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: 978-9937-8396-0-0

Maile Dekheko Durbar

Memoirs of a Military Secretary

by Vivek Kumar Shah

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cfh klg To;} u]. wfld{s sfo{qmdkl5 d cS; sflGtk' PkmPddf cfpg]
;dfrf 8foL ;'lgx]sf] x'G5'. cfh klg ToxL ;'lgx]sf] lyP. To:t} kf}g] & ah]
6]lnkmf]gsf] 306L aHof]. d}n] 6]lnkmf]g p7fP. cfhsf] of] klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g sn
lyof]. ptfaf6 u'8dlg{ ;, d ;fxhg eGgf;fy d}n] 7DofOxfn], kmf]g bafsf]
P8L;L clkm;af6 cfPsf] lyof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], ;, dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6
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lyPg. To;}n] s]xL tgfj eof] eg] pgn] cg'dfg nufPsL lyOg\.
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5}g. TolQs} lsg dfkmL dfUg] < lxhf]sf] d]f] hfx]Ldf jftfj0f ;fdfGo g} lyof].
;sfnfO{ c;lhnf] ePsf] x'g ;S5. klxn] klg dnfO{ yLdf kbf]Gglt gug]{
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h:tf s'f ;sfsf] :j]R5fdf lge{ x'G5. Tof] eP ;sfn] h] elgaS;G5, Tof]
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s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfef; lyPg.
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;sfaf6 lrlgof fhb"t;u oL a'bfdf s'f ug"{ eg] s]xL dxjk"0f{ ljifo ;d]t
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hfx]Ldf ga;L lrlgof fhb"tsf] lgDtf] dfGg uPsf] lyP.
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klg lsl;dsf] kljt{g cfPg. k}bn} clkm;lt nfu].
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pxfx? 5Ss kg'{eof].
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pxfn] ;sfdf hfx] u] va u5'{ eGg'eof]].
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x]laS;]g. 6]andf flvaS:of]. d 5]pdf pleP. ;sfaf6 a; x's'd eof].
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;jfsf] ljifodf dnfO{ lsg eg]gf} <
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eOx]sf] 5. clxn]sf] hl6n cj:yfdf ;s];Dd To:tf] gxf];\. To;}n] hxf
;]gf;u w]} g} ;Dks{;dGjo ug'{k5{, To:tf] :yfgdf fd|L ljrf u] ;jfsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpgf];\. pkTosfdf ;'Iffsf] 7"nf] ;~hfn 5. ;]gf;u klg lgoldt
;Dks{;dGjo cfjZos eOxG5. To;n] ubf{ sf7df8f} pkTosfdf ;]gf;u fd|f]
;DaGw ePsf] 8LcfO{hL vf]Hg'eof] eg] fd|f] xf]nf. Tof] lx;fan] d]f] ljrfdf
pkTosfdf 8LcfO{hL czf]s >]i7nfO{ Nofpbf fd|f] xf]nf. lsgeg] pxf !^ jif{
bafdf P8L;L eP al;;Sg'ePsf] 5. h\uL c8\8f ;]gfsf w]} clws[t;u
pxfsf] fd|f] ;DaGw 5. Ps k|sfn] pxf k|xLsf] clws[t eP klg ;}lgs
clws[t h:t} alg;Sg'ePsf] 5. To;}n] pxfnfO{ fVbf kmfObf x'G5 eGg] d]f]
;'emfj 5.
To; a]nf cfO{hLkL;fan] eGg'ePsf] lyof], pkTosfdf xfdLn] czf]snfO{ g}
fVg] ljrf ul;s]sf 5f}. lsgeg] lbkfondf pxfn] xfdLn] ;f]r]eGbf klg w]}
fd|f] sfd ug'{ePsf] 5. 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jfsf] ljifodf xfdLaLr ePsf] of] s'f d}n]
Tolt a]n} lj:t[t ?kdf ;sfdf hfx] u]s} x'. To;kl5 o; ljifodf s;};u
s'g} klg s'f ePsf] 5}g. g dnfO{ cfO{hLkL;fan] s]xL eGg'ePsf] 5, g u[xdGqLsf]
;d]t sfo{ef ;DxfNg'ePsf k|wfgdGqLaf6 s]xL s'f cfPsf] 5, g t u[[x;lrjaf6}
o;af] s'g} hfgsfL lbOPsf] 5. st}af6 s]xL s'f gePkl5 d}n] yfxf kfpg]
s'f klg ePg.
d}n] 8LcfO{hL ;jfsf] ;DaGwdf ;a} ljifoj:t' h:tfsf] t:t} hfx] u]kl5
;sfn] s]xL c;lhnf] dx;'; u] h:tf] nfUof]. s]xL klg af]lnaS;]g. d klg
r'krfk a;]. s]xL If0fkl5 ;sfaf6 ltdL uPkl5 ;}lgs ;lrjsf] sfd s;n]
u5{ < eg] ;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] hfx] u], ;sfaf6 h;nfO{ x's'd x'G5, d
p;}nfO{ fd|f];u a'emfP hfG5'. cfjZos kof] eg] p;n] dnfO{ hlxn] klg ;Dks{
ug{ ;S5. ;sfaf6 km]l x's'd eof], u[x k|zf;g k|xL ;DaGwL s'fx? ldn]s}
5}g. o;} k|;\udf k'fgf s'fx? klg eP. ;sf km]l r'k nfluaS:of].
dnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf8f] lg:sg dg nflux]sf] lyof]. d}n] cfk\mgf] :jfledfgdf cfr
k'u]sf] dx;'; ulx]sf] lyP. Ps k|sfn] leqL dgdf cfqmf]z ;d]t k}bf ePsf]
lyof]. To;}n] km]l hfx] u], ;sf, of] :tdf ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f wldlnof]
eg] sfd ug{ ;xh x'b}g. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ sfd nufOaS;g dnfO{ klg sfd
ug{ c;lhnf] kg{ ;S5. To;}n] d]f] fhLgfdf cfh}sf ldltb]lv :jLs[t xf];\.
;sfaf6 n]6 dL ly\s cf]e bL ljs]G8 x's'd eof]. , ;fydf lnP uPsf
uf]Ko kmfOnx? r9fP d labf eP. of] g} d]f] clGtd hfx]L x'g k'Uof].
;}lgs ;lrjfno kms{+b} ubf{ d]f dgdf w]} s'f v]lnx]sf lyP. fhLgfdf

/fhLgfdf k|s/)f

a'emfpg] qmddf d}n] ;sfnfO{ Pp6f nf]suLt ;'gfpg kfPsf] eP x'GYof] h:tf]
klg nfUof]. Tof] nf]suLt xf] M
nfUof] eG5g\ r}tsf] dlxgf, knfP5 kftL,
gldn]sf] 3afeGbf geofs} hftL==
oxL uLt ;Demb} d ;}lgs ;lrjfno k'u]. clg fhbaf k|d'v kbflwsfL
zfbfk|;fb k|wfgnfO{ kmf]g u] eg], ;, cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ fhLgfdf ug{
x'sd' eof]. To;} cg';f d}n] fhLgfdf lbP. d s;nfO{ d]f] lhDd]jfL a'emfpm <
t pxf klg d]f s'f ;'g] em:sg'eof]. lsg < s] ef] < eg] ;f]Wg yfNg'eof] <
d}n] eg], dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g. ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], d}n] fhLgfdf u].
To;kl5 d cfk\mgf] clkm;sf] sfdsfafxL ldnfpg yfn]. dnfO{ h;L
a'ema'emfy ulPsf] lyof], Tof]eGbf lgtfGt kms Jojl:yt lsl;dn] a'ema'emfy
ug]{ufpg] kDkf a;fNg] lgwf] u]. gub tyf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] 5'f5'} kmfOn
tof kfg{ cxfP. z'qmaf k"} o;}df laTof]. d}n] klg cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf]
km]xl:t tof kf]. sfof{nodf x]sf kmfOn cGo sfuhkqx? a'emfpg tof
kf] fv].
dxffhflwfhaf6 s]xL g s]xL ;f]r]} d]f] fhLgfdf dfluaS;]sf] x'g'k5{.
clg d}n] klg TolQs} fhLgfdf lbPsf] lyOg. To;}n] fhLgfdf kqdf x''s'd
aS;] adf]lhd eGg] pNn]v u]sf] lyP. x''s'd aS;] adf]lhd eGg] jfSof+zn] d]f]
fhLgfdfaf] ;sfaf6 k'glj{rf x'g] d}n] klg k'glj{rf ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{
;dfKt kfl;s]sf] lyof]. ;sfsf] sfof{noaf6 z'qmaf lbge d]f] fhLgfdfsf
ljifodf s'g} va cfPg. s] eof] < eg] yfxf kfpg klg ;lsg. fhbafdf
zlgaf cfOtaf b'O{ lbg ;fKtflxs labf x'G5. To;n] ubf{ d]f] fhLgfdf
:jLs[t ePsf] kq ;f]daf dfq cfp5 xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg u] clkm;kl5
3 kms]{+.
d}n] fhLgfdf a'emfP kms]{kl5 ;sfaf6 fhbafdf sfo{t s]xL ;lrjnfO{
af]nfP o; ljifodf 5nkmn ulaS;]5. To;df k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g,
;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08] lghL ;lrj ;fu ltldlN;gf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf]
x]5. ;j{k|yd d]f] fhLgfdf kq lbb} of] k9 eg] ;sfaf6 k|d'v ;lrj
dxh{gnfO{ x's'd eP5. pxfn] k9] ;'gfpg'eP5. To;kl5 Toxf pkl:yt ;a}
;lrjn] ;sfnfO{ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] sbd pko'Qm x'b}g, s'g} xfntdf clxn]
ljj]s h;f{anfO{ bafaf6 aflx lgsfNg' x'b}x'b}g, of] a]nf pxf aflxlbf gfd|f]
;Gb]z hfG5 eGg] ;'emfj lbP5g\. To:t} ;sfaf6 z'qmaf g} ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb
kf]v]nnfO{ 5'} e]l6aS;]5. pxfn] klg clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ljj]s h:tf] cg'ejL
JolQmnfO{ fhbafaf6 aflx k7fpg' x'Gg, fhbafnfO{ 3f6f x'g ;S5, of] t
pxfnfO{ lxf] agfpg] sfd kf] x'G5 eg] ;'emfj lbg'eP5.

10

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfn] d'Vo P8L;L 6Lsf h;f{a;u klg 5'} s'f ulaS;]5. pxfn]
klg To:t} ;Nnfx lbPsf] d}n] kl5 yfxf kfP. pxfn] o; ljifodf k|wfg
;]gfklt;u ;d]t ;Nnfx lnOaS;bf fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj lbg'eP5. To;kl5
;sfn] zlgaf d]f] fhLgfdfaf] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn ulaS;]5. ef]ln
kN6 cfOtaf labfsf] lbg eP klg ;sfaf6 k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfLnfO{
e]l6alS;of]. ;fob ToxL a]nf d]f] fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] x'g'k5{.
d}n] fhLgfdf u]sf] ljifodf cfOtaf g]kfn ;dfrf kqdf ;dfrf 5flkof].
of] va fhbafs} ;+jfb ;lrjfnon] lns u]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] nfUof]. lsgeg]
fhbafdf clt sd JolQmnfO{ dfq d]f] fhLgfdfsf ljifodf hfgsfL lyof].
d]f] a'ema'emfy ePsf] lyPg. To;}n] ;f]daf klg sfof{no uP. sfof{no
k'Ug]lalQs} k'gM k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfLnfO{ ;f]w], ;, d s;nfO{ a'emfpm <
pxfn] lsg cflQPsf], lr7L cfOxfN5 lg, tkfO{+sf] ;]s]G8DofgnfO{ a'emfpg] tofL
ub}{ ug"{ eGg'eof]. To;} cg';f ;a} sfuhkq l7Ss ldnfP a;]. Tolt a]nf d]f]
;]s]G8Dofg ;x;}lgs ;lrj ;xfos yL uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa" x'g'x'GYof].
d cfkm\gf tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ ;a} sfd ;s] lr7L kv]{ a;]sf] lyP. lbp;f];Dd
klg lr7L gcfPkl5 d}n] km]l k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfLnfO{ kmf]g u]. pxfn]
Ps} l5gkl5 cfOk'U5 eGg'eof]. To;f] eg]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 lr7L cfof]. d}n]
;x;}lgs ;lrj uh]Gb|nfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL ;'Dk]. o;kl5 k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfno fhbafsf cGo s]xL sfof{nosf sd{rfL;u ;bfsf nflu afO{afO{
ub}{ zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf k'u]. Toxf d]f s]xL ;fdfg lyP. tL ;fdfg lnP
pQ9f]sfaf6 aflxlP.
Toxfaf6 lg:sg nfUbf d}n] #! jif{cl3sf] s'f ;Dem]. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
clws[t Sof8]6df 5gf]6 ePkl5 d}n] a]nfotsf] f]on ldln6L Ps]8]dL -:ofG8x:6{_
df tflndsf] cj; kfPsf] lyP. Toxfaf6 kms]{kl5 d]f] lgo'lQm >L uf]vaxfb' u0f,
zfxL Ifsdf ePsf] lyof]. d d]f] db o'lg6, fhbafdf sfo{t uf]vaxfb'
u0fdf ;xfos ;]gfgLsf ?kdf xflh x'g klxnf] k6s pQ9f]sfaf6} fhbaf
l5]sf] lyP. To; a]nf ;]gfsf] tNnf] clws[t kbdf baf k;]sf] d cfh bafdf
x]sf] ;]gfsf] pRr kb yLaf6 aflxlb} lyP. of] ;Dembf d}n] cfk\mgf] nIo k"f
ePsf] cg'e"lt u]. fhbafsf] ;]jfaf6 x7ft\ lg:sg'kbf{ stfstf gdfOnf] klg
nfu]sf] lyof]. t dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jfLaf6 s'g} bfu gaf]sL lg:sbf cfk"mnfO{ lgs}
xn'sf dx;'; eOx]sf] lyof]. fhbafdf sfd ubf{ d slxNo} cfk\mgf] c8fg
l;4fGtaf6 ljrlnt eOg. cfk\mgf] l;4fGt :jfledfgdf cfr cfpg lbOg. ha
dnfO{ cfk\mgf] :jledfgdf 7]; k'u]sf] cg'ej eof], To;kl5 Toxf xg] OR5f ePg.
:jfledfgsf ;fy lg:sg kfPsfdf uf}jflGjt ePsf] dx;'; u]. cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L
;a} ;s]/ lg:s] klg d]/f] uf]/vaxfb'/ u0fsf] s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 -ljz]if clws[t_ sf]

/fhLgfdf k|s/)f

b;jif]{ cjlw @)^% k'; d;fGtdf k"/f x'g]5 . 3 hfb} ubf{ :jefjtM w]} s'fx?
dgdf v]lnx]. To; a]nf d}n] fhbafsf] x\ofcf]e hlt;Sbf] rf8f] lbdfuaf6
x6fpg] gof hLjg ;' ug]{ c7f]6 u]. ;fy} Pp6f nf]suLt ;Demg k'u] M
dgsf] wf]sf] dg}df x\of]
yfxf kfOg s] eof] s] eof]= =
crfgs d]f] fhLgfdf dflug'kg]{ sf0f s] xf]nf < w]} lh1f;'x?n] ;f]Wg]
u5{g\. t d cfkm} clxn];Dd cg'Qlt 5'. Pp6f 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf dfq sf0f
gx'g ;S5. 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf Pp6f ;fdfGo lgx' dfq lyof] eGg] nfU5. d
yLdf a9'jf ePsf] ;ft dlxgfcl3 j}zfvdf dfq xf]. To;cl3 g} d]f] pkyLsf]
kbfjlw ;lsPkl5 dnfO{ cjsfz lbg] s'f klg gePsf] xf]Og. Tolt a]nf dnfO{
lsg flvof] < ;Dembf crDd nfU5. ;fob ;sfsf] ToxL a]nfsf] dfgl;stfn]
kl5 sfd u]sf] x'g'k5{.
cfk\mgf] fhLgfdfaf] ha d ;f]Rb5', fhLgfdf dflug'eGbf cl3Nnf] ftsf]
Pp6f 36gf ;Demg k'U5'. Tof] ft d lrlgof fhb"tsf] lgjf;df l8gdf lyP.
P8L;L clkm;af6 w]} k6s kmf]g cfof]. zfxHofbL zLtfidfsf >Ldfg\ cleif]s zfxn]
k'tnL;8ssf] gf] kfls{ If]qdf df]6 kfls{ ug'{ePsf] x]5. ToxL l;nl;nfdf
8\o'6Ldf x]sL dlxnf 6flkms k|xLn] pxf;u nfO;]G; dfu]sL lx5g\. oxL qmddf
ljjfb ePkl5 cleif]s nfO;]G; glbO{ kmGs] hLjgs'~h k'Ug'eP5. pxfn] of] s'f
lgd{n lgjf;sf P8L;LnfO{ eg]kl5 dxffhflwfhsf] P8L;L clkm;df s'f k'u]5.
;fy} cleif]sn] lgd{n lgjf;sf P8L;Ldfkm{t tL dlxnf 6flkms k|xLnfO{ hLjgs'~h
af]nfpg'eP5. o;af] 6Lsf h;f{aaf6 ;d]t dnfO{ kmf]g cfof]. d}n] pxfnfO{
of] s] ePsf] xf] eg] ef]ln cfO{hLkL;u s'f u5'{, 6flkms k|xLsf] l;kfxLnfO{
hLjgs'~h af]nfpg' fd|f] x'b}g, To;af6 ;sffTds ;Gb]z hfb}g eg].
6Lsf h;f{an] ToxL cg';f hLjgs'~hdf s'f ug'e{ P5. t pxfn] To;L
s'f u]sf] cfwf 306fkl5 Tof] 6flkmsnfO{ clxn];Dd lsg oxf pkl:yt gufPsf] <
eGb} zfxHofbL zLtfidfaf6 dxffhflwfhsf] P8L;L clkm;df kmf]g cfP5. To;kl5
clns c;xh cj:yf l;h{gf eP5. 6Lsf h;f{an] ca s] ug]{ eg] km]l dnfO{
kmf]g ug'e{ of]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjn] cfO{hLkL;u s'f u5'{ eGg'ePsf] 5, pxf
lrlgof fhb"tsf] lgjf;df x'gx' G' 5 eGg'xf];,\ olb tkfO{n
+ fO{ hfx] ug{ c;lhnf] nfU5
eg] ljj]s h;f{a ;sf;u s'f ug{ rfxg'xG' 5 eg] hfx] ug';
{ ,\ d s'f unf eg]
;Nnfx lbP. 6Lsf h;f{anfO{ hLjgs'~hdf kmf]g ug'e{ Gbf a dxffhflwfhdf hfx]
ug{ fd|f] xf]nf eGg] nfu]5. , pxfn] o;L tNnf] txsf] l;kfxLnfO{ hLjgs'~hdf
af]nfP s] ug{ vf]hs
] f] xf]nf, a8f] crDdnfUbf] s'f, of] t pko'Qm x'b g} eg]
;sfdf hfx] ug'e{ P5. To;kl5 dxffhflwfhaf6 af]nfpg'kb}g{ x'sd' eP5.
o;L of] RofK6 aGb ePsf] lyof]. t of] 36gf klg stfstf d]f] fhLgfdf;u

11

12

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

hf]l8Psf] x'g ;S5 ls eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5.

;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfLaf6 d'Qm eP ;f]daf d rf8} 3 kmls{P.
df]6, xltof uf8{ ;a} tTsfn lkmtf{ u]. Tof] lbg s;}sf] kmf]g cfPg. ;f]daf
c? Psb'O{ hgfn] d]f] fhLgfdfaf] ;'g]5g\ lbp;f] 3df e]6\g cfP. ;fem 6Lsf
h;f{a, g]kfn k|xLsf PcfO{hL cdl;+x zfx jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfnsf dxf;]gfgL
8f= k|sfzfh kf08] d]f] 3df cfpg'eof]. flt ca];Dd dHhfn] l8\S; u]
al;of]. dfOnf];u ;do latfOof].
;f]daf flt;Dd klg d]f] fhLgfdfsf ljifodf w]}nfO{ hfgsfL lyPg.
sflQs @% ut] d\unaf sflGtk' b}lgsdf d]f] fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePsf] ;dfrf
k|sflzt eof]. To;kl5 7"nf] xNnLvNnL g} eof]. laxfg} e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL
z]axfb' b]pjfn] dnfO{ kmf]g ug'{eof]. ;'df t pxfn] d]f] fhLgfdfaf] cfZro{
k|s6 ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{a, fhfn] of] s] u]sf] xf] < b'Mv nfUof].
fhfn] dnfO{ hah{:tL x6fP. clxn] tkfO{+nfO{ klg To;} uL x6fP. of] fhfsf]
dfq xf]Og, fh;+:yfs} nflu b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gf xf]. dnfO{ fhbafaf6 x6fPkl5
;fGTjgf lbg o;L kmf]g ug]{ pxf Ps dfq fhgLlts g]tf x'g'x'GYof].
To;} lbgsf] Pp6f clj:d0fLo 36gf 5. 8f= q}nf]Sogfy pk|]tL klg ;w}
dlg{ jfs ug'{x'GYof]. af6fdf slxn]sfxL d]f] pxf;u e]6 eOxGYof]. d\unaf
laxfg klg pxf dlg{ jfs df lg:sg'ePsf] x]5. 1fg]Zj rf]sdf cfP sflGtk'
x]g'{eP5. d]f] fhLgfdfsf] ;dfrf b]v]kl5 ;Lw} d]f] 3 cfpg'eof] sflGtk'df
k|sflzt ;dfrf b]vfpb} h;f{a, of] s] xf] < eg] ;f]Wg'eof].
d}n] Tof] ToxL xf], ; eg] hjfkm lbP.
s] sf0f kof] tkfO{+sf] fhLgfdf dfUg'sf] k5fl8 < pxfn] km]l ;f]Wg'eof].
d}n] z'qmaf laxfg ;sf;u 6]lnkmf]g kl5 bz{ge]6df ePsf ;a}
s'f ;'gfP.
d]f] s'f ;'g] pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{a, of] gx'g'kg]{ s'f eof]. tkfO{+ h:tf]
;fwf0f, lzi6 Odfgbf JolQmnfO{ fhbafaf6 lgsflnof]. d}n] clxn];Dd klg
of] ;dfrfdfly ljZjf; ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. olb of] ;fRr} xf] eg] o;n] s] ;\s]t
u5{ eg] ca fhbafdf 7"nf] clgi6 x'G5. tkfO{+nfO{ To;af6 d'lQm lbgsf nflu
eujfg\n] ;xff lbPsf x'g\. o;nfO{ h;f{an] ;sffTds ?kdf lng'xf];\. of]
k|s0f eljiodf tkfO{+sf nflu w]} fd|f] x'g]5.
clxn] 8f= pk|]tL o; wtL{d} x'g'x'Gg. t pxfn] Tolt a]nf af]n]sf] s'f
;doqmddf d]f nflu cd[tjf0fLem} ePsf] 5.
clxn];Dd klg crfgs fhbafaf6 cfk"m x6fpg'sf] sf0f d}n] a'e\mg
;s]sf] 5}g. d]f] fhLgfdfsf ljifodf cg]s c8snafhL ulPsf 5g\. o;df
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL zlQmsf] xft x]sf] x'g ;Sg] k|;\u klg d}n] ;'Gb} cfPsf] 5'.

/fhLgfdf k|s/)f

t cflwsfls ?kdf d :jo+ g} o;af] cgle1 5'.

tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] k|xL k|d'vdf
8LcfO{hL s[i0f a:g]tsf] gfd k|:tfljt ug'{ePsf] lyof] ]. t d}n] pQm kbdf
8LcfO{hL czf]s >]i7nfO{ Nofpg vf]h] eGg] klg d}n] ;'g]. of] s'f ;To xf]Og.
o;af] Ps kN6 cfO{hLkL;u d]f] s'f ePsf] cjZo xf]. , d}n] czf]s >]i7sf]
gfd klg lnPsf] x'. t Tof] ;fdfGo ;Nnfx ;'emfj dfq lyof]. 8LcfO{hL ;jf
ufpg lg0ff{os ;Nnfx, ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] JolQm d lyOg. Tof] ljifo
d]f] If]qflwsfdf kb}{gYof].
fhLgfdfsf] k|;\u ;Dembf d k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ef a'em]sf]
k|;\u klg ;Demg k'U5'. @)%% j}zfv ! ut] d pkyLdf a9'jf ePsf] lyP.
a9'jf ePkl5 d}n] ;sfsf] d'Vo P8L;L eP s]xL dlxgf sfd u]. zfxL kfZj{jtL{
ljefusf] OGrfh{sf ?kdf. To;kl5 @)%^ ;fpgdf ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf uP. Toxf
sla cf7 dlxgf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL zfGts'df dNnsf] dftxtdf ;}lgs
;lrjsf ?kdf sfd u]. zfGt h;f{anfO{ @)%^ r}t ! ut]b]lv labf a:g" eg]
lr7L lbOof]. To;sf] cy{ x'GYof] pxfsf] cjsfz x'g] dnfO{ sfd' k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj lbg]. bafsf] kDkf s] 5 eg] jif{sf] clGtd dlxgfcufl8 g} df3 of
kmfu'glt ;jf a9'jf x'g] ub{5. fhbaf ;]jfaf6 j}zfv ! ut]af6 cjsfz
kfpg]x? r}t ! ut]b]lv labf a:5g\. lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog rflx gof jif{sf] ;'sf]
lbgaf6 x'G5. t, bafdf s] xNnf eOx]sf] lyof] eg] zfGt h;f{asf] c? b'O{
jif{ yk x'b} 5. To;}n] x'g ;S5, labf a:g" eGg] lr7L lbOP klg pxf lgoldt
?kdf sfof{no cfOxg'ePsf] lyof]. k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfL a'emfpg]
sfd klg ug'{ePg. o;af6 Toxf sfo{t sd{rfLnfO{ klg Psbd} c;lhnf]
eOx]sf] lyof]. c? t c?, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf cfpg] lr7Lkq s;nfO{
b]vfpg] xf] eGg] s'fdf ;d]t lljwf lyof]. sd{rfLnfO{ o:tf] ;d:of k]kl5 d}n]
eg], zfGt h;f{a cfpGh]n lr7L pxfnfO{ lbg". o;} uL, s'g} sfof{nodf k7fpg]
lr7Ldf s;n] x:tfIf ug]]{ eGg] s'f cfof]. To; a]nf sd{rfLn] zfGt h;f{anfO{
;f]Wbf pxfn] eGg'eP5, ljj]s h;f{anfO{ g} ;xL ufpg". t pxf x'bfx'b} lr7Ldf
;xL ug{ dnfO{ klg cK7\off] nfUg yfln;s]sf] lyof]. labf a:g" eg]sf] dfG5]
sfof{no cfOxbf :jfefljs ?kn] cK7\off] x'g] g} eof]. o;}aLr fhbaf
kbflwsfL sfof{non] cjsfz kfpg] ;a}nfO{ r}t @& ut] labfO sfo{qmd fv]sf]
kq n]Vof]. ;fob ;dff]x ;' eO;Sbf;Dd klg pxfnfO{ cfk\mgf] kbfjlw c? b'O{
jif{ yk x'G5 eGg] k"f ljZjf; lyof]. pxf labfO ;dff]xdf klg cfpg'eof].
r}t @& ut] labfO sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 pxfn] dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
hfcf} eGg'eof]. pxf, d ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf sd{rfL sfof{no uof}. pxfn]
df]afOn of] xf], of] 3f{sf] ;frf] xf], csf]{ of] rflx bfhsf] xf], kmfOnx? oxf 5g\

13

14

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

eGg'eof]. sla !) ldg]6df pxfn] df}lvs ?kdf cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL a'emfpg'eof].

s'g} sfuhdf b:tvt u] a'emfOPg. sfof{nosf] lx;falstfaaf] s]xL pNn]v
ulPg. s'g} klg sfof{nosf] k|lqmof o:tf] x'b}g. h]h;L eP klg d}n] cf}krfls
?kdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ef a'em]. dnfO{ sfd' k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj
gegL sfd' xflsd, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno eg] cgf}7f] lsl;dsf] lr7L lbOPsf]
lyof]. ToxL cg';f @)%& j}zfv ! ut]b]lv k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] xflsd
eP d}n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn].
gjjif{ z'efDe ePsf] lbg x]s jif{em} j}zfv ! ut] zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf
dxffhflwfhsf] ;Ddfgdf flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf ulof]. xfdL ;a} To; ;dff]xdf
uof}. w]}n] dnfO{ awfO{ lbP. ;}lgs ;lrjsf ?kdf @)%& j}zfv & ut] a'waf
d]f] klxnf] hfx]L lyof]. To;} a]nf d}n] jL]Gb| ;sf ;dIf ;]jsnfO{ o:tf]
dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jfL aS;]sf]df cfefL 5', d s'g} klg sfd ubf{ s'g} klg lsl;dn]
tndfly ulb{g, ;s];Dd fd|f] sfd u5'{ eg] ljZjf; lbnfP. ;sfaf6 fd|f];u
sfd u, b]zsf ;d:of hl6n aGb} uPsf 5g\, o:tf] cj:yfdf ;a}n] l6d js{sf]
lx;fan] sfd ug'{k5{ x's'd eof].
o;} cj;df ;sf, d Pp6f s'f laGtL u < eg]. ;sfaf6 s] s'f,
eg x's'd eof].
d}n] hfx] u], ;sf, d s'ddf hGd]sf], ToxL x'ss
{] f], s'daf6} P;Pn;L
u] fhwfgL cfPsf] JolQm x'. s'daf6 P;Pn;L ug]d{ f d klxnf] ljBfyL{ klg x'.
d sf7df8f}df s]xL jif{ a;] klg d]f] oxf s'g} hu 5}g. Tof] eP d}n] h'g sfd
u5'{ h;L u5',{ Tof] :6]6 kmjf8{ x'G5. ;s];Dd d lgikIf :jR5 efjgfn] sfd
u5'{ . t slxn]sfxL s'g} dxjk"0f{ sfd ubf{ of d]f] :ki6 s'f ug]{ afgLn] c;lhnf]
kg{ ;S5. dnfO{ yfxf 5, w]} OG6:] 6 u|k' jf ljleGg JolQmx?n] dnfO{ k|of]u ug{
vf]H5g\. t s'g} klg OG6:] 6 u|k' sf nflu s'g} JolQmsf] unt :jfy{ k"lt{ ufpg]
sfd daf6 sbflk x'g5
] g} . d}n] ug]{ ;a} sfd fh;+:yf, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf b]zsf]
lxtdf dfq lgb]l{ zt x'g5
] g\. o;L sfd ubf{ obfsbf s]xL g s]xL c;lhnf] x'g
;S5. Tolt a]nf d fhbafdf xg] of gxg] eGg] s'f d}n] k|:6;u ;sfdf
hfx] ug'k{ g]{ x'G5. To:tf] a]nf ;sfaf6 ljrf ulaS;g'k5{.
d]f] s'f ;'g] ;sf :tAw eOaS:of]. o;n] s] eg]sf] xf]nf eg] Ps l5g
t csdSs klaS:of]. t s]xL ;dokl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ljj]s, lrGtf
gu. ToxL sf0fn] d}n] ltdLnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfPsf] xf].
To;kl5 d cfk\mgf] sfd ug{ 9'Ss eP. fhf jL]Gb| ;sfnfO{ hfx] u]s}
s'f d}n] 1fg]Gb| ;sfnfO{ klg hfx] u]sf] lyP.
clGtd k6s fhbafsf] pQ9f]sfaf6 lg:sg nfUbf d}n] of] 36gf klg
;Dem]. nfUof], ;f9] rf jif{cl3 jL]Gb| ;sf;u h] eg]sf] lyP, cfh To:t}

/fhLgfdf k|s/)f

eof]. d ;}lgs ;lrj ePsf] grfpg]x? bafdf dfq geP b]zleq aflxsf
zlQms]Gb| ;d]t lyP eGg] s'f d}n] ljleGg ;Gbe{df ;'Gb} cfPsf] lyP. bafsf]
;}lgs ;lrjfno cfkm}df k|efjzfnL lgsfo ePsfn] y'k} zlQms]Gb| Toxf cfkm"
cg's"nsf] ;}lgs ;lrj xf];\ eGg] 7fGby]. d ;}lgs ;lrj ePsf] pgLx?nfO{ dg
gkg'{ c:jfefljs lyPg. ;sfsf] jlkl lglZrt :jfy{ af]s]sf y'k|} dfG5] lyP.
;sf;usf] lgs6tf b]vfP dnfO{ of] sfd u, Tof] sfd u eGg]x? klg lyP.
t d}n] slxNo} lgod ljkLt s'g} klg sfd ulg. o;} sf0f d pgLx?sf lglDt
afws ag]sf] lyP. pgLx?n] t dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj} x'g glbg ;d]t sf]l;; u]sf
lyP. :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] ;]gfdf km]o PG8 hl:6; x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]r lyof].
To;}nfO{ cfwf agfP d}n] sfd u]sf] lyP. To;f] ubf{ ;]gfsf] pRr g]t[Tj txdf
klg c;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] xf]nf. bafsf] ;lrj a}7sdf klg d :ki6 s'fx?
fVy], pgLx?nfO{ klg d dg klx]sf] lyOg ls o;afx]s :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf
ljleGg zlQms]Gb|af6 klg d]f lj4 ;sfdf bafj klx]sf] x'g ;SYof].
oxL l;nl;nfdf Pp6f k|;\u pNn]v u. ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] zflGt
:yfkgf ld;g sf];f]ef] uPsf g]kfn k|xLsf Ps clws[tn] dnfO{ Toxfaf6 kmls{P
cfPkl5 ;'gfPsf lyP, sf];f]ef] ld;gdf d}n] sfd ug]{ ;]S6sf k|d'v eftLo
l;lgo cfO{kLP; clws[t lyP. Ps lbg s'fsfgLs} qmddf pgn] eg], b]vf] xd
g]kfn d]+ hf] rfxt] x}+, jxL xf]tf x}. baf d]+ Ps ;}lgs ;lrjsf] dfn'd xf] uof
x} ls eft g]kfn s] dfcf]jfbLcf]+ sf] tflnd b] xf x}. eft sf] nuf ls O;;]
p;sf] O;d]+ ODAof];d]G6 xf] ;stf x}, O;lnP ;}lgs ;lrj sf] jxf ;] x6fgf
h?L x}. xdf] eL baf d]+ P8L;L x}+, cf} nf]u eL x}+. cf} g]kfn s] k|wfgdGqL
;"o{axfb' yfkf tf] xdf] xL cfbdL x}+. pgsf] eL ;}lgs ;lrj sf] x6fg] s] lnP
k|:tfj e]h lbof. xdg] pgsf] klrfng lsof cf} dxffh ;] sxs ;}lgs
;lrj x6jfg] sf] sxf. cf} dxffh g] eL p;sf] x6f lbof.
p;sf] s'f ;'g] g]kfn k|xLsf tL clws[tnfO{ Psbd} crDd nfu]sf]
x]5. To;}n] g]kfn kms{g]lalQs} pgn] dnfO{ e]6] of] s'f ;'gfP. o;af6 d
s] lgisif{df k'u]sf] 5' eg] cs:dft\ d]f] fhLgfdf dfUg'sf] k5fl8 8LcfO{hL ;jf
dfq} sf0f xf]Og. dnfO{ bafaf6 x6fpg b]zL dfq geP ljb]zL zlQms]Gb| g}
nfu]sf] k|:6 x'G5.
d]f] fhLgfdfsf ljifodf csf]{ klg c8sn 5. dxffhflwfhsf] c;f]h !*
ut]sf] sbdkl5 d g]kfnsf] jt{dfg fhgLlts ;dLs0f cg';f g]skf -Pdfn]_
nfO{ ;Qfdf Nofpg'k5{ eGg] kIfdf lyP. elgG5, ;k{sf] v'f ;k{n] dfq b]V5.
To;}n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ fhgLltsf] d"n af6fdf NofP ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ Pdfn]sf]
;sf ;Ifd x'g ;S5 . o;sf lglDt ;sfaf6 Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] lhDd]jfL aS;g'k5{ eGg] d]f] ;'emfj lyof]. ;sfaf6

15

16

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

d]f] ;'emfj grfP kf] fhLgfdf dfluaS;]sf] xf] ls eGg] stfstf nfU5. t of]
alnof] cfwf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb}g.
dxffhflwfh;u fhgLlts ljifodf d]f] k|z:t 5nkmn x'GYof]. d}n] g]kfn
clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] cIfzM kfngf ub}{ cl3 a9\bf g} fhbafnfO{
kmfObf x'G5 eg] ;Nnfx lbg] u]sf] lyP. ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf;u klg
d]f] e]6 eOxGYof]. s}of} k6s ;sfn] cxfOaS;] g]tfx?nfO{ e]6 uy]{+ eg] s'g}
a]nf JolQmut ;DaGwsf cfwfdf klg. e]6df ePsf ;a} s'f ;sfdf v'n:t
hfx] uy]{+. d}n] ;sf;u lgs6 eP sfd u]. vf; uL fhf jL]Gb|;u
t clGtd ;do;Dd ljz]if lgs6 x]. g]kfnsf] fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
kll:ylt, fli6o ;'Iff, cGtf{li6o kll:ylt cflb tdfd ljifodf df};'km;u
v'n]} 5nkmn x'GYof]. kbLo b[li6n] ;sfsf] ;xof]uL h:tf] b]lvP klg sfd
ug]{ qmddf ;}lgs ;lrj Ps lx;fan] ;sfsf] dxjk"0f{ ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf klg
x'GYof]. sltko s'fdf tTsfn lg0f{o lng'kbf{ of s'g} klg ljifodf fo JoQm
ug'{kbf{ ;sfaf6 ;Nnfx lng] klxnf] JolQm bafsf] ;lrj g} x'GYof]. o;
qmddf ;sfsf] ljZjf;af6 d}n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL, of]Uotf Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd
k"0f{ OdfgbfLsf ;fy ;w} k"f sfd ulx], rfx] P8L;L x'bf xf];\ of rfx] ;}lgs
;lrjsf ?kdf xf];\.

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*
@)%* h]7 !( ut] z'qmaf. Tof] eofgs ft, aLeT; ft, ;+;fnfO{ g} :tAw
kfg]{ ft. g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df slxNo} gd]l6g] b'MvfGt 36gf 36]sf] Tof] ft. Tof]
csNkgLo fhbaf xTofsf08, h;nfO{ ;Dembf klg cf g} lhl\ x'G5.
Pp6f sfnf] fts} ?kdf d}n] x]g]{ u]sf] 5' Tof] z'qmafsf] ftnfO{.
z'qmaf ckfx\g sla % ah]sf] s'f xf]. jL]Gb| ;sf ff dxf]T;j
;d'b\3f6gsf nflu kfr lbgkl5 ff ;jfL xf]OaS;b} lyof]. d ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
a;] ;sfsf] ;jfLsf nflu ;'Iff Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lj:t[t of]hgf agfOx]sf]
lyP. sfof{no ;do ;lsg} nfUbf crfgs ;sfsf] kmf]g cfof]. ;sfaf6
x'sd' eof], ljj]s, ;'Gb -;sfsf zfxL kfZj{jtL{, dxf;]gfgL ;'Gbk|tfk fgf_
;u ;dGjo u] lj:t[t sfo{qmd tof kf. $ gDa jflxgL, ;'vt{] df a:g] ;f]rfO
agfPsf] 5'. cGo ;'Iff Joj:yfsf nflu ;d]t ;]gf;u ;dGjo u.
d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u], k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn u] $ gDa jflxgL,
;'vt{] df ;sfsf] a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug{ nufp5' . t lxdfnL e]usf] jftfj0f t'Gt}
kljt{g x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ffd} klg ;sf fh x'gk' g]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5. To;}n]
ffl:yt ;]gfsf] u'Nddf klg cfkt\sfnLg a;f]af;sf] nflu Joj:yf ug{ nufp5' .
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], 7Ls 5. To;} cg';f u. clxn] ffsf] tfkqmd
slt 5 < jftfj0f s] s:tf] 5 < To;af] klg P8L;LnfO{ hfgsfL ufOfv.
jL]Gb| ;sf;u ePsf] of] g} d]f] cflvL ;+jfb xf].
;sf To; lbg lrofsf nflu a8fu'Ho" gogfh kf08]sf] l8NnLahfl:yt
lgjf;df ckfx\g ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. Toxfaf6 kms]k{ l5 dnfO{ kmf]g ulaS;]sf]
xf]. To; cj;df ;sf ff ;jfL ePsf a]nf dnfO{ sf7df8f}d f s]xL ljz]if sfd
ug{ lgb]z
{ g aS;]sf] lyof]. kmf]gdf s'f x'b f ;sfsf] :j c? a]nfsf] h:tf] geP
cln dlng eP h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof]. d}n] ;sfnfO{ s]xL kof] xf]nf eGg] ;f]r] .

17

18

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ca ;sfsf] clGtd bz{ge]6af] rrf{ uf}.

;sfsf] bz{ge]6 b}lgs sfo{tflnsf ;a} P8L;L clkm;n] ldnfpYof].
To;sf nflu ljleGg ;lrjfnoaf6 sfo{qmd k7fOPsf x'Gy]. ;'Iff lgsfo;u
;DalGwt JolQmsf] bz{ge]6 hfx]Lsf nflu d}n] sfo{qmd k7fpg'kYof]{. d;u
klg ;Dks{sf lx;fan] ljleGg JolQmaf6 bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do ldnfOlbg cg'f]w
cfOx]sf] x'GYof]. d}n] Tof] ;a} s'f eg] P8L;L dfkm{t g} ;do ldnfpg] xf].
s'g} clt g} uf]Ko ljifo of e]63f6 5 eg] hfx]Lsf a]nf cyjf ;sfaf6 dnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;]sf a]nf d}n] g} ;sfnfO{ hfx] u] ;do ldnfpg] xf].
;}lgs ;lrjsf ?kdf ;fwf0ftof a'waf d]f] hfx]L kYof]{. ;a} ;lrjsf
nflu 5'f5'} ;do ldnfOPsf] x'GYof]. t cfjZos kbf{ c? lbg klg bz{ge]6
x'g ;SYof]. ;}lgs ;lrj dxffhflwfhsf] ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf klg xf].
;}lgs ;lrjsf lx;fan] ljleGg ;'Iff lgsfo;u d]f] ;Dks{ eOx]sf] x'GYof].
To;n] ubf{ d]f] hlxn] klg ;sf;u bz{ge]6 x'g ;SYof]. ;fdfGotM laxLaf
k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lsf] lbg x'GYof]. lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'GYof].
pxfsf] h]7 !* ut] laxLaf hfx]L lyPg. ;fob pxfsf] cGt} sfd lyof] xf]nf.
To;}n] Tof] lbgsf] vfnL ;dodf ;z:q k|xL ansf ;+:yfks dxflgLIfs
s[i0fdf]xg >]i7sf] hfx]Lsf nflu ;do ldnfOPsf] lyof]. pxf d]f] k'fgf]
c;n ;fyL. t ;fyLsf] gftfeGbf klg pxf Pp6f ;'Iff lgsfosf] k|d'v
d ;sfsf] ;}lgs ;lrj. ;z:q k|xL ev{} :yfkgf ePsf] lyof]. To;sf]
k|ultaf] ;sfnfO{ hfx]L ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof]. ;sfaf6 klg s]xL lgb]{zg
lbg' lyof] ;z:qsf nflu.
s[i0fdf]xg cfO{hLkL;fasf] hfx]Lkl5 d}n] ef]ln z'qmaf ;sfsf] vf;}
sfo{qmd 5}g, ;+jfb ;lrjsf] hfx]L 5, ;sfsf] ff dxf]T;jdf ;jfL ljifodf
d}n] ;'Gb;u ;dGjo ulx]sf] 5' eGg] s'f hfx] u] sla ;ft ldg]6kl5
d klg lgl:sP. jL]Gb| ;sf;u d]f] clGtd bz{ge]6 ToxL lyof]. Tof] clGtd
bz{ge]6 clGtd s'fsfgL emnemnL ;DemG5'. unf cj4 x'G5. w8sg
f]lsPem} nfU5. ckm;f];, xfdLn] jL]Gb| ;sf h:tf] fhf c;dod} u'dfof}.
bLk]Gb| ;sf;u rflx h]7 !( sf] b'O{ lbgcl3 dfq d]f] e]6 ePsf] lyof].
lsgeg], o'jfhflwfhnfO{ sfd k] dfq bz{ge]6 ug]{ xf]. Tof] clGtd e]6df
;sf Tolt s'f ug]{ d'8df xf]OaS;GgYof]. ljjfxs} k|;\udf dfq s'f ePsf]
lyof]. ;sfsf] Tolt a]nf aflx b]lvg] Pp6f k;{gfln6L fhbafleq csf]{
5'} k;{gfln6L ljsl;t eOx]sf] lyof]. P8L;Laf6 o'jfhflwfhdf s]xL lbgb]lv
uDeL :jefj ljsl;t eOx]sf] ;d]t a'em]sf] lyP. h]7 !( sf] lbg bLk]Gb|
;sfsf] fli6o v]ns'b klifb\ ;ftbf]af6f]l:yt cGtf{li6o kf}8L kf]vL ;jfL
x'g] sfo{qmd lyof]. ;sfsf] Tof] lbg laxfg}b]lv d'8 7Ls lyPg.

