, ;
-
used to ()
, ,
:
I used to go there when I was younger.
, ;
-
: to be used to something
( -) to g e t used to som ething
( -):
I am used to drinking a couple o f glasses o f ju ice in
the morning. -
.
They got used to much coffee an d tea. -
.
200
(PARTICIPLE)

- ,
.
: I (
, , -/
) II ( ,
, ).
I -ing
:
to - going ( - )
to write - writing ( - )
to type typing ( - )
II
-ed ,
- (.
, . 253).

I II
I II
: I ,

. II, ,
-
- : C hildren were frig h te n e d (II) b y the
frightening (I) tale.
201
!
I
I (
), ( ),
.
: -.

( , ,
, ).
Form
Active
Passive
non-perfect
writing
being written
perfect
having written
having been written
I :
) :
The man writing the le tte r is m y boss. - ,
, ;
) :
Going home I m e t an old friend o f mine. - ,
;
) :
I am writing an article. - (:
).
I
:
Having written the le tte r I p o sted it a t the nearest post
office. - ,
.
202
------------------------------

:
) ,
:
Going home I m e t an old friend o f mine, (
);
) ,
,
:
Having written the le tte r I p o sted it a t the nearest post
office. ( , - ,
, .)
!
I

after on (upon). after ,
, ,

.
on (upon) ,
:
On writing the le tte r I p o sted it a t the n earest p o st
office. -
.
I
:
) :
The le tte r being written by m y boss is sent away. , , ;
) :
Being driven home I m e t an old friend o f mine. -
, ;
) :
I am being o p erated on. - (
- ).
203
----------------------------- I
:
Having b een w ritten, the le tte r was p o sted a t the
nearest p o st office. - ,
.
-
.
I
,
-ing .
.
-
:
The man smoking a cig arette is m y brother.
, .
- ,
:
Smoking is forbidden. - .
, -
, -
. :
:
Reading English books every d ay will im prove your
language.
-
.
:
Reading English books every day you will improve your
language.
- ,
.
:
Hike watching TV.
) .
- (
204

:
I like to have a cup o f coffee (while) watching
, .
:
The p a tie n ts recovery depends on his following the
d o cto rs advice. -
.
:
The p a tie n ts recovery depends on how he would keep
up with the following d o cto rs advice. -
,
.
:
was blam ed fo r having w ritten this letter. -
.
:
Having w ritten the le tte r he b ecam e a su b ject to
blam e. - , .
II :
1.

,
:
has punctured the tire. - .
had p u n c tu red the tire b efo re he s ta rte d the
engine. - ,
.
205
-----------------------------The tire had been punctured five minutes before he

cam e to the gas station. -
, .
2. :
The broken c a r was le ft a t the parking lot.
.
3. :
/ w ant the windshield cleaned. - ,
.
I n eed the oil changed.
- ,
.

,
, .
.
, A fte r graduating, Professor Sm iths
studies were continued in Oxford
A fter graduating... studies,
Professor Smith, .
, ,
. :
A fte r graduating, P rof essor Smith continued his studies
in Oxford. -
.

I

, ,
.
!

,
, , , ..

( to):
Listen to m e! - !
Open the door! - !

to do not
( - d o n t):
D o n t open the window! - He !
D o n t listen to him! - He !
,
,
208
------------------------------------------
let,
( )
to:
L et us th ere together. -
.
Let John do it. - .
I

, .
: ,
,
,
:
You have done it, a t last! - - !
Have you ever seen such a nice house?! -
- ?!
G et out o f h ere! - !
,
,
what (
, )
how (), , ,
(
,
to do).
, ,
.. , .
,
, what:
What nice w eather we have! -
!
What a clever man he is! - !
209
-----------------------------------------!

.

.
how ,
:
How well she sings! - !
How beautiful she is! - !
!

(.
).

.
(,
)
.

