Navy SD SW

1
NCC CADET HANDBOOK

NAVY
SPECIALISED SUBJECT
SD/ SW
2
INDEX
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 5
Section - 6
Section - 7
Section - 8
Section - 9
Section - 10
Section - 11
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 5
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 5
Section - 6
Section - 7
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 5
Section - 6
Section - 7
CHAPTER-I
Period Pg No.
NAVAL ORIENTATION
History of the Indian Navy
2
4-6
Organisation of Navy - NHQ, Commands, Ships &
2
7 - 13
Shore Establishment
Types of Warships and their roles
2
14 - 17
Organisation of Ships
2
18 - 20
Organisation of Army & Air Force
1
21 - 24
Naval Customs and Traditions
1
25 - 27
Ranks of Officers and Sailors, Equivalent Ranks
1
28 - 30
Mode of entry into Indian Navy
1
31 - 43
Branches of the Navy and their functions
1
44 - 46
Role of IN INDO PAK war 1971 & Kargil War
2
47 - 51
Naval Campaign (Pearl Harbour, Falkland war, Battle of 1
52 - 56
Atlantic/ Fleet PFR, IFR
CHAPTER-II
NAVAL WARFARE AND ITS COMPONENTS (NW)
Introduction to Anti-Submarine Warfare & Fleet
2
58 - 63
Operation
Role of Aviation Naval Aircrafts & Helicopters
2
64 - 65
Types of Submarine and its role ASW Weapon & sensor 1
66 - 71
Elementary knowledge of Gunnery & Missile
2
72 - 79
CHAPTER-III
NAVAL COMMUNICATION
Introduction to Naval Modern Communication
2
81 - 83
Semaphore
3
84 - 86
Phonetic Alphabets
1
87 - 88
Radio Telephony Procedure
1
89 - 90
Wearing National Flag, Ensign and Admirals Flag
1
91 - 93
CHAPTER-IV
NAVIGATION
Navigation of ship Basic Requirements
2
95 - 97
Types of Compass
1
98 - 100
Chart Work
1
101 - 104
Electronic aids for navigation
2
105 - 107
Tides
1
108 - 110
Clouds
1
111 - 112
Introduction to astronomy
1
113 - 114
CHAPTER-V
SEAMANSHIP
Anchorwork Parts of anchor and cable
1
116 - 117
Anchorwork - Purpose of anchor and holding ground
1
118 - 119
Rigging Types of ropes
1
120 - 122
Rigging Bends and Hitches
1
123 - 124
Rigging Introduction to Shackles
1
125 - 127
Boatwork Parts of Boat
1
128 - 129
Boatwork Boat Pulling Instruction
1
130 - 132
3
Section - 8
Section - 9
Section -10
Section - 11
Section - 12
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 3
Section - 4
Section - 5
Section - 6
Section - 7
Section - 8
Section - 9
Section - 1
Section - 2
Section - 1
Section - 2
Boatwork - Steering of Boat

Boatwork Rigging of sails in boats
Boatwork Enterprise class boat, Elementary Sailing
Boatwork Whaler Sailing Instructions
Boatwork Power Boats
CHAPTER-VI
FIRE FIGHTING FLOODING & DAMAGE CONTROL
Types of Fire, Extinguishers, Fire Fighting
Causes of damage, flooding and damage control
CHAPTER VII
SHIP AND BOAT MODELLING
Principal of Ship Modeling
Maintenance and Care of Tools
Types of Models
Calculation of sail area of a model
Introduction to ship model competition
Care and handling of power tools used
Repairing and stabilizing of Ship Models
Handling and operation of remote control models
Practical Training
CHAPTER VIII
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SAR organization in the Indian Ocean
Role of Indian Coast Guard
CHAPTER IX
SWIMMING
Swimming Floating and Breathing techniques
Swimming Floatation for 3 Mins and Swimming for 50
Mtr
2
2
2
1
1
133 - 133
134 - 135
136 - 138
139 - 139
140 - 142
2
2
144 - 152
153 - 155
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
9
157 - 160
161 - 163
164 - 165
166 - 168
169 - 171
172 - 173
174 - 177
178 - 179
180 - 180
1
1
182 - 183
184 - 186
3
6
188 - 191
192 - 192
CHAPTER - I
NAVAL ORIENTATION
5
SECTION-1(SD/SW)
HISTORY OF THE INDIAN NAVY
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Early History/ Goa Operations
10 min
(c)
Indo Pak War / Post war till date -
20 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
------------3.
Introduction. On 26 January 1950 when India became a Republic , the Royal
Indian Navy was re-designated and the new Indian Naval Ensign (Naval Flag)was
adopted on this date. The Indian National flag had earlier taken the place of Union Jack
on 15th Aug 1947. Soon after independence the first cruiser INS Delhi and 03 R class
destroyers Rajput, Ranjit & Rana joined the Indian Navy. In late 50s the second cruiser
INS Mysore & 02 Frigate INS Trishul & Talwar were acquired, this was followed by the
acquisitions of the anti Submarine Frigates INS Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan & Anti Air Craft
Frigates Brahmaputra, Beas & Betwa. With the joining of these ships the Indian Naval
6
Flotilla was constituted into a Fleet. The Air Craft carrier INS Vikrant was commissioned
in February 61. This added an Integral Air Defence & strike capability to our Fleet.
4.
Goa Operation. Indian Naval Ships were deployed for action for the first time in
the liberation of Goa in Dec 1961. In the encounter that took place off Goa. Portuguese
warship Albuquerque was disabled, after which the Indian Navy established its
command of the Sea off Goa and was able to enforce a blockade of this port there by
denying the Portuguese of any further assistance from the Sea.
5.
In the mid 60s the only addition to the Indian Navy was an oil tanker acquired
from West Germany. With the addition of this oil tanker the range of the Fleet increased
as also its capacity and endurance at Sea.
6.
Indo- Pak War. With the change in the Geo political situation in the Indian Ocean
there was a need for faster and more sophisticated ships to meet the maritime defence
needs of the Indian Navy. The result was the acquisition of ships, missile boats and
submarines in the late 60s and early 70s with systematic and sustained growth, proper
training and courage and initiative in battle, it was possible for the Indian Navy to give a
good account of itself both in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the 1971 conflict
with Pakistan for the liberations of Bangladesh.
7.
Post 1971. After the 1971 war, the Navy has been acquiring more ships and
Aircraft to enable to discharge its responsibility effectively. It acquired an Aircraft Carrier

from Britain which was christened as INS Viraat and two more R class ships Ranvir &
Ranvijay. The Indian Navy has also became self sufficient in building of frigate of
Leander Class and Godavari Classes, Corvette of Khukri Class, Missile boats of
Nishank Class, Submarine of Shalki class which were built indigenously and Helicopters
of Chetak class. We have increased our warship building capabilities phenomenally,
the recent production of Destroyers INS Delhi, Mumbai & Mysore proves this. The
Indian Navy recently commissioned the latest of Delhi class Destroyers INS Mysore
which was built indigenously in the Mazagaon Dock in Mumbai. The Navy also acquired
sophisticated vertical/ short take off and landing(VSTOL)Sea Harrier Aircraft from
Britain which can take off from a small deck of ships and maritime reconnaissance and
anti submarine role Aircraft TU142 from Russia which increased the capacity of our
Navy by leaps and bounds making it a world class Navy.
7
8.
Present Status. Modernisation is a constant process. Indian Navy is in the
process of acquiring Air Craft Carrier from Russia, Admiral Gorshkhav named INS
Vikramaditya along with MIG 29K. It also acquired an USA LPD, INS Jalashwa. It has
indigenously built stealth Frigates in its service.
9.
Post -Indo Pak war 1971, Navy has been engaged in various operations like
Pawan, Cactus, TASHA, etc. besides providing humanitarian assistance during

Tsunami etc. During Kargil war, though no naval action took place, Navy embarked
upon OP Talwar and brought all its force to bear upon Arabian Sea prompting Pakistan
to desist from further misadventure. Presently it is active in Anti-Piracy ops off Somalia
as part of UN ops.
10.
Conclusion. Indian Navy has come a long way since our Independence. Starting
with a small number of ships at the time of Independence, it has grown over the years
both in terms of number and quality of platforms in order to become a three dimensional
Navy. It has acquired itself with glory whenever called up to meet national interest both
during war and peace.
Note. The lecture needs to be supplemented by pictures/ movies clips for better
assimilation by cadets.
8
SECTION- 2 (SD/SW)
ORGANISATION OF NAVY - NHQ, COMMANDS, SHIPS & ESTABLISHMENTS
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Organisation of NHQ, Command
15 Min
(c)
Ships &Shore establishments
15 Min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Min
------------40 Min
-------------
3.
Introduction. The Indian Navy is organized to meet its charter of duties as an
important component of the Armed Forces of our country. The aim of the organization is
for effective administrative control and functional operational efficiency from apex HQ to
unit level.
4.
ORGANISATION OF NHQ /IHQ MOD (NAVY)

CNS
VCNS
DCNS
WNC
COP
ENC
SNC
(Training Command)
5.
COM
CINCAN
(Unified Command)
The NHQ stands for Naval Head Quarters. It is located at New Delhi and is over
all responsible for smooth functioning of the Navy. The Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS)
controls the functioning of the Navy from NHQ and is assisted by his Principal Staff
Officer (PSOs). The CNS is assisted by four PSOs namely VCNS, DCNS, COP and
COM.
(a)
Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS). The VCNS is the head of the staff
Branch - I. He is responsible for planning programming and all administrative

services. He co-ordinates the NHQ and officiates as CNS in his absence.
(b)
Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS). The DCNS is the head of staff
Branch II. He is responsible for Operation, Intelligence, Communications,

Submarine and Naval Aviation.
(c)
Chief of Personnel (COP). The COP controls the manning requirement of
the Navy. He is responsible for recruitment, training, welfare and discipline of

naval personnel.
(d)
Chief of Material (COM). The Chief of Material is responsible for
providing maintenance and assistance to the ships of the Indian Navy. He is also
responsible for design, construction and maintenance of ships and craft
including Engineering, Electrical and Weapon aspects.
10
6.
Commands. The Indian Navy is divided into four commands for administrative
and operational purpose. Typical Organization of a Command is:C-in-C
CSO (OPS)
SL.
COMMAND
CSO(TRG)
CSO (TECH)
HEADED
CSO(P&A)
HQ
Remarks
NO
1
Western
Naval FOCINC(W) Mumbai
Command (WNC)
1. Commanded by a Vice
Admiral designated as the
FOC- in-C West.
2.
It
is
an
operational
command
and
responsible
for
is
naval
operation on the western

coast of India.
2.
Eastern
Naval FOCINC(E)
Visakhapatnam 1. Commanded by a Vice
Command (ENC)

FOC- in-C East.
2.
It
is
an
operational
command
and
responsible
for
is
naval
operation on the Eastern

coast of India
3
Southern
Naval FOCINC
Command(SNC)
(South)
Kochi
FOC- in-C West.
2. It is a training command
and
all
training
11
establishments come under
this command.
4
Unified Command
A & N Is
Port Blair
CINCAN
2. This has the operational
control of all Army, Navy,
Airforce and Coast Guard
components
respective
under
component
Commander. ACC, NAVCC,

AFCC, CGCC.
7.
Fleets. Fleet is a group of various types of warships and aircraft organized in a
unit to fight a war. The IN has two Fleets:-
(a)
Western Fleet. It is based at Mumbai and commanded by a Rear Admiral
designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF)

(b)
Eastern Fleet. It is based at Visakhapatnam and commanded by a Rear
Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF).

8.
Flotilla. Flotilla is a group of small vessels. The IN has many small warships.
These warships are organized in groups called Local Flotilla. These local Flotillas are
generally placed under the Command of NOIC (Naval Officer in - Charge) who is area
Commander of a small area. The Biggest Local Flotilla is based in Bombay under the
command of Flag Officer Maharashtra Area & Gujarat (FOMAG).
9.
Shore Establishments. Shore Establishments function under the Administrative
Authority(C-in-C) serve the following function:(a)
Training officers and sailors.
(b)
Providing logistic support, berthing and allied harbour facilities to ships,
such as playgrounds, recreation facilities etc.
12
10.
The location and main function of the establishments of the Indian Navy are
given below:Ser
(a)
NAME
New Delhi
INS India
(b)
PURPOSE/FUNCTION
Administrative establishment of Naval Headquarters
Mumbai
INS Angre
Administrative establishment of Western Naval Command
INS Agnibahu
Administrative establishment for Local Flotilla(Small Ships)
INS Kunjali
Provost establishment, Naval Detention Quarter(Naval Jail),

School for Naval Musicians
(c)
INS Shikra
Naval Air Station
INS Trata
Naval Missile Battery,
INS Vajrabahu
Submarine Base
INHS Asvini
Naval Hospital and school for Medical Assistance
INS Abhimanyu
Marine Commando School
INS Tunir
Missile storage, assembling and servicing base
INS Hamla
School for Logistics branch
INS Abhimanyu II
Marine Commando school
Lonavala
INS Shivaji
Marine Engineering School, Naval Engineering College and

NBCD School
INHS Kasturi
(d)
Jamnagar
INS Valsura
(e)
Naval Hospital
Training School for Electrical Branch
Goa
INS Mandovi
College of Naval Warfare
INS Gomantak
Support base for ships and establishments, Hydrographical

School
(f)
INS Hansa
Naval Air Station
INHS Jeevanti
Naval Hospital
Kochi
INS Vendurthuy
Naval base Semanship School, Communication School, ND
13
School, PT School, ASW School, NIETT School, Diving
School.
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
INS Dronacharya
Gunnery School, Naval Coast Battery
INS Garuda
Naval Air Station,
INHS Sanjivani
Naval Hospital
Visakhapatnam
INS Circars
Administrative establishment of Eastern Naval Command
INS Virbahu
Submarine base
INS Satavahana
Submarine Training School
INS Kalinga
Missile storage and servicing
INS Kalyani
Naval Hospital
INS Dega
Naval Air Station
INS Eksila
Marine Gas turbine Overhauling Centre
Port Blair
INS Jarawa
Support base
INS Utkrosh
Naval Air Station
INHS Dhanvantri
Naval Hospital
INS Kardip
Naval base in Kardip
Chennai
INS Adyar
Naval base
INS Rajali
Naval Air Station(Arakonam)
Kolkata
INS Netaji Subash
(k)
(l)
Chilka
INS Chilka
Sailors Basic Training School
INHS Nivarini
Naval Hospital
Coimbatore
INS Agrani
(m)
Leadership and Management course for sailors.
Dwaraka
INS Dwarka
(n)
Naval Base
Tirunelveli(IN)
Administrative support to vessels on forward Area Deployment
14
INS Kattabomman
(o)
(p)
Low Frequency transmission centre
Karwar
INS Kadamba
Supporting Base
INHS Pattanjali
Naval Hospital
Ezhimala
INA Zamorin
Naval Base & Indian Naval Academy
INHS Navjivni
Naval Hospital
11. Conclusion. At HQ, Command and Fleet level, the organization of Navy is aimed at
providing efficient administrative and logistics support to meet the operational need of its
fighting units like Ships, Air crafts & Submarines.
15
SECTION- 3 (SD/SW)
TYPES OF WARSHIPS AND THEIR ROLE
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Warships -
15 min
(c)
Role of Ships
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
------------3.
Introduction. Ships are designed for specific role.
Indian Navy has various
class and types of Ships, Submarines and aircraft for deployment to meet requirements
of the nation. Ships can be classified into types and classes.
(a)
Types of Ships. Ship can be classified under a type based on the role
and the purpose for which she has been built. For example an Aircraft carrier is
built to operate aircrafts and submarines are built to operate under water.
16
(b)
Class of Ships. Ships of the same type can be grouped into classes
based on their design and built i.e. similar ships built on same design belong to a
particular class.
4.
Type
Class
Names
AirCraft Carrier
British Hermes
Viraat
Class
Destroyers
1) Rajput Class
Rajput, Rana, Ranjit, Ranvir, Ranvijay
2) Delhi Class
Delhi, Mysore, Mumbai
3) Brahmaputra
Brahmaputra,Beas,Betwa
Class
Frigates
Corvettes
Godavari Class
Godavari, Ganga, Gomati
Leander Class
Taragiri
Talwar Class
Talwar, Trishul, Tabar
Khukri Class
Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan, Khanjar, Kora,

Kulish
Missle Boats
Veer Class
Veer, Nirbhik, Nipat, Nishank, Nirghat,

Vipul, Vinash, Vibhuti, Nashak,
Patrol Vessels
Abhay Class
Ajay, Abhay, Akshay, Agray
Sukanya class
Sukanya, Suvarna, Sarada, Sujata,

Subhadra, Savitri, Saryu
Mine Sweepers
Karwar Class
Karwar, Kozhikode, Canannore,

Konkan, Cuddalore, Kakinada
LST(L)
Magar Class
Magar, Gharial
LST(M)
Ghorpad Class
Ghorpad, Shardul, Sharabh
LCU
LCU L-32 to LCU L-39
Tankers
Jyoti, Shakti, Deepak
Ocean going Tug
Matanga class
Matanga
Survey ships
Sandhayak class
Sandhayak, Nirdeshak, Nirupak,

Investigator, Jamuna, Sutlej,
Sarvekshak
Submarines
Foxtrot class
Vagli, Vaghsheer,Vagir, Vela, Karanj,
17
Kursura, Kalvari(All decommissioned)
Kilo class
Sindhughosh, Sindhuvir,
Sindhurakshak, Sindhuraj,
Sindhudhvaj, Shindhukeshri,
Sindhukiriti, Sindhuvijay, Sindhuratna,
Sindhushastra
Cadet Training
Shishumar class
Shishumar, Sankush, Shalki, Shankul
Tir Class
Tir
Ship
Diving Support
Nireekshak
Vessel
Missile Tender
22 KS
Nipat, Nirbhik, Nishank, Nirgnat, Vipul,

Vinash, Vibhuti, Vidyut, Prahar,
Nashak, Veer
Fast Attack Craft
T 80, T 81, Trinkat, Tillanchang, Tarasa
Oceanographic
Sagardhwani
Research Vessel
Sail Training Ship
5.
Tarangini
Role.
(a)
Aircraft Carrier. It is a floating air field. It can operate aircraft and
helicopters.
(b)
Destroyers. These ships are lighter than cruisers and they are also
general purpose fighting ships. They carry Surface to Surface Missile (SSM),
Surface to Air Missile (SAM), gun, rocket launchers, torpedoes and ASW
helicopters.
(c)
Frigates. Frigates are smaller than Destroyers. These are basically escort
ships, and are equipped with guns, missiles, torpedoes etc. They are classified
as Anti Aircraft Frigate, Anti Submarine Frigate, Multipurpose Frigate etc based
on their function and equipment carried onboard.
18
(d)
Cruisers. They are ships of surface action. They carry heavy guns, long
range missiles, antisubmarine weapons, helicopters etc,. Presently there are no

cruiser in the Indian Navy.
(e)
Corvettes. These ships are lighter than frigates and they are fitted either
with antiaircraft weapons or with antisubmarine weapon. These ships have

limited endurance.
(f)
Patrol Vessels. These are lighter vessels for patrolling coastal areas, oil
field etc.
(g)
Mine Sweepers. These ships are fitted with special equipment to detect
and sweep mines and keep the sea lanes open by clearing mines laid by enemy.
(h)
LSTs (Landing Ship Tank). These ships are specially constructed so
that they can beach on shore and off load tanks, troops and other vehicles
directly on to the beach.
(j)
LCU (Landing Craft Utility). These are smaller landing ships which can
beach but cannot carry tanks; they are used to land trucks, jeeps and other utility
items. These are small compared to LSTs.
(k)
Tankers. These ships can store fuel and fresh water and supply it to the
fleet at sea by a method know as Replenishment at Sea(RAS), there by

increasing the endurance of the ships.
(l)
Submarines. These vessels can operate under water, i.e. they can
navigate and fire their torpedoes in a dived state.

(m)
Survey Ships. They carry out geographical survey of sea and coastal
areas and prepare charts for navigation.

6.
Conclusion.
Indian Navy, in order to fulfill its charter of duties has various
types of ships. Each class of Ship has a different role to play during peace and war.
This gives flexibility to command for deploying them depending upon kind of mission
and threat.
19
SECTION - 4 (SD/SW)
ONBOARD ORGANISATION OF SHIPS
Period
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Organisation of a typical Ship
10 min
(c)
Watch Systems & Stations
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Every Warship has schemes of complements which show the
number of Officers and men required to man her under various condition of war and
peace. Officers and men are divided into departments according to their specialization
and these in turn form divisions or may be further divided into two or more sub-divisions,
according to the number borne.
4.
Department. A chart of the departmental organization of a Destroyer along with
the specialists borne in each department is given below:-
20
CAPTAIN
Cdr (E)
Cdr(L)
CDR
CDR(Log)
Snr Engr
DLO
(EXO)
ALOGO(Pay)
ALO(P)
First Lt
ALOGO (Vict)
ALO(R)
Gunnery Officer
ALOGO (Cloth)
PMO
Met Offr
MO
Dental Offr.
Navigating Officer
Anti Submarine Warfare Officer
Signal Communication Officer
Regulating Officer
NBCDO
Shipwright Officer
Diving Officer
5.
Watch System. The seaman complement on a ship is normally large. It is
divided into Foxle, Midship and Quarter Deck division. In war, depending on the threat
the whole or a portion of the ships armament must be ready for instant action, to make
this possible the ships company is divided into watches. The systems of watches on a
naval ship are given below:(a)
Two Watches. In this system the men are equally divided into the two
watches that are Starboard and Port.