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

h]& 19 M Pp^f eofgs /ft

Tof] z'qmaf d lbge clkm;sf] sfdd} lyP. ;a} sfd ;s] ;fem ^ ah]
aflx lg:sg] a]nf ;sfsf] P8L;L clkm;df kmf]g u]. P8L;L ;'Gbk|tfk
fgf;u s'f eof]. cfh c? s]xL sfd 5 ls < eg] ;f]w]. h]7 @$ ut] x'g
nfu]sf] ;sfsf] ff ;jfLsf] tofLaf] xfdLaLr s]xL a] s'f eof]. d}n] cl3
;sfaf6 ff e|d0fsf] tofL Joj:yfkgaf] x's'd ePsf] 5, Tof] ;jfL jfx]s
c? s]xL s'f 5 < eg] d}n] ;f]w]. ;'Gb s;f{an] cfh vf;} c? s]xL 5}g,
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 5, ;+jfb ;lrjn] bz{ge]6 ufpb} x'g'x'G5 eGg'eof].
z'qmaf laxfg ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08]sf] hfx]L lyof]. pxfsf]
;lrjfno ;DaGwL sfd ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ Tolt w]} yfxf of rf;f] x'b}g
klg. cfcfk\mgf] sfd ug]{ xf]. Tof] ;fem pxfn] :k6nfO6 Dofulhgsf ;Dkfbs
dfwjs'df ldfnnfO{ jL]Gb| ;sf;u bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldnfpg'ePsf] lyof].
;fob Tof] ;fem pxfsf nflu dfq bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd lgwf{0f ePsf] lyof].
ckfx\g lrofsf nflu l8NnLahfl:yt a8fu'Ho" gogfh kf08]sf] 3 ;jfL
eP ;sfx? sla $% ldg]6 fh ePsf] lyof]. Toxf o'jfhflwfhsf] klg
;jfL ePsf] lyof]. d}n] kl5 ;'g] cg';f o'jfhflwfh Toxf Ps zAb klg
af]lnaS;]g. ;fem ;+jfb ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 bz{ge]6 ldnfOPsf] x'gfn] ;+jfb
;lrj dfq a:g], c? ;a} ;lrjx? hfg] eGg] pbL{ lyof]. ^ ah] clkm;sf] ;a}
sfd ;s] d aflx lg:s]. zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf xfd|f] 8]; r]Gh d lyof]. ToxL
uP 8]; r]Gh u]. ToxL a]nf d}n] 8f= b'dg yfkfnfO{ kmf]g u]. pxf d]f ;fyL.
xfdL b'j}nfO{ Ps hgf ;fyLn] vfgf vfg af]nfPsf] lyof], gofahfdf. 8f= b'dg
d e]l6of}. 7d]ndf csf]{ ;fyL u0f]z kf08]nfO{ lnP gofahfl:yt ;fyLsf]
3 uof}. xfdL Toxf k'Ubf sla ;f9] & ah]sf] lyof]. xfdL l8\S; ulx]sf
lyof}. To:t} ( ah] !%!^ ldg]6 uPsf] lyof], d]f] df]afOn aHof]. 3af6 uLtf
->LdtL_ n] kmf]g u]sL lx5g\. lgs} cflQPsf] :jdf pgn] ;f]lwg\, ltdL sxf
xf] < dx]Gb| dlGhn P8L;L clkm;af6 kmf]g cfPsf] lyof].
dnfO{ crDd nfUof]. dx]Gb| dlGhn P8L;L clkm;af6 dnfO{ lsg kmf]g
cfof] < dnfO{ t >L ;bg P8L;L clkm;n] vf]Hg'kg]{ xf]. dx]Gb| dlGhn d'df
a8fdxffgL Tgsf] lgjf; xf] eg] >L ;bg dxffhflwfhsf]. d}n] t'Gt} dx]Gb|
dlGhn P8L;L clkm;df kmf]g u]. Toxfaf6 dnfO{ kmf]g u]sf] xf] < eg] ;f]w].
xf]Og eGg] hjfkm cfof]. 8'6Ldf Ps hgf nK6g lyP. pgn] ptf lqe'jg
;bglt kmfolsf] cfjfh cfPsf] lyof], Totfaf6 kmf]g cfPsf] xf] ls < eg]. of]
s'f sla ( ah] @) ldg]6ltsf] xf]. kmfolsf] cfjfh eGg] s'fn] d]f] dgdf
Ps} k6s cg]sf} t\ux? hGdfof]. d}n] t'Gt} cGgk"0f{ P8L;L clkm;df kmf]g
u]. Toxf kmf]g p7]g. To;kl5 dnfO{ ;dly Oh eGg] nfUof]. t'Gt} d

19

20

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;a} sfo{qmd 5f]8] fhbaf hfG5' eg] lgl:sP. b'dg, u0f]zhL d af6f]df
cfOx]sf lyof}, Psbd} xtfz cflQPsf] :jdf zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf k|d'v
dxf;]gfgL s]zj dxtsf] kmf]g cfof], ;, eo\s ;d:of cfOkof], tkfO{+ t'Gt}
;}lgs c:ktfn cfpg'kof].
Tolt a]nf xfdL ;f]xv'] cfO;s]sf lyof}. ToxLaf6 xfdL t'Gt} uf8L
df]8] jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfnlt nfUof}. To;nuQ} ;dff]x k|aGws sfof{nosf
k|d'v lrgzdz] yfkfsf] kmf]g cfof]. pxfsf] :j klg lgs} cflQPsf] xtfz
lyof]. h;f{a, dnfO{ ;}lgs k|xLaf6 cflQPsf] :jdf kmf]g cfof]. bafdf s]
eof] < d}n] s]xL a'em\g ;lsg. ;fob tkfO{+nfO{ cfpg'kg]{ kmf]g dnfO{ kf] cfPsf] xf]
ls < eGg'eof]. d}n] ;, dnfO{ t'Gt} jL]Gb| c:ktfn cfpg" eGg] va cfPsf]
5 eg] kmf]g flvlbP. 8f= b'dgn] dnfO{ ;}lgs c:ktfndf 5f]l8 lbg'eof]
pxfx? kms{g'eof].
( ah] #%#^ ldg]6hlt ePsf] lyof] d ;}lgs c:ktfn k'Ubf. clncln
eL8 hDdf eO;s]sf] x]5. k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf klg cfO;Sg'ePsf]
x]5. To; a]nf;Dd dnfO{ s] ePsf] xf] eGg]af] s]xL yfxf lyPg. t ;a}
hgf dnfO{ g} s] ef] < eg] ;f]Wb} lyP. dxf;]gfgL ;'Gbk|tfk fgf Tolt a]nf
8'6Ldf k|d'v P8L;L x'g'x'GYof]. d leq k:b} lyP, pxf;u hDsfe]6 eof].
ToxL 6Lsf wdnf h;f{a;u klg e]6 eof]. pxfx? b'j}n] ;, vQd eof], vQd
eof] dfq eGg'eof]. 6Lsf h;f{an] g} dnfO{ lnP hfg'eof] 6df ;]G6df. Toxf
sNkg} gu]sf] sfl0fs b[Zo b]Vg'kof]. ;xg} g;lsg], d'6' yfDg} g;lsg] b[Zo.
htf x]of], pt} IftljIft QmfDd] zLx? dfq 9n]sf lyP. jL]Gb| ;sf,
a8fdxffgLsf] IftljIft zL. ;kgf h:tf] nflux]sf] lyof]. jL]Gb| ;sfnfO{
arfpg ;lsG5 ls eg] w]} g} sf]l;; eOx]sf] lyof]. t df};'kmdf sxLst} xf];
lyPg. d}n] klg df};'kmsf] gf8L 5fd]. zLdf clncln dfq tftf] afsL lyof].
;fob ;sf dxfk|:yfgdf nflu;lsaS;]sf] lyof]. o;cl3 g} a8fdxffgLsf]
:ju]{ eO;s]sf] x]5. ;a} 8fS6 xtfzfd} lyP. 5]pd} d'df a8fdxffgL ;sf
xf]OaS;bf] x]5. ;sf :tAw xf]OaS;GYof]. d}n] clejfbg u].
To;kl5 d}n] ;'Gb s;f{a;u s'f u]. pxfn] 36gfsf] a]nLlj:tf nufpg'eof],
jL]Gb| ;sf bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd ;s] cfk\mgf] sfof{noaf6 lqe'jg ;bg ;jfL
xf]OaS:of]. ;sf flqef]hsf nflu lqe'jg ;bgleq ;jfL xf]OaS;]kl5 xfdL
P8L;L ddf lyof}. leq kf6L{ eOx]sf] lyof]. ;sfx? ;a} ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf]
lyof]. fhkljfsf ;b:osf] dfq hd36 ePsfn] ;bfem} xfdLn] Tolt w]}
rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ cj:yf lyPg. To;}n] xfdLn] Tolt w]} rf;f] lbPgf}. zfGt lyof]
jftfj0f. sxLst} klg o:tf] xf]nf eGg] sNkg} ulPg. crfgs ;'l6sf] cfjfh
;'lgg yfNof]. o'jfhflwfhaf6 ;'6 eP5. xfdL 9f]sf kmf]] leq l5of}. leq

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

l5bf{ t ;a} hgf e'Odf 9n]sf] b[Zo dfq b]lvof]. jL]Gb| ;sf klg QmfDd]
cj:yfdf e'Odf 9lnaS;]sf] lyof]. tTsfn xfdLn] l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sf]l;;
t uof}, t gx'g' eO;s]sf] lyof]. uf]nL nfu]sf ;a}nfO{ sxf n}hfg] n}hfg] eof].
xfdLn] ;}lgs c:ktfnd} pko'Qm x'G5 eg] oxf Nofof}. To:tf] a]nf sf]xLs;};u
;Nnfx ug]{ s'f klg ePg. Tof] cj:yfdf tTsfn h] dgdf cfof], xtfxtfdf
xfdLn] ToxL uof}. h;f{a, ca s] ug]{ < d}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] kfPsf] hfgsfL oxL
lyof]. s:tf] kofpg} ufxf]
36gf:yndf x]sf ;'Gb s;f{a;lxt cGo P8L;L k|ToIfbzL{n] lbPsf]
hfgsfL cg';f jL]Gb| ;sf flqef]hdf ;jfL x'gf;fy o'jfhflwfh S;L
nfu]sf] axfgf kfb}{ e'Odf 9lnaS;]5. Toxf pkl:yt ;a}nfO{ o'jfhflwfh gzfn]
9n]sf] efg eof]. o'jfhflwfh 9n]kl5 ;sfnfO{ clwfhs'df gLfhg,
zfxHofbf kf;, s'df uf]v 8f= fhLj zfxLff lqe'jg ;bgleqs} vf]kLdf
nluP5. ToxL a]nf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] sDddf x]sf] k]:tf]n lemSg vf]lhof]. gzfn]
cr]t eP klg o'jfhflwfhn] pQm k]:tf]n lemSg lbOaS;]g5. o'jfhflwfhnfO{
vf]kLdf ;'tfP rf} hgf kf6L{ :yn kms{g'eof]. vf]kLdf o'jfhflwfh;u ePsf
xltof ;w} Soflag]6df x'Gy]]. t Tof] lbg aflx} lyP ]. dxffhflwfh kf6L{
:yndf ;jfL ePkl5 kf6L{ rlnx\of]. kf6L{ :yndf ;jfL xf]OaS;] ;a}eGbf
klxn] jL]Gb| ;sfn] d'df a8fdxffgL;u s'f ulaS;]sf] x]5. To;kl5 ;sf
lalnof8{ ddf ;jfL xf]OaS;]5. zfxL g gfgL -f] hd'gf_ sf cg';f
clwfhs'df gLfhg;lxt zfxL gft]bfx? vf]kLaf6 kms]{kl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfn]
sDAof6 8]; nufOaS;]5. ofDaf] 6ld{g]6 l;g]dfsf gfosn] af]s]sf] h:tf]
uL o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|n] rf j6f aGb's -PdkL% ;a d]l;gug, Pd!^ P6'
sdfG8f] fOkmn, c6f]d]l6s !@ af] ug k]:tf]n_ lelaS;]5. o;kl5 kf6L{
eOx]sf] lalnof8{ a}7sdf ;jfL eP ;j{k|yd Ps fpG8 l;lndf kmfo u]
;a}sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ulaS;]5. To;kl5 lalnof8{ 6]ancufl8 fh xf]OaS;]sf
cfk\mgf a'af dxffhflwfhnfO{ klxnf] fpG8 uf]nL xflgaS;]5. uf]nL nfu] e'Odf
9n]kl5 jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 cfk\mgf] ;fydf x]sf] k]:tf]n lemSg vf]lhaS;]sf] x]5.
o;} qmddf wL]Gb| zfxn] bLk]Gb|sf] aGb's vf]:g vf]Hbf bLk]Gb| ;sfaf6 jL]Gb|
;sfnfO{ k'gM cGo ;xefuLnfO{ klg PdkL% ;a d]l;gugaf6 c6f]d]l6s
kmfo u] lg;fgf ;flwaS;]5. o;kl5 Toxf sf]nfxnsf] cj:yf l;h{gf eP5.
Toxf hf]hf] p7], ;a} o'jfhflwfhsf] aGb'ssf] uf]nLsf] lg;fgf ag]5g\. Toxfaf6
o'jfhflwfh au}rflt ;jfL eP5. flqef]hdf ;xefuL k|ToIfbzL{{sf cg';f
To;} cj:yfdf ufnL ub}{ a8fdxffgLaf6 o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k5\ofOaS;]sf] x]5.
Tolt a]nf o'jfhflwfhn] a8fdxffgLnfO{ cufl8 ga9\g r]tfjgL ;d]t lbOaS;]sf]
x]5. t a8fdxffgLn] k"} cfqmf]zdf cfP o'jfhflwfhsf] xltof vf];] bLk]Gb|

21

22

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfnfO{ g} uf]nL xfGg vf]lhaS;]sf] x]5. ;'Tg] sf]7f -vf]kL_ ;Dd k'Ug nfUbf
klg a8fdxffgLn] k5\ofOx]kl5 o'jfhflwfhn] cfk\mgf] vf]kLaflx x]sf] eofsf]
lzaf6, a8fdxffgL eofdf pSnb} ubf{ PdkL% ;a d]l;gugaf6 c6f]d]l6s a:6{
kmfo ulaS;]5. cfwf 6fpsf] uf]nLn] p8fPkl5 a8fdxffgL eofaf6 e'Odf
nl8aS;]5. oxL ;do gLfhg ;sf a8fdxffgLnfO{ k5\ofpb} a\unfglhs
k'luaS;]sf] x]5. ToxL a]nf o'jfhflwfhsf] cflvL lg;fgfdf gLfhg ;sf
;d]t klaS;]5.
o; a]nf;Dd bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] xftdf x]sf] PdkL% ;a d]l;gugsf]
Dofulhgdf uf]nL ;lsPsf] lyof]. ;fy} Pd!^ P6' sdfG8f] fOkmnsf] klg
Dofulhgdf uf]nL ;dfKt ePsf] lyof]. To;kl5 o'jfhflwfhdf l;Sy ;]G;
cfPsf] x'g'k5{. ;fwf0ftof o; lsl;dsf xToffx? c? ;a} ;lsPkl5
cGTodf cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ ;'6 ug]{ dgf]j}1flgs l:yltdf k'u]sf x'G5g\. ca
;a} ;dfKt eof], d]f] klg afRg] s]xL cfwf 5}g eGg] ljrf u] xf]nf,
o'jfhflwfhn] cfk\mgf] afoftkm{ j]k a]N6df x]sf] k]:tf]n lgsfnL afof xftn]
afof sGr6df Ps uf]nL lxsf{P cfkm" To;}af6 9n]sf] b]lvG5. df};'kmsf]
bflxg] xftdf PdkL% aGb's lyof], uf]nL ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf. p4fsf qmddf
bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] afof xftdf x]sf] k]:tf]n 5]ps} kf]vLdf v;]sf] lyof]. cGo
xltofx? ;'IffsdL{n] ;sfsf] zLaf6 lgsfn] oqtq kmflnPsf] cj:yfdf
lyP. o:tf] cj:yf ePkl5 8'6Ldf x]sf P8L;L cGo ;'IffsdL{ ldn] ;a}
3fOt]x?nfO{ p7fpb} jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn nu]sf x]5g\. To; qmddf ;a}eGbf
cGTodf a8fdxffgLnfO{ km]nf kflPsf] x]5.
o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|, clwfhs'dfL sf]dn wL]Gb| zfxnfO{ ck];g
lyP6df flvPsf] lyof]. Tof] ;a} b[Zo b]v]kl5 ca s] ug]{ xf]nf eg] d]f] dgdf
cg]s s'f cfpg yfn]. d}n] ;f]r], ca cflQP x'Gg. To;kl5 8fS6x?;u s'f
u]. aflxaf6 8fS6 lemsfpg kxn eOx]sf] lyof]. d}n] klg rf8f] ug{ ;'emfj
lbP. 8f= uf]ljGb zdf{, 8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f 8f= eujfg sf]OfnfnfO{ af]nfpg]
sf]l;; eOx]sf] x]5. sf]xL cfO;Sg'ePsf] lyof]. 8f= fhLj zfxLn] ljleGg
8fS6nfO{ ;}lgs c:ktfndf cfpg cg'f]w ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. pxf klg 36gfsf]
k|ToIfbzL{ x'g'x'GYof]. d}n] aflx cfP k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u], ca s] ug]{
eg]. xfdL b'O{n] ;Nnfx uof}, ;]gfnfO{ :6\ofG8afO{ 8'6Ldf fVg]. ;z:q k|xL
k|xLnfO{ ;d]t cfcfk\mgf] 8'6Ldf :6\ofG8afO{ fVg] s'f to eof]. zfxL h\uL
c8\8fl:yt ;}lgs ck];g -8LPdcf]_ vf]Ng'k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx eof]. To; cg';f
lrkm;fan] ToxLaf6 8LPdcf] ;xfos yL k|bLkk|tfk ad dNn o'4sfo{ dxfzfvf
k|d'v dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ va ug'{eof]. ;a}nfO{ cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfLdf
t}gfy xg cfb]z uof}.

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

oxL a]nf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf P8L;L fh' sfsL{n] kf]vfdf clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|
;sf;u ;Dks{ ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. df]afOndf pxfn] g} ;sfnfO{ 36gfaf]
klxnf] hfx]L ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;sfsf] sf7df8f} ;jfLsf nflu x]lnsK6
k7fpg] tofL ulof]. sf7df8f} Pokf]6{ kf]vf Pokf]6{df ;]gf klrfng
ulof], flq xjfO{ cjt0fsf nflu. d]f] dgdf eg] ljleGg z\sfpkz\sfsf
;fy} s;L ;d:of;u h'Wg] eg] cg]s t\u plAhx]sf lyP. ;a} hgf w]}
cflQP bf}8w"k ulx]sf] b]lvx]sf] lyP. t To;n] dfq ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gx'g]
lyof]. ca ;d:ofnfO{ s;L kf nufpg] eg] Psbd} ;f]r]. t s]xL pkfo klg
b]lvx]sf] lyOg. To; a]nf d]f] dgn] s] eGof] eg] oxf otfptf u] dfq x'b}g,
Pp6f lglZrt of]hgfsf ;fy cl3 a9\of] eg] dfq ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;lsG5.
o;}aLr ;sfx?sf] xTof ePsf] ;dfrf xfjf;l km}lng yfNof]. dnfO{ lrGg]
ljleGg ;fyLefO, gftf;DaGw ;a}ltaf6 kmf]g cfpg yfNof].
If0fIf0fdf d k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn ulx]sf] lyP. o;}aLr d}n] jli7
h;f{ax?, u[x;lrj, b'j} k|xL dxflgLIfs, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'vnfO{
kmf]g u]. ;a}nfO{ Pp6} s'f eg], bafdf Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn 36gf 36]sf] 5.
tkfO{+x? ;a} cfcfk\mgf] sfof{nodf :6\ofG8afO{ 8'6Ldf a:g'xf]nf. cfkm" cGtu{tsf
;a} o'lg6nfO{ ;d]t :6\ofG8afO{ fVg'xf]nf. ;]gfsf] anfWoIf yL b'uf{gfy cof{n
anflws[t yL Kofh\u yfkf x'g'x'GYof]. ToxL a]nf anflws[t yfkfsf] kmf]g
cfof]. pxfnfO{ klg d}n] ToxL eg].
fhbafsf] P8L;L clkm;df kmf]g u] d}n] ;a} ;lrjnfO{ t'Gt af]nfP
;lrjfnox? vf]Ng cxfP. d\un ;bg vf]Ng eg] . d]f] ;lrjfnodf
sfo{t k|dv
' ;]gfgL s'df a'9fyf]sLnfO{ kmf]g u] sfof{no vf]n] a:g eg].
;f9] !) hlt aHbf x]lnsK6 p8]sf] cfjfh ;'lgof]. Tof] x]lnsK6 kf]vfsf nflu
p8]sf] lyof]. t s]xL a]d} vfa df};dsf sf0f kf]vf hfg g;s]sf] va
cfof]. xfdLnfO{ flt Pe|f] p8\g ;S5 eGg] xf]; ePg. xfdL vfln x]lnsK6sf]
kl5 nfUof}.
To;kl5 d baf uP. l;len n'ufdf ePsfn] clkm; k'u] o'lgkmd{ nufP.
ToltGh]n k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g, k|d'v lghL ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb kf]v]n,
;lrj ;fu/k|;fb ltldlN;gf, ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08], k|d'v fhbaf
kbflwsfL zfbfk|;fb k|wfg cfO;Sg'ePsf] lyof]. xfdL dxffhflwfh ;sfsf]
sfof{no d\un ;bgsf] ldl6 xndf hDdf eof}. d}n] ;a} ;lrjnfO{ Tolt
a]nf;Dd yfxf kfPsf] ;a} j[QfGt hfgsfL ufP. d]f] Vofndf Tof] a]nf;Dd
pxfx?nfO{ vf;} hfgsfL lyPg. Psbd} rf8f]rf8f] xfdLn] s] ug]{ eg] lgwf]
ug'{kg]{ lyof]. d}n] g} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ va u] oxf af]nfcf} ls afn'jf6f g} hfcf}
eg] s'f fv]. k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ kz'klteQm dxh{gn] kmf]g

23

24

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u] Psbd} h?L ePsfn] d e]6\g cfp5' eGg'eof]. pxfn] af]nfPkl5 k|d'v

;lrj k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f hfg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLnfO{ of] s'fsf] cgf}krfls
hfgsfL rflx eO;s]sf] x]5. k|wfgdGqL k|d'v ;lrj s]xL a]d} fhbaf
cfOk'Ug'eof]. ;f9] !! alh;s]sf] lyof]. d}n] g} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ clxn];Ddsf ;a}
36gf hfgsfL ufP. k|wfgdGqL xfdL ;lrjx?n] d\un ;bgd} 5f]6f] 5nkmn
uof}. k|wfgdGqLn] o:tf] cfkt\df s] ug]{ tkfO{+x? of]hgf agfpg';\, To; cg';f
>L % sf] ;sfn] cfjZos ;a} Joj:yf ldnfpg]5, a xfdL ;}lgs c:ktfn
hfcf}, ToxL a;] ;a} ljifodf 5nkmn uf}nf eGg'eof]. pxfsf] egfOdf xfdL
;xdt eof} ;a} hgf c:ktfn k'Uof}. Toxfsf] sfl0fs b[Zo b]v] k|wfgdGqL
lgs} efjljx\jn x'g'eof]. Ps l5g t s]xL af]Ng} ;Sg'ePg. To;kl5 k|wfgdGqLn]
d'df a8fdxffgL ;sfsf] bz{g ug'{eof] 8fS6x?;u s'f ug'{eof]. s] ug]{
s;f] ug]{ eg] pRr rf;f] lbg'eof]. x]s ljifodf k|wfgdGqLn] cu|;tf lng
yfNg'eof]. Tolt j[4 dfG5]sf] km'tL{ b]v] xfdLdf klg xf]; hf]; cfof]. pxf slQ
klg cflQg'ePsf] b]lvPg. 36gfn] efjljx\jn x'g' t :jfefljs g} lyof].
xfdLn] bafaf6} k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;efd'v tffgfy
fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g, fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldlt
;efklt 8f= s]zh\u fodfemL k|d'v ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf g]skf Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ va u]sf lyof}. 8f= fodfemL ;}lgs c:ktfn
k'lu;Sg'ePsf] x]5. bafaf6} pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]n cGo dGqLnfO{ klg
36gfaf] hfgsfL ufOPsf] lyof].
36gf:ynsf] lgLIf0fkl5 k|wfgdGqLn] clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb| sxf xf]OaS;G5 <
eg] ;f]Wg'eof]. 1fg]Gb| ;sf kf]vf ePsf] hfgsfL ufPkl5 pxfn] ;a}eGbf
klxn] ;sfnfO{ sf7df8f} Nofpg'kof], To;kl5 s] ug]{ eg] ;Nnfx uf}nf
eGg'eof]. pxfn] ;'Iff k|aGw fd|f];u ldnfpg klg ;a}nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'eof].
o;}aLr ;}lgs c:ktfnsf] dflysf] cltly sIf, sfof{no, a}7s sIf ;a} vf]lnof].
k|wfgdGqL ft}e c:ktfndf a:g'eof]. d'n'sd} ;d:of cfOk]sf a]nf k|wfgdGqL
cu|; gx'g] k|Zg} lyPg. pxf c:ktfn cfP a;]kl5 sfd ug{ w]} ;xh eof].
k|wfg GofofwLz pkfWofo, ;efd'v fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xl;g,
Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfn cfO;s]kl5 k|wfgdGqL, fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;efklt
8f= fodfemL;lxt pxfx? ;a} Pp6} sf]7fdf a;] 36gfaf] 5nkmn ub}{ ca s;L
cufl8 a9\g] eg] ;Nnfx ug{ yfNg'eof].
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf If0fIf0fdf ;f]lwxg'ePsf] lyof], 1fg]Gb| ;sfsf] ;jfL
slt a]nf x'G5 eg]. sf7df8f}af6 x]lnsK6 p8\g] qmd hfL lyof]. t w]}
k|of; ubf{ klg sf7df8f} kf]vfaLrsf] vfa df};dsf sf0f x]lnsK6 kf]vf
k'Ug} ;s]g. 1fg]Gb| ;sfnfO{ h;L eP klg sf7df8f} Nofpg}k]sf] lyof]. d}n]

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

ca x]lnsK6af6 ;Dej 5}g, Totflt gnfuf}, df]6af6} ;jfLsf] k|aGw uf} eg]
cfkm}n] kf]vf kmf]g u] 1fg]Gb| ;sf;u s'f u]. ;sfnfO{ sf7df8f}sf] ;a}
l:yltaf] hfgsfL eOx]s} lyof]. d}n] x]lnsK6 cfpg ;s]g, df]6af6} ;jfL
rnfpg'knf{, ;'Iffsf] k|aGw uf} < eg] hfx] u]. To;kl5 # gDa jflxgLsf
jflxgLklt ;xfos yL k|sfzaxfb' a:g]tnfO{ kmf]g u] k|xL ;]gfsf] fd|f]
;'Iff :sl6{ ;lxt 1fg]Gb| ;sfsf] sf7df8f}sf nflu ;jfL rnfpg" egL
cxfP. o;L ftsf] ;f9] @ ah] df]6df kf]vfaf6 sf7df8f}sf nflu ;sfsf]
k|:yfg eof]. xfdLn] sf7df8f}af6 uh'L;Dd x]lnsK6 k7fof}.
1fg]Gb| ;sfsf] kf]vf sfo{qmdaf] xfdLnfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg. jL]Gb|
;sfnfO{ yfxf lyof] xf]nf. ;sfx? sxLst} hfbf jL]Gb| ;sfnfO{ ;f]w]
hfg] rng lyof]. 1fg]Gb| ;sf ;ftf lbgcl3 dfq lrtjg uOaS;]sf] lyof] eGg]
;'g]sf] lyP. ;fob lrtjgaf6} kf]vf ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. >L % dx]Gb| k|s[lt
;+If0f sf]ifsf] cWoIf xf]OaS;]sfn] ;sf sf]ifsf sfo{qmddf ;ls x'g lrtjg
kf]vf ;jfL ePsf] x'g'k5{. ;sfsf ;fydf k|e'zdz] haf jL]Gb|axfb'
zfx -nj fhf_ klg x'g'x'G5 eGg] ;'g]. ;sf kf]vfsf] Tg dlGbglhs} x]sf]
lxdf u[xdf fh xf]OaS;]sf] x]5. clwfhs'df lxdfnon] lgdf{0f u]sf] a\unf
ePsfn] o;sf] gfd lxdf u[x flvPsf] lyof]. clwfhs'df lxdfnosf] lgwgkl5
clxn] of] a\unf 1fg]Gb| ;sfsf] gfddf ;]sf] xf].
flt # ah] d Ps k6s k'gM baf uP. ;sfsf P8L;Lx? ;}lgs
k|xLsf clws[tx? uP 36gf 36]sf] lqe'jg ;bgdf x]of}. lalnof8{ a}7ssf]
l;;fsf] 9f]sf km'6]sf] lyof]. 36gfkl5 leq hfg] qmddf P8L;Lx?n] km'6fPsf
x]5g\. uf]nLsf vf]sf oqtq 5lPsf lyP. jL]Gb| ;sfsf] r:df 6f]kL ToxL
b]v]. s}of}sf] xft] Aofu cGo ;;fgf ;fdfg 5k:6 lyP. htftt} ut}ut.
sf]7fdf k\vf P;L rlnx]sf] lyof], aQL alnx]sf] lyof]. Tof] b[ion] dnfO{
:tAw agfof] . d}n] ;]G6L yKg nufP. s;}nfO{ klg leq k:g glbg", h]h:tf]
cj:yfdf 5, To:t} cj:yfdf xg lbg" eg] d km]l c:ktfn cfP.
xfdL c:ktfn kms{+bf jL]Gb| ;sf ;lxt cGo ;sfx?sf] :jf:Yodf s]xL
;'wf xf]nf ls eGg] cfzf dfl;lsPsf] x]5. jf:tjdf c:ktfn k'ofpg'cl3
g} af6f]df jL]Gb| ;sfsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] x]5. gof fhf 3f]if0ff gu];Dd
dxffhflwfhsf] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff ug{ gldNg] fhkDkf lxcfPsf] 5. To;}n]
ca s] ug]{ eg] xfdL 5nkmndf a:of}. ;sfsf] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff s;L ug]{
s;nfO{ s;L gof fhf agfpg] eGg] s'f ax't} sl7g hl6n lyof]. To;
cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL, fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;efklt 8f= fodfemL, ;efd'v
fgfef6, Pdfn] dxf;lrjn] k|efjsfL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{eof]. fhbafsf ;a}
;lrjx? ;lqmo x'g'eof]. Toxf k|wfgdGqL ;lxtsf] a}7s k6sk6s a:of].

25

26

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

laxfg fhklifb\sf] a}7s af]nfpg] lgwf] eof]. a}7sdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ klg

af]nfpg] to eof].
laxfg ^ ah] x]lnsK6 ;}lgs c:ktfndf cjt0f uof]. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf,
fhklifb\sf ;efklt 8f= fodfemL, ;efd'v fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf
8f= df]xl;g Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfn x]lnKof8;Dd 1fg]Gb| ;sfnfO{ lng
hfg'eof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt fhbafsf xfdL ;lrjx? klg x]lnKof8;Dd} uof}.
1fg]Gb| ;sf c:ktfndf dfly ;jfL eof]. 6df ;]G6df ;a}eGbf klxn] fhf
jL]Gb|sf] zj lyof]. To;kl5 fgL P]Zjo{sf]. cGo zjx? ToxL 5f]k] flvPsf
lyP. ck];g lyP6df o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|, clwfhs'dfL sf]dn, s'df uf]v,
s]tsL r]:6 clwfhs'dfL zf]efsf] ck];g eOx]sf] lyof]. ck];g lyP6sf]
sdL ePsfn] 8fS6x?n] c:ktfnsf] 8]l; dd} klg ck];g ulxg'ePsf]
lyof]. Tof] lbg 8fS6x?n] 7"n} hf]lvd df]n] ;fx;sf ;fy fd|f] sfd
ug'{eof]. 1fg]Gb| ;sfn] c:ktfnsf] ;a} b[Zo x]]kl5 k|wfgdGqL, fhklifb\sf
;efklt k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g;u s'f ulaS:of]. ;sfsf] cg'xf
dfld{s zf]sljx\jn b]lvGYof].
;sfsf] ;jfLkl5 ;}lgs c:ktfnsf] k':tsfno xndf clwfhs'df
1fg]Gb|sf ;fy} k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, k|wfg GofofwLz pkfWofo, ;efd'v fgfef6,
fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xl;g, fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;efklt
8f= fodfemL k|d'v ljkIfL bnsf g]tf g]kfn ;lDdlnt a}7s a:of]. xfdL
;lrjx? klg ;xefuL eof}. a}7sdf fhklifb\sf] a}7s a;] To;n] gof fhf
3f]if0ff ug]{ to eof] o; 36gfsf] hfra'em ug]{af] 5nkmn eof]. ;sfaf6
36gf ;DaGwL ;a} 5fglag k|lqmof sfg'g adf]lhd g} ug{ x's'd eof]. ;fy} o;
36gfdf d[To' ePsf ;a}sf] kf]:6df6{d ug{ ;d]t lgb]{zg aS:of]. oxL a}7sdf
fhbaf xTofsf08af] hfra'em ug{ Ps pRr:tLo cfof]u u7g ug]{ lgwf] eof].
dnfO{ s] ;Demgf 5 eg], oqf] 36gf 36\of], ca o;sf] lgikIf 5fglag x'g'k5{
eg] Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] lgs} hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof]. ;'df
Gofo If]qsf JolQm dfq fv] cfof]u u7g ug]{ k|:tfj cfPsf] xf]. t dxf;lrj
g]kfnn] g} xf]Og, kf6L{sf jli7 g]tfx? ljkIfLsf g]tf ;d]t a;] cfof]u
u7g uf} eg] k|:tfj ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] olb To;f] gug]{ xf] eg] pRr:tLo
cfof]udf k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ cWoIf fv] ;b:odf ;efd'v fgfef6 k|d'v
ljkIfL bnsf] g]tfsf ?kdf dnfO{ ;d]t fVg'xf];\ egL k|:tfj ug'{eof]. a}7s
;s] kms{g] qmddf ;d]t pxfn] cfof]udf d 5'6'nf lg elgxg'ePsf] lyof].
jf:tjdf pxfsf] k|:tfj ts{ ;xL klg lyof]. pxfs} k|:tfjnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn]
;dy{g hgfpg'ePsf] xf]. ToxL k|:tfj cg';f k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf
pRr:tLo 5fglag cfof]u u7g ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] xf].

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

fhklifb\sf] a}7skl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ gof fhf 3f]if0ff ulof]. jL]Gb|

;sfsf] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t eof]. fhklifb\sf] a}7sff clwfhs'df
1fg]Gb|nfO{ fHo;xfos agfpg] lg0f{o eof]. zlgaf lbp;f] :juL{o fhfsf]
zj bfx;+:sfsf nflu cfo{3f6 n}hfg'k"j{ c:ktfnsf] k|f\u0fd} 1fg]Gb| ;sf,
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, k|wfg GofofwLz pkfWofo, ;efd'v fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf
cWoIf 8f= df]xl;g, fhklifb\ ;efklt 8f= fodfemL, k|d'v ljKfIfL bnsf g]tf g]kfn
nufot jli7 kbflwsfLx?sf] pkl:yltdf fhbaf xTofsf08af] pRr:tLo
cfof]u u7g ;DaGwdf k'gM 5nkmn rNof]. pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb|
kf}8]n, ;a} ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?, >L % sf] ;sfsf s]xL ;lrjx? klg
5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof]. 5nkmnkZrft\ aflxsf] jftfj0f Psbd} tgfju|:t
aGb} uPsf sf0f pRr:tLo 5fglag cfof]u u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] s'f tTsfn
;~rf dfWod dfkm{t cgf}krfls ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cf}krfls ?kdf
fHo;xfos >L % 1fg]Gb|af6 3f]if0ff ug]{ to eof]. of] s'f k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] lyof], h;df Toxf pkl:yt ;a}n] ;xdlt hgfPsf lyP.
To;kl5 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] cfof]udf xg] ;a} ;b:onfO{ 5]pdf
uP pxfx?sf] sfg}df cfof]usf] ;b:odf a:g] ls ga:g] eGg]af] ;f]Wg' klg eof],
h;df ;a} hgfn] :jLs[lt hgfpg'ePsf] lyof]. To;kl5 fhbaf xTofsf08af]
5fglag ug{ pRr:tLo cfof]u u7g ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] s'f ;fj{hlgs ulof]. t,
cfof]u u7g eO;s]kl5 Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfnn] s] sf0fn] xf], cfof]udf ga:g]
eg] fhLgfdf lbg'eof].
o:tf] lsl;dsf] b'3{6gf x'bf s] ug]{, sfg'gL ?kdf o;sf s]s] pkfo 5g\
eg] ;f]Rg] ljrf ug]{ ;do lyPg xfdL;u. clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|af6 d[To'
ePsf ;a}sf] kf]:6df6{d uL sfg'g cg';f ;a} k|lqmof k"f ug{ x's'd ePsf] xf].
kf]:6df6{dsf nflu 8f= xlx j:tL, k|xL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 k|ltlglw
;d]t lemsfO;lsPsf] lyof]. ;sfL jlsn klg c:ktfnd} lemsfpg] tofL
eOx]sf] lyof]. 36gfsf] kmfOn tof kfg]{ sfd rlnx]sf] lyof]. o;}aLr d'df
a8fdxffgLaf6 dxffhflwfhsf] zL rflx glrg]{ xf] ls < x's'd eof]. clg
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf klg o; s'fdf ;xdt x'g'eof]. pxfn] 36gf of] JolQmn]
ufPsf] xf] eGg] :ki6} 5, d[To'sf] sf0f ;a} 5n{\u 5b} 5 eGg'eof]. o;kl5
s]sf nflu kf]:6df6{d ug]{ eGg] w]}sf] ts{ cfof]. ;f]xL cg';f kf]:6df6{d gug]{
s'f to eof]. Tof] a]nfsf] kll:ylt g} s:tf] lyof] eg] tTsfn h]h] cfOk5{, Tolt
a]nf dgdf h] ljrf cfp5, of] ;xL eGg] nfUof] eg] tTsfn} lg0f{o lng'kb{Yof].
o:tf s'fsf] lg0f{o lng] sf] xf] t < o;sf] OGrfh{ x'g] s'f g} ePg. gof
fhfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ eg] ;a}eGbf dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf fhklifb\sf] x'g] eof]. To;}n]
zlgaf laxfg} fhklifb\sf] a}7s af]nfOof]. a}7sn] fhf jL]Gb|sf] :juf{f]x0f

27

28

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] fhsLo kDkf cg';f xf];df geP klg
o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb :ju]{ gePsfn] ;sfnfO{ g} fhf agfpg] lg0f{o uof].
;fy} fHo;xfossf ?kdf clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|nfO{ lhDd]jfL lbg] lg0f{o uof].
bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] pkrf eOx]sf] lyof]. afRg] cfzf nueu lyPg. t klg
lrlsT;sn] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff gu]sfn] ;sfnfO{ fhf 3f]if0ff ug{ afWo x'g'k]sf]
lyof]. kDkf cg';f fhu2L vfnL fVg' x'Gg. g]kfnsf] sfg'g fhklifb\sf]
sfo{ljlw cg';f g} bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ fhf 3f]if0ff ulPsf] lyof]. fhklifb\sf
;efklt 8f= fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, ;efd'v
fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xl;g, k|wfg GofofwLz pkfWofo, k|d'v
ljkIfL bnsf g]tf g]kfn, pkk|wfgdGqL kf}8]n, e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqLx?, k|wfg ;]gfklt,
dxfGofoflwjQmf nufotsf] k"0f{ pkl:ylt lyof]. a}7sdf sf]xLs;}n] klg bLk]Gb|nfO{
fhf 3f]if0ff ug'{ x'Gg eg]gg\. g s;}n] clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|nfO{ fHo;xfossf]
lhDd]jfL lbg] s'fsf] ljf]w g} u]. cem k|wfgdGqL k|d'v ljkIfL bnsf g]tf
nufotaf6} of] k|:tfj cfPsf] lyof].
gof fhf 3f]if0ff ulof] t fHoff]x0f ug{ ;lsPg. kDkf cg';f fhfsf]
:juf{f]x0f x'bf klxn] gof fhfsf] fHoff]x0f ug]{ clg dfq :juL{o fhfsf]
bfx;+:sf ug]{ k|rng lyof]. o; k6s o;f] ug{ ;lsPg. o:tf] ePsf] klg
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s g} lyof]. o;} qmddf :juL{o fhffgL nufot
fhkljfsf :juL{o ;b:ox?sf] Ps} k6s bfx;+:sf ug'{kg]{ eof]. ;]gfsf nflu
of] klg 7"n} lhDd]jfL lyof]. Psflt ;ff ;'Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' lyof] eg]
csf{lt Ps} k6s olt w]} ;\Vofdf cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sfsf] k|aGw ug'{ lyof].
kDkf cg';f a|fx\d0fx?n] zj af]s]} cfo{3f6;Dd k'Ug'kg]{. kfr j6f lrtf t'Gt
agfpg'kg]{ eof]. clGtd ;nfdLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kof], Ps} k6s.
fhf ;DaGwL k|zf;lgs sfg'gL ;a} sfd k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL
k|d'v ;lrjfnon] tyf ;'Iff k|aGw bfx;+:sf;u ;DalGwt ;a} sfd
;}lgs ;lrjfnoaf6 x]g]{ uL sfdsf] af8kmf8 ulof]. o;df dnfO{ k|wfg
;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] lgs} dbt ug'{eof]. u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdLsf]
;xof]u klg pNn]vgLo x\of]. To:t} fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd
zdf{, k|xL dxflgLIfsx? k|bLkzdz] haf s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] klg lgs}
s'zntfk"j{s cfkm" dftxtsf ;'IffsdL{nfO{ klrfng u] lgs} dxjk"0f{
;xof]u k'ofpg'eof].
fhklifb\sf] a}7skl5 clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|af6 fHo;xfossf ?kdf
b]zjf;Lsf gfddf klxnf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ to eof]. fHo;xfosn] ug]{ ;Daf]wgdf s]
ljifo ;d]6\g] eg] rf hgf ;lrjn] to uof}. To;df k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm
dxh{g, k|d'v lghL ;lrj ;'bg kf]v]n, ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08] d

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

lyof}. ;Daf]wg efif0f n]Vg] sfdsf] lhDd]jfL d'VotM ;+jfb ;lrj k|d'v
;lrjsf] x'GYof]. of] ;Daf]wgsf] 8fkm\6 rflx df]xgaxfb' kf08]n] tof kfg'{ePsf]
lyof]. 1fg]Gb| ;sf k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'emfj cg'?k Tof] ;Daf]wg tof ePsf]
lyof]. fhbafsf ;lrjn] ;Daf]wg efif0f tof kf] ;sfaf6 ;xdlt ePkl5
cS; hfgsfLsf nflu k|wfgdGqLnfO{ b]vfpg] rng lyof]. of] ;Daf]wg efif0f
klg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ b]vfOof]. pxfn] x'G5 eg]kl5 ;sfaf6 b]zjf;Lsf] gfddf
;Daf]wg ulaS:of].
zjofqf / clGtd ;+:sf/

zlgaf lbp;f] $ ah];Dd clGtd >4f~hlnsf nflu ;}lgs c:ktfndf

;sfx?sf] zj flvPsf] lyof]. c:ktfnjk nfvf} dfG5] hDdf eO;s]sf
lyP. dfly :joDe"sf] 8f8fel klg dfG5] g} dfG5] b]lvGYof]. h;h;n] ;s],
pgLx? leq cfP. >4f~hln r9fP. $ ah] zjofqf ;' eof]. k"j{lgwf{lt
6af6 zjofqf cl3 a9fOof]. af6f]el dfG5] 5g\. sf]xL f]Ox]sf 5g\. s;}n]
skfn d'08g u]sf 5g\. sltn] fhf jL]Gb| fgL P]Zjo{sf] tl:a af]s]sf 5g\.
sltkon] fhffgLsf] hohosf n]lvPsf Aofg Kn]sf8{ af]s]sf 5g\. s;}n]
w"k cuaQL afn] af]s]sf 5g\. a'4 wd{sf u'x? ;d]t k|z:t b]lvP. s;}n]
km"n, s;}n] dfnf, s;}n] cla cIftf r9fOx]sf 5g\. s;}n] vfbf r9fPsf
5g\. dfG5]x?sf] cTolws rfksf sf0f zj cl3 a9fpg wf}wf} k]sf] lyof].
zf]ef eujtL k'u]kl5 zjofqf cl3 a9fpg lgs} sl7gfO eof]. lsgls
zjofqfdf ;lDdlnt k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf] Toxf rsf]{ ljf]w eof]. x"nb\uf
g} eof]. 9'\ufd'9f k|xf ulof]. k|wfgdGqLnfO{ xfg]sf] 9'\uf xfdLnfO{ klg
nfUof]. ;'Iff Joj:yf lgoGq0fdf lng lgs} g} sl7gfO kof]. k|wfgdGqL uf8Ldf
x'g'x'GYof]. pxfsf] df]6df 9'\ufd'9f ePkl5 To;nfO{ pQlt df]8] cs}{ af6f]af6
cfo{3f6 k'ofOof]. To;kl5 9'\ufd'9f t ePg, t ;sfx?sf] :juf{f]x0f
ePsf]df g]sfpg] qmd hfL x\of]. 1fg]Gb| ;sf zjofqfd} xf]OaS;GYof].
;sfsf] ;'Iff ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] d ;sfsf] df]6sf] 5]pd} lxl8x]sf] lyP.
af6f]df b]lvPsf dfG5]sf] hdft clg pgLx?n] :juL{o fhffgLk|lt b;f{Psf] cufw
cf:yf >4f b]v] d 5Ss k]. fhffgLk|lt To; lsl;dsf] >4f sd} b]Vg
kfOG5. dnfO{ hgtfdf ;sfx?k|lt olt 7"nf] ;Ddfg xf]nf eGg] s'fsf] slQ
klg cg'dfg lyPg. crDd t s] eg] ;a} pd]sf dfG5] ;8sdf plqPsf lyP.
a"9fa"9L lyP o'jf lyP aRrf lyP. yfd] yfldg;Sg'sf] pkl:ylt lyof] ;8sdf.
dfG5]n] kmfn]sf km"n cla t slt xf] slt zjdf kmfn]sf] clan] jlklsf
;}lgs clws[t, ;'Iffuf8{, P8L;L cGo ;xefuL ;a} ft} ePsf lyP.

29

30

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

w]} ca] zj kz'klt, cfo{3f6 k'ofOof]. lxGb" wd{ fhsLo kDkf cg';f
bfx;+:sf ;DkGg eof]. bfx;+:sf ug]{ bfuaQL lbg] ;a} tofL ;]gfaf6 ePsf]
lyof]. sfo{yL pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfx vl6g'ePsf] lyof] bfx;+:sfsf] ;Dk"0f{
k|aGw ldnfpg. :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] zjdf ;fx]aHo" bLksljqmd zfxn] bfuaQL
lbg'eof]. nx} kfr j6f lrtf agfOPsf lyP. nx} kfr j6f zjsf] bfx;+:sf
ulof]. flt !@ ah] cfo{3f6sf] sfd ;s] xfdL ;}lgs c:ktfn kmls{of}.
Psf]xf]f] sfddf nfu]sf] @$ 306feGbf a9L eO;s]sf] lyof]. g;'t]sf] b'O{ ft x'g
nflu;s]sf] lyof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'Tg] s'f klg ePg. zjofqf bfx;+:sfsf
tL b[Zo hlt a]nf klg d]f cfvfcufl8 l;g]dfsf] lnem} 3'ldxG5g\. Tof] ;Dembf
unf cj4 x'G5. d Tolt a]nf hxf x'G5', ToxL :tAw x'G5'.
@! ut] lbge ;}lgs c:ktfn fhffgLsf] sfhlqmofsf] k|aGw ug{lt
Jo:t eOof]. ;xdf ljleGg lsl;dsf xNnf rlnx]sf lyP. dfxf]n cs}{ eOx]sf]
lyof]. fhbaf xTofsf08 if8\oGq xf] eg] ljleGg :yfgaf6 h'n'; lgl:sx]sf
lyP. ;xdf b\uf ;' eO;s]sf] lyof]. b'O{ lbg b'O{ ftsf] nuftfsf] v6fOsf
sf0f zL ysfOn] r"r" ePsf] lyof]. g fd|L vfgf vfg kfOPsf] lyof],
g ;'Tg. @! ut] flt To:t} !) ah]lt ;a} sfd ;s] d 3 cfP. bLk]Gb|
;sfsf] s'g} klg ;do :juf{f]x0f x'g ;S5 eg] lrlsT;sx?n] atfO;s]sf
lyP. dnfO{ s'g} klg a]nf af]nfOg ;S5 eGg] dgdf lyof]. o:t} cj:yfdf
kN6]sf] dfq lyP h:tf] nfU5, P8L;L zfxhg vf8sf] kmf]g cfof]. pxfn] ;,
t'Gt c:ktfn cfpg'kof] eg]kl5 d @@ ut] laxfg b'O{ ah] c:ktfn uOxfn]. d
c:ktfn k'u]kl5 8fS6x?n] # ah] $% ldg]6 hfbf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] :juf{f]x0f
ePsf] 3f]if0ff u].
b'O{ lbgcl3 h'g k|lqmofaf6 fhf jL]Gb|sf] d[To' ePsf] 3f]if0ff ulPsf]
lyof], ToxL k|lqmof cg';f fhklifb\sf] a}7sn] fHo;xfos 1fg]Gb|nfO{ >L %
dxffhflwfh 3f]if0ff uof]. a}7s axfb' ejgdf a;]sf] lyof]. fhklifb\sf]
a}7sn] gof fhfsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} bLk]Gb| ;sf :ju]{ ePsf] 3f]if0ff klg uof].
To; a]nf >L % clw/fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb|nfO{ fhf 3f]if0ff ug'{sf] s'g} ljsNk lyPg.
lsgeg] jL]Gb| ;sfsf] j+z gfz eO;s]sf] lyof]. baf xTofsf08 kZrft\
;sfsf efOlt klg df};'km dfq afsL xf]OaS;]sfn] fhu2L pQflwsfLsf] qmd
;g]{ cj:yf pTkGg eO;s]sf] lyof]. To;}n] ;sfnfO{ d'n'ssf] fhf 3f]if0ff ug{
;a} ;xdt eP. fhklifb\sf] a}7sdf ;xefuL sf]xLs;}n] klg >L % clwfhs'df
1fg]Gb|nfO{ fhf agfpg' x'b}g eg]gg\. a}7sdf ;Qf?9 g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;efklt
tyf k|wfgdGqL ;a} lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, pkk|wfgdGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]n ;lxt
bnsf k|d'v g]tf ;xefuL lyP. k|d'v ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf Pdfn] dxf;lrj
dfwjs'df g]kfn klg a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof].