.
210

,
( ,
),
.
(,
) ,
(
, ) - .

, .
:
) :
The book is on the table. - ;
) :
I am going to the library. - ;
) :
skate is pleasant. - ;
) :
Smoking is forbidden. - .
:
) ,

:
She works a t the factory. - ;
)
,
- to be ,
:
- :
I am a student. - ;
211
------------------------------------------ :
The guitar is mine. -
;
- :
The evening was warm. - ;
- :
I am writing a letter. - ;
- :
Your duty is to tidy up the apartm ent.

- ;
- :
What I really enjoy is singing. -
, ;
) , :
-

:
You m ust go there now. -
;
-
, :
I w ant to help you with your homework. -
.
,
-
(
it, one theyj

- , ,
: , .

- .

it:
It rains. - . It drizzles. - .
It is getting colder and colder. -
.
212
,

it (It snow s/lt is snowing) (It rain s/lt
raining),
.
it
,
, :
I t s fa r aw ay from here. - .
It drizzles. - .
I t s winter. - .
I t s noon. - .

,
- :
It is said that w inter will be cold this year. - ,
.
It is exp ected that the delegation will arrive soon. , .
, -

one they,
:
They say th at there will be no time to revise the test
paper. - ,
.
One is supposed to subm it o n e s papers not la te r than
the end o f the term. -
.
!

, one,
213
-----------------------------------------
o n e s.
, .

his
his/her.

there is (there are)
,
, there is
(there are), .
, , :
There is a bag on the table. - , (
)
There are people in the room. - , (
)
, ,
,
:
There is an idea in m y head. - - .
: -
:
It is a bag. - .
These are people. - .
It is an idea. - .
to be ,
-
:
There is a dog and seven people in the room ( ). - .
There are seven dogs and one man in the room (
). - .
there is (there are)
,
to be:
214
------------------------------------------
Is there a bag on the table? - ?
A re there p eo p le in the room ? -
?
Is there an idea in your head? -
?

:
Isthere a bag on the table?
No, there isn t.
Yes, there is.
Are there people in the room ?
No, there a re n t.
Yes, there are.
Is there an idea in your head?
No, there is n t.
Yes, there is.
.
,
,
:
I bought a new c a r yesterday. -
.

:
)
, :
I showed him new books. - ;
) (
) : ? ? ?
? ..:
spoke about the concert. - .
I am fond o f music. - .
She showed the picture to me. -
.
215
-----------------------------------------!

: She showed the picture to me She showed me
the picture.

.
,
?, ?, ?, ?
:
- :
bought a lo a f o f brown bread. -
;
-:
There is a broken table in the corner. - ()
;
- :
The man standing n ear the window is m y brother. , , - ;
- :
The first to speak was Jack. - , ,
;
- :
c a r is under repair. - ;
-
:
The City Hall is open from six to seven. -
.
The te a c h e rs table was covered with green cloth. ;
- :
The tip o f m y tongue hurts. -
;
216

- :
I t is his duty to wake up the children. -
- ;
- :
We spoke about d ifferen t m ethods o f teaching. -
.
!

, .
, ,
( ), ,

.
, ,
, .
, , , ,

.
:
- :
I g e t up in the morning. - ;
-
We a re sitting around the table. -

;
- :
M ake it fast. - ;
- :
We stayed a t home because o f the storm . -
- ;
-
w ent there in o rd er to buy a new car. -

, ;
217
------------------------------------------ :
She was well educated. -
.
:
- :
We saw a new film yesterday. -
;
- :
w ent to the North. - ;
-:
While reading the book he was making notes. -
, ;
-:
cam e to speak about his son. -
;
- :
On coming back home he m e t his old friend. -
.

.

: .

. :
The hunter killed the tiger. ( .)
:
The tig er killed the hunter. ( .)

- .
218
------------------------------------------
-

,
it:
( ?), : It drizzles.
,

,
: Rain about to wash all o f
Florida into the sea p re tty soon! ( Rain is about to
wash...). - ,
:
,

.