(b)
Three Watches. In this system men are divided in three watches Red,
White and Blue.

(c)
Four Watches. In this system men are divided in four watches that are
Port I, Port II, Starboard I, Starboard II.

6.
Stations & Routines. The ships company is closed up in various stations to
meet various requirements and routine is so run onboard a ship to balance operational
requirement and adequate rest to the crew.
(a)
Cruising Station
21
7.
(b)
Defence Station
(c)
Action Station
(d)
Sea & Action
(e)
SSD & Cable Party
(f)
Clear Lower Deck
Conclusion. A ship is a cohesive unit and is organised in such a way that it runs
efficiently both administratively and operationally.
22
SECTION -5 (SD/SW)
ORGANISATION OF ARMY & AIR FORCE
Period
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Organisation of Army
15 min
(c)
Organisation of Air Force -
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Indian Army is the second largest army in the world. Such a large
Army needs to be managed efficiently not only in times of war but also in peace. The
Army is organized in Combat Arms, which does the fighting, Combat Support Arms and
the Services.
23
4.
ORGANISATION OF INDIAN ARMY.
COAS
VCOAS
DCOAS
(IS&T)
(a)
(IS&T)
5.
AG
DCOAS
(P&S)
MS
QMG
COAS
Chief of Army Staff
(b)
VCOAS
Vice Chief of Army Staff
(c)
DCOAS (IS&T)
Deputy Chief of Army Staff
(d)
DCOAS (P&S)
Deputy Chief of Army Staff
(e)
AG
Accountant General
(f)
MS
Military secretary
(g)
QMG
Quarter Master General
(h)
MGO
Master General Ordnance
(I)
E-in-C
Engineer in Command
Commands.
(a)
Northern Command
Udhampur
(b)
Western Command
Chandigarh
(c)
Central Command
Lucknow
(d)
Eastern Command
Kolkata
(e)
Southern Command
Pune
MGO
E-in-C
24
6.
(f)
Southern West Command -
Jaipur
(g)
ARTRAC
Shimla
Branches of Indian Army are as follows:(a)
(b)
Arms.
(i)
Armoured Corps
(ii)
Artillery
(iii)
Army Air Defence
(iv)
Army Aviation
(v)
Engineers
(vi)
Corps of Signals
(vii)
Mech Infantry
(viii)
Infantry Various Regiments
Services.
(i)
Army Supply Corps
(ii)
Army Ordnance Corps
(iii)
Corps of EME
(iv)
Remount and Veterinary Corps
(v)
Army Education Corps
(vi)
Corps of Military Police
(vii)
Army Medical Corps
(viii)
Army Dental Corps
(ix)
Pioneer Corps
(x)
Army Postal Service
(xi)
Territorial Army
(xii)
Defence Security Corps
25
7.
ORGANISATION OF INDIAN AIR FORCE
8.
COMMANDS OF INDIAN AIR FORCE

Commands of Indian Air Force are as follows:-
9.
(i)
Western Air Command
Chandigarh
(ii)
Eastern Air Command
Shillong
(iii)
Central Air Command
Delhi
(iv)
South Western Air Command
Jodhpur
(v)
Southern Air Command
Pune
(vi)
Maintenance Command
Bangalore
Conclusion. The Indian Army and Indian Air Force are the other two Arms of the
Indian Armed Forces and work closely during Operations with the Indian Navy.
26
SECTION -6 (SD/SW)
NAVAL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
Period
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Naval Customs
15 min
(c)
Traditions
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The tradition and customs of Indian Navy are expression of
respect, Courtesy, rejoicing and have developed as part of a sea faring profession with
international echo. Some of these are given in succeeding paras.
4.
Commissioning Pennant. This pennant is hoisted on the main mast on the day
of Commissioning of the ship and is not struck down till the ship is decommissioned.
5.
Colours. This is a general term describing the National Flag and the Naval
Ensign flown on ship between colours (0800 hrs) to sunset in harbour only.
6.
Illuminating Ship. Ships are illuminated by flood lights or illuminating circuits on
special occasions/ ceremony of festivity as and when ordered by Naval Headquarters/

Administrative Authorities.
27
7.
Crossing the line Ceremony. Whenever Indian Naval Ships cross the Equator,
this ceremony is observed. The ship goes out of routine and all officers and sailors join
the Ceremony.
8.
Piping the Side. Except for foreign Naval Officers, for whom the side is piped for
all times, the side is only piped to the following persons, and only between the times of
colours and sunset.
(a)
The President and Heads of States.
(b)
All the Flag Officers in Uniform.
(c)
All Commanding officers of commissioned Ships and Establishments.
(d)
The president or a member of a court martial proceeding to or returning
from the court.
9.
(e)
The officer of the guard when flying a pendant.
(f)
A body when being brought onboard or sent out of a ship.
Salutes between Warships. When a warship passes another in harbor/ sea
they exchange salutes. It may include parading of guard and band or by sounding the
alert on the bugle or piping the still. At sea, salutes are exchanged by pipe only.
10.
Sunset. This is a ceremony where, the national Flag and the naval ensign is
lowered during Sunset.

11.
Dressing Ship. The Ship is dressed overall on special occasion like as
Independence day, Republic day, National Maritime Day and Navy Day.
12.
OOG. When a ship visits a foreign port, an officer of the executive branch is
detailed as officer of the Guard.

13.
Man and Cheer Ship. The Ships Company man the ship standing on the
catwalks from foxle to Quarter deck facing towards the Ship which boards the dignitary.
14.
Ringing in the New Year. During the midnight 0001 hrs on 01 Jan every year,
the ships bell at gangway is rang eight times to mark the New Year.
28
15.
Reception of Officers. The officers are received on different ceremonial
occasions in the Navy as a tradition.

16.
Launching Ceremony. This ceremony is conducted whenever the keel of a ship
is launched for construction at shipyards.

17.
Entering/ Leaving a Boat. All officers when getting into or leaving a boat are
saluted by the coxswain. Officers enter a boat seniority wise , the senior most enters
last and leaves first.
18.
Boat Hailing. The coxswain of the boat while passing the warship or the boat
carrying flag officers give the proper mark of respect after asking the identification being
carried by saying boat hails.
19.
Gun Salutes. Gun salutes are fired as National salute and in harbour for VIPs
such as President, Flag Officers, Governors, and Ambassadors etc.

The following are the personnel who are entitled to gun salutes.
20.
(a)
President
21 gun Salutes
(b)
Admiral
17 gun Salutes
(c)
Vice Admiral
15 gun Salutes
(d)
Rear Admiral
13 gun Salutes
(e)
Commodore
11 gun Salutes
(f)
Captain
7 gun Salutes
Conclusion. The customs and traditions of Indian Navy bind the community
strongly. Besides being blended into everyday routine, the ceremonies involved are
observed with precision and give indication of professional perfection and pride of the
white uniform.
29
SECTION 7 (SD/SW)
RANKS OF OFFICERS AND SAILORS, EQUIVALENT RANKS
IN THE THREE SERVICES
Period
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Officers
15 min
(c)
Sailors
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Every person in the Armed Forces is given a rank to denote his
position and is recognized by it. It is the rank which groups, the service personnel as
Officers, Senior and Junior sailors. The word promotion indicates a person moving up
to a higher rank.
30
4.
Officer. The rank Structure of Officer of IN and equivalent ranks in other services
in descending order are as given below:NAVY
ARMY
Admiral of the Fleet
Field Marshal
Marshal of the Air Force
Admiral
General
Air Chief Marshal
Vice Admiral
Lt General
Air Marshal
Rear Admiral
Major General
Air Vice Marshal
Commodore
Brigadier
Air Commodore
Captain
Colonel
Group Captain
Commander
Lt Colonel
Wing Commander
Lt Commander
Major
Squadron Leader
Lieutenant
Captain
Flight Lieutenant
Sub Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Flying Officer
Midshipman
Cadet
AIRFORCE
_
Gentleman Cadet
_
Flight Cadet
Note. The Officers of the rank of Commander and above are called Senior Officer and
the Officer of the rank of Rear Admiral and above are called Flag Officer.
5.
Sailors. Rank structure of sailors of Seaman Branch of IN and equivalent rank of
other services in descending order is as follows:NAVY
ARMY
AIRFORCE
MCPO I
Sub Major
Master Warrant Officer
MCPO II
Subedar
Warrant Officer
Chief Petty Officer
Naib Subedar
Junior Warrant Officer
Petty Officer
Havaldar
Sergeant
Leading Seaman
Naik
Corporal
Sea I
Lance Naik
Leading Airman
31
Sea II
Sepoy
Airman
Note. The Sailors of the rank of Petty Officer and above are called Senior Sailors and
those of the rank of Leading and below are called Junior Sailors.
6.
Conclusion. The rank structure in the Armed Forces denotes the responsibility
and status of an officer or sailor. The hierarchical structure of Armed Forces facilitates
its ease of discharging duty in a smooth manner.
32
SECTION -8(SD/SW)
MODE OF ENTRY INTO INDIAN NAVY
Period
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Officers Entry
15 min
(c)
Sailors Entry
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Like other Armed Forces of the Nations, Indian Navy is a volunteer
force. This lecture gives a detail view of how to join Indian Navy as an Officer or Sailor.
ENTRY AS OFFICER IN THE INDIAN NAVY
4.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
(a)
(Permanent Commission)
SL
BRANCH/TYPE OF
No
ENTRY
(i)
Cadet Entry (NDA)

(UPSC)
MEN
AGE
/WOME
LIMIT
(YEARS)
Men
16 1/2 -19
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
10+2 or equivalent with
Physics & Math
33
(ii)
(iiii)
(iv)
Cadet Entry (10+2)

B.Tech(INA) (UPSC)
Graduate Special Entry,
Scheme ,CDSE (UPSC)
NCC Special Entry
Naval Academy
Men
16 1/2 -19
Men
19 -22
Armament Inspection
Physics & Math

B.Sc. (Physics & Maths)
or BE
B.Sc. (Physics & Maths)
Men
19 -24
or BE with Naval
wing.NCC C Certificate
Degree in Electronics/
Direct Entry Naval

(v)
Men
191/2 -25
Cadre
Elect/ Mech Engg. Or

post Graduate in
Electronics or physics.
A Degree in Law
qualifying for enrolment
(vi)
Direct Entry Law Cadre
Men
22-27
as an advocate under
the Advocates Act 1961
with minimum 55%
marks.
BCom/MCom/MA/
BA(Economics), MBA/
BBA/ BBM,
MCA/ BCA/ B.Sc.(IT), B
(vii)
Logistic Cadre
Men
191/2 -25
Tech/ BE, Graduate

Degree with post
graduate Diploma/
Degree in Material
Management/ICWA or
Chartered Accountancy.
(b)
(Short Service Commission)

SL
BRANCH/TYPE OF
No
ENTRY
(i)
General Service
MEN
AGE
/WOME
LIMIT
(YEARS)
Men
191/2 -25
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
BE/ B Tech in any
34
(Executive)
(ii)
General Service (Hydro

Cadre)
Discipline.
Men
191/2 -25
BE/ B Tech in any

Discipline.
A Graduate Degree with
minimum 60% marks in
(iiii)
Aviation Pilot
Men
19-24
any discipline with

Mathematics & Physics at
10+2 level.
A Graduate Degree with
(iv)
Avviation Observer
Men/
Women
19 -24
any discipline with

Mathematics & Physics at
10+2 level.
A First class Degree with
any of the followings:BCom/ BA(Economics),
MBA/ BBA/ BBM,
(v)
Logistics Cadre
Men
Women
191/2 -25
MCA/ BCA/ B.Sc.(IT), B

Tech/ BE, Graduate
Degree with post graduate
Diploma/ Degree in
Material
Management/ICWA or
Chartered Accountancy.
A Degree in Law qualifying
(vi)
Law Cadre
Men
Women
for enrolment as an
22-27
advocate under the

Advocates Act 1961 with
minimum 55% marks.
(vii)
ATC(Air Traffic Control)
Men/
Women
A first class science

191/2 -25
graduate with Physics &

Maths or Msc with Physics
35
or Math securing min 55%
marks.
Degree in Electronocs/
(viii)
Naval Armament
Inspection Cadre
Men
191/2 -25
Elect/ Mech Engg. Or post

Graduate in Electronis or
physics.
Final/ Pre Final Year
student of BE/ B Tech in
Mech/ Marine/ Aerospace/
Aeronautical/ Production/
Computer Science/ IT/
(ix)
University Entry Scheme
Men
19-24
Control/ Electrical/
Electronics/
Telecommunication min
60% marks till VIth
Semester / IVth Semester
respectively.
BE / B Tech (Computer
Science / Computer Engg
(x)
SSC(IT)
Men
191/2 -25
(IT), BSc (IT), MTech

(Computer Science), MSc
(Computer) BCA/ MCA
5.
Education Branch
SL
BRANCH/TYPE OF
MEN
No
ENTRY
/WOMEN
AGE
LIMIT
(YEARS)
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
A Masters Degree in
one of the following
(i)
Permanent Commission
Men
21-25
with at least 50%

marks.
(a) Physics (Math in
B.Sc) or
36
(b) Maths (Physics in
B.Sc)
An Engineering Degree
in Mech./ Electrical/
Electronics/ Computer
Science/ IT with
m,inimum 60% marks
(ii)
6.
SL
No
Short Service
Men/
Commission
Women
21-25
-----do----
Engineering Branch (Marine Engineers)
BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY
MEN
/WOMEN
AGE
LIMIT
(YEARS)
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
(i)
Cadet Entry (NDA) (UPSC)
Men
16 1/2 -19
Physics & Math

Physics,Chem & Maths
(Minimum 75% marks in
(ii)
Cadet Entry (10+2)(Tech)
Men
16 1/2 -19
aggregiate of PCM,
Minimum 50% marks in
English either in 10th or
12th class.
Short Service Commission

A Degree in Marine/
(i)
Direct Entry (Technical

Branch)
Mech./ Aeronautical/
Men
191/2-25
Control/ Mettalurgical/
Production Engineer with
minimum 55% marks.
37
(ii)
Direct Entry (Submarine

Cadre)
Men
191/2-25
B.E(Mechanical) with
minimum 55% marks)
A Degree in Marine/
Mech./ Aeronautical/
(iii)

(UES)
Men
19-24
Metallurgical/ Production
Engineer with minimum
60% marks up to 6th
semester.
7.
SL
No
Engineering Branch (Naval Architects)

MEN
/WOME
N
AGE
LIMIT
EDUCATIONAL
(YEARS
QUALIFICATION
Physics, Chem & Maths
(i)
Men
17 -191/2

aggregate of PCM,
12th class.

B.E in Mech./
(i)
Direct Entry (Naval
Men/
Architecture)
Women
Aeronautical/
21-25
Mettalurgical/ Civil/ Naval

Architecture with minimum
60% marks.
(ii)
8.
SL
Special Naval Architect Entry
Men/
Scheme (SNAES)
Women
19-24
B.E(Naval Architect) with

minimum 60% marks)
Electrical Branch
MEN
/WOMEN
AGE
EDUCATIONAL
38
No
LIMIT
QUALIFICATION
(YEARS)
(i)
Cadet Entry (NDA) (UPSC)
Men
16 1/2 19

Physics & Math

Physics, Chem & Maths
(ii)
Men
17 -19
aggregate of PCM,
12th class.

A Degree in Electrical/
Electronics/
(i)
Direct Entry (Technical

Branch)
Men
191/2-25
Instrumentation & control/

Telecommunication Engg.
with minimum 55%
marks.
(ii)
Direct Entry (Submarine

Cadre)
Electronics/
Men
191/2-25
Telecommunication
control Engg. with
minimum 55% marks.
Electronics/Powers/
Instrumentation & control/
(iii)

(UES)
Men
19-24
Telecommunication/
power system Engg. With
minimum 60% marks up
to VIth / IV th Semester
respectively.
39
9.
Note:
(a) Women are eligible to apply for Short Service Commission in Law, ATC,
Observer, and Education & Naval Architecture.
(b) The duration of Short Service Commission is 10 years, extended to 14 years.
(c) The training of officers selected through the above entries normally
commences in the months of Jul/ Jan every year. Advertisements calling for
applications from eligible candidates are published in Employment News and
important News papers in Apr to Jun and Sep to Nov every year. The selection
procedure includes UPSC examination (for NDA, 10+2 Cadet Entry and GSES
Scheme), Interview at Service Selection Board and Medical Examination.
(d) University Entry Scheme is applicable for Final Year students only(VII th
semester)
(e)
The above information is a broad guideline and is subject to change as
per the induction requirements of Indian Navy.

10.
For Recruitment Contact. Any Naval Establishment or DMPR at Integrated
Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (NAVY), Sena Bhawan, New Delhi- 110011Tel:

011-2301182
(Officers)
&
011-23793067
(Sailors)
011-23010498
(publicity)
www.nausena-bharati.nic.in
11.
ENTRY AS SAILOR
Entry
Branch
Age
Educational
Month of
Method of
(yrs)
Qualification
Adv.
Recruitment
Artificers
10+2 or Equivalent
AA (Artificer
Apprentice)
Electrical/
Mech/
Shipwright
1720
with Physics,
Chemistry & Maths
with minimum 60%
marks
Through written
Dec &
June
examination in
science, Maths,
English & GK
held at
40
AROs/ZROs/AS
Cs/NREs twice
in a year in
Apr/Oct for the
courses
commencing in
Aug/Feb.
Three Year
Diploma with
Through written
minimum 50%
examination in
marks in
Maths, English,
Mechanical/
GK and
Electrical/
DE(DH)
(Direct
Electrical/
Entry
Mech/
Diploma
Electronics
additional
Electronics/
18-
Telecommunicatio
22
n/ Aeronautical/
Holder)
section as per
Dec/ June
specialization
followed by
Ship-building/
interview. Held
Instrumentation/
twice a year in
Engineering/
Apr/ Oct for
Mettallurgical from
courses
a recognized
commencing in
polytechnic/
Aug/ Feb.
Institute.
Non
Artificers
SSR(Senior
Secondary
Recruit)
Seaman/
Minimum 45%
Through written
Communicati
aggregate marks
examination is
on/Electrical
in 10+2/equivalent
English,GK,Math
Medical/Engi
17-
with compulsory
Dec/Jan & s and Scinece
neering/Write
21
subjects maths &
June/July
held at
r/Store
Physics with at
ZROs/AROs/AS
Assistant/
least one optional
Cs/NREs twice a
Naval
subject such as
year in Apr/Oct
41
Aviation
Chemistry or
for course
Sailor
Biology or
commencing in
Computer
Aug/Feb
Candidates
should have
aptitude for
music and
knowledge of at
MR(Matric
Recruit)
I-Musicians
1721
Matric
March/Apr least one

il
musical
instrument is
mandatory.
Recruitment is
conducted once
a year.
II-Stewards
1721
Matric
Dec &
Through written
June
examination in
Maths, English,
GK and Science
held twice a year
in Apr/ Oct
conducted by
III- Cooks
1721
Matric
Dec &
June
the Naval
Recruiting
Establishments
for courses
commencing in
Oct/ Apr for both
entries.
NMR(NonMatric
Recruit)
Topasses
1721
VI Class
Dec &
June
Through written
examination in
General
42
Awareness and
Arithmetic. Held
twice a year in
Apr/ Oct
conducted by
the Naval
Recruiting
Establishments
for courses
commencing in
Oct/ Apr.
Sports
Entries
Direct Entry
(Sports)
Seaman
(Acting Petty
Officer)
1721
Matric or
Equivalent (can be
Recruitment is
Dec & Jun conducted twice
relaxed)
a year in Apr/Oct
for courses
Minimum 45%
commencing in
aggregate marks
Aug/ Feb.
in 10+2/ equivalent
Seaman/
Exceptionally
with compulsory
SSR
comm./ Elect/
(Outstandin
eng/ medical/
17-
writer/ store/
21
Sportsman)
Naval
Aviation
subjects math &

physics with at
least one optional
Dec/Jan &
June/ July
outstanding
sportsmen who
have
subject such as
represented
Chemistry or
international/
Biology or
National level
Computer.
may contact or
write directly to :The Secretary,
MR
(Outstandin
Steward/
17-
Cook
21
Sportsman)
Matric
Dec &
Indian Naval
June
Sports
Control Board,
Integrated
43
Headquarters
of
Ministry of
Defence (Navy)
Room
No.8,CWing,
Sena Bhawan,
New Delhi110011
Tel.: 23010562
44
12.
Note:
(a) The above information is a broad guideline and is subject to change as per
the induction requirement of the Indian Navy.
(b) All the Advertisements are published in Employment News and National/
Regional/ Leading News Papers.
(c) Minimum % age of marks, for each entry is promulgated through
advertisements for particular batch & may differ from the % age mentioned
above.
For further Details and Information, Contact or write to:
The Joint Director, Manpower planning and Recruitment (NRO)
Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (NAVY),
Sena Bhawan, New Delhi- 110011
Tel: 011-23793067 (Sailors) www.nausena-bharati.nic.in
13.
Conclusion. The Indian Navy is employing cutting edge technology in
administration & is operating in a dynamic environment . The recruitment into the Navy
is based on selection through merit and calls for bright youth to join this finest service
and serve the Nation. It also provides good pay and perks, housing, childrens
education and hospital facilities to its service personnel.
(This lecture needs to be supplemented by movies produced by DMPR/ IHQ/ MoD
(Navy) periodically for better assimilation by cadets)
45
SECTION 9 (SD/SW)
BRANCHES OF THE NAVY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Period
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Branches
30 min
(c)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
4.
Introduction. Indian Navy has the following six branches:(a)
Executive branch
(d)
Logistics branch
(b)
Engineering branch
(e)
Education branch
(c)
Electrical branch
(f)
Medical branch
Executive Department. The primary function of this department is to keep the
ship in top fighting efficiency. Maintenance of ships discipline is also the responsibility
of this department. The executive department is headed by an officer from the executive
branch and he is called Executive Officer. On big ships he is also known as Ships
Commander. He is also called Second in Command, and in the absence of the
46
Commanding Officer, he is in charge of the ship. This department is further divided into
following 06 sub branches:-
5.
(a)
Gunnery
(b)
ASW
(c)
Navigation
(d)
Communication
(e)
Regulating
(f)
NBCD
Engineering Department. The primary responsibility of this department is to
maintain the propulsion system of the ship and provide propulsion power to the ship as
directed by the Commanding Officer. It is also provides assistance to ships NBCD in
countering the damage. The HOD of this department is called Engineer Officer (EO).
6.
Electrical Department. The ship needs electrical supply for domestic
purpose i.e cooking, fans, AC, lighting and for operating weapon systems and sensors.
This
department is responsible for electrical power generation and electrical power
supply to the ship borne weapon systems and sensors. The HOD of this department
is called the Electrical Officer (LO).
7.
Logistics Department. The logistics department is responsible to feed the
ships company, provide them clothes, looks after their Pay and Allowances, provides
spares and stores to Engineering, Electrical and Executive department for effecting
repairs/replacement. The HOD of this department is called Logistics Officer (LOGO).
8.
Medical Department. The primary responsibility of this department is to look
after the health of the ships company. A qualified Medical Officer (MO) is posted
onboard a ship for this purpose.
9.
Education Branch. This department consists of officers of Education Branch,
Civilians Instructors and a few sailors. These instructors look after class room
instruction and examination of academic subjects. They also look after extracurricular
activities, take classes for ETI and HET exams and conduct examinations for sailor.
This
department is headed by Senior Education Officer (SEDO).
10.
Flight. Some ships have air element like helicopter onboard. Such ships have a
separate department called ships Flight. This department is headed by a Flight

