77113900403

Archive of SID
1390
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.4, Summer 2011
29 -42
H2S SO2
2 1
-1
-2
-3
90 /6/5 :
Survey on Soft-Wares and Introducing Emission

Model for SO2 & H2S in the Ground Level
Nadia Sharifzadeh,1 Bita Ayati2*
and Hossein Ganjidoust3
1-M.Sc. Student, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
2- Assoc. Prof., Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares
University, Tehran, ayati_bi@modares.ac.ir
3-Full Prof., Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares
University, Tehran
Abstract
Companies need to design engineering software to

obtain emission limits before construction and
commissioning the plants to control air pollutants.
During the design of plants, all emissions should
be studied and measured. Since some emissions
are lighter or higher than air, there are different
methods for their modeling. These models are
used for reviewing the effect of gases on the
environment and the best model is the one that can
design an accident before dispersion. In this research
three software packages, namely PHAST, CIRRUS
and SHELL FRED, were compared with a newlycreated software for measuring the ground level
concentration of H2S and SO2. The software
packages were based on the Gaussian model for
point sources. In these models, for simplicity, some
assumptions were made based on one point source
above the ground. According to the results, the new
software was similar to CIRRUS in D stability of the
air that can be used instead.
89/2/6 :

.

.

.

.
SO2 H2S
PHAST Cirrus
. Shell Fred

.

.
D Cirrus
.
H2S, PHAST, Shell Fred, Cirrus, :
Keywords: H2S, SO2, PHAST, CIRRUS, SHELL

FRED.
.SO2

* Corresponding author. E-mail Address:1390
ayati_bi@modares.ac.ir
29
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
SO2
H2S SO2
) (2) ISCST
SO2
H2S .
) .(Zannetti, 1994
) (1)TLV-TWA
.(Al-Sudairawi and Mackay, 1988
8 ( .
)Ettouney et al., 2009
(3)GILTT
H2S SO2 10 ppm
2 ).(Kumar, 2006
) .Moreira et al., 2009
SO2 .
1378
6 10
SOx (4)SPM NOx
SO2 NO2
).(Samadi et al., 2001
).(Barkhordari et al., 2004
) .(Zoghi and Saeedi , 2008
3 5
1390
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30
Archive of SID
) %49
% 3 ( .
bi-conjugate
).(Heidari Nasab et al., 2003
Semi-Infinite
). (Ismael et al., 2009

H2S
PHAST Shell Fred Cirrus

H2S SO2

(Version
)6.53.1
) Shell Fred (Version5 )Cirrus (Version 7.6
.
Cirrus
Cirrus British Petroleum
1995
.
) .(Steve, 2005

ppm g/m .
3
1390
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PHAST
31
Archive of SID
Shell Fred
Shell Fred
Shell 1999
Enviros
.

.
PHAST .
) Hop Wood
. PHAST
.(Cresswell, 2001; and Cresswell, 2006
) .(Nicholas, 2001
Shell Fred
ppm g/m3
PHAST .

. PHAST
).(Witlox et al., 2005
PHAST

PHAST
1390
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32
Archive of SID
) .(Exxon,1999) (1
-1 )(Exxon ,1999
0/07
0/07
0/1
Matlab 7/6
0/15
0/15
0/2
0/15
0/25
0/55
0/6
0/35
C
D
0/4
E
F
H= h +h
):(Flynn and Theodore, 2001
:h )( m
]C(x,y,z)={[Q/(2yz u)][exp)1/2(y/ y)2
( .
:H )(m
GUI :

:h )(m
.
.
).(Nevers, 2000
GUI Matlab .
}]*[exp1/2(z-H/ z) + exp -1/2(z+H/ z)2
Uz=Um (z/zm)p
:Uz (m/s) z
: C )(g/m3
: x,y,z
:Um (m/s) m
: Q )(g/s
:Z )(m
:Zm )(m
:p
: y )(m
1390
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33
Archive of SID
:z )(m
:U )(m/s
:H )(m
-1

-2
) (
-3
-4
-5
-6
1390

1
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34
Archive of SID
H2S 5D
( Cirrus
) (5