(, , )
1 .
,
:
We received a long le tte r from Denver. -
.
b est friend is an engineer.
.

, , ,
:
ght a new fridge.
- .
The picture exhibited in the gallery was la te r sold for
a million. - , ,
.
The man who is standing near the corner is m y brother. , , .
,
,
:
219
------------------------------------------
, a p e rfe c t idiot - )]
- ,
(beautiful - , interesting - )]
- ,
- , (w ealthy - ,
large - , round - ) ]
- , (

, old - , new - , ancient - )]
- , (red - ,
black - , pale - )]
- ,
(French - , Am erican - ,
Canadian - )]
- , (m etallic );
- ,
(rocking chair - -).

- ( - ) :
a beautiful old Italian touring c ar -
;
an expensive antique silver m irror -
;
four gorgeous long-stem m ed red silk roses -
,
;
her short black hair - ;
our big old English sheepdog -
;
those square wooden hat boxes -
;
several enormous young Am erican basketball players
;
som e delicious Thai food -
.
220
------------------------------------------
2. :
- ,
:
I received a telegram . - ;
- ,
,
:
I sen t m y fa th e r a telegram .
;
-
,
:
I sent a telegram to m y father. -
.
3 . :
- , ,
:
I re a d the book with pleasure. -
;
-
:
I m e t him by chance n ear the library. -
;
-
( ):
I m e t him by chance n e a r the library on Sunday.
;
:
On Sunday I m e t him by chance n ear the library. .

:
was born on the second o f M ay in 1985. -
1985 .
221
<>
The buyers
chartered
a steamer.
We
sent
o u rfrie n fs
the documents.
(D
We
sent
them
to our friends.
(D
<D
The sellers
received
a telegram
from our friends.
I met him
by chance
at the theatre
a few days ago.

:
,
,

.
, The motorbike has been stolen.
( .) has ( ,
to have) 222
------------------------------------------
m otorbike,
.
,
: The m otorbikes have been stolen.
to have,
,
motorbikes.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
The news was broadcast all over the country. (
.) -
news ( ) was
( to be
).
The fam ily w ere s e a te d round the fire. (
.) - were (
to be )
fam ily ( ).

- ,
,
.
!

1.
,

:
223

everyone
everybody
everything
one
each
someone
som ebody
something
nobody
either
anyone
anybody
anything
nothing
neither
Everyone is here. - () .
2. ( ),

,
.
.

- (Prepositional Phrases): together
with, along with, as well as his, except him, in addition to
..:
The man, to g e th e r with his ten children, is leaving
soon.
-
.
The cat, along with its kittens, is sleeping in the room. .
Everyone, except him, has a book. - ,
, .
The teacher, along with h er students, is viewing a
film. -
.

:
Everyone, excep t him, has a book. - ,
, .
M other, as well as her son, is watching a film. -
.
3 . ,
and
both... and...,
:
224
------------------------------------------
A red Honda and a blue Ford are parked outside. -
.
Both tigers and elephants a re becoming extinct. -
, .
4 .
several,many, both, few (a few),
,
:
Both are going to atten d the University o f Texas. -
.
Only a fe w have passed the exam. -
.
5.

.
, :
- :
trousers ( ), pants ( ), je a n s (),
sunglasses (
- :
scissors (), pliers (), tw eezers
(), scales ()]
- :
riches (), thanks (), m eans
(), arms (), goods ().
spectacles are under repair. - ( )
.
6. ,
, ,
a
p a ir o f .,a word of...,
:
His pants are still a t the cleaners. -
() .
:
225
-----------------------------------------That p a ir o f pants is dirty. - ,

( )
Your thanks are enough fo rm e. -
.
:
A word o f thanks is enough. -
.
, ,
.
.
7 . ,

nor,
or,
not o n ly ... but,
:
N e ith e r the students nor the te a c h e r is allo w ed
to sm oke. - ,
.
Either the teach er or the students have your books. , .
N o t only the nurses but also the d o cto r is com ing
soon. - , .
8. ,
none,al, some, any, majority, most, half
.., (Prepositional
Phrases), ,

.