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

tgfjaLr !fg]Gb| ;/sf/sf] /fHof/f]x)f

>L % clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|nfO{ fhklifb\n] fhf 3f]if0ff u]kl5 @@ ut]

laxfg}b]lv fHoff]x0fsf] tofL ;' eof]. o;aLr dfcf]jfbLn] fhtGqsf] cf}krfls
cGTo ePsf] gof fhf if8\oGqaf6 cfpg nfu]sf] cff]k ;lxtsf] jQmJo hfL
ul;s]sf] lyof]. To; cltlSt dfcf]jfbLsf] fHoff]x0f ;dff]x g} layf]Ng] of]hgf
x]sf] ;d]t kqklqsfn] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u]sf lyP. tfO{sf ljleGg gfsfaf6
dfcf]jfbLx? sf7df8f} lelqx]sf] va klg cfOx]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbLx? skfn
d'08g u] k"} fhfjfbLsf] j]zdf ;x l5]sf] lkf]6{ cfPsf] lyof]. lsg To:tf]
eOx]sf] 5 eGg] d}n] fd|L a'e\mg ;lsg. t To:tf] va cfPkl5 dnfO{ lgs}
7"nf] r'gf}tL eof]. lsgeg] ;'Iffsf] ;a} k|aGw d}n] g} x]g'{kg]{ lyof]. >L % sf]
;sfsf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 dnfO{ kof{Kt ;xof]u eOx]sf] lyof]. o;sf nflu
u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdL cfkm} cxf]fq vl6xg'ePsf] lyof]. fli6o cg';Gwfg
ljefu, g]kfn k|xL, ;z:q k|xL an zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf ;a}ltaf6 fd|f]
;xof]u ;dGjosf] sfd ePsf] lyof]. To;} cg';f k|efjsfL ;'Iff Joj:yf
ldnfpg Jofks dfqdf ;]gf k|xL klrfng ulof]. l;len 8]; df klg
;]gf k|xL klrfng eP. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 u'KtrnfO{ ;xs]lGb|t
kflof]. sxLst}af6 klg fHoff]x0f layf]Ng] dfcf]jfbL of]hgfaf] cflwsfls
hfgsfL gcfP klg To;af] ;8s xNnf rflx Jofks lyof]. To;af6 8fP
fHoff]x0f gug]{ t ;jfn} lyPg. Pp6f ;fx;sf ;fy Tof] sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{
lyof]. 1fg]Gb| ;sfdf ;d]t fh;+:yfsf] lgGttf xf]nf ls gxf]nf, olb eP
s;L x'g ;S5 eGg] ;Gqf; lyof] eGg] d}n] glhsaf6 a'lemx]sf] lyP. To;n]
dnfO{ emg\ uDeL agfPsf] lyof]. d}n] ;a}ltaf6 fd|f];u ;dGjo u] ;'Iff
k|aGw ldnfPsf] lyP.
fHoff]x0fsf] z'e;fOt laxfg !) ah] %) ldg]6b]lv ;f9] !! ah];Dd lg:s]sf]
lyof]. xg'dfg9f]sfsf] gf;nrf]sdf fHoff]x0f ;dff]x cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof].
Toxf ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ pkl:yt x'g pbL{ ulof]. ;jfLsf] k|aGw ;'Iffsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg'kg]{ d]f] lhDd]jfL lyof]. aflx ;Gqf; km}lnPsf] lyof]. dfG5]x?sf dgdf
8 JofKt lyof]. fhbafsf k'fgf axfnjfnf sd{rfL klg laxfg}b]lv clxn]
fHoff]x0f ug{ ;lsGg, lsgeg] dfcf]jfbLn] fHoff]x0f ;dff]x layf]Ng vf]lhx]sf
5g\ eg] s'f ulx]sf lyP. sf]xLsf]xL fhkljf;u ;DalGwt JolQmx?
cfP klg o:t} s'f ulx]sf lyP. 1fg]Gb| ;sf c:ktfnd} xf]OaS;GYof].
pgLx? Toxf cfP ;sfnfO{ g} s'f ;'gfOx]sf lyP. d rflx ;a}ltaf6 s'f
a'e\m5'. d}n] To:tf] :ki6 ;"rgf kfpg ;lsx]sf] lyOg. 5Ss nflux]sf] lyof].
clncln l; klg pl7x]sf] lyof]. o;}aLr k"j{P8L;L tffaxfb' yfkf c:ktfn
cfP ;sf;u bz{ge]6df x'g'x'bf] x]5. d ;sfnfO{ fHoff]x0fsf nflu rf8f]

31

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;jfL xf]OaS;g laGtL r9fpg hfg vf]h]sf], P8L;L zfxhgn] leq tffaxfb'
h;f{a x'g'x'G5 eGg'eof]. Ps} l5g s']. ;f9] ( eof]. kf}g] !) alh;Sof], pxf
lg:sg'ePg. d}n] P8L;LnfO{ s'f a'emfP eg], fHoff]x0fsf nflu ;jfL x'g] a]nf
eof]. ;sfnfO{ hfx] ug'{xf];\. P8L;Ln] leq uP ;sfnfO{ hfx] ug{'eof],
;sf, klxn] kf];fs nufpg lgd{n lgjf; ;jfL x'g'k5{. To;kl5 fhbaf
uP xg'dfg9f]sf ;jfL x'g'k5{. lsgeg] of] fhsLo sfo{qmd xf]. o; lx;fan]
;do nfUg ;S5. of] hfx] u] pxf aflx lg:sg'eof]. d}n] s']sf] lgs} a]
eO;s]sf] lyof]. km]l klg tffaxfb' h;f{a lg:sg'ePg.
;do Psbd} sd 5, ;fOtdf k'Ug'k5{ eg] P8L;L zfxhgnfO{ k'gM
hfx] ug{ eGb} lyP, tffaxfb' h;f{a lg:sg'eof]. ;fy} ;sf klg aflx
;jfL eof]. d;u s'f ulaS:of] s] elgaS:of] eg], aflx jftfj0f Psbd}
7Ls 5}g, fHoff]x0f x'g ;Sb}g eg] tffaxfb'n] dnfO{ eGof]. d t 5Ss
k]. tffaxfb' h;f{a 6fs;'6df x'g'x'GYof]. dxffhuGhb]lv g} lx8] cfPsf]
eGb} x'g'x'GYof]. To;kl5 d}n] ;sfnfO{ hfx] u], ;sfaf6 s]xL klg
lkmqmL lnOaS;g'kb}{g. ;a} ;'Iff k|aGw fd|f] 5. fHoff]x0f x'G5. a ;do
eO;Sof], ;sf t'Gt} ;jfL x'g'kof]. d}n] ;sfnfO{ a'emfpg] sf]l;; u].
;sfn] klg dflgaS:of]. ;sf lgd{n lgjf; ;jfL eof]. d fhbaf uP,
;]]df]lgon n'uf nufpg.
1fg]Gb| ;sfsf] lgd{n lgjf;af6 fhbafdf ;jfL eO;s]sf] lyof].
To; a]nf xfdL ;lrjx?aLr ;'Iffsf] Pp6f k|Zgdf 5nkmn eof]. ;fwf0ftof
fHoff]x0fkl5 xg'dfg9f]sfaf6 dxffhflwfh aUuLdf gffo0flx6L fhbaf ;jfL
x'g] kDkf 5. t o; k6s aflxsf] ;'Iffsf lx;fan] fHoff]x0fkl5 lkmtL{
;jfL aUuLdf guL df]6af6 uf} eGg] bafsf ;a} ;lrjx?sf] fo cfof].
To; cg';f d}n] ;sfnfO{ fHoff]x0fkl5 df]6df lkmtL{ ;jfL rnfpg]af] laGtL
u]. ;sfn] klxn] of] s'f dflgaS;]sf] lyof], t kl5 d'df a8fdxffgLnfO{
;f]lwaS;]5. d'df a8fdxffgLn] of] s'f dflgaS;]g5. clg ;sfaf6 dnfO{
x's'd eof], ljj]s, xg'dfg9f]sfb]lv df]6df cfpg dnfO{ t s]xL lyPg. t dfdLn]
df]6df ;jfL rnfpg dflgaS;]g. aUuLd} ;jfL rnfpg x''s'd eof]. ca s]
ug]{ < ;sfsf] o:tf] cfu|xkl5 xfdLn] fHoff]x0fkZrft\ aUuLd} lkmtL{ ;jfL
x'g] kl5kl5 sfs]8 df]6 klg xg] lgwf] uof}. To;kl5 ;sfsf] ;jfL
fhbafaf6 xg'dfg9f]sfdf rnfof}.
xfdL xg'dfg9f]sf k'Ubf k|wfgdGqL tyf g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf nufot dlGqklifb\df x]sf sf\u|];sf g]tfx? Toxf cfO;Sg'ePsf]
x]5. ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf g]skf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn
e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqLx? klg cfO;Sg'ePsf] lyof]. cGo w]} g]tfx? klg x'g'x'GYof].

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

5f]6f] ;dodf h]hlt pbL{ ug{ ;lsof], va kfpg]hlt ;a} g} pkl:yt x'g'ePsf]
x]5. xg'dfg9f]sfdf lxGb" wd{ fhkDkf cg';f ;sfsf] fHoff]x0f eof].
fHoff]x0fkl5 kDkf cg';f g} k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb
pkfWofo, ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g,
fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;efklt 8f= s]zh\u fodfemL, ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf
Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfn, pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]n nufot dGqL tyf g]tfx?n]
;sfdf bfd fVg'eof]. ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v tyf xfdL ;'IffsdL{x?n] klg
;sfnfO{ bfd r9fof}. Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfnn] ;sfdf bfd r9fPsf] ljifok|lt
fHoff]x0fkl5 pxfsf] kf6L{df lgs} g} 7"nf] cfnf]rgf eof]. Pdfn]sf ljf]wLx?n]
;d]t o;nfO{ rsf]{ cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo agfP. t, fHosf] dxjk"0f{ kbdf cf;Lg
ePkl5 g]kfnn] ;sfdf bfd r9fpg' :jfefljs lyof]. To;}n] To; lsl;daf6
pxfsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ x'b}gYof].
d'dfsf] :ju]{ ePsf sf0f d}n] cfzf}r af]sf] lyP. To;}n] fHoff]x0f
;dff]xdf d pkl:yt x'g gkg]{ xf]. t d fhbafsf] ;'Iff x]g]{ To;df klg
dxffhflwfhsf] ;}lgs ;lrj. ;do kll:yltsf] afWotfn] ubf{ cfzf}r af]s}
cj:yf klg ;'Iffsf] k|aGw ;a} cfkm} x]g'{kg]{ cfkm} lkmN8df cfpg'kg]{ ePsfn] d
fHoff]x0f ;dff]xdf hfg'kg]{ eof]. , uP klg. fHoff]x0f g} x'g g;Sg] eGg]
xNnf rlnx]sf] lyof]. To;nfO{ kf gnufO{ d pDsg] 7fp lyPg. ;xh ?kdf
fHoff]x0f ;dff]x ;';DkGg eof]. fHoff]x0fkl5 ;sfsf] fhbaf lkmtL{ ;jfL
rnfpg'kg]{ eof]. To; a]nf klg ;sf fh ePsf] aUuLsf] cufl8klsf] l;6df
d a:g'kg]{ eof]. x'g t Toxf P8L;L a:g'kg]{ lyof], t ;'Iffsf] pRr ;ts{tfsf
nflu ;sfsf] cfTdljZjf; tyf ef];fsf nflu klg d} a;]. d}n] ;sfnfO{
fHoff]x0fsf nflu ;a} ;'Iff k|aGw 7Ls 5 eg] hfx] u]sfn] klg Toxf d g}
a:g'kYof]{. P8L;Lx? k5fl8 a;]. fhkDkf cg';f ;sf;u} k|wfgdGqL
lkmN8 df;{n a:g'kg]{ xf]. t k|wfgdGqLk|lt eL8 k"} cfqmfds algx]sf] lyof].
To;f] x'bf jftfj0f emg\ tgfju|:t aGnf eg] pxfnfO{ aUuLdf flvPg. lkmN8
df;{n klg j[4 c:j:y ePsf sf0f aUuLdf a:g'ePg. pxfsf] 7fpdf k|wfg
;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf a:g'eof].
ljleGg :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLsf] 3'';k}7 x'g ;S5 ;dff]xnfO{ k"} layf]Ng]
k|of; x'G5 eg] k|z:t k|rf ulPsf] lyof]. t To:tf] s]xL geO{ lgaf{w ?kdf
;sfsf] fHoff]x0f ;dff]x ;';DkGg eof]. ;sf ;'lIft ?kdf fhbafdf
lkmtL{ ;jfL eof]. fh;+:yfsf] cf}krfls cGTo eof] eGg] dfcf]jfbLsf] jQmJon]
xfdLnfO{ ;z\lst gkf]sf] rflx xf]Og. t xfdLn] To;} cg';fsf] ;'Iff k|aGw
u]sf lyof}. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] 8LPdcf] clkm;n] pgLx?sf] k|of;nfO{ s;L
lgoGq0f ug]{ eg] ftfft ljz]if of]hgf agfPsf] lyof]. 8LPdcf] k|bLkk|tfk ad

33

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dNn o'4sfo{ dxfzfvfsf k|d'v dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLn] fd|f] ;'Iff of]hgf
agfP ;}lgs klrfng ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;dff]x k|aGwsf] sfd ;]gfsf] sfo{yL
ljefun] u]sf] lyof]. Tof] a]nf sfo{yL ;bLkaxfb' zfx x'g'x'GYof]. g]kfn k|xL,
;z:q k|xL fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefun] klg fd|f] sfd u]sf lyP. ;Dk"0f{
sfo{qmddf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cjf]w ePg. fHoff]x0fkl5 t ;lhn};u ;a} s'f
ldn] uof].
fHoff]x0fkZrft\ fhbaf ;jfL ePkl5 ;sf sf:sL a}7sdf fh eof].
uf]vf a}7sdf fhl;+xf;g lyof]. t To;df fh x'g] s'g} sfo{qmd ag]g.
fHoff]x0fkl5 fhbafleq To:tf] s'g} ljz]if ;dff]x ePg. bafsf sd{rfLn]
bfd fVg] sfo{qmd dfq eof]. Tof] ;fdfGo ?kdf ;lsPkl5 ;sfn] bafsf
;a} sd{rfLnfO{ ;fd"lxs bz{ge]6 aS; eof]. 5'} s;}nfO{ klg e]l6aS;]g.
To;kl5 d}n] g} ;sf, ca bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] bfx;+:sfsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug'{
5, ;sf klg ;jfL xf]OaS;G5 ls < eg] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 s]xL x''s'd
ePg. lgd{n lgjf; ;jfL xf]OaS:of]. fhkDkf cg';f dxffhflwfh s'g}
klg dfG5] d]sf] :yfgdf ;jfL xf]OaS;g x'b}g.
;sfaf6 ;f]xL lbg ;fem zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t clwfhs'dfL sf]dnnfO{
>L % a8fdxffgL 3f]lift ulaS:of]. ;sfaf6 zfxHofbf kf;nfO{ o'jfhflwfh
zfxHofbL lxdfgLnfO{ o'jf1L 3f]if0ff ug]{ ljifodf xfdL s]xL ;lrj;u ;Nnfx
ulaS;]sf] lyof]. t xfdLn] g} clxn] Tof] 3f]if0ff ug'{ pko'Qm gx'g] ;Nnfx
6qmfPsf lyof}. ;fob k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf] klg ToxL ;Nnfx lyof]. kf;
;sfnfO{ t'Gt} o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ff ulxfNg s'g} xtf klg lyPg.
;sfaf6 @@ ut] ;fem g} fhbaf xTofsf08sf] 5fglag ug{ pRr:tLo
hfra'em cfof]usf] 3f]if0ff ulaS:of]. o; ljifodf 1fg]Gb| ;sf kf]vfaf6
sf7df8f} ;jfL ePkl5 @) ut] c:ktfndf ePsf] klxnf] a}7sd} ;xdlt ag]sf]
lyof]. cfof]u To;} lbg u7g eO;Sg'kg]{ lyof]. t fHo;xfossf ?kdf
;sfaf6 u7g ulaS;g plrt x'b}g eGg] ts{ cfPkl5 To; lbg o;sf]
3f]if0ff ePsf] lyPg. To;}n] ;sfaf6 fHoff]x0f u]nuQ} tLg ;b:oLo cfof]u
u7g ulPsf] 3f]if0ff ulaS;]sf] lyof]. k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t cfof]usf ;b:ox?df ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6 k|ltlglw;efdf
k|d'v ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn xg'ePsf] eof].
-klxnf cfk\mgf] gfd cfkm}n] hf]8bf ?kdf k|:tfj ug]{ dxf;lrj g]kfn kl5 c1ft
sf0fn] cfof]udf xg rfxg'ePg._
dxffhflwfhsf ?kdf ;sfaf6 h]7 @@ ut] b]zjf;LnfO{ ulaS;]sf]
klxnf] ;Daf]wg k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, k|wfg GofofwLz pkfWofo, ;efd'v fgfef6,
fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xl;g, fhklifb\sf ;efklt 8f= fodfemL Pdfn]

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

dxf;lrj g]kfnsf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd cfPsf] lyof]. pxfx?sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj

cg';f k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] zfxL ;Daf]wg tof kfg'{ePsf] xf].
;sfsf] ;Daf]wgkl5 aflxsf] lx+;fTds 36gf cfqmf]zdf s]xL sdL cfof] eg]
w]}ltaf6 lkf]6{ cfPsf] lyof].
skm\o'{df bLk]Gb| ;/sf/sf] zjofqf

fHoff]x0f ;dff]x ;s] d ;}lgs c:ktfn uP. d k'Ubf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf]

zj cfo{3f6 n}hfg]af] tofL eOx]sf] lyof]. t jL]Gb| ;sfsf] h:t} tlsfn]
zjofqf ug{ c;Dej lyof]. lsgeg] Psflt bLk]Gb| ;sfk|lt hgtfdf tLj|
cfqmf]z lyof] eg] csf{lt fhbaf xTofsf08 bLk]Gb| ;sfaf6 ePsf] xf]Og, of]
t if8\oGq g} xf] eg] ;d]t h'n'; lg:sg yfln;s]sf] lyof]. k|ltf]w lx+;fsf]
z[\vnf ;' eO;s]sf] va ;'Iff lgsfox?, vf; uL fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6
cfOx]sf] lyof]. To;f] eP zjofqfsf nflu csf]{ 5'} 6sf] Joj:yf ulof].
;}lgs c:ktfndf pkl:yt ;]gf tyf k|xLsf pRr clwsfLx?sf] ;Nnfxaf6 of]
6 to ulPsf] lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] zjofqf 5fpgLl:yt ;}lgs c:ktfnaf6
rqmkydf lgsfn] afnfh', uf]\ua', dxffhuGh, rfalxn x'b} uf}zfnfaf6 kz'klt
cfo{3f6df n}hfg] to eof]. To:t}, ;sfsf] zj a|fx\d0fn] af]s] cfo{3f6 n}hfg]
kDkf lyof]. b'O{ lbgcl3 dfq klg jL]Gb| ;sfsf] zj To;} uL cfo{3f6
k'ofOPsf] lyof]. t bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] zj To;L n}hfg g;lsg] ePkl5 fhsLo
;Ddfgsf ;fy sfs]8 tof ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. clg Pp6f 6snfO{ ;hfP zjnfO{
n}hfg] tofL ulof]. c;xh jftfj0fsf sf0f sk\mo'{ nufpg}kg]{ eof].
s]xL a]df 1fg]Gb| ;sf klg c:ktfn ;jfL eof]. d}n] hfx] u],
;sf, bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] zjofqf k}bn rnfpg g;lsg] eof]. s] x's'd x'G5 <
klxn] t ;sfaf6 k}bn} zjofqf rnfpg x''s'd eof]. t ;'Iffsf sf0fn] sk\mo'{
g} nufpg'kg]{ ePkl5 aNn ;sfn] klg dflgaS:of]. fhsLo ;Ddfgsf ;fy
;]gfs} Pp6f 6snfO{ ;hfP zjofqf rnfpg] cufl8k5fl8 ;a} df]6 fVg]
eOof]. ;a} lsl;dsf] fhsLo ;Ddfgsf] klg Joj:yf ulof]. ;}lgs c:ktfnaf6
ckfx\g % ah]lt zjofqf ;' ulof]. ljleGg :yfgdf dfG5]x?n] xNnf u].
ljf]w u]. uf]\ua'df t 9'\ufd'9f ;d]t k|xf eof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] zjd} 9'\uf
nfUof]. Toxf k'Ubf ;sfsf] zj cfo{3f6 k'ofP bfx;+:sf ug{ g} ;lsGg ls
h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf d Pp6} df]6df lyof},
7\ofSs} zjsf] k5fl8. s] ug]{ eg] xfdL df]6d} ;Nnfx ulx]sf lyof}. ToxL
cg';f pxf ;]gfsf] ck];g sG6f]n dnfO{ cfb]z lbg'x'GYof]. x"nb\uf a9]kl5
uf]\ua'df ;]gfn] kmfol g} ug'{kof]. o;L ljleGg :yfgdf cjf]w l5rf]Nb}

35

36

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfsf] zj cfo{3f6 k'ofOof]. clg bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] klg lxGb" fhsLo

kDkf cg';f flt lgs} ca];Dd nufP clGtd ;+:sf ;DkGg eof].
To; lbgel bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] zj >4f~hlnsf nflu ;}lgs c:ktfn,
5fpgLdf kfnleq flvPsf] lyof]. ;a}nfO{ >4f~hlnsf nflu pbL{ hfL ePsf]
lyof]. cfpg ;Sg]hlt ;a} ;sfL kbflwsfLn] 5fpgL cfP >4f~hln JoQm
u]. t fhkljfsf ;b:o sf]xL klg clGtd >4f~hln JoQm ug{ ;jfL
ePg. dnfO{ Psbd} ;\sf]r nflux]sf] lyof], lsg fhkljfsf s'g} ;b:osf]
;jfL ePg eg]. wL]Gb| zfxsf] klg bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] clGtd ;+:sf u]s} ft
bfx;+:sf ulof]. pxf zfxL pkflw ;a} Tofu] ;fdfGo gfuls eP a;]sfn] cGo
;sfx?nfO{ h:tf] pRr ;Ddfg lbg'k]g. t klg Pp6f tofL t ug}{kYof]{.
c:ktfn g} sfof{no

1fg]Gb| ;sf dxffhflwfh ePsf] kfrf} lbg cyf{t\ @)%* h]7 @^ ut] d}n]
k'gM bz{ge]6 kfP. ;}lgs ;lrjsf lx;fan] To; lbg hfx] ug]{ ljifo k"j{tofL
u] uPsf] lyP. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ c:ktfnd} bz{ge]6sf nflu af]nfOaS;]sf]
lyof]. a8fdxffgL ;sfnfO{ c:ktfnsf] Pp6f eLeLcfO{kL sIfdf flvPsf]
lyof]. To;sf] aflxkl x]sf] a}7s sIfdf ;sf fh ePsf] lyof]. df};'kmaf6
c?nfO{ klg ToxL e]l6aS;GYof]. d a}7s sIfaflx 8\o'6Lsf P8L;L;u s'f u]
al;x]sf] lyP. ;do a]n'sfsf] ;f9] ^ ePsf] lyof]. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ Toxf
b]v]kl5 af]nfOaS:of].
;sfn] ;f]lwaS:of], ljj]s, s] 5 <
cfkm"n] kfPsf ;a} lsl;dsf ;"rgfsf] hfx]L ;s] d}n] ;sfnfO{ ;f]w],
;sf, Pp6f s'f hfx] uf} <
;sfaf6 x'G5, s] s'f < x's'd eof].
d}n] hfx] u], ;sf, clxn] fh;+:yf gfh's cj:yfdf 5. o;dfly
c? tLj| cfqmd0f x'g ;S5. fhkljfd} of] csNkgLo 36gf 36\of]. t
fh;+:yfnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ alnof] kfg]{ bfloTj xfd|f] xf]. ;aeGbf klxn] clxn]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ gd{n cj:yfdf Nofpg' 5. s8f r'gf}tLsf] 38Ldf xfdL plePsf 5f}.
;sfsf lj4 cg]s lsl;dsf cff]k nflux]sf 5g\. To;}n] ca g]kfndf
fh;+:yfsf] eljiosf nflu ug}{kg]{ b'O{ sfd d}n] b]v]sf] 5'. klxnf], ;sfaf6
;DkGg x'g] ;a} sfd lg0f{o b]z hgtfsf] lxtdf x'g'k5{. To;df kfblz{tf
x'g Tolt g} h?L 5. bf];|f] s'f, kf; ;sfsf] afgLa]xf]fdf ;'wf x'g'k5{.
kf; ;sfsf] aflx h'g 5lj 5, To;df ;'wf cfpg}k5{. gq eg] hgtfnfO{
:jLsf ug{ ufxf] kg{ ;S5. kf; ;sfsf] ljutnfO{ lnP htftt}af6 ljf]w

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

;' x'g ;S5. t dfG5]sf] ljuteGbf klg jt{dfg x]lG5. ca kf; ;sf;u
fh;+:yfsf] eljio klg ufl;Psf] 5. To;}n] fh;+:yfsf] lgGttfsf nflu oL
b'O{ sfd x'g'k5{ eGg] d]f] ;'emfj 5.
d}n] o;L k|:6;u ;sfdf s'f fv]. ;sfnfO{ d]f] s'f dg kof] ls
k]g, d eGg ;lSbg. t ;sfaf6 d}n] s'f a'em], xf], 7Ls eGof} x's'd eof].
xfdLn] kll:ylthGo cj:yf x]], ljZn]if0f u] ;sfnfO{ hfx] ug]{ xf]. To;f]
x'gfn] ;sf l;fpg] s'f klg x'b}g. t l;fP klg d}n] fh;+:yfsf] lxtsf
nflu hfx] u]sf] lyP. o;f] ug'{ d]f] wd{ klg lyof]. d]f] ;a} ljifodf :ki6
af]Ng] afgL 5. 3 kms]{kl5 flt w]} a];Dd ;f]lrx], d]f] of] s'fnfO{ ;sfn]
s;L lnOaS:of] xf]nf eg]. d}n] gfd|f] s'f s]xL eg]sf] lyOg. kf; ;sfsf]
h'g 5lj 5, 1fg]Gb| ;sfs} klg h'g k[i7e"ld 5, To;nfO{ x]bf{ d}n] ;sfnfO{
lbPsf] ;'emfj ;xL 5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn] d lgbfP.
To;} lbg d}n] csf]{ ljifo klg ;sfnfO{ hfx] u]sf] lyP, ;sf,
fhbaf 36gfnfO{ lnP dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfnfO{ cff]k nufpb} jQmJo lgsfn]sf]
5. sflGtk'df dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{sf] n]v klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5.
Tof] n]vdf ;sfdfly g} s8f cff]k nufOPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 x's'd ePsf] lyof], ljj]s, dfcf]jfbLsf s'f ;'g] cflQg] s'}
5}g. fhtGq pGd"ng ug'{ pgLx?sf] 3f]lift nIo g} xf].
dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= efO{sf] n]v 5flkPkl5 k|xLn] sflGtk'sf k|aGwsx?
s}nfz l;f]lxof, ljgf]bfh 1jfnL ;Dkfbs o'jfh l3ld]nfO{ luk\mtf uof].
o; ljifodf k|wfgdGqL ;sfaLr ;Lwf s'f ePsf] lyof] eg] dnfO{ s'g} klg
lx;fan] yfxf x'g] s'f ePg. t d]f] ljZjf;df Tolt a]nfsf] sxfnLnfUbf]
cj:yfdf olt ;fgf] ljifodf kSs} klg ;sf k|wfgdGqLaLr s'f ePg. ;fy}
Tolt a]nfsf] ;\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf fhbaf;u ;DalGwt ljifodf d}n] g}
;'Iff lgsfodf ;dGjo ug]{ u]sfn] d]f] hfgsfLa]u Tof] sfd ;Dej lyPg.
t dnfO{ o; 36gfaf] s'g} k"j{;"rgf lyPg. To;}n] dnfO{ sflGtk'sf k|aGws
;DkfbsnfO{ luk\mtf ug{ k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL
fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] xft 5 eGg] nfUb5. lsgeg] k|wfgdGqLsf] sflGtk';u ;f}xfb{k"0f{
;DaGw 5}g eGg] d]f] hfgsfLdf klxn]b]lv g} cfOx]sf] lyof]. To; a]nfsf]
;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf o:tf] uDeL k|s[ltsf] luk\mtfLaf6 k|wfgdGqL of u[[xdGqLn]
bafsf] ;+nUgtf b]lvg] jftfj0f agfP ;sfsf lj4 hgdfg;nfO{ e8\sfpg
vf]h]sf] b]lvGYof]. of] cToGt} v]bhgs 3[l0ft sfo{ lyof]. d}n] o;af] klg
;sfdf hfx] u]sf] lyP. ;sfaf6 x's'd ePsf] lyof], ljj]s, dnfO{ o;
ljifodf s]xL klg hfgsfL 5}g. a ltd|f] sxLst}af6 ;Dks{ 5 eg] elgb]pm,
o; ljifodf bafsf] s'g} xft 5}g eg]. o;} ;Gbe{df sflGtk'sf k|aGwsx?

37

38

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;Dkfbssf] luk\mtfLdf fhbafsf] s'g} xft 5}g eGg] ;Gb]z lbg >L %
dxffhflwfhaf6 fHoff]x0f ulaS;]sf]df zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf tkm{af6 k|wfg
;]gfkltn] sflGtk' b}lgs dfkm{t ;sfdf z'esfdgf r9fpg] to eof]. kl5 To;}
cg';f ulof] klg.
a8fdxffgL sf]dn lgs} lbg;Dd ;}lgs c:ktfnd} pkrft xf]OaS;GYof].
;sfsf] ck];g ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]. 36gf ePsf] ef]ln kN6b]lv
a8fdxffgLnfO{ l8:rfh{ gubf{;Dd emG8} tLg ;ftfhlt 1fg]Gb| ;sf lbge
ToxL fh xf]OaS;GYof]. flt klg Psbd} l9nf] lgd{n lgjf; ;jfL x'GYof]. Ps
lx;fan] ;sfn] c:ktfnnfO{ g} clkm; agfOaS;]sf] lyof]. fhbafsf] ;'Iffsf]
k|d'v lhDd]jfL lgjf{x u]sf sf0f d klg lgoldt ?kdf c:ktfn uOx]sf] lyP.
;a} sfd ToxLaf6 x'GYof]. s;}nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;g'kof] eg] of s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
;sfL sfdsfh x]g'{kof] eg] ;sfaf6 ;lrjnfO{ ToxL af]nfOaS;GYof]. h]7
@^ ut]s} lbg Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn klg ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu
c:ktfn cfpg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf t cfpg'x'g] g} eof]. ;do;dodf
k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{noaf6 s] 5 < s] ug'{ k5{ < eg] ;f]Wg] sfd klg eOx]sf]
lyof]. >L % sf] ;sfn] pRr rf;f] b]vfOx]sf] lyof]. >L % sf] ;sfsf]
;dGjo ;xof]u pNn]vgLo lyof]. fhbaf xTofsf08sf] !# cf} lbg;Dd
cf}krfls ;+:sfsf s'fx?df klg nfUg'kof]. o;aLr u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdL;u
d]f] lgoldt ;Dks{ eOx]sf] lyof]. pxfn] Psbd} ;xof]u ;dGjo ulxg'ePsf]
lyof]. afDaf kmf]g u] h;f{a, s] ;xof]u rflxG5 < eg] ;f]lwxg'ePsf]
lyof]. sfhlqmofsf] qmddf kDkf cg';f ;a} sfd ;DkGg xf];\, ug'{kg]{ ;a} sfd
xf];\, u[x dGqfnoaf6 k"f ;xof]u x'g]5 eg] ljleGg ;'emfj lbOxg'eof]. ;'Iff
lgsfoaf6 klg ;xof]u k|fKt eOx\of]. fhf jL]Gb| bLk]Gb|sf] sfhlqmof k"f
ubf{;Dd !% lbghlt fhbaf aGb eof]. k|zf;lgs sfdsfh ;a} aGb x'g] g}
eof]. >L % sf] ;sfn] klg fli6o zf]ssf] 3f]if0ff uof].
bLk]Gb|sf] rl/q / h]& 19 sf] leqL /x:o

h]7 !( sf] Tof] sfnf] ftn] fhf jL]Gb|sf] j+z gfz ufof] eg] g]kfndf
fh;+:yfsf] Oltxf;s} cGTo ufof]. To; ftsf] 36gfaf] cfh;Dd klg ljleGg
lsl;dsf c8snafhL x'b} cfPsf 5g\. Tof] 36gf s;n] ufof] < s;L eof] <
, lsg ufOof] < o:tf w]} k|Zgx? cg'Qlt 5g\. fhbaf xTofsf08sf]
;'b]lv kl5;Ddsf ljleGg ;TotYo s'fx?sf] cfwf d]f] hfgsfLdf cfPsf
;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfsf cfwfdf pQm 36gfdf tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|s} k|ToIf
k|d'v xft b]lvG5. dnfO{ yfxf 5, cfd ?kdf of] s'f sbflk :jLsfo{ x'g

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

;Sb}g. ;+;fnfO{ g} :tAw kfg]{ of] xTofsf08 b'lgofsf] ghdf nf]slk|otfsf]

lzvdf rl9x]sf tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfhaf6 ePsf] xf] eg] ;fdfGotM s;}n] klg
kofpg} ;Sb}g. o;} ;Gbe{df, fhbaf xTofsf08sf k5fl8 efjgfdf aUg] cfd
hgdfg;n] 7fg]eGbf a]Un} uDeL x:o n's]sf] 5 eg] rrf{ ug]{x?sf] ;\Vof
klg sd 5}g. fhbaf cyf{t\ fHosf] dxjk"0f{ lgsfodf tLg bzs lgGt
sfd u]sf] cfk\mgf] nfdf] cg'ejsf cfwfdf dnfO{ ;d]t pQm 36gfdf cjZo klg
JolQmut fhgLlts if8\oGq 5 eGg] nfUb5. lsgeg] To; ;dodf g]kfnsf]
fh;+:yf s]xL b]zL tyf ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|sf nflu cjf~5gLo algx]sf] lyof].
o;} qmddf g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfnfO{ ;bfsf nflu cGTo ug]{af] if8\oGq eOx]sf]
eGg] ;"rgf ljZn]if0f klg xfdLn] gkfPsf] xf]Og. o:tf] a]nf fhkljfleq
rflx+ o'jfhflwfhsf] ljjfxsf] k|;\unfO{ lnP kfljfls lsrnf] ljjfb
pTsif{df k'lux]sf] lyof]. o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb| fhkljfdf klg c? ;fdfGo
dfG5] of ;fdfGo kljf ;xs} dfgjLo sdLsdhf]L cjZo klg lyP g}.
fhbaf xTofsf08df ltg} sdLsdhf]Ldfly b]zL tyf ljb]zL zlQmn] v]n]sf]
ltgsf] if8\oGq ldl;Psf] x'g ;S5 eGg] d]f] lgisif{ 5. To;nfO{ a'em\gsf nflu
fhkljfleq a9]sf] snx, o'jfhflwfhsf] rlq ljjfxsf] k|;\uaf] lj:t[t
?kdf rrf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
d bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ df};'km ;fg} 5bfb]lv lrGby]. ;sfnfO{ glhsaf6
lrg]sf] @)#! ;fn j}zfvb]lv xf], ha d}n] fhk|f;fb ;]jfdf cfjlws zfxL
kfZj{jtL{sf ?kdf sfd ;' u]sf] lyP. o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] hGd @)@* c;f
!# ut] ePsf] xf]. To; lx;fan] Tolt a]nf ;sf tLg jif{ klg k'luaS;]sf]
lyPg. bLk]Gb| ;sf hGdb} fhf x'g hGd]sf]. t fhbafdf o'jfhflwfh
;sfnfO{ fhfsf ?kdf x'sf{pg] s'g} klkf6L of ;+:sf d}n] b]lvg. d}n]
;'g]sf] lyP, o'f]ksf fhtGq ePsf b]zdf fhf agfpg aRr}b]lv ToxL cg';fsf]
lzIffbLIff tflnd lbOG5. To;sf nflu cg'ejL bIf ljz]if1sf] l6d agfP
pgLx?sf] ufO8]G; df efjL fhfnfO{ x'sf{pg] ulPsf] x'G5. t d hlt a]nf
g]kfnsf] fhbafleq k|j]z u], Toxf To:tf] s]xL b]lvg. a dnfO{ Toxfsf] kff
b]v] crDd nfu]sf] lyof].
k~rfotL zf;gsfn ePsfn] fhf jL]Gb| fgL P]Zjo{ b'j} b]zsf] fhgLlts,
cfly{s, k|zf;lgs tyf cGo ljleGg sfddf Jo:t eOaS;GYof]. k~rfot sfn,
To;df klg fhfsf] ;lqmo g]t[Tj. Tof] eP fhf jL]Gb| k"} Jo:t. fgL P]Zjo{n]
fhfsf] sfddf ;xof]u k'ofpg'kg]{. ;fdflhs sfddf df};'kmsf] p:t} Jo:ttf.
To;f] eP bLk]Gb| ;sf zfxL gx?sf] ]vb]vdf x'ls{aS:of], hf] ;]gfsf l;kfxL
x'g\. clg gfgLx?n] x]] o'jfhflwfhnfO{. g zfxL g w]} k9]n]v]sf x'Gy], g
gfgLx? g}. ljz]if ;+:sf klg pgLx?df x'b}gYof]. pgLx?sf] ]vb]v x]rfxdf

39

40

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

o'jfhflwfhsf] afNosfn laTof]. To;af6 bLk]Gb| ;sfn] s] l;lsaS:of]

xf]nf < Pp6f ;fdfGo kljfdf hGd]sf] aRrf cfdfafa'sf] dfof, ddtf ]vb]vdf
x'ls{G5. t ;sfn] ;fg}b]lv cfdfafa'sf] dfof s:tf] x'G5 eGg] dx;'; ug{
kfOaS;]g. cfdfafa'sf] ;fdLKoaf6 jl~rt o'jfhflwfh Tolt a]nf zfxL g
gfgLx?af6 km'Ts] aflx lg:s]kl5 P8L;L clkm; cfOaS;GYof]. TolQ lyof]
;sfsf] hfg], 3'Dg] v]Ng] 7fp. afNofj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lzIff, bLIff
tflnd lyPg o'jfhflwfhnfO{. Tof] b]Vbf casf] @! cf} ztfAbLdf g]kfnn]
s:tf] fhf kfpg] xf]nf eGg] s'f d]f] dgdf cfpg] ub{Yof]. d ev{ baf uPsf]
lyP, of] s'f s;}nfO{ eGg] s'f klg cfPg. km]l fhbafsf] s'f. d}n] k'f
l;:6d af] Tolt w]} cg'ej klg kfPsf] lyOg.
Tof] pd]df o'jfhflwfhnfO{ s] s'f l;sfpg] < clg zfxL gsf] 8\o'6L s]
xf] < gfgLx?n] s] ug]{ P8L;Ln] s]s] ug]{ < sfdsf] s'g} af8kmf8 lyPg. Tolt
a]nf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] s:tf] afgL ljsf; eOx]sf] lyof] eg] s'g} 7"nf] dfG5]nfO{
Ps d'Ssf xfGg] clg Tof] dfG5] e'Odf n8] 56k6 u]sf]df dHhf lng]. km]l
;sfn] To;}nfO{ ufnfdf emfk8 xfGg'kg]{, km]l Tof] dfG5] e'Odf n8] g'kg]{.
clg ;sf dHhf lnP xf:g]. ;sfdf aRrf ;fyLnfO{ ;d]t emfk8 d'Ssf
xfg] 9nfpg}kg]{ dfgl;stf lyof]. o; k|sf ;sfdf Ouf] x7Lkg a9\b}
uPsf] lyof]. o;L o'jfhflwfhdf ;sffTds :jefjsf] lj:tf gx'g] b]lvx]sf]
lyP d}n]. ToxL pd]sf afnaRrfsf aLrdf ;Dks{ k|lt:kwf{df fv]sf] eP klg
fd|} x'GYof]. cg'ejL ljz]if1sf] l6d agfP x'sf{Psf] eP t emg} fd|f] x'GYof].
t slxNo} Tof]] ;f]rfO bafdf ePg. efjL fhf t s], ;fdfGo dflg;sf] h:tf]
:jfefljs JolQmTj ljsf;sf] cj; klg o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k|fKt ePg.
s'g} klg JolQmn] afNosfndf cfk\mgf cfdfafa'af6 slt dfof kfPsf] 5, slt
;do pgLx?;u latfpg kfPsf] 5 pm s;L x'sf{OPsf] 5 eGg] s'fn] kl5
uP p;sf] JolQmTj tyf rlq lgdf{0f x'G5. fhf jL]Gb| fgL P]Zjo{af6 bLk]Gb|
;sfn] Tof] lsl;dn] dfof, ;do ]vb]v kfOaS;]g. ;sfx? fhsfhd}
Jo:t ePsfn] cfk\mgf] 5f]fnfO{ lans'n} ;do glbPsf] xfdL P8L;Lx?n] glhsaf6
b]lvx]sf lyof}. bLk]Gb| ;sf hGd]sf] 8]9 dlxgfhlt dfq P]Zjo{ ;sf;u
;'ltaS:of] xf]nf. To;kl5 k"} gfgLx?n] x'sf{P. cem ;sfsf] kf:gLkl5 t
;sfnfO{ x'sf{pg] ]vb]v ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd gfgLx? zfxL gx?s} lhDdfdf
uof]. cfdfa'afaf6 dfof gkfPsf] s'f bLk]Gb| ;sfn] x'ls{;s]kl5 d;u w]}
k6s JoQm ulaS;]sf] lyof] klg. !) jif{;Dd bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] dfgl;stf
JolQmTj ljsf; h;L eOx]sf] lyof], To;af] cfk"m ;jfL 8\o'6Ldf ePsf a]nf d}n]
jL]Gb| ;sfnfO{ hfx] klg u]sf] lyP. 7\ofSs} ToxL s'f kl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfn]
d;u u'gf;f]sf ?kdf JoQm ulaS;]sf] lyof]. To;} sf0f kl5 uP cfdfa'af;u

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

;sfsf] ;DaGw 6fl9b} uPsf] lyof]. d}n] ;sfx?sf aLrdf ljrf b[li6sf]0f
kmskms x'b} uPsf] b]lvx]sf] lyP. vf; uL a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{;u ;sfsf]
;DaGw w]} 6f9f x'b} uPsf] lyof]. cfdf5f]fsf] ;DaGw t glhssf] x'g'kg]{ xf], t
;sfx?aLr To;L cfTdLo ;DaGw lj:tf ePg. To;dfly ;sfx? b'j} hgf
s8f lbdfusf] -:6 x]8]8_. d}n] eg]s} x'g'k5{ eGg] :jefj ljsf; ePsf] lyof]
o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf. To:t} :jefj lyof] a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{sf] klg. b'j} hgf
Pscsf{;u ge'mSg] k6Ss} nlrnf] gx'g]. cfdf5f]faLr aRrfb]lv g} cfTdLotf,
lgs6tf dfofddtf gePsf] kl0ffd lyof] of]. cfdf5f]faLrsf] ;DaGw leqL
?kdf k|fljlws dfq xg k'u]sf] lyof].
d}n] bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] k"} hLjg b]v]sf] 5'. df};'kmsf] JolQmTj s;L ljsf;
x'b} cfof], Psbd} glhsaf6 cg'ej cWoog u]sf] 5'. ;sfsf] c:jfefljs
pkw|f], x7, abdf;L, kkL8s :jefj, Ouf], pk]lIft ePsf] cg'e"lt, dfofk|]dsf]
t[i0ff, efj'stf, dxjfsf\Iff, g}fZo, cfj]u cflbnfO{ 5n{\u b]v]ef]u]sf] 5'. hlt
a]nf ;sf lsG8 uf6]{gdf xf]OaS;GYof], xfdLn] ;jfL rnfpg'kb{Yof] :s'ndf.
bLk]Gb| ;sf :s'n hfg grfxg]. P]Zjo{ ;sfnfO{ h;L eP klg k7fpg}kg]{.
clg bLk]Gb| ;sf hfGg eg] lh2L ug]{, P]Zjo{ ;sf hfg}k5{ eg] rsf]{ :jdf
xKsfOaS;g]. To; qmddf df};'kmaf6 bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ ufnfdf emfk8 nufPsf]
klg d}n] s}of} k6s b]v]sf] 5'. :s'n ;jfL xf]OaS;] klg slxn]sfxL t aLr
af6f]d} df]6af6 cf]n{G5' eg] lh2L ug]{. s:tf] 5's5's] eg] P8L;LnfO{ x}fg}
kflaS;GYof]. ;a} P8L;Lx? ;sfaf6 6f9f efUg vf]Hby]. bLk]Gb| ;sf
P8L;L clkm;df gcfP klg x'GYof] h:tf] x'GYof]. cfkm"n] eg]sf] gug]{ P8L;LnfO{
;sfn] rfOaS;b}gYof]. tLdWo] d k|d'v lyP. To;}n] slxn]sfxL ;sfsf]
nft yKk8 ;d]t d}n] vfPsf] 5'. d ;sfnfO{ ug{ x'g]gx'g] s'fx? ;Demfpy].
t ;sfnfO{ k6Ss} dg kb}{gYof]. To;}n] ;sfn] d]f] gfd 8]Gh; P8L;L
flvaS;]sf] lyof]. gfgLx?;u fd|f] Jojxf gug]{. gfgLx?n] df}sf kfof] ls zfxL
gx?nfO{ a'emfOlbOxfNg]. zfxL gn] klg g;s]kl5 P8L;Lx?nfO{ a'emfpg].
P8L;L clkm;df cfP 6]ansf] l;;f km'6fOlbg]. snd eflrlbg]. c;fdfGo pkw|f]
l;jfo c? s]xL gug]{ :jefj lyof] ;sfsf].
bLk]Gb| ;sf nf]c s]hLb]lv sIff # ;Dd sf7df8f}sf] lqk']Zjl:yt sflGt
O{ZjL lzz' ljBfnodf cWoog ulaS:of]. sIff $ b]lv ;sfnfO{ a"9fgLns07
:s'n egf{ ulof]. ;sfnfO{ af]8{;{ ug'{sf k5fl8 ;sfsf] ToxL pkb|fx x7L
:jefj sf0f lyof] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5. lsgeg] bafdf ;sfn] tnb]lv dfly;Dd
;a}nfO{ x}fg} kflaS;]sf] lyof]. a"9fgLns07 :s'n ;jfL ePkl5 ;sfsf] pkw|f]
36\5 eg]sf] t emg} a9\of]. o'jfhflwfhsf lx;fan] klg ;sfn] :s'ndf c?
ljBfyL{sf] t'ngfdf clns Hofbf g} :jtGqtf cj; kfOaS:of]. ;sfsf

41

42

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

abdf;L a9]. ToxL a]nfb]lv g} S;L vfg ;' u]sf] ;"rgf xfdLn] kfPsf lyof}.
Uof kmfO6 df l6d ln8 g} eP uPsf] eGg] va cfOxGYof]. Ps k6s
;sfsf ;xkf7Lx?sf] l;4fy{ jg:ynL :s'nsf ljBfyL{;u emu8f k]5. clg
;sf a"9fgLns07 :s'nsf ljBfyL{sf] l6d ln8 eP v]t}v]t lx8] l;4fy{
jg:ynL :s'nsf ljBfyL{nfO{ s'6\g uOaS;]5. o;L a"9fgLns07 :s'n uPkl5
d c?eGbf Hofbf g} tu8f 5' eg] b]vfpg] c?nfO{ lk6] 9fNg] cj;
kfOaS:of], h'g dgf]lj1fg ;sfdf ;fgf] 5bfb]lv g} k|an lyof]. al8laN8,
aS; of sft] PS;k6{ sf ?kdf klg ;sfn] cfkm"nfO{ ljsl;t ulaS:of].
;sfsf] lr cg';fs} ;}lgs clws[t k|xL clws[tnfO{ 5fg] bafn]
k|lzIfs P8L;Lsf ?kdf a"9fgLns07 :s'n k7fPsf] lyof]. slxn]sfxL 5'Lsf
a]nf fhbaf ;jfL x'bf cfk\mgf kfv'f xfdLnfO{ b]vfpb} P, ltd|f] slt ;fgf]
kfv'f, x] t d]f]=== elgaS;GYof]. a"9fgLns07 :s'naf6 labfdf ;jfL ePsf
a]nf bLk]Gb| ;sf Ps lbg flt fhbafsf] pQk"j{sf] kvf{naf6 xfdkmfn]
aflx ;jfL eP5. ;sf xfPkl5 fhbafdf lgs} xNnLvNnL dlRrof].
;sfnfO{ vf]Hg P8L;L ;}lgs k|xLnfO{ lgs} ;d:of kof]. cg]s bf}8w"kkl5
aNn pgLx?n] o'jfhflwfhnfO{ fhbaf kmsf{Psf lyP. To; a]nf ;sfsf
s]xL ;fyLx?nfO{ ;}lgs k|xLn] fhbafdf af]nfP ;f]wk'5 klg u]sf] lyof].
h] xf];\, a"9fgLns07 :s'n uPkl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] cfdfa'af;u emg} b"L a9\of].
;sfx?n] vr{df lgoGq0f ulaS;]sf] lyof]. t o'jfhflwfhn] cGo s}of}
;|f]t pkfoaf6 vr{ h'6fpg] ulaS;]sf] d}n] yfxf kfPsf] lyP. o'jfhflwfhn]
cfk\mgf cfdfa'afn] lbPsf] vr{n] gk'u] cGoqaf6 vr{ h'6fpg yfNg' eg]sf] jf:tjd}
lrq0f ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf xf]. To:tf] cj:yfaf6 Pp6f dfG5]sf] ;xL JolQmTj
ljsf; s;L x'g ;SYof] <
kkL8s :jefj bLk]Gb| ;sfdf ;fg}b]lv b]lvGYof]. bafdf pl8x]sf]
k]jf u'n]nL xfg] dfg{ vf]lhaS;GYof]. u'n]nL nfu] k]jf e'Odf v:bYof] klg.
clg k]jf d]sf] 5}g eg] To;nfO{ emg} b'Mv lbP dfg]{ ulaS;GYof]. pl8x]sf]
sfunfO{ klg uf]nL xfg] emfg]{. , To;} ug]{. slxn]sfxL lhpbf] d';f ;dfTg]
k'R5df cfuf] nufOlbP 5f]l8lbg]. To;nfO{ t8\kfO{t8kfO{ dfg]{. slxn]sfxL eg]
clt efj's uDeL :jefj klg b]vfOaS;GYof]. ofqf ug{ rfOaS;GYof]. ;fg}
pd]b]lv sljtf n]lvaS;GYof]. a"9fgLns07df x'bf ;sfn] w]} fd|ffd|f sljtf
n]lvaS;]sf] 5. ;sfsf] ;flxTodf ljsf; xf];\ eg] bafaf6 g]kfnL efiff
;flxTosf s]xL fd|f lzIfsx?sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ulPsf] lyof].
a"9fgLns07 :s'ndf sIff & df cWoog ulx]s} a]nf bLk]Gb| ;sfn]
d;u Ps k6s cfk\mgf] kL8f ;]o ulaS:of], dnfO{ d'dfn] cgfjZos lgoGq0f
ug{ vf]lhaS;G5. ltdLn] d'dfnfO{ ;DemfOb]pm. o;df d}n] s]xL ug{ eGg

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

;Sg] s'f lyPg. vf; s'f Tolt a]nf s] k]5 eg] ;sfn] ;'lk|of zfxnfO{
dg kfOaS;]5. ;sfn] ;'lk|ofnfO{ nen]6 n]Vg] u]sf] s'f s'g} ;|f]taf6
a8fdxffgL ;sfn] yfxf kfOaS;]5. ;fob To;af] a8fdxffgL ;sfn]
o'jfhflwfhnfO{ elgaS:of], h'g s'f bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ dg k]g dnfO{
cfk\mgf] kL8f ;]o ulaS;]sf] lyof]. ;'lk|of ;sf;u} k9\g] t xf]Og, t sIff
& df k9\bfb]lv g} bLk]Gb| ;sfn] ;'lk|ofnfO{ dg kfOaS;]sf] lyof]. ;sfn]
;'lk|of afx]s klg ljleGg s]6LnfO{ e]6\g] nen]6 n]Vg] u]sf] s'f ;d]t xfdL
P8L;Ln] yfxf kfOx]sf x'GYof}. Tof] pd]df un{k|m]G8 agfpg] nen]6 n]Vg]
u]sf] a8fdxffgLnfO{ dg kg]{ s'} ePg. s'g} klg cleefjsnfO{ dg kb}{g. Tolt
;fgf] pd]d} o:tf] Jojxf ug'{ fd|f] klg xf]Og. To;dfly a8fdxffgL ;sfaf6
JolQmut ?kdf eGbf klg kfljfls gftfsf lx;fan] bLk]Gb| ;'lk|ofsf] j}jflxs
;DaGw rfOaS;]sf] lyPg. bLk]Gb| ;'lk|of b'O{ lbbLalxgLsf gflt gfltgL.
;'lk|of d'df a8fdxffgL TgsL cfk\mg} lbbLsL gfltgL. To;} sf0f ;sfaf6
bLk]Gb|sf] ;'lk|of;usf] ;DaGw tf]8\g rflxaS;]sf] lyof]. cfk\mgL d'dfnfO{ dg
gk]sf] eP klg o'jfhflwfhnfO{ rflx+ ToxL s]6L;u ;DaGw fVg'kg]{. of]
ljifodf ;sfx?df Ouf] al9x]sf] lyof]. a8fdxffgL ;sf s'g} klg xfntdf
;'lk|of;u ljjfx x'g} glbg] c8fgaf6 ljrlnt xf]OaS;]g. Tolt glhssf] gftfdf
ljjfx uof] eg] ;DaGw fd|f] x'b}g, aRrf klg fd|f] hGdb}g eGg] ;sfsf]
lhls lyof]. ;'lk|of g6 slDkg]G6 6' bL SjLg -;'lk|of fgL x'g nfos 5}g_
klg elgaS;GYof]. o;L x's'd ePsf] d}n] klg ;'g]sf] 5'. a8fdxffgLn] ;f]em}
o;f] eGbf o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k6Ss} dg kb}{gYof] x\jf6 8h ;L ly\s ckm
x;]Nkm < x\jf6 jfh ;L lakmf] < -d'dfn] cfkm"nfO{ s] 7fg]sf] < ljjfx ug'{cufl8
d'dfsf] s] xfnt lyof] <_ ;d]t eGg] ulaS;GYof], Tof] slnnf] pd]d}.
ptf, ;'lk|of cfk\mg} lbbLsL gfltgL ePsfn] o'jfhflwfh;u ;'lk|ofsf]
ljjfx 7Ls x'G5, fd|f] x'G5 eGg] d'df a8fdxffgL Tgsf] hf]8 lyof]. o;af]
dxffhflwfhsf dfWodaf6 Tgn] bafj lbg] sfd eOx]sf] 5 eGg] klg ;'lgPsf]
lyof]. o; k|sf fhf jL]Gb| d'df a8fdxffgL a8fdxffgLsf] bf]xf]f] bafjdf
xf]OaS;GYof]. o'jfhflwfhn] P;Pn;L ;s]nuQ} ;sfsf] ljjfxsf] rrf{
rlnx]sf] lyof]. a8fdxffgLsf] s8f :jefjsf sf0f fhkljfdf l;ltldlt
s;}n] klg ;sfsf] s'f sf6\g} g;Sg]. ;a}n] a8fdxffgLs} nfOg lng].
;f;"a'xfLsf] s'f gldn]kl5 jL]Gb| ;sfn] s'g} klg lg0f{o lng ;lsaS;]g.
of] ljifonfO{ Tolts} 5fl8aS:of]. o'jfhflwfhn] ;'lk|ofnfO{ dg kfPsf] lx;fan]
d'df a8fdxffgL Tg bLk]Gb|sf] ;DaGw eg] ;'dw' lyof].
o'jfhflwfhsf] ljjfxsf nflu w]} k6s s]Gb| lgjf;af6 ljleGg s]6Lsf]
tl:a baf k7fOof]. ;a} tl:a ;\sng ug]{ sfd s]Gb| lgjf;af6} ePsf] lyof].