).(NIOC, 2004
-2
) 2F
-2 -2 .
-3 -3 SO2
)(%
)(C
80
H2S
30
80
70
30
70

)(
920
920
257
25
91666
362/6
. -4 -5
523805714
1673538
H2S SO2 5D
0/63
0/78

)(

)(C

)(Kg/s

)(m3/hr

)(Kg/s

)(%

)(m/s
SO2
5/ 94
0/0064
1/18
27/7
19/2
F, D
F, D
25
25
. 5D
2F 0/8 ppm
. -4 -5
5D 2F
Shell Fred H2S
SO2 .
Shell Fred

2F .
Shell Fred

2F .
1390
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35
Archive of SID
-2 H2S
( 10 5D( 100 5D
( ( 10 100 ) (2F Cirrus
-3 SO2 ( 10 5D
( 100 2F Cirrus
1390
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36
Archive of SID
-4( H2S 5D
( H2S 5D Shell Fred
-5( SO2 5D
( SO2 5D Shell Fred
) 6 ( ) 7 (
H2S SO2
PHAST 5D 2F
1390
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37
Archive of SID
-6 H2S ( 5D( 2F PHAST
-7 SO2 ( 5D( 2F PHAST
PHAST
. 8
H2S
SO2 9 10 .
1390
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38
Archive of SID
-8 ( SO2( H2S PHAST 5D 2F
-9 H2S ( 5D( 2F
-10 SO2 ( 5D( 2F

1390
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39
Archive of SID
-1
-2
-3
Cirrus.
PHAST
-3 D
Cirrus
1- Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted

Average
2- Industrial Source Complex Short Term

2F Cirrus
Model
3- Generalized Integral Laplace Transfer
Technique
4- Suspended Particulate Matter
-4 Shell Fred
5- Flaring
-5 PHAST
6- Gas Dispersion Modeling
Al-Sudairawi, M. and K.P. Mackay (1988).
the
Industrial Source Complex-Short Term

Waste Management
-1 Shell Fred
) (6
.
-2 PHAST
&
of the Air
Association, 3 (4): 180-185.
Barkhordari, M., M. Deiranlou and M.

and
Modeling
(2004).
Mousavi
Simulation of Transition and Transfer of

Smog Photochemistry using Box Model,
The 9th National Chemical Engineering
Conference, Tehran, November 2004.
1390
www.SID.ir
the
Model, Environmental Software, Journal
of
Performance
Evaluating
40
Archive of SID
Air Pollution Control with Semi-Infinite

Programming,
Applied
Cresswell, T.M. (2001). Shell Fred User
Mathematical
Guide, Updated for Fred 3.2, 2nd Issue,

England, Shell Research Ltd.
Modeling, 33: 1957-1969.

Environmental
Ettouney R.S., S. Abdul-Wahab and A.S.
Chemistry, 6th edition, West Bangal.
Elkilani (2009). Emissions Inventory,
India: New Age International Pub.
ISCST, and Neural Network Modeling of
Kumar,
A.
(2006).
Air Pollution in Kuwait, International

Journal of Environmental Studies, 66 (2):
Moreira, D.M., M.T. Vilhena and T.
193 206.
Tirabassi (2009). The State-of-Art of the

GILTT Method to Simulate Pollutant
Dispersion
in
the
Atmosphere,
Exxon Engineering (1999). Air Dispersion
Atmospheric Research, 92 (1): 1-17.
Calculation. New Jersey, USA: Exxon

Research and Engineering Co.
Nicholas, C. (2001). PHAST User Manual,

DNV Software
Flynn, A.M. and L. Theodore (2001).