:
All o f the book has been destroyed. -
.
o f the books have been thrown away. -
.
:
o f the m oney is in bank. - ()
.
226
------------------------------------------
money
() - .
none, all, some, any, majority,
most, half ..
:
Some o f the m ilk has got sour. -
.
9.
a num ber o f
, the
num ber o f - ,
:
A num ber o f students w ere missing from class. .
The n u m b e r o f M ex ic an stu d en ts in class is
small.
- -
.
10. ,
() , , , ..,
,
:
Two weeks is enough tim e for a nice vacation. -
- .
Two hundred dollars is required as re n t paym ent. .
Ten pounds is a lot to spend in a week. -
- .
Twenty gallons o f gasoline costs a lo t o f m oney. .
11.
, , ,
.
:
- :
m a th e m a tic s - , physics - ,
economics - , statistics - , civics ...
227
------------------------------------------ :
m easles - , mumps - , herpes - ..
- :
news
- , ethics
M athem atics is a difficult subject. - -
.
The news was very good. - .
- , polit

:
dam age - ;
knowledge - ;
fun - (
;) m oney - ;
information - ( ).
!

:
The m o n ey he had g o t in the b ank was stolen
yesterday. - , ,
.
1 2 . ,
, .. ,
:
The N ew York Times is a good newspaper. - -
- .
S tar W ars is a good movie. - .

13. (family - ,
class - , parliam ent - , press - ,
governm ent - ..) ,
, .
,
,
:
:
228
------------------------------------------
The class has its final tes t on Friday. -

(
, ).
The class a re working on th e ir individual projects
today.
- ( -
)
.
14.
, :
sheep - (), d eer
- (),
..
,
,
, :
species - (), series - () ..
,
,
:
That d e e r is young. - .
Those d e e r are old. - .
That species is rare. - - .
Those species are common. -
.
15. , -ese, -ch
-sh ,
,
, ,
: Chinese (the Chinese), French (the
French), English (the English) ..
(,
..),
; -
-
,

t:
229
-----------------------------------------French is a difficult language. - ()

. The French are romantic. - .
English is spoken in the US. - ()
. The English love tea. -
.
!
-

1. the same
the same as
, .
the same

, the same as

:
This h at and that one are the sam e. -
() .
These hats are the sam e. - .
This h at is the sam e as that one. - ,
().

, () one, , .
2.
similar
to ( )
.
:
This hat is sim ilar to that one. -
.
230
------------------------------------------
This h at and that one are similar. -
() .
These hats are similar. - .
3 . like alike
,
( ) . like
,
alike
-
:
This h at is like that one. - .
This hat and that one are alike. - ()
.
These hats are alike. - (
).
4.
, /
like
, ,
.

, - ,
.. . :
Like m any o th er girls, Jane was fond o f music. -
, .
w orked as a law yer for a couple o f years. -
.
5. the same... as
-
, , - ,
price - , colour - , size - , height - ,
style - , , length - , weight - ..:
This h at is the sam e colour as that one.

, .
John is the sam e age as M ike. -
, .
6.
as... as
231
-----------------------------------------
large,
small, little, heavy - , light - , hard -
, soft - , expensive - , cheap - ,
broad - , narrow - , high - , low , old, young, hot, cold ..
John is as tall as Jack. - ,
.
A fox is not as big as a wolf. -
, .

.
7 . -
different different
from
.
different

; different from -
:
This hat is d ifferen t from that one. -
.
This h at and th at one are different. -
() .
These hats a re d iffe re n t. -
.
8. -
to differ from,
.
to d/7fer is different from.

