Chapter1section1

1.17)Canexperiencesofparentsaffectfuturechildren?Newstudies11suggestthattheycan:Earlylife
experiencesofparentsappeartocausepermanentchangesinspermandeggs.Inonestudy,somemalerats
werefedahighfatdietwith43%ofcaloriesfromfat(atypicalAmericandiet),whileotherswerefeda
normalhealthyratdiet.Notsurprisingly,theratsfedthehighfatdietwerefarmorelikelythanthe
normaldietratstodevelopmetabolicsyndrome(characterizedbysuchthingsasexcessweight,excessfat,
insulinresistance,andglucoseintolerance.)Whatsurprisedthescientistswasthatthedaughtersofthese
ratswerealsofarmorelikelytodevelopmetabolicsyndromethanthedaughtersofratsfedhealthydiets.
Noneofthedaughtersandnoneofthemothersateahighfatdietandthefathersdidnothaveanycontact
withthedaughters.Thehighfatdietofthefathersappearedtocausenegativeeffectsfortheirdaughters.
Whatarethetwomainvariablesinthisstudy?Iseachcategoricalorquantitative?Identifytheexplanatory
andresponsevariables.

1.22)Fortyoneemployeesofabiotechnologycompanyparticipatedinastudy14thatexaminesthe
immunologicalandpsychologicaleffectsofmeditation.Twentyfiveoftheparticipants,chosenat
random,completedaneightweekmeditationprogramwhiletheother16employeesdidnomeditation.
Brainwaveactivityacrossthefrontofthelefthemispherewasmeasuredforallparticipantsbefore,
immediatelyfollowing,andfourmonthsaftertheprogram.(Studieshavesuggestedthatincreasedactivity
inthispartofthebrainisassociatedwithdecreasesinnegativeemotionsandincreasesinpositive
emotions.)All41peoplereceivedaninfluenzavaccinationattheendoftheprogramandtheirimmune
responsetothevaccinewasmeasuredthroughbloodsamplestakenonemonthandtwomonthslater.All
participantsalsocompletedsurveysdesignedtomeasurenegativeandpositiveemotionsbeforeandafter
thecourse.Thesurveysproducedtwonumericalscores(oneforpositiveemotionsandonefornegative
emotions)inbothsituations.
Meditatorsshowedanincreaseinbrainwaveactivity,adecreaseinreportednegativefeelings,andno
changeinreportedpositivefeelings.Nonmeditatorsshowednosignificantchangeinanyoftheseareas.
Meditatorshadastrongerantibodyresponsetothevaccinethanthenonmeditators.
(a)
Whatarethecasesinthisstudy?Howmanycasesarethere?
(b)Whatarethevariables?Whicharecategoricalandwhicharequantitative?
(c)Whichvariableistheexplanatoryvariable?
(d)Howmanyrowsandhowmanycolumnswillthedatasetcontainifweassumethateachdatacaseisa
rowandeachvariableisacolumn?

Chapter1section2
1.59)EmploymentstatisticsintheUSareoftenbasedontwonationwidemonthlysurveys:theCurrent
PopulationSurvey(CPS)andtheCurrentEmploymentStatistics(CES)survey.TheCPSsamples
approximately60,000UShouseholdsandcollectstheemploymentstatus,jobtype,anddemographic
informationofeachresidentinthehousehold.TheCESsurveysamples140,000nonfarmbusinessesand
governmentagenciesandcollectsthenumberofpayrolljobs,payrates,andrelatedinformationforeach
firm.
(a)WhatisthepopulationintheCPSsurvey?
(b)WhatisthepopulationintheCESsurvey?
(c)Foreachofthefollowingstatisticalquestions,statewhethertheresultsfromtheCPSorCESsurvey
wouldbemorerelevant.
i.Dolargercompaniestendtohavehighersalaries?
ii.WhatpercentageofAmericansareselfemployed?
iii.Aremarriedmenmoreorlesslikelytobeemployedthansinglemen?