43

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]Gb| lgjf; a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{sf] dfOtL3 . o'jfhflwfhn] tLdWo] s'g} klg s]6L
x]g{] OR5f g} ulaS;]g. a8fdxffgL ;sfsf] uldf f0ffk|lt em'sfj lyof]. ;fob
f0ff kljfsL s]6L g} ljjfx ufpg] ;sfsf] OR5f lyof]. To; a]nf clwfhs'dfL
>'lt eft, fh:yfgsf] chd] ;xsf] d]of] sn]hdf kl9aS;GYof]. jL]Gb| ;sf
P]Zjo{ ;sf 5f]LnfO{ e]6\g uOaS;GYof]. ToxL a]nf hok'sf dxffh la|ul] 8o
ejfgL l;+xnfO{ e]6\g ;sfx? ;jfL ePsf] lyof]. hok' dxffhsL PSnL 5f]L
lyOg\. ;fob pgn] cfk\mgL 5f]Lsf] ljjfx o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|;u ufpg k|:tfj
fv]sf lyP. of] afx]s eftLo d"nsL cGo s'g} klg s]6Lsf] bLk]Gb| ;sf;u
ljjfxsf nflu k|:tfj cfPsf] dnfO{ hfgsfL 5}g.
ljjfxsf] k|;\u rNbfrNb} ;g\ @)$% ;fndf bLk]Gb| ;sf pRr lzIff
cWoogsf nflu a]nfotsf] O6g sn]h ;jfL eof]. ToxLaf6 P n]ensf] cWoog
k"f ulaS:of]. b]jofgL Tolt a]nf a]nfotd} kl9x]sL lyOg\. bLk]Gb|sf] b]jofgL;u
ckm]o ToxLaf6 ;' ePsf] lyof]. o;aLr ;'lk|of;usf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg ;sfaf6
lgGttf lbOaS;]sf] lyof]. o;L b'O{ hgf;u Ps} k6s ckm]o rn]sf] lyof],
bLk]Gb| ;sfsf]. of] gof s'f lyPg. ;fg} pd]b]lv ;sfsf] cg]s s]6L;u
rSs lyof]. ;'lk|of b]jofgL;usf] s'f dfq aflx ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] xf].
a]nfotdf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf :yfgLo cleefjs n8{ SofdjfOh x'g'x'GYof]. pxf;u
kz'kltzdz] hafsf] klg lrghfg lyof]. n8{ SofdjfOh kz'kltsL 5f]L
b]jofgLsf klg :yfgLo cleefjs x'g'x'GYof]. SofdjfOhsf tLg 5f]L lyP.
ltgLx?;u o'jfhflwfhsf] ;'dw' ;DaGw lyof]. oxL qmddf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf]
b]jofgL;u lrghfg eof] ckm]o ;' eof]. Toxf s'g} P8L;L v6fOPsf] lyPg.
bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ labfdf slxn]sfxL sf7df8f} lnP cfpg'kof] eg] a]nfotl:yt
zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] Nofpg]n}hfg] ub{y].
b]jofgL;usf] ;DaGw bLk]Gb| ;sfn] g]kfn kms]k{ l5 klg sfod ulaS:of].
;fy} ;'lk|of;u klg. b]jofgL;u ckm]o ePsf] yfxf ePkl5 ;'lk|ofsf] bLk]Gb|
;sf;u lgs} v6k6 eof] eGg] klg ;'lgPsf] lyof]. b]jofgLsf tkm{af6 rflx+
s'g} u'gf;f] ;'lgPg. b]jofgL cfw'lgs tyf vfgbfgL kljfdf hGd]sL, x'ss
{] L
k9]sL klg. To;f] eP xf]nf, pgsf tkm{af6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] u'gf;f] cfPg.
Jojxfdf b]jofgL w]} lx;fan] dflyNnf] :tsf] ePsf] ;'lgPsf] lyof]. ;fob ToxL
s'f x]laS:of] xf]nf bLk]Gb| ;sfn]. b'j} hgf;u ;DaGw eP klg cGTodf
b]jofgLnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ eGg] 6'\uf]df bLk]Gb| ;sf k'luaS;]sf] b]lvG5. t of] s'f
t a8fdxffgLnfO{ emg} dg k]g. ;'lk|of t dg klx]sL lyOgg\ eg] b]jofgLnfO{
dg kfpg] s'} lyPg. df};k' m dfq xf]Og, d'df a8fdxffgL nufot fhbafdf
s;}nfO{ klg of] s'f dg k]g. b]jofgLsf] dfjn eftdf lyof]. eftdf ;DaGw
ePsL s]6L;u o'jfhflwfhsf] ljjfx ufpg' x'Gg eGg] ljifodf fhbafdf ;a}sf]

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

Psdt lyof]. bafn] eft;u s'g} klg kfljfls gftf ;DaGw hf]8\g' x'Gg eGg]
dfGotf fhf dx]Gb|af6 ljsf; ePsf] xf]. bafsf] leqL s'f ljb]zLsxf gk'uf];\
eGg] df};k' msf] p2]Zo lyof]. To;} cfwfdf dx]Gb| ;sfn] cfk\mgf] ljjfx g]kfnL;u}
ulaS;]sf] lyof] eg] cfk\mgf tLg 5f]f tLg 5f]Lx?sf] ljjfx klg Ps} 3df
g]kfnL;u} ufOaS;]sf] lyof]. b]jofgLsf] dfldnfdf bLk]Gb| ;sf Psflt cGo
;sfx? csf{lt ePkl5 o;n] kfljfls snxsf] ?k lng k'Uof].
O6g sn]hd} k9\bf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] Ps hgf hfkfgL s]6L;u csf]{ ckm]o
rn]sf] x]5. ToxL c? s]6L;u klg cg]s lx;fan] ;sfsf] rSs rn]sf] lyof]
eGg] s'f kl5;Dd ;'lgGYof]. Tof] hfkfgL s]6L;u eg] lgs} ulxf] ;DaGw x]sf]
yfxf eof]. p;n] kl5 w]} k6s g]kfn cfP bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ e]l6x]sL lyO{.
sxfsxf s]s] x'GYof], Tof] eg] dnfO{ yfxf ePg. Tolt a]nf d jL]Gb| ;sfsf]
P8L;L lyP. o'jfhflwfhsf c? g} 5'} b'O{ hgf P8L;L lyP. ;sfsf ;a}
sfo{qmd pgLx?n] ldnfpy]. ;sfsf] Tof] hfkfgL s]6L;u ljjfxs} ljifodf lgs}
nkm8f k]5. lsgeg] ;sfn] p;nfO{ klg ljjfx u5'{ elgaS;]sf] x]5. cflvL
k6s g]kfn cFPsf a]nf Tof] hfkfgL s]6LnfO{ Pokf]6{ k'ofpg bLk]Gb| ;sfn]
P8L;L ;]gfgL uh]Gb| af]xfnfO{ k7fOaS;]5. Pokf]6{ k'Ug] a]nfdf uh]Gb|;u Tof]
s]6Ln] s] elg5 eg], of] qmfpg lk|G; Oh Dof8. xL ljn 8fO{ P 8U; 8]y.
-ltd|f] o'jfhflwfh kfun xf]. p;sf] d[To' s's'sf] h:t} x'g]5._ To;kl5 Tof]
hfkfgL s]6L slxNo} g]kfn kms]{ cfOg. ;fob p;sf] af]nL ;To eof].
bLk]Gb| ;sf;u d]f] w]} cfTdLotf lyof]. ;sf PSn} ePsf a]nf of s'g}
kf6L{df, d;u ljleGg ljifodf cfTdLo s'f ug{ rfOaS;GYof]. lgtfGt JolQmut
s'f klg ;'gfOaS;GYof]. dfof, k|]d ;DaGwaf] klg dnfO{ ;'gfpg ;Sg] uL
;sf;u d]f] ;DaGw ljsl;t ePsf] lyof]. g]kfnsf] fhgLlts ljifodf ;d]t
;sf d;u v'n]} ax; ulaS;GYof]. sxLst} ;sfsf] P8L;Lsf ?kdf d
vl6Psf] 5' eg] ;sf h] sfd ug{ rfOaS;G5, To;df dnfO{ klg ;ls ufpg
rflxaS;GYof]. h:tf] M ;sf l8\S; ug{ rflxaS;bf d}n] klg l8\S; guL w}
kfplbgy]. o'jfj:yfdf k'Ug nfUbf ;du|df bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] bf]xf]f] rlq ljsl;t
eOx]sf] lyof]. bafleq Psbd} gfd|f], x7L, cg'bf, pR5[\vn s;}nfO{
g6]g]{. t aflx ;fj{hlgs ?kdf b]lvg] ;sfsf] csf]{ 5lj lyof]. Tof] pbf,
v'nf hgtf;u 3'nldn x'g] vfnsf] lyof]. o;af6 hgtfdf bLk]Gb| ;sf
fh;+:yfk|ltsf] cfsif{0f al9x]sf] lyof].
@)$^ ebf}sf] s'f xf]. bLk]Gb| ;sf O6g sn]haf6 labfdf sf7df8f}
;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. ToxL a]nf o'uf]:nfleofsf] fhwfgL a]nu|]8df c;+nUg
fi6x?sf] lzv ;Dd]ng x'b} lyof]. jL]Gb| ;sf To;sf lglDt a]nu|]8 ;jfL
x'g] sfo{qmd lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sf nG8g kms{g] qmddf a]nu|]8 ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL

45

46

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

xf]OaS;g] sfo{qmd aGof]. d n]km\l6g]G6 s0f]{n lyP. d ;sfsf] P8L;L eP

a]nu|]8 vl6P. Kn]gdf ;sf d]f aLr w]} ljifodf s'f eof]. l;6 klg Ps}
7fp lyof], lalhg]; Snf;df. Tof] p8fgdf ;sfn] w]} l8\S; ulaS;]sf]
lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] lh2L :jefjsf sf0f d}n] klg l8\S; ug'{kof].
To; a]nf ;sfn] cfk\mgf] ljjfxaf] d;u v'n] s'f ulaS:of]. To;} qmddf
Kn]gdf bLk]Gb| ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ljj]s, cfO{ 8f]G6 gf], x\jf6 b ne Oh.
cfO{ g]e u6 O6. -ljj]s, dfof eg]sf] s] xf] < dnfO{ yfxf 5}g. Tof] d}n]
slxNo} kfOg._ ;fob ;sfn] cfk\mgL d'df P]Zjo{af6 kfpg g;s]sf] dfofaf]
elgaS;]sf] lyof].
bLk]Gb| ;sf;u d ;a} ljifodf k|:6 ?kdf s'f uy{]+. fhgLlts} ljifodf
klg Psbd} k|:6;u eGy]. ;sf s] elgaS;GYof] eg], ljj]s, ltdL ANofs
PG8 x\jfO6sf s'f u5f}{. t fhgLlt eg]sf] kms xf]. of] cs}{ s'f xf]. of]
u|] nfOgaf6 dfq rN5. a]nu|]8 ;jfLsf a]nf klg d]f] ;sf;u fhgLltsf
ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. d}n] g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf of]of] ljs[lt 5,
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] of]of] kIfsf] ;'wf x'g'k5{ eg]sf] lyP. To; a]nf o'jfhflwfh
;sfnfO{ d}n] s] hfx] u]sf] lyP eg], k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em ;ldltsf]
:yfkgf SofG; f]usf] ;'jft lyof]. of] ;ldltn] k~rfotsf pDd]bjf 5gf]6 uL
k7fpg] h'g sfdsf] ;'jft uof], Tof] Psbd} 7"nf] e"n lyof]. ToxLaf6 k~rfot
Joj:yfsf] cGTosf] ;'jft klg eof].
k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em ;ldlt @)#@ ;fndf :yfkgf x'bf d SofK6]g dfq
lyP. jL]Gb| ;sfnfO{ fhgLlts ljifodf hfx] ug{ ;Sg] x}l;otdf lyOg. t
k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em ;ldlt u7g ePkl5 d]f] dgdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
eljiodfly cfz\sf pTkGg ePsf] lyof]. d}n] Tof] s'f d]f xflsdx? zfGts'df
dNn tffaxfb' yfkfnfO{ eg]sf] lyP. ;do laTb} hfbf of] s'f jL]Gb|
;sfnfO{ hfx] u]. Tolt a]nf d]f] ljZn]if0f lyof], ca k~rfotnfO{ SofG;
nfUof]. ca k~rfotsf] cfo' !% jif{ dfq xf]. ;sf t 5Ss klaS:of].
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ljj]s, xfdLn] t o;L s]xL s'f ;f]r]s} 5}gf}. s'g} P8L;Ln]
eg]sf] 5}g, g t s'g} ;lrjn]. @)#^ ;fndf hgdt ;\u|x ;DkGg eof]. To;
a]nf d]f] ;'emfj lyof], k~rfotnfO{ nfu]sf] SofG; lrkmf u] kmfNg] pko'Qm
df}sf oxL xf]. of] s'f d}n] w]}nfO{ eg]. t d]f] s'fsf] sxL ;'g'jfO ePg.
k~rfotdf ;'wf x'g'sf] ;f a emg\ pN6f] eof]. oL b'j} k|;\u d}n] a]nu|]8
;jfLsf qmddf bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ ;'gfPsf] lyP. To; a]nf ;sfaf6 d]f] s'fdf
c;xdlt hfx] ulaS;]sf] lyof]. clg ToxL u|] nfOgsf] s'f ulaS;]sf] lyof].
-;sf;u o;L s'f ePsf] 5 dlxgfkl5 g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ng p7\of]. To;af6
k~rfotL Joj:yfs} cGTo x'g k'Uof]. o;kl5 eg] bLk]Gb| ;sfn] cS; d]f s'f

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

;'Gg ;Nnfx dfGg yflnaS;]sf] lyof]. d]f] ljZn]if0f s] lyof] eg], k~rfotsf]
cGTo x'g'df ax'bnLo Joj:yfjfbL bnsf] cfGbf]ngeGbf klg k~rfot rnfpg] g]tfs}
sdhf]L k|d'v lyof]. vf; uL fhbafs} sdLsdhf]Lsf sf0f k~rfot
Joj:yf rf8} 9Ng k'Uof]. d]f] s'f bLk]Gb| ;sfn] fd|f];u a'lemaS;]sf] lyof]._
a]nu|]8 hfg] qmddf xfdL af]gdf tLg ft a:of}. Tolt a]nf l;+xk|tfk zfx
hd{gLsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t x'g'x'GYof]. gftfdf pxf d]f sfG5f ;;'f. d]L
>LdtL 5f]fx? t pxf fhb"t ePsf a]nf hd{gL uO;s]sf lyP. d hfg kfPsf]
lyOg. bLk]Gb| ;sfn] l;+xk|tfk zfxnfO{ c;fWo} dg kfOaS;GYof]. pxfn] klg
;sfnfO{ dfof ug]{. Psbd} cfTdLotf lyof] ;sf l;+xk|tfk zfxsf aLrdf.
af]g k'Ugf;fy ;sfn] ljfh yfkfnfO{ af]nfpm x's'd eof]. pxf k|xLsf]
8LP;kL x'g'x'GYof] k|mf\skm6{df cWoog ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfn]
Psbd} rfpg] pxfnfO{. ljfh d]f] klg ;fyL. pxfnfO{ af]nfOof]. pxf klxn]
fhbafdf k|xLsf tkm{af6 b'O{ jif{sf] cfjlws zfxL kfZj{jtL{df al;;Sg'ePsf]
lyof]. To:t} a"9fgLns07 :s'ndf klg o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k9fpg b'O{ jif{ a:g'ePsf]
lyof]. hd{gLdf xfdL tLg hgf tLg ft ;u} eof}. Toxf xfd|f] sfd x'GYof] fte
l8\S; ug]{ ukm ug]{. uLt ufpg]. ljfh yfkf klg aS;. aS; ePsfn]
bLk]Gb| ;sfn] emg} dg kfpg]. xfdL tLg} hgf s':tL v]Ng], kmfO6 ug]{. tLg
ft o;L g} latfof}.
jL]Gb| ;sf a]nu|]8 ;jfL x'g'eGbf b'O{ lbgcl3 xfdL Totflt nfUof}.
fhb"t df]6 lnP a]nu|]8 hfg'eof]. xfdL rflx+ hxfhdf uof}. b'O{ ft xfdLn]
xf]6nd} latfof}. Toxf klg fte S;L vfg], l8:sf] hfg] ug{ yfNof}. d}n]
slxn]sfxL o;f] guf} eGbf ;sf l;fOaS;GYof]. clg ;sfn] eg] cg';f
;a} s'fdf ;fy lbg}kg]{ x'GYof]. b'O{ lbgkl5 jL]Gb| ;sf a8fdxffgL
;sfsf] ;jfL eof]. ;sfx?nfO{ leNnf lbOPsf] lyof]. t bLk]Gb| ;sf
leNnfdf a:g dflgaS;]g. d t xf]6nd} a:5' x's'd eof]. ;sfsf] P8L;L
ePsfn] d klg xf]6nd} a;]. ;Dd]ngdf ug'{kg]{ sfdb]lv ;jfL rnfpg];Ddsf ;a}
sfd d}n] xf]6naf6} u]. lbgel ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP ;fem xf]6n kms]{kl5 xfdL
S;L vfGYof}. flt ;x 3'DYof}.
a]nu|]8df d}n] s] b]v] eg] o'jfhflwfh ;sf s]6Lx?sf] dfldnfdf Hofb}
sdhf]L b]vfOaS;GYof]. ;sf a]nfa]nf d}n] ===o;f] u], p;f] u] eg] ljleGg
k|;\ux? ;'gfOaS;GYof]. s'f ;'Gbf ;sf Hofb} ;]l8:6 g]r sf] klg nfUof],
dnfO{. Ps k6s ;sf xf]6ndf fte l8\S; u] al;aS:of]. Ps hgf
:yfgLo s]6L klg ;u} lyO{. flt tLg ah] ;sf d of] s]6LnfO{ tn 5f]8]
cfp5' eg] sf]7faflx ;jfL eof]. ;'Gbk|tfk fgf ;lxt c? b'O{ hgf P8L;L
lyP. lnkm\6 r9\g] a]nfdf ;sfn] ltdLx? hfg'kb}{g x's'd eof]. ;sf Tof]

47

48

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]6LnfO{ lnP lnkm\6leq l5laS:of]. d}n] ;'GbnfO{ eofaf6 tn k7fP. csf]{

P8L;LnfO{ dfly g} fv]. ;sf lnk\m6df ;f9] b'O{ 306f fh eO{ laxfg ;f9] %
ah] dfq tn cf]ln{aS:of]. tn uPsf] P8L;L tn} dflysf] P8L;L dfly g} s']
a:g'k]sf] lyof]. lnk\m6 lalu|Psf] xf] ls eg] s;}nfO{ va ug]{ s'f klg cfPg.
Ps} k6s laxfg ;sf xf:b} ;jfL eof].
c;+nUg fi6x?sf] lzv ;Dd]ng ;lsof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] O6g sn]h
;jfL x'g] lbg cfOk'Uof]. O6g sn]h;Dd ;sfsf] ;jfL d}n] g} rnfpg'kg]{
lyof]. ;jfL x'g' cl3Nnf] flt ca];Dd S;L vfOof]. lgs} ca] ;'ltof] S;Ln]
lkm6\6' eP. laxfg} k\mnfO6 lyof], a]nfdf p7\g} ;s]gf}. p7\bf t Pokf]6{ k'Ug]
a]nf eO;s]5. s'g} Kofls ulPsf] lyPg. o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] Kofls
klg d}n] g} ug'{kg]{. ;sfnfO{ kmf]g u5'{, kmf]g p7fOaS;b}g. ;sfsf] sf]7fsf]
rfaL klg d};u lyof]. vf]n] ;sfnfO{ hah{:tL p7fP. ;sf a'afd'df;u
labfOsf nflu df};'kmx? fh ePsf] leNnf;Dd hfg'kg]{ lyof]. aNnaNn xfdL
leNnf k'Uof}. jL]Gb| ;sf a8fdxffgL ;sf;u labf x'g] a]nfdf ;d]t
o'jfhflwfh S;Ln] dft]sf] emNn' cj:yfd} xf]OaS;GYof]. a8fdxffgL ;sfn]
ufnL klg ulaS:of], ljj]s, ltdLn] of] s] u]sf] < xtfxtf xfdL Pokf]6{
k'Uof}. xfd|f] sf0fn] k\mnfO6 Ps 306f l9nf eP5. Toxf k'Ubf xfd|f] xfnt af]Ng}
g;Sg] ag]sf] lyof]. Pokf]6{d} ANofs skmL dufP vfof}. o:t} cj:yfdf nG8g
k'Uof}. a]nfotl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;af6 xfdLnfO{ lng lxy|f] Pokf]6{df
df]6 cfPsf] lyof]. Toxfaf6 ;f]em} O6g sn]h k'Uof}.
o'jfhflwfhsf] rfxgf lyof], d O6g sn]hd} a;". ;sfn] dnfO{ labf
lbg dflgaS;]sf] lyPg. cfn6fn ulaS;]sf] lyof], ljj]s, d a'afnfO{ eG5', ltdL
oxL a; x's'd eof]. t Tof] s'f ;Dej lyPg. d ;sfnfO{ 5f8] fhb"tfjf;
uP. Tof] a]nf a]nfotdf fhb"t x'g'x'Gg lyof], sfo{jfxs fhb"t x'g'x'GYof] ab|Lk|;fb
vgfn. pxf d]f] sn]h k9\bfsf u' klg. zfxL kfZj{jtL{ 6Lsf wdnf Tof] a]nf
a]nfotd} :6fkm sn]h sf];{ ub}{ x'g'x'GYof]. d}n] 6LsfnfO{ kmf]g u]. cN8;6df
xlljef] sfsL{sf] g]kfnL ]:6'f lyof]. pxfs} ]:6'fdf 6Lsfn] l8gsf] cfof]hgf
ug'{eof]. Toxf klg fte l8\S; u] al;of]. laxfg % ah] fhb"tfjf; cfP
;fdfg lnO{ d ;Lw} Pokf]6{ uP. k|fudf d jL]Gb| ;sfsf] ;jfLdf ;+nUg
ePkl5 lkmgNofG8 nufot o'f]ksf ljleGg b]zdf ;sfx?sf] fhsLo e|d0f ;'
eof]. To;kl5 eg] dnfO{ clns ;xh ePsf] lyof].
bLk]Gb| ;sf P;Pn;L lbPkl5 g} ;'lk|of;u ljjfx ug{ rflxaS;GYof]. sIff
!) df cWoog ubf{s} s'f xf]. a"9fgLns07 :s'naf6 fhbaf ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf
a]nf Ps k6s a8fdxffgL ;sf o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] gfd|L emu8f k]sf]
lyof]. o'jfhflwfh ;'lk|ofnfO{ ljjfx u5'{ elgaS;GYof]. a8fdxffgL ;sf

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

eg] cfh} ljjfx ulb{pm ls ef]ln ulb{pm < eg] ;sfnfO{ xKsfOaS;GYof].
ToxL ljjfxsf] lsrnf]sf sf0f fhf jL]Gb| a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{n] bLk]Gb|
;sfnfO{ a]nfot k9\g k7fOaS;]sf] x'g ;S5. a]nfot k7fpg'sf] csf]{ sf0f
klg lyof]. Tof] s] eg] jL]Gb| ;sfn] O6g sn]hd} cWoog ulaS;]sf] lyof].
To;}n] df};'kmaf6 bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ klg pRr lzIff ToxL lbnfpg rflxaS;]sf]
lyof]. t bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] k6Ss} a]nfot hfg] OR5f lyPg. oltsf jif{
xf]:6]n al;of], ca bafd} fd|f k|fWofks fv] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf pRr
lzIff cWoog u5'{ eGg] ;sfsf] rfxgf lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfaf6 a]nfot uPsf]
b'O{ jif{df P n]en k"f ulaS:of]. To;kl5sf] cWoog klg a]nfotd} ufpg]
dxffhflwfh a8fdxffgLsf] OR5f lyof]. t bLk]Gb| ;sf a]nfotdf a:g}
dflgaS;]g. g]kfnd} cfP k9\5' eGb} hah{:tL a]nfotaf6 sf7df8f} kmls{P
lqrGb| SofDk;df egf{ eOaS:of]. Toxf egf{ eP klg slxNo} SofDk; guO{
bafd} cWoog u] :gfts pQL0f{ ulaS:of]. ;DalGwt ljifosf k|fWofksx?
bafd} cfP k9fpy]. ;fdfGo hgtfsf 5f]f5f]L;u} a;] kLIff lbOaS;]sf]
lyof]. :gfts ;s] s]Gb|Lo SofDk;, sLlt{k'df egf{ eOaS:of]. ;fg}b]lv k9fO
fd|f] xf] ;sfsf]. t o'jfhflwfhsf] d]xgteGbf klg lzIfssf] Hofbf d]xgt
k]sf] lyof] ljZjljBfnosf] k9fOdf. h] xf];\, e"uf]n ljifodf :gftsf]Q ubf{
;sfaf6 km:6 Snf; km:6{ ulaS:of].
;sfsf] cfwfeGbf a9L pd] ljjfxsf] slr\und} laTof]. O6gaf6 kms]{kl5
;sfn] ;'lk|of;u ljjfx u5'{ eGg 5fl8aS;]sf] lyof]. To;sf] ;f klxn]
;'lk|ofnfO{ ljjfx u5'{ eGbf d'dfn] dflgaS;]g, To;}n] ca d b]jofgLnfO{ ljjfx
u5'{ eGg yflnaS;]sf] lyof]. bLk]Gb| ;sfn] o;f] eGg yfn]kl5 a8fdxffgLnfO{
emg} 6fpsf]b'vfO ePsf] lyof]. ;'lk|of;u ljjfx gu eGg] a8fdxffgLaf6
b]jofgLsf] t emg\ gfd} ;'Gg rflxaS;]sf] lyPg. b]jofgLnfO{ ljjfx ug'{ x'Gg eGg]
d'Vo sf0f rflx+ pgsf] gfulstf g]kfnL eP klg pgL hGd]sf], x's]{sf], k9]sf]
kfljfls gftfsf lx;fan] ;d]t eftLo h:t} x'g\ eGg] fhbafsf] a'emfO g}
lyof]. To; a]nf s:tf] cj:yf lyof] eg], d'df a8fdxffgL ;'lk|of;u ljjfx u
eGg] clg a8fdxffgL ;'lk|of klg x'Gg, b]jofgL klg x'Gg eGg]. o'jfhflwfhsf]
uldf f0ff;u} ljjfx xf];\ eGg] a8fdxffgLsf] rfxgf lyof]. >'lt ;sf klg
cfk\mgf] bfh'sf] uldf;u} ljjfx xf];\ eGg] rflxaS;GYof]. uldf >'lt ;sfsf
sfG5f sfsf ;;'f nf]seQm zdz]/ ha/fsL 5f]L cyf{t\ gftfn] gGb. t bLk]Gb|
;sf oL s;};u ljjfx ulb{g, b]jofgL;u} ljjfx u5'{ eGg] c8fgdf k|lta4.
o:tf] cj:yfdf jL]Gb| ;sfn] s'g} lg0f{o ulaS;]g. fhbafdf of] jfbljjfb
ax;sf] ljifo Jofks al9x]sf] lyof]. t dxffhflwfh a8fdxffgL d'df
a8fdxffgLnfO{ s]xL eGg g;s] o; ljifodf lgLx h:tf] xf]OaS;GYof].

49

50

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%& c;f !# ut] flqef]h lyof] fhbafdf. bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] @( cf}

z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj;df Tof] flqef]h cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof]. Tolt a]nf d
ev{} ;}lgs ;lrj ePsf] lyP. ef]hdf d}n] bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] ufnL klg vfP.
bLk]Gb| ;sf s;};u s'f ulaS;b} lyof]. k|;\u t ljjfxs} lyof]. d cs}{
JolQm;u s'f ub}{ lyP. ;sfn] dnfO{ af]nfP crfgs d;u l;fOaS:of].
ems]{ x's'd eof], x] ljj]s, d @( jif{ eO;s]. d}n] slxn] ljjfx ug]{ < slxn]
;S;]; hGdfpg] < s] ltd|f] o;df s]xL e"ldsf x'Gg < ltdL ;}lgs ;lrj. d]f
a'af d'dfnfO{ ltdL lsg ;Demfpg ;Sb}gf} <
d}n] eg], ;sf of] t lgtfGt kfljfls dfldnf xf]. o;df xfdLn] s'f
ug{ cK7\off] klg 5. t ;sfaf6 x's'd x'G5 eg] d ef]ln g} dxffhflwfh
;sfdf hfx] u5'{.
;sfaf6 km]l x's'd eof], d}n] et, tffaxfb' wd{kfn -dfgfy{ zfxL
kfZj{jtL{ ets]z l;+x, k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ tffaxfb' yfkf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf_ nfO{ a'afd'dfnfO{ slGeG; ufpg eg]sf] 5'. ca of] l6ddf
ltdL klg ;dfj]z eof}. o;af] d ltdL;u l86]ndf kl5 s'f u5'{.
Tolt a]nf ;sf Psbd} 6]G; d'8df xf]OaS;GYof]. flt Ps ah]lt kf6L{
l;lWbof]. o'jfhflwfh ;sf o'jf zfxL gft]bf ;fyLx?nfO{ lnP lqe'jg
;bg ;jfL xf]OaS;]5. Toxf klg ljjfxs} ljifodf s'f rn]5. jfbljjfb klg
eP5. ToxL clwfhs'dfL >'ltn] bfbfn] ca uldf;u ljjfx ulaS;g'k5{
eg]kl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfn] >'lt ;sfnfO{ lxsf{OaS;]5. To; a]nf >'lt ;sf
ue{jtL xf]OaS;GYof]. of] s'f d}n] ef]ln kN6 yfxf kfPsf] lyP.
s]xL lbgkl5 bLk]Gb| ;sfn] dnfO{ af]nfOaS:of]. d uP, lqe'jg ;bgl:yt
;sfsf] sfof{nodf. ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ljj]s, ltdLn] d]f a'afd'df;u s'f
uof} < d}n] eg], ;sf, d}n] hfx] u]sf] 5}g. o;af] dxffhflwfhdf hfx]
ug]{ ljrf ulx]sf] 5'.
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ltdL ;}lgs ;lrj. fhbaf ;]jfdf 5f}. ltdLn]
d]f] kIfdf a'afd'df;u s'f uof} eg] a'afd'dfsf] lrQ ga'e\mg ;S5. Tolt
a]nf ltdLnfO{ gfd|f] klg x'g ;S5. To;}n] d}n] ltdLnfO{ Tof] l6daf6 x6fP.
;sfn] Tof] l6ddf cfkm} flvaS;]sf] lyof], cfkm} x6fOaS:of]. dnfO{ klg 7Ls}
eof] eGg] nfUof]. ;sfn] d;u slt;Dd s'f vf]lnaS;]sf] lyof] eg,] o:t} xf]
eg] d u|fG8kmfbn] u] h:t} ljjfx u5'{. gfufh'{g uP s;}n] yfxf gkfpg]
uL ljjfx ug]{ tofL ub}{ 5'. sfg'gL ?kdf klg a'e\mb} 5'. j8f cWoIf;u
klg s'f ug{ nufPsf] 5'. fhbaf sf7df8f} dxfgukflnsfsf] j8f g+= # df
k5{. ;sfn] ToxL j8faf6 ljjfx btf{sf] k|lqmof ldnfpg nufOaS;]sf] x]5.
j8f cWoIf cfk\mgf glhssf ;fyLefO af]nfP gfufh'{g a\unfdf uP l;len

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

Doflh ug]{ tofLdf ;sf xf]OaS;GYof]. fhf lqe'jg aflx uPsf] df}sfdf
tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfh dx]Gb|af6 klg Tg;u o;L g} l;len Doflh ulaS;]sf]
lyof] ]. o;L bLk]Gb| ;sfn] h]7 !( sf] 36gf x'g'eGbf Ps jif{cufl8 g}
b]jofgL;u ljjfx ug]{ tofL ;' ulaS;]sf] lyof]. ;sfn] c?;u ljjfx ug]{
s'g} ;Defjgf g} lyPg.
o'jfhflwfhsf] oqf] 7"nf] rfxgf x'bfx'b} klg a8fdxffgLaf6 lsg o;f]
ulaS;]sf] xf]nf eg] xfdL 5Ss k]sf lyof}. cem eGg] xf] eg] b]jofgLdf kl5
a8fdxffgL x'g ;Sg] u'0fx? k|z:t} 5g\ eg] o'jfhflwfhn] eGg] u]sf] klg d}n]
;'g]sf] lyP. ;sf b]jofgL w]} zfnLg, sf]dn, OG6]lnh]G6, pRr lzIff xfl;n
u]sL Jofjxfls klg 5g\ elgaS;GYof]. t a8fdxffgL o'jfhflwfh
b'j}sf] :6 x]8]8 k;{gfln6L ljjfxsf] k|;\un] emg} a9] uof]. o;n] ubf{
xfdL Psbd} lvGg lyof}. of] Psbd} gfd|f] ;\s]t xf] eGg] xfdLnfO{ nflux]sf]
lyof]. t o;sf] ;dfwfg xfd|f] a'tfeGbf aflxsf] s'f lyof]. a8fdxffgLn] 5f]L
>'lt sfG5f] 5f]f gLfhgnfO{ v'Nndv'Nnf o'jfhflwfhsf lj4 pS;fpg]
u]sf] a'lemPsf] lyof]. ljjfxsf] ljifonfO{ lnP d}n] klg dxffhflwfhdf
k6sk6s hfx] u]sf] lyP. t ;sfaf6 s'g} klg k|ltlqmof cfpb}gYof].
hfgLhfgL ca'em h:tf] eP ljd]G; l8kf6{d]G6, b] cf jls{ cg O6 -d'df
a8fdxffgL a8fdxffgLaf6 of] sfd eOx]sf] 5_ eg] 6flaS;GYof]. j:t'tM
d'df a8fdxffgL a8fdxffgLsf] rsf]{ ljjfbdf dxffhflwfh ;sf lgLx
h:tf] xf]OaS;GYof]. ljjfxs} k|;\unfO{ lnP d'df a8fdxffgL a8fdxffgLsf]
;DaGw aLraLrdf wldlnPsf] ;d]t ;'lgPsf] lyof]. JolQmut Jojxf klg oflGqs
h:tf] b]lvg yfn]sf] lyof]. s}of} lbg;Dd a8fdxffgLaf6 d'df a8fdxffgLnfO{
e]l6aS;b}gYof].
kfljfls snx nfdf] ;dob]lv slt hl6n cj:yfdf xb} cfPsf] lyof] eGg]af]
ljrf ubf{ Pp6f k|;\u ofb cfp5. @)%$ ;fndf s'g} Ps z'qmaf dxffhflwfh
a8fdxffgL l8gsf nflu s]zdxnl:yt clwfhs'dfL >'ltsf] lgjf; ;jfL
ePsf] lyof]. To; a]nf ;sfx? gfufh'{g a\unfdf fh xf]OaS;GYof]. l8gkl5
flt ca] ! ah]lt ;sfx?sf] ;jfL lkmof]. af6f]df ;sfx? Ps zAb klg
af]lnaS;]g. 8'6Ldf x]sf P8L;L 6Lsf wdnfn] s]zdxndf bLk]Gb| ;sfsf]
ljjfxs} ljifodf jfbljjfb ePsf] a'em\g'eP5. gfufh'{g k'u]kl5 ;sfx? P8L;LnfO{
labf u/] ;'Tg uOaS;]5. crfgs flt sla # ah] jL]Gb| ;sfn] P8L;L 6Lsf
wdnfnfO{ kmf]g u] df]6 lnP leq cfpg" x's'd eP5. pxf df]6 lnP uPkl5
;sfaf6 ;'IffnfO{ :6\ofG8afO{ oxL fv, ltdL d dfq 8fOedf hfcf} x's'd
eP5. ;sf cfkm} 8fOe u] lqz"nLlt ;jfL eP5. laxfg lqz"nL ahf
3'd] ;sf lqz"nL Aof]sdf ;jfL xf]OaS;]5. of] s'f yfxf kfpg]lalQs}

51

52

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

d laxfg} P8L;L clkm;, fhbaf k'u]. d'Vo P8L;L pkyL tffaxfb' yfkf
gfufh'{g k'Ug'eof]. xfdLn] ;sfsf] ;jfL bafdf lkmtf{ ufpg]af] ljrf
ljdz{ uof}. laxfg !)!! ah]lt dfq ;sf gfufh'{g a\unfdf lkmtL{ ;jfL
xf]OaS:of]. o; 36gfsf] s]xL ;dokl5 ;sfnfO{ x[bof3ft eof]. nG8g uP
pkrf ufOaS:of].
clwfhs'dfL >'lt dxffhflwfhsL c;fWo} lgs6 KofL klg.
clg a8fdxffgL]sf Koff clwfhs'df gLfhg. gLfhg Psbd} nhfpg]
:jefjsf. sfG5f] eg]kl5 x]s cfdfa'afnfO{ :jfefljs ?kn] Koff] nfluxfN5.
o'jfhflwfhnfO{ cfk\mgf] eGbf klxn] alxgL clwfhs'dfL >'ltsf] ljjfx ePsf]
k6Ss} dg k]sf] lyPg. o;}aLr h]7 !( sf] 36gf x'g' Ps8]9 dlxgfcl3
nGrdf a8fdxffgLaf6 bLk]Gb|n] xfdLn] vf]h]sL s]6L ljjfx gug]{ xf] eg] ca
gLfhgsf] klg ljjfx ullbG5f}, bLk]Gb|n] o:t} ulxg] xf] eg] gLfhgnfO{
g} o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ff u5f}{+ eg] wDsLsf] efiff k|of]u ulaS;]5. b'j} s'f
bLk]Gb| ;sfn] d;u ;]o ulaS;]sf] lyof]. c? a]nf klg nGr jf l8gsf
a]nf ljjfxs} ljifodf a8fdxffgL o'jfhflwfhaLr lgs} ljjfb x'bf] x]5.
a8fdxffgLsf] wDsLsf] efiffn] o'jfhflwfhnfO{ 3fpdf g'gr's 5s]{sf] h:tf]
x'bf] x]5. To; a]nf dxffhflwfh s]xL gaf]nL s'f ;'g] dfq al;aS;bf]
x]5. a'afn] cfk\mgf tkm{af6 slxNo} s]xL gaf]lnlbbf o'jfhflwfhnfO{ emg} kL8f
x'bf] xf]. a8fdxffgLn] gLfhgnfO{ o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] x's'd x'g
yfn]kl5 o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|n] Okm cfO{ 8' g6 lasd bL ls, gf]a8L Sofg
lasd -olb d fhf eOg eg] c? sf]xL klg fhf x'g ;Sb}g_ eGg yflnaS;]sf]
;d]t a]nfa]nfdf ;'lgGYof].
bLk]Gb| ;sf;u e]6 ePsf] a]nf cS; ljjfxsf] ljifodf g} s'f x'GYof].
klxn]klxn] b]zsf] ;d;fdlos kll:yltaf] klg s'f x'GYof]. t kl5 uP
ljjfxsf] tgfjsf sf0f cGo ljifodf s'f sd x'b} uOx]sf] lyof]. bLk]Gb|
;sfn] b]jofgL afx]s c? h;nfO{ rfx] klg ljjfx ufOlbg dxffhflwfh tyf
a8fdxffgL tof xf]OaS;GYof]. t ;sf b]jofgL afx]s c?;u ljjfx ub}{
gug]{ c7f]6df k'luaS;]sf] lyof]. To; a]nf b]jofgL;u bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] ljjfx
ufpg Pp6f lgs} 7"nf] ;d"x g} ;lqmo x]5, h'g s'f xfdLn] w]} kl5 dfq yfxf
kfof}. b]jofgL;u ljjfx ufpg kljfsf ;b:ox? dfq xf]Og, b]zljb]zsf
ljleGg ;d"x klg of]hgfa4 ?kd} lqmofzLn x]5g\. b]jofgL eftsf] Ujflno
fh3fgfsL gft]bf ePsfn] eftLo ;+:yfkgf kIf tyf gLltlgdf{0f txdf x]sf
s]xL kbflwsfLx?df b]jofgLnfO{ g]kfnsL a8fdxffgL agfpg kfP fd|f] x'GYof]
eGg] ;f]rfO lyof]. To:t}, b]jofgLlgs6 f0ff kljfsf ;fy} o'jfhflwfhsf
P8L;Lx?sf] klg ;sfsf] ljjfx b]jofgL;u} xf];\ eGg] rfxgf ePsf] b]lvG5.

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

:juL{o lqe'jg ;sfsf a8fdxffgLx? klg eftsf] lxdfrn k|b]zsf] fhk"t

kljfs} ;b:o xf]OaS;GYof]. To;kl5 eg] g]kfnsf] fhkljfsf s'g} klg ;b:o
eftLo gfulsaLr ljjfx ePsf] lyPg.
w]} jif{cl3 bLk]Gb| ;sf ;DaGwL Pp6f k|;\u d}n] ;'g]sf] lyP. df};'km
hlGdaS;]kl5 Gjfgsf] lbg lrgf agfpg] qmddf Hof]ltifL lbJod\un hf]zLn]
o'jfhflwfhsf] hGd nug Hofb} vfa 5, fhkljfsf nflu clgi6 klg
x'g ;S5, fhf x'g] of]u klg 5}g eGg'eP5. o;kl5 bafaf6 pxfnfO{
lrgf ;RofP fd|f] agfpg" elgPsf] x]5. t pxfn] dfGg'ePg5. clg
tTsfn} pxfnfO{ x6fP csf{ Hof]ltifL 8f= d\unfh hf]zLnfO{ NofP lrgf
;Rofpg nufOP5. of] 36gfkl5 Hof]ltifL lbJod\un hf]zL slxNo} fhbaf
cfpg'ePg5. o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf] :jefj, rlq ;du| 36gfqmd x]bf{ nfU5,
Hof]ltifL lbJod\un hf]zL;fd' ;sf fhkljfsf] eljio Tolt a]n} 5n{\u
eO;s]sf] x]5.
@)$^ ;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 g]kfnsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
;'wf cfPg hgtfn] vf;} s]xL kfpg ;s]gg\. dxffhflwfhn] s8f sbd
rfNg'kof] eg] kl5Nnf jif{x?df bafsf] Pp6f v]dfaf6 lgGt bafj
cfOx]sf] lyof]. d]f] a'emfOdf bafsf] Tof] cg'bfjfbL v]dfsf] k|ltlglwTj
a8fdxffgL, o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb| clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|af6 x'GYof]. of] v]dfn]
fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ cfbz{ dfGYof] fhf s8f x'g'k5{ bnx?nfO{ k]n]} hfg'k5{ eGg]
s7f] dfGotf fVYof]. d'df a8fdxffgL Tg nufot fhkljfsf clwsf+z
;b:o o; v]dfdf xf]OaS;GYof]. t dxffhflwfh jL]Gb| k|hftflGqs tjn]
g} cl3 a9\g'k5{, kf6L{ tyf ltgsf g]tfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{, l;sfpg'k5{,
kf6L{ k|0ffnLnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf cl8u xf]OaS;GYof]. hlt
rsf]{ bafj cfpbf klg cfk\mgf] dfGotfaf6 ;sf clnslt klg ljrlnt
xf]OaS;]g. o;L cufl8 a9\bf ;sfsf] ln8l;k lkmtnf] eof] eGg] klg
cff]k lyof]. ToxL b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt eP o'jfhflwfh ;sfaf6 cfk\mgf
a'afnfO{ sdhf] g]tfsf ?kdf lnOaS;GYof] d s8f g]tf aG5' eGg] ;f]rfO
flvaS;GYof]. o'jfhflwfhsf] cklkSj, kkL8s Pj+ x7L :jefjnfO{ bf]
g]t[Tj sf] u'0fsf ?kdf JofVof ullbg]x?sf] bafleq aflx ;d]t lans'n}
sdL lyPg. bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ xL Oh c u'8 ln8, :6 ln8, bLk]Gb|
;sf :6 ls x'g ;lsaS;G5 eg] s]xL dfG5]n] afaf pS;fpg] u]sf]
xfdLn] gb]v]sf, g;'g]sf xf]Ogf}. o; k|sf fhkljfleqsf] snx ljjfb
tyf sdLsdhf]Ldf v]Nb} o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf] dxjfsf\IffnfO{ psf;]
nfdf] tyf ;'ljrflt if8\oGq cGtu{t b]zL tyf ljb]zL zlQmn] baf xTofsf08
ufPsf] xf] eGg] d]f] lgisif{ x]sf] 5.