, ,
. :
This h at is d iffe re n t from th at one. -
.
This h at differs from that one. -
.
232
------------------------------------------
Boys from Form 3 d id n t d iffe r much from those
from Form 4 last year, but they do d iffe r now. -

,
.
9. ,
, .. ,

.

The clim ate in the north is d ifferen t from the clim ate
in the south. -
,

The
eftmaie
mthe north is different from the south-.

,
that/those:
The clim ate in the north is d ifferen t from that in the
south.
The rules o f football are different from those o f hockey.
,
:
The clim ate in the north is m ore severe than that o f the
south.
The climate in the north is colder than that o f the south.
The prices in the superm arket are higher than those a t
the discount store.
10. ,
, ( )
, ,
.. ( , ,
..),
half (), twice (), three
times ( thrice - ), four times (
), five times ( ), six times ( ) ..,
much many,
as...
s:
a
233
-----------------------------------------Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit. -

.
has h alf as m any as he needs. -
, .
!
, he,
. ,
,
:
has h alf as much as he needs.
, .

so
as, more than as
many as as much as.

,
more than ( ) less
than (
):
There are m ore than th ree hundred streets in this
city. - .
has less than ten coins in his p o cket. -
.
more
less than,
as.
11.
as many as
, ()
.
, ; :
has as m any as three cars now. -
.
As m any as five thousand students a tte n d sum m er
school. - He
.
234
------------------------------------------
as many as
as many, much
.
12.
-
the m ore...
the better, the higher... the less ..
,... , ,... ..,
, :
The m ore you read, the b e tte r you understand the
language. - ,
.
The higher is the pressure, the less is the volume. , .

the.

1. both... and (..., )
()
:
Both D r Jones an d Miss Smith spoke. - .
The lecture was both interesting and instructive. -
, .
both...
and
.
( )
:
, ..
235
-----------------------------------------2. ,
and, both...
and not o n ly ...
but also
.

.
,
, ,
:
:
H er duty was not only typing letters but also answering
calls.
-
, ;
:
H er duty was not only to type letters but also to answ er
calls. - ,
;
:
She is young, enthusiastic, and talented.
;
:
The p a tie n ts symptoms w ere fever, dizziness, and
headache.
- ()
, .
3 .
both...
and... as well as ( ):
Both John and Jack, as well as M ary, will go. -
, .
We both re a d a n d w rite, as w ell as u n derstand
Japanese. - -, (
) ().
as well as,
both... and,
() .
236

!
As well as ,
both... and (both)
, (and) :
enjoys playing football as well as basketball. -
, .
enjoys playing both football an d basketball. -
, .
as well
() as well as (, ).
4 . not only ... but also (
..., )
( ,
, ,
, ):
She is not only beautiful, but also clever. -
, .
plays not only the guitar, but also the violin. -
, .

also.
but. ,
.
5. n o t ... but
,
:
(, ,
..) not

t:
u
b
is not clever, but very patient. - ,
.
It is not money, but principle, that m akes m e angry. -
- , .
You should not listen to their words, but observe their
deeds. - ,
. ( , .)
237
!

,
,
.

, ,
,
:
The window was opened a t last, and fresh a ir got into
the stu ffy room. - ,
.
A t his lessons some students were writing, the others
w ere reading. - ,
.

and
as well as
b o th ... and
but
either... or
not only but also
neither... nor
or
, a

... ; ...
,
... ; ...
... ...
...
,

:
, .
, .
: , ,
, , .
238
------------------------------------------
, ,
( ),
, (, ,
, , , ..).

, .