1.60)TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)administersalargenumberofsurvey
programsformonitoringthestatusofhealthandhealthcareintheUS.Oneoftheseprogramsisthe
NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey(NHANES),whichinterviewsandexaminesarandom
sampleofabout5000peopleintheUSeachyear.Thesurveyincludesquestionsabouthealth,nutrition,
andbehaviorwhiletheexaminationincludesphysicalmeasurementsandlabtests.Anotherprogramisthe
NationalHospitalAmbulatoryMedicalCareSurvey(NHAMCS),whichincludesinformationfrom
hospitalrecordsforarandomsampleofindividualstreatedinhospitalemergencyroomsaroundthe
country.
(a)TowhatpopulationcanwereasonablygeneralizefindingsfromtheNHANES?
(b)TowhatpopulationcanwereasonablygeneralizefindingsfromtheNHAMCS?
(c)Foreachofthequestionsbelow,indicatewhichsurvey,NHANESorNHAMCS,wouldprobablybe
moreappropriatetoaddresstheissue.
i.Areoverweightpeoplemorelikelytodevelopdiabetes?
ii.WhatproportionofemergencyroomvisitsintheUSinvolvesportsrelatedinjuries?
iii.Isthereadifferenceintheaveragewaitingtimetobeseenbyanemergencyroomphysicianbetween
maleandfemalepatients?
iv.WhatproportionofUSresidentshavevisitedanemergencyroomwithinthepastyear?

Chapter1section3
1.87)Thepresidentofalargeuniversityrecentlyannounced43thattheschoolwouldbeswitchingtodorms
thatareallsinglesex,because,hesays,researchshowsthatsinglesexdormsreducethenumberof
studenthookupsforcasualsex.Hecitesstudiesshowingthat,inuniversitiesthatofferbothsamesexand
coedhousing,studentsincoeddormsreporthookingupforcasualsexmoreoften.
(a)Whatarethecasesinthestudiescitedbytheuniversitypresident?Whatarethetwovariablesbeing
discussed?Identifyeachascategoricalorquantitative.
(b)Whichistheexplanatoryvariableandwhichistheresponsevariable?
(c)Accordingtothesecondsentence,doesthereappeartobeanassociationbetweenthevariables?
(d)Usethefirstsentencetodeterminewhethertheuniversitypresidentisassumingacausalrelationship
betweenthevariables.
(e)Usethesecondsentencetodeterminewhetherthecitedstudiesappeartobeobservationalstudiesor
experiments?
(f)Nameaconfoundingvariablethatmightbeinfluencingtheassociation.
(Hint:Studentsusuallyrequestonetypeofdormortheother.)
(g)Canweconcludefromtheinformationinthestudiesthatsinglesexdormsreducethenumberof
studenthookups?
(h)Whatcommonmistakeistheuniversitypresidentmaking?

1.92)Followingthestepsbelow,designarandomizedcomparativeexperimenttotestwhetherfluoxetine
(theactiveingredientinProzacpills)iseffectiveatreducingdepression.Theparticipantsare50people
sufferingfromdepressionandtheresponsevariableisthechangeonastandardquestionnairemeasuring
levelofdepression.
(a)Describehowrandomizationwillbeusedinthedesign.
(b)Describehowaplacebowillbeused.
(c)Describehowtomaketheexperimentdoubleblind.

Chapter2Section1
2.13)RockPaperScissors,alsocalledRoshambo,isapopulartwoplayergameoftenusedtoquickly
determineawinnerandloser.Inthegame,eachplayerputsoutafist(rock),aflathand(paper),orahand
withtwofingersextended(scissors).Inthegame,rockbeatsscissorswhichbeatspaperwhichbeatsrock.
Thequestionis:Arethethreeoptionsselectedequallyoftenbyplayers?Knowingtherelativefrequencies
withwhichtheoptionsareselectedwouldgiveaplayerasignificantadvantage.Astudy8observed119
peopleplayingRockPaperScissors.TheirchoicesareshowninTable2.6.
Table 2.6
Frequencies in Rock-Paper-Scissors
OptionSelected
Rock
Paper
Scissors
Total
(a)

(b)

(c)

Frequency
66
39
14
119

Whatisthesampleinthiscase?Whatisthepopulation?Whatdoesthevariablemeasure?

Constructarelativefrequencytableoftheresults.

Ifweassumethatthesamplerelativefrequenciesfrompart(b)aresimilarfortheentire
population,whichoptionshouldyouplayifyouwanttheoddsinyourfavor?