53

54

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]xL cg'Ql/t k|Zgx?

;+;fdf fhgLlts bfpk]rsf cg]s 36gf ePsf 5g\. Pp6f zlQmn] csf]n
{ fO{
l;Wofpg cg]s lsl;dsf if8\oGq ul/Psf 5g\. zlQmdf ePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ csf]{
zlQmn] l;Wofpg' 5 eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] Tof] JolQmsf] sdhf]L s] 5 eg] vf]Hb5.
ToxL sdhf]Lsf] kmfObf p7fP l;Wofpg] xf]. baf xTofsf08sf k5fl8 klg
uDeL if8\oGq 5 eGg] d]f] lgSof]n
{ 5. g]kfnsf] fh;+:yf b]zLljb]zL sltko
zlQmsf nflu cjf~5gLo s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cfqmd0fsf] lg;fgf t algx]s} lyof].
o;} qmddf To:tf] zlQmn] bLk]Gb| ;sfsf] sdhf]Lsf] kmfObf p7fP of] xTofsf08
ufPsf] xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5. dfG5]df ljleGg sdhf]L :jfefljs ?kn] x'G5g\.
To:t} sdLsdhf]L bLk]Gb| ;sfdf klg lyP. ;sfsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo sdhf]L
dlxnf g} lyof]. To:t}, Pp6f kljfdf x'g ;Sg] snx of emu8f fhf jL]Gb|sf]
kljfdf klg lyof]. bafdf sfd u]sf] nfdf] cg'ejsf cfwfaf6 x]bf{ dnfO{
o'jfhflwfhsf] ljjfxsf ;Gbe{df bafleq p7]sf] lsrnf]df bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{
s'g} j}bl] zs zlQmn] v]nfPsf] cg'ej x'G5. of] d"ntM fhgLlts if8\oGq lyof].
fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 o;sf] 5fglag ug{ ul7t pRr:tLo cfof]un]
Tof] ft 36gf:yndf s] ePsf] lyof] eg] dfq 5fglag u]sf] 5. 36gf:ynsf]
jf:tljstf ToxL g} xf]. t cfof]udf ljz]iftM ljz]if1x? lyPgg\. ;dofjlw
Psbd} sd lyof] cfof]unfO{ clwsf If]q klg Tolt dfq n]lvPsf] lyof]. To;}n]
x'g ;S5, cfof]un] 36gfsf] k[i7e"ld s] lyof], 36gf lsg eof], s;n] 36gf 36fpg
;xof]u u]sf] lyof] h:tf kIfsf] vf]hL u]sf] 5}g. 36gfdf aflxL k\mofS6n]
klg sfd u]sf] lyof] ls < b]zLljb]zL zlQms]Gb|sf] if8\oGq kf] lyof] ls < bLk]Gb|
;sfsf] k5fl8 sf]] lyof] < bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ pS;fpg] sf]sf] lyP < o;f] u
eg] ;Nnfx lbg] sf]xL lyof] ls < clg b/af/df vf; u/L o'j/fhflw/fh bLk]Gb|nfO{
nfu" kbfy{sf] s'ntdf km;fpg] lu/f]x s'g lyof] < o:tf w]} cg'Qlt k|Zgx? afsL
g} 5g\, h;sf] hjfkm clxn];Dd s;}n] lbPsf] 5}g. bLk]Gb| ;sfaf6 dfq Tof]
xTofsf08 s;L eof] eg] yk cWoog vf]hL x'g cfjZos 5.
fhbaf xTofsf08 5fglag ;DaGwL pRr:tLo cfof]un] h'g k|ltj]bg aflx
Nofof], Tof] t Toxf s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] 36gf:ynsf] ljj0f k|ToIfbzL{sf] aofg dfq
xf]. cfof]un] 5fglag ug]{ qmddf s'g} ljz]if1sf] ;xof]u lnPsf] 5}g. of] 36gf lsg,
s;L, s]sf nflu ePsf] xf], o;df s;s;sf] ;+nUgtf 5, cflbOToflb ljifodf a[xt\
vf]htnf; ePsf] 5}g. oL ;a} kIfsf] lj:t[t 5fglag x'gk' 5{. To; qmddf cfjZos
k] ljb]zL ljz]if1sf] klg ;xof]u lng'k5{ eg] hf]8 lbb} d}n] w]} k6s dxffhflwfhdf
hfx] u]sf] lyP. o; qmddf ;}lgs ;lrjsf ?kdf fhbafsf] ;a} ;'Iffsf]
lhDd]jfL d}n] lng'k5{ eg] cfk\mgf] lx;fan] cWoogsf nflu Pp6f l6d agfP.
36gfsf a]nf P8L;Lsf] s] e"ldsf eof], ;'Iffsf] b[li6n] xfdLn] s]xL uNtL uof} ls,

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

st} ;'Iff sdhf]L eof] ls eg] fhbafsf] ;'Iffsf] b[li6n] xfdLn] cWoog uof}.
;sfnfO{ hfx] u]} k"j{ k|dv
' ;}lgs ;lrj tyf dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ yL
zfGts'df dNnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf pQm cWoog l6d agfOPsf] lyof]. fhbafleq
d]} sfo{sfndf oqf] 36gf ePkl5 Toxf al;xg' g}lts b[li6n] pko'Qm x'b g} eg]
d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 fhLgfdf klg lbP. t d]f] fhLgfdf dxffhflwfh ;sfn]
:jLsf ulaS;]g.
fhbaf xTofsf08af] y'k|} sfNklgs xNnf rn]. y'kd|} fly lgfwf cff]k
nufOP. oqf] 36gf x'bf o:tf xNnf cff]k cfpg' c:jfefljs klg xf]Og.
fhbafdf oqf] 36gf x'bf yfxf kfpg f]Sg g;Sg] ;'Iff Joj:yf lgsDdf x]5
eGg] s'f klg cfof]. fhbafleq ;'Iff k|aGw ug]{ d k|dv
' xflsd ;}lgs
;lrj ePsfn] d}n] o;sf] g}lts lhDd]jfL lng}k5{. To;af6 d kl5 x6]sf] 5}g
x6\lbg klg. t jf:tljstf rflx+ s] xf] eg] fhbafsf] lqe'jg ;bg, hxf
o'jfhflwfh fh x'GYof], To;sf] ;'Iff Joj:yf lgs} s8f lyof]. Ps t ;du|
fhbaf kl;s} ;'Iff Joj:yf dha't lyof], hxf cglws[t ?kdf sf]xL k|jz
]
ug{ ;Sb}gYof]. To;dfly lqe'jg ;bgdf rf}aL;} 306f ;'IffsdL{ t}gfy x'Gy].
aflxaf6 xToff o'jfhflwfhsf] df:s nufP lqe'jg ;bgdf k;]sf] p;}n]
;a}sf] xTof u]sf] eGg] cToGt} sfNklgs xNnf grn]sf] klg xf]Og. t lqe'jg
;bgleq s'g} klg cjf~5gLo JolQm k|jz
] ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf lans'n} z"Go lyof].
fhbafdf tLg bzs;Dd ;'Iff ;DaGwL sfd u]sf] d'ns
' sf] ;'Iff lgsfosf]
Ps lhDd]jf clws[tsf] x}l;otn] d cflwsfls ?kdf s] :ki6 ug{ rfxG5' eg]
fhbaf xTofsf08 ;DaGwL pRr:tLo 5fglag cfof]un] h'g k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs
uof], 36gfsf] hldgL xfntsf] jf:tljstf ToxL xf], TolQ dfq xf]. s]sf nflu,
s;sf] ;xof]udf, s] p2]Zon] s] sf0fn] pQm 36gf o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|af6
eof] eGg]af] t cfh;Dd 5fglag ePs} 5}g. fhbaf xTofsf08;u hf]l8P
cfpg] csf]{ dxjk"0f{ ljifo xf] nfu" kbfy{ -r];, ufhf OToflb_ sf] k|of]u. d}n]
hfgsfL kfP cg';f o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb| nufot fhkljfsf o'jf ;b:ox?sf
;fy} s]xL zfxL gft]bfx?df ;d]t nfu" kbfy{sf] s'nt lyof]. o'jfhflwfhn]
r'f]6df r];sf] w"nf] ld;fP ;]jg ulaS;]sf] d}n] w]} k6s b]vs
] f] 5'. ;sfaf6
fhkljfleq cfof]hgf x'g] ef]hx?df afyddf uP nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ u]sf]
xfdL P8L;Lx?n] b]VbYof}. t To;nfO{ f]Sg ;Sg] cj:yfdf xfdL lyPgf} . s;L,
s'g JolQm of luf]xaf6 s'g if8\oGqsf nflu ufhf r]; baf k'UbYof] eGg]
ljifodf klg lj:t[t 5fglag x'gk' b{Yof]. :jb]zL ljz]if1sf ;fy} ;a} kIf ;lDdlnt
eP ljb]zL ljz]if1sf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnP o; 36gfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;TotYox?
;fj{hlgs x'gk' 5{ eGg] d]f] dfGotf lyof], clxn] klg 5 ;w} xg]5.
fhbaf xTofsf08af] rrf{ rNbf s;}s;}n] xfd|f] wfld{s dfGotf

55

56

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ljZjf;sf k|;\unfO{ ;d]t hf]8\g] u]sf] d}n] kfPsf] 5'. tflGqs ljBf ;DaGwL
hfgsfx?sf cg';f of] ljBf l;Sg bIf aGg To; ;DaGwL ;fwgf, cffwgf,
k"hfkf7 OToflbsf] Hofb} s8f ljlwljwfgdf xg'kb{5. bIf tflGqsx?n] h] klg
ug{ ;S5g\, cfTdf ;d]t af]nfpg To;af6 c;Dej sfd lng ;d]t ;S5g\ eGg]
ljZjf; ulG5. k|frLg g]kfn, ltAat eftdf ;d]t o;sf] Hofb} k|efj lyof].
t tflGqs ljBf cfh{g ug{ hlt sl7g 5, ljBf l;s]sf JolQmn] lgoldt ;fwgf,
cffwgf, k"hfkf7 cflbdf plQs} ljlw k'ofpg ;Sg'k5{, gq tflGqs ljBfaf6
o;sf] ;fws cfkm} jf p;sf] kljfnfO{ g} 7"nf] gf]S;fgL kfg{ ;Sg] ;DEffjgf
xG5 eGg] klg ljZjf; 5.
fhf jL]Gb|af6 klg w]} jif{ -@)@%@)#$_ ;Dd tflGqs ljBf l;lsaS;]sf]
lyof]. ;sfnfO{ To; a]nfsf tflGqs ljBfsf 1ftf yL wgzdz] hafn]
pQm ljBf l;sfpg'x'GYof]. wgzdz] Hofb} j[4 eP l;sfpg g;Sg] ePkl5
jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 tflGqs ljBf l;Sg aGb ePsf] dnfO{ fd|f];u hfgsfL 5.
t yL wgzdz]n] l;sfPsf] lzIffbLIff df};'kmaf6 s]s:tf] lsl;dn] u|x0f
ulaS;]sf] lyof] To;sf nflu cfjZos ;fwgf, cffwgf, k"hfkf7 s]slt ;xL
tlsfn] lgoldt ?kdf ulaS;GYof] eGg] dnfO{ hfgsfL 5}g. To:t} @)$$$%
;fnlt a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{n] o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf] dg ;sfn] rfxgf fVg]
s]6Lx?af6 6f9f ufpg s'g} tflGqsnfO{ k"hfcfhf ug{ nufOaS;]sf] ;d]t dnfO{
yfxf 5. o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] fhf jL]Gb| fgL P]Zjo{ tGqdf w]} ljZjf;
ulaS;GYof]. bafdf h]7 !( sf] h'g csNkgLo xTofsf08 eof], Tof] st} ltg}
tflGqs k|of]ux?sf] pN6f] kl0ffd t xf]Og < d o; ;DaGwL hfgsf lans'n}
xf]Og t sltko hfgsfx? To;L csNkgLo ?kdf jL]Gb| ;sfsf] j+z gfz
x'g'sf] sf0f oxL x'g ;S5 eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\.
/fhf jL/]Gb|sf] ;Defljt of]hgf

fhbaf xTofsf08 x'g'eGbf emG8} jif{lbgcl3b]lv zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]

cfw'lgsLs0fsf] sfo{of]hgf algx]sf] lyof]. o; qmddf k'fgf] xltof abNg
cTofw'lgs xltof lsGg] ;]gfsf] k|To]s txdf k'ofpg] of]hgf lyof]. jL]Gb|
;sfaf6 pRr rf;f]sf ;fy o; k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fOaS;]sf] lyof]. d'n'sdf
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of hl6n aGb} hfbf s'g} klg a]nf ;]gf klrfng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf
cfpg ;S5 eGg] ljZn]if0f u] of] cfw'lgsLs0fsf] k|of; ;' ulPsf] lyof].
o;} l;nl;nfdf g]kfnn] cN6f df]8g{ xltof Prs] hL#^ fOkmn lsGg] k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fOx]sf] lyof]. of] xltof g]kfnd} P;]Dan ug]{ blIf0f Pl;ofnL
d'n'sdf a]Rg] ;d]t of]hgf lyof]. o;sf nflu xltof pTkfbs sDkgL x]Sn

/fhb/af/ xTofsf)*

PG8 sf]sn] ;d]t ;xdlt hgfO;s]sf] lyof]. t Prs] hL#^ fOkmn vlb ug]{
g]kfnd} P;]Dan ug]{ of]hgf xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z eftnfO{ dg klx]sf] lyPg.
lsgeg] p;n] eftd} ag]sf] sd u'0f:tsf] OG;f; fOkmn a]Rg ;a} lsl;dn] hf]8
lbOx]sf] lyof]. To;}n] xltofsf] fhgLlt klg fhbaf xTofsf08leq n's]sf]
Pp6f k|d'v sf0f x'g ;S5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5. g]kfndf cfk\mgf] dfq Ps5q
k|efj sfod x'g'k5{ eGg] eftsf] ;w}sf] rfxgf xf]. To;df afwf kbf{ pm q'm4 x'g]
dfq xf]Og, h:tf];'s} sbd p7fpg klg kl5 kb}{g. xltof k|s0f rlnx]s} a]nf
;+;b\n] gfulstf ;DaGwL ljw]os kflt uL nfndf]xsf nflu fhbaf k7fPsf]
lyof]. t dxffhflwfhaf6 pQm ljw]osdf nfndf]x nufpg'k"j{ fosf nflu
;jf]{Rr cbfnt k7fOaS;]sf] lyof]. ;jf]{Rrn] pQm gfulstf ljw]os ;+ljwfg;Ddt
5}g eGb} vf]h ullbPsf] lyof]. nfndf]x nfu]sf] v08df g]kfnleq g]kfnLx?
g} s]xL jif{kl5 cNkdtdf kg{ ;Sg] pQm ljw]os vf]h ePkl5 eftsf s}of} pRr
kbflwsfLn] ;sf;u lgs} rf;f] fv] s'f ;d]t u]sf lyP. o;cl3 @)$$
;fnlt g]kfnn] rLgaf6 s]xL PG6L Poqmfkm\6 xltof lsGbf klg eft lgs}
qm'4 ag]sf] lyof]. , g]kfnnfO{ cfly{s gfsfaGbL u] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ c;x\o
si6 lbPsf] lyof]. o:t} jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 @)#! ;fndf ;DkGg z'efHofleif]ssf
cj;df g]kfnnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]lift ulof];\ eg] flvaS;]sf] k|:tfjnfO{
;+;fsf ;a}h;f] dxjk"0f{ !!^ b]zn] :jfut ;dy{g u]sf lyP. t eftn]
o; ljifodf ;d]t gsffTds b[li6sf]0f fv] ;dy{g u]sf] lyPg. oL t s]xL
36gf dfq x'g\.
@)%& ;fnsf] clGtdlt dxffhflwfhaf6 rLgsf] dxjk"0f{ e|d0f ;DkGg
ulaS;]sf] lyof]. olt a]nf ;sf g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] s]xL
jif{b]lv hfL fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo ug]{ ;f]rfOdf xf]OaS;GYof]. To;sf lglDt
tTsfn} zfxL sbd rfNg ;Sg] cj:yf ljsl;t x'b} lyof]. ;sfaf6 fh;+:yfk|lt
cf:yf fVg] fi6jfbL 5lj agfPsf ljleGg bnsf g]tfx?;u ljrfljdz{
ulaS;b} lyof]. k"j{ jli7 k|zf;s ;'IffsdL{x?sf] ljz]if sfo{6f]nL agfO{
d'n'ssf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu of]hgf agfpg nufpg]af] ljrf eOx]sf]
lyof]. csf]{ ljz]if sfo{6f]nL u7g uL 0fgLlt tof kfg{ nufpg] To; dfkm{t
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug{] ;f]rfO lyof]. oxL qmddf ;sfaf6 efO k"j{clwfhs'df
wL]Gb| zfxnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u jftf{ ug{ v6fOaS;]sf] lyof]. ;fy} ;sfn]
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ ;d]t dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ ug{
v6fOaS;]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL;u s'g} lx;fan] ;xdlt ePkl5 k|ltlglw;ef e\u
ug]{ fhgLlts g]tfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng uL dfcf]jfbL ;lxtsf]
fli6o ;sf u7g ug]{ ;sfsf] of]hgf lyof]. ;fy} b'O{ jif{kl5 csf]{ cfdr'gfj
ug]{ r'gfjcufl8 ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf oyfjt\ fvL ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{af] ;d]t

57

58

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfn] u[xsfo{ ulaS;]sf] lyof]. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg uL fhfsf] e"ldsf a]nfot

of hfkfgsf] fhfsf] h:tf] jf eftsf fi6kltsf] h:tf] lgwf{0f ulg'k5{ eGg]
klg ;sfsf] ;f]rfO lyof]. of] k|:tfj dfcf]jfbLnfO{ dfGo geP fHosf ;a} zlQm
k|of]u u] p;nfO{ lgMz:qLs0f uL fhgLltsf] d"nwfdf Nofpg] 0fgLlt klg
;sfaf6 ;f]lraS;b} lyof]. o;sf nflu a]nfot cd]lsfsf] ;xof]u lng]af]
;d]t k|of; eOx]sf] lyof]. vf; uL oL b'O{ d'n'ssf clwsf+z g]tf, s"6gLlt1
of cGo kbflwsfLx? h;n] dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6 kfpy], pgLx? g]kfndf
;'zf;g ePg, e|i6frf a9\of], c;'Iffsf sf0f cft\s km}lnof] cflb s'fx? u]
;sfnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf s'g g s'g} sbd rfNg ;'emfj lbOx]sf x'Gy]. ;DejtM
;sfaf6 rLg e|d0fsf cj;df ;d]t ;xof]usf] cfZjf;g kfOaS;]sf] lyof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of g]kfnsf nflu dfq geP eftsf] ;d]t bL3{sfnLg ;d:of
x'g ;S5 eGg] ;sfsf] ljZn]if0f lyof]. To;}n] cfkm"n] p7fpg rflxaS;]sf]
sbddf eftsf] ;xof]u lng df};'kmaf6 JolQmut ?kd} k|of; eOx]sf] lyof].
o;df eftsf] b[li6sf]0f ;sffTds ePg eg] dfcf]jfbL;u x]sf] p;sf] ;DaGw
phfu x'g] x'bf eftnfO{ g} c;lhnf] x'g ;Sg] ;sfsf] a'emfO lyof]. o;}
l;nl;nfdf @)%& ;fnsf] dWolt ;sfaf6 dnfO{ Pp6f uf]Ko kmfOn cWoog
ug{ lbOaS;]sf] lyof]. pQm kmfOndf b]zdf ;\s6 cfPsf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg'kg]{
ljleGg 0fgLltaf] pNn]v ulPsf] lyof]. To; of]hgfsf] gfd lyof] jfh. o;
qmddf ;sf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfnfO{ cltyL -lkmN8 df;{n_
agfP ;a} ;'Iff lgsfo;u ;dGjostf{sf] lhDd]jfL lbg] ;f]rdf xf]OaS;GYof].
pxfnfO{ @)%* j}zfv ! ut] cltyL agfpg] to ePsf] lyof]. o;} ;dodf
fhgLlts g]tfx? pgLx?sf ultljlwdf ;d]t lgufgL fVg] of]hgf ag]sf]
lyof]. ;sfsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ePsf] eP To;} a]nf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg
x'g] lyof]. ;fy} @)$^ ;fndf gfd|L Iflt ePsf] fh;+:yfsf] 5lj a9\g] lyof]
fh;+:yfsf] eljio ;'lglZrt klg x'g] lyof]. of] s'f a]Un} xf], ;sfsf] of]hgfn]
cs}{ df]8 lnP jf cGo s'g} sf0faf6 k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k'gfj[lQ ePsf] eP
fh;+:yf To;} ;dodf ;dfKt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g klg ;SbYof].
d'n'ssf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu o;L Pp6f uDeL of]hgfn] cfsf lng
nfu]sf a]nf x:odo tlsfn] fhbaf xTofsf08 x'g k'Uof]. To;}n] o; 36gfdf
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljleGg tjx?sf] xft x'g ;S5 eGg] d]f] ljZn]if0f tyf lgisif{
x]sf] 5. b'ef{Uojz cfh;Dd Tof] kf6f]sf] 5fglag x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. fhbaf
xTofsf08sf] leqL kf6f] eljiodf ;fj{hlgs xf]nf of gxf]nf, ;don] g} km};nf ug]{
ljifo ePsf] 5.

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of pTklQsf sf/)f

elgG5, dfG5]n] ef]s ;xg ;S5, t cGofo ;xg ;Sb}g. clg ljb|f]xdf
plqG5. g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLsf] pTklQ ljsf; slasla o;} egfO;u ldNg
hfG5. tLg bzs l6s]sf] k~rfotL Joj:yfdf w]} s'f fHoff lgolGqt lyof].
fhgLlts bnx? k|ltalGwt lyP. fHosf] rf}yf] c\u kqsfltf ;]G;sf]
clwgfosjfbL l;4fGtaf6 lgb]{lzt lyof]. o:t} kll:yltdf @)$^ ;fndf k~rfotL
Joj:yfsf lj4 hgcfGbf]ng eof]. To;df ;a} lsl;dsf sDo'lg:6 zlQmx?
;xefuL lyP. tTsfnLg g]skf dfn], dfS;{jfbL, jdf{, dfgGw, cdfTo, rf}yf]
dxflwj]zg f]lxt ;d"x ;d]t ;ft jfdkGyL kf6L{n] ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf ?kdf
g]kfnL sf\u|];;u ldn] hgcfGbf]ngdf efu lnPsf lyP. t g]skf d;fn
-df]xgljqmd l;+x_, g]skf dzfn -k|r08, df]xg j}B lgd{n nfdf_ ;d"xx? eg]
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;+of]hg ;ldlt agfP k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lj4 n8]sf lyP.
cGttM @)$^ r}t @^ ut] dxffhflwfh;u sf\u|]; sDo'lg:6x?sf] ;Demf}tf
eof]. pQm ;Demf}tfsf sf0f #) jif]{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo x'g k'Uof]. ;+o'Qm
jfddf]rf{aflx x]sf ;fgf sDo'lg:6 36sx?n] pQm ;Demf}tfnfO{ wf]sf xf] eg].
pgLx?n] @)$^ r}t @^ ut]kl5 hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cg]s sf]l;; klg
u]sf lyP. t ljleGg kll:yltsf sf0f pgLx?sf] k|of; ;Dej ePg.
@)$^ ;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkZrft\ ;a}n] v'nf dx;'; u]. k|hftGqn]
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfzf cfsf\Iffsf] d"n km'6fOlbof]. @)$& ;fnsf] cGtld
;sf, To;kl5 hfL g]kfn clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& @)$* ;fndf ;DkGg
klxnf] cfdlgjf{rgn] b]zdf k|hftGqsf] dfxf]nnfO{ pTsif{df k'ofof]. @)$^ ;fnsf]
;Demf}tfnfO{ wf]sf xf] eg] klg ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{n] r'gfjdf efu lnof]. g]skf d;fn
-df]xgljqmd l;+x_ ;d"xn] cfdlgjf{rg alxisf uof]. p;n] s]xL :yfgdf cfdr'gfj

59

60

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

layf]Ng ;d]t vf]h]sf] lyof]. ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{n] eg] r'gfjdf efu lnP ;+;b\nfO{
g} pkof]u ug]{ l;\uf] ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{ eG8fkmf] ug]{ 0fgLlt lnof]. To;
cg';f pQm bnn] cfdr'gfjdf gf} l;6 lhTof] klg. cfdlgjf{rgdf ax'dt xfl;n
uL g]kfndf qmflGtsfL Oltxf; ePsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k'fgf] kf6L{ sf\u|];n]
ax'dtsf] ;sf agfof]. klxnf] k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf.
pxfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;sf u7g ePb]lv g} Psflt sf\u|];df cfGtls snx ;'
eof] eg] csf{lt k|d'v ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]sf] tLj| k|xf hfL x\of]. oxL
klk|]Iodf k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] eGbf klg Hofbf lgif]wsf]
fhgLlt ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] s'zn g]t[Tj lbP d'n'snfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofn]
cu|ufdL lrGtg;fy cfd"n kljt{gsf] cfef; lbg ;Sg'kg]{ lyof]. ev{} axfnL
ePsf] ax'bnLo Joj:yf, h;nfO{ lzz' k|hftGq klg eGg] ulGYof], To;nfO{ dnhn
uL x'sf{pg'kb{Yof]. Tof] x'g ;s]g. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] kljfjfb ljkIfL
kf6L{k|lt c;lxi0f' Jojxf dfq b]vfpg'ePg, gfuls k|zf;g, k|xL h:tf :yfoL
;sfL ;+rgfdf ;d]t rd fhgLtLs0f ug'{eof]. ;'zf;gsf] cefj e|i6frf
tyf clgoldttfsf] gf\uf] k|bz{gn] ubf{ k|hftGqk|flKtsf] s]xL jif{kl5 g} hgtfdf
c;Gt'li6 k}bf x'g yfNof]. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] cd]lsfsf fi6kltn] cfk\mgf]
sfof{nodf 5 xhf pRr kbflwsfL egf{ u5{g\ eg] d}n] b'O{ xhf sd{rfL egf{ ug{
lsg gkfpg] h:tf ts{ cl3 ;fb}{ c;fGble{s of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg'eof].
pxfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k"} pk]Iff ug'{eof] eg] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{
sfo{stf{ etL{s]Gb| agfpg] sfdsf] yfngL ug'{eof]. g]kfn k|xLnfO{ sf\u|];sf] e|ft[
;\u7g h:tf] agfpg yfNg'eof]. slt;Dd eg] sf\u|]; eg]sf] k|hftGq, k|hftGq
eg]sf] sf\u|]; sf\u|]; eg]sf] ;sf, ;sf eg]sf] sf\u|]; h:tf ;\s'lrt
gff nfUg yfn]. ;xdf o:tf gffsf] 7"nf] k|efj geP klg lhNnf ufpa:tLdf
hgtfn] Hofb} g} si6 ;xg'kof]. sltko lhNnfdf sf\u|];L sfo{stf{sf] bafjaf6
ljkIfLk|lt bdgsf] gLlt clVtof ug{ yflnof]. o;}aLr @)%) ;fndf d Ps
k6s s'd uPsf] lyP. Toxf sf\u|];ljf]wL jf cGo kf6L{sf y'k|} sfo{stf{nfO{
;fj{hlgs ckfw P]g cGtu{t d'2f rnfOPsf] lyof]. wf}6Lsf nflu 7"nf] sd
hDdf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgsf sf0f Tof] ltg{ g;Sbf w]} JolQm h]n k]sf x]5g\. s'd
lhNnfdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] #) jif{edf hDdf tLg j6f ;fj{hlgs ckfwsf
d'2f btf{ ePsf] tYo lyof]. t @)$* ;fndf sf\u|]; ;sf u7g ePkl5 tLg
jif{leq} @#$ hgfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ckfwsf d'2f nufO;lsPsf] x]5. o; lsl;dsf]
cj:yf b]ze ljBdfg lyof]. d]f] a'emfOdf sf\u|];n] k|hftflGqs k4lt ckgfO{
;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf ug'{sf] ;f c;lxi0f' cGofok"0f{ Jojxf ug'{ g} dfcf]jfbL
pTklQ x'g'sf] k|d'v sf0f xf]. clzIff, ulaL, a]f]hufL ePsf] :yfgdf cGofo,

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

cTofrf a9\b} hfg' o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ sDo'lg:6x?n] cfk\mgf] kmfObfsf nflu

pkof]u ug'{ c:jfefljs klg xf]Og.
o;}aLr d"ntM cfk\mg} kf6L{sf] rd cGt{Gsf sf0f sf]Ofnfn] @)%!
;fndf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g uL tfhf hgfb]z lng] lgwf] ug'{eof]. @)$* ;fnsf]
cfdlgjf{rgdf gf} l;6 lht]sf] ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{n] ;z:q hgo'4 ;' ug]{ lg0f{o
cg';f sf]Ofnf ;sfn] :jtGq lgikIf lgjf{rg ufpb}g, o:tf r'gfjsf] s'g}
cy{ 5}g eGb} dWofjlw lgjf{rgdf efu glng] lg0f{o uof]. pQm cfdlgjf{rgdf
s'g} fhgLlts bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt cfPg. ;+o'Qm ;sf klg aGg ;s]g.
k|ltlglw;efdf 7"nf] bn g]skf Pdfn]sf] cNddtsf] ;sf u7g x'g k'Uof].
;sf u7g ePb]lv g} g]kfnL sf\u|]; cGo bnn] o;sf] ljf]w ulx]. o;}
qmddf k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsfLn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g uL dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf]
3f]if0ff ug'{eof]. pQm 3f]if0ffsf lj4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo eof]. ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ax'dtsf] km};nfaf6 k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf eof].
pQm km};nfkl5 sf]xLst}af6 klg g]kfn clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] k"0f{ kfngf
ePg. ;+;bLo Joj:yfn] fd|f];u sfd ug{ ;s]g. fhgLlts l:ytf sfod x'g
g;sL fhgLlts ultf]wd} b]z cndlng k'Uof]. of] ;a}sf] d"n h8 eg]sf] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] @)%@ ebf} !@ ut]sf] pQm km};nf g} lyof]. of] d]f] dfq geP To;
;dodf ;+j}wflgs fhf cGo w]}sf] ;d]t a'emfO xf]. o:t} klj]zdf @)%@ kmfu'g
! ut]b]lv dfcf]jfbLn] xTof lx+;fsf] fhgLlt ;' uof], h;nfO{ p;n] hgo'4
sf] gfd lbof]. d'n'sdf h'g fhgLlts kll:ylt ljsl;t eOx]sf] lyof], Tof]]
dfcf]jfbLsf] ljb|f]x rsf{pg yk cg's"n aGg uof].
dfcf]jfbLk|lt /fhb/af/sf] b[li^sf])f

tTsfnLg ;sf -k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf_ nfO{ a'emfPsf] $) a'b] 1fkgkq

sfof{Gjogsf] cfkm}n] tf]s]sf] Dofb ;d]t k"f gx'b} dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? hgo'4 ;'
ePsf] 3f]if0ff uL xTof lx+;fsf] fhgLlt ub}{ e"ldut eP. ;'df ;a} kIfn]
o;nfO{ ;fdfGo fhgLlts 36gfsf ?kdf lnP vf;} rf;f] lbPgg\. To; a]nf
d fhbafdf zfxL kfZj{jtL{sf ?kdf sfo{t lyP. @)%# ;fndf Ps lbg d}n]
dxffhflwfhdf laGtL u], dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] bafsf] b[li6sf]0f s] xf]nf <
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ltd|f] ljrfdf bafsf] b[li6sf]0f s] x'g'k5{ < s]
dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL xf]Ogg\ < pgLx?sf] 3f]lift p2]Zo zf;g Joj:yfdf Jofks
kljt{g Nofpg] dfq b]lvG5. sltko ljifo fhgLlts b]zn] wfGg g;Sg] klg
5g\. o;af] ljrf x''g'k5{. t oxL cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bdg ug'{ eg]sf] Ps
g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnL dfg'{ xf]Og < To;}n] o:tf ;fdflhs, cfly{s fhgLlts

61

62

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sf0faf6 pTkGg ljb|f]xnfO{ >L % sf] ;sfn] ljleGg ;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{qmd
NofP ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf ljifodf d}n] ;'g]sf] ;sfsf]
of] klxnf] egfO jf b[li6sf]0f xf]. ;'sf s]xL jif{ fhbafn] df};'kmaf6 cleJoQm
oxL wf0ffdf cfwflt eP dfcf]jfbLaf] cfk\mgf] b[li6sf]0f to u]sf] lyof].
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfsf] ;sf 9n]kl5 @)%# ;fnsf] cflvLlt
g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;xof]udf fk|kfsf] Pp6f v]dfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ nf]s]Gb|axfb'
rGb k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. ;sfdf pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqLsf ?kdf jfdb]j
uf}tdsf] k|efjzfnL pkl:ylt xg uof]. o; a]nf eg] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
;Gbe{df s]xL gof cfofd ylkP. tyflk dfcf]jfbLaf] ;sfn] cflwsfls wf0ff
Nofpg ;s]sf] lyPg. sDtLdf jftf{ff dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{, g;s]
s8f P]g sfg'g NofP eP klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bafj lbg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
klrfng ug]{ kll:ylt rflx aGb} uPsf] lyof]. ;sfn] ;f+;b k|]dl;+x wfdLsf]
cWoIftfdf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of cWoog sfo{bn u7g u]sf] lyof]. sfo{bndf Pdfn]
g]tf of]u]z efO{, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf pkk|d'v b]jLfd zdf{, g]kfn k|xLsf
cltlQm dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf u[x dGqfnosf ;x;lrj s[i0fd'fL
zdf{ ;b:o x'g'x'GYof]. sfo{bnn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] ;sfL :tdf klxnf]
k6s cWoog u]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6 fli6o ;'Iffdf ;d]t vtf
a9\bf klg o;cl3sf] ;sfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k"} a]jf:tf u]sf] lyof].
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 k|xL nufPkl5 ;a} 7Ls x'G5 eGg] tTsfnLg ;sfsf] ;f]rn]
ubf{ ;d:of hl6n aGb} uPsf] lyof]. kll:ylt k|xLsf] sfa'eGbf aflx uOx]sf]
lyof]. oxL k[i7e"lddf rGb ;sfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 s8f ?kdf k|:t't x'g
cft\ssfL tyf ljWj+;fTds P]g Nofpg] tofL uof]. t gfuls clwsf tyf
k|hftGq s'l07t x'G5 eg] :jo+ ;Qf?9 Pdfn] nufotsf bnn] pQm P]gsf] Jofks
ljf]w u]. pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL uf}td eg] pQm P]g h;L klg Nofpg
rfxg'x'GYof]. o;} qmddf Pdfn]sf sltko g]tfx? P]gsf] dfq geP ;sfs}
lj4df nfu]. o;aLr ;sfn] ;]gf k|xLaLr ;'dw' ;DaGw agfpg ;sffTds
kxn u]sf] lyof]. ;]gfn] k|xLnfO{ dfcf]jfbL cft\ssf lj4 n8\g tflnd
lbPsf] lyof]. ;]gf k|xLsf] ;+o'Qm ;"rgf ;oGq lgdf{0f uL va cfbfgk|bfg
dfcf]jfbL ultljlwdfly ;+o'Qm dlg6l x'g yfn]sf] lyof]. o:t} cj:yfdf rGb
;sf 9Nof].
>L % sf] ;sfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] uDeLtf a'e\mg s]xL jif{ nufof].
hlt a]nf a'e\mof], To; a]nf;Dd ;d:of w]} hl6n eO;s]sf] lyof]. v's'L
ejf aGb'ssf] edf ;' u]sf] ljb|f]xaf6 s]xL jif{d} k|xLsf] xltof vf];]
k|xLsf lj4 g} cfqmd0f ug{ dfcf]jfbLx? ;kmn x'b} uPsf lyP. >L % sf]
;sfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;'Iff sfafxL ug{ g k|efjsfL of]hgf agfpg

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

;Sof] g t dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{d} Nofpg ;Sof]. o;} klj]zdf >L % sf] ;sfn]
;a} ;'Iff lgsfo klrfng u] dfcf]jfbL bdg ug]{ 0fgLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5.
g]kfnL hgtfsf lj4 ;f]em} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klrfng u] bdg ug'{ x'b}g eGg]
fhbafsf] b[li6sf]0f lyof]. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hgdfg;af6 cnu ug{ ;Sg'k5{,
To;sf nflu cfjZos ;fdflhs ;'wf tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{qmd lnP ufp
:tdf kx'r lj:tf ug'{k5{ clg cGo fhgLlts bnn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ fhgLlts
d'2fdf :yfgLo txd} PS;kf]h ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg] fhbafsf] wf0ff x\of]. @)%$
;fnsf] dWolt cfOk'Ubf dfcf]jfbL k|efj lgs} al9x]sf] lyof]. k|xLsf] sfafxL
k|efjsfL x'g ;s]sf] lyPg. a k|xL sfafxLn] ;j{;fwf0f hgtf lklN;b}
hfg yfn]. dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x k|xLsf] ;fdfGo zflGt;'Iff sfod ug]{ 0fgLltaf6
dfq ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] :ki6 lyof]. k|xLn] zflGt;'Iffsf] gfddf ckgfPsf
f]ldof], lsnf] ;]f 6' h:tf bdgsfL ck];gn] t emg} dfcf]jfbL km:6fpg]
dfxf]n aGg k'Uof]. ;Dk"0f{ kll:ylt lgofn] ;+j}wflgs fhfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]rfO agfOalS;of]. ;]gfnfO{ ljb|f]xsf
;a} kIf tyf k|xLsf] sfdsfafxL ljZn]if0f ub}{ dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qsf] :ynut
cWoog uL lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;d]t bafaf6 lgb]{zg ePsf] lyof].
o;} ;Gbe{df @)%$ ;fndf k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfn] Pp6f l6d agfP
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] lj:t[t cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ nufpg'eof]. pQm l6dsf]
k|ltj]bg cfPkl5 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klrfng ug}{kg]{
lgrf]8df baf zfxL h\uL c8\8f k'u]sf x'g\. t dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;f]em}
;]gf klrfng guL dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf cg';f
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{qmd nfu" ug{] To; dfkm{t ;]gf klrfng
ug]{ 0fgLlt aGof]. To;af] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf agfP >L % sf] ;sfnfO{
a'emfOPsf] lyof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;' ePb]lv g} dxffhflwfhaf6 fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{
lqmofzLn agfpg afDaf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbOaS;]sf] lyof]. ;fy} ;'Iff
klifb\sf] ;lrjfno u7g uL To; dfkm{t ;'Iffsf ;a} cfofdaf] ljZn]if0f uL
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpbf fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;Nnfx klg ;do;dodf aS;]s}
xf]. t tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLx?n] o;nfO{ k"} a]jf:tf u]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{
;lqmo kfg]{ k|:tfjdf s'g} if8\oGq kf] 5 ls eGg] z\sf fv] pgLx?n] o;nfO{
a]jf:tf u]sf] b]lvG5. dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO eg] pQm ;lrjfnon] b]zsf
;d;fdlos ;'Iff ljifodf k|wfgdGqLsf nflu ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{ sfd uL ;xof]u
uf];\ eGg] lyof]. dxffhflwfhaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ w]} jif{bl] v glhsaf6
lgoflnaS;]sf] lyof]. df};k' mnfO{ ;]gfsf] Ifdtfaf] klg fd|;
} u hfgsfL lyof].
k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkl5 hglgjf{lrt ;sfsf] pk]Iffn] ubf{ ;]gfdf xftxltof,

63

64

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nlhl:6S; tflndsf] ;d]t sdL x]sf]af] ;sfnfO{ fd|f;

] u cjut lyof].
;fy} ;]gfsf jli7 kbflwsfLn] a]nfa]nf ug]{ xNsf l6Kk0fLaf] klg ;sfn] fd|f]
hfgsfL flvaS;]sf] lyof]. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;]gf k]k 6fOu dfq xf], 7"n}
emfk8 vfPkl5 dfq of] ;Ifd x'G5 eGg] To; a]nf ;sfsf] ljZn]if0f lyof].
;sfn] k6sk6s lb; cfdL{ lg8\; lau gf]h Aofl; x'sd' ePsf] d clxn] klg
;DemG5'. ;]gfnfO{ tofLsf nflu ;do nfU5 u'Ktr k|0ffnLnfO{ klg k|efjsfL
agfpg'k5{ eGb} ;sfaf6 k|ltljb|fx] sf tflnddf ljz]if Wofg lbg ;d]t lgb]z
{ g
aS;]sf] lyof].
o;} qmddf dxffhflwfhaf6 cfk\mgf sfG5f efO k"j{clwfhs'df wL]Gb| zfx
dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj;u klg ;Dks{ ulaS;]sf] x]5. of] tYo dfcf]jfbLn] zflGt
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eP v''nf ?kdf k|:t't ePkl5 :jLsf u]sf] klg 5. To; ;dodf
dnfO{ o;af] cf}krfls hfgsfL lyPg. o;} klk|]Iodf dxffhflwfhsf] k"f
hfgsfLdf x] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf jli7 clws[t dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLn]
klg dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u ;Dks{ sfod ug'{ePsf] lyof]. oL k|of;x? s'g} g
s'g} ?kdf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 ulaS;]sf
;sffTds kxn x'g\ eGg] d]f] 7DofO 5. ;do, kll:ylt cg';f ;]gf klrfng
ug'{k] klg dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jftf{sf] dfWodaf6} ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf
;sf cl8u xf]OaS;GYof]. t dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf lj:tf ub}{ @)%&
c;f]hdf 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd b'g}dfly cfqmd0f u]. To;n] g]kfnsf]
fhgLlts dfxf]ndf 7"nf] xnrn k}bf uof]. o;} ljifonfO{ lnP tTsfnLg
u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zL k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nsf] fhLgfdf
cfof]eg] u[x;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v/]nsf] ;jf ul/of] . o; 36gfkl5 dfcf]jfbLnfO{
x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf fhbaf >L % sf] ;sfsf] dtleGgtf emg} a9\of]. ;fy}
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfngsf] ljifo ;d]t cGof]ndf kof].
@)%& j}zfvdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]kl5 d}n]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ glhsaf6 a'e\mg] x]g]{ cj; kfPsf] x'. o;cl3 ;fdfGo ?kdf
cfk\mg} lx;fan] dfq dfcf]jfbLnfO{ a'e\mg] sf]l;; u]sf] lyP. To; a]nf;Dd
bafleq s'g} ;lrjfnon] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofnfO{ Tolt w]} uDeLtfsf ;fy lnPsf]
klg d}n] b]lvx]sf] lyOg. vf; uL k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] o;nfO{ x]g'{kb{Yof],
t s'g} klg lgsfo;u ;dGjosf] sfd ;d]t k|efjsfL ?kdf eOx]sf] lyPg.
dcl3sf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL zfGts'df dNn cfk\mgf] ;lrjfno cGtu{t
s'g} ljifodf dxffhflwfhdf hfx] ug'{kof] eg] hfx]Lsf] cl3Nnf] lbg of ToxL
lbg laxfg ljleGg ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v jli7 clws[tnfO{ kmf]g u] hfx]L
tof kfg]{ ug'{x'GYof]. pxfn] dxffhflwfh ;'Iff lgsfosf aLrdf k'nsf] sfd
ug'{kg]{ eP klg pxf cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos s'f dfq ;'g] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{x'GYof]

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5. Tof] a]nf;Dd k|wfg ;]gfklt afx]s cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?n] dxffhflwfh ;dIf lgoldt hfx]Lsf nflu ;do kfpb}gy]. fi6 k|d'v
dxffhflwfhaf6 ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ lgoldt bz{ge]6 aS;] ;Nnfx
;'emfj aS;g] k|0ffnL ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf lyPg. d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfL
;Dxfn]kl5 kll:yltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; uL dxffhflwfh ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?aLr ;f]em} ;DaGw :yflkt x'g'k5{ eg] lgoldt bz{ge]6 tyf hfx]Lsf]
l;nl;nf ;' u]. To;kl5 g]kfn k|xLsf dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf, ;z:q
k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n]
kfn}kfnf] bz{ge]6 uL ;sfdf b]zsf] ;'Iff cj:yf, dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] tfhf
l:ylt tyf cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f lgoldt ?kdf hfx] ug{ yfNg'eof].
o;}aLr @)%* h]7 !( ut] fhbaf xTofsf08 x'g k'Uof]. dfcf]jfbLn]
fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 g]kfndf fh;+:yf ;dfKt eO;Sof] eg] jQmJo lgsfn].
o;df b]zLljb]zL zlQms]Gb|sf] if8\oGq x'g ;Sg] ljZn]if0f u]. k|wfgdGqL
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cfk\mg} kf6L{sf] cGts{nx, ljkIfL kf6L{sf] tLj| ljf]w
dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;fsf] z[\vnf a9\b} uPsfn] ;\s6df x'g'x'GYof]. To;dfly
fhbaf xTofsf08 h:tf] uDeL ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ylkg uof]. To;sf] nuQ}
h:tf] dfcf]jfbLaf6 f]Nkfsf] xf]n]L k|xL a];df cfqmd0f eof]. xf]n]L 36gfkZrft\
bafsf] rfxgf cg';f ;]gfn] ;fy glbPsf] eGg] sf]Ofnfn] cff]k nufpg'eof].
o; qmddf pxfdfly bafj l;h{gf eP fhbaf xTofsf08sf] b'O{ dlxgfkl5
fhLgfdf ug{ afWo x'g'eof]. sf]Ofnfn] k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6]kl5 fhbaf xTofsf08
7"nf] u|fG8 l8hfOg af6 ePsf] xf] eGg yfNg'eof]. sf\u|]; g]tf z]axfb' b]pjf
k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 dfcf]jfbL;u klxnf] zflGtjftf{ ug{] kxnnfO{ ;sffTds b[li6n]
x]lPsf] lyof]. fhbafn] jftf{ ;kmn xf];\ eg] ;xof]u u]sf] xf]. t o;sf]
kl0ffd ;sffTds lg:sg] s'fdf z\sf lyof].
fhbafdf cfzf}r k]sf sf0f fHoff]x0fsf] Ps jif{;Dd dxffhflwfh
1fg]Gb| lgd{n lgjf;df fh xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. pQm ;dodf ;sfaf6 ljleGg
fhgLlts g]tf, a'l4hLjL, kqsf, gfuls ;dfhsf cu'jf, k"j{k|zf;s, s"6gLlts
If]qsf JolQm cflbnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;L dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] lj:t[t?kdf hfgsfL
lnOaS:of]. df};'kmaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgeGbf klg fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo
ug{] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ To;}df ljz]if ;do lbOaS;]sf] lyof]. Tolt dfq
geP ;sfn] o;}df s;L v]Ng] eg] 0fgLlt agfOaS;]sf] d}n] dx;'; u]sf]
lyP. ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ cfk\mgf] ;f]rljrf cg';fsf]
h'g;'s} sfdnfO{ ;3fpg afWofTds l:ylt kfg]{ kll:ylt cfkm" cg's"n kfb}{
n}hfg] 0fgLlt -d]s lxd 8' cn bL 86L{ js{_ lnOaS:of]. ljleGg 9\uaf6
fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ sdhf] kfb}{ n}hfg] sfd eof]. ljz]if u] l8efO8 PG8 n