:
a fte r -
as - ; ;
as long as - ;
before - ;
as soon as -
since - ;
till, until -
while -

as -
because - ;
so - ;
:
if - unless - ...
provided - on condition ( t h a t ) ------ ()
:
in o rd er that - ;
lest - ...
:
as -
as if - ,
239
-----------------------------------------s o ... that - ()

such... that - ...
:
a s ... as - ... ; ...
not so ... as - ... ; ...
than -
:
so that -
therefore, that's why -
:
in spite o f -
though (although) -
since -
!
,
,
-. ,
since
, , ,
.
1.
, , , ..
because, although, if while
:
While they w ere talking, Jake m anaged to g e t inside. (?) ,
.
240
------------------------------------------
2.
that
, ,
wwhat how,
:
I didnt understand w hat he said to m e. ,
.
3.
, , who,
whom, whose, that, which, where, when,

. who, whom, whose
( which , )
,
:
Yesterday I m e t a man who was wearing a light blue
ja c k e t. - , (?)
.

which, whom, that ..,
(
,
):
The people that we m e t w ere not foreigners. - ,
, , (
)
The people we m e t w ere foreigners. - , ( )
, , (
)
which, that, who whom

was im pressing the people who

stopped by to look by putting the comb through all sorts o f
torture and stress. ( ,
241
----------------------------------------- , , ,
)
,
, who.
which,
that. ,
:

.

:
1. which
,
:
Which o f the two cars do you like? -
?

,
.
2. that
:
That book belongs to m y brother. -
.
3.
which that ,

.
Which
,

:
The books which are on the table m ust be returned to
the library. - , ,
.
242
------------------------------------------
showed me the skin o f the wolf which he had killed. , .
4 .
who (
)
whom ():
The man who is sitting next to M r Brown is m y English
teacher. - ,

, .
The man whom we saw yesterday in the p ark was M r
Brown. - , ,
.
5. that whom which

:
A le tte r that (which) is written in pencil (
)
isdifficult to read. - ,
, .
There is the student th at (whom) we saw a t the theatre
yesterd ay (). - ,
.
6. who
that:
Yesterday I saw the man who (th at) had sold m e that
car. - ,
.
7 . That who, whom
which :
In the s tre e t I m e t som e children who ( that) showed
m e the way to the station. - -
, .
The m anager o f our office, who ( that) is a highly
e d u c ate d m an, speaks several foreign languages. ,
, .
243
-----------------------------------------We have received a le tte r which ( that) contained

interesting information on the conditions o f the m arket. ,
.

, ,
, .
.

:
1. ,
,
and:
I m thinking about export-im port operations in coffee,
cocoa, an d tea. - -
, .
2. :
M iguel Dias, an im porter from Argentina, is applying
for a cred it line. - , ,
.
3.
(..
):
A rg en tin a exp o rts various fo o d stu ffs, the m ain
com m odity being coffee. -
,
.
244
------------------------------------------
4 . , ,
:
Fortunately, I n eed ed only h alf a million to cover the
initial expenses. - ,
, .
The c h ief executive, I have forgotten to mention, will
be able to sign the documents only on Friday. -
, ,
.
5. :
M r Dias, you a re e xp e cted to subm it the financial
statem ent.
- ,
.
6. :
15 September, 2013;
Septem ber 15, 2013.

:
1.
,
:
The loan is going to be a secu red one, and we will
charge a com paratively low in terest rate. -
,
.
2. (
)
, :
How this has happened is not c lea r to m e. -
, .
said that they n eed ed a collateral. - ,
.
-----------------------------------------3.

:
A loan which is secu red by precious m etals o r real
estate can be easily obtained. - ,
,
.
, , :
We e n te re d the hall, which was d e c o ra te d with
flowers. - ,
.
4 .
, :
I will charge you five p e rc e n t if you pledge collateral. ,
.
5 .
, :
If you pledge collateral, I will charge you five percent. ,
.
1.

. ()
,
; () - ,
.
a)
back up
break into
bring about
bring up
burn down
buy out
buy up
call o ff
call up
calm down
carry on
carry out
cheer up
chew up
chop up
clean up
close down
close up
count in
count out
count up
cross out
cut o ff
cut out
cut down
draw up
dress up
eat up
;

()
,

, ,
,
,

,
(,)

248

1

1

1

|
1

! )\
11

1 !
11 !\/
11 !