Commander from the Aviation Branch.
47
11.
Diving. Certain ships have complements of divers to undertake emergency
diving operation both at harbour and sea to meet unforeseen requirements.
12.
Conclusion. The branches of the Navy are for efficient running of departments
when the Officers and Sailors of a particular branch are specially trained to discharge
multifarious jobs that they are called upon to perform during their service career.
48
SECTION -10 (SD/SW)
ROLE OF NAVY IN INDO PAK WAR-1971 & KARGIL WAR
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Role of IN Indo Pak War-1971
15 Mins
(c)
Kargil War
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The Indo Pak War of 1971 was brought about by the flawed inner
dynamics of the Pakistani system of governance where in the Bengalis of the East
Pakistan were not dealt with according to democratic norms. Even when ballot gave
them overwhelming majority, they were refused their rights by the Pakistani
Government, that lead to Mujibur Rahman declaring Bangladesh an independent
country on 25 Mar 1971.
NAVAL OPERATIONS IN ARABIAN SEA.
4.
The situation in the Arabian Sea was altogether different.
The Submarine,
surface and air threats were higher and assessment of threats were little confusing.
5.
Missile Boat Attack. The first missile boat attack on Karachi, launched from
Saurashtra (Okha) along the coast, was a success. It sank a Pakistani destroyer and a
coastal minesweeper. The Indian Fleet planned its next attack for night 8/9 December.
To divert attention from missile attack on Karachi, they had also planned a diversionary
49
attack on Jiwani (Makran Coast). The bombardment group, under the Cruiser Mysore,
apprehended Pakistani Merchant Ship Madhumati south of Jiwani after she had
transmitted an SOS to Karachi. After Madhumati was boarded FOCWF called off gun
bombardment of Jiwani as SOS was good enough distraction for the missile boats to go
though the attack on Karachi. Once again this second strike also was successful. A
missile, set Karachi fuel storage tanks aflame and another hit Dacca, the Pakistani
Navys tanker, at the anchorage.
These two missile attack on Karachi achieved
Western Fleet dominance of Sea approaches to Karachi.

6.
Sinking of INS Khukri. A submarine was reliably detected off Bombay. On
8thDecember two frigates Khukri and Kirpan, were sailed from Bombay to Flush this
submarine away from the Saurashtra coast where ships were assembling for the next
missile attack on Karachi. On the evening of 9th December, the Pakistani submarine
Hangor successfully torpedoed and sank Khukri. A sustained anti-submarine operation
over the next four days was unable to prevent the Hangors return to Karachi.
NAVAL OPERATIONS IN BAY OF BENGAL.
7.
In the Bay of Bengal there was no Surface threat. At the very beginning of the
war, the Submarine threat vanished after, Pakistani Submarine Ghazi exploded at the
entrance to Visakhapatnam Harbour whilst laying mines. There was no air threat after
Indian Air Forse attacks grounded aircraft in East Pakistan. Carrier borne Air Craft
avoided attacking neutral Merchant Shipping at Sea. They concentrated on immobilising
Pakistani Vessels and damaged all Air Strips, which Pakistani Forces in East Pakistan
might use to escape capture. Ships of Eastern Fleet enforced contraband control until
tasked with amphibious landing to out off escape routes into Burma. Pakistans Forces
in the east laid down their arms after thirteen days of war and new Nation Bangladesh
came into being.
8.
Lesson Learnt. The war ended on 17th December when Pakistan accepted
Indias offer of cease-fire. While Indian Navy gave a good account of itself following
lessons were learnt and post war action was taken to address these issues.
(a)
Innovation and Exercise. Missile boat attack carried out by Indian Navy
by towing them near the vicinity of target was a plus point of improvisation.
50
(b)
Submarine is a dangerous enemy in typical hydrological condition where it
is difficult to detect and requires attack from air, surface and underwater all
three directions.
(c)
Large caliber gun engagement between warships not likely.
Anti ship
missile would dominate future war at sea.

KARGIL WAR
9.
Introduction. During 1999 Kargil War, the western and Eastern Fleet were
deployed in the Northern Arabian Sea, as part of the Operation Talwar. They safe
guarded Indian Maritime assets from a Potential Pakistani Naval Attack as also deferred
Pakistan from attempting to block Indias sea-trade routes. The Indian Navys aviators
flew sorties and marine commandos fought alongside Indian Army personnel in the
Himalayas.
10.
Initial Phase. The 1999 Kargil War took place between May 8, when Pakistani
forces and Kashmiri militants were detected atop the Kargil ridges and July 14 when
both sides had essentially ceased their military operations. It is believed that the
planning for the operation, by Pakistan, may have occurred about as early as the
autumn of 1998.The spring and summer incursion of Pakistan-backed armed forces into
territory on the Indian side of the line of control around Kargil in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir and the Indian military campaign to repel the intrusion left 524 Indian soldiers
dead and 1,363 wounded.
11.
Later Phase. By 30 June 1999 Indian forces were prepared for a major high-
altitude offensive against Pakistani posts along the border in the disputed Kashmir
region. Over the previous six weeks India had moved five infantry divisions, five
independent brigades and 44 battalions of paramilitary troops to Kashmir. The total
Indian troop strength in the region had reached 730,000. The build-up included the
deployment of around 60 frontline aircraft. The Pakistani effort to take Kargil occurred
after the February 1999 Lahore summit between then Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif and the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bahari Vajpayee. This conference was
believed to have de-escalated the tensions that had existed since May 1998. The
major motive behind the operation was to help in internationalizing the Kashmir issue,
and for which global attention had been flagging for some time. The intrusion plan was
51
the brainchild of Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, Gen Pervez Musharraf and Lt Gen
Mohammed Aziz, the Chief of General Staff. They obtained only an 'in principle'
concurrence, without any specifics, from Nawaz Sharif, the Pakistani Prime Minister.
NAVAL ASPECTS OF KARGIL WAR
12.
While the Army and the Air Force readied themselves for the battle on the
heights of Kargil, Indian Navy began to draw out its plans. Unlike the earlier wars with
Pakistan, this time the bringing in of the Navy at the early stages of the conflict served
to hasten the end of the conflict in India's favor.
13.
Strategy. In drawing up its strategy, the Navy was clear that a reply to the
Pakistani misadventure had to be two-pronged. While ensuring safety and security of

Indian maritime assets from a possible surprise attack by Pakistan, the Indian
imperative was that all efforts must be made to deter Pakistan from escalating the
conflict into a full scale war. Thus, the Indian Navy was put on a full alert from May 20
onwards, a few days prior to the launch of the Indian retaliatory offensive. Naval and
Coast Guard aircraft were put on a continuous surveillance and the units readied up for
meeting any challenge at sea.
14.
Operational Talwar. Time had now come to put pressure on Pakistan, to
ensure that the right message went down to the masterminds in that country. Strike
elements from the Eastern Fleet were sailed from Visakhapatnam on the East Coast to
take part in a major naval exercise called 'SUMMEREX' in the North Arabian Sea. This
was envisaged as the largest ever amassing of naval ships in the region. The message
had been driven home. Pakistan Navy, in a defensive mood, directed all its units to
keep clear of Indian naval ships. As the exercise shifted closer to the Makaran Coast,
Pakistan moved all its major combatants out of Karachi. It also shifted its focus to
escorting its oil trade from the Gulf in anticipation of attacks by Indian ships.
15.
As the retaliation from the Indian Army and the Air Force gathered momentum
and a defeat to Pakistan seemed a close possibility, an outbreak of hostilities became

imminent. Thus the naval focus now shifted to the Gulf of Oman. Rapid reaction missile
carrying units and ships from the fleet were deployed in the North Arabian Sea for
carrying out missile firing, anti-submarine and electronic warfare exercises. The Navy
52
also readied itself for implementing a blockade of the Pakistani ports, should the need
arise. In addition, Naval amphibious forces from the Andaman group of islands were
moved to the western sea-board.
16.
Conclusion. In a skillful use of Naval power in the form of 'Operation Talwar',
the Eastern Fleet joined the Western Naval Fleet and blocked the Arabian Sea routes
of Pakistan. Apart from a deterrent, the former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharief later
disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel (POL) to sustain itself if a fullfledged war broke out.
53
SECTION -11 (SD/SW)
NAVAL CAMPAIGN (PEARL HARBOUR, FALKLAND WAR,
BATTLE OF ATLANTIC/ FLEET PFR, IFR)
Period
Type
PRAC
Term
01 each for II & III
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker, projector and pointer & Video clips
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Pearl Harbour,
10 Mins
(c)
Falkland war, Battle of Atlantic
10 Mins
(d)
PFR, IFR
10 Mins
e)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. During First and Second World War, there were many Naval
Campaigns which turned the tide of war and considered to be the turning points. Let us
look at some of the famous naval battles.
Pearl Harbor
4.
The Battle of Pearl Harbour was a surprise military strike conducted by
the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbour,
Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was
intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering
54
with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against
overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.
5.
The base was attacked by 353 Japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes
in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were
damaged, with four being sunk. Of these eight damaged, two were raised, and with four
repaired, six battleships returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or
damaged
three cruisers,
three destroyers,
an
anti-aircraft
training
ship and
one minelayer. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed and 1,282
wounded. Important base installations such as the power station, shipyard,
maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and
headquarters building (also home of the intelligence section) were not attacked.
Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 65
servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor was captured.
6.
The attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to
the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The
following day (December 8), the United States declared war on Japan. Domestic
support for non-interventionism, which had been strong, disappeared. Clandestine
support of Britain (for example the Neutrality Patrol) was replaced by active alliance.
Subsequent operations by the U.S. prompted Germany and Italy to declare war on the
U.S. on December 11, which was reciprocated by the U.S. the same day. There were
numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan. However, the
lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing,
led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, "a date which will
live in infamy". Thus Japan had achieved total Surprise by attacking Pearl Harbour.
(Show Movie)
Falklands War
7.
The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas or Guerra del Atlntico
Sur), also known as the Falklands Conflict or Falklands Crisis, was a 1982 war
between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The conflict resulted from the longstanding dispute over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands, which lie in the South Atlantic, east of Argentina.
55
8.
The Falklands War began on Friday 2 April 1982, when Argentine forces invaded
and occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The British government
dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force, and retake
the islands by amphibious assault. The resulting conflict lasted 74 days and ended with
the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, which returned the islands to British control.
During the conflict, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel and
3 Falkland Islanders died.
9.
The conflict was the result of a protracted historical confrontation regarding the
sovereignty of the islands. Argentina has asserted that the Falkland Islands have been
Argentinian territory since the 19th century and till to date and showed no sign of
relinquishing the claim. The claim was added to the Argentine constitution after its
reformation in 1994. As such, the Argentine government characterised their initial
invasion as the re-occupation of their own territory, whilst the British government saw it
as an invasion of a British dependent territory. However, neither state officially declared
war and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and
the local area of the South Atlantic.
10.
The conflict had a strong impact in both countries. Patriotic sentiment ran high in
Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the ruling military
government, which hastened its downfall. In the United Kingdom, Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher's government was bolstered by the successful outcome.
Relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a
meeting in Madrid, at which the two Governments issued a joint statement. (Show
Movie Clip)
Battle of Atlantic
11.
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World
War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied
naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and
Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to
the end of 1943. The Battle of the Atlantic pittedU-boats and other warships of
the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)
against Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and
mainly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most
part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by
ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were
56
joined
by submarines of
the Italian
Royal
Navy (Regia
Marina)
after
their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940.
12.
As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported
goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order
to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war:
The Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant
shipping which enabled Britain to keep fighting. From 1942 onwards, the Germans also
sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in
preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a
pre-requisite for pushing back the Germans. Winston Churchill was later to state:
13.
The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for
one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in
the air depended ultimately on its outcome. The outcome of the battle was a strategic
victory for the Alliesthe German blockade failedbut at great cost: 3,500 merchant
ships and 175 warships were sunk for the loss of 783 U-boats.
14.
The name Battle of the Atlantic was coined by Winston Churchill in February
1941. It has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in
history. The campaign began immediately after the European war began and lasted six
years. It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps
1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering thousands of square miles of ocean.
The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as new
weapons, tactics, counter-measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The
Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end
of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses to U-boats continued to
war's end. (Show Slides)
15.
President Fleet Review (PFR). The President of India is entitled to inspect
his/her fleet, as he/she is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The first
President's fleet review by India was hosted by Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 10 October
1953. President's reviews usually take place once in the President's term. In all, ten
fleet reviews have taken place, including in February 2006, when former President
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam took the review. The latest, on 20 December 2011, when
President Smt Pratibha Patil set sail in a warship INS Subhadra to take the 10th Fleet
Review.
57
16.
Maritime Show. The Presidents Review is an impressive ceremony, second
only to the Republic Day Parade. Naval ships and ships from maritime organisations
like the Coast Guard, the Merchant Navy, the National Institute of Oceanography, the
Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Training Ship Rajendra and Naval Yard Craft are
anchored precisely in neat lines and dressed overall. Thus all stake holders in the
maritime domain gather representing a total Maritime Show.
17.
The President embarks in a naval ship nominated as the President Yacht,
which files the Presidents Colours.
After receiving a 21-gun salute, the President
reviews the Fleet by cruising past each line of Ships. Each ships side is manned by her
ships company in white ceremonial uniform. As the President passes by, each Ships
company, in unison take off their caps in salutation and give three resounding Jais.
The fixed and rotary wings a/c squadrons also fly pass and carry out aerial aerobatics in
the sky.
18.
At sunset, all ships at the anchorage participate in a fireworks display. As
darkness descends, all ships, in unison, switch on their garlands of lights, which
accentuate their silhouettes.
19.
No Fleet Review was held for President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy during his
tenure from 25 Jul 1977 to 24 Jul 1982.
20.
International Fleet Review (IFR). The Indian Navy also conducted an
International fleet review named Bridges of Friendship in February 2001 in Mumbai.

Many ships of friendly Navies from all around the world participated, including two from
the U.S. Navy. The aim of IFR is to showcase Indias Maritime assets and naval power
in the international arena.
21.
Conclusion. Study of Naval Battles reveals that strategy and tactics have to be
supported by logistics as the arena is vast. Navies have to be supported across oceans
and for long periods of time. Also, real time communication is of extreme importance.
Fleet is reviewed by the President, who is the supreme Commander of the Armed
Forces, once in his/her tenure.
58
CHAPTER-II
NAVAL WARFARE AND ITS COMPONENTS

(NW)
59
SECTION-1(SD/SW)
INTRODUCTION TO ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE & FLEET OPERATION
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Anti-submarine warfare
10 min
(c)
Weapons and sensors
20 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. In its early years, this Branch of Naval warfare was referred to as
Torpedo & Anti- Submarine Warfare. Today this is now termed as Undersea
Warfare- the cat and mouse game, with the participants playing the rules of both the
hunter and the hunted. From these facts it is easy to understand the great importance of
Anti-submarine warfare in Naval Warfare.
4.
Sonar. A system for detection of the submerged objects using sound pulses is
called sonar. The purpose of it is to detect, classify and locate an underwater target.
60
5.
6.
Components of Sonar. The major components of sonar are mentioned below:(a)
Transducer.
(b)
Transmit/ Receive switch.
(c)
Transmitter.
(d)
Receiver.
(e)
Display.
(f)
Head phone.
Types of Sonar. Sonars, the world over, use different methods for transmission
of sound energy, reception & processing of returning sound energy. Sonars are broadly
classified depending on the type of method for search and detection of underwater
target as follows:(a) Step search Sonar. When the search underwater is all around the platform in
limited steps, similar to search light system.
(b) Panaromic Sonar. In this, ripple beams are formed to search the 360 deg
arc around the platform.
(c)The Convergence zone Sonar. These Sonars use the convergent zones
which may exist in certain waters to enhance the detection range.
(d) Bottom bounce Sonar. Which are used when bottom bounce condition in
certain water (depending on the sea water)
(e) Towed Arrays. These are small linear array which is streamed behind the
ship. It receives noise radiated by ships and submarines underwater. Towed
arrays operate in very low Frequency region and achieve long range detection of
targets.
7.
Classification of Sonars. Sonars are classified as Hull Mounted or Variable
Depth Sonar (VDS) based on way it is out-fitted on a Ship.
(a) Hull Mounted. The hull mounted sonar has a transducer enclosed in a dome.
Thus the dome is kept at a constant depth in the water when the sonar is
operating.
61
(b) Variable Depth Sonar (VDS). The VDS has a transducer which may be
lowered at different depths to optimize to sonar performance in varying
hydrological conditions such as:-
8.
(i)
Towed array.
(ii)
Dunking sonars
(iii)
Sonobuoys
Modes of Sonar
(a) Active Sonar.
This system is based on the echo ranging principle where
acoustic signal is radiated and returning echoes from the targets are received.
(b) Passive Sonar. The passive sonar does not put any energy in to water but
listen to the sound produced by ships and submarine.
9.
MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS.
(a)
Sonobuoys.
For underwater detections, these are smaller sonar
sets dropped by aircrafts, which detect submarines by sonar and relay

information to the aircraft by radio. They can be active or passive. Passive buoys
have the advantage of concealing their presence from submarines.
(b)
Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD). To detect minute changes in the
earths magnetic field caused by the presence of a submarine. The range is

limited and depends on aircrafts flying height. It is used mainly to confirm the
presence of a contact and is very limited.
(c)
Exhaust Trail Indicator (ETI). To detect diesel fumes thereby indicating
presence of a diesel powered submarine. It is not very accurate and in todays

context is very limited.
10.
ASW Weapons. The following are the types of ASW weapons fitted on major IN
surface platforms of Indian Navy:(a) Torpedoes (A 244S, CET 53M, CET 53-65KE, CET 65E, AND SUT)
(b) Rockets. (SR 375, RGB 60, RGB 12)
(c) Depth Charge Mk 7*/11.
(d) Mines. (MR 80, PBGM, PBMM AND PBEM (exercise version)).
(e) PLAB Bombs.
62
(f) APR 2E (UW Missiles).
11.
Types of Attack. The underwater saboteurs can use any of the following means
to carry out attack on ships in harbour.

(a) Midget attack.
(b) Chariot attack.
(c) Swimmer attack.
(d) Drifting charges.
12.
Launching Platforms. The vessel from which a weapon is fired is called a
launching platform. The launching platforms for the different weapons are as follows:(a)
Torpedo. A Torpedo can be fired from a ship, submarine or an aircraft.
Depending on the depth of the submarine or the depth below the waterline of a
target ship. It is essential that prior to launch the depth has to be set on the
Torpedo. The torpedo should also be able to correct itself at the running depth
from external forces during its run.
(b)
Rocket. A rocket has got its own propellant in the form of a booster which
takes the rocket to its required range. The range is achieved elevating the angle
of the launcher the maximum range is achieved at 45 degrees elevation of the
launcher.
(c)
Depth Charges. Depth charges are depth bombs, which explodes on
hydrostatic principle. It is one of the fool Proof Weapon systems, which can be
effectively used as deterrent against submarines.
13.
The Sonars & Weapons Indian Naval Ships:
(a)
Aircraft Carrier 1 x Graseby Type 184M hull-mounted
(b)
Delhi Class Sonar; 1 x Bharat APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull)
hull-mounted,
2 x RBU-6000 Anti-submarine mortars.
5 x 10-21 inch torpedo tubes
(c)
Rajput Class Sonar; 1 x hull mounted Vycheda MG-311 (NATO: Wolf
Paw) sonar.
1 x Vyega MG-325 (NATO: Mare Tail) variable depth sonar
63
1 x 533 mm PTA 533 quintuple torpedo tube launcher.
2 x RBU-6000 anti- submarine mortars.
(d)
Shivalik Class 1 x BEL APARNA
HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array).