(d)Thesamestudydeterminedthat,inrepeatedplays,aplayerismorelikelytorepeattheoptionjust
pickedthantoswitchtoadifferentoption.Ifyouropponentjustplayedpaper,whichoptionshouldyou
pickforthenextround?

2.20)AdisruptionofagenecalledDYXC1onchromosome15forhumansmayberelatedtoanincreased
riskofdevelopingdyslexia.Researchers13studiedthegenein109peoplediagnosedwithdyslexiaandina
controlgroupof195otherswhohadnolearningdisorder.TheDYXC1breakoccurredin10ofthosewith
dyslexiaandin5ofthoseinthecontrolgroup.
(a)Isthisanexperimentoranobservationalstudy?Whatarethevariables?

(b)

(c)

Howmanyrowsandhowmanycolumnswillthedatatablehave?Assumerowsarethecasesand
columnsarethevariables.(Theremightbeanextracolumnforidentificationpurposes;donotcountthis
columninyourtotal.)

Displaytheresultsofthestudyinatwowaytable.

(d)

Toseeifthereappearstobeasubstantialdifferencebetweenthegroupwithdyslexiaandthe
controlgroup,comparetheproportionofeachgroupwhohavethebreakontheDYXC1gene.

(e)

Doesthereappeartobeanassociationbetweenthisgeneticmarkeranddyslexiaforthepeoplein
thissample?(WewillseeinChapter4whetherwecangeneralizethisresulttotheentirepopulation.)

(f)Iftheassociationappearstobestrong,canweassumethatthegenedisruptioncausesdyslexia?Whyor
whynot?

Chapter2section2
2.55)Arenaturallanguagesneutrally,positively,ornegativelybiased?Thatisthequestionarecent
study30setouttoanswer.Theyfoundthetop5000wordsusedinEnglishineachoffourdifferentplaces:
Twitter,booksontheGoogleBookProject,TheNewYorkTimes,andmusiclyrics.Theresulting
completelistwas10,222uniquewordsintheEnglishlanguage.Eachwordwasthenevaluated
independentlyby50differentpeople,eachgivingaratingonhowthewordmadethemfeelona1to9
scalewhere1=leasthappy,5=neutral,and9=mosthappy.(Thehighestratedwordwaslaughter
whilethelowestwasterrorist.)Thedistributionsoftheratingsforall10,222wordsforeachofthefour
mediasourcesweresurprisinglysimilar,andallhadapproximatelytheshapeshowninFigure2.14.

Figure 2.14
Distribution of ratings of words where 9 = most positive
(a)Describetheshapeofthedistribution.

(b)Whichofthefollowingvaluesisclosesttothemedianofthedistribution:

(c)Willthemeanbesmallerorlargerthanthevalueyougaveforthemedianinpart(b)?

2.60)Oftenweareinterestednotjustinasinglemeanbutinadifferenceinmeansbetweentwogroups.In
theStudentSurveydata,thereare36seniors:26malesand10females.Table2.17givesthenumberof
hoursperweekthateachsaidheorshespentexercising.
Table 2.17
Number of hours spent exercising a week
Females
4 2 5 6

5 0 5
Males
10 10 6 5

12 12 4 15

2 2 7 3

6 5 0 8

12

7
10
5
5

15

8
5
15

10

4
5
6

(a)Calculate

,themeannumberofhoursspentexercisingbythefemales.

(b)Calculate

,themeannumberofhoursspentexercisingbythemales.

(c)Computethedifference,

,andinterpretitincontext.

Chapter2section3
2.97)Computeroutputgivingdescriptivestatisticsforthepercentofthepopulationthatisobeseforeach
ofthe50USstates,fromtheUSStatesdataset,isgiveninFigure2.27.
(a)Whatisthefivenumbersummary?
(b)GivetherangeandtheIQR.
(d)Whatcanweconcludefromthefivenumbersummaryaboutthelocationofthe15thpercentile?The
60thpercentile?

2.102)Ahistogramofthen=345gradepointaveragesreportedbystudentsintheStudentSurveydatasetis
showninFigure2.28.

Estimate the 10th percentile and 75th percentile

(a)Estimateandinterpretthe10thpercentileandthe75thpercentile.
(b)Estimatetherange.