1

! 1

1
1
down

!\

)
1
show o ff
(
()
,
-
,
,

();

; ( ,)
- -
249

slo w up
sp e ll o u t
ta k e b a c k
ta k e dow n
ta k e o v e r
te a r up
th in k o v e r
th in k th ro u g h
th ro w a w a y
tire o u t
try on
try o u t
tu rn d ow n
tu rn o u t
w ear out
w in d up
w o rk o u t
w rite dow n
w rite o u t
,

,
( -,)
,
,
,
(,)
6)
b e a r up u n d e r
b re a k in on
b re a k into
call fo r
c a re fo r
c a rry on w ith
c a tc h up w ith
c h e c k up on
c o m e acro ss
c o m e alo ng w ith
c o m e by
, ,

2 50
-------------------------
c o u n t on
d is a g re e w ith
do a w a y w ith
do w ith o u t
d rop in a t/o n
d rop o u t o f
fa ll b eh in d in
fa ll b a c k on
g et ahead of
g e t around
g e t a w a y w ith
g e t d ow n to
g e t in
g e t o ff
g e t on w ith
g e t th ro u g h w ith
go in fo r
go on w ith
go w ith o u t
hang around
h e a r fro m
hear of
hit on
hold on to
keep at
k e e p up w ith
lie d ow n on
live on
live up to
( -,)

,
(-,)
,
, ,
,
,

, ,
( -,)
( -,)

( -,)

,
(-,)
,
251

loo k a fte r
loo k b a c k on
loo k d ow n on
loo k fo rw a rd to
loo k up to
m a k e up fo r
run a g a in s t
run a w a y w ith
run fo r
s e e to
s e ttle on
s ta n d fo r
s ta n d up fo r
s tic k to
ta k e a fte r
ta lk o v e r
te ll on
to u c h on
tu rn into
w a it on
w a tc h o u t fo r

, ,

,
,
,
,
----------------------------------------------
2.

3 -
( II)

[bi:n]
be
[]
was/were [woz/ws:] been
break
[breik]
broke
[braukj
broken
[()] ( )
begin
[br'gtn]
began
[']
begun
[']
()
bring
[brig]
brought
[bro:t]
brought
[bro:t]
buy
[bar]
bought
[bat]
bought
[bat]
can
[kaen]
could
[kud]
cost
[kost]
cost
[kost]
cost
[kost]
come
[]
came
[keim]
come
[]
deal
[drl]
dealt
[delt]
dealt
[delt]
do
[du:]
did
[did]
done
[dAtl]
drink
[dnrk]
drank
[drasrjk]
drunk
[drAqk]
eat
[i:t]
ate
[et]
eaten
[':t(a)n]
fall
[foil]
fell
[fel]
fallen
[:1]
feel
[fid]
felt
[felt]
felt
[felt]
find
[faind]
found
[faund]
found
[faund]
fly
[flat]
flew
[flu:]
flown
[flgun]
get
[get]
got
[gut]
got
[gut]
give
[giv]
gave
[geiv]
given
['giv(0)n]
253
3 -
( II)
go
[]
went
[went]
gone
[gen]
have
[haw]
had
[haed]
had
[haed]
hear
[his]
heard
[hs:d]
heard
[hs:d]
hurt
[hs:t]
hurt
[hs:t]
hurt
[hs:t]
know
[]
knew
[njut]
known
[naun]
learn
[1:]
learnt
[b:nt]
learnt
[l3:nt]
()
leave
[li:v]
left
[left]
left
[left]
lose
[lutz]
lost
[Inst]
lost
[Inst]
let
[let]
let
[let]
let
[let]
lie
llail
lay
[lei]
lain
[lemj
make
[m eikj
made
[m eid j
made
[m eid j
meet
[mi:t]
met
[m et]
met
[m et]
pay
[pet]
paid
[perd]
paid
[peTd]
put
[pot]
put
[pot]
put
[pot]
read
[ritd]
read
[red]
read
[red]
run
[]
ran
[raen]
run
[]
say
[sei]
said
[sed]
said
[sed]
see
[si:]
saw
[so:]
seen
[si:n]
shine
[fain]
shone
[faun]
shone
[faun]
show
[fso]
showed
[food]
shown
[[son ]
254
3 -
( II)
sit
[sit]
sat
[saet]
sat
[saet]
speak
[spi:k]
spoke
[spauk]
spoke n
['spauk(9)n]
s w im
[swim]
swam
[swaem]
s w im
[swAm]
ta ke
[teik]
to o k
[tuk]
ta k e n
[()]
teach
[ti:tf]
ta u g h t
[tact]
ta u g h t
[to t]
te ll
[tel]
to ld
[tauld]
to ld
[tauld]
t h in k
[0ii3k]
th o u g h t
[6o:t]
th o u g h t
[0act]
u n d e r
[,Anda-
u n d e r
[,And3-
u n d e r
[,Anda~
stand
'staend]
s to o d
'stud]
sto o d
'stud]
w in
[w m j
won
[WAllJ
won
[WAllJ
w r ite
[raitj
w ro te ]
[rant
w r itte n
['ritn j