ATAS/Thales Sintra towed array systems.
2 2 DTA-53-956 torpedo launchers.
2 RBU-6000 (RPK-8)rocket launchers
(e)
Talwar Class BEL APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull) hull-
mounted sonar
1 x RBU-6000 ASW launcher with 212mm 90R anti-submarine missile.
RGB-60 depth charges.
(f)
Barhmaputra Class 1 x Bharat HUMSA sonar.
1 x Thales Sintra sonar

6 x 324mm ILAS 3 (2 x triple tubes) with Whitehead A244S anti-submarine
torpedoes
(g)
Godavari Class Bharat APSOH hull mounted sonar.
Fathoms Oceanic VDS and Type 162M sonar

6 x 324mm ILAS 3 torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S
NST 58 anti-submarine torpedoes
(h)
Abhay Class 1 x Rat Tail VDS sonar
4 x 533mm torpedo tubes, SET-65E anti-submarine torpedoes.

2 x RBU 1200 five-tubed rocket launcher
(j)
Pondicherry Class MG-69/79 High frequency, hull mounted, active mine
detection
2 RBU 1200 5-tubed ASW rocket
10 mines
14.
Fleet Operations. Ships operate as a Fleet during operations. The Main Body
comprises the high-value ships like the Tanker and Aircraft Carrier. They are protected
by a screen comprising anti-ship and anti-submarine ships. In addition, ships are placed
ahead of the formation as Pickets
15.
Conclusion. Anti submarine warfare is a special operation to detect and engage
a submarine. This involved special types of ships termed Anti-Submarine Role Ships
64
which are fitted with sonars and anti-submarine weapons. Ships fitted with both antiship and anti-submarine weapons are called Multi-purpose ships.
65
SECTION-2(SD/SW)
ROLE OF AVIATION - NAVAL AIRCRAFT & HELICOPTERS
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Role of Naval Aviation
15 min
(c)
Types of Aircraft
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Indian Navy operates as a three dimensional navy with a
responsibility to keep our maritime areas of interest safe and secure from underwater,
surface and aerial threats. Naval aviation is one of the three dimensions responsible for
keeping our national assets safe from air threat.
4.
Role of Naval Aviation. Induction of air element in naval warfare has enhanced
the reach of our forces to counter threat at longer ranges away from our coast. One of
the primary role is to maintain surveillance at all times. Aerial surveillance is the fastest
means with extended coverage which is achieved with LRMP aircraft. These aircraft can
also carry out attack on surface, ships or submarines when detected. The fighter aircraft
66
which operate from the aircraft carrier prevents strike by hostile aircraft on our surface
ships or coastal assets. Helicopters embark on other ships of the fleet also support the
fleet against submarines which are a threat to the fleet at sea and also enemy surface
ships operating beyond the detection ranges of our ships.
5.
Types of Aircraft. There are three types of aircraft in the navy

(a)
Fixed Wing aircraft includes long and medium range maritime petrol
aircraft , fighters and trainers.

(i) LRMP IL 38 and TU 142M
(ii) MRMP Dornier
(iii) Fighters Sea Harrier, MIG 29K
(iv) Trainer Kiran
(b)
Rotary Wing aircraft are helicopters based on surface ships. They
include
(c)
(i)
Sea King & UH3H for antiship, anti surface and commando drop
(ii)
Kamov anti submarine and electronic surveillance
(iii)
Chetak anti submarine and search and rescue
Unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV) are pilotless aircraft fully controlled from
a base and is used mainly for surveillance. They are
6.
(i)
Searcher
(ii)
Heron
Conclusion. The war at sea is complex and involves several units by way of
ships, submarines and aircraft. Hence ships operating at sea have to be fully prepared
to counter all these threats. One of the most effective resources is the presence of
aircraft and helicopters at sea from ship based on the aircraft carrier and surface ships
which can be launched at short notice and can cover extensive ranges over the sea to
detect threats and also neutralize them.
67
SECTION-3 (SD/SW)
TYPES OF SUBMARINES AND ITS ROLE - ASW WEAPON AND SENSORS
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Submarine and role
15 min
(c)
Weapons and Sensors
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. It was Leonardo Da Vinci who conceived the idea of a
submersible. This was recorded in 1864 during the American civil war. Since then, the
development of submarine as a weapon of war has been unique in the annals of Naval
warfare. India has a large submarine fleet which can be deployed in offensive role to
attack enemy warships and merchant shipping and to safeguard our assets.
4.
Buoyancy and Floatation. A Submarine consists of a tubular hull, called a
pressure hull. In order to float and stabilize this huge metal structure, the submarine is
fitted with main ballast tanks. These are external to the pressure hull, and when on the
68
surface are full of air to give the submarine a positive buoyancy. The tanks are opened
to the sea at the bottom through small circular openings which result in flooding. To dive
a submarine, the main vents are opened to allow air to escape and with it the sea water.
(This essentially trims the submarines by the bow.) This reduces the buoyancy,
inducing neutral buoyancy causing the submarine to dive. Similarly if diving stations, are
piped, a number of them moving aft from living quarters to the control room) water is
pumped from aft to forward to maintain the trim.
5.
Types of submarine: There are two types of submarine these are:-
(a) Conventional Submarines. These are propelled by diesel engines or electric

motors. The diesel engine is used to propel the submarine and charge its
batteries, when the submarine is at the surface or on snort (at periscope
depth). The electric motor is used to propel the submarine when it is dived. The
conventional submarine usually has a displacement between 5000 to 6000
tonnes.
(b) Nuclear Submarines: These are powered by nuclear reactors and therefore
remain underwater for longer duration. They are also capable of higher speeds
than conventional submarine. They usually carry strategic weapons like
submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM), with nuclear warheads. The nuclear
submarine has much larger displacement than conventional Submarines. They
can maintain submerged operating speed of 20 knots or more.
6.
Special purpose Submarines:
(a) Coastal or Snort Submarine. These Submarines have characteristics similar

to those of the World War -II U-Boats but are of small size (usually 350 to 700
tonnes) and with limited endurance.
(b) Midgets. Midgets are very small submarines which carry a small crew of five
or six men in a pressure hull. They have endurance at sea of 5 7 days.
However, full operation efficiency is unlikely to be maintained for longer than 48
hours and submerged endurance is limited.
69
(c) Pigmies or Chariots. These are small crafts without a pressure hull, and are
propelled by electric motors, and their batteries can be only recharged from
ashore / a submarine tender ship.
7.
Advantages of Submarine
(a)
(b)
8.
(i)
Conventional Submarines can operate in shallow water.
(ii)
Are difficult to detect as they are small in size.
(iv)
Economically cheaper.
(v)
No radiation effect.
Nuclear Submarine.
(i)
It can remain dived for longer period.
(ii)
More endurance.
(iii)
More speed and accuracy.
Disadvantages of Submarine
(a)
(b)
9.
Conventional Submarine.
Conventional Submarine.
(i)
Less Endurance.
(ii)
Less Speed.
(iii)
Has to surface for battery charging.
(iv)
Cant carry nuclear weapon with war head.
Nuclear Submarine.
(i)
Higher noise radiation.
(ii)
Expensive.
(iii)
Cannot be used as small unit.
(iv)
Cannot be deployed in shallow waters.
Role of Submarines.
(a)
Deterrence to enemy shipping.
(b)
Clandestine Operations in support of small units.
(c)
Cargo carrying.
70
(d)
Reconnaissance including photography of enemy ports and survey of
beaches.
10.
(e)
Landing and recovery of agents and Saboteurs.
(f)
Mine Laying.
(g)
Launching strategic missiles.
Sensors
(a)
Periscope. Submarines are usually fitted with two periscopes. The larger
one is used for reconnaissance and aerial search, and the smaller one for visual
confirmation of a target, prior torpedo launch. The periscope is used for
observation as well as for detection. If targets approximate bearing is known a
check observation can be made in few seconds. A careful examination of the
horizon takes considerable time and is usually conducted by sector searches. On
a clear day, the submarine can sight a convoy at a range of 10 miles, escorting
ships at about 7 miles, aircrafts at 8-9 miles.
(b)
Radar. Most submarines are fitted with surface search and air search
radar, one or both can be used when submerged at periscope depth. Some
submarines have fire control radar antenna fitted to the search periscope. The
range of detection by surface search radar is limited by its low height above the
sea level.
(c)
Sonar.
Most submarines are fitted with an array type of sonar which
provides a purely passive method of long range detection of noises of suitable

intensity and frequency. Under ideal conditions the range may be greater than
average value of 15 to 30 nautical miles.
(d)
Wireless/EW
Equipment.
Submarines
are
fitted
with
suitable
communication equipments for communication with surface ships and bases

ashore. Submarines can receive VLF transmission on very low frequencies with
their aerial 30 feet below the surface, even when operating as much as 3000
nautical miles of transmitting station.
(e)
Bathy Thermograp. Submarines are provided with sound velocity
recorder to asses estimated sonar range, shadow zones and best operating
depths.
71
11.
Weapons of Submarines.
(a)
Torpedoes. Submarines have always been designed to carry a large
number of torpedoes tubes. A tube assembly is accommodated in the

submarines fore and aft ends. The tubes are arranged parallel to each other and
discharged by swim out. The submarines may carry either passive/active/wire
guided torpedoes. The following types of torpedoes are carried by submarines.
(i) Passive.
(ii) Active.
(iii) Active.
(iv) Wake homing torpedoes.
(v) Wire Guided.
(b)
Missiles. Some submarines are capable of firing tactical/cruise missiles.
To permit launching without surfacing these missiles need to be of ballistic types.

Some of the IN submarines have the capability of launching KLUB missiles.
(c)
Mine. Submarines are capable of carrying and launching mines through
the torpedo tubes. Since the torpedo being an important defensive weapon the
submarines rarely proceed on operations with full load of mines at the expense of
its torpedo carrying capacity. IN submarines are capable of laying MR 80, MRP,
PBGM and PBEM mines.
12.
Sources to Detect Enemy Submarine at Sea.
(a)
Sonar.
(b)
Radar.
(c)
EW Interception.
(d)
Aircraft.
(e)
Visual Lookout.
(f)
Visual sighting of Submarine or its periscope by merchant ships and

fishing craft.
72
13.
Endurance of Submarine. The endurance at Sea depends on several factors.
Some of these are:(a) Fuel Carrying capacity.

(b) Distance from Base (Time on Patrol).
(c) Weather Conditions.
(d) Snorting Time.
(e) Time on Surface.
(f) Time out of Dock.
(g) Speeds Used (when submerged)
14.
Conclusion. Submarines are very versatile platforms which use the principle of
stealth to penetrate deep into enemy waters and carry out reconnaissance or offensive
action against enemy shipping. They are fitted with weapons and sensors for detection
and engagement. Conventional submarines are limited in their operations as they have
to charge batteries whilst snorting and can be detected by ships or aircrafts.
73
SECTION-4 (SD/SW)
ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF GUNS & MISSILES
TYPES OF MISSILES & GUNS
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Gunnery
15 min
(c)
Missiles
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. In the days of Sailing Ships, Warships were fitted with guns on the
weather deck, on either side of the Ship, to keep clear of the ships sails. With the
advent of coal-fired ships, guns were optimally positioned to obtain optimal safe firingarcs. In the initial period, guns were limited in size and firing range. With improved
knowledge of metallurgy, priming and fusing, the size and range of Guns/Cannons
increased exponentially. Despite the advent of the missile age and the rapid strides
made in guided weapon technology, relevance of Surface guns, to a nations Fleet
remains a vital component. Nature of Conflict at Sea, between Navies, in the present
74
geo-political environment, is pre-dominantly of a Low-Intensity nature. Naval Guns
provide a Fleet Commander, an instrument which is not only flexible but can be
scaled-up or down, as appropriate, to a developing situation. Awareness of Gunnery to
Naval Wing cadets has been packaged in a set of two-lectures, the first covers Guns
and the second, Missiles.
4.
Close-in Weapon System (CIWS). These are guns which provide for action
against targets, which are within visual range, at sea, typically 2 to 8 Nautical miles.
These guns have a very high rate of fire, most are auto-controlled from a remote
position. Common CIWS in the inventory of the Indian Navy are:-
5.
(a)
12.7MM HMG.
(b)
AK 630.
(c)
AK 230.
(d)
CRN-91 30 MM Medak.
(e)
40 / 60 Bofors Gun.
Medium Range Guns (MRG). Medium range Guns are those Gun systems,
which have a MER in excess of the Visual range. Typically the range is 10 to 15 nautical
miles. The guns are associated with a Gunnery Radar and a weapon control system
(WCS). Together they identify and acquire the target, and direct the best suited Gun on
a Ship to engage. The common CIWS in the inventory of the Indian Navy are:(a) AK 100.
(b) AK 176.
(c) 76 MM OTO Melera Gun.
(d) 4.5 Inch Gun.
6.
Guns fitted on surface platforms

(a)
Aircraft carrier
40 MM (2 Nos)
(b)
Delhi class
AK 100 (1 No)
30 MM (4 Nos)
(c )
Rajput class
AK 176 (1 No)
30 MM (4 Nos)
(d)
Shivalik class
3 Oto-Breda Gun-1
(e)
Talwar class
AK 100 (1 Nos)
75
Kashtan (2 Nos)
(f)
Khukri class
AK 176 (1 No)
30 MM (2 Nos)
(g)
Veer class
AK 176 (1 No)
30 MM (2 Nos)
7.
8.
9.
Organisation of Gunnery Dept.

(a)
EXO
(b)
Gunnery Officer (GO)
(c)
GO II/III/IV
(d)
COT/GI
Command and Control Orders. Should be :(a)
As brief as possible.
(b)
Easy to understand.
(c)
Relatively simple to carry out.
Types of orders and reports

(a)
(b)
The preliminary command orders cover the following aspects:(i)
The degree of readiness.
(ii)
The state of preparedness.
(iii)
Policy orders.
Action Command Orders
(i)
To confirm or if necessary, change the type of engagement or
target given in the policy.

(ii)
To initiate as engagement using deliberate or alarm procedure.
(iii)
To interrupt an engagement, e.g by ordering Check-Check-Check.
(iv)
To terminate an engagement, e.g by Stop Loading - Stop Loading
Stop Loading or Cease firing
76
10.
Stowage of Ammunition.
(a)
Magazine. A compartment or locker specially designed to be safe for the
permanent or temporary stowage of any of the explosives.

(b)
Locker. The suffix locker indicates that the particular magazine is free
standing or recessed into the ships structure but its boundaries are not part of
ships structure and it is surrounded by an air gap.
(c)
Ready Use. The term Ready Use is used to indicate that boxed or
unboxed explosives stores may only be stowed temporarily in that the particular
magazine or locker.
11.
Gunnery Terminology
(a)
Armour Piercing Projectiles (AP). Projectiles specially designed to
pierce armour.
(b)
Caliber.
The nominal diameter of the bore of a gun barrel measured
across the bore.

(c)
Effective Range.
The range within which accurate and lethal fire can be
accomplished with a particular weapon, ammunition and sighting instruments in

use.
(d)
Fixed Ammunition. A round of ammunition in which the projectile is
secured with a cartridge case.

(e)
Hang Fire.
When the time interval between the firing of a cartridge cap
and the initiation of the propellant is excessive

(f)
Hot Guns. It is the condition of the gun when it becomes hot after firing
certain number of rounds continuously resulting in cook off. The rate of fire and
the number of rounds required to bring the gun condition varies from gun to gun.
12.
Responsibility of Gunnery Officer. The Gunnery Officer is:(a)
Responsible for all explosives and explosive stores committed under his
responsibility
(b)
To ensure safety or other regulations for explosives in his custody are
drawn to the attention of the officers outside his department.
77
(c)
To inform OOW/ Duty Officer is informed before weapons or explosives
are exposed on deck which requires Radio/ Radar restrictions transmission.

(d)
To ensure explosives Log is up to date with regard to the explosives under
his charge.
13
Watch and Quarter Bill. It is prepared by each department of the ship and
displayed within the department. This is prepared by the senior most Gunnery sailor of
the department. It indicates various quarters that is prepared and needs to be manned
by a personnel during different states of readiness. It is prominently displayed, usually in
the main alley-way of the Ship, on a White board. It carries the following information:SNO, NAME, RANK, PART II Q, ACTION STATION, DEFENCE STATION,
CRUSING STATION, ACTION MESSING, AND BOAT STATION.
14.
Watch and Station Bill.
Watch and Station bill is a record in which the
information about the departmental organisation according to requirement of manning

various stations in the ship at various states of readiness. This will be prepared by the
Gunnery Officer after receiving data from other departments. The consolidated list will
be displayed at a prominent location, below decks, as the ships watch and station bill. It
is customary that this is updated, each time prior putting out to sea.
Missiles
15
Background.
Naval Gunnery has been a vital component of a Nations
Navy, since centuries. With technological advances, Radar systems were increasingly
able to detect targets, in particular air-borne targets at extended ranges. Guns have an
intrinsic limitation of range and its explosive payload. Even the 10-inch Guns of the
famous German dreadnought Bismarck. Had a range under 25 Nautical miles. This
paved the way to developments in missile technology.
The Germans started a
programme to develop missile based defense systems, originally called "anti-ballistic

missile (ABM)" systems. The German V-2 short-range ballistic missile, launched against
London and Antwerp by the Germans in the closing months of World War II, made it
clear that long range missiles were the weapons of the 20th century. By 1950s, the
technology was available to develop long-range missiles with accurate self- contained
guidance systems and nuclear warheads. Parallely, there was progress being made to
78
develop weapons to counter this threat, in the development of Surface-to-Air (SAM)
missile systems to intercept missile threats.
16.
Surface to Surface Missile (SSM). The following SSM missiles are fitted
onboard ships of the Indian Navy:
17.
(a)
Klub Vertical launch system (VLS)
(b)
BrahMos Supersonic Missile.
(c)
Uran-E.
(d)
KH-35 Switchblade (SS-N-25).
(e)
SS-N-25.
(f)
P 20.
(g)
Dhanush.
Surface to Air Missile (SAM). The following SAM missiles are fitted onboard
ships Indian Navy:
18.
19.
(a)
Barak Vertical launch (VL).
(b)
Shtil Missile.
(c)
SA-N-7 Missile.
(d)
Kashtan .
(e)
Igla 1E.
(f)
Strela - 2M.
Missiles fitted on IN surface platforms

(a) Aircraft Carrier
Barak VL SAM 16
(b) Delhi Class
16 x SS-N-25
SSM
1 x Barak
SAM
2 x Shtil
SAM
(c) Rajput Class
BrahMos
SSM
(d) Shivalik Class
8 x Klub VLS
(e) Khukri Class
P 20 SSM
Function of various missiles and their range

(a)
Ballistic Missile. A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub-orbital
ballistic flight path with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a
79
predetermined target. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during
powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types.
(b)
Cruise missile. A cruise missile is a guided missile .The major portion
of whose flight path to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted

at approximately constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for
lift, and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. Cruise missiles are designed to
deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy. Modern cruise
missiles can travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating,
and can fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory. They are distinct
from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and
not for reconnaissance. In a cruise missile, the warhead is integrated into the
vehicle and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission.
(c)
Guided Missile. Projectile provided with means for altering its direction
after it leaves its launching device. Almost all modern missiles are propelled by
rockets or jet engines and have guidance mechanisms, usually including
sensors, to help the missile find its target. Heat-seeking missiles, for example,
carry infrared sensors that allow them to home in on the exhaust of jet engines.
20.
Range of Missiles
(a)
Ballistic missile.
Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor
burns out partly through flight.

(b)
Tactical ballistic missile. Range between about 150 km and 300 km.
(c)
Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM).
(d)
Theatre ballistic missile (TBM). Range between 300 km and 3500 km.
(e)
Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM). Range 1000 km or less.
(f)
Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM). Range between 1000 km and
Range less than 200 km.
3500 km.
(g)
Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM). Range between 3500 km and
5500 km.
(h)
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Range greater than 5500 km.
(j)
Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Launched from ballistic
missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range.
80
(k)
Cruise missiles. Cruise missiles travel low over the ground, motor burns
during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 NM)

(l)
Anti-ship missiles. Anti-ship missiles, also called Sea-Skimmers travel
low over sea, and pop-up, when very close to the target.
21.
Conclusion. Guns were used onboard ships extensively during World War II.
Thereafter, missiles have been introduced in the Navy. The most celebrated Missile
action, carried out by Ships of the Indian Navy, was the Attack on Karachi Harbour. On
04 Dec 1971, a squadron of four OSA-M class missile boats launched a salvo of P-21
SSMs on the oil farm at Keamari, near Karchi harbour, besides striking several
Warships and Merchantmen in harbour. The Operation was codenamed OPTRIDENT. Guns are however, still used for anti-ship as well as Naval Gunfire Support
to land units.
81
CHAPTER-III
NAVAL COMMUNICATION
82
SECTION-1 (SD/SW)
INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL MODERN COMMUNICATION,
PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
10 Min
(b)
Purpose& Principle
20 Min
(c)
Communication Department
10 Min
(c)
Conclusion
05 Min
------------40 Min
-------------
3.
Introduction. Communication is the exchange of thought, idea, information and
data. In Navy communication are the means whereby command is exercised or

executed. In communication the message passed should be clear, brief and
understandable between the sender and receiver. Orders and information must be
passed rapidly, accurately and where possible, securely between ships, aircrafts and
shore establishments. An efficient system of communication is vital for fighting efficiency
of a modern fleet. The Signal Communication Officer (SCO) is the overall in charge of
the communication department onboard a ship.
83
4.
Purpose & Principles. In the modern world, most nations attempt to minimize
the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing

the limits of communication technology and systems. As a result Naval Communication
is more intense, complicated and often motivates the development of advanced
technology for ships, submarines, aircraft as well as computers. Main aim is to achieve
an uninterrupted and jamming less communication with full network centricity to achieve
Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). Naval Communication has undergone a sea
change. Satellite Communication between ships, submarines, aircrafts as well as shore
establishment have become faster and reliable using various types of secure modems.
Effective and secure communication links have always been a fundamental requirement
for navies with modern fleets relying heavily on radio and satellite technology. Rukmani,
LINK II, MSS, SB (Satellite Broadcast) are the modern advanced communication
equipments.
84
5.
Duties of Various Communication Sub-departments. Further communication
department is divided into three sub departments viz. Tactical, Radio and Special. The
responsibility of each of three sub departments is given below:(a)
Tactical
Fleet work, Visual Signalling, cryptography (offline) and traffic
handling.
(b)
Radio
Radio telegraphy, automatic telegraphy, radio telephony,
cryptography (online) and traffic handling.

