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Name: RAFAEL, DUNE VIENIS KAREN N.

Year & Section: BS-


Pharmacy 4A
Date Performed: January 08, 2010 Rating:
____________________

Activity No. 09
ACETONE

I. Objectives:
1. To detect the presence of acetone in a sample by performing Lieben’s
Iodoform test, Legal’s test, and Reynold’s test;
2. To understand the principles behind each test, and
3. Interpret the results after performing each method of detection.

I. Data:

Method of
Reagents Observations and Results
Detection
Lieben’s Iodoform Lugol’s solution Actual: Acetone + 1 ml Lugol’s sol’n
Test (Aqueous iodo-  Dark brown; Acetone + 1 mL of
potassium lugol’s sol’n + KOH  Colorless; The
iodide solution), solution turned yellow after heating.
potassium Ideal (+): Iodoform immediately
hydroxide separates, even in the cold, as a
yellowish white precipitate which is
usually amorphous (Autenrieth,
1915).
Legal’s Test 0.5% sodium Actual: 2 mL acetone + 2 gtt 0.5%
nitroprusside sodium nitroprusside sol’n  rusty
solution, red at the bottom.; 2 mL acetone +
potassium 2 gttd o.5% sodium nitroprusside +
hydroxide conc. NaOH sol’n  violet sol’n. The
solution turned light blue green after
it was acidified with acetic acid.
Ideal (+): A reddish yellow color
appears after the addition of 0.5%
sodium nitroprusside solution to the
liquid containing acetone and
potassium hydroxide. The solution
changes its color to carmine to
purplish red color upon the addition
of acetic acid. Heating the solution
changes its color to violet
(Autenrieth, 1915).
Reynold’s Test Mercuric Actual: Acetone + 2 gtts mercuric
chloride, chloride + alcoholic KOH  clear
alcoholic KOH solution. The solution formed a layer
solution, at the top of he clear solution.
ammonium Ideal (+): If acetone is present, there
sulfide will be a black zone (HgS) where two
solutions meet (Autenrieth, 1915).

Data Analysis
Lieben’s Iodoform Test

Potassium hypo-iodite (a) probably converts acetone into tri-iodo-


acetone (CH3COCl3) (b) and this compound is then decomposed by potassium
hydroxide into iodoform and potassium acetate (c):

(a) 6KOH + 2I2  3KI + 3KOI + 3H2O


(b) CH3COCH3 + 3KOI  CH3COCI3 + 3KOH
(c) CH3COCI3 + KOH  CHI3 + CH3COOK
Legal’s Test

The red color caused by aldehyde fades upon addition of acetic acid,
and changes to green with heat. Le Nobel states that ammonium hydroxide,
or ammonium carbonate solution, may be substituted for potassium
hydroxide solution in Legal’s test, but under these conditions the red color is
very slow to appear.

Answers to Questions:
1. What are the long term health effects of exposure to acetone?

According to Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 1997:

“Prolonged or repeated contact may cause defatting of the skin and


produce dermatitis (dryness, irritation, redness and cracking).

Most human population studies indicate that acetone would not


produced significant health effects following long-term exposure. In a
series of studies, no statistically significant differences in causes of death
or clinical laboratory results were observed in 948 employees exposed to
up to 1070 ppm acetone over 23 years. Another study which reviewed 18
years of industrial experience with employees in a cellulose acetate
production facility did not show an increased incidence of illness. One
other study did not find significant changes in clinical chemistry tests
conducted on 60 employees who had worked at least 5 years in the
acetate fibre manufacturing industry (exposures of 550-1050 ppm).

No conclusions can be drawn from other reports which have


described effects following long-term acetone exposure. These reports are
limited by factors such as the small number of workers studied, the fact
that other exposures may have contributed to or caused the observed
effects and/or possible self- reporting biases. In one study, 110 men were
exposed to a mean concentration of 361 ppm acetone for an average of
14.9 years. These men reported more heavy headedness, nausea,
faintness, weight loss, eye irritation than a comparison group with no
acetone exposure. They also did not perform as well on some
neurobehavioural tests (reaction time and digit span tests). A few
historical reports have also described long-term exposure effects such as
irritation of the airways, throat, stomach and occasionally, dizziness,
attacks of giddiness and a loss of strength”.

2. Will acetone act in a synergistic manner with other materials (will its effects
be more than the sum of the effects from the exposure to each chemical
alone?

Acetone has increased the liver toxicity of chemicals, such as carbon


tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, bromodichloromethane,
dibromochloromethane, N-nitrosodimethylamine and 1,1,2-trichloroethane,
the lung toxicity of styrene and the toxicity of acetonitrile and 2,5-
hexanedione in laboratory animals. It appears to inhibit the metabolism and
elimination of ethyl alcohol, thereby potentially increasing its toxicity.
Acetone can either increase or decrease the toxicity of 1,2-dichlorobenzene,
depending on the concentration of acetone used (Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety, 1997).

I. Conclusion/s:

Acetone is used mainly as a solvent and intermediate in chemical


production. As a solvent, we use it to remove nail polish. Human urine almost
always contains a very small quantity of acetone as a physiological content.
Acetone is not poisonous not in the least corrosive. Man and animals can tolerate
considerable quantities of acetone taken internally. It seems to produce no
effect but prolonged exposure to acetone can cause defatting of the skin. As
future pharmacists, it is our duty to identify acetone as a potential toxicant. We
should know how to detect it in the laboratory by performing Lieben’s Iodoform
test, Reynold’s test and Legal’s test.

II. Bibliography:

Autenrieth, W. (1915). Laboratory Manual for The Detection of Poisons and Powerful
Drugs. (W. H. Warren, Trans.) Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (1997, December 18). 2-
Health Effects of Acetone. Retrieved January 04, 2010, from ccohs.ca:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/acetone/health_ace.html
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