65

66

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sf] 0fgLlt ckgfOaS:of]. o; cj:yfdf dxffhflwfhaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf]

bafaf6 c\uLsf ulPsf] k'fg} 0fgLlt k5\ofOaS;]sf] b]lvG5. ;sfaf6
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ d"nwfdf cjt0f ufpg >L % sf] ;sfn] k|of; uf];\ eGg] rfxgf
flvaS;]sf] b]lvG5.
klxnf] zflGtjftf{ e\u u] dfcf]jfbLn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bf Aof]s
cfqmd0f uL xftxltof n'6\g ;kmn ePkl5 b]zsf] kll:yltn] cs}{ df]8 lng
uof]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] lg0f{o cg';f b]zdf klxnf] k6s dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 ;]gf klrfng eof]. ;\s6sfn nfUof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
;]gf klrfng ePkl5 clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] fhgLlts l:ytf xf] eGg]
a'em] ;a} fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ lyof]. ;]gf
klrfng ePsf] kll:yltdf ;]gfn] ;Dk"0f{ fi6sf] fHozlQmsf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff
ub{5. t g]kfndf fhgLlts kf6L{x? dfq xf]Og, hg;fwf0f, ;~rf hut\,
dfgj clwsfsdL{, a'l4hLjL s;}af6 klg ;xof]u ePg. >L % sf] ;sfsf]
;xof]u klg Go"g dfq x\of]. a Psflt s]xL cGtf{li6o ;d'bfoaf6 dfgj
clwsfsf] gfddf ;]gfnfO{ grflxbf] xfpu'hL b]vfpg] sfd eof] eg] csf{lt ;+o'Qm
fi6;\3sf] cfx\jfgdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ vl6P ;]gfn] h'g sfd u]sf] lyof] Tof]
cfk\mg} b]zleq b]vfpg ;s]g eg] cff]k nufOof]. ;fy} ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cfk\mg}
sl7g e"uf]n klg ;d:ofsf ?kdf x\of]. g]kfnL ;]gf;u g]kfnsf] e"uf]ndf s'g}
klg sfafxLsf nflu kof{Kt nlhl:6S;, vf; uL x]lnsK6 cGo cfw'lgs
xftxltofsf] sdL xg uof]. o; kll:yltdf klg cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL jxg uL
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;Qf sAhf ug{af6 f]Sg eg] ;]gf ;kmn eof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / /fhgLlts bn

dfcf]jfbLn] hgo'4 ;' u]sf] @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
bf Aof]sdf cfqmd0f u]sf] @)%* d\l; * ut] b'j} ;do ;+of]ujz k|wfgdGqL
z]axfb' b]pjf g} x'g'x'GYof]. o; cjlwdf ;ft k6s ;sf kljt{g eof] eg]
tL ;sfnfO{ g]t[Tj u]sf kfr hgf k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ef]u]sf lyP.
fhgLlts bn g]tfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofk|lt ;'df pbf;Lgtf b]vfPs} x'g\. ha
;d:of hl6n aGb} uof] To; a]nf fhbaf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g
eGg yfn]sf] klg b]lvG5. bnx?n] ;'df dfcf]jfbL zflGt;'Iffsf] ;fdfGo ;d:of
xf] o;nfO{ k|xLaf6} 7Ls ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f agfP. Tof] b[li6sf]0f To;
a]nfsf] k|xL g]t[Tjaf6 lgb]{lzt lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf sltko ;fdflhs,
cfly{s ljifonfO{ bnx?n] ;j{yf pk]Iff u]sf] b]lvG5. ;a} kIf ljrf ubf{ To;
a]nf ;'Gg] ulPsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of s]xL g]tf tyf kf6L{sf nflu ;Qfsf] eof

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

ag]sf] 5 eGg] cff]k s]xL xb;Dd 7Ls klg b]lvG5. Oltxf;sf kfgf kN6fP
x]g]{ xf] eg] @)%^ ;fnkl5sf clwsf+z ;sfx? dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofs} sf0f 9n].
ltgLx? dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg u5'{ eg] g} u7g ;d]t ePsf lyP. @)%@
;fndf ;' ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ cf}krfls kxn @)%* ;fndf
klxnf] zflGtjftf{af6 dfq ;' ePsfn] ToltGh]n o;nfO{ uDeLtfsf ;fy glnOPsf]
k|:6 x'G5. o;aLr dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf ljsf; ulx]sf] lyof]. vf; uL
k|xLnfO{ h'g;'s} :yfgdf klg xdnf ug{ ;Sg] tfut agfO;s]sf] lyof]. of]
oyfy{nfO{ k|xL k|zf;gn] fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ a'emfpg] k|of; klg u]sf] lyof].
t s] sf0fn] xf], fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] ;]gf klrfng ug{ ;s]g of rfx]g. @)$^
;fnsf] kljt{gkl5 ;]gf ;DaGwL P]g, sfg'g lgod ;+ljwfg;Ddt gagfpg'
;]gf;u cljZjf;sf] k'fgf] t'; afsL xg' o;sf] k|d'v sf0f xf] eGg] dnfO{
nfU5. fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj txaLr cGtlqmofsf] sdL x'g' csf]{
pNn]vgLo sf0f xf].
@)%^ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sf\u|];sf] :ki6 ax'dt cfPkl5 s[i0fk|;fb
efO{ k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. pxfFn] k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL
;d:of cWoog sfo{bnsf] ;+of]hs agfpg'eof]. sfo{bnn] jftf{sf] jftfj0f
agfpg'sf ;fy} dfcf]jfbLaf] Ps lsl;dsf] wf0ff to kfb}{ lyof]. t
sf\u|];leqsf] snxn] ubf{ k|wfgdGqL efO{nfO{ fhLgfdf lbg afWo kflof].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k'gM k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof]. dfcf]jfbL;usf]
jftf{ ;DaGwL k|of; t'lxof].
@)%* ;fpgdf z]axfb' b]pjf bf];|f] k6s k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 ;]gf;usf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw' agfpg lgs} ;sffTds dfxf]n ;' eof]. dlGqklifb\n] ;]gfsf
nflu cfjZos xftxltof pks0fsf nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf uof]. t}klg o;}
qmddf pxfnfO{ blIf0f clk|msfsf] e|d0fdf hfg] eg] a]lNhod uO{ xltof vlb
ug{ cndlng'eof] eGg] cff]k nfUof]. @)%* ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]}h;f] fhgLlts
bnsf] k|efj lhNnf ;bd'sfd fhwfgL sf7df8f}df ;Lldt eO;s]sf] lyof].
8, qf;, cft\s cyjf cGo h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] xtsG8f ckgfP eP klg
dfcf]jfbLn] ;a}h;f] u|fdL0f OnfsfnfO{ cfk\mgf] cwLg k|efjdf lnPsf] lyof].
;fy} p;n] cGo sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf s]xL g]tf sfo{stf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLdf k|j]z
ufOx]sf] lyof]. sf\u|];sf sltko g]tfx? lhNnfaf6 lj:yflkt eO;s]sf]
l:ylt lyof]. dfcf]jfbLx? cfqmfds cj:yfdf lyP eg] fhgLlts kf6L{x?
lgLx eO{ IffTds l:yltdf. o; cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf dfcf]jfbLn] hglgjf{lrt
;sfnfO{ gf]s dxffhflwfhnfO{ dflns eGg yfln;s]sf] lyof]. Tolt
dfq geP dfcf]jfbLn] fhgLlts bnnfO{ kfvf nufO{ fHozlQm dxf/fhlw/fhdf
s]lGb|t ufO{ ;f]e}m ;/sf/;u jfkfsf] jftf{ jf d'7e]8 ug]{ 0fgLlt agfPsf]

67

68

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lyof]. of] 0fgLltaf] fhbaf k"0f{ ?kn] hfgsf lyof]. @)%( c;f]h !*
ut] dxffhflwfhaf6 yflnaS;]sf] zfxL sbdn] dfcf]jfbLsf] ToxL 0fgLltnfO{
;Daf]wg u]sf] b]lvG5. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6 b]z cfqmfGt algx]sf a]nf ;f]em}
bafn] lsg kxn gug]{ t eGg] dg;fon] klg c;f]h !* sf] sbd nlIft lyof].
dfcf]jfbLn] ;'df ;sfnfO{ lbPsf] $) a'b] 1fkgkqdf fh;+:yfsf] pGd"ng
klg d'Vo dfu lyof] eGg]af] fhbaf k"0f{ ?kdf hfgsf lyof]. t c;f]h
!* sf] sbdnfO{ fhgLlts g]tfx?n] fhbaf dfcf]jfbLsf] sfo{ut Pstfsf
?kdf JofVof ub}{ k|hftGq df:g ;xsfo{ ePsf] l6Kk0fL u]. sltkon] dfcf]jfbL
fhbafaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\ dfcf]jfbLsf] k|wfg sfof{no -x]8Sjf6_ lgd{n
lgjf; xf] eGg] cff]k nufP.
dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ ef}lts sfafxL
ug]{ of]hgf ;'b]lv g} cufl8 a9fOx]s} x'g\. o;} qmddf ljz]if u] sf\u|]; tyf
Pdfn]sf s]xL g]tf tyf sfo{stf{sf] xTof ;d]t u]sf lyP. o;L dflg]x?sf]
km]xl:t nfd} 5. of] qmd dfcf]jfbLn] xfn;Dd klg k"0f{tM aGb ul;s]sf 5}gg\.
t klg oL b'j} kf6L{sf zLif{ g]tfx?n] cj; kfP;Dd dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u eftsf
ljleGg :yfgdf uf]Ko e]63f6 jftf{ ulx]s} lyP. Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfn cGo s]xL g]tfx?n] dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj;u eftsf l;lnu'8L, uf]vk'
tyf nvgpdf ljleGg r0fdf jftf{ u]sf lyP. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfn] klg eftsf] gof lbNnLdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u uf]Ko jftf{ ug'{ePsf]
lyof]. oL ;a} jftf{df s'g} g s'g} ?kaf6 eftLo ;'Iff lgsfon] kxn ;dGjo
u]sf] tYo klg a'lemg cfPs} xf]. dfcf]jfbLsf] $) a'b] 1fkgkqdf x]sf lgtfGt
fhgLlts ljifoj:t'df ;d]t d"nwfsf fhgLlts kf6L{n] slxNo} s'g} 5nkmn,
ljrf, ljdz{ u]sf] b]lvPg. To;}n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofdf fhgLlts bnsf] wf0ff
slxNo} :ki6 x]g.
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf

dfcf]jfbLn] xTof, lx+;f cft\ssf] l;nl;nf ;' u]bl] v g} zfxL g]kfnL

;]gfn] o;af] ;"Id ?kdf cWoog ulx]sf] lyof]. pgLx?n] k|xLsf ljleGg kf]:6
7"nf ;+rgfdf u]sf cfqmd0f tyf Toxf n'l6Psf xftxltofaf] p;n] hfgsfL
fVb} cfPsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL ljb|fx] cfly{s, ;fdflhs lje]b s'zf;gaf6 pAh]sf]
;d:of xf], of] k|xLsf] sfafxLaf6 dfq ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g, cGttM ;]gf klrfng
ug}k{ 5{ eGg] ;]gfsf] ;'b]lvs} ljZn]if0f xf]. To:t}, fhgLlts bnn] dfcf]jfbL;u
fhgLlts 9\un] g} ax; u] pgLx?nfO{ d"nwfdf Nofpg ;Sg'k5{ eGg] ;]gfsf]
wf0ff lyof]. o; qmddf ;]gfn] ;a} kIfaf] ljrf uL o:tf ljb|fx] ;dfwfg ug{

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

PsLs[t cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf nfu" ug{ tTsfnLg ;sfx?nfO{
k|:tfj u]sf] lyof]. To; dfkm{t klrfng eO{ :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u
uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hgtfaf6 cnUofpg] 0fgLlt ;]gfsf] lyof]. :yfgLo fhgLlts
bnsf sfo{stf{n] dfcf]jfbL;u j}rfls lx;fan] k|ltf]w u?g\ ;]gfsf] ;xof]udf
k|xLn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgMz:qLs0f uL d"nwfdf Nofpg kxn ug]5
{ eGg] ;]gfsf]
k|:tfj lyof]. o;af6 hgwgsf] Iflt sd x'g] p;sf] cfsng lyof]. cfk\mg} b]zsf
hgtfsf lj4 k|ToIf ?kdf ;]gf klrfng x'g 7Ls x'bg} eGg] klg p;sf] ;f]rfO
lyof]. t s'g} klg ;sfx?n] ;]gfsf] ;'emfjnfO{ jf:tf u]gg\.
@)%# ;fndf nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb k|wfgdGqL x'bf pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL
jfdb]j uf}tdn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nIo uL cft\ssfL tyf ljWj+;fTds lgoGq0f
P]g Nofpg sf]l;; ug'{eof]. To:t} pxfs} kxndf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf k|xLsf]
cft\sjfbsf lj4sf] ;+o'Qm sfo{bn -PG6L 6]f]l:6 ;]n_ ;d]t ag]sf] lyof].
o;} ;dodf ;]gfn] cfk\mgf tflnd s]Gb|x?df k|xLnfO{ k|ltcft\sjfb ;DaGwL
tflnd lbPsf] lyof]. @)%$ ;fndf ;"o{axfb' yfkf k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] ;'emfjnfO{ uDeLtfsf ;fy lnO{ ;]gfsf] cfjZostf cg';f nlhl:6s tyf
;~rf pks0fsf nflu s]xL ah]6 ;d]t Joj:yf ulPsf] lyof]. o;} ;dodf
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf] pTklQ k|efj If]q dflgPsf s'd, f]Nkf nufotsf lhNnfnfO{
nIo ub}{ ;'v]{tdf k[tgf s'df]Nkfdf jflxgL v8f uL k|xLnfO{ ;xof]u u]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgMz:qLs0f ug]{ of]hgf ;sfdf k]; u]sf] lyof]. zfxL h\uL
c8\8fsf] ljZn]if0fdf ;'b]lv g} ;]gf klrfng x'g ;s]sf] eP dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn]
ljsfn ?k lng ;Sg] lyPg hgwgsf] w]} 7"nf] Iflt x'g] lyPg. fhbaf
;]gfsf] dfGotf ;]gf ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 dfq
klrfng ug'{k5{ eGg] lyof]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn ug{ o;sf]
;lrjfno :yfkgf x'g'k5{ ;]gf klrfngsf nflu cfd fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod
x'g'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj klg ;'b]lv g} lbOPsf] lyof]. t fhgLlts g]tfx?n] ;]gf
;DaGwL cNk1fgsf sf0f kDkfut ;f]r fv] ;]gfnfO{ ljZjf; u]gg\. oL
dxjk"0f{ ;'emfjnfO{ k6Ss} jf:tf u]gg\. kmn:j?k ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f ag]g.
cem s]xL tjx?n] t ;]gf Aof]saf6 aflx lgl:sof] eg] Aof]s kms{+b}g, k|hftGq
vtfdf k5{ eGg] e|d klg km}nfP. kmn:j?k dfcf]jfbL ;d:of a9] cToGt}
ljsfn aGg k'Uof].
nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb ;"o{axfb' yfkf k|wfgdGqL x'bf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd
dfkm{t ;]gf klrfng ug{ ;lsg] ;sffTds ;f]r ag]sf] xf]. t lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 of] k|;\u ;]nfP uof]. pxf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf
klrfng ug{ t rfxg'x'GYof] t ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof cg'?k fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6
lg0f{o ufP xf]Og, k|xLnfO{ h:tf] 7f8f] cfb]zsf] edf. pxfn] lsg ;+j}wflgs

69

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|lqmof cg'?k ;]gf klrfng ug{ rfxg'ePg eGg] s'f clxn];Dd c:ki6 g}
x]sf] 5. t pxfn] hlxNo} ;]gf klrfngaf] bafnfO{ bf]if lbg'eof]. o;}
sf0f jL]Gb| ;sf sf]OfnfaLr ;'dw' ;DaGw klg aGg ;s]g, g t 1fg]Gb|
;/sf/ / sf]O/fnfaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw aGg ;Sof] . klxnf] zflGtjftf{ e\u u]
dfcf]jfbLn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bf Aof]sdf cfqmd0f u]kl5 ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 k|ltIffTds lx;fan] klrfng eof]. o; qmddf Pskl5 csf]{ u]
dfcf]jfbLn] cGo ;}lgs Aof]sdfly ;d]t wfjf af]n] w]} xftxltof n'6\g ;kmn
klg eP. o:tf 36gfaf6 fhf jL]Gb|n] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf k]k 6fOu xf] eg]sf]
s'f k|dfl0ft h:t} x'g k'Uof]. fd|L cfk\mg} arfp ;d]t ug{ g;Sg' ;]gfsf]
7"nf] sdhf]L lyof]. To; a]nf cfk\mgf] sf}zn b]vfpg g;s] klg sfnfGtdf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ fHo;Qf sAhf ug{af6 f]Sg eg] ;]gf ;kmn eof].
;]gf @)%* d\l;b]lv bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dflKt @)^# j}zfv;Dd
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng eof]. o;aLr o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8 ;'Iff cjwf0ff
cg'?k ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrflnt ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf] g]t[Tj u]sf] lyof].
o;sf nflu s]Gb|df zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo
;'Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ePsf] lyof]. To;sf] ;b:odf ;'Iff lgsfosf ;a}
k|d'vx? x'Gy] eg] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf anflws[t, o'4 tyf Joj:yf dxflgb]{zssf
;fy} cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf ck];g k|d'vx? cfdlGqt ;b:osf ?kdf x]sf
lyP. If]q, c~rn lhNnf :tdf ;d]t o;L g} ;'Iff ;dGjo ;ldltx?
lqmofzLn ePsf lyP. To:t}, u[x dGqfnodf u[xdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo
;'Iff ;ldlt lqmofzLn lyof]. To;sf] a}7sdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 anflws[t
yL o'4 tyf Joj:yf dxflgb]{zs ;xefuL x'Gy]. -@)%* d\l;cl3;Dd
s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldlt ;lqmo eP klg To;sf] a}7sdf ;]gfsf tkm{af6 s;}nfO{
cfdGq0f ug]{ rng k|foM lyPg. oBlk s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlw cg';f
To;sf] a}7sdf ;]gfnfO{ klg ;xefuL ufpg'kYof]{._ s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldlt;u}
If]qLo, c~rn lhNnf:tLo ;'Iff ;ldltx? ;d]t lqmofzLn x'g k'u]sf
lyP ltgsf] a}7sdf klg ;]gfsf tkm{af6 ;xeflutf x'GYof]. oxL a]nf ;'Iff
k|zf;gsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Vofn u] If]qLo :tdf u[x dGqfnosf] dftxtdf
xg] uL If]qLo k|zf;s fVg] cjwf0ff ;d]t aGof]. gfuls k|zf;gnfO{ alnof]
agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cg'?k ;]gfn] g} o;sf] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof]. o;}aLr
;]gf k[tgf cjwf0ffdf k|j]z uof].
;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng ePsf] cjlw sla tLg jif{ 5 dlxgfnfO{
;a} kIfaf6 cfcfk\mg} b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ulPsf] 5. ;]gfsf] ljZn]if0f
cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gfnfO{ xfPsf] xf]Og. ;]gfn] g} afWo kf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
bf];|f] zflGtjftf{df Nofpg ;kmntf kfPsf] xf]. ;]gf klrfng ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn]

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

Jofks Iflt Aoxf]g{'k]sf] lyof]. ;]gfn] ubf{ g} dfcf]jfbLn] fHo;Qf sAhf ug{
g;s]sf] xf]. d]f] a'emfOdf ;]gfnfO{ fhgLlts bn, gfuls ;dfh, ;~rf dfWod,
dfgj clwsfjfbL cGo kIfn] klg ug'{kg]{ ;xof]u u]gg\. ;]gfn] ;}lgs lx;fan]
xf]sf] xf]Og, dfcf]jfbLn] fhgLlts ?kn] rflx xfPs} xf] eGg] ljZn]if0f klg cfpg]
u]sf] 5. of] ljZn]if0fnfO{ c:jLsf ug{ ;lsb}g. lsgeg] tTsfnLg ;sfnfO{
a'emfPsf $) dfux?dWo] eft;u ;DalGwt dfuafx]s cGo ;a} dfux? sfof{Gjog
ug{ufpg dfcf]jfbL ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5.
;]gfsf s]xL jli7 clws[t ;'df cfk\mgf] Ifdtf pNn]vgLo ?kdf a9L 5
eg] bfaL uy]{. pgLx?sf] sfd k|xLsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ dfq x'GYof]. t dfcf]jfbLn]
;]gfsf klg 7"n7"nf Aof]sdf ;d]t xdnf uL w]} xftxltof n'6]kl5 ltgsf]
bfaLdfly bd b]lvPg. dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x ;' x'bf, @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;fn;Dd
cfOk'Ubf ;]gfsf] ;\Vof emG8} bf]Aa eO;s]sf] lyof]. t dfcf]jfbL;u n8\g]
qmddf ;]gfn] w]} g} Iflt Aoxf]g'{kof]. s}of} hjfg zxLb eP eg] s}of} kljf
lj:yflkt. w]}n] ljleGg dfgjLo dgf]j}1flgs Ifltx? ;d]t Aoxf]g'{kof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / g]kfn k|x/L

dfcf]jfbL xTof, lx+;f cft\s ;' ePb]lv g} g]kfn k|xL dfcf]jfbL

n8fs'sf] tff] aGb} cfof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L ef}lts tyf dfgl;s
Iflt g]kfn k|xLn] ef]Ug'kof]. k|xLsf] d'Vo sfd ;dfhdf k'lnl; ug]{,
zflGt;'Iff cdgr}g sfod ug]{ tyf ckfw lgoGq0f ug]{ g} xf]. t
p;n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfLeGbf lgtfGt a]Un} If]qdf uO{ dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL
ug'{kof]. To;sf nflu k|xLnfO{ tflnd lyPg. pm To:tf] sfafxL ug{ cfjZos
xftxltofn] ;';lHht klg lyPg. t}klg w]} Ifltsf] afjh'b h'g ;fx; w}o{sf
;fy g]kfn k|xL dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 !) jif{ n8\of], ljb|f]x egf} of cft\sjfb
lgoGq0f ug]{ qmddf k|xLn] u]sf] of] pbfx0fLo sfo{ xf], g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfq
geP ljZjs} ;Gbe{df.
dfcf]jfbLn] ;'df f]Nkf s'd lhNnfsf u|fdL0f If]qdf x]sf k|xL rf}sLdf
v's'L, n6\7L ejf aGb'ssf] edf cfqmd0f uL k|xLsf xltof n'6]sf
lyP. To;nfO{ >L % sf] ;sfn] zflGt;'Iffsf] ;fdfGo ;d:ofsf ?kdf
lnP k|xL klrfng u]sf] lyof]. ;sfn] @)%#%$ ;fndf zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfn] lbPsf] ;'emfj ljkLt k|xLnfO{ Jofks ?kdf klrfng uof]. ck];g
f]ldof] tyf lsnf] ;]f 6' h:tf ck];g ;~rfng u] dfcf]jfbLtkm{ 7"nf] Iflt
k'ofPsf] b]vfO{ fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ v';L kfg{ ;d]t k|xL ;kmn eof]. t oxL
ck];gsf sf0f k|xLk|lt ;j{;fwf0f hgtfdf ljt[i0ff k}bf x'g k'Uof], h;nfO{

71

72

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] kmfObfsf lglDt k|of]u ug{ ;Sof]. o;df fhgLlts g]t[Tj
dfq geP k|xLsf] pRr g]t[Tj ;d]t lhDd]jf 5. k|xLnfO{ b]ze Jofks ?kn]
klrfng u] cfjZoseGbf a9L zlQm k|of]u u]sf] To;af6 w]} hgwgsf] Iflt
-sf]nf6f]n 8\ofd]h_ x'g uof] eGg] cff]k ;d]t gnfu]sf] xf]Og. k|xLsf] s7f]
gLltsf lj4 dfcf]jfbLn] p:t} s7f] sfafxLsf] z[\vnf rnfof] h;af6 k|xLn]
w]} Iflt Aoxf]g'{kof].
fHosf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ lgsfo k|xLn] Jofks Iflt Aoxf]b}{ hfg' t xftxltof
tflndk|fKt csf]{ plQs} dxjk"0f{ lgsfo ;]gf klrfng gx'g' lj8Dagf lyof].
h;n] Iflt Aoxf]] klg cflv g]kfn g]kfnLs} Iflt xf] eGg] Tof] a]nfsf] g]t[Tjn]
a'e\mg g;Sg' csf]{ b'ef{Uo x'g k'Uof]. k|xLnfO{ xftxltof nlhl:6S; tyf
pks0f pknAw ufpg] qmddf k|xLsf] jflif{s ah]6 ;]gfsf] eGbf a9L o;} ;dodf
ePsf] tYo ;a}nfO{ cjut ePs} ljifo xf]. k|xLnfO{ ugl;k x]lnsK6 ;d]t
pknAw ufpg k|of; eof]. s]xL ljZn]ifsn] eg] h:t} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of s;}sf
nflu sdfpg] wGbf aGg k'Uof]. k|xLn] dfq dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'b}g eGg]
a'em] klg bnx?n] 7f]; fli6o b[li6sf]0f agfpg} ;s]gg\. bnx?sf] ;fy
;xof]u lnO{ pknAw ;fwg zlQmsf] klrfng ug{ g;Sg' k|xL ;\u7gn] Iflt
Aoxf]g'{sf] d'Vo sf0f xf]. k|xL ;\u7gsf] pRr txsf s]xL JolQmsf] lglxt :jfy{,
;\sL0f{ b[li6sf]0f fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ ltgn] kf]sf] k|efjn] klg o;df
e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5.
k|;\u @)%^ ;fns} xf]. Ps ;fem k|xL cltlQm dxflgLIfs -PcfO{hL_
fdsfhL afGtjf;u d]f] lgtfGt JolQmut 5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. d}n] pxfnfO{
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;fwf0f zflGt;'Iffsf] ;d:of xf]Og, o;n] ljb||f]xsf] a[xt\ ?k
lnb} 5, tkfO{+x? >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ of] k|xLsf] sfd xf]Og, k|xLn] of] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g eg] lsg eGg'x'Gg < eg] k|Zg fv]. pxfn] k|hftGqdf
cfGtls ;'Iffdf ;]gf klrfng ug{' 7Ls x'b}g, cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg, cfw'lgs
xftxltof cGo pks0f kfP k|xLn] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5 eg]
cfk\mgf s'f fVg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ olb To;f] xf] eg] xftxltof tflndk|fKt
;]gfnfO{ lsg klrfng gug]{ t < egL k|ltk|Zg u]sf] lyP. pxfn] eGg'eof],
;]gf Aof]saf6 aflx cfPkl5 Aof]s kms{+b}g, ;Qf sAhf ug{kl nfU5 eGg]
clwsf+z g]tfsf] a'emfO 5. k|hftGqdf ;]gfnfO{ Aof]saflx Nofpbf ;d:of kg{
;S5. pxfsf s'f ;'g] d}n] k|xLnfO{ ;]gfsf] h:tf] xftxltof tyf pks0f
cfjZos eP ;]gf lsg fVg'kof] < eg]. pxfn] ;]gf klrfng ug]{ ;do
eOg;s]sf] cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 dnfO{ ;sfn]
;]gf klrfng ;DaGwL lg0f{o guL k|xLnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg k|of; ug'{sf k5fl8
o:t} ;f]rljrfn] sfd u] h:tf] nfUof]. dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;fn] k|xL k|wfg

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

sfof{nodf sfo{t pRr g]t[Tj ju{nfO{ vf;} c; gknf{, t ufpdf x]sf k|xL
hjfgn] 7"n} Iflt Aoxf]]sf] tYo s;}nfO{ klg hfgsfL gePsf] xf] jf a'em] a'em
krfPsf] xf], d}n] Tolt a]nf a'e\mg ;lsg.
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] k|xL ;]gfsf jli7 clws[taLr kms wf0ff, kms
b[li6sf]0f lyof]. o; qmddf k|wfg ;]gfklt k|xL dxflgLIfsaLr ;f}xfb{k"0f{
;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]g. o;sf] HjnGt pbfx0f tTsfnLg k|xL dxflgLIfs
cRo'ts[i0f v]n k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lng
;lsG5. Ps lbg cfO{hLkL v]nn] cfk"mnfO{ k|Wffg ;]gfklt ha/fn] tyfgfd
ufnL u]sf] ljifo dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] lyof]. k|xLn] ljb]zaf6 vlb
ug{ rfx]sf] xltof uf]nL ;d]t ;]gfaf6 f]lsPsf] cff]k k|xLsf] lyof]. ;]gfn]
cfkm";u eP;Dd xltof uf]nL k|xLnfO{ lbPs} xf]. t eft nufotsf b]zaf6
;]gf ;xsf xltof k|xLnfO{ lsGg of Nofpg lbg' x'Gg eGg] dfgl;stf rflx
;]gfdf cjZo lyof]. ;fy}, eftn] ;xof]u:j?k lbg rfx]sf] xltof klg ;]gfn]
Nofpg glbPsf] cff]k k|xLsf] lyof]. o;df baf ;]gfsf] egfO s] lyof] eg]
g]kfn lelqg] xftxltof ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 cg'df]bg
x'g'k5{. t k|xLn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ a]jf:tf uL u[x dGqfno dfkm{t
;f]em} eft;u l8n u] xltof Nofpg rfx]sf] lyof]. tTsfnLg fhgLlts
g]t[Tj klg ToxL rfxGYof]. o;af6 klg ;]gf k|xLaLr ljjfb a9]sf] lyof].
olt uDeL ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf klg fhbaf ;]gf Psflt tyf >L % sf]
;sf k|xL csf{tkm{ b]lvg' lgZro klg b]zsf nflu b'ef{Uo g} eof]. o:tf]
cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;a}nfO{ v]nfpg vf]Hg' :jfefljs lyof]. To;df Ps xb;Dd
dfcf]jfbL ;kmn klg eof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / ;z:q k|x/L an

dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klrfng ug{ g;s]kl5 >L % sf]
;sfn] ;z:q k|xL an u7g u]sf] eGg] w]} fhgLlts g]tf, a'l4hLjL,
gfuls ;dfhsf ;b:o s]xL xb;Dd ;'Iff lgsfosf lhDd]jf JolQmx?sf]
;d]t a'emfO 5. ;txL tjn] x]bf{ o;df ;Totf ;d]t b]lvG5. t jf:tljstf
kSs} klg o:tf] xf]Og. h'g a]nf ;z:q k|xL an u7g eof], To; a]nf;Dd
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn] pu| ?k lnO;s]sf] lyof]. s'g} klg gof ;'Iff lgsfo v8f
ePkl5 To;nfO{ Pp6f ;zQm ;'Iff andf ?kfGt0f x'g lgs} ;do nfU5.
g]kfn k|xL zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 tyf gof egf{ lnP u7g x'g] kmf];{nfO{
Ps l9Ssf ;zQm agfpg, tflnd lbnfpg w]} ;do nfUg] :ki6} lyof].
To;}n] ;z:q k|xL dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;dodf hGdfOPsf] kmf];{ eP klg b]zdf

73

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

eljiodf cfOkg{ ;Sg] ;'Iff r'gf}tL cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg fv] agfOPsf]

;'Iff an xf].
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTolt g} b]zsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ zflGt
;'Iff sfod ug{ ufpsf j8f :t;Dd g]kfn k|xLsf] k|efj lj:tf ug]{ ;f]rfO
ag]sf] lyof]. o;sf nflu k|xLsf] ;\Vof j[l4 ug'{ h?L lyof]. ;fy} k|xL
:yfgLo txdf zflGt;'Iff sfod ug{ klrfng x'g] x'bf ;\u7gnfO{ If]qLo
:j?kdf abNg'kg]{ ;d]t ;f]rfO ag]sf] lyof]. k|xLnfO{ ;fdfGo xltof lbg]
k|xLsf ;z:q 8k\mkmfnfO{ a]Un} ;\u7g agfP cw{;}lgs ;+rgfsf] an
lgdf{0f ug]{ wf0ff k'fg} xf]. t @)$^ ;fnsf] kljt{gkl5 k|xLdf s'g} klg
kljt{g ePg. ;]gfsf] k|lt:kwL{ ;'Iff lgsfosf ?kdf baGbL ah]6 yKg]
k|lqmof dfq hfL x\of]. o;n] ubf{ k|xL ;\u7g 7"nf] x'b} uof]. ;fy} rd
fhgLlts x:tIf]k eO{ ;du| ;\u7gs} fhgLtLs0f eof]. k|xLdf lgo'lQm, ;jf,
a9'jf OToflbdf fhgLlts g]tfx?sf] rnv]n rsf]{ x'b} uof]. k|xL dxflgLIfs
kb klg o;af6 c5'tf] xg ;s]g. k|xLsf clws[tx?nfO{ g]tfx?sf] ;+If0f
cfjZos x'g yfNof] eg] g]tfx?nfO{ klg r'gfj lhTg zlQm cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg
k|xLsf] cfjZostf kg{ yfNof]. @)%^ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf s]xL pDd]bjfnfO{
lhtfpg s]xLnfO{ xfpg tTsfnLg k|xL dxflgLIfsn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfaf] 7"n}
ljjfb ePsf] lyof].
;du| kll:yltnfO{ ljrf ubf{ k|xL ;\u7g ;]gf h:tf] PsLs[t sdfG8df
xg ;j{yf plrt lyPg. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn] ljsfn ?k lnb} hfbf ;z:q
k|xL an agfpg'kg]{ wf0ffn] d"t{ ?k kfof]. kmn:j?k @)%& ;fndf cWofb]z
dfkm{t >L % sf] ;sfn] ;z:q k|xL an v8f uof]. ;'b]lv g} fhbafsf]
;f]rfO k|xL ;\u7gnfO{ ;fgf] kfL ljs]Gb|Ls0f u] o;n] lgjf{x u]sf] lhDd]jfL
csf]{ ;\u7gnfO{ ;'Dkg'k5{ eGg] lyof]. o; qmddf fhgLlts g]tfx? klg
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 tTsfn klrfng ug{ ;Ifd ;\u7gsf ?kdf ;z:q k|xL u7g
ug{ ;xh} ;xdt ePsf x'g\. ;z:q k|xL an u7g ;DaGwL ;'emfj lbg ul7t
cfof]un] o;sf] klxnf] k|d'vsf ?kdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pkyLnfO{ ;z:q k|xL
dxflgLIfs lgo'Qm ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof]. dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO ;d]t oxL
lyof]. t ;]gfsf s'g} klg pkyLn] ;z:qsf] k|d'v eP hfg OR5f u]gg\.
o;}aLr g]kfn k|xLsf PcfO{hLx? ;z:q k|d'v x'g nla ulx]sf lyP. o;
bf}8df d'Vo uL PcfO{hLx? s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 fdsfhL afGtjf cu|k\lQmdf
x'g'x'GYof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs v8\ulht afnn] Ps lbg
dnfO{ sfof{nodf e]6\g cfP PcfO{hL fdsfhL afGtjfnfO{ ;z:qsf] k|d'v agfpg
;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] lyof].
fhbafsf] ;lrj a}7sdf Ps k6s o;} ljifodf 5nkmn x'bf w]}h;f] ;lrj

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

ljz]if u] k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] PcfO{hL afGtjfaf] Psbd} gsffTds

k|ltlqmof JoQm ug'{eof]. pxfn] fh;+:yf bafsf ;lrjk|lt kl5Nnf] ;dodf
afGtjfsf] Jojxf ;sffTds gePsf] tYo ;d]t cjut ufpg'eof]. fdsfhLnfO{
baflofsf] 6\ofu nflu;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t pxfn] bafk|lt pk]Iff cj1fsf]
efj b]vfpg'ePsf] k|;\u ;d]t pxfn] ;'gfpg'eof]. fdsfhLsf lktf dsaxfb'
afGtjf c~rnfwLz x'g'x'GYof]. fdsfhL cfkm}n] klg bafdf zfxL kfZj{jtL{sf
?kdf sfd ug'{ePsf] lyof]. s[i0fdf]xg fdsfhL b'j} hgf d]f] sn]hsf ;fyL
x'g'x'GYof]. To;df klg fdsfhL d}n] fli6o ;]jf bndf ;u} tflnd lnPsf
lyof}. To;}n] d}n] o;af] s'g} k|ltlqmof lbOg. a ;]gfsf] wf0ff s] x]5,
a'em\5' eg]. ;z:qsf] k|d'v x'g s[i0fdf]xgn] ;xof]usf nflu d;u klg afDaf
cfu|x ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. d}n] ;]gfsf] fo a'e\mbf fdsfhLeGbf s[i0fdf]xg pko'Qm
ePsf] pxf;u sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] eGg] wf0ff kfP. k|xLdf klg s[i0fdf]xg
jli7tf qmddf afGtjfeGbf cufl8 x'g'x'GYof]. ;a} cfwfdf d}n] s[i0fdf]xgnfO{
g} ;z:qsf] k|d'v agfpg pko'Qm x'g] eg] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
kz'klt;u 5nkmn u] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ nufpm x's'd eof]. o;}aLr k|d'v
;lrj kz'kltn] PcfO{hL afGtjfnfO{ ;z:qsf] k|xL dxflgLIfs agfpg] >L % sf]
;sfsf] of]hgf x]sf] yfxf kfpg'ePsf] x]5. t dxffhflwfhaf6 x's'd eP
adf]lhd kz'kltn] k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6] slGeG; u]kl5 s[i0fdf]xgnfO{
;z:qsf] k|d'v agfpg pxf ;xdt x'g'eof].
;z:q k|xL an g]kfn k|xL ;]gfaf6 :j}lR5s ?kdf :yfgfGt0f ePsf
JolQmaf6 u7g ePsf] xf]. o;df g]kfn k|xLsf] h:tf] fhgLtLs0f gxf];\ eg]
;z:q k|xL an ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ulof]. ToxL a]nf ;z:qnfO{ fli6o
;'Iff klifb\ dftxtdf fVg] xf] ls eGg] ;d]t ;f]rfO ePsf] lyof]. t o;df
fhgLlts bnx?n] ;xdlt hgfPgg\. a b]zdf o'4sf] cj:yf l;h{gf eP
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klrfng ePsf] cj:yfdf ;]gfsf] dftxtdf x] ;z:qn] sfd
ug]{ Joj:yfsf nflu eg] pgLx? ;xdt eP. ;z:q k|xL ansf nflu cfjZos
;a} lsl;dsf xftxltof tflnd lbg eftn] rfx]sf] lyof] To;} cg';f
xftxltof pknAw x'b} cfPsf] klg 5. ;z:qnfO{ 7"nf lsl;dsf xltof lbg'
x'b}g eGg] ;f]rfO fhf jL]Gb|af6 a]nfa]nf ;Nnfxsf ?kdf x's'd ePsf] dnfO{
;Demgf 5. eftaf6 xltof Nofpg] qmddf Ps k6s ;z:q k|xL ansf k|xL
dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 sxLst} hfgsfL glbO{ ;'6'Ss gof lbNnL hfg'eP5.
bafnfO{ t hfgsfL lbg'ePg ePg, >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ ;d]t cflwsfls
hfgsfL glbO{ dlGqklifb\sf] lg0f{olagf g} pxf eft hfg'ePsf] x]5. s'g}
klg ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] JolQm ljb]z e|d0fdf hfbf dlGqklifb\af6 lg0f{o x'g'k5{ eGg]
To; a]nf ;sfL lgod lyof]. emg\ pxf t Pp6f lhDd]jf ;'Iff lgsfosf]

75

76

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|d'v. To;}n] o; afkt d}n] Ps k6s pxfnfO{ df}lvs :ki6Ls0f ;d]t ;f]w]sf]
lyP. eft;u xltof l8ns} k|;\udf tTsfnLg u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf
;d]t dlGqklifb\sf] cf}krfls lg0f{oa]u eft hfg] ug'{ePsf] ;'lgPsf] lyof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / /fli^o cg';Gwfg ljefu

kfk"j{sfnb]lv g} fHo ;~rfngdf u'Ktr ;]jfsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ dflgPsf]

5. rf0fSo gLltdf ;d]t o;nfO{ ljz]if dxj lbOPsf] 5. ;"rgf s'g} klg
;sfsf] cfvf sfg xf] elgG5. To:t}, ;"rgflagfsf] ;sf bft g\u|f
gePsf] af3 h:tf] x'G5 elgPsf] 5. k|frLg ;dosf] fHo Joj:yf xf];\ of xfnsf
zlQm;DkGg fi6, ;a}n] u'Ktr ;]jfnfO{ dxjsf ;fy c\uLsf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\.
k|fKt ;|f]t ;fwgsf t'ngfdf k~rfotL Joj:yfdf fli6o cg';Gwfg -g]kfn u'Ktr_
ljefusf] e"ldsf k|efjsfL lyof]. t @)$^ ;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 ul7t
s'g} klg ;sfn] u'Ktr ;]jf dha't agfpg Wofg k'ofPsf] b]lvPg. a fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf] etL{s]Gb|sf ?kdf dfq k|of]u ulof].
To;n] o;sf] k|efjsfltfdf ;d]t c; kof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;' ePkl5 >L % sf] ;sfn] u'Ktr ;]jfsf] dxj a'em\g
yfnL ljefunfO{ s]xL lqmofzLn u]sf] lyof]. x'g t ljefuaf6 k|efjsfL ;"rgf k|fKt
ePg egL cGo ;'Iff lgsfo fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 l;sfot gcfPsf] xf]Og. t
;fwg;|ft] k|lzIf0fsf] cToGt sdL x]sf] ;\u7gaf6 lgGt k|efjsfL ;"rgfsf]
ck]Iff ug'{ klg 7Ls lyPg. To;dfly ljefunfO{ fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf] etL{sG] b|
agfOPsf] lyof]. o;aLr, ljefusf] dxjnfO{ a'em] ;sf k|dv
' sf] dftxtdf
fvL cfGtls afx\o ;"rgf ;\sng tyf ljZn]if0fsf] sfddf nufpg'k5{ eGg]
;'emfj dxffhflwfhaf6 k6sk6s aS;]sf] lyof]. o;af6 ;sf k|dv
' nfO{ k|fKt
x'g] ;"rgf tyf ljZn]if0faf6 fHo ;~rfngdf dxjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug] lyof]. ;fy}
fHosf gLltut uf]Ko ;"rgf ljb]zL tyf ljf]wL ;'Iff Ph]G6;Dd hfgaf6 f]Sg]
-sfpG6 OG6]lnh]G;_ h:tf dxjk"0f{ sfddf o; ljefunfO{ ;Ifd agfpg'k5{ eGg]
;'emfj ;lxtsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]hgfx? klg lbOPsf] lyof]. t oL ;'emfj
of]hgfsf] dxj tyf uDeLtf ;sfsf] g]t[Tjn] ga'e\mbf ljefusf] Ifdtf a9fpg]
sfd t x'g ;s]g g}, of] Ps xb;Dd pk]lIft klg aGg k'Uof]. t}klg d ;}lgs ;lrj
xbf ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{sf] ;lqmotfdf dfcf]jfbL ;\u7gsf] leqL tx;Dd
k'u] uf]Ko ;"rgf NofOPsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg :yfgdf ug{ ;Sg] cfqmd0faf]
;d]t clu|d ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;'Iff lgsfo ;sfnfO{ ljefun] hfgsfL ufpg]
u]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbLsf] fhgLlts n8fs' b:tfaf] klg oy]i6 hfgsfL pknAw
ufPsf] lyof].

