FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR

CHANGE

Nature of the workforce

• More cultural diversity

• Increase in professional
Technology
• Flatter organization structure
• TQM programs
• Reengineering programs
Economic shocks
• Change in oil price
• Competition
• Global competition
• Mergers & consolidations
• Growth of e-commerce
Social tends
• Attitude towards smoking
• Delayed marriages
• Stand against pollution
World politics
• Unification of germany
• Breakup of soviet union
• Opening of markets in china

REASONS FOR RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

Organization & their members resist change. Resistance provides stability

& predictability to behavior. Resistance can be overt, implicit, immediate
or deferred.
Sources of resistance can be classified as:
• Individual
 Following are the reasons:
 Habit
 Security
 Economic factors
 Fear of unknown
 Selective information processing
• Organizational
• Structural inertia
• Organizations have built-n mechanism to produce stability
• For example, the selection process systematically selects certain
people in & certain people out
• Limited focus on change
• Organizations are made up of a number of interdependent
subsystems. You can’t change one without affecting the others
• Group inertia
• Even if individuals want to change their behavior, groups norms may
act as a constraint
• Threat to expertise
• Experts loose their importance
• Threat to established power relationship
• Fear of loosing power
• Threat to established resource allocation
• Fear of loosing power & importance

Overcoming resistance:

• Education & communication

• Participation

• Facilitation & support

• Negotiation

• Manipulation & co-optation

• Coercion

Approaches to managing organizational change

• Kurt lewin’s three step model

○ Unfreezing

○ Moving

○ Refreezing

• Action research

○ A change process based on systematic collection of data &

then selection of change action based on what the analyzed
data indicate
• Organization development

○ A collection of planned change interventions, built on

humanistic-democratic values that seeks to improve
organizational effectiveness & employee’s well being