(c)
6.
Special
Electronic warfare and traffic handling.
Conclusion. Naval communication is essential for exchange of information from
shore to sea, sea to sea and sea to shore. During war, important messages are passed
which need to be received clearly, understood so that they can be acted upon to achieve
the desired result. All cadets should be aware about the functioning of Naval
communication.
85
SECTION -2 (SD/SW)
SEMAPHORE
Period
03
Type
PRACT
Term
I(1 Prac) & II (2 Prac)
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker, Semaphore Flags
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Semaphore
30 Min
(c)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Semaphore is a visual means of communication which provides a
rapid means for passing messages over short distances during daylight.
4.
Semaphore. The different semaphore signs are made by moving one or two
hand flags so that they form various angles with the perpendicular. It is essential that
each angle be formed correctly, as good communication depends upon accuracy in this
respect
86
5.
Alphabet and Special Signs. The alphabet and the special signs used are
shown below. It should be noted that there are no special signs for numerals, which are
always spelt out. The numeral sign is used to indicate that the numerals that follow are
to be recorded as digits.
(a)
Answering Sign
By making C
(b)
Attention Sign
By making U and arms waved up and down
(c)
Direction Sign
By making J
(d)
Front Sign
Made by crossing both flags infront of body (to

indicate the end of group or word)
(e)
Error sign
Made by succession of Es
(f)
Numerical Sign
Right hand at D position, left hand at E

Position (Numerals follows)
6.
Prosigns used in semaphore. Prosign is a single letter or a combination of
letters which are transmitted as a single character to convey a specific meaning. Some
prosigns which are used in Semaphore and their use are given below:
7.
BT
- Break
MIM
- Comma
KN
- (Open Brackets
KK
-) Close Brackets
AAA Full Stop
XE
- Slant
DU
- Hyphen
- More to follow
- Correct
WA
- Word After
WB
- Word before
AR
- End of transmission
II
- Seperative Sign
AS
- Wait
Learning Semaphore.
How to Remember
1st Circle
A to G (Single arm signs)
Circle
H to N (omitting J, Right hand at A position)
3 Circle
O to S (Rt hand at B Position)
4th Circle
T, U, Y (Rt hand at C position)
5th Circle
J, V (Right hand at D position)
To complete
W, X, Z
nd
rd
87
8.
Conclusion. All cadets should be trained in Semaphore skills which is highly
essential on board ships to communicate with other ships at sea. Semaphore is the
most important skill in Indian Naval Communication. It will develop a good sense of
concentration.
88
SECTION -3 (SD/SW)
PHONETIC ALPHABETS
Period
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Phonetic alphabets
30 Min
(c)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Some of the alphabets sound very similar especially on radio
circuits which cause confusion to the receiving operator, to avoid this standard
phonetics are used.
4.
Phonetic Alphabets. When the letters of the alphabet are read out it will be
observed that some of them sound very similar especially on radio telephone. This can
cause confusion when important messages are being passed. In order to eliminate the
ambiguity phonetic alphabets are used.
89
5.
6.
The Phonetic alphabets are given below:

A
Alfa
J - Juliet
S - Sierra
Bravo
K Kilo
T - Tango
Charlie
L Lima
U - Uniform
D-
Delta
M Mike
V - Victor
Echo
N November
W - Whiskey
F-
Foxtrot
O Oscar
X X ray
G-
Golf
P Papa
Y - Yankee
Hotel
Q Quebec
Z - Zulu
India
R Romeo
Conclusion. It is the duty of every cadet to communicate in phonetics especially
while receiving a semaphore so as the writer could frame the message without any
ambiguity. They must also use phonetics while communicating on radio telephone
circuits.
90
SECTION -4 (SD/SW)
RADIO TELEPHONY PROCEDURE
Period
Type
LEC/PRACT
Term
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
RT Procedure
15 Min
(c)
RT Practical
15 Min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. When signaling by voice, greatest care is to be taken that the
message is kept short and to the point. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood
4.
RT Procedure. When signaling by voice greatest care is to be taken that the
message is kept short and to the point. The tendency to carry on a telephone
conversation is to be avoided. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood. It is
most important that this procedure is used at all times and the instruction in its use is
given to all officers and ratings who may have to pass messages by radio telephone.
Messages transmitted by voice are not invariably written down, but whenever practical a
short note of their purpose should be made. Speech should be clear and slow with
91
natural emphasis on each word. Messages should normally be spoken in natural
phrases and not word by word. The phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are
to be used when applicable
5.
RT Practical. Voice procedure should generally be clear to the receiving
operator. All the difficult words are to be spelt out. An example of a voice procedure is
given below:
Collective DE (This is) Ctrl = Radio Check = K (over)
DE A1 (Alfa One) = Roger = K
DE Ctrl = Roger out.
Time Check: Collective DE Ctrl = When I Say time it will be exactly 1030 15
seconds 10 seconds. 5 4 3 2 1 Time 1030 = A1 K
Note: While calling collective we have to control one
6.
addressee
Conclusion. The Naval communication has a unique method of Radio
Telephony. It is the duty of every cadet to learn simple voice procedures as used in
Navy.
Messages should be spoken in natural phrase and not word by word. The
phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are to be used wherever applicable.
92
SECTION -5 (SD/SW)
WEARING NATIONAL FLAG, ENSIGN AND ADMIRALS FLAG
Period
Type
LEC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Wearing of Flags
15 Min
(c)
Ceremonies
15 Min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. National flag is flown on the jack staff and Naval Ensign on Ensign
staff between colours and sunset.

4.
Wearing of National Flag & Naval Ensign. National Flag is worn on the Jack
staff and Naval Ensign on the Ensign staff between colours and sunset in harbour only.
Naval Ensign is flown all the time whilst at sea.
5.
Naval Ensigns. Naval Ensigns are worn by boats on the following occasions:(a)
When the Flag of the President or any other dignitary is also worn
93
6.
(b)
When IN ships are dressed overall
(c )
When in a foreign Port by day and night
(d)
When carrying a corpse
(e)
When going alongside a foreign warship by day or night
National Flags. National Flag is flown on the Jackstaff between colours to

sunset in harbour only. It is flown at sea only on the following occasions:-
7.
(a)
When the President is embarked
(b)
When escorting the Presidents ship
(c)
When engaged in a war
Colours is the term which indicates collectively the National flag and Naval
Ensign. Colours ceremony is the hoisting of colours in commissioned ships and

establishments at 0800 Hrs daily, unless some other time is promulgated by higher
authorities.
8.
Sunset is similar to the colour ceremony and is not carried out at a fixed time, but
at the time of sunset every evening. Instead of hoisting the colours they are hauled
down. When a Merchant ship passes a warship either at sea or in harbour, she dips her
ensign as a part of courtesy and the warship acknowledges it by dipping her ensign and
hoisting her before the merchant ship does .
9.
Ceremonials. The ceremony of decorating a ship from foxle to quarter deck by
signal flags is known as Dressing ship.
A line with flags and pennants hanged
alternatively is connected from jackstaff on the foxle to mainmast and from mainmast to
quarter deck. Dressing ship is carried out on the followings occasions:(a)
Independence day (15 Aug)
(b)
Republic day (26 Jan)
(c)
Coastguard day (1 Feb)
(d)
National Maritime day
94
(e)
10.
Navy Day (4 Dec)
Conclusion. All cadets should be aware of the ceremonies of the Indian Navy
and this will help develop good mark of respect towards the nation and the flag. They
must involve themselves in respecting the flags and educate others about the value of
flags.
95
CHAPTER-IV
NAVIGATION
96
SECTION-1(SD/SW)
NAVIGATION OF SHIP - BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Period
02
Type
PRAC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector, Charts
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Basics of Navigation
10 min
(c)
Navigation Terminology
20 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Navigation is the process of planning and carrying out the
movement of all modes of transport from one place to another by sea, air, land or
space. The navigation of ship and all under water crafts is called marine navigation.
This requires a high degree of precision in planning and execution. The world wide
satellite system can tell the position of the ship with an accuracy of 100 meters.
97
4.
Various navigational terms.
(a)
East and West. The direction towards which the earth rotates is called
east opposite direction is west.

(b)
Great circle. When a plane passes through the centre of the earth the
resulting section is known as a great circle.

(c)
Meridians. These are the semi great circles, joining the poles and are
perpendicular to the equator.

(d)
Latitude. The Latitude of a place is the angle, which is perpendicular to
the earth surface at the place, makes with the plane of the equator, it is
measured 0 to 90 north or south of the equator.
(e)
Longitude. The longitude of a place is the angle between the plane of the
Prime Meridian and the meridian of the place measured from 0 to 180 east or
west of Greenwich.
(f)
The Sea Mile. The Sea mile is the length of arc (1) measured along the
meridian in the latitude of the position. The length of the sea mile is shortest at
the equator (1842.9 mtrs) and the longest at the poles (1861.6 m) with a mean
value of between 1843 meters and 1862 meters according to latitude. A cable is
approximately 200 yards. This is a convenient measure frequently used at sea
for navigational purpose.
(g)
Geographical Mile.
The Geographical mile is the length of 1 of arc
measured along the equator (i.e.1of longitude). As the equator is a circle the
length of the geographical mile is the same at all parts of the equator and is
equal to (a sin 1 of arc). Its value is 1855.4 meters.
(h)
International Nautical Mile. This is standard fixed length of 1852 meters.
Its correct abbreviation is nm. The distances given in admiralty distance tables
and in ocean passage of the worlds are in international nautical mile.
(j)
Knot. It is convenient to have a fixed or standard unit for measuring speed
in navigation. This unit is international nautical mile (1852 meters) per hour and is
called a knot abbreviated to kn.
5.
Charts and information available on chart. To a navigator, the most useful
chart is the one which can show the track of his ship by drawing one or a series of
98
straight lines between his starting point and destination, and the course he must steer in
order to arrive there.
6.
Instrument and equipment used in navigation

(a)
Radar. Radio aided Direction and ranging i.e. with the help of radio
waves, the direction and range of objects are obtained.
(b)
Sextant. It is an instrument by which a ships position can be determined
by taking the sight of heavenly bodies such as sun, stars, etc.
(c)
Compass. It is used to find the direction of the ship at sea. There are
mainly two types of compass magnetic and gyro. The navigational compass is an
instrument that gives the necessary datum line from which courses and bearings
can be measured. Compass helps us to find the direction of the ship at sea.
(d)
Echo Sounder. It is an instrument by which depth of the water can be
measured below the keel of the ship. This helps us to prevent the ship from
grounding.
7.
(e)
Log. Used for finding the speed and distance travelled through water
(f)
Plotting Table. Used for plotting position and track of the ship
(g)
Charts. Used for plotting the ships position, course etc.
Conclusion. Navigation is the science of taking a ship from one place to the
other by the safest and shortest route. The navigator has to be familiar with charts,
meterological conditions and methods & equipment to determine his position at any
given time and calculate the correct course.
99
SECTION-2(SD/SW)
TYPES OF COMPASS
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Compass
15 min
(c)
True and Magnetic North -
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
------------3.
Introduction. The navigational compass is an instrument that gives the
necessary datum line from which courses and bearings can be measured. Compass
helps us to find the direction of the ship at sea.
4.
Types of compass Magnetic compass and Gyro compass.
(a)
Magnetic compass. It is a magnet freely suspended in a horizontal plane
which settles with one end pointing approximately to the true north. The reading
obtained does not give us the true north due to various external factors such as
100
earths magnetism and ships magnetic property. The north direction obtained is
called the compass north.
(b)
Gyro Compass. This instrument is a rapidly spinning wheel or gyroscope,
the axis of which is made to point along the meridian towards true north. Courses
and bearings, which are measured using a gyrocompass, are true provided there
is no error in the compass. It is measured clockwise from 000 to 360.
5.
True north/ Magnetic north, Compass Terminology. Direction between two
points is the angle between the meridian and the great circle formed by them. In order
to proceed in a particular direction it is important to have a reference. The most
convenient reference is the meridian passing through the ship`s position because any
meridian lies in the north south direction. The bearing measured from this reference is
called true bearing. Compass is used to find out the direction of the ship at sea. Various
terms are:
(a)
True North. True North is the Northerly direction of the meridian and is
the reference from which true bearings and courses are measured. The
Geographical North is True North.
(b)
True Bearing. A true bearing of an object is the angle between the
meridian and direction of the object.
(c)
Compass North.
When we take the magnetic compass onboard a ship
it is not only affected by earth magnetic force but also by the ship`s inherent
magnetism and the north shown by compass is known as Compass North.
(d)
Gyro North. The direction north indicated by Gyro compass is known as
Gyro North which is also the true north.
(e)
Variation. The angle between the true meridian and the magnetic
meridian at any place is called the variation at that place. It is expressed in

degrees and minutes. On ordinary charts the variation is given for a certain year,
101
together with a note of any annual change, which it is undergoing.The navigator
must always allow for this change.
(f)
Deviation. The angle between the magnetic meridian and the direction in
which the magnetic needle actually points is called deviation. If the compass
north lies to the east of the magnetic meridian, the deviation is said to be
easterly; if west it is said to be westerly.
6.
Conclusion. The compass is used for indicating direction, based on which the
Navigator plans his course. The navigator must know the deviation and variation to find
the direction accurately.
102
SECTION-3(SD/SW)
SIMPLE CHART WORK
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector, Chart
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Charts
15 min
(c)
Information on Charts
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. To a navigator, the most useful chart is the one which can show
the track of his ship by drawing one or a series of straight lines between his starting
point and destination, and the steady course he must steer in order to arrive there.
103
4.
Chart Projections.
(a)
(b)
Mercator Projection.
The main properties of a Mercator Chart are:-
(i)
A Rhumb line on the Earth appears as straight lines on the chart.
(ii)
The Equator appears as a straight line.
(iii)
The parallel of latitudes appear as a straight line.
(iv)
All Meridians appears as straight line perpendicular to the equator.
Gnomonic Projection. In order to assist the navigator in finding the great
circle track between two places, charts are constructed so that any straight line
drawn on them shall represent a great circle. These charts are known as
Gnomonic charts and they are formed by projecting the Earths surface from the
Earths centre on to the tangent plane at any convenient point. It is so
constructed that:(i)
Great circles appear as straight line and rhomb line appears
curved.
5.
(ii)
Meridian is curved converging to the poles
(iii)
Parallel of latitude is also curved
Chart Scales. Charts are generally published in three different scales, they are:-
(a)
Small scale charts. These are charts covering a very vast area and the
information such as sounding, lights etc. are not given in detail. These charts are
generally used for passage planning and never should be used for navigation.
(b)
Medium scale charts. These charts are used for passage. The
information for navigation including dangers is clearly shown on these charts.

These charts cover a general area of about 50 70 NM.
(c)
Large scale charts. These charts are generally of harbours and their
approaches. These charts contain all informations required for precise

navigation. These charts cover an area of 5 7 NM.
104
6.
Fixing a Ship. When it is not possible to obtain the ships actual position by
fixing, a position may be worked up based upon the most recent fix.
(a)
Dead Reckoning (DR). It is the expression used to describe that position
obtained from the true course steered by the ship and her speed through the
water and from no other factors. The Dead Reckoning position is represented by
the symbol +.
(b) Estimated Position (EP). This position is the most accurate that the
navigator can obtain by calculation and estimation only. It is derived from DR
position adjusted for the estimated effects of leeway, tidal stream, current and
surface drift. The EP must always remain an approximate position, because
these four variable factors are difficult to determine exactly, although experience
helps long way to estimate the effect as accurately as possible. It is indicated by
triangles and four-figure time.
Step One.
Plot the course steered and the speed thorough the water, thus arriving at
the Dead Reckoning (DR) position.
Step Two.
Plot on from the Dead Reckoning position the effect of:-
(i)
Leeway
(ii)
Tidal stream
(iii)
Current
(iv)
Surface drif
Thus arriving at the Estimated Position (EP).
7.
8.
Arrow on tracks.
(a)
A single arrow denotes course steered, water track, leeway vector.
(b)
A double arrow denotes ships ground track.
(c)
A triple arrow denotes tidal stream, current, surface drift and drift.
The various types of charts are:-
105
9.
10.
(a)
Navigational Chart
(b)
Ship`s boat charts
(c)
Routing charts
(d)
Magnetic charts
(e)
Ocean sounding charts
(f)
LD charts (lattice Decca)
(g)
Astronomical charts and diagrams
Various information shown on charts are:-
(a)
Number of chart
(b)
Title of the chart
(c)
Survey data
(d)
A source data diagram
(e)
Date of publication
(f)
New edition
(g)
Date of printing
(h)
Chart dimension
(j)
Scale of the chart
(k)
Abbreviations & symbol
(l)
Heights
(m)
Drying heights
(n)
Tidal stream information
Conclusion. Charts are used to plot ships course and also for planning passage
from one place to another. Large Scale Charts cover small area whereas Small Scale
charts cover large areas. A lot of information is given on the charts which are used for
accurately positioning the ship.
106
SECTION-4(SD/SW)
ELECTRONIC AIDS FOR NAVGATION
Period
02
Type
LEC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Purpose of Navaids
15 min
(c)
Types of Navaids
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The ancient Navigator had to rely on visual lookouts to aid his
passage by hailing presence of land or other objects. Todays Navigator has a lot of
electronic aids which help him in finding his position as well as the surroundings, even
in conditions of low visibility.
4.
RADAR. Radio aided Direction and ranging i.e. with the help of radio waves, the
direction and range of objects are obtained. The radar plays a very important role in
Navigation and Directions.
107
5.
6.
Three types of Radars used in Navy.