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

;Lldt ;fwg;|f]tsf afjh'b fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefun] sltko cj:yfsf

dxjk"0f{ fhgLlts e]63f6 5nkmnsf ljifoaf] ;"rgf ;\sng u] ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{ hfgsfL ufpg] u]sf] lyof]. @)%( j}zfvdf rLg e|d0fdf hfg' ePsf
sf\u|]; ;efklt tyf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08
afa'fd efO{nfO{ e]6\g xsaf6 ;f]em} lbNnL k'Ug'ePsf] lyof]. Tof] e]63f6
x'g] ;"rgf s]xL lbgklxn] g} ljefuaf6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof]. ;fy} Tof] e]63f6df ePsf
dxjk"0f{ uf]Ko s'fx? hfgsfL ufpg ;d]t ljefu ;kmn ePsf] lyof]. t,
ljefuaf6 k|fKt va lkmN8 n]en df gk'Ug] k'u] klg ljZn]if0f ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt
lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefudf cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf] t'ngfdf 3';k}7
ufpg g;s]sf] b]lvG5. ljefun] pknAw ufpg] 6\oflS6sn OG6]lnh]G; eGbf
klg :6f6]lhs OG6]lnh]G; dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL fhgLlts ljZn]if0f a9L ;kmn
;xL ePsf] b]lvG5. oxL sf/0f x'g;S5, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf s]xL clws[t
;d]t dfcf]jfbLsf] lg;fgfdf k]sf lyP.
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / ef/t

eftdf g]kfn dfldnf ;DaGwL lj1 tyf hjfxnfn g]x? ljZjljBfnosf

k|fWofks P;8L d'lgsf] @)%)%! ;fnlt g]kfnaf] nfdf] ljZn]if0ffTds n]v
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof]. n]vdf g]kfnsf] ljut, jt{dfg eljiosf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f uL
g]kfnk|lt eftn] lng'kg]{ gLltaf] pNn]v lyof]. n]vsf] ;ff+z g]kfndf fhtGq
k|hftGq ;u;u} hfg ;Sb}g, eftn] g]kfndf k|hftGq fhtGqdWo]af6 Ps
f]Hg'k5{, eft u0ftGqfTds k|hftflGqs d'n's ePsfn] k|hftGqnfO{ g} f]Hg'k5{
eGg] lyof]. Tof] n]vsf] leqL cfzo g]kfndf u0ftGq :yflkt eP eft cg's"n
x'G5 eGg] k|:6 b]lvGYof]. pQm n]v eftsf] ;fpy Ans sf nflu kf]ln;L
k]k sf ?kdf tof ulPsf] xf] eGg] ToxL a]nf hfgsfLdf cfPsf] lyof].
k|fWofks d'lgnfO{ g]kfn ;DaGwL 0fgLltsf g]kfn dfldnf ;DaGwL eftLo
gLltsf 1ftfsf ?kdf a'e\mg] ulG5. g]kfnsf s]xL jfdkGyL g]tf;u d'lgsf]
fd|f] ;Dks{ x]sf] 5. hjfxnfn g]x? ljZjljBfnodf cWoog ubf{ dfcf]jfbL
g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{ d'lgsf r]nf x'g'x'GYof]. >L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr
eOx]sf] bf];|f] zflGtjftf{sf qmddf P;8L d'lg sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. ToxL
;do pxfn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:o 8f= efO{;u xf]6n Pe]:6df b'O{ 306f
nfdf] uf]Ko jftf{ ug'{ePsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL e"ldut x]s} cj:yfdf gof lbNnLdf
k|f= d'lg;u efO{ cGo dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] afDaf uf]Ko e]63f6 tyf s'fsfgL
x'g] u]sf] hfgsfL cfpg] u]sf] lyof]. To:t}, dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08
8f= efO{n] ;sfaf6 x6]kl5 @)^^ dl\;/df l;\ufk' k'u] eftLo u'Ktr

77

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lgsfo csf jli7 clwsfL PeL dfy';u uf]Ko jftf{ u]sf lyP. jftf{df d'lg
;d]t ;xefuL ePsf] ;dfrf ToxL ;dodf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof]. Tolt a]nf
pkrfsf nflu eg] g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;d]t
l;\ufk'df x'g'x'GYof].
s] eftn] g]kfndf fh;+:yf ;dfKt kfg{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u]sf]
xf] < o; ljifosf] sxLst}af6 clxn];Dd k'li6 ulPsf] 5}g. ;fy} of] cflwsfls
?kdf k'li6 x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og. ;g\ !($& df eft la|l6; pklgj]zaf6
:jtGq ePb]lv g} eftsf sltko k|b]zdf jfdkGyL ljb|f]x hfL 5. pu|jfdkGyL
ultljlw 36\g'sf] ;f a9\b} 5. xfn klg lkk'N; jf u|'k -kL8An'hL_ dfcf]O:6
sDo'lg:6 ;]G6 -Pd;L;L_ PsLs[t eO{ lgdf{0f ePsf] efskf -dfcf]jfbL_ h:tf
pu|jfbL ;\u7gn] eftsf s]xL fHo w]} lhNnfdf 7"n} ;d:of v8f u]sf
5g\. pQk"jL{ fHodf k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng w]} jif{b]lv hfL 5. eft :jtGq
ePb]lv g} eft kfls:tfgaLr x]sf] sfZdL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
;do;dodf eftsf ljleGg efudf x'g] cft\sjfbL lqmofsnfkn] hl6n ;d:of
pTkGg ulx]sf] 5. w]}h;f] eftLo k|wfgdGqLn] pu|jfb cft\sjfbnfO{
eftsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf ?kdf ljZn]if0f u]sf 5g\. ljleGg cft\sjfbL
;\u7gn] kfls:tfgdf tflnd lnP eftdf 3';k}7 uL cft\sjfbL lqmofsnfk
;~rfng ulx]sf] eftLo cff]k 5. eftn] kfls:tfgnfO{ km'6fpg tTsfnLg k"jL{
kfls:tfgsf lk|m8d kmfO6 d'lQm jflxgLsf n8fs'nfO{ tflnd, xftxltof, eftLo
e"lddf ;]N6 lbg'sf ;fy} cfly{s ;xof]u ;d]t lbO{ a\unfb]z lgdf{0fsf qmddf
lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof]. >Ln\sfsf] u[xo'4df :jtGq fHo dfu ulx]sf
tldn ljb|f]xL ;\u7g Pn6L6LO{nfO{ ;d]t eftn] xftxltof, tflnd cfly{s
;xof]u pknAw ufPsf] cff]k nfUb} cfPsf] 5. To:t} ltAatL k[ystfjfbLx?
k|mL ltAat cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ klg ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] a'lemG5. l5d]sL
b]zsf cfGtls dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ubf{ eftnfO{ slt kmfObf eof], Tof] eftn]
g} ljrf ug'{kg]{ ljifo xf]. o:t}, kfls:tfgdf ePsf cft\ssfL ultljlwdf klg
eftsf] xft 5 egL kfls:tfgsf ;dfrfkqdf a]nfa]nf va cfpg] u]sf] tYo
hfgsfx?sf ;fd' 5n{\u 5.
o;}aLr g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of pTkGg x'g k'Uof]. g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
x]g]{ eftsf] b[li6sf]0f s] xf] eGg] s'f slxNo} :ki6 lyPg. g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL
g]tfsf] eftLo clwsfL jf u'Ktr lgsfo;u u'Kt ;DaGw lyof] jf lyPg eGg]af]
klg j:t'tYo ;fj{hlgs ePs} 5}g. Pdfn]sf s]xL g]tfn] eftsf uf]vk',
l;lnu'8L nvgp k'u] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]63f6 u]sf] s'f eftLo u'Ktr
;+:yf ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ yfxf lyPg eg] kofpg ufxf] x'G5. g]kfnL sf\u|];sf
;efklt tyf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u lbNnLl:yt

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

nf]6; dlGbdf u]sf] uf]Ko e]63f6 klg eftLo ;'Iff lgsfosf] ;xof]ulagf s;L
;Dej lyof] < g]kfnsf k"j{k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eft ;sfaf6 ;'Iff lbOPsf] lyPg
eGg] k|Zg g} cfpb}g. To:t}, dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? eftsf ljleGg efudf lgaf{w
cfjthfjt uy]{. pgLx? fhwfgL lbNnL h:tf] pRr ;'Iff ;ts{tf x'g] :yfgdf
a:g] u]sf] tYo eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yfnfO{ yfxf x'b}gYof] eg] s;L kofpg] <
emg\ fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 k|fKt x'g] u]sf eftdf ;DkGg ljleGg fhgLlts
e]63f6sf clu|d ;"rgf tyf eftsf k|d'v 7fpdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] ultljlw
Pj+ sfo{qmdaf] eftLo ;'Iff kIf;u ulPsf] ;dGjon] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLaf]
eft a]va lyof] eGg 7fp ;d]t lbb}g. dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;fsf] fhgLlt ;'
u]sf] rfkfr jif{d} g]kfnsf] w]}h;f] u|fdL0f If]qdf cfkm"nfO{ ;zQm fhgLlts
zlQmsf ?kdf pEofpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof]. g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfkm\gf] dfq
k|of;n] of] ePsf] xf] jf o;df eftsf] cfly{s, g}lts jf cGo cfjZos ;xof]u
k|fKt lyof] < Psbd} ljrf0fLo of] k|Zg klg xfn;Dd cg'Qlt 5.
dfcf]jfbL cfk"mnfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwd} zlQmzfnL kf6L{ agfpg ;kmn ePkl5
g]kfnsf] fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ngdf tLg zlQm :yflkt x'g k'u] zfxL g]kfnL
;]gf ;lxtsf] kDkfut fh;+:yf, d"nk|jfxsf ;+;bLo fhgLlts bn g]skf
dfcf]jfbL. oL tLgdWo] s'g} b'O{ zlQm ldn]df To;n] t];|f] zlQmnfO{ sdhf]
agfpg] cj:yf lyof]. dfcf]jfbL fhgLlts bnx? cfk;df ldNg ;Sb}gg\
eGg] fhbafsf] ljZn]if0f lyof] eg] dfcf]jfbLn] pu|fi6jfbsf gff ;d]t
nufOx]sfn] s]xL xb;Dd fli6otfsf] ;jfndf fhbaf;u jftf{ x'g ;S5 ls
eGg] p;sf] ;'if'Kt ;f]rfO lyof]. fhbaf dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] fhgLlts bnnfO{
lgLx agfpg] 0fgLlt lnPsf lyP. ;'df Ps yL eftLosf] b[li6sf]0f g]kfndf
dfcf]jfbL zlQm pTsif{df k'u]sf] o;} qmddf aflxL zlQm lqmofzLn ePsf] x'bf
baf k|hftGqjfbL zlQm ldn"g\ eGg] klg lyof]. ljz]if u] g]kfndf ;+o'Qm
fHo cd]lsf rLgsf] e"ldsf Go"g xf];\ eGg] eftLo rfxgf lyof] cfh klg
5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] 6d sf8{ sf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5
ls eGg] klg eftsf] cfsng x'g ;S5. fhf 1fg]Gb|n] @)^! df3 !( ut]
;Qf lnPkl5 eg] eftsf] b[li6sf]0f k"} ablng k'u]sf] b]lvG5. tfklg eftn]
fhf k|hftflGqs fhgLlts bnx? ldn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfn"g\ eGg]
g} rfx]sf] lyof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf eftn] dxffhflwfh;u l8n ug{ fhgLlts
JolQmx?sf cnfjf eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'vnfO{ g} sf7df8f} k7fPsf]
lyof]. t dxffhflwfhaf6 a\unfb]zdf ;DkGg ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngdf rLgnfO{
;fs{sf] ko{j]Ifs agfpg v'nf k|:tfj ulaS:of]. To;kl5 eft g]kfnsf fhfn]
rLg sf8{ v]Ng nfu]sf] dx;'; uL fhgLlts kf6L{ dfcf]jfbLaLr ;xsfo{
ufpg nfluk]sf] b]lvG5. eftsf] bL3{sfnLg lxtsf nflu g]kfndf u0ftGq

79

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

:yfkgf xf];\ eGg] s]xL eftLo kbflwsfLsf] rfxgf lyof] eg] dfcf]jfbLsf] 3f]lift
nIo klg fhtGq ;dfKt ug]{ g} lyof]. oxfg] oL b'j}sf] b[li6sf]0f Pscfk;df
ldn]sf] b]lvG5.
eftn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+If0f ;xof]u lbPsf] lyof] eGg] s'fsf cg]sf}
;+j]bgzLn k|;\ux? d ;}lgs ;lrj 5b} hfgsfLdf cfPsf x'g\. tLdWo]
Pp6f k|;\u oxf pNn]v uf}. @)^) c;flt ;z:q k|xL ansf] Pp6f
sDkgL sdfG8f] tflndsf nflu eft uPsf] lyof]. 6f]nLn] b]xfb"gb]lv &)
lsnf]ld6 6f9f d;'Lglhs} h\un kxf8L Onfsf x]sf] rqmftfdf tflnd
lnPsf] lyof]. tflnd ;lsPkl5 g]kfn kmls{P Ps hgf k|xL lgLIfsn] ;z:q
k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL yfkfnfO{ tflndsf qmddf b]v]sf ;'g]sf s]xL k|;\
u ;'gfP5g\. ltgsf s'f ;'g] ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs yfkf dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], ;z:qsf] Pp6f u'Nd eftsf] rqmftfdf tflndsf
nflu uPsf] lyof]. Toxf b]v];'g] cg';f pQm u'Nd Toxf uPsf] Ps dlxgfcufl8
g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLsf] 6f]nLn] klg ;f]xL :yfgdf tflnd lnPsf] a'lemof]. of]
Hofb} uDeL ljifo xf]. pQm k|xL lgLIfs;u} a'e\mg] xf] eg] klg d af]nfp5'.
tkfO{+n] g} lj:t[tdf hfgsfL lnP emg} k|:6 x'G5. s]xL lbgkl5 rqmftfaf6
tflnd lnP kms]{sf k|xL lgLIfs dnfO{ e]6\g cfP. pgn] eg], ;z:qsf]
6f]nLnfO{ tflnd lbg] qmddf h:tf] :ofG8 df]8n agfOPsf] lyof], x'ax' To:t}
:ofG8 df]8n dfcf]jfbLn] bfsf] ;talof, c5fdsf] d\un;]g ;\v'jf;efsf]
r}gk' cfqmd0fdf k|of]u u]sf lyP. pQm :ofG8 df]8naf] 5nkmn ubf{ xfdLnfO{
7Ls To;} uL sfd ug]{ eg] a'emfOPsf] lyof] h;L dfcf]jfbLn] ;talof, d\
un;]g r}gk'df cfqmd0f u]sf lyP. tflnd s]Gb|aflx x]sf] lrof k;n]n]
;d]t of]eGbf cufl8 g]kfnaf6 tflndsf nflu cfPsf] 6f]nLdf dlxnf klg lyP,
t tkfO{+sf] 6f]nLdf dlxnf x]g5g\ eg]sf] lyof]. To:t} Ps hgf OG:6S6n]
eftn] of] s] u]sf] xf]nf, g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL g]kfns} ;z:q k|xLnfO{
kfn}kfnf] tflnd lbOx]sf] 5 eg]sf lyP.
of] s'f ;'g] d crDddf k]. rqmftfl:yt ;z:q tflnd s]Gb|df eftn]
klxn] >Ln\sfnL k[ystfjfbL tldn ljb|f]xLnfO{ klg tflnd lbPsf] lyof].
a\unfb]z :jtGqtfsf nflu d'lQm jflxgLnfO{ klg eftn] ;f]xL s]Gb|df tflnd
lbPsf] lyof]. rqmftf tflnd s]Gb|l:yt O:6\oflAn;d]G6@@ gfds sDKn]S;
cd]lsfn] agfOlbPsf] xf]. cd]lsf eftn] g]kfndf :jtGq ltAat cfGbf]ngsf
nflu n8fs' tof kfg]{ qmddf vDkf n8fs'nfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL :yfgdf ;z:q tflnd
lbPsf lyP. o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;z:q zlQm a9\g' ;kmn x'b}
hfg'df of] tflnd klg dxjk"0f{ sf0f x'g ;S5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUof]. d}n] of] s'f
dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;sf klg crDddf klaS:of] uDeL xf]OaS:of].

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

d}n] o;af] ;TotYo kQf nufP s"6gLlts dfWodaf6 eft ;sf;u s'f
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg] laGtL r9fP. ;sfaf6 o;af] s] ug{ ;lsG5, ;a}
;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u ;Nnfx u] cfjZos k|lqmof ;' u x's'd eof]. d}n]
;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL/ yfkfnfO{ cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u o;af]
ljrfljdz{ ug{ ;Nnfx lbP. cfk"mn] klg ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u ;Nnfx
uL uf]Ko ?kdf jf:tljstf kQf nufpg cg'f]w u]. o;}aLr Ps lbg fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefusf] pkk|d'vaf6 s]xL ;docl3 cjsfz kfPsf nfnaxfb' yfkf
dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'eof]. pxfn] cem} klg d b]zsf nflu s]xL ug{ ;sfaf6
h:tf];'s} lhDd]jfL aS;] klg sfd ug{ tof x]sf] egL d;u cg'f]w ug'{eof].
;fy} cfk"mn] eftsf ljleGg :yfgdf x] cWoog u]sf] ;d]t hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
pxfnfO{ ;Dks{df a:g';\, s]xL sfd kof] eg] d va u5'{ eg]. To;kl5 pxfsf]
k|:tfj ;sfnfO{ hfx] ub}{ nfnaxfb'nfO{ rqmftf k7fP uf]Ko ?kdf ;z:q
k|xL lgLIfsn] eg]sf] ljifodf ;TotYo a'e\mg nufpg' plrt x'G5 egL laGtL
u]. ;sfaf6 nfnaxfb'n] ljutdf u]sf] sfdsf] k[i7e"ldn] ubf{ pm o;sf
nflu pko'Qm x'g ;S5 x's'd eof]. To;kl5 @)^) ;fpgsf] cGTolt pxfnfO{
af]nfP Pp6f sfd knf{ h:tf] 5, d Psb'O{ ;ftfdf va unf eg]. d}n] !%
lbg;Dd s'g} va gu]kl5 pxfn] g} kmf]g ug'{eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ 3df af]nfP
eftn] rqmftfdf g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL ;z:q k|xL ansf ;'IffsdL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf]
tflnd lbOx]sf] va cfPsf] 5, o;af] tkfO{+n] a'e\mg ;Sg'x'G5 < eg] ;f]w].
pxfn] d b]xfb"gsf] d;'Ldf w]} a;]sf] 5', rqmftf tflnd s]Gb|leq guP klg pQm
:yfg sxf 5 dnfO{ fd|L yfxf 5 eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ sfdaf] lj:t[t ?kdf
hfgsfL ufP. b;} ltxfsf] aLrdf pQm :yfgdf uP ;TotYo kQf nufpg
cfjZos ;a} s'fsf] k|aGw ldnfP lhDd]jfL lbP. of] s'f dxffhflwfh, pxf
dnfO{ afx]s c? s;}nfO{ hfgsfL lyPg. nfnaxfb'n] ltxf ;' x'g'cufl8
dnfO{ sfdaf] lkf]6{ ug'{kg]{ lyof]. t pxfn] s'g} ;Dks{ ug'{ePg. d klg @)^)
sflQs @! ut] cs:dft\ fhLgfdf uL fhbafaf6 aflxlP. nfnaxfb'n]
To;kl5 cfh;Dd d;u e]6 ug'{ePsf] 5}g. ;fy} dkl5sf ;}lgs ;lrj pkyL
uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa"nfO{ klg pxfn] lhDd]jfL cg';fsf] lkf]6{ a'emfpg'ePsf] 5}g.
of] k|;\unfO{ bafaf6 d]f] alxu{dg;u hf]8\b} sf];f]ef]df eftsf Ps hgf
jli7 cfO{kLP; clws[tn] g]kfn k|xLsf clws[t;u eg]sf] g]kfn d]+ xd hf]
rfxt] x}+ jxL xf]tf x} eg]sf] s'f :d0fLo 5. of] ;du| 36gf qmdnfO{ d}n] lgs}
;+j]bgzLn 7fg]sf] 5'.
5 bzscl3 eft :jtGq ePotf p;n] g]kfnsf] :jtGq JolQmTj gagf];\
of] d'n's k"0f{tM eftsf] k|efj cGtu{t xf];\ eGg] dg;fon] g]kfnsf] cfGtls
dfldnfdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf x:tIf]ksfL e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5. jL]Gb| ;sfsf]

81

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

g]kfnnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]lift ulof];\ eGg] k|:tfjdfly cd]lsf, ?;, rLg, a]nfot,
k|mfG; h:tf ;+;fsf zlQmzfnL dxjk"0f{ d'n'sx? ;d]t !!^ fi6n] ;dy{g
hgfpbf klg eftn] ;dy{g ug'{ t k} hfcf];\, gsffTds b[li6sf]0f flvxg'
o;sf] HjnGt pbfx0f lyof]. @)$^ ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf g]tfx? ;d]t ;Qfdf
k'Ug eftsf] cfzLjf{b rflxG5 eGg] 7fGb5g\. g]kfnn] cTofw'lgs hd{g xltof
Prs] hL#^ fOkmn lng nfUbf eftn] s'g} klg xfntdf pQm xltof Nofpg
glbg] k|of; u]sf] lyof] h;L eP klg cfk\mgf] d'n'sdf lgld{t OG;f; fOkmn
g]kfnnfO{ le8fpg rfx]sf] lyof]. jLuGhdf cfk\mgf] dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; :yfkgf
ug{, a'6jn nufotsf :yfgdf k]G;g SofDk :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnsf nflu 3fts
x'g] gfulstf ljw]os hfL ug{ eftn] ljleGg r0fdf lgGt bafj lbO g}
x]sf] lyof]. o;} k[i7e"lddf fhfsf] df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdkl5 eftn] g]kfndf
d"nwfsf fhgLlts bn dfcf]jfbLaLr ;xsfo{ ufpg k|of; uof] p;}sf]
;lqmo kxndf @)^@ d\l; ^ ut] gof lbNnLdf !@ a'b] ;xdlt eof]. efts}
dWo:ytfdf g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfsf lj4 pgLx?aLr ;xsfo{sf] ;xdlt x'g k'Uof].
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] pTklQ ljsf;s} qmddf cd]lsf nufot klZrdf d'n'sn]
g]kfnnfO{ eftsf] cfvfaf6 x]g{ yfn].
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf eftn] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7"nf] zlQmsf ?kdf
b]Vg rfx]sf] lyPg. klxn] fh;+:yfnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ eftn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
k|of]u uof] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g'cl3 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;fOh df fVg
dw]z sf8{ k|of]u ug{ yfNof]. o;} ;Gbe{df d Pp6f 36gf ;Demg k'U5'. @)^#
r}t & ut] a'waf/ ;fFem eftLo fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t ltLo ;lrj bflh{ln
lgjf;L wLh d'lvofsf] 3df d s]xL ;fyLx?sf ;fy l8gdf uPsf] lyP. To;}
lbg f}tx6 lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd uf}df dfcf]jfbLsf @& eGbf a9L sfo{stf{sf]
;fd"lxs xTof ePsf] lyof]. xfdL l8gdf k'Ubf eftLo b"tfjf;sf tLgrf hgf
sd{rfL cfO;s]sf x]5g\. tLdWo] Ps hgfsf] xftdf b'O{ j6f df]afOn lyP.
pgL Pp6f ;]6af6 ;DejtM eftLo fhb"t of cfk\mgf] xflsd;u csf]{af6
cGo s'g} JolQm;u Ps;'n] s'f ulx]sf lyP. pgL uf} 36gfsf] ljj0f
cGo hfgsfL Pp6f df]afOnaf6 ck8]6 uL pQm va csf]{ df]afOnaf6 lkf]6{
ulx]sf lyP. ;fy} :yfgLo OGkmd{ nfO{ s]xL lgb]{zg ;d]t lbb} lyP.
pgnfO{ uf}af6} dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTofaf] ;Dk"0f{ tfhf ljj0f cfOx]sf]
lyof]. To;af6 dnfO{ b"tfjf;sf tL sd{rfL eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf x'g\
eGg] :ki6 eof].
;+of]ujz pQm 36gfsf] ef]ln kN6 dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08 g]tf 8f=
afa'fd efO{;u d]f] e]6 eof]. uf} 36gfaf6 pxfx? lgs} xtfz ;+j]bgzLn
dgl:yltdf x'g'x'GYof]. pxfx?n] dnfO{ eftnfO{ xfdLn] k|of]u ulx]sf 5f} eGg]

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

xfd|f] a'emfO lyof], t eftn] xfdLnfO{ kf] pN6} v]nfOx]sf] x]5, clxn] cfP
xfdL :tAw ePsf 5f} eGg'eof]. pxfx?nfO{ d}n] eg], tkfO{+x? PSnf] kf6L{sf]
andf g]kfndf ;Qf lng ;Sg'x'Gg. hgo'4af6 t ;Qf sAhf ug{ ;Sg'ePg eg]
ca ;+;bLo fhgLltdf cfPkl5 emg} PSn} s]xL ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg. To;}n] tkfO{+x?n]
h'g fli6otfsf] gff p7fpg'ePsf] 5, To;sf cfwfdf cl3 a9\gf];\. fhfjfbL
JolQm bnx? klg fi6jfbL x'g ;S5g\. ;a};u ldn] fi6jfbL zlQmx?sf]
df]rf{ agfpgkl nfUgf];\.
clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df lgZro klg dfcf]jfbLsf fi6jfbL gff cGo kf6L{sf eGbf
kms 5g\. o; k[i7e"lddf ca dfcf]jfbLnfO{ eftaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;xof]usf
w]} lnld6];g x? x'g]5g\. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;zQm 7"nf]
kf6L{sf ?kdf gcfcf];\ eGg] eftsf] rfxgf lyof]. t ;+ljwfg;efdf kfPsf]
;kmntfkl5 dfcf]jfbL j}wflgs ?kdf g]kfnsf] k|d'v fhgLlts zlQmsf ?kdf
:yflkt eof]. o; cj:yfdf h;L eP klg dfcf]jfbL fli6o fhgLltsf] d"nwfdf
cfcf];\ ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{sf] fhgLlt cufnf];\ eGg] eftsf] rfxgf b]lvPsf]
5. o; qmddf dfcf]jfbL;u x]sf ;a} cfw'lgs xftxltof p;n] ;sfnfO{
a'emfcf];\ zflGt k|lqmofsf] 6'\uf] nfuf];\ eGg] klg eftsf] cfsf\Iff b]lvG5.
oL rfxgf cfsf\Iff c:jfefljs cyjf cfklQhgs xf]Ogg\ klg. Wofg lbg'kg]{
s'f rflx s] xf] eg] cfk\mgf] rfxgf k"f gePdf eft h:tf];'s} sbd p7fpg klg
kl5 kb}{g, h;sf] ;fIfL blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lgs6 Oltxf; x]sf] 5. eft klZrdf
b]zx?, vf; uL cd]lsf g]kfndf ;lqmo ePsf] b]Vg rfxb}g. cd]lsf dfq
xf]Og, klZrdsf ;a} b]zn] eftLo b[li6sf]0fn] g} g]kfnnfO{ x]?g\ eGg] klg eftsf]
k|of; x]sf] k|:6 b]lvG5. sf6{ ;]G6n] g]kfnsf] zflGt k|of;df 7f]; ;3fp
k'ofpg rfx]sf] o; ljifodf cd]lsfsf k"j{fi6klt lhDdL sf6{n] :jo+ eftLo
k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u]sf] cj:yfdf klg g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf sf6{ ;]G6nfO{
dWo:ytf ug{ lbg] kIfdf eft slxNo} ePg. o;} qmddf dfcf]jfbL xltof
n8fs'sf] cg'udg ulx]sf] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo zflGt ld;g -cgldg_ sf] pkl:ylt
klg eftn] rfOx]sf] 5}g.
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf dfcf]jfbL 7"nf] kf6L{sf ?kdf :yflkt x'g', fli6otfsf
gff ;d]t cufl8 ;fg'{ dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08 n] k|wfgdGqLsf
x}l;otdf klxn] rLgsf] e|d0f ug'{af6 eft Hofb} c;Gt'i6 aGg k'u]sf] xf]. eft
ca dfcf]jfbLaf6 cfk\mgf] lxtsf] Iff x'g] b]lvx]sf] 5}g. To;}n] pm dfcf]jfbLnfO{
7Ls 7fpdf Nofpg rfxG5. o;} qmddf eftn] dw]z sf8{ k|of]u u]sf] g]kfnL
dfcf]jfbLsf] eftLo dfcf]jfbL;u u7aGwg x]sf] s'f p7fpg yfn]sf] k|:6} 5.
o;aLr rLgn] klg g]kfndf dw]zjfbL cfGbf]ng dw]zL kf6L{x?sf] u7aGwgnfO{
c:jfefljs eg] ljZn]if0f u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

83

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / rLg

g]kfnaf6 fhtGq lj:yflkt x'g'cl3;Dd rLgn] g]kfnsf ljleGg zlQms]Gb|dWo]

fh;+:yfnfO{ g} k|d'v ldqzlQmsf ?kdf lnPsf] lyof]. fh;+:yf;usf] ;'vb
ljZj;gLo ldqtfsf sf0f cGo fhgLlts ldqzlQm vf]Hg] k|of; rLgn] slxNo}
u]g. @)$^ ;fnsf] kljt{gkl5 rLgn] g]kfnsf k|d'v fhgLlts bnx?;u
lgs6tf a9fpg k|of; u]sf] g;'lgPsf] xf]Og. t g]kfnsf d'Vo fhgLlts
bn g]kfnL sf\u|]; g]skf Pdfn] tyf s]xL xb;Dd fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{
dw]zjfbL bnx?sf] ;d]t eftk|lt w]} g} em'sfj x]sf] tyf rLg;u ;DaGw
a9fP eft l;fp5 ;Qfdf k'Ug ;lsb}g eGg] dfgl;stf x]sf sf0f rLg
To; lbzfdf vf;} cl3 a9]g. p;n] afWo eP fh;+:yfnfO{ g} ldqzlQmsf
?kdf lnOx\of]. g]kfndf k|hftGqjfbL bnsf] ;sf eP klg rLgdf ;+j}wflgs
fhfnfO{ Hofb} :jfut;Tsf dxj lbOg' o;sf] HjnGt pbfx0f xf] eGg]
dnfO{ nfU5. fhf dx]Gb| cfk\mgf] zf;gsfndf rLg sf8{ k|of]u u] ;kmn
ePsf] eGg] w]}sf] ljZn]if0f 5. To:t} fhf jL]Gb|n] rLgsf] g]t[Tj;u Hofb} fd|f]
JolQmut ;DaGw sfod u]sf] klg oyfy{ xf]. fhf dx]Gb| fhf jL]Gb|sf]
zf;gsfndf g]kfnrLgaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Hofb} dxjsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOPsf]
lyof] eGg] lrlgof b[li6sf]0f x]sf] 5. s]xL klZrdf fi6x? eftsf] ;xof]udf
g]kfndf ;~rflnt rLgljf]wL vDkf cleofgnfO{ fhf jL]Gb|n] ;kmntfsf ;fy
;dfKt kf]sf] u'g rLgn] slxNo} e'n]g. fhf jL]Gb|s} zf;gsfndf dx]Gb|
fhdfu{sf] sf]xnk'agjf;f v08sf] cGtf{li6o 6]G8 lrlgof sDkgLn] kfPsf]
lyof]. eftn] ;'Iffsf] sf0f b]vfO{ pQm 6]G8 2 ug{ bafj lbPkl5 dx]Gb|
fhdfu{sf] ;f] v08 fhf jL]Gb|af6 eftnfO{ 6]G8 lbg fhL xf]OaS;]sf]
lyof]. o; ljifodf rLgn] fhf jL]Gb|;u Tolt cfklQ k|s6 u]sf] lyPg.
@)$$$% ;fndf fhf jL]Gb|sf] cg'f]wdf s]xL PG6L Poqmfkm\6 xltof rLgn]
pknAw ufPsf] lyof]. eftn] o;sf] cToGt 7"nf] ljf]w u] g]kfndf cfly{s
gfsfaGbL;Dd nufof]. cfk"mn] xftxltof lbbf g]kfnn] b'Mv kfPsf] ljifonfO{
rLgn] kl5;Dd uDeLtfsf ;fy lnPsf] lyof].
@)%@ ;fndf g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;z:q hgo'4 sf] gfddf xTof, lx+;f
cft\s ;' u]kl5 rLgn] o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfGtls dfldnf eGb} s'g} lsl;dsf]
k|ltlqmof hgfPg. g]kfnsf] j}wflgs ;sf;u dfq ;DaGw fVg] cfjZos
;xof]u ug]{ gLlt rLgn] sfod} fVof]. g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLn] rLgsf dxfg\ g]tf
dfcf]T;]t'sf] gfd b'kof]u u]sf] eGg] rLgsf] cf}krfls wf0ff cfPsf] lyof].
o;af6 gfd dfcf]jfbL eP klg k5fl8af6 cs}{ zlQmn] pgLx?nfO{ ;xof]u u]sf]
eGg] rLgsf] a'emfO x]sf] b]lvG5. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of pTsif{df k'u]sf] ;dodf ePsf]
fhbaf xTofsf08df ;d]t ljb]zL if8\oGq lyof] eGg] rLgn] cfsng ub}{ cfPsf]

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

5. p;n] cfh;Dd klg o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|nfO{ xToffsf ?kdf :jLsf ug{

;s]sf] 5}g. fHoff]x0fkl5 gof fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] cGtf{li6o e|d0f rLgaf6 ;'
xf];\ eGg] lrlgof pRr kbflwsfLx?sf] rfxgf lyof]. To;f] ePdf lrlgof g]tf
tyf hgtfdf x]sf] fhbaf xTofsf08k|ltsf] cfz\sf x6\g]5 eGg] pgLx?sf]
k|:tfj lyof]. t fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 kDkfut ?kd} klxn] eft e|d0f ulaS:of].
fhf 1fg]Gb|n] lnOaS;]sf @)%( c;f]h !* @)^! df3 !( sf zfxL sbdx?k|lt
rLgn] g s'g} gsffTds l6Kk0fL uof] g t ;xof]u g}. pm g]kfnsf hgtfn]
s] rfxG5g\, Tof] pgLx?n] g} lgSof]{n ug]{ ljifo xf] eGb} klG5of]. rLgn] fhf
1fg]Gb|nfO{ b]zsf] l:ytf ljsf;sf nflu fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;fy lng'k5{
eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf] xf]. o;nfO{ fhfn] uDeLtfk"j{s glnPsf] dxj glbPsf]
eGg] rLgsf] a'emfO 5.
dfcf]jfbLx? ;fj{hlgs geP;Dd s'g} lrlgof kbflwsfLn] dfcf]jfbL;u
s'g} k|sfsf] ;DaGw fv]sf] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] lyPg. >L % sf] ;sf;u
;DkGg klxnf] bf];|f] r0fsf] jftf{sf a]nf dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n]
sf7df8f}l:yt lrlgof fhb"tfjf;df ;Dks{ ug{ vf]Hbf ;d]t fhb"tfjf;sf
sd{rfLn] ;Dks{ gfv]sf] d}n] hfgsfL kfPsf] lyP. a dfcf]jfbLn] kf6L{sf]
gfdaf6 dfcf]jfbL zAb x6fcf];\ eGg] ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof]. rLgn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
xftxltof, cfly{s cyjf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] g}lts ;dy{g lbPsf] d]f] hfgsfLdf
slxNo} cfPg. hgo'4 sf] cjlwe w]}h;f] ;do dfcf]jfbLsf jli7 g]tfx?
efts} ;+If0fdf eftLo Onfsfdf a;]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsfL lrlgofFx?af6 d}n]
kfpFby]. o; sf0f klg rLg dfcf]jfbL;u s'g} lsl;dsf] ;DaGw fVg tof
ePg. g]kfnk|lt rLgsf] gLlt k|f]PlS6e geP ;w} loflS6e dfq xb} cfPsf]
b]lvG5. l;\uf] g]kfn g} dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 nfu]sf] cj:yfdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
nufotsf ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ xftxltof geP klg nlhl:6S; ;~rf pks0f
rLgn] ;xof]u u]sf] lyof].
g]kfnaf6 cfk\mgf] k'fgf] ldqzlQm fh;+:yfnfO{ x6fOPkl5 rLgnfO{ oxf
ldqzlQmsf] vfrf] lyof]. o; qmddf ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx?;u
;DaGw a9fpg rLg v'n]} nfu]sf] b]lvof] klg. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjaf6 dfcf]jfbL
;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf ?kdf cfPkl5 rLg dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;u ;DaGw lj:tf ug{
pT;'s ePsf] b]lvG5. kll:yltsf] afWotf cfcfk\mgf] :jfy{n] klg b'j}nfO{
Pscsf{tkm{ cled'v agfPsf] xf]. rLg g]kfnL e"ldaf6 rLgsf lj4 s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] sfo{ gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5. g]kfnsf fhgLlts bnx?n] Ps rLg gLlt
nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u] klg a]nfa]nf k|bz{g x'g] rLgljf]wL Jojxfk|lt rLg ;b}j
;z\lst xb} cfPsf] b]lvG5. ;g\ @))* sf] cf]nlDks v]nsf] k"j{;GWofdf
g]kfndf ePsf] dlxgf} nfdf] rLgljf]wL pu| ultljlwn] rLgnfO{ lgs} ;hu

85

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

agfPsf] lyof]. ljb]zL zlQmsf] bafjdf kL g]kfnL fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] rLgljf]wL

ultljlw k"} lgoGq0f ub}{g eGg] rLgsf] wf0ff x]sf] 5. l;lSsd e'6fgsf]
;DaGwdf cfk\mgf] gLlt ;kmn gePsfn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df rLgn] s]xL k"j{;ts{tf
ckgfPsf] x'g ;S5. ltAatL wd{u' bnfO{ nfdfn] g]t[Tj u]sf] ;sf eftsf]
wd{zfnfdf lqmofzLn 5. t eftLo e"ldaf6 rLgsf lj4 Tolt w]/} ultljlw
ePsf] b]lvb}g, hlt g]kfndf x'g] u]sf] 5. o;df eftn] v]n]sf] 6fs 6'
sf] e"ldsfk|lt rLg cgle1 5 eGg] ;f]rfO fVg' d"v{tf xf]. o;} qmddf rLgn]
cfk\mgf] k'fgf] loflS6e kf]ln;L nfO{ kljt{g uL k|f]PlS6e e"ldsf v]Ng
vf]h]sf] cfef; x'g yfn]sf] 5.
g]kfndf fli6o lxtsf ljifodf s'f ubf{ eftljf]wLsf] ;+1f lbg] unt
kDkf 5. t, eftn] g]kfnsf] cfGtls dfldnfdf ug]{ u]sf] v'nf x:tIf]knfO{
csf]{ l5d]sL d'n's rLgn] cfk\mgf] ;'Iff ;+j]bgzLntf;u hf]8] x]g{ yfNof] eg]
g]kfn cjZo klg oL b'O{ 7"nf zlQmfi6sf aLrdf gfd|L Roflkg ;S5. g]kfnsf
;a} fhgLlts bnx?;u rLgn] ;DaGw a9fpg rfx]sf] xfnsf] ;Gbe{df o;
tYonfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5. o;} klk|]Iodf rLg dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] ;DaGwdf
eljiodf ptfr9fj cfpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g.

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

cS; elgG5 M hf]uL x'gnfO{ s;}n] fhgLlt ub}{g, fhgLlt 3[l0ft v]n
xf], fhgLltdf s'g} :yfoL zq' jf ldq x'b}g. oL ;a} egfO g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf
rltfy{ ePsf b]lvG5g\. g]kfnsf] fhgLlt d'n'ssf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} s'g}
g s'g} if8\oGqdf dlnb} cfOx]sf] 5. rfx] sf]t kj{, e08fvfn kj{, @))&
;fnsf] qmflGt jf @)!& ;fnsf] fhf dx]Gb|sf] sbd xf];\ cyjf @)%@ ;fndf
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;' u]sf] hgo'4 g} lsg gxf];\, ;a} ;Qfk|flKtsf nflu Ps
kIfn] csf]{ kIfsf lj4 rfn]sf sbdx? g} x'g\. ;a}df of] cyjf Tof] tlsfn]
if8\oGq n's]sf] 5. of] s'f a]Un} xf], h;n] h'g ;do kll:yltdf h]h:tf]
sbd rfn] klg hgtfs} nflu eg] b'xfO{ lbg] ulPsf] 5 hgrfxgf adf]lhd
rfn]sf sbdsf ?kdf JofVof ug]{ ulPsf] 5. Tof] s] xf] eGg] jf:tljs km};nf
eg] Oltxf;n] dfq ug]{ u]sf] 5.
k~rfotsf] ktg / k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf

k~rfotL Joj:yfsf ;~rfnssf] c;lxi0f' ckfbzL{ gLlt tyf ;dosf]

k|jfx;u} cfPsf] k|hftGqk|ltsf] hgrfxgfsf sf0f k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ktg
x'g k'Uof]. vf; uL s]Gb|df x]sf] zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls0f gx'g' k~rfot ktgsf]
Pp6f dxjk"0f{ sf0f xf]. d}n] pNn]v ul;s]sf] 5', ha k~rfot gLlt tyf
hfra'em ;ldlt aGof], k~rfotnfO{ l;Wofpg] dxjk"0f{ sf0f oxL aGg k'Uof].
o;n] k~rfotnfO{ cfjZoseGbf Hofbf lgb]{lzt ug]{ sfd u]sf] lyof]. c? t
c?, o;n] k~rfotsf] r'gfjdf l6s6 af8\g] sfd ;d]t uof]. o;L of] ;ldlt
k~rfot Joj:yfnfO{ l;Wofpg] SofG; aGg k'Uof], h'g s'f d}n] fhf jL]Gb|nfO{
;d]t hfx] u]sf] lyP. oL s'f @)$% ;fndf bLk]Gb| ;sf c;+nUg fi6x?sf]

87

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lzv ;Dd]ngdf efu lng a]nu|]8 ;jfL x'g] qmddf df};'kmdf ;d]t hfx] u]sf]
lyP. ToxL a]nf xf], o'jfhflwfhaf6 ljj]s, ltdL ANofs PG8 x\jfO6sf s'f
u5f}{, t fhgLlt u|] nfOgaf6 rN5 x's'd ePsf] lyof].
k~rfot ;du|df PsbnLo Joj:yf eP klg o;leq cg]s u'6 pku'6 lyP.
k~rfotsf ;~rfnsx? g} lglxt fhgLlts :jfy{ kbsf] nf]esf sf0f ljeflht
ag]. tL bafleqsf ljleGg zlQmaf6 ;~rflnt lgb]{lzt lyP. of] ljefhgdf
b]zleq aflxsf zlQms]Gb|n] v]Ng] cj; kfpg] g} eP. k~rfotsf sltko
lxdfotLx? ljb]zLsf] O;ffdf gfRg] ub{y] eg] sltko pu| fi6jfbL wfdf cfa4
lyP. o;} qmddf g]kfnsf] e"fhgLlts cj:yfn] ubf{ klg k~rfot Joj:yf nfdf]
;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] l:ylt x]g. g]kfnn] vf; uL ;'Iff ;fdls dxjsf
ljifodf ha dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{ yfNb5, Tolt a]nf jf:tjd} e"klj]li7t d'n's
x'g'sf] kL8f dx;'; ug]{ ub{5. oxfg] Pp6f k|;\u pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5.
@)$% ;fndf g]kfnn] rLg;u s]xL PG6L Poqmfkm\6 ug lsGg rfx]sf] lyof].
lgZro g} of] s'f eftsf] OR5f ljkLt lyof]. t klg g]kfnn] rLgaf6 xltof
lsGg] lg0f{o eof]. lsgeg] Tof] a]nf g]kfnL cfsfzdf cglws[t ?kdf eftLo
hxfh p8\g] ub{y], rfx] tL gfuls p8\8ogsf x'g\, rfx] u'Ktr k|of]hgsf.
g]kfnn] rLg;u xltof lsg]kl5 o;s} sf0f eftsf] gfsfaGbL;Dd em]Ng'kof].
Tolt dfq xf]Og, g]kfnsf fhgLlts bnnfO{ eftn] k~rfot Joj:yfsf lj4
p7fpg] sfd ;d]t uof]. d]f] ljZn]if0f s] 5 eg] k~rfotsf ;~rfnsx?
hlt;'s} sdhf] c;kmn eP klg pgLx?n] Pp6f ;fj{ef}d Pj+ :jtGq fi6sf
?kdf g]kfnn] rLgaf6 xltof lsGg] lg0f{o glnPsf] eP k~rfot Joj:yf Tolt
rf8f] 9Ng] lyPg. bnx?sf] cfk\mg} an a'l4sf sf0f k~rfot Joj:yfsf
lj4sf] cfGbf]ng p7]sf] xf]Og eGg] fhbafsf] klg 7DofO lyof]. t fhf
jL]Gb|n] ljb]zL;u em'Sg'eGbf g]kfns} fhgLlts bnx?;u ldn] cufl8 a9\g]
0fgLlt clVtof ulaS;] @)$^ ;fndf ;Demf}tf ulaS;]sf] xf].
h]h:tf] sf0fn] ubf{ xf];\, @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 k~rfot Joj:yfsf]
cGTo eof]. dxffhflwfhaf6 cfGbf]ngsf sdfG8 u0f]zdfg l;+xnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf]
k|:tfj ulaS:of]. t pxfn] s[i0fk|;fb efO{sf] gfd k|:tfj ug'{eof]. o;L
g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;+:yfks g]tf tyf sfo{jfxs ;efklt s[i0fk|;fb efO{sf]
g]t[Tjdf cGtld ;sf aGof]. pxfs} sfo{sfndf @)$& sflQs @# ut] g]kfn
clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& hfL eof]. ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo Joj:yf,
;+j}wflgs fhtGq, :jtGq Gofokflnsf dfgj clwsf, oL x'g\ tTsfnLg
;+ljwfgn] ckljt{gLo ljifosf ?kdf k|:tfjgfd} :jLsf u]sf s'f. To;}
cfwfdf tTsfnLg fhgLlts zlQm;Gt'ng sfod lyof] w]} jif{;Dd g]kfnsf]
fhgLltdf oxL zlQm;Gt'ng sfod x\of]. ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cfPkl5

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

@)$* j}zfvdf klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg eof]. hlt;Sbf] rf8f] r'gfj xf];\ eGg]
dxffhflwfhsf] rfxgf lyof]. To;af6 dfq k|hftGq hgtfsf] 3b}nf];Dd k'U5
clg k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf klg alnof] x'G5 eGg] ;sfsf] wf0ff lyof].
r'gfjdf efu lng] d'Vo kf6L{ g]skf Pdfn] g]kfnL sf\u|]; lyP. s]xL ;fgf bn
sDo'lg:6 36s klg lyP. clxn]sf w]} bnx? Tof] a]nf hlGd;s]sf lyPgg\.
sltko k"j{k~rx? sf\u|];lt nfu]sfn] fk|kf k|efjzfnL lyPg. k"j{k~rx? klg
b'O{ v]dfdf afl8Psf lyP. sf\u|]; alnof] ePsf] :yfgdf sf\u|];n], Pdfn] alnof]
ePsf] :yfgdf Pdfn]n] tyf fk|kf alnof] ePsf] 7fpdf Pdfn] sf\u|]; b'j} ldn]
gjul7t fk|kfnfO{ 6fpsf] p7fpg;Dd lbPgg\. kmn:j?k k|ltlglw;efdf fk|kfsf]
l;6 ;\Vof bogLo x\of].
sf\u|];sf zLif{ tLg g]tfx? u0f]zdfg l;+x, s[i0fk|;fb efO{ lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf x'g'x'GYof]. u0f]zdfg l;+xn] cfdr'gfjdf pDd]bjf gx'g] lg0f{o lng'ePsf]
lyof]. k|wfgdGqL kb c:jLsf u] h:t} ;f+;bsf] pDd]bjfL klg c:jLsf u]
k|hftGqsf] jfr8u eO{ a:g] c7f]6 u]kl5 pxfsf] Tofu dxfgtf Pp6f pbfx0f
g} aGg k'u]sf] lyof]. ;jf]{Rr g]tf u0f]zdfg l;+x ;Qf fhgLltaf6 cnu ePkl5
kf6L{ ;efklt ;+:yfks g]tfsf lx;fan] klg s[i0fk|;fb efO{ g} k|wfgdGqL x'g]
;a}sf] cg'dfg lyof]. dnfO{ fd|f];u ;Demgf 5, fhbafsf] klg ToxL ljZn]if0f
lyof]. cGtld k|wfgdGqLsf ?kdf efO{n] cfGbf]ngkl5sf] ;\qmd0f sfnnfO{
;fdfGo cj:yfdf k'ofpg 7"nf] ;'ema'em ;lxt sfd ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfs}
sfo{sfndf g]kfn clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg lgwf{lt ;dod} hfL x'g ;Sof], h'g lgs}
7"nf] pknlAw lyof]. Ps lx;fan] ;dfj]zL k|hftGqdf pxfsf] ljZjf; b]lvGYof].
cfk\mgf] c7f]6 cfTdljZjf;sf sf0f pxfn] ;a}nfO{ ldnfP n}hfg ;Sg'ePsf]
lyof]. Tof] a]nf pxfnfO{ r'gfj lhTg bafsf] ;fy ;xof]u rflxG5 ls eGg]
klg s'f ePsf] xf]. rfx]sf] eP :jo+ fHozlQmsf] k|of]u u] eP klg pxfn]
r'gfj lhTg'x'GYof]. t efO{n] k"0f{tM ;Gtkgf b]vfpg'eof] cfk\mgf nflu To:tf]
s]xL ug{ cfjZos 7fGg'ePg. r'gfj zflGtk"0f{ lgikIf ?kdf ;DkGg x'g'k5{ eGg]
pxfsf] Ps dfq ;f]rfO lyof]. dxffhflwfhaf6 klg afDaf oxL s'f x's'd
ePsf] d}n] yfxf kfOx]sf] lyP.
k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj g]skf Pdfn]sf nflu lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof]. p;sf
nflu klxnf] cg'ej lyof] r'gfjsf]. Pdfn] cWoIf dgdf]xg clwsfL ;'g;Laf6
pDd]bjf aGg'eof] eg] dxf;lrj dbgs'df e08fL sf7df8f} If]q g+= ! % af6.
;a}eGbf s8f k|lt:kwf{ sf7df8f} If]q g+= ! df k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dbg e08fLsf aLrdf x'b} lyof]. ;a}sf] Wofg ToxL s]lGb|t
lyof]. dxf;lrj e08fL sf7df8f}sf b'O{ If]qaf6 r'gfj n8]sf sf0f pxfnfO{
% gDa If]qaf6 lhtfP x'G5, csf]{ If]qdf k|wfgdGqL efO{nfO{ r'gfjdf ;xof]u

89

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ug]{ eGg] lu|g l;Ung lyof] fhbafsf]. lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf df]af6

pDd]bjf x'g'x'GYof]. pxfnfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ eg] lu|g l;Ugn uPsf] lyof].
c? klg s]xL 7"nf g]tfnfO{ r'gfj lhtfpg ;xof]u ug]{ bafsf] nfOg lyof].
kf6L{kf6L{aLrsf] r'gfj eP klg k|hftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ oL 7"nf g]tfx?s} e"ldsf
x'G5 eg] fhbafaf6 o:tf] gLlt lnOPsf] lyof].
sf\u|];af6 efjL k|wfgdGqLsf ?kdf cGtld ;sfsf k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb
efO{sf] gfd k|rf lyof]. t r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff x'g'cl3b]lv g} pxfsf lj4
sfu|];af6} cGt3f{t ;' eO;s]sf] lyof]. pxfnfO{ lhtfpg] kf6L{sf] gLlt ePsf] eP
sf]OfnfnfO{ em} pxfnfO{ klg b'O{ If]qaf6 pDd]bjf agfpg ;lsGYof]. t To;f]
ulPg. pxfsf lj4 eOx]sf] cGt3f{taf] ljleGg dfWodaf6 fhbafnfO{ ;"rgf
gcfPsf] klg xf]Og. dxffhflwfhn] klg pxfnfO{ of] s'fsf] hfgsfL ufP
;r]t ufOaS;]sf] h:tf] nfU5. t k|wfgdGqL efO{ :jo+n] o;nfO{ xn'sf ?kdf
lng'eof]. cGttM k|wfgdGqL efO{n] r'gfj xfg'{eof]. xfsf] d'Vo sf0f pxfsf]
cIfdtf jf cnf]slk|otf geP sf\u|];af6 ePsf] cGt3f{t g} lyof] h;sf] g]t[Tj
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf :jo+n] sltko 7fpdf v'nf ?kn] sltko 7fpdf uf]Ko
?kn]] ug'{ePsf] lyof]. sf\u|];n] ;fdfGo ax'dt Nofof], @)% l;6df !!# l;6.
clg lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. g]skf Pdfn] k|d'v ljkIfL bn x'g
k'Uof] eg] fhgLlts if8\oGqsf] l;sf aGg'eof] s[i0fk|;fb efO{.
;sfsf] g]t[Tj u]sf] s]xL ;dod} k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf cfk\mgf] sfo{z}nL
ljjfbf:kb lg0f{ox?sf sf0f cTolws cfnf]lrt aGg'eof]. pxfsf] 5lj la:tf}
gfd|f] x'b} uof]. vf; uL ljf]wL To;df klg sDo'lg:6nfO{ tLj| bdg ug]{
gLlt pxfn] lng'eof]. Tof] k"j{;xdlt k|hftGqsf] d"No tyf dfGotf ljkLt
lyof]. pxfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e"n ToxLaf6 ;' eof]. sf]Ofnfn] sd{rfL ;+oGqdf
sf\u|];Ls0fsf] ;'jft ug'{eof]. fhfsf] ;]gf eg] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k"}
a]jf:tf ug'{eof]. ;]gfsf] ah]6 sd dfq ug'{ePg, baGbL 36fpb} n}hfg] 0fgLlt
lng'eof]. fhgLlts g]t[Tjd} e|i6frfsf] aLp f]lkof]. k~rfot Joj:yfdf ;d]t
sfafxLdf k]sf s'Voft JolQmx?sf] d'2f fhgLlts vf]n cf]9fP lkmtf{ lng]
pgLx?af6 df]6f] sd p7fpg] sfddf sf]Ofnf v'n] nfUg'eof]. pxfsf] z}nL
sf\u|]; t s], dlGqklifb\sf ;b:ox?nfO{ klg :jLsfo{ x'g 5f8\of]. k"j{ k|xL
dxflgLIfs 8LaL nfdfsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifodf c;xdlt hgfpb} Gofo tyf
sfg'gdGqL tffgfy fgfef6n] dGqL kbaf6} fhLgfdf ug'{eof]. cfk\mgf unt
lqmofsnfkdf ;dy{g ghgfpg] jli7 sf\u|];L g]tfx?nfO{ sf]Ofnfn] ;fd"lxs
?kd} dlGqklifb\af6 x6fpg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf sf\u|];leq kljfjfbeGbf
dfly p7\g ;Sg'ePg. fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf klg ToxL xljut b]lvof].
b]zleq k|zf;g c:tJo:t eof]. e|i6frf df}nfpg yfNof]. ;'zf;gsf]