Health, Safety and accident Management
NIOC
(2004).
Development
South Pars
Project:
Gas
Field
in Chemical Industries, 1st Edition. New
Environmental
York, USA: CRC Press.
Impact Assessment Report, Iran

Heidari Nasab, A., B. Dabir and M. Sahimi
Nevers N.D. (2000). Air Pollution Control
Engineering.
Second
Edition,
(2003).
Koga,
Tri-dimensional
mathematical
modeling of Air Pollution Photochemical
McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Phenomena and Quantitative Investigation

of Different Scenarios on air of the Great
Samadi R., A. Karbasi and N. Rahimi
City of Tehran using Wavelet, The 8th
(2001). Distribution Modeling of Air
National
Pollutants of Isfahan and Tabriz Power
Conference, Mashad, October 2003.
Plants,
The
3rd
National
Chemical
Engineering
Energy
Congress, Tehran, May 2001.
Hop Wood, A.B. and T.M. Cresswell

(2006). Shell Fred Technical Guide,
Steve, H. (2005). User Manual of Cirrus,
Updated for Fred 5.0, 4th Issue. England:
Group HSE Resource, British Petroleum,
Shell Research Ltd.
UK
Ismael, A., F. Vaz and E.C. Ferreira (2009).
1390
41
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
Witlox, H., M. Harper, P. Topalis and S.

Wilkinson
(2005).
Consequence
of
Modeling
Hazardous
the
Multi-
Component Two Phase Releases to the

Atmosphere,
The
7th
Professional
Development Conference & Exhibition,

Bahrain, March 2005.
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Computational Mechanics Publication.

Zoghi,
M.J.
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(2008).
Estimation of SO2 and NO2 Daily

Concentration using Artificial Neural
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1390
42
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Archive of SID

Survey on Soft-Wares and Introducing Emission

Companies need to design engineering software to

Keywords: H2S, SO2, PHAST, CIRRUS, SHELL

.(Al-Sudairawi and Mackay, 1988

)Ettouney et al., 2009

H2S SO2 10 ppm

) .Moreira et al., 2009

SOx (4)SPM NOx

).(Samadi et al., 2001

).(Barkhordari et al., 2004

) .(Zoghi and Saeedi , 2008

).(Heidari Nasab et al., 2003

). (Ismael et al., 2009

PHAST Shell Fred Cirrus

) Shell Fred (Version5 )Cirrus (Version 7.6

Cirrus British Petroleum

.(Cresswell, 2001; and Cresswell, 2006

]C(x,y,z)={[Q/(2yz u)][exp)1/2(y/ y)2

}]*[exp1/2(z-H/ z) + exp -1/2(z+H/ z)2

Shell Fred H2S

( ( 10 100 ) (2F Cirrus

( H2S 5D Shell Fred

( SO2 5D Shell Fred

-6 H2S ( 5D( 2F PHAST

-7 SO2 ( 5D( 2F PHAST

-8 ( SO2( H2S PHAST 5D 2F

-10 SO2 ( 5D( 2F

1- Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted

2- Industrial Source Complex Short Term

4- Suspended Particulate Matter

6- Gas Dispersion Modeling

Al-Sudairawi, M. and K.P. Mackay (1988).

Industrial Source Complex-Short Term

Association, 3 (4): 180-185.

Barkhordari, M., M. Deiranlou and M.

Simulation of Transition and Transfer of

Model, Environmental Software, Journal

Air Pollution Control with Semi-Infinite

Cresswell, T.M. (2001). Shell Fred User

Guide, Updated for Fred 3.2, 2nd Issue,

Modeling, 33: 1957-1969.

Ettouney R.S., S. Abdul-Wahab and A.S.

Chemistry, 6th edition, West Bangal.

Elkilani (2009). Emissions Inventory,

India: New Age International Pub.

ISCST, and Neural Network Modeling of

Air Pollution in Kuwait, International

Moreira, D.M., M.T. Vilhena and T.

Tirabassi (2009). The State-of-Art of the

Exxon Engineering (1999). Air Dispersion

Atmospheric Research, 92 (1): 1-17.

Calculation. New Jersey, USA: Exxon

Nicholas, C. (2001). PHAST User Manual,

Flynn, A.M. and L. Theodore (2001).

in Chemical Industries, 1st Edition. New

York, USA: CRC Press.

Impact Assessment Report, Iran

modeling of Air Pollution Photochemical

McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

Phenomena and Quantitative Investigation

Samadi R., A. Karbasi and N. Rahimi

City of Tehran using Wavelet, The 8th

(2001). Distribution Modeling of Air