(a)
Air warning Radar to detect approaching enemy aircrafts.
(b)
Radar to detect surface crafts and ships
(c)
Radar used for navigation, for controlling Guns, missiles and helicopters
RACON. Radar responders, or radar transponder beacons, are receiver/
transmitter transponder devices used as a navigation aid, identifying landmarks or

buoys on a ship board marine radar display. A RACON responds to a received radar
pulse by transmitting an identifiable mark back to the radar set. The displayed responds
has a length on the radar display corresponding to a few nautical miles, encoded as a
Morse character beginning with a dash for identification.
7.
Other Aids. RAMARKS are radar beacons, which transmit independently
without having to be triggered by the ships RADAR. A RAMARK response on a radar

display gives no indication of distance, but instead extends from the ships position to
the circumference of the display. Various types of Navigational aids are as follows:-
(a) Log: -
It is used for calculating the speed and distance travelled through
water.
(b) Echo Sounder: -It is an instrument by which depth of the water can be
measured below the keel of the ship. This helps us to prevent the ship from
grounding.
(c ) Anemometer: - It is used to find the relative wind speed at sea. The modern
anemometer gives both relative and true wind speed.
8.
Global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important modern
Navigational Aid. These help us to locate our position to the accuracy of a few hundred
meters. All sea going vessels are suppose to have GPS fitted onboard for navigation.
Modern navies even use GPS for accurate launching of ballistic and continental
missiles. GPS functions using 14 satellites located at different places in the space. An
user gets feed from the various satellites in his range and then gives the position after
inter relating all the feeds. This is not fully accurate and must not be fully dependant for
108
navigation. We must also do plotting to cross check the position given to us by GPS for
errors.
9.
Conclusion. Use of electronic aids has enhanced the accuracy of Navigation. A
Navigator has to be conversant with the operation of all electronic aids available on the
ship.
109
SECTION-5(SD/SW)
TIDES
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Characteristics of tides
10 min
(c)
Terminology
20 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The vertical rise and fall of sea water because of gravitational pull
exerted between the earth and moon and to lesser extent by sun is called tide.
4.
Terminology.
(a) High water. The highest level reached during one tidal oscillation. It is
Specified by the time and height above chart datum prevailing at that instant.
110
(b) Low water. It is the lowest level reached by sea waves during one tidal
oscillation and is specified by time and height.
(c) Range of tides. The difference between the levels of successive high and
low water.
(d) Height of tide. The vertical distance between the level of the sea at a instant
with reference to chart datum.
(e) Slack water. This is the instant preceeding and succeeding maximum rate,
when the tidal stream is at its weakest in strength
(f) Maximum rate. This is the greatest rate of tidal stream reached in each two
more or less opposing direction in one oscillation.
(g) Chart datum. This is a low water horizontal plane below which tide seldom
falls. Based near to lat level, this is specified with reference to a bench mark level
or ground in the harbours.
(h) Tidal stream. Periodical horizontal oscillations of the sea under the effect of
sun and moons influence.
(j) HAT & LAT. These are the levels of highest and lowest tides that is possible
to predict at standard ports. Unpredictable metrological conditions may increase
or decrease these values
(k) Mean level. The average levels of the sea is as calculated from a long series
of observations is known as mean level also known as mean sea level.
(l)Spring tides. The range of the semi-diurnal tides varies mainly with the
phases of moon; from new moon to full moon and vice versa. Springs are those
semidiurnal tides of greatest range, which occur in each of these periods of semilunation (about 14 days)
111
(m) Neap tides. Those semi-diurnal tides with least range, which occur in each
period of semi lunation from new moon to full moon and vice versa.
5.
Currents. These are horizontal movements of water due to causes other than
the tide raising forces of the moon and sun. They have progressive or fluctuating
movements seasonal character as opposed to periodical. Some currents are more or
less regular and some entirely random and unpredictable.
Currents are caused by the following factors:-
(a)
Meteorological factors like prevailing winds change in temperature and
pressure above the surface of water
(b)
Oceanographic factors like differing salinity, changing temperature and
pressure conditions prevailing over the oceans.
(c)
6.
Topographical factors such as irregularities in the sea bed
Conclusion. Tides play a significant role in the entry and exit of a ship from a
harbour. Knowledge of effects of tides and currents is essential to accurately navigate a

ship.
112
SECTION-6(SD/SW)
CLOUDS
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Characteristics of clouds
10 min
(c)
Types of clouds
20 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Clouds are formed due to the condensation of the water which
evaporates from the various sources of water on the earths surface. They are formed at
very high altitude and descend over a period of time due to the density of the cloud and
come down as rain.
4.
Types of Clouds:
(a)
High Clouds. High-level clouds form above 20,000 feet (6,000 meters)
and since the temperatures are so cold at such high elevations, these clouds are
primarily composed of ice crystals. High-level clouds are typically thin and white
in appearance, but can appear in a magnificent array of colours when the sun is
low on the horizon.
113
(b)
Medium Clouds. The bases of mid-level clouds typically appear between
6,500 to 20,000 feet (2,000 to 6,000 meters). Because of their lower altitudes,
they are composed primarily of water droplets; however, they can also compose
of ice crystals when temperatures are cold enough.
(c)
Low Clouds. Low clouds are mostly composed of water droplets since
their bases generally lie below 6,500 feet (2,000 meters). However, when
temperatures are cold enough, these clouds may also contain ice particles and
snow.
(d)
Clouds with Vertical Displacement. Probably the most familiar of the
classified clouds is the cumulus cloud. Generated most commonly through

either thermal convection or frontal lifting, these clouds can grow to heights in
excess of 39,000 feet (12,000 meters), releasing incredible amounts of energy
through the condensation of water vapor within the cloud itself.
5.
Conclusion. Clouds are categorised by their altitude and extent. Knowledge of
clouds is essential to predict changes in weather. This effects various Naval operations
like flying and Radar operations .
114
SECTION-7(SD/SW)
INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Astronomy & Navigation
30 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Astro navigation is the science of using celestial bodies, such as
stars and planets, to navigate one's place on Earth. Historically used to navigate the
oceans, and still considered a necessary skill for mariners, astro navigation has been
replaced by GPS, radar systems and radio communications in recent times, making
astro navigation seem somewhat obsolete. All Navies still include astronomical
navigation questions on its mariner certification examinations, and many study the
ancient art now for fun rather than necessity. Astro navigation is not easy. It involves
mathematical formulas and committed study to produce results
4.
Astro-navigation. It is the science of using celestial bodies, such as stars and
planets, to find one's position on Earth. Astronomical navigation has been replaced by
GPS, radar systems and radio communications in recent times, making astronomical
navigation seems somewhat obsolete.
5.
Sextant. The sextant is a modern marvel when compared to other celestial
navigation devices. It uses two mirrors so the instrument is aimed at the horizon, and
115
the user only has to look in one place. The user would align the celestial body they were
using with the horizon, by adjusting the sextant's moving parts. Various dials and
notches on the device would then be used to determine the position of the user on the
globe.
6.
Conclusion. Although the navigator has a variety of electronic equipment at his
disposal, the same are prone to failure or inaccuracies. Use of satellites maybe
restricted during wartime or hostilities and the navigator may have to fall back on the
most ancient and reliable method of position-finding, ie use of Astronomical bodies.
116
CHAPTER-V
SEAMANSHIP
117
SECTION-1(SD/SW)
ANCHORWORK- PARTS OF ANCHOR AND CABLE
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Anchor and Cable
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Parts of Anchor
15 min
(c)
Parts of Cable
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Anchor is a hook, attached to a length of chain or rope called a
cable, by which a ship or a boat can be held temporarily to the sea bed in comparatively
shallow water.
4.
Parts of an anchor
(a)
Anchor Ring
(b)
Anchor Shackle
(c)
Shank
(d)
Fluke
(e)
Pea or bill
118
5.
6.
Parts of Cable
(a)
Lugged Anchor Shackle
(b)
Lugless Joining Shackle
(c)
Securing to Buoy Shackle
(d)
Bottle Screw Slip
(e)
Blake Slip
(f)
Cup Swivel
(g)
Box Swivel
(h)
Adoptor Piece
Identification of cable
(a)
The shackle and joining shackle are marked from outer end to its inner
end.
(b)
Every joining shackle except one between two half shackles, is painted
white.
(c)
One link on each side of a joining shackle is also painted white and
marked with a number of turns of seizing wire around the stud corresponding to
the number of the joining shackle.
7.
Conclusion.
Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The
cable is designed to act as a spring with the anchor holding it secured to the bottom of
the sea. The size and type of Anchors and cables depend on the tonnage and type of
ship.
119
SECTION-2(SD/SW)
ANCHORWORK- PURPOSE OF ANCHOR AND HOLDING GROUND
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Anchor and Cable
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Purpose of Anchor
15 min
(c)
Holding Ground
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The
the sea.
4.
Purpose of anchor. Anchor is a hook, attached to a length of chain or rope
called a cable, by which a ship or a boat can be held temporarily to the sea bed in
comparatively shallow water.
120
5.
6.
Types of anchor
(a)
Admirality pattern anchor
(b)
Admirality standard stockless
(c)
Admirality class (AC) -12,14
(d)
AC 16A & 17
(e)
Stocked close Stowing (Danforth)
(f)
Chattam Quick Release (CQR)
Holding ground
(a)
An anchor beds itself in the bottom
(b)
Strain comes on the cable
(c)
the anchor lies flat on the bottom until the pull of the ship on the cable
drags the anchor along the bottom

(d)
The tripping palms then tilt the flukes, which then dig themselves in
(e)
After a further amount of dragging the anchor embeds itself completely
until it holds
7.
Conclusion.
Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The
the sea.
121
SECTION-3 (SD/SW)
RIGGING- TYPES OF ROPES
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Rope, Pointer & Projector
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Rope
15 min
(c)
Breaking strength/ Maintenance -
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
------------3.
Introduction. Ropes are used extensively onboard ships. Different ropes are
used for different purpose. Knowledge of ropes is essential for every seaman.
4.
Three types of Ropes

(a)
Natural fibre ropes
(b)
Man made ropes
(c)
Steel wire ropes
122
5.
6.
7.
8.
Types of Natural Fiber Ropes
(a)
Sisal
(b)
Manila
(c)
Coir
(d)
Hemp
Types of Manmade Fiber Ropes
(a)
Polyamide, Polyester, Polyethylene
(b)
Polyethylene Parafil Aramid
Types of Steel Wire Ropes
(a)
Steel wire rope
(b)
Flexible steel wire rope
(c)
Extra flexible steel wire rope
(d)
Mild steel wire rope
Breaking Strength. A method of finding the approximate breaking strength of
natural fibre cordage ropes is as follows:bs
= d2/200 tonnes
Where,
d
9.
bs
- breaking strength
- diameter in mm
Stowing. NFC should not be stowed away while it is wet. If it is unavoidable, the
rope must be brought out and dried at the first opportunity. Before estimating the
strength of such a rope it should be examined for damage, chafe, rot and fatigue. Rot
can be detected by the smell of the rope and by opening out the strands and examining
their inner surfaces
123
10.
11.
Maintenance and securing of rope

(a)
Exposure to sun light
(b)
Exposure to chemical
(c)
Handling
(d)
Stowage
(e)
Wear
(f)
Crowsfooting
(g)
Chafing
(h)
Stretching
(i)
Rust
(j)
Heat
(k)
Icing
(l)
Oil and grease
Conclusion. Ropes are extremely useful for securing items at sea. They require
regular maintenance and have to be stowed in a proper manner to prevent deterioration

and thereby losing their strength.
124
SECTION-4(SD/SW)
RIGGING- BENDS AND HITCHES
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Ropes
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Demo
15 min
(c)
Practice
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Ropes can be secured to each other or items and fittings by
means of bends and hitches. Each bend or hitch is used for a specific purpose and
cannot be interchanged.
4.
Types
(a) Bend -
Temporary joining of two ropes together.
(b) Hitch -
Joining a rope to a spar or structure or a ring.
(c) Knots -
Made within the strands of a rope.
125
5.
Types of Knots
(a)
Reef knot .It is used to join two ropes of equal size.
(b)
Clove hitch. A Clove hitch is useful for tying a line to a post, even when
the end of the line is not available

(c)
Rolling hitch. This hitch also used for securing a rope to a spar, rail or
similar fitting when the pull is expected to be from one side or the other
(d)
Timber hitch. This hitch is used to secure a ropes end to a spar or bale
(e)
Bow line .This is the most useful knot for making temporary eyes in ropes
of all sizes. It is used for bending a heaving line to a hawser/ as a lifeline round a
mans waist
(f)
Round Turn and two half hitch .This combination is used to secure a
heavy load to a spar, ring or a shackle

(g)
Bow line on the bight. Bowline is made on the bight. It can be used for
lowering a man from aloft or over the ships side.The short bight being placed
under his arms and the long one under his buttocks
6.
7.
Element of bend and hitches

(a)
A Bight
(b)
Round turn
(c)
A Half hitch
(d)
A Twist
(e)
An Over hand knot
Conclusion. Ropes are extremely useful for securing items at sea. They require
regular maintenance and have to be stowed in a proper manner to prevent deterioration

and thereby losing their strength.
126
SECTION-5 (SD/SW)
RIGGING- INTRODUCTION TO SHACKLES & BLOCKS
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Shackles
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Shackles
15 min
(c)
Hooks and Blocks
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Heavy items are required to be lifted by ropes. However, a lot of
personnel would be required to lift heavy weights. This can be reduced considerably by
the use of blocks, which greatly reduces the effort.
4.
Shackles. Rigging shackles are coupling links used for joining ropes, webbing,
chain together or to some fitting usually forged from carbon magnesium steel.
127
5.
6.
Types of Shackle:
(a)
Screw shackle
(b)
Forelock shackle
(c)
Clenched shackle
(d)
Joining shackle
(e )
Joggle Shackle
(f)
Feathered Shackle
Hooks. Hooks are used at sea for lifting purpose and are much weaker than
shackles of similar size. They are usually made of glavanised mild steel .
7.
8.
Types of Hooks:
(a)
Spring hook
(b)
Tackle open hook
(c)
Swivel spring hook
(d)
Release hook
(e)
Recovery hook
(f)
S hook or awning hook
(g)
RFD automatic release hook
Block.
Block is a portable pulley, made of metal, metal and synthetic-resin
bonded fibre (SRBF) or in some cases wood and metal.
9.
10.
Types of Block:
(a)
Synthetic resin-bonded fibre (SRBF) Block
(b)
Metal block
(c)
Wooden block
Derrick. A derrick is a spar, made of wood or steel, rigged as a swinging boom
and used for hoisting boats, stores, cargo, ammunition or gear in and out of a ship
11.
Coiling down. Cordage is very resilient and will absorb a number of turns in its
length without becoming snarled if the length is sufficient and the turns correspond with
128
the lay of the rope. Rope of right hand lay is always coiled downright handed, and rope
of left-hand lay is always coiled down left handed
12.
Splicing. Splicing is a method of joining the ends of two ropes together or
making an eye at the end of a rope, by interlocking the strands. All splices reduce the
strength of a rope by 1/8th.
13.
14.
Types of Splice:(a)
Back splice
(b)
Eye splice
(c)
Short splice
(d)
Long splice
(e)
Cut splice
(f)
Chain splice
Conclusion. Every seamanship evolution onboard involves the use of blocks,
hooks and shackles. Knowledge of the various types of shackles and their uses as well
as lifting abilities is essential for every seaman.
129
SECTION-6(SD/SW)
BOATWORK- PARTS OF BOAT
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
27 Foot Drop Keel Whaler & Oar
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Parts of Whaler
20 min
(c)
Parts of oar
10 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Ships seldom come alongside. The men move from ship to shore
by using their boats, when the ships are at anchorage. Boats can be maneuvered by
using oars and sails. Whaler is a commonly used boat in the navy.
4.
Parts of Whaler
Apron, Back board, Badge block, Benches, Bilge, Bilge rails,
Bottom board, Bow, Canopy, Capping, Drop keel, Cleats, Crutches, Deck Eyes,
Floors, Floor board, Garboard strake,
Grating, Gudgeon & pintails, Gunwale, Hog,
Keel, Keelson, Mast step & clamp, Pillars, Planking, Plug, Ringbolts, Rowlocks,
Rubbers, Rudder, Stem, Stern post, Stern sheet, Stretcher, Tabernacle, Thwarts,
Timbers, Wash strake,
130
5.
Parts of Oar Copper bands, leather, grip, blade, shaft and loom.
6.
Conclusion. Knowledge of various parts of the boat and oar is very essential
while putting the boat to use at sea.
131
SECTION-7(SD/SW)
BOATWORK- BOAT PULLING INSTRUCTIONS
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
27 Foot Drop Keel Whaler
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Pulling instructions
20 min
(c)
Steering instructions
10 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The boat can move very swiftly if the pulling is synchronized. The
coxswain is responsible for ensuring that the crew pulls steadily and together. He is also
responsible for steering the boat correctly.
4.
Pulling orders
(a)
Ship your oars. This is the order to place the oars in the crutches and
ready for pulling
132
(b)
Shove off. This is the order to shove the boat off with looms of the oars
from the ship or landing place alongside which she is lying or from bottom of the
boat if grounded
(c)
Give way together. This is the order to start pulling and it is obeyed
together by the whole crew

(d)
Oars. This is an order to cease pulling
(e)
Hold water. This is the order to reduce or stop the way of the boat by
holding the oars at right angles to the boat and with their blades in water
(f)
Stroke together. This is the order for all to give one stroke together
(g)
Back together. This is the order to back water together by pushing on the
looms of the oars instead of pulling

(h)
Easy all. This is the order to pull less vigorously so that the speed of the
boat will be reduced. If the boat is being turned the order easy port or easy
starboard may be given.
(i)
Mind your oars. This is the warning to the crew to keep the blades of
their oar clear from obstructions

(j)
Eyes in the boat. This is an order to the crew to keep their gaze from
wondering aboard and to pay attention to their duties.

(k)
Bow. This is an order to the bow man to boat his oar and be ready to fend
off the bows of boat with his boat hook

(l)
Boat your oars. This is the order to unship the oars from crutches and lay
them fore and aft in the boat on their respective sides.
5.
Various essentials in a pulling boat. Plug, Oars, Crutches, Stretches, Rudder,
Tiller or yoke, Painter, Towing bollard, Special gear.
6.
Steering/Manning of boat under oars

Port side
03 Persons (oars on stbd)
Stbd side
02 persons (oars on Port)
If port side crew pull, the boat turns port side
If stbd side crew pull, the boat turns stbd side
All crew will face towards coxswain and coxswain faces towards head
133
7.
Instructions/ precautions while pulling

(a) Ensure the boat is clear of water
(b) Adequate number of oars & crutches along with spare
(c) Life jacket for all the crew
(d) Check the boat plug
(e) First aid kit
8.
Instruction on Boat pulling. When a pulling boat is under way any order to the
oarsman except hold water is obeyed on completing one full stroke after the order is
given. All such orders should be given at the moment when the blades of the oars are in
water.
(a) Availability of loud hailer, drinking water, sufficient ropes, bailer, anchor, life
buoy and boat hook
(b) Only swimmers and physically fit should participate
(c) Knowledge of local weather and tidal conditions
(d) Rudder, tiller & towing bollard should be properly secured
9.
Conclusion. The whaler carries a coxswain and a crew of 5 pullers. The pulling
is to be synchronized by the coxswain with the help of orders. All seaman and pullers
are required to know the orders for pulling.
134
SECTION-8 (SD/SW)
BOATWORK- STEERING OF BOAT
Period
02
Type
PRAC
Term
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Steering orders
15 min
(c)
Precautions
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
(Practical demo to be conducted by PI Staff)
135
SECTION-9(SD/SW)
BOATWORK- RIGGING OF SAILS IN BOATS
Period
02
Type
PRAC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Parts of Sail
15 min
(c)
Rigging of Sail
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Whalers and Enterprise class boats are commonly used in the
Navy as sailing boats. Enterprise class boats are meant only for sailing with a crew of
two.
4.
Part of sail
(a)
Head
Upper side of lug sail
(b)
Foot
Lower side of any sail
(c)
Luff
The forward edge of sail
(d)
Leach
The after edge of a sail
(e)
Peak
After upper corner of a lug sail
136
5.
6.
(f)
Tack
Lower fwd corner of a sail
(g)
Clew
Lower after corner of a sail
(h)
Throut
Forward upper corner of a sail
Three types of sail

(a)
Fore sail
The sail set immediately before the fore mast
(b)
Main sail
The sail set on the main mast
(c)
Mizzen sail The sail set on the mizzen mast
Conclusion. The sails have many parts which have typical terminology. Cadets
are required to know the terms and understand the uses. Sailing requires both
knowledge and skill.
137
SECTION-10 (SD/SW)
BOATWORK- ELEMENTARY SAILING
Period
02
Type
1 LEC, 1 PRAC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Boat, Enterprise sailing boat, Pointer &
Projector
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Sailing Terms
15 min
(c)
Sailing Rules
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Enterprise class boats are a very suitable platform for learning
sailing. Cadets are required to know the terms and understand the uses. Sailing
requires both knowledge and skill. A clear understanding of the orders is essential for
sailing. Rules are to be understood and strictly adhered in races.
138
4.
Term used in sailing

(a)
Close-hauled. A boat is close-hauled or sailing by, or the wind, when her
sheets are hauled close aft and all her sails are drawing and she is sailing as
close as possible to the direction from which the wind is blowing
(b)
Reaching. A boat is reaching when she is sailing free with the wind
abeam or before the beam.

(c)
Running. A boat is running when she is sailing with the wind abaft the
beam.
(d)
Sailing free. A boat is sailing free whenever her sails are filled and she is
not sailing close- hauled, i.e. When sailing so that she is free to manoeuvre on
either side of her course without having to go about (see tacking)
(e)
Wearing/ gybing. This is altering course away from the wind until the boat
is on her new course or begins to gybe.