.
..
.

-005-93, 2; 953005
07.03.2014
84x108 1/32. . . . 13,44
.
,
436-3 ,
.

129085, . , , 21, 3, 5
: www.ast.ru
e-mail: lingua@ast.ru

Regulile Limbii Engleze

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..

au - author, aw - saw, oo+r - door, aught ;

- son] ou - country] 00 - flood

[ei] ai - rain] ay - day; ey - they, eigh - eight

[au] ou - out] ow - down

[] ea+r - near, ee+r - engineer

Tapples,Tberries, Toranges, and demons.

an arm y - arm ies

(grand) piano pianos (

an - oxen ( - ); a child children ( - );

a formula - form ulae (form ulas)

two pieces of advice

two pieces of bread

a piece of equipm ent

two pieces of equipment

two pieces of furniture

two pieces of information

a piece of jew elry

two pieces of jewelry

two pieces of luggage

two pieces of mail

two pieces of music

two pieces of news

two pieces of toast

two loaves of bread

two slices of bread

two bars of soap

two bolts of lightning

two claps of thunder

two gusts of wind

--------------------------------------------------church (), prison (), town (), hospital

We w ent to the m arket to buy oranges. -

him a t the p o st office. -

(c Heo / 1 TaMi/i i/i < 1)

Who is that? - ? I t s Jake

who, whom, whose, that, which

------------------------------------------- each every

Each o f the three brothers had som ething to say.

-------------------------------------------If one d o esn t work hard, he or she c a n t exp ect to

M y wife will talk to him!

==> also too

N either has she.

will talk to him, and so will I.

will talk to him, and I will too.

w ont talk to him, and neither will I.

w ont talk to him, and I w ont either.

-------------------------------------------There are no people in the room. .

I saw none o f the people you speak about.

['sev(0 )n] [ert]

one million [wAn'miljsn]

one hundred and seventy-eight;

in ter- national international

-------------------------------------------------fast - fas te r - fastest

M ost o f all I am in terested in Geography. -

-----------------------D ont point your finger a t peo p le! I t s im polite! - He

They took no notice o f the s ca r on his cheek. -

: fo ra week ( )] for some time

-----------------------D o n t speak out o f turn. - He (

him quite by chance yesterday. -

u n der the bridge now. -

-----------------------L e tsm e e t a fte r six. - .

-----------------------You m ust be attentive to your parents. -

----------------------------------------------------Do you like cheese? - ?