Chapter2Section4

2.135)Table2.28givesdatashowingthetimetoinfection,atthepointofinsertionofthecatheter,for
kidneypatientsusingportabledialysisequipment.Thereare38patients,andthedatagivethefirst
observationforeachpatient.49Thefivenumbersummaryforthesedatais(2,15,46,149,536).
Table 2.28
Time to infection for dialysis patients
2 5 6 7 7 8 12 13
15 15 17 22 22 23 24 27
30 34 39 53 54 63 96113
119130132141149152152185
190292402447511536
(a)Identifyanyoutliersinthedata.Justifyyouranswer.

(b)Drawtheboxplot

2.142)Whenhoneybeesarelookingforanewhome,theysendoutscoutstoexploreoptions.Whenascout
returns,shedoesawaggledancewithmultiplecircuitrepetitionstotelltheswarmabouttheoptionshe
found.50Thebeesthendecidebetweentheoptionsandpickthebestone.Scientistswantedtofindouthow
honeybeesdecidewhichisthebestoption,sotheytookaswarmofhoneybeestoanislandwithonlytwopossible
optionsfornewhomes:oneofveryhighhoneybeequalityandoneoflowquality.Theythenkepttrackofthe
scoutswhovisitedeachoptionandcountedthenumberofwaggledancecircuitseachscoutbeedidwhen
describingtheoption.51Comparativedotplotsofnumberofcircuitsperformedbythe41beesthatvisitedthehigh

qualityoptionandthe37beesthatvisitedthelowqualityoptionareshowninFigure2.47.Thedataareavailable

inHoneybeeCircuits.
Figure 2.47
Number of circuits completed in the honeybee waggle dance
(a)Doesthereappeartobeanassociationbetweennumberofcircuitsinthewaggledanceandthequalityof
thesite?Ifso,describetheassociation.

(b)Thefivenumbersummaryforthenumberofcircuitsforthosedescribingthehighqualitysite
is(0,7.5,80,122.5,440),whilethefivenumbersummaryforthosedescribingthelowqualitysite
is(0,0,0,42.5,185).UsetheIQRmethodtoidentifyanyoutliersineithergroup.Justifyyouranswer.

(c)Themeanforthehighqualitygroupis
forthelowqualitygroupis
means,
?

withastandarddeviationof94.6,whilethemean

withastandarddeviationof49.4.Whatisthedifferencein

(d)Findthezscoreforthelargestvalueinthehighqualitygroupandthezscoreforthelargestvalueinthe
lowqualitygroup.Whichislargerrelativetoitsgroup?

(e)Isitappropriatetousethe95%rulewitheithersetofdata?

Chapter2Section5

2.173)TheUSStatesdatasetincludesinformationonthe50USstates,includingthepercentofthepopulationof
eachstatethateatsatleastfiveservingsoffruitsandvegetablesadayandthepercentofthepopulationofeach
statethatisobese.Figure2.58showsascatterplotofthesetwovariables.

Percent eating five vegetables a day and percent obese

(a)Doesthescatterplotshowapositiveornegativeassociation?Explainwhyyouranswermakessenseforthese
twovariables.
(b)Wherewouldaveryhealthystatebelocatedonthescatterplot:topleft,topright,bottomleft,bottomright,or
middle?Whataboutaveryunhealthystate?
(c)Pickapointinaveryhealthylocationinthescatterplot,andusethedatasetUSStatestofindthestateit
represents.Pickapointinaveryunhealthylocationandfindthestateitrepresents.
(d)Isthedatafromasampleorapopulation?Whatisthecorrectnotationforthecorrelation
(e)Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobethecorrelationbetweenthesetwovariables?
(f)Wouldapositivecorrelationimplythateatingmorevegetableswillcauseyoutogainweight?
(g)Wouldanegativecorrelationimplythateatingmorevegetableswillcauseyoutoloseweight?
(h)Onestatestandsoutforeatinganaveragenumberofvegetablesbuthavingaparticularlylowobesityrate.
Whatstateisthis?