(f)
Beating. When the destination of sailing boat lies directly upwind she
beats to windward by sailing close-hauled in a series of alternate tacks

(g)
To luff. This is altering course to bring the boats head closer to the wind.
(h)
In irons. A boat is in irons when she fails to go about from one tack to the
other and lies head to wind unable to pay off on either tack
(i)
Port and Starboard tacks. A boat is on the port tack when she is closed
hauled with the wind on her port side, and on the starboard tack when she is
close hauled with the wind on her starboard side.
5.
Elementary sailing rules. Sailing rules are commonly known as rules of the
road
There are three common rules applicable to a sailing vessel:Rule 1
A sail boat running free must keep clear of one close hauled.
Rule 2
A sail boat close hauled on the port tack must keep clear of a sailboat
close hauled on the starboard tack.
Rule 3
When both boats are running free on opposite tacks the vessel with the
wind on the port side must keep clear.
Rule 4
When both boats are running free on the same tack the boat to windward
must keep clear
139
6.
Conclusion. Sailing requires both knowledge and skill. A clear understanding of
the orders are essential for sailing. Rules are to be understood and strictly adhered in
races.
140
SECTION-11(SD/SW)
BOATWORK- WHALER SAILING
Period
01
Type
PRAC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Rigging of Whaler
15 min
(c)
Sailing rules
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
(Practical Demo to be carried out by PI Staff)
141
SECTION-12(SD/SW)
BOATWORK- POWER BOATS
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
II
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Boat, Pointer & Projector
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 min
(b)
Types of Boats
15 min
(c)
Anchoring and Securing
15 min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Power boats are driven by internal combustion engines and
therefore known as Motor boats. They may be classified as inboard or outboard

according to the position of the motor. They may also be classified according to speed
(fast, medium or slow speed)
142
4.
5.
Types of power boats

(a)
Gemini crafts
(b)
RIBs
(c)
GRP Motor Boats
Anchoring a boat
(a)
The length of the cable is normally four time the depth of water
(b)
The inboard end of the cable is secured to a towing bollard by taking four
turns around the bollard and then seizing the inboard part to the out board part
(c)
If a boat snatches at her cable in a heavy sea, pay out as much as cable
as possible
6.
Securing of boat
(a)
Heavier boats will be secured alongside
(b)
When marking fast to the lower boom, a pulling boat is secured to the
quarter lizard the inner being kept for power boat

(c)
The painter should be rove through the eye of the lizard then back through
the thimble of the painter and then secured with a double sheet bend round both
parts
(d)
The scope of the painter should be adjusted so that the boat rise easily
with out yawing or snatching
7.
(e)
Along side jetty or anchor boat
(f)
To a boom
(g)
To an accommodation ladder
(h)
To a buoy
Towing a boat
(a)
A lightly laden boat may be towed in calm weather by her painter which
should be made fast with two or three turns around her towing bollard
143
(b)
If no bollard is provided a wooden bar should be passed through the bight
of the painter and placed under the two fore most thwarts
(c)
A boat should never be towed direct from her stem ringbolt because it puts
an unfair strain on the ringbolt and stem
8.
Conclusion. Power boats are used extensively for conveying Captain, officers,
crew and stores from ship to shore and back. They are required to be secured properly
and can be towed for long durations, with due precaution.
144
CHAPTER-VI
FIRE FIGHTING FLOODING

AND
DAMAGE CONTROL
145
SECTION -1 (SD/SW)
FIRE FIGHTING, FLOODING AND DAMAGE CONTROL
Period
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Computer slides, Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Types of Fire
05 Min
(c)
Types of Extinguishers
10 Min
(d)
Fire Triangle
05 Mins
(e)
Methods of Fire fighting
10 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Fire can be caused due to various reasons. Prevention is the best
way to fight fire. Early detection and knowledge of the types of fire and various methods
to fight fire will enable containing the damage. Everyday Hazards of fire are as follows:-:
146
(a)
Carelessness with naked lights and cigarettes left about.
(b)
Paint and oil splashes in contact with heat.
(c)
Cooking oil in the galley, if left unattended on the cooking range for a long
time.
(d)
Private electrical equipment not checked, safe and used without proper
plugs.
4.
(e)
Smoking in unauthorized area and on bed.
(f)
Electric iron and soldering iron not switched off or not in use and closed.
(g)
Highly flammable materials not stowed safely.
(h)
Keeping power supply ON when compartment is not in use and closed.
Types Of Fire
Fire depends on three things being present together.
5.
(a)
Fuel or inflammable materials (Oil, paints, wood, paper etc.)
(b)
Heat
(c)
Oxygen
Classification of fire. There are five different types of fire. These are:Class
Type
General Fire
Oil Fire
Gaseous Fire
Metallic Fire
Electric Fire
147
6.
Types Of Fire Fighting Extinguishers Used In Navy. First Aid Fire Fighting
Equipments:
(a)
9 Ltrs AFFF Extinguisher. AFFF stands for Aqueous Film Forming
Foam. It is a new type of fire extinguisher which is painted bright red and is
supplied to ship in lieu of water type and foam type extinguishers. It can
extinguish
both general and oil fire. It can also be used
against electrical fires of normal ships
voltage
provided
the nozzel is kept 1.8 metres away from the electrical fire
and ships
supply should be 440 V and below. Duration of
the extinguisher is 60 to 90 seconds.
(b)
2 Kg CO2 Extinguisher. This extinguisher is painted black and contains

CO2 gas under pressure. It is operated by aiming the
discharge horn at the base of the fire and removing the safety
pin and opening the regulator. This extinguisher is used
against electrical fire.
(c)
10 Kg Dry Chemical Powder Extinguisher. It is used on metallic and oil
fires. It consists of 10 kg dry chemical powder attached with a CO2 cartridge

fitted inside with a cap. It is painted blue in colour.
(d)
PD 12 Dry Chemical Powder Extinguisher. It is painted blue and is

used on helo/flight deck of ship. It consists of 28 lbs dry chemical powder
and is attached with CO2 cylinder, which is outside the extinguisher.

(e)
PD 25 Dry Powder type Extinguisher. Dry chemical power extinguisher

painted blue and is used on helo/flight deck of
ship. It consists of 25 lbs dry chemical powder
and a CO2 cartridge which is attached inside the
extinguisher.
148
(f)
7.
Trolley Mounted Fire Extinguisher.

(i)
75 Kg dry chemical powder
(ii)
Twin CO2 6.5 Kg
(iii)
45 ltrs foam.
Fire Triangle
HEAT
FUEL
8.
OXYGEN
Principles of Fire Fighting

(a)
Cooling. This is done by bringing down the temperature or removing the
heat. The best agent of cooling is water, which is freely available in ships for
fighting the fire. Water must be applied to burning materials and not to the
flames.
(b)
Starving. It is to remove all inflammable materials in the vicinity of fire so
that fire does not spread further and is automatically put off.
(c)
Smothering. It is a process of cutting off air supply which helps fire. This
is achieved by means of a first aid fire fighting equipments, CO2 Smothering

system, main foam appliances etc. This is also achieved by means of closing all
port holes, hatches, ventilation fans etc.
9.
FF Methods & Tactics..
On slightest suspicion of trapped personnel in a
smoke filled section, search should be started immediately. The search team must:-
149
10.
(a)
Be well briefed.
(b)
Have well defined search area.
Search and Rescue

Search party: - The minimum composition of 2+1 searchers must operate in pairs
because
(a)
A partner boosts morale
(b)
In case of trouble, searchers can help each other.
(c)
Better effort available for clearing obstructions.
(d)
Easy transportation of causalities.
(e)
Each of the searchers dons BA sets, and carry extension equipment and
run guide line. At each flat, office, mess decks etc. One of the search team
members must remain at entrance while the other makes his way into the space
and feels his way around as close to the perimeter as possible (a casualty may
crawl to a bulkhead and collapse there). The search must be made cautiously
and thoroughly at the following locations:-:
11.
(i)
Fully at deck level.
(ii)
Under tables, desks, chairs and benches.
(iii)
Under bed clothes.
(iv)
In cupboards, wardrobes and chests etc.
(v)
Behind and beneath ladders.
(vi)
Behind open doors behind fitted furniture, lockers etc.
First Report and Action

(a) If smoke is seen to be issuing from beneath a closed door. Suspect fire
but do not open the door, because, if the door is opened the fire might flare up
fiercely and spread rapidly. Raise the alarm "fire fire fire" and inform the
command by the quickest method. Pass clear and accurate message and return
to the scene of the incident.
(b) If the door is open or the fire is not behind the door. If fire is discovered
in an open compartment, raise the alarm by shouting "fire fire fire" and try to
extinguish it with the equipment in hand. Inform command by quickest method. If
the finder is doubtful of his ability to extinguish the fire, he should shut all
150
openings to the compartment (if practicable), ensure command is informed and
report to the person who arrives to take charge of the incident.
12.
Basic Firefighting Rig with BASCCA set
151
13.
Full Firefighting Rig
152
14.
ALUMINISED FIRE PROXIMITY SUIT
153
15.
Conclusion. Fire depends on three things being present together. Firstly Fuel or
inflammable material ,secondly Heat and thirdly Oxygen. Fire fighting is everybodys
business and all personnel on board a ship should be alert to prevent and put out a fire.
154
SECTION -2 (SD/SW)
CAUSES OF DAMAGE, FLOODING AND DAMAGE CONTROL
Period
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Computer slides, Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker
Time Plan
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Min
(b)
Causes of Damage
15 Min
(c)
Flooding and Damage Control
15 Min
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Damage control is a term used in the navies for the emergency
control of situations that may hazard the sinking of a ship. Damage and flooding in a
ship can occur due to collision, grounding, weapon explosion enemy attack etc. There is
a prime need to contain flooding and damage in the smallest possible limit and to this
end flooding boundaries must be established as quickly as possible. Resistance of
flooding of ships compartment/spaces depends on watertight integrity.
4.
Causes of Damage. Damage and flooding in a ship can occur due to collision,
grounding, weapon explosion enemy attack etc. There is a prime need to contain
flooding and damage in the smallest possible limit and to this end flooding boundaries
155
must be established as quickly as possible. It is also used in other contexts as
explained below. Examples are:
(a)
rupture of a pipe or hull especially below the waterline and
(b)
damage from grounding (running aground) or hard berthing against a
wharf.
(c)
5.
temporary fixing of bomb or explosive damage.
Zone of Damage.
Damage to a ship can be divided into three zones.
(a)
Primary Zone. This is in the immediate vicinity of the cause of damage
explosion, collision grounding and, particularly in the case of explosion will be the
zone of complete destruction. That part of the primary zone below the waterline
will
probably be completely loaded and nothing can be done except to try to
contain the
flood water within its original boundary.
(b)
Secondary Zone. It is unlikely that his zone will flood immediately but
slow
and progressive flooding is probable cause of damage to hull and
bulkheads/decks
surrounding the primary zone. It is in the secondary zone
that the work of the NBCD parties principally lies.

(c)
Remote Zone. Accidents involving collision grounding and particularly
explosion will cause a shock wave to travel through the ships structure and may
cause a violent whip, with resultant damage and fire.
6.
GENERAL LEAK STOPPING DEVICE

(a)
Wooden shores
(b)
Wooden plugs
(c)
Wooden wedges
(d)
Splinter Box
(e)
Stopper plates
(f)
Pad pieces
(g)
Quick hardening cement
(h)
Oakum
(j)
3 leg stopper plate
(k)
Metallic (Telescopic) adjustable shores
(l)
Grid shores
(m)
Dog nails
(n)
Blank flanges
(p)
Multi purpose band
(q)
Jubilee clips
(r)
Fixed shores (beam shoring)
156
7.
Watertight Risk Markings. The area susceptible to immediate flooding or
damage is marked as red zone which extends from the keel to somewhere above the
deep waterline, rising higher at the ends and in a broad ship at the side. Openings to all
compartments within the red zone are subject to immediate risk during flooding. All such
openings are known as red opening and are marked in red on a door or hatch by red
triangle across the upper corner farthest from hinges and on valve/scuttle by a red disk.
8.
Control Markings. Control markings are used to control the Opening of doors,
hatches and certain other openings in accordance with the condition in force. Those
which control the water tight conditions are called Watertight Control Markings and are
painted black in colour on doors and hatches. This is to maintain the water tight integrity
in case of flooding for isolating that particular compartment which is flooded.
9.
Sl.
No.
Condition
Position of
Doors/Hatches
Rules
01.
X Ray
X closed, Y and Z open
X opening are to be opened only

with permission of DCHQ or
OOW.
02.
Yankee
X and Y doors are closed Z

remains open
X and Y opening are closed. For

X rules as for X-ray, Y can be
opened for passage but to be
shut immediately.
03.
Zulu
X, Y and Z all are closed.
X, Y, Z closed, for X and Y rules

as for Yankey. Z openings may
be opened for passage but
immediately to be closed.
Conclusion. Damage can take place due to collision, grounding of enemy
action. The ship has to be maintained at all times in a condition where it can contain the
damage and continue with its task. Watertight integrity determines the resistance of
flooding of ships Compartment/spaces. Risk and Control markings are for maintaining
watertight as well as gaslight integrity on board ships.
157
CHAPTER-VII
SHIP AND BOAT MODELLING
158
SECTION -1 (SD/SW)
PRINCIPLES OF SHIP MODELLING
Period
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker, projector and pointer.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Mins
(b)
History
10 Mins
(c)
Principles of SM
20 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Ship Modeling is a creative activity wherein the cadets are taught
to make models of boats, yachts and various ships of the Indian and international
navies. It is an important part of naval training for a NCC Cadet. It can also be taken
up as a hobby. It makes a cadet observant, cool headed and applies scientific
knowledge to excel in this discipline.
4.
History. Ancient ship and Boat models have been discovered throughout the
Mediterranean, especially from ancient Greece, Egypt and Phoenicia. These models
provide archaeologists with valuable information regarding seafaring technology and the
sociological and economic importance of seafaring. Ships made far-flung travel and
trade more comfortable and economical, and they added a whole new facet to warfare.
Thus, ships carried a great deal of significance to the people of the ancient world, and
159
this is expressed partly through the creation of boat and ship models. Ship models are
helpful to archaeologists in that they allow archaeologists to make estimates regarding
the size of the vessel would be in the real life.
While this technique makes the
assumption that artists scaled the models appropriately, it is useful to get some sense of
how large these ships and boats may have been in real life. Archaeologists are able to
calculate these estimates of size by employing a series of assumptions about the
distance between rowers and a maximum draft of the vessels. Until the early 18 th
century, virtually all European small craft and many larger vessels were built without
formal plans being drawn.
A builder would construct models to show prospective
customers how the full size ship would appear and to illustrate advanced building
techniques. Ship models constructed for the British Navy were referred to as Admiralty
models and were principally constructed during the 18th and 19th century to depict
proposed warship design. In the early part of 20th Century, amateur Ship Model Kits
became available. Early 20th Century models comprise a combination of wooden hulls
and cast lead for anchors, deadeyes and rigging blocks. These materials gradually
gave way to plastic precast sets.
5.
Principles of Ship Modelling. It is not difficult for a beginner to make the
desired models, provided he has patience and some attitude for this sort of work. It is
possible for any reasonably handy person to produce a good model, provided he is
prepared to give time and follows the instructions carefully:
(a)
In the first stage cadets are taught to build elementary solid models for
which the parts are provided in the kit and they are only to assemble them with
the help of a sequential drawing supplied with the kit.
(b)
To make the desired model he has to have the patience and some
aptitude for this sort of work. It is possible for any reasonably handy person to
produce a good model, provided he is prepared to give time and follows the
instructions carefully.
(c)
In the second stage cadets are required to build powered models and
sailing yachts out of kits which contains pre-cut parts, marine fittings and
construction plan. These steps are followed to enable the ship modeler to finally
160
construct advanced models from full scale plans using only readily available
materials.
6.
Reading a Drawing. An important aspect in shipmodelling is the ability to read a
drawing. Generally a drawing is supplied with the kit known as a constructional chart
assemble plan or blue print and comprises of two aspects that are:(a)
The top view or plan. From the plan, length and breadth of the
superstructure fitting can be measured.

(b)
The side view or elevation. From this view length, height and the actual
thickness of the various parts of the superstructure are measured.
7.
In the case of a yacht, the drawing comprises of two figures i.e. the hull plan and
the sail plan. These plans may however differ from yacht to yacht and from
manufacturer to manufacturer.
8.
When building a model, it is best to get the full sized plans, if possible, as this
minimizes the chances of error, especially when enlarging from a small scale plan
since the error gets multiplied by the scale.
9.
Types of joints used in Carpentry. The following joints are generally used in
carpentry:(a)
Lap joint. (full lap and half lap)
(b)
Halving joint. (angle halving joint. Dovetail halving joint and cross halving
joint).
(c)
Mortice and tenon joints.
(d)
Bridle joints.
(e)
Tongue and groves joints.
Further details will be explained by the instructor in the class
161
10.
Conclusion. Ship Modeling is an ancient art and archaeological evidences found
in various civilisation are testimony to the same. Cadets with requisite aptitude must
develop their skills in order to excel in this particular discipline of training. This can be
taken up as hobby. Cadets with strong aptitude may also opt for Naval Architect branch
when eligible for higher studies.
162
SECTION -2 (SD/SW)
MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF TOOLS
Period
01
Type
LEC/ PRAC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Types of Tools
15 Mins
(c)
Care and Maintenance of Tools
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. It is impossible to list all the tools that may be required to build a
model. The number of tools will vary with type of model under construction. Some
people can do it all with an old razor blade and a sheet of sand paper, while others need
a complete carpenters tool kit, power tools besides. The number of tools required for
modeling will vary considerably with the individual as well as with the type of model
under construction. A list of the minimum requirement of tools necessary for effective
modeling is given below:-
163
4.
Type.
(a)
Measuring and Testing tools. Tape, Chain measure, foot rule, tri
square, sliding level, marking gauge and compass etc.

(b)
Planes. Jack plane, smoothing plane, compass plane, adjustable
compass plane and spoke shave etc.

(c)
Chisels. Gouging Chisel, mortise Chisel and flat Chisel of various sizes.
(d)
Cutting Tools. Hand saw, fret saw, hack saw and various types of multi
craft knives.
(e)
Boring Tools. Hand drill, gimlet and augur etc.
(f)
Vice and Clamps. Bench vice, hand vice and clamps of various sizes.
(g)
Files. Rasp rough, rough flat, half round, round triangular, knife edge,
square and diamond etc.

(h)
Miscellaneous tools .
Hammer, Spanners, nose pliers, cutting pliers,
scissors, screw drivers, set squares, soldering irons and drill bits of various sizes
etc.
5.
Wood. With regard to actual selection of wood, there are several suitable
Varieties of wood like Douglas fir silver spruce, yellow pine, red cedar, hickory, maple,
African white wood mahogany and teak. Balsa is the most perfectly suited wood for
modeling, especially if the model is designed to take its characteristics in to account. It
is essential to ensure that this wood is well scaled, since any absorption of water
creates considerable swelling which can peel away the paint work. This wood is
particularly useful in block form. When using the wood for modeling it should always be
remembered that it must not be kiln dried, because it does not produce the same result
as natural seasoning.
6.
Adhesives. One of the most important materials used in model building is
adhesives and it need hardly be said that whatever the adhesive used, it must be water
proof. For most purposes Nitro Cellulose cement is suitable especially for work with
balsa wood. A wide variety of adhesives are now available in the market and there are
164
several specialized products for boat building. The first essential requirement is its
insolubility in water, which rules out such products as animal glue. Harder wood other
than balsa needs slow drying resin based adhesive. For very high adhesion with
difficult materials, such as metal to wood joints etc., epoxy resins such as Araldite are
extremely useful but, these are relatively expensive to use in large quantities.Quick
drying adhesives are useful for obtaining reasonably quick results but do not hold well
for longer durations.
7.
Care of Tools. Various tools enumerated above require to be maintained by the
cadets. After using a tool, same must be stowed properly, so that it is available for
employment later use. Tools must be cleaned using hand brush/ cloth and painted
whenever required. Tools are to be guarded against rusts and damages. When not
used for prolong period, tools must be neatly arranged in the tool cupboard / box. For
ease of mustering a list of tools must be maintained in the cupboard or separately.
8.
Conclusion. Besides kit and consumable required as material for modeling, it is
tools that give shape to the model. Care of tools is an important part of training for ship
modelers.
165
SM-3 (SD/SW)
TYPES OF MODELS
Period
01
Type
LEC/ PRAC
Term
II
Trg Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Types of Model
15 Mins
(c)
Explanation with Model
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction
Models are of different types like Solid Model, Working Model or
a Sailing Model
4.
Solid Model. A solid model is one made with solid block of wood including the
appendages and additional parts attached post preparation of the basic structure. The
solid models are basically scaled to originally planned ship for purposes of show and
testing / trials.
5.
Working Model. Working Model for the boat is a scaled model with all parts
moving with mechanical or electrical support. The working model is designed to project
the actual working of the boat.
6.
Sailing Model. Sailing models are generally scaled models with sails and motor
fitted for control of the sail model remotely.
166
STABLIZING OF MODELS
7.
One of the big advantages in ship modelling is that almost anything will float, and
with sufficient power it can be propelled through the water. This provides satisfaction
to the casual model maker.
8.
A models first contact with the water usually comes some time before the last
coat of paint is dry and the last details are fitted, however, it is far more practical to test
the model during construction, since alteration of subsequent position of components
becomes a major operation. The time for this is normally after the initial two or three
coats of paints and, if possible, before permanent attachment of the deck and
superstructure.
9.
Mark the water line at stem and stern with pencil marks, and place components,
or equivalent weights in correct position and check that the hull floats true. If after
completion, ballast is required to bring the model down to her marks or to correct trim,
determine the required amount and its position by stacking cut chunks, flakes and
shots of lead in place, then melt the lead in to a convenient block and place or screw,
to the hull bottom as low as possible.
10.
But for other types of hull like planked hull or hard chine hulls, where the
bulkheads are used for making watertight compartments and are glued with the keen,
this process should be carried out in the manner explained. After stacking the flakes or
shots in the correct position between the bulkheads, melt the lead and make the blocks
according to the space available and then place/ glue them as near as possible to the
keel.
11.
(Practical Demo with models is essential to cover this Topic)
167
SECTION -4 (SD/SW)
CALCULATIONS OF SAIL AREA OF A MODEL
Period
02
Type
PRAC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer, Sail.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Sail Plan
15 Mins
(c)
Practical Demo
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The Sailing Models correctness is judged in competitions by
racing them against each other. Thus, it is essential to calculate the sail area of the
model.
4.
CALCULATION OF SAIL AREA FOR A MODEL.
Although
model
yachts
can be of different rigs, experience has proved that the most practical and efficient is
the Bermuda rig. This is the simplest rig possible as it consists of a triangular
(Bermudian or lego-mutton) main sail and single head salt (jib). Hence all modern
racing models without exception, rigged this way, it will facilitate the subject, if we use
the proper and correct names/ terms for the different parts of the sail.
5.
Sail Plan. If you refer to the sail plan, it will be seen that there are two triangular
sails. The front one is the Jib, and after one the Main sail. Each sail has three sides-
168
the luff (fore side) the leach (after side) and the foot. The top corner is the head, the
front corner is the tack, and after corner the clew. This applies to both jib and main sail.
Actual sail area is measured as follow:(a)
Main Sail. The luff (forward side of sail) is measured from tack (bottom
forward corner of sail) to underside of the head. The diagonal is a line taken from
the clew (bottom after corner of sail) to the luff and perpendicular to it. The area
of the sail is calculated by multiplying the luff by the diagonal and dividing by two
(Figure VIII-1).
(b)
Jib. The luff is measured from tack to underside of head to the eye in the
head (top corner of sail). The diagonal is measured like in the main sail. The area
of the jig is then calculated by multiplying the luff by the diagonal and dividing by
two (figure VIII-i)
6.
The measured area of the sail plan is the area of the main sail plus area of jib.
There is no limit on the height of the rig in this class but the height of the jibstay above
the deck must not exceed 80% of the height of the main sail head above deck. For
example take a sail plan of 36 model yacht and measure it as under:-
Jib
Main Sail
Luff
36.0
50.0
Leach
32.75
52.5
Foot
10.00
20.00
12 5/8 bow.
Foreside Mast
Jib
36x10 =180
2
Main Sail
50x20 =500
2
680 Sq . Inches.
169
36 Class
53.0
40.0
32.75
50.0
36.0
10.0
20.0
11.0
7.
(Practical Demo with Sail is essential to impart this topic).
52.5
170
SECTION-5 (SD/SW)
INTRODUCTION TO SHIP MODEL COMPETITION
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
II
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Ship Modelling Competitions
20 Mins
(c)
Criteria for Evaluation
10 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. SM Competitions are held between Dtes. as part of RD Banner
Competitions. This lecture is aimed at apprising cadets on various types of competitions

held and criteria for judging models.
4.
Competitions. SM competitions are held during following camps :(a)
RDC
(b)
NSC
(c)
ATC SW
171
5.
6.
Types of Models:(a)
Camp Model
(b)
Dte. Model
(c)
VIP Model
Camp Model. Camp Models are made during a particular camp within a
specified period as per admin instructions/ ADJI of respective Camps. The type of
model is usually power model.
7.
Dte. Model. These models are made during preparatory camps prior to actual
camp where competitions are held.
The types of model are usually sailing, RC and
Open Class.
8.
VIP Model. Solid Model made prior to the camp which may carry specific marks
towards RD Banner Competition.

9.
Criteria for Evaluation. The criteria for marking a particular model would
depend on type of model as follows:(a)
(b)
(c)
Static.
Stability.
(i)
Proximity to the drawing
(ii)
Model Dimension to the scale
(iii)
Fittings
(iv)
Elegance
(i)
Draught and Trim
(ii)
List
(iii)
Righting Moment
Performance. Power/RC/ Sail model are assessed for operational
performance through a straight run and or turning circle.
172
(i)
Straight Run. The Model is made to run to a Centre Mark at the
middle of the tank from the opposite side. Graduations of 6 are made on
either side of the centre mark representing loss of one mark each.
(ii)
RC Model. It is made to do a run between marker buoys in fixed
pattern. Accuracy is measured by not touching the sides or buoys and

speed of the model taking minimal time.
(ii)
Sailing Model. All models are made to do a run from one side of
the tank to the other powered by sails alone. The model taking minimal
time is judged first and timing is taken from that model.
10.
Conclusion. Ship and Boat Modeling by cadets requires application of skills,
patience and attitude for perfection. Various competitions are held during Annual
Camps in order to evaluate the degree of excellence achieved by cadets in an objective
manner.
173
SECTION-6 (SD/SW)
CARE AND HANDLING OF POWER TOOLS USED
Period
01
Type
LEC/PRAC
Term
II
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer &Tools
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Mins
(b)
Maintenance & care of Tools
30 Mins
(c)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Besides carpentry tools, Power tools are also used for Ship
Modeling. Power tools such as jigsaw Machine, drilling, grinding, buffing set, lathe set,
wood turning set, saw and groover set, sanding and polishing set etc. are expected to
produce accurate work pieces not only when the machine is new but throughout its
working life. For this reason the wear of the machine must not exceed certain limits, it
must be watched and parts which are faulty due to wear or other damage must be
replaced or repaired without delay. Therefore, repair and maintenance work must be
carried out in accordance with preventive maintenance schedules.
4.
Maintenance and care of Power Tools used in Modelling:(a)
Polythene/ canvas dust covers are to be used to cover the machines and
equipment when not in use to protest them against dust and moisture.
174
(b)
The user should be instructed to clean the machine after use with a hand
brush. Slide ways are to be oiled to avoid condensation of moisture and then to
cover the machine with dust cover.
(c)
Each machine must have its tool cup-board for keeping all the accessories
required for use.

(d)
Cadets should be taught the use of the various controls and the correct
manipulation of the machine before the commencement of any skill training of the
machine.
(e)
A check list/ store list showing all the items kept in the tool cup-board is to
be displayed in a prominent place inside the cup-board.

5.
Conclusion. Power tools used in ship modelling are for better finish, speed of
execution and mass production. However, the machines needs to be kept operational
and cadets must be trained to handle them with confidence for optimal exploitation,
otherwise mishandling causing accidents leading to loss of material or injury.
175
SECTION-7 (SD/SW)
REPAIRING OF SHIP MODELS
Period
01
Type
LEC/PRAC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Mins
(b)
Repairing
15 Mins
(c)
Stabilising
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Any type of model may be damaged, requiring repair. Also all
working model are to be stabilised to give optimum performance.

4.
Repairing.
If a model is damaged while carrying from one place to another or
to repair damaged model, stores required for repairs are:(a)
Balsa wood Sheets, strips
(b)
M Seal, Pins, feviquick
(c)
Paints
176
STABILISING.
5.
One of the big advantages in ship modelling is that almost anything will float,
and with sufficient power it can be propelled through the water. This provides
satisfaction to the casual model maker.
6.
A models first contact with the water usually comes some time before the last
cost of paint is dry and the last details is fitted, however, it is far more practical to test
the model during construction, since alteration of subsequent position of components
becomes a major operation. The time for this is normally after the initial two to three
coats of paint and if possible, before permanent attachment of the deck and
superstructure.
7.
Mark the water line at stem and stern with pencil marks and place components,
or equivalent weights, in correct position and check that the hull floats true. If after
completion, ballast is required to bring the model down to her marks or to correct trim ,
determine the required amount and its position by stacking cut chunks, flakes and shots
of lead in peace, then melt the lead in to a convenient block and place or screw, to the
hull bottom as low as possible.
8.
But for other types of hulls like planked hull or chine hulls, where the bulkheads
are used for making watertight compartments and are glued with the keel, this process
should be carried out in the manner explained after stacking the flakes or shots in the
correct position between the bulkheads, melt the lead and make the blocks according to
the space available and then place / glue them as near as possible to the keel.
FITTING, PAINTING AND FINISHING MODELS
9.
Fitting of Models. There are a large number of fitting on any ship/boat model.
By far the best way is to study first hand a ship of the same type as the model or
observe the details from photographs. The following are the main fittings generally
found in a ship:Davits, Search Lights, Mast, Anchor, Fair Leads, Rigging Blocks, Cleats,
Bollards, Stag Horns, Steering Wheel, Port Holes, Ventilators Capstan etc.
177
Painting and Finishing a Model.
10.
It is not enough merely to slap a coat of paint on the job, especially when so
many hours have been put in to the earlier work. Although the temptation to get the
model floating is very strong, an extra hour or two spent in a careful paint finish will
more than repay in satisfaction during the models life.
11.
The secret of good painting is good surface preparation alongwith the use of
good tools and good quality materials. Thoroughness is essential, especially in painting
the interior of the model .Small internal areas of the model which are unpainted can
lead to water ingress which can lead to deterioration of the model.
12.
Thus it is necessary to study the various phases of construction to decide what
parts must be painted before the next step renders it inaccessible. The usual colour for
the inside of a boat is white, though some builders prefer plain varnish or clear lacquer.
In either case the first coat should be well thinned and applied freely, though not freely
enough for it to run down and pool in the corners of the structure. After this coat, two
full strength coats should be applied, allowing plenty of time for them to harden. A
meticulous modeler will carefully rub down and finish at least those parts which will be
visible when the models hatches are removed.
13.
It should always be determined beforehand which kind of paint is going to be
used for painting the model. If nitro cellulose (NC) based lacquer is to be applied then
obtain a smooth surface by using NC based primer surface only. If any gap is to be
filled, it should be done only after applying a thin first coat of primer and that too with
NC based putty. When the putty is well dried, it should be rubbed down with
Carborandum Paper. The rubbing is to be done, using the kerosene oil because there
is every possibility of the wood swelling it, water is used while rubbing. It must be
remembered that with each coat of primer, rubbing is required.
14.
If the painting is to be done by brush, a thin coat of lacquer is advisable every
time to obtain good results. Further details of this will be given by the instructor in
class.
178
15.
Conclusion. A model has to be stabilized before it is put in water. The trim and
heel are checked before as it forms an important part of the competition. Models have to
be repaired regularly and cadets have to be conversant with the tools and procedures
as well as care and maintenance of tools and models. Models have to be packed
carefully before transportation.
179
SECTION-8 (SD/SW)
HANDLING AND OPERATION OF REMOTE CONTROL MODELS
Period
02
Type
LEC/PRAC
Term
III
Training Aids
1.
Remote Control Receiver & Transmitter
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Mins
(b)
Handling
15 Mins
(c)
RC equipment
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. The models requiring control remotely need to maintain the basic
principles of watertight integrity, stability and the right amount of buoyancy. The remote
control models are generally made from strips of balsa wood or any other light weight
wood which is easy to cut, bend and shape into. The model is generally made with
wooden strips cut in such a way to maintain symmetry in design of the model. The
strips form various strakes of the hull and full pieces of strips are used to cover the hull
to form the decks. The design is more or less like that of an original ship with bulkheads
and supporting structures being included to maintain the integrity of the model while
keeping it watertight and balanced. The model is prepared in such a way that the motor
is placed in the lower part of the hull and connected to the propeller through the aft part
of the hull pierced and covered well to only allow the propeller to operate without any
ingress of water. The packing is done using steel bearings, rubber washers or oakum.
The receiver for the motor is placed above the main deck for proper reception at all
180
times and connected to the motor using small wire or PCB. The transmitter is used to
operate the model in such a way as to rotate it 360 and move forward or back.
4.
Handling and operation of a Remote Control Model. A model 40 to 50 cm
length and minimum 6cm width is required for RC operation. While Operating the
model, check that water leakage is not there. To operate the RC model the following
items are required:-
5.
(a)
Remote Control
(b)
Good Model as specified above
(c)
Water Tank
Remote Control. Remote Control has the following important items:(a)
Transmitter. It operates the model in the ahead and astern direction and
rotational direction of 360. This will run with 12 V DC( 8 Battery Cells of 1.5 V)
(b)
Receiver. It is fitted in model to receive the orders from transmitter and
works as ordered. Receivers runs with the help of 6V DC(4 Cells 1.5V)
(c)
Servers. It operates with the help of receivers as per order passed by the
transmitter and it will run as per the orders of receiver.

6.
Water Tank. To operate RC model, a water tank of size 15x 10x 2(15long,
10width and 2height) is required.
Tank will be filled with water up to one feet to
operate the model with the help of remote control.

7.
Conclusion. An RC model is performance oriented model when the finished
model can carry out manoeuvres as required for the competition. Besides construction
of RC model, with regards to its stability and water tightness, the cadets need to have
hands on experience to operate the model using remote control in order to excel.
181
SECTION-9 (SD/SW)
PRACTICAL TRAINING
Period
09
Type
PRAC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
PRACTICAL TRAINING TO BE IMPARTED BY THE SMI.
************************************************************************************************
182
CHAPTER-VIII
SEARCH AND RESCUE
183
SECTION -1 (SD/SW)
SAR ORGANISATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Types of SAR
15 Mins
(c)
SAR Organisation in the Indian Ocean
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Communal riots, piracy, industrial disharmonies, war etc are the
few examples of man made disasters, whereas flood, drought, earthquake, tsunami
etc are some of the natural disasters. During all these calamities and disasters the
loss of human life, animal life, material, property etc cannot be over ruled. In order to
help the people affected and minimize said losses and the concept of Search & Rescue
arises. SAR basically is an operation to locate those people who are in distress during
the disasters or in imminent danger and provide them all the possible help and aid
4,
Types of Search and rescue. Depending upon the nature and place of disaster,
types of SAR vary to meet aviation disasters, maritime disasters and land disasters.
184
5.
6.
Industrial Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue.

(a)
Decisions taken on convention
(b)
Establishment of GMDSS
(c)
Division of world oceans into 13
(d)
SAR areas
SAR Organization in Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean area is one of those thirteen
SAR areas in the world oceans, identified during 1979 convention. This area provides
SAR cover to ships and other crafts in the Indian Ocean area. The said area has the
following agencies to coordinate the SAR operation:
7.
(a)
Coastal Radio Station
(b)
Coastal Surveillance Organization
(c)
Coastal Maritime SAR system
(d)
Vessel Traffic Service providers
(f)
Port and Harbors etc.
Conclusion. The Indian Ocean region is of Strategic Importance for the Navy
and it is very essential to provide SAR services in this region. A number of agencies are
involved in the SAR cover.
185
SECTION -2 (SD/SW)
ROLE OF INDIAN COAST GUARD
Period
01
Type
LEC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Intro
05 Mins
(b)
Role of Coast Guard
15 Mins
(c)
Extent of SAR cover
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. In order to help the people affected and minimize said losses and
the concept of Search & Rescue arises. SAR basically is an operation to locate those
people who are in distress during the disasters or in imminent danger and provide them
all the possible help and aid. Indian Coast Guard was established on 18 Aug 1978 and
operates under the Department of Defence of the Union ministry of Defence. The Coast
Guard works in close cooperation with the Indian Navy, Department of fisheries and
Department of Revenue (customs) and the Central and State Police Forces.
186
4.
Coast Guard has following mission.
(a) National Defence during hostilities and peace.

(b) Safety and protection of artificial lands, offshore terminals and other installations.
(c) Protection and assistance to fishermen and mariners at sea.
(d) Coastal security.
(e) Law Enforcement in territorial & international water..
(f) Preservation and protection of marine ecology.
(g) Ant smuggling and other customs & preventive operations.
(h) Scientific data collection and support.
5.
Role of Indian Coast Guard in Search and Rescue. The Indian Coast Guard is
responsible for coordinating SAR operation in the Indian Maritime Search & Rescue
Region (IMSRR), The Indian SRR is sub divided into four sub region each with an
assigned MRCC at Mumbai, Chennai, Port Blair and Porbandar. Coast Guard is
basically an agency to provide SAR cover to ships and other crafts sailing in the sea l
around Indian peninsula. Director General Coast Guard is the National Maritime SAR
Coordinating Authority (NMSARCA). Under NMSARCA, the Indian Search and Rescue
region of India is divided into three SAR areas with MRCCs located at Mumbai,
Chennai and Portblair. The Indian Coast Guard is designated as a nodal agency for
Maritime Search and Rescue in Indian Search and Rescue region.
6.
The various field which are covered by SAR operation of Indian Coast
Guard include
help and aid to fisherman in a distress, medical help, Antipiracy
operation, aids to ships during fire, flood, tsunami, pirate attacks, drowning, requirement
of towing the vessel, communication failure, machinery breakdown, search of missing
crew, boats, machinery and material, disembarking of rescued crew, help to vessels
drifting, meet fuel starvation, help during sinking of crafts, boats etc, medical
evacuation, providing international cooperation to foreign vessel, ships, prevention of
oil spils, providing distress alerts to fisherman and local public etc.
7.
Conclusion.
The Indian Ocean region is of Strategic Importance for the Navy
and it is very essential to provide SAR services in this region. A number of agencies are
187
involved in the SRA cover. Coast Guard is basically an agency to provide SAR cover to
ships and other crafts sailing in the sea around the Indian peninsula.
188
CHAPTER-IX
SWIMMING
189
SECTION -1 (SD/SW)
SWIMMING- FLOATING AND BREATHING TECHNIQUES
Period
03
Type
PRAC
Term
III
************************************************************************************************
Training Aids
1.
Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer, Swimming
pool.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Introduction
05 Mins
(b)
Basics of Swimming gear
15 Mins
(c)
Styles of Swimming
15 Mins
(d)
Conclusion
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
3.
Introduction. Swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water for
survival, recreation, sports, exercises or other reasons. Floating at the time of

emergency, evacuation or any accident .The technique of floating keeps you surviving
till help and assistance reaches you.
4.
Swimming Gears. The following are few of the gears used by a swimmer:(a)
Swim suit
(b)
Swim cap
(c)
Goggles
190
5.
(d)
Swim fins
(e)
Drag Suit
(f)
Paddlers
(g)
Kick Board
Various styles of Swimming
(a) Front Crawl (Free Style). This styles is swum with head facing down own facing,
with scissors kick, flutter kick and up and down leg kicks . One arm always rests at the
front while other arms, performs a cycles back towards sky.
(b) Breast stroke. Performed face down in the water without rotating the torso. The
arms stay in the water and move synchronously while the legs perform a frog kick, The
head is kept elevated out of the water throughout the stroke.
(c) Butterfly. Like a breast stroke it is performed face down in water the legs perform a
dolphin kick while the arms move in a forward circle at the same time.
(d) Dog Paddle. Performed face over water and paddling with alternate hands often
with the nose and mouth above the water.
(e) Back Stroke. This style is also known as back crawl. In this style the chest is facing
the sky and one is lying on the back. Both arms move synchronized with a small
synchronized kick.
Note. In addition to above swimming styles, there are few more styles namely
snorkeling, fin swimming, sidestroke, combat side stroke etc.
6.
Tips in swimming
(a)
Swimmer must focus on exhalation and not on inhalation. The exhalation
must be done under water.

(b)
When you are not breathing, you should keep your head still.
191
(c)
When you move through water you create a bow wave with your head
and body.
(d)
Do not lift your head while swimming.
(e)
Do not over rotate your head. You should rotate up to the extent when
you see your sides.

(f)
Rotate the body till the extent you feel
comfortable. This helps to your
breathing.
(g)
Once you are comfortable keeping your face/ head in the water while
swimming you need to figure out how and when to breath.

(h)
When you breath in, your mouth should be out of water.
(j)
The mouth should be closed while the face is in the water. As the face is
inside the water a small amount of air should be released so as to avoid water
entering the nose.
(k)
When the face turns side ways after being lifted out of water one should
exhale as much as possible with the help of nose and mouth.

7.
Precaution while Swimming.

(a)
Never swim alone.
(b)
Know the depth of the water.
(c)
A strict discipline must be followed in the pool.
(d)
Never dive in the shallow end of the pool.
(e)
Wear proper kit while swimming.
(f)
You should know your limits.
(g)
Dont drink more water when you go for swimming.
(h)
Proper floatation devices must be standby/ ready when you are swimming.
(j)
Follow all instruction& safety precaution promulgated by the authorities.
192
(k)
Swim always with in designated areas.
(l)
All precaution must be taken to keep the water clean & hygienic.
(m) All possible medical care must be taken to protect yourself for various
infection due to water of swimming pool.
8.
Conclusion. Swimming is an important activity for any individual not only as a
sports and entertainment but also as a survival technique. It requires a balanced

coordination of your breathing, mental and physical movements, strength and stamina
to make you a good swimmer.
193
SECTION -2 (SD/SW)
SWIMMING- FLOATATION FOR 3 MINS AND SWIMMING FOR 50 m
Period
06
Type
PRAC
Term
2 EACH IN I, II AND III
************************************************************************************************
Trg Aids
1.
Swimming Pool.
Time Plan.
2.
(a)
Warm up
05 Mins
(b)
Swimming for 50 M
15 Mins
(c)
Floating for 3 mins
15 Mins
(d)
Debrief
05 Mins
------------40 Mins
-------------
( PRACTICAL CLASSES AT SWIMMING POOL WITH PROPER COSTUMES)

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1

NCC CADET HANDBOOK

Boatwork - Steering of Boat

Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector

Early History/ Goa Operations

Indo Pak War / Post war till date -

Introduction. On 26 January 1950 when India became a Republic , the Royal

Aircraft to enable to discharge its responsibility effectively. It acquired an Aircraft Carrier

Present Status. Modernisation is a constant process. Indian Navy is in the

Pawan, Cactus, TASHA, etc. besides providing humanitarian assistance during

Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector

Organisation of NHQ, Command

Ships &Shore establishments

Introduction. The Indian Navy is organized to meet its charter of duties as an

ORGANISATION OF NHQ /IHQ MOD (NAVY)

Branch - I. He is responsible for planning programming and all administrative

Branch II. He is responsible for Operation, Intelligence, Communications,

Chief of Personnel (COP). The COP controls the manning requirement of

the Navy. He is responsible for recruitment, training, welfare and discipline of

Chief of Material (COM). The Chief of Material is responsible for

and operational purpose. Typical Organization of a Command is:C-in-C

Naval FOCINC(W) Mumbai

operation on the western

Visakhapatnam 1. Commanded by a Vice

Admiral designated as the

operation on the Eastern

Commander. ACC, NAVCC,

Fleets. Fleet is a group of various types of warships and aircraft organized in a

unit to fight a war. The IN has two Fleets:-

Western Fleet. It is based at Mumbai and commanded by a Rear Admiral

designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF)

Eastern Fleet. It is based at Visakhapatnam and commanded by a Rear

Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF).

Shore Establishments. Shore Establishments function under the Administrative

Authority(C-in-C) serve the following function:(a)

Training officers and sailors.

Providing logistic support, berthing and allied harbour facilities to ships,

such as playgrounds, recreation facilities etc.

Administrative establishment of Naval Headquarters

Administrative establishment of Western Naval Command

Administrative establishment for Local Flotilla(Small Ships)

Provost establishment, Naval Detention Quarter(Naval Jail),

Naval Air Station

Naval Missile Battery,

Naval Hospital and school for Medical Assistance

Marine Commando School

Missile storage, assembling and servicing base

School for Logistics branch

Marine Commando school

Marine Engineering School, Naval Engineering College and

Training School for Electrical Branch

College of Naval Warfare

Support base for ships and establishments, Hydrographical

Naval Air Station

Naval base Semanship School, Communication School, ND

Gunnery School, Naval Coast Battery

Naval Air Station,

Administrative establishment of Eastern Naval Command

Submarine Training School

Missile storage and servicing

Naval Air Station

Marine Gas turbine Overhauling Centre