2.80)InExercise2.109,wediscussastudyinwhichtheNielsenCompanymeasuredconnectionspeedson
homecomputersinninedifferentcountriesinordertodeterminewhetherconnectionspeedaffectstheamount
oftimeconsumersspendonline.63Table2.33showsthepercentofInternetuserswithafastconnection
(definedas2Mborfaster)andtheaverageamountoftimespentonline,definedastotalhoursconnectedtothe

webfromahomecomputerduringthemonthofFebruary2011.Thedataarealsoavailableinthe
datasetGlobalInternet.
Table 2.33
Internet connection speed and hours online

PercentFast

Hours

Country

Connection

Online

Switzerland
88
20.18
UnitedStates
70
26.26
Germany
72
28.04
Australia
64
23.02
UnitedKingdom
75
28.48
France
70
27.49
Spain
69
26.97
Italy
64
23.59
Brazil
21
31.58
(a)Whatwouldapositiveassociationmeanbetweenthesetwovariables?Explainwhya
positiverelationshipmightmakesenseinthiscontext.
(b)Whatwouldanegativeassociationmeanbetweenthesetwovariables?Explainwhya
negativerelationshipmightmakesenseinthiscontext.

(c)Makeascatterplotofthedatausingconnectionspeedastheexplanatoryvariableand
timeonlineastheresponsevariable.Isthereapositiveornegativerelationship?Are
thereanyoutliers?Ifso,indicatethecountryassociatedwitheachoutlieranddescribethe
characteristicsthatmakeitanoutlierforthescatterplot.

(d)Ifweeliminateanyoutliersfromthescatterplot,doesitappearthattheremaining
countrieshaveapositiveornegativerelationshipbetweenthesetwovariables?

(e)Usetechnologytocomputethecorrelation.Isthecorrelationaffectedbytheoutliers?

(f)Canweconcludethatafasterconnectionspeedcausespeopletospendmoretime
online?
Chapter2Section6

2.195)Levelsofcarbondioxide

intheatmospherearerisingrapidly,faraboveanylevelseverbefore

recorded.Levelswerearound278partspermillionin1800,beforetheIndustrialAge,andhadnever,inthe
hundredsofthousandsofyearsbeforethat,goneabove300ppm.Levelsarenownearing400ppm.
Table2.35showstherapidriseofCO2concentrationsoverthelast50years,alsoavailable
inCarbonDioxide.67WecanusethisinformationtopredictCO2levelsindifferentyears.
Table 2.35
Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Year
CO2
1960
316.91
1965
320.04
1970
325.68
1975
331.08
1980
338.68
1985
345.87
1990
354.16
1995
360.62
2000
369.40
2005
379.76
2010
389.78
(a)Whatistheexplanatoryvariable?Whatistheresponsevariable?
(b)Drawascatterplotofthedata.Doesthereappeartobealinearrelationshipinthedata?

(c)UsetechnologytofindthecorrelationbetweenyearandCO2levels.Doesthevalueofthecorrelation
supportyouranswertopart(b)?

(d)UsetechnologytocalculatetheregressionlinetopredictCO2fromyear.

(e)Interprettheslopeoftheregressionline,intermsofcarbondioxideconcentrations.

(f)Whatistheinterceptoftheline?Doesitmakesenseincontext?Whyorwhynot?

(g)UsetheregressionlinetopredicttheCO2levelin2003.In2020.

(h)Findtheresidualfor2010

2.196)Whenhoneybeescoutsfindafoodsourceoranicesiteforanewhome,theycommunicatethelocationtothe
restoftheswarmbydoingawaggledance.68Theypointinthedirectionofthesiteanddancelongerforsites
fartheraway.Therestofthebeesusethedurationofthedancetopredictdistancetothesite.Table2.36showsthe
distance,inmeters,andthedurationofthedance,inseconds,forsevenhoneybeescouts.69Thisinformationisalso
giveninHoneybeeWaggle.
Table 2.36
Duration of a honeybee waggle dance to indicate distance to the source
Distance

Duration

200
0.40
250
0.45
500
0.95
950
1.30
1950
2.00
3500
3.10
4300
4.10
(a)Whichistheexplanatoryvariable?Whichistheresponsevariable?

(b)Figure2.69showsascatterplotofthedata.Doesthereappeartobealineartrendin
thedata?Ifso,isitpositiveornegative?

Figure 2.69 Using dance duration to predict distance to source

(c)Usetechnologytofindthecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables.

(d)Usetechnologytofindtheregressionlinetopredictdistancefromduration.
(e)Interprettheslopeofthelineincontext.

(f)Predictthedistancetothesiteifahoneybeedoesawaggledancelasting1second.
Lasting3seconds.