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

;Defjgf st}af6 b]lvPg. eft e|d0fsf qmddf k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] gof

lbNnLdf 6gsk' ;DaGwL uf]Ko ;xdlt ug'{eof]. t b]zdf cfP ;xdlt xf]Og
;dembfL dfq ePsf] xf] eGg'eof]. Tof] klg 7"n} ljjfbsf] ljifo aGof]. kl5 uP
ToxL d'2fdf ;+;b\df 7"n} x\ufdf x'g k'Uof]. s}of} lbg;Dd ;+;b\ rNg ;s]g.
6gsk' k|s0fb]lv g} pxfsf] fhbaf;u ;DaGw lau|g yfn]sf] xf]. fli6otf
d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf;u hf]l8Psf] 6gsk' h:tf] ljifodf fhbaf ;+j]bgzLn
x'g] g} eof]. fhbafn] ;f]em} s]xL ug{ ;Sg] s'f lyPg. Tolt a]nf clxn]sf]
h:tf] ;~rf dfWodsf] k|efj ;d]t lyPg. To;}n] fhbafaf6 sf\u|];
Pdfn]df x]sf, fi6jfbL 5lj ePsf agfpg rfxg] g]tfx?sf] vf]hL ulof].
pgLx?;u Ps k|sfn] ;xsfo{ h:t} eof]. Tof] a]nf ;efd'v bdggfy 9'\ufgfn]
jf:tjd} ;sffTds e"ldsf v]Ng'ePsf] xf]. Tof]eGbf klg Hofbf k|efjsfL e"ldsf
k|d'v ljkIfL bn Pdfn] To;df klg dxf;lrj dbg e08fLn] lgjf{x ug'{ePsf]
lyof]. cGttM ;+;b\n] k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ em'Sg afWo kfof]. 6gsk's}
ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t sf]Ofnfsf lj4 km};nf uof], h'g P]ltxfl;s
aGg k'Uof].
;+;b\ ;8sdf To; a]nf lgjf{x u]sf] e"ldsfsf sf0f Pdfn] dxf;lrj
e08fLsf] 5lj Pp6f sDo'lg:6 g]tfaf6 qmdzM fhg]tfsf ?kdf aGb} uof].
cGtld ;sfsf k|wfgdGqL efO{nfO{ xfPkl5 pxf PsfPs rrf{df cfpg'ePsf]
lyof] eg] 6gsk' d'2fdf lnPsf] c8fgkl5 pxfsf] 5lj emg} prf] eP uPsf]
lyof]. @)$( ;fndf ;DkGg Pdfn]sf] kfrf} dxflwj]zdf dxf;lrj e08fLn] g]kfnsf]
kljlt{t fhgLlts cj:yf, e"uf]n ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg's"n x'g] uL hgtfsf]
ax'bnLo hgjfb eGg] ljrf kflt ufpg ;kmn x'g'eof]. Pp6f sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n]
ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf uL ;+;bLo cEof;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ eof]. ;fy}
cfdr'gfjs} dfWodaf6 ;sfdf k'Ug] gLlt clVtof uof]. e08fL cGtf{li6o
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnaf6 gof lsl;dsf] ljrf lbg ;kmn x'g'eof]. o;kl5
eg] pxf b]zleq dfq xf]Og, If]qLo cGtf{li6o fhgLltdf ;d]t rlr{t aGg'eof].
Go'hljs klqsfn] g]kfndf sfN;{ dfS;{ hLljt} 5g\ eg] pxfsf] cGtjf{tf{ k|sflzt
uof]. t Ps hgf g]kfnL cGtf{li6o :tsf] g]tf aGb} 5 eGg] s'fn] ljb]zL
zlQmnfO{ 6fpsf] b'vfpg yfn]sf] lyof]. To;df klg s8f fi6jfbL ljrf af]s]sf]
To:tf] g]tf, h;n] 6gsk' ;DaGwL d'2faf] g]kfnsf] ;+;b\df wffk|jfx s'f p7fP
k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ ;d]t em'sfPsf] lyof], Tof] klg eft;u hf]l8Psf] ljifodf.
o;}aLr, @)%) h]7 # ut] bf;9'\uf b'3{6gf eof], h;df Pdfn] dxf;lrj Pj+
k|v fi6jfbL g]tf dbg e08fL csf{ Pdfn] g]tf tyf ;\u7g ljefu k|d'v
hLjfh cfl>tsf] hLjg ;dfKt eof]. s;}n] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo b'3{6gf dfq eg]sf
5g\ eg] s;}n] uDeL k|s[ltsf] if8\oGqd"ns xTofsf08. w]}n] g]kfndf k|v

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

fi6jfbL g]tfsf] if8\oGqk"j{s xTof ePsf] eg] JofVof ljZn]if0f u]sf 5g\.
olb Tof] if8\oGq g} lyof] eg] k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf, u[xdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf k|xL
dxflgLIfs df]tLnfn af]xfnfO{ To;af] s]xL k"jf{ef; lyof] ls eGg] ToxL a]nf
rrf{ rn]sf] lyof]. Tof] a]nf bafdf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 afuahfl:yt
Pdfn]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nojk s]xL ckllrt cg'xf b]lvG5g\, Toxf zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfaf6 ;'IffsdL{ v6fOPsf] 5 ls < eg] ;f]lwPsf] lyof]. t To; a]nf
Pdfn]sf g]tfx?sf] ;le{n]G; sf nflu ;]gfaf6 s;}nfO{ v6fpg' h?L lyPg
s;}nfO{ v6fOPsf] klg lyPg.
h]h;L eP klg Pdfn] dxf;lrj e08fLsf] bf;9'\uf b'3{6gfdf lgwg
ePkl5 To;nfO{ Psbd} 7"nf] ljifo agfP Pdfn]n] cfGbf]ng ug'{ :jfefljs lyof].
pQm 36gfkl5 k|ltlglw;efdf x\ufdf eof]. cfGbf]ng eof]. ljleGg 5fglag
cfof]u ag]. lj8Dagf t s] eg], ljleGg ;dodf u7g ePsf ;sfdf Pdfn]
;xefuL eO;s]sf] 5, Pdfn]sf w]} g]tfn] u[x dGqfno ;Dxfln;s]sf 5g\, Pdfn]
g]tfx?n] g]t[Tj u]sf b'O{ j6f ;sf g} alg;s]sf 5g\, :jo+ dbg e08fLsL
>LdtL ljBfb]jL e08fL b'O{ k6s dGqL alg;Sg'ePsf] 5 Ps k6s t k|efjzfnL
Iff dGqfno ;d]t ;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf] 5, t l;\uf] Pdfn] kf6L{n] o; 36gfsf]
jf:tljstf cfh;Dd klg hg;dIf Nofpg ;s]sf] cyjf rfx]sf] 5}g. b'3{6gfsf]
;]f]km]f]sf s]xL 36gf kl5 uP b'3{6gfsf] hfra'em ;DaGwdf Pdfn]n] b]vfPsf]
pbf;LgtfnfO{ ljrf ubf{ o;sf k5fl8 7"n} if8\oGq x]sf] x'g ;Sg] s'f To;
b'3{6gfdf afRg ;kmn 8fOe cd nfdfsf] x:odo xTofn] klg k'li6 u5{ eGg]
d]f] ljZn]if0f 5. o;df Pdfn] kf6L{leqs} s]xL JolQmx? b]zLljb]zL zlQmx?
;+nUg x]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g.
g]kfndf klxnf] sDo'lg:^ ;/sf/

d'n'sdf pTkGg hl6n ;d:of 36gfqmdn] fhgLlts cj:yf Psbd} hl6n

tyf cl:y aGb} uOx]sf] lyof]. t k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf d'n'ss} Ps kfsf] g]tf
eP klg pxfn] kll:yltnfO{ 7Ls tlsfn] ;DxfNg ;Sg'ePg. a kf6L{leq
aflx klg k]n]} hfg] gLlt lng'eof]. kmn:j?k Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ x]s kfOnfdf
c;kmn x'g'eof]. sf\u|]; kf6L{leq} Pp6f alnof] ;d"x k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf]
ljf]wdf ;lqmo eof]. pxfkf6L{leq cNkdtdf kg]{ ;Defjgf aGof]. To;kl5 tfhf
hgfb]z lnG5' ;+;b\df cfk\mgf] kIfsf] ax'dt agfp5' eg] @)%! h]7df pxfn]
k|ltlglw;ef e\u uL @)%! sflQs @& ut] dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ffsf nflu
dxffhflwfhdf l;kmfl; ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 ;f]xL cg';f k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
dWofjlw lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ulaS:of]. of] 3f]if0ffnuQ} k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f kof]. ;jf]{Rrn] k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef e\u ug{
;S5, of] t k|wfgdGqLsf] ljz]if clwsf xf] eg] km};nf uof].
sf\u|]; kf6L{ut ?kdf gkm'6] klg cfGtls dfgl;s ?kdf km'6] h:t}
lyof]. Pp6f ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj s[i0fk|;fb efO{ u0f]zdfg l;+xn] ug'{ePsf] lyof]
eg] csf]{ ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj :jo+ k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]. 5QL;] rf}xQ] eg]
sf\u|]; ljeflht ePsf] oxL a]nf xf]. h]h:tf] eP klg dWofjlw cfdlgjf{rg
;DkGg eof]. kf6L{leqsf] snxsf sf0f s}of} :yfgdf sf\u|];s} ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf
v8f eP. bafn] k|hftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ lgikIf zflGtk"0f{ lgjf{rg
x'g'k5{ eGg] rfx]sf] lyof]. s'g} bnsf lj4 fHozlQmsf] b'kof]u x'g' x'b}g eg]
;'Iff lgsfo, vf; uL zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lgb]{zg uPsf] lyof]. ;fy} of]
r'gfjdf klg vf; uL bafaf6 ljut tLgrf jif{sf] cjlwdf fi6jfbL rlq
5lj agfPsf sf\u|];, Pdfn], fk|kf ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf s]xL g]tfx? tyf klxn]
k~rfotdf sfd u] clxn] :jtGq pDd]bjf ag]sf fhgLlts JolQmTjx?nfO{
lhtfpg'k5{ eg] 0fgLlt agfOPsf] lyof]. To; cg';f s}of} :yfgdf tL g]tfnfO{
lhtfpg 7"nf] e"ldsf ;d]t lgjf{x ug'{k]sf] lyof].
cfGtls ljjfb s}of} :yfgdf afuL pDd]bjfsf sf0f lgjf{rgdf sf\u|];n]
nHhf:kb kfho ef]Ug'kof]. Pdfn]n] ax'dt Nofpg t ;s]g, t k|ltlglw;efdf
;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf ?kdf :yflkt eof]. o;L d'n'sdf ax'dtsf] ;sf gaGg]
kSsf eof]. sf\u|];n] ljleGg kf6L{sf] ;dy{g h'6fP ;sf agfpg sf]l;;
u]sf] lyof], t ;Dej ePg. klxnf] cfdr'gfjdf yf]} l;6 lht]sf] fk|kf
lgjf{rgcl3 PsLs0f eP k|ltlglw;efdf fd|f] l;6 Nofpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof].
sf\u|];, Pdfn] b'j}n] ax'dt gNofPsf] cj:yfdf fk|kf ;Qfsf] ;frf] cfk\mgf] xftdf
lnPsf] bn aGg k'Uof]. o;aLr ;+;bLo kDkf cg';f Pdfn] cWoIf dgdf]xg
clwsfLnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] k|of; k|fDe eof] eg] Tof];u;u} sDo'lg:6nfO{
k|wfgdGqL aGg lbg' x'b}g eGg] b]zleq aflxaf6 rsf]{ bafj ;' eof]. vf; uL
ljleGg ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|x?af6 s'g} klg xfntdf Pdfn]sf] ;sf aGg lbg' x'b}g
eg] bafj klg cfpg yfn]sf] lyof]. w]} b]zsf fhb"tn] Pdfn]sf] ;sf gagf];\
eg] lgs} bf}8w"k u]sf lyP. g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL fhb"tx?n] g]kfnL g]tfx?sxf
bf}8w"k u] cgfjZos ;Nnfx lbg] rng Tolt a]n} ;' ePsf] xf]. sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf] g]tfnfO{ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL agfpg' x'G5 ls x'b}g eGg] k|Zg fhbafdf
;d]t Jofks ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof].
Tof] a]nf d jL]Gb| ;sfsf] P8L;L lyP. @)%! d\l;sf] bf];|f] ;ftfsf]
zlgaf PSn} P8L;L clkm;df lyP. jL]Gb| ;sf aflx au}rfdf ;jfL eof].
;sfaf6 dnfO{ crfgs af]nfOaS:of] aflx fhgLlts cj:yf s] eOx]sf]
5, lsg clxn];Dd ;sf aGg ;s]g < eg] tfhf fhgLlts cj:yfaf] d]f]

93

94

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

wf0ff a'e\mg rflxaS:of]. P8L;L eg]sf] ;sfsf] c\uIfs dfq xf]Og, ;a}eGbf
glhssf] ljZjf;kfq klg xf]. P8L;Ln] cfk"mn] hfgsfL kfPsf aflxsf dxjk"0f{
s'fx? ;sfdf hfx] ug'{k5{.
d}n] fhgLlts l:yltsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ub}{ hfx] u], ;sf, aflx
sDo'lg:6 g]tfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf k|wfgdGqL agfpg' x'b}g eg] 8]8ns eOx]sf]
5. t d]f] ljrfdf sDo'lg:6nfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpbf klg fd|f] x'g ;S5.
d'n'ssf] jt{dfg fhgLlts ;dLs0fsf cfwfdf ;d]t sDo'lg:6 g]tf dgdf]xg
clwsfLnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg}kg]{ x'G5. o;af6 b]zsf nflu klg ;sfsf
nflu klg gof cg'ej x'g ;S5. b]z gof lx;fan] cl3 a9\g ;S5. ;Gb]z klg
fd|} hfg ;S5. t o;sf lglDt sf]xLs;}n] ;dGjosfL e"ldsf lgjf{x ulx]sf]
5}g. ;fy} d}n] To; a]nf ;Qf ;dLs0fsf ljleGg cfofddf eOx]sf k|oTgaf]
klg dnfO{ hfgsfL ePhlt ;sfdf hfx] u].
To;kl5 ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], ljj]s, To;f] eP Ps k6s nf]sG] b| -e"tk"j{
k|wfgdGqL nf]sG] b|axfb' rGb_ nfO{ kmf]g u. pgL sxf 5g\ < tTsfn cfpg
;S5g\ ls < s;}n] yfxf gkfpg] uL pgnfO{ oxfF Nofpg] k|aGw ltdL cfkm} u.
d}n] e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL rGbnfO{ kmf]g u]. pxf 3d} x'g'x'bf] x]5. d}n] lghL
lhk k7fP. uf]Ko ?kdf pxf cfpg'eof].
jL]Gb| ;sf pxfaLr lgs} nfdf] uf]Ko jftf{ eof]. s]s] ljifodf 5nkmn
eof], Tof] t dnfO{ yfxf x'g] ljifo ePg. t ;ff+zdf ;sfaf6 gof dlGqklifb\
u7gsf nflu Pdfn]nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ x's'd eof]. To;sf] nuQ} Pdfn]nfO{ fk|kfn]
;sfaflx} a;] ;dy{g ug]{ eof]. o;L dgdf]xg clwsfL g]kfnsf] klxnf]
sDo'lg:6 k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. Pdfn]sf] cNkdtsf] ;sf aGg] eof]. d}n]
;sfdf h'g fo hfx] u]sf] lyP, Tof] Pdfn]k|lt s'g} em'sfjsf sf0f u]sf]
lyOg. b]zsf] fhgLlts cj:yf kll:ylt cg';f cfk"mn] b]v]sf] ;xL s'f
fv]sf] dfq lyP. of] k|;\u Pdfn]sf g]tfnfO{ fk|kf g]tf rGbn] eg]sf] x'g'k5{.
o; ljifodf s]xL kl5 tTsfnLg pkk|wfgdGqL, Iff tyf k//fi6 dGqL dfwjs'df
g]kfn u[xdGqL s]kL cf]nLn] d;u s'f ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o;} a]nfb]lv d]f]
pxfx?;u JolQmut lrghfg eof]. oxL 36gfsf sf0f Pdfn] fhbafsf]
;DaGw klg ;'dw' aGof].
;sf u7g ePsf] 5f]6} cjlwdf Pdfn] s]xL o:tf sfo{qmd cufl8 ;fof],
h;sf sf0f pm nf]slk|o x'b} uof]. t b'ef{Uo, Pdfn]sf] ;sf u7g ePnuQ}
o;nfO{ s;L x6fpg] eGg] v]n ;' eof]. cg]sf} zlQms]Gb| Pdfn]sf lj4 nfu].
bnx?n] lbPsf] ;dy{g klg lkmtf{ lng yfn]. ;sf u7g ePsf] 5 dlxgf
klg glaTb} bnx?n] ;+;b\df k|wfgdGqLsf lj4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ u].
cNkdtsf k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsfLn] gof hgfb]zsf nflu k|ltlglw;ef lj36g

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

ug{ dxffhflwfhdf l;kmfl; ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 o;cl3sf] glh x]laS;]

k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g uL dWofjlw r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ulaS:of]. gof
k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ePdf Pdfn]n] ax'dt Nofp5 eGg] 8 :jb]zL ljb]zLnfO{
kg{ uof]. To;}n] Pdfn]sf] ;sfsf lj4 emg} 7"nf] if8\oGq ;' eof].
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf lj4 tTsfn} ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f kof]. of]
ax'rlr{t 7"nf] fhgLlts d'2fsf ?kdf x]lG5, g]kfndf. ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] @)%@
ebf} !@ ut] cNkdtdf x]sf k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef e\u ug{ kfpb}gg\ eGg]
km};nf ;'gfof]. km};nf ug]{ k|wfg GofofwLz x'g'x'GYof] ljZjgfyk|;fb pkfWofo
pxfsf] l6dsf] km'n a]Gr. GofofwLzx?s} fo aflemP ax'dtsf cfwfdf cfPsf]
Tof] km};nf cToGt} ljjfbf:kb aGg k'Uof]. ToxL km};nf xf] g]kfndf fhgLlts
cl:ytf cfpg'sf] d"n sf0f. pQm km};nfkl5 k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yflkt eof].
clg gof ;sf u7gsf] cWofo ;' eof].
g]kfnsf fhgLlts g]tfx?df b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; k|lqmof
cl3 a9fpg] clg k|hftflGqs Joj:yf ;+rgfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] ;f]r tyf
k|lta4tf ePsf] eP ;a} bnn] Pdfn]sf] cNkdtsf] ;sfnfO{ ;dy{g hfL
fVg'kb{Yof]. t pQm ;sfnfO{ rNg glbg b]zLljb]zL cg]s lsl;dsf v]n
eP, if8\oGq eP. To;df bnsf g]tfx? 3[l0ft ?kdf ;xefuL eP of To;sf] ;fIfL
ag]. ToxL a]nfb]lv g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf ;f+;b lsga]r, ;'f;'GbL sf08 h:tf
cdof{lbt lqmofsnfkx? lelqP. To;}n] g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf ljs[lt leofpg]
;"qwf ebf} !@ sf] km};nf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5. Tof] a]nf bafsf] a'emfO
klg oxL lyof]. jL]Gb| ;sfn] o:tf] km};nf cfcf];\ eg] sbflk rflxaS;]sf]
lyPg. kmskms bnsf] ;Qf ;fem]bfL ;dy{gn] klg Pp6f dlGqklifb\ nfdf]
;do;Dd rNg'k5{ eGg] ;sfsf] wf0ff lyof]. bnLo :jfy{eGbf dfly p7] b]z
hgtfsf] lxtdf bnx? lqmofzLn x'g'k5{, clg dfq b]z k|hftGq b'j} alnof]
x'G5 eGg] ;sfsf] dfGotf lyof].
kfr jif{df % k|wfgdGqL

g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf @)%! ;fnsf] dWofjlw lgjf{rgb]lv @)%^ ;fnsf]

cfdlgjf{rgaLr kfr jif{sf] cjlwdf cg]s lsl;dsf kmf]xf]L v]n cIfDo
fhgLlts ckfwsf ultljlw eP. fhgLlt cToGt} b'u{lGwt x'g k'Uof]. o;aLr
5 k6s t ;sf kljt{g dfq eof] h;sf nflu nHhf:kb b'u{lGwt s'g} klg
kmf]xf]L v]n x'g afsL x]g. ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg] of] cjlwdf clwsf+z ;do ;Qf
9fNg] ;Qf k|fKt ug]{ s'l6n if8\oGq dfq ePsf] b]lvG5. ebf} !@ sf] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] ljjfbf:kb km};nfkl5 z]axfb' b]pjf k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof]. To;kl5

95

96

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

qmdzM nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ug'{eof]. oL s'g}

klg ;sfn] Ps jif{ klg s6fpg kfPgg\. k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf] sfo{sfndf k|d'v
ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;+:yfkg kIfsf] ;+nUgtfdf b]znfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf
cf3ft k'Ug] uL dxfsfnL ;lGw x'g k'Uof]. klxn] ToxL dxfsfnL;u hf]l8Psf]
6gsk' d'2fdf Pdfn]n] lnPsf] c8fgsf sf0f tTsfnLg dxf;lrj dbg e08fL
fli6o g]tfsf ?kdf :yflkt x'g'ePsf] lyof]. t o; a]nfsf] Pdfn] g]t[Tjn]
fli6otfsf] d'2fdf c8fg lng ;s]g. oxL d'2fdf dte]b rs]{ d'n'ssf] Pp6f
zlQmzfnL kf6L{ Pdfn] ljefhg eof] gof kf6L{ g]skf dfn] aGof]. To;kl5 g]skf
dfn]sf] ;xof]udf lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] ;sf u7g eof]. t Tof] ;xsfo{
kfr dlxgf klg l6s]g. To;kl5 Pdfn]sf] ;dy{gdf sf]Ofnfs} g]t[Tjdf k'gM
;sf aGof]. o;L kfr jif{df 5 k6s ;sf kljt{g eof]. bnx?n] g}ltstf
b]zsf] kll:ylt tyf cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbP fhgLlt u]sf] eP kfr jif{
Pp6} ;sfn] d'n's ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ lyof]. cNkdtsf] ;sfnfO{ sfo{sfn k"f
ug{ lbOPsf] eP ;fob k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf dha't eP hfGYof] ljsf;sf]
hu ;d]t a:b} hfGYof]. t bnx?df Tof] klkSjtf k|bz{g ug]{ ;fx; eg" of
w}o{ jf b"b[li6 sxLst} b]vf k]g.
ebf} !@ sf] km};nfkl5 ag]sf] b]pjf ;sfnfO{ fk|kfn] ;dy{g u]sf] lyof].
o;n] g ;'zf;g lbg ;Sof], g zflGt ;'Joj:yf. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] xTof,
lx+;f cft\s -pgLx?sf] efiffdf hgo'4_ ;' u]. b]pjf ;sf x6fpg]
l;nl;nfdf fhgLlts bnleq ;'f;'GbLsf] v]nb]lv ;f+;b ckx0f uL eft,
xs a}\ss n}hfg];Ddsf] sfd eof]. fhgLlts cg}ltstf rd ;Ldfdf
k'Uof]. w]} xb;Dd o;sf] lhDd]jfL ;Qfsf] ;frf] af]s]sf] fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{sf]
;d]t x'g cfp5.
@)%# ;fnsf] cflvLlt b]pjf ;sf 9n]kl5 fk|kfsf] Pp6f v]dfsf]
k|ltlglwTj ub}{ nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. olt a]nf jfdb]j uf}td
Ps pbLodfg g]tfsf ?kdf cfOxg'ePsf] lyof]. vf; uL b]pjfsf] sfo{sfndf
dxfsfnL ;lGw kf; ug]{ qmddf uf}tdn] h'g c8fg lng'ePsf] lyof], To;af6
pxfsf] fi6jfbL 5lj aGb} uPsf] lyof]. pQm 36gfkl5 pxfnfO{ kf6L{ g]tfeGbf
a9L Ps fhg]tfsf ?kdf d'n'sn] kfpg]5 eGg] w]}sf] a'emfO lyof]. Tolt
a]nf jL]Gb| ;sf bafsf] ;d]t ToxL ljZn]if0f lyof]. rGb ;sfdf
jfdb]j uf}td k|efjzfnL pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqLsf ?kdf xg'eof]. ;sfn]
dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;f lgoGq0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s]xL gof k|of; ;' uof]. o;}aLr
pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL uf}tdn] cRo'ts[i0f v]nnfO{ k|xL dxflgLIfs ePsf]
#^ lbgd} x6fP w'|jaxfb' k|wfgnfO{ Tof] lhDd]jfL lbg'eof]. oxLaf6 k|xLdf
fhgLtLs0fsf] cf}krfls ;'jft ePsf] dfGg]x? w]} 5g\. @)%$ ;fndf ePsf]

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

:yfgLo lgjf{rgdf u[xdGqL uf}td fHosf] ;|f]t k|xL k|zf;g k|of]u u] cfk\mgf]
kf6L{ Pdfn]nfO{ cTolws :yfgdf lhtfpg ;kmn x'g'eof]. o;nfO{ w]}n] jfdb]j
z}nL sf] r'gfjsf] gfd lbP. To;kl5 t hf] ;Qfdf cfP klg fHozlQmsf] b'kof]u
ug]{, k|xL k|zf;gsf] k|of]u u] JolQmut tyf fhgLlts kmfObf lng] rng g}
a:of]. ;a} kf6L{ g]tfx?nfO{ u[x dGqfno g} rflxg yfNof].
of] ;sf klg ;ft dlxgf gk'Ub} 9Nof] sf\u|];sf] ;xof]udf fk|kfsf
csf{ g]tf ;"o{axfb' yfkf k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof]. o;n] cl3Nnf] ;sfn] u]sf
;a} lg0f{ox? qmdzM vf]h ub}{ uof]. rGb ;sfn] lgo'Qm u]sf k|xL
dxflgLIfs k|wfgnfO{ x6fP v]nnfO{ k|xL dxflgLIfsdf k'gM:yflkt uof].
o;L k|xLdf rd fhgLtLs0f x'b} hfg yfNof], h'g s'f dfcf]jfbL rfxGYof].
oxL qmddf k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g uL dWofjlw r'gfj ufpg]
sf]l;; ug'{eof]. t pxf klg c;kmn x'g'eof]. jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 ljleGg kIfsf]
;Nnfx ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] fo ;d]t lnP k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl;
:jLs[t ulaS;]g. o;kl5 lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k'gM k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. k|d'v
ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn] g} ;sfdf ;fd]n eof]. of] ;sfsf] sfo{sfn g]kfndf
ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] clt g} nHhf:kb sfnv08 ;flat eof]. oxL a]nf g]kfnsf]
cy{ Joj:yf cToGt sdhf] x'g k'Uof]. v'nf pbf cy{gLltsf] gfddf g]kfnsf
k'fgf fd|f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? sf}8Lsf] df]ndf laqmL eP. qmlds ?kaf6
f]hufLsf] cj; sd x'b} uof]. fHo g} e|i6frfdf v'Nndv'Nnf ;+nUg ePsf
;dfrf b]zleq aflxaf6 ;d]t cfpg yfn].
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] @)%^ ;fndf cfdlgjf{rg ufpg'x'g] eof]. olt a]nf
k|ltlglw;efsf] kfr jif{sf] sfo{sfn k"f eO;s]sf] lyof]. sf]OfnfnfO{ cfk\mgf]
g]t[Tjdf r'gfj glhltg] fd|L yfxf lyof]. To;}n] pxfsf] l8hfOg cg';f
sf\u|];n] efjL k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{ eGg] 3f]if0ff u] pxfsf] gfddf
r'gfj n8\of] @)% l;6dWo] !!$ l;6 lhTof]. Pdfn] bf];|f] :yfgdf cfof] eg]
dfn]sf] kQf;fkm x'g k'Uof]. oxf olt dfq pNn]v u?, dfn] dxf;lrj jfdb]j
uf}td nufotsf s]xL g]tfnfO{ r'gfjdf lhtfpg bafsf] k|of; lyof]. t b'ef{Uo,
pxfdfq xf]Og dfn]sf s'g} klg g]tfn] r'gfj lhTg ;s]gg\. g]tf uf}tdsf] egfO
cg';f ljb]zL zlQmsf], vf; uL eftsf] rnv]n if8\oGqsf sf0f dfn] kf6L{sf]
kQf;fkm x'g k'u]sf] xf]. uf}td u[xdGqL x'bf kbaf6 x6fOPsf csf]{ ;sfaf6
k'gM:yflkt k|xL dxflgLIfs k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] uf}tdnfO{
xfpg x;Dej v]n v]n]sf] hfgsfL ;d]t cfPsf] lyof].
@)%^ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf klg bafaf6 ljleGg kf6L{sf fi6jfbL 5lj ePsf
of kl5 bafnfO{ ;xof]u x'g ;Sg] s]xL g]tfx?nfO{ lhtfpg ;'Iff lgsfox?nfO{
elgPsf] lyof]. tLdWo] w]}n] r'gfj lht] klg. of] r'gfj ;DkGg ufpg ;]gfsf]

97

98

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf x]sf] lyof]. fhgLlts if8\oGqs} ;Gbe{df ljrf ubf{ @)%^
;fnsf] cfdr'gfjsf] Pp6f ;Gbe{ dnfO{ ofb cfp5. Pdfn] g]tf etdf]xg clwsfL
sf]Ofnf g]t[Tjsf] ;sfdf cy{ sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqL x'g'x'GYof]. ljf6gudf
dtbfgkl5 dtu0fgf x'b} lyof]. o; qmddf cy{dGqL clwsfL cfk\mgf k|ltGLeGbf
s]xL dtn] cufl8 x'g'x'bf] x]5. TolQs}df Toxf ljjfb pTkGg eO{ pxfnfO{ xfpg]
if8\oGq x'g yfn]5. pxfn] cflQP sf7df8f}df x]sf cfk\mgf gft]bfnfO{ kmf]g
uL bafsf d'Vo zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljj]s zfxnfO{ e]6] ;]gfsf :yfgLo clws[tnfO{
dtu0fgfdf ljz]if lgufgL ug{ nufOlbg'kof] eGg'eP5. pxfsf gft]bf t'Gt}
dnfO{ kmf]g u] e]6\g cfpg'eof]. dGqL clwsfL;u pxf dfkm{t g} d]f] ;Dks{
x'GYof]. d}n] tTsfn} O6xLl:yt sfnLaxfb' u0fsf u0fklt k|d'v ;]gfgL ldGb|
If]qLnfO{ kmf]g u] tTsfn} ljf6gu uO{ dtu0fgf:yn lgLIf0f uL wfwnL x'g
glbg", dtu0fgf lgikIf 9\un] ufpg" eg]. ToxL cg';f pxfn] t'Gt} ljf6gu
uO{ dtu0fgfdf wfwnL x'g f]lslbg'eof]. o;L dGqL clwsfL df]af6 ljhoL
x'g'eof]. o;n] axfnjfnf dGqLx? ;d]t r'gfjdf wfwnL if8\oGqsf] l;sf aGg]
u]sf] cj:yf ;\s]t ub{5.
sf\u|];n] ax'dt NofPkl5 efO{ bf];|f] k6s k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. o;
k6s eg] pxf lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'GYof]. t pxf k|wfgdGqL ePs} lbgb]lv
sf\u|];leq lsrnf] ;' eof]. sf]Ofnfn] h;L x'G5 efO{nfO{ x6fP cfkm"
k|wfgdGqL aGg] if8\oGq ;' ug'{eof]. ToxL a]nf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of al9x]sf] lyof]
eg] jftf{sf] s'f klg rlnx]sf] lyof]. ;Gt g]tf tyf k|wfgdGqL efO{n] kf6L{sf
jli7 g]tf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ ;+of]hs agfP dfcf]jfbL ;d:of
cWoog ug{ sfo{bn u7g ug'{eof]. pxfn] b]pjfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ k|lqmof
;' ug{ lhDd]jfL ;d]t lbg'ePsf] lyof]. k|wfgdGqL efO{sf] of] kxnkl5 ca
o;n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ lgx'df nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g ug]{ eof] eGg]
eon] sf\u|];leq}af6 pxfsf lj4 if8\oGq rsf{Oof] pxfnfO{ fhLgfdf lbg
afWo agfOof]. efO{n] k|ltlglw;efnfO{ ljz]if Pj+ dfld{s ;Daf]wg u] ;xh
?kdf kbaf6 fhLgfdf lbg'eof]. clg cfk\mgf] l8hfOg cg'?k sf]Ofnf k'gM
k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbLsf tLj| cfnf]rs
ljf]wL klg x'g'x'GYof]. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ u5'{ eGg] t gug]{ pxfsf] 0fgLlt
lyof]. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ s7f] an k|of]u u] g} l;Wofpg ;lsG5 eGg] pxfsf] wf0ff
lyof]. of] a'em]} x'g'k5{, dfcf]jfbLn] klg xfdL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u jftf{
ub}{gf} eg] jQmJo lbg yfn]sf lyP. of] pgLx?sf] 0fgLlts rfn lyof]. o:t}
cj:yfdf @)%& c;f]hdf 8f]Nkfsf] ;bd'sfd b'g}df dfcf]jfbLn] eLif0f cfqmd0f
uof]. o; qmddf u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g eg] cff]k
dfq nufpg'ePg, s8f cfnf]rgf ;d]t ug'{eof], h;af6 pxfn] g} tTsfn fhLgfdf

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

lbg'kg]{ cj:yf cfof]. hf]zLn] h:tf] cfklQhgs, ;+j]bgzLn ljjfbf:kb

cff]k nufpg'ePsf] lyof], To;sf] nuQ} pxfsf] fhLgfdf cfpg'sf k5fl8 baf
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf lyPg eGg ldNb}g. hf]zLsf] fhLgfdfkl5 oxL
k|;\udf hf]l8Psfn] k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] klg kbaf6 fhLgfdf
ug{ afWo x'g'k]sf] lyof]. o;} a]nfb]lv k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf
klrfng ug{ rflxxg'ePsf] lyof], k|xL klrfng u] h:t} tlsfn]. fhbaf
zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] dfGotf s] lyof] eg] ;]gf klrfng ug{ ;j{k|yd fli6o
;'Iff klifb\sf] lg0f{o rflxG5. ;fy} fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ ;lqmo t'Nofpg'k5{
o;sf nflu ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf x'g'k5{. ;]gf klrfngsf nflu fhgLlts
;xdlt cfjZos k5{. ;]gf klrfng x'g] If]qdf ;\s6sfn nufpg'k5{. To;}
uL, ;]gf ;f]em} dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng geO{ cfly{s tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd
dfkm{t klrfng x'g'k5{. t k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf oLdWo] s'g} klg sfd ug{ tTk
x'g'x'GgYof]. o;L g} fhbaf l;+xbafaLr ljjfb a9\b} hfbf @)%* h]7
!( ut] csNkgLo fhbaf xTofsf08 x'g k'Uof]. d'n'sn] gof fhf kfof].
olt a]nf;Dddf dfcf]jfbLsf] k|efj a9] 0fgLlts ?kn] v]Nbfv]Nb} pm d'n'ssf]
s]Gb|Lo fhgLltdf lg0ff{os k|efj kfg'{sf ;fy} zf;g;Qf kN6fpg ;Sg] x}l;ot
agfpg]tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] b]lvGYof]. o;} sf0f dfcf]jfbLn] sf]Ofnf;u jftf{ ulb{g
eGbf pxfsf] dlGqklifb\sf lj4 sf\u|];L g]tfx? g} vlgg] of csf]{ sf]xL;u
jftf{ u5'{ eGbf g]tfx? To;s} kl5 bu'g{];Ddsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] lyof].
o;f] x]bf{ dfcf]jfbLsf sf0f d'n'ssf] zf;g ;Qf kljt{g x'g] cj:yf cfpg nfu]
h:tf] b]lvg yfln;s]sf] lyof].
sf]O/fnfsf] /fhLgfdf M xf]n]/L t lgx' dfq

g]kfnsf] fhgLlts Oltxf; n]Vg] vf]tNg] hf]sf]xLn] klg xf]n]L 36gf

sf] ;Gbe{ gsf]6\ofO{ ;'v} kfpb}g. To;}n] d}n] klg o;af] lj:t[t ?kdf
rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s 7fg]sf] 5'. To; a]nf ePsf fhgLlts rfnafhL cg]s
if8\oGqaf] yfxf kfPhlt ;'g];Dd d}n] oxf pNn]v ug}{kg]{ x'G5. lsgeg]
d dxffhflwfhsf] ;}lgs ;lrj x]sf a]nfsf] 36gf xf] xf]n]L sf08. fhf
1fg]Gb|af6 fHoff]x0f ulaS;]kl5 emG8} $) lbgkl5sf] 36gf. Tolt a]nf
k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'GYof] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{. pkk|wfgdGqL
tyf u[xdGqLsf] lhDd]jfL ;DxfNg'ePsf] lyof] fdrGb| kf}8]nn], clg k|wfg ;]gfklt
x'g'x'GYof] k|HjNnzdz] haf.
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] h'g sf0fx? b]vfP s[i0fk|;fb efO{nfO{ ;sfaf6
x6fpg'eof], tLdWo] s'g} klg sfd cfkm"n] ug{ ;Sg'ePg. pxf;u s'g} of]hgf

99

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lyPg of OR5fzlQm g} lyPg < k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf lj4 sf\u|]; kf6L{leq}af6

tLj| c;Gtf]if JoQm eOx]sf] lyof]. k|d'v ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]af6 t emg\
JoQm x'g] g} eof] 5f]6f] ;dod} pxfnfO{ x6fpg] cleofg g} ;' eO;s]sf] lyof].
o;df k"j{k|wfgdGqL efO{ klg ck|ToIftM ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof]. pxfn] efjL k':tfnfO{
g]t[Tj lbg'k5{ eg] sf]OfnfnfO{ bafj lbOxg'ePsf] eGg] lkf]6{ dnfO{ ljleGg
;'Iff lgsfoaf6 cfOx]sf] lyof]. o; ;Gbe{df efO{n] z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{
;dy{g ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. oxL a]nf dfcf]jfbL ultljlw klg tLj| ?kdf al9x]sf]
lyof]. b]zsf] ;'Iff l:ylt lbglbg} vfa x'b} lyof]. o;}aLr @)%* c;f @@ ut]
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7s a;]sf] lyof]. a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltaLr
tfnd]n ldn]g. k|wfgdGqL eGb} x'g'x'GYof], ;sfn] nfu" u]sf] cfGtls ;'Iff
tyf ljsf; cjwf0ffdf ;]gfnfO{ v6fpg] lg0f{o ul;lsPsf] 5. ToxL cfwfdf
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL ug'{k5{. t k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] egfO lyof],
;sfn] v6fPsf] s'g} klg :yfgdf ;]gf hfg t}gfyL x'g tof 5. t ;]gf
klrfng ug'{cl3 klxnf] s'f] cfd fhgLlts ;xdlt aGg'k5{, bf];|f]df ;\s6sfn
nufpg'k5{ t];|f] ;]gf klrfng ug{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\af6 lg0f{o eO{ dxffhflwfhaf6 cg'df]bg x''g'k5{. of] w]} klxn]b]lv
rNb} cfPsf] ljjfb lyof]. o; ljifodf jL]Gb| ;sfsf] kfnfdf klg 1fg]Gb|
;sf;u klg k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] cgfjZos u'gf;f] ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;+ljwfgdf
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] l;kmfl;df >L % dxffhflwfhaf6 ;]gf klrfng x'g]5
eg] :ki6 Joj:yf lyof]. t ghfg] s] sf0fn] xf], pxf ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u]
cg'?k ;'Iff klifb\af6 ;]gf klrfngsf] lg0f{o ufpg rflxxg'ePsf] lyPg.
To;sf afjh'b s}of} k6s fhfn] ;]gf klrfng ug{ lbPgg\ eg] cleJolQm
lbg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfsf] a'lemg;Sg'sf] kf6f] eg]sf] oxL lyof]. pkk|wfgdGqL tyf
u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]n nufot s]xL dGqLn] klg o:t} cleJolQm lbOx]sf lyP.
s]xL dlxgfcl3 a;]sf] ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7sn] lg0f{o u] cg';f ;sfn]
dfcf]jfbLaf6 cToGt} k|efljt lhNnfdf cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; cjwf0ff nfu"
u]sf] lyof]. pQm lg0f{o;u} tL lhNnfdf ljsf; k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] qmddf
;]gfnfO{ ;'Iffsf] lhDd]jfL lbg] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof]. t Tof] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
ck];g u cyf{t\ sfafxL u eg] ;]gfnfO{ lbOPsf] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
cfb]z, lgb]{zg jf lg0f{o lyPg. @)%* c;f @% ut] klg k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no,
l;+xbafdf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7s a:of]. To; a}7sdf klg klxn]s} s'f
bf]xf]lPsf] lyof]. a ;]gfn] a}7sdf yk s] s'f fv]sf] lyof] eg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
cft\ssfL of ljb|f]xL s] eGg], ;sf :ki6 x'g'k5{, gLltut lg0f{o uL
sfg'g agfpg'k5{. dfcf]jfbLsf ;a} ultljlwnfO{ cft\ssfL sfo{ dfGg'kg]{
dfcf]jfbLsf ;a} e|ft[ ;\u7gnfO{ g]kfn clwfHoe s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ultljlw

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

ug{ k|ltaGw nufpg'kg]{ k|:tfj klg zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] lyof]. To; a]nf;Dd
klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;sf cndNn klx]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL
ljb|f]xL xf] ls cft\ssfL eGg]af] fHo :ki6 x'g ;f]xL cg';f 3f]if0ff ug{
cfjZos lyof]. t ;sfn] Tolt klg ug{ ;lsx]sf] lyPg. dfcf]jfbLdfly
k|ltaGw nufP lglZrt If]q tf]lslbPdf ck];gsf nflu klrfng x'g ;]gf tof
lyof]. o;sf lglDt nlhl:6s ;kf]6{ s]xL ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug{ eg] ;]gfn] dfu
u]sf] lyof].
@)%* c;f @^ ut] laxfg} k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{sf
g]tfx? ;"o{axfb' yfkf, kz'kltzdz] haf, 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL, hf]ud]x >]i7,
afnffd 3tL{du, jLGb|gfy zdf{nfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf e]6\g'eof].
ToxL ;fem pxfn] g]skf -dfn]_ sf dxf;lrj jfdb]j uf}td sf\u|];sf g]tf
uf]ljGbfh hf]zLnfO{ klg a]Unfa]Un} e]6\g'eof]. tL ;a} a}7sdf k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm"
kf6L{leqsf] u'6aGbLsf sf0f ;\s6df kb}{ uPsf] fhLgfdf lbg] dgl:yltdf
x]sf] eg] 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] ;"rgf d}n] ljleGg ;+oGqaf6 kfPsf] lyP. k|wfgdGqL
kf6L{sf] cfGtls ljjfbsf sf0f tgfjdf x'g'x'G5 eg] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu,
;}lgs u'Ktr ljefu c? ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 ;d]t s'f cfOx]sf] lyof]. kf6L{leq
pxfnfO{ x6fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf v]n eOx]sf lyP. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ zflGt;'Iff sfod ufpg k|efjsfL e"ldsf lgjf{x gu]sf sf0f baf
klg sf]Ofnf;u Tolt ;Gt'i6 lyPg. oBlk, fhbaf xTofsf08 x'bf 7"nf]
pynk'yn x'gaf6 hf]ufpg k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf] e"ldsf ;sffTds Hofb}
;xof]uL lyof].
fhgLlts ?kn] k|wfgdGqL ;\s6df kb}{ uOx]sf a]nf @)%* c;f @*
ut] f]Nkfsf] xf]n]L k|xL rf}sLaf6 && k|xL ckxlt eP. k|xLsf w]} xltof
dfcf]jfbLn] n'6]. >L % sf] ;sfn] ckxlt k|xLnfO{ d'Qm ug{ ;]gf klrfng
ug{] eGof]. zfxL h\uL c8\8fn] tTsfn} ]sL l6d k7fof]. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf;u o; ljifodf ;Nnfx klg ug'{eof]. To;
a]nf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] lg0f{olagf g} ;]gf klrfng ug{ k|wfg ;]gfklt
k|wfgdGqLsf] k|:tfjdf x'G5 eg] cfpg'eP5. dfcf]jfbLaf6 ckxlt k|xL d'Qm
kfg{ ;]gf klrfng ug]{af] ;'Iff klifb\df df}lvs ;xdlt eP klg dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 ck];gsf nflu ;]gf klrfng ug{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\n] s'g} lnlvt
lg0f{o u]sf] lyPg. xf]n]Ldf ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ck];gdf eGbf klg ckxlt
k|xL d'Qm ug{ klrfng ePsf] lyof]. To;sf lglDt sf7df8f}sf] e}jgfy u0faf6
;d]t sdfG8f] klrfng ulof]. zfxL h\uL c8\8fn] $ gDa jflxgL, ;'v]{tnfO{
36gf:yndf ;]gf klrfng ug{ cfb]z lbof]. Toxfsf jflxgLklt ;xfos yL
jh| u'nfO{ ck];g ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug"{ eg] cfb]z uPsf] lyof]. t

101

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pxfn] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] cfb]z tTsfn sfof{Gjog guL l9nfO ullbg'eof].
kmn:j?k xf]n]Ldf ;]gfn] ;dodf s'g} ck];g ug{ ;s]g.
xf]n]Ldf ckxlt k|xLsf] p4f ug{ ;]gf klrfng gePsf] u'gf;f] ub}{
pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] c;f @( ut] fhLgfdf lbg'eof].
;f]xL lbg lbp;f] sf7df8f} bfaf6 ;}lgs af]s] uPsf] x]lnsK6 ;Nofgsf]
u}Lufpaf6 g'jfufptkm{ p8\g nfu]sf] lyof]. To;} a]nf dfcf]jfbLn] xfg]sf] uf]nL
nfu]kl5 x]lnsK6 bf Aof]sdf cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f uof]. o; qmddf kfOn6
ljgfosaxfb' l;+xsf] lt3|fdf, pk;]gfgL b|axfb' kf}8]nsf] xftdf l;kfxL
gaxfb' vqLsf] k]6df uf]nL nfu]sf] lyof]. of] ;]gfdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] klxnf]
cfqmd0f lyof]. dfcf]jfbLsf] ;d"x f]Nkfaf6 ;Nofgsf] g'jfufptkm{ hfb} 5 eGg]
;"rgf cfPsfn] ckxlt k|xL ToxL x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg u] ;]gfnfO{ g'jfufptkm{
k7fpg nfluPsf] lyof]. o;} qmddf x]lnsK6af6 ;]gfsf] Pp6f Knf6'g g'jfufpdf
k'ofOof] PDa'; yfk] a:g elgof]. yk b'O{ Knf6'gnfO{ Toxf k'ofpg] k|of; vfa
df};dsf sf0f ;Dej eOx]sf] lyPg. vfa df};dsf afjh'b b'O{ Knf6'g kmf}hnfO{
g'jfufp k'ofpg p8]sf cGo b'O{ x]lnsK6nfO{ klg ;Nofg k'u]kl5 uf]nL nfUof].
o;L sf7df8f}af6 ljz]if kmf}h lnP uPsf] eLeLcfO{kL k\mnfO6sf] x]lnsK6 ;lxt
tLg j6} x]lnsK6 bf Aof]sdf u|fpG8]8 eP. o;af6 g'jfufpdf v;flnPsf]
Ps Knf6'g kmf}h dfcf]jfbLsf] 3]fdf kg{] cj:yf eof]. To;sf nflu yk dbt 6f]nL
tTsfn Toxf k'ofpg ;lsg] s'g} pkfo ePg. ca dfcf]jfbL;usf] ck];geGbf
klg Tof] Ps Knf6'g kmf}hnfO{ s;L arfpg] eGg]lt zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] Wofg
s]lGb|t x'g' :jfefljs lyof]. o;sf nflu ;Nofgsf] sk'sf]6af6 ;]gf k}bn}
g'jfufp k7fOof]. ;]gf 8]9 lbg nufP dfcf]jfbLsf] 3]fpdf k]sf ;}lgssf]
p4fsf nflu g'jfufp k'Uof]. p4fsf qmddf Toxf s]xL ;do kmfo klg eof].
t s'g} clk|o 36gf eg] x'g kfPg. o;L ckxlt k|xLsf] p4fsf nflu g'jfufp
k'u] dfcf]jfbLsf] 3]fdf k]sf ;}lgsx?nfO{ p4f ulP klg k|xLx?sf] kQf] nfUg
jf ltgnfO{ d'Qm ufpg eg] To; a]nf ;kmntf k|fKt ePg. ckxlt k|xLx? w]}
kl5 ljleGg :yfgaf6 dfcf]jfbLn] d'Qm u]kl5 kmls{Psf lyP.
o;}aLr @)%* c;f #) df k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf cffdsf nflu ljf6gu
hfg'eof]. Ps ft Toxf a;] ef]ln kN6} sf7df8f} kms{g'eof]. haha sf]Ofnf
;\s6df km:g'x'GYof] s'g} gof lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'GYof], Tof] a]nf pxf ljf6gu hfg]
ug'{x'GYof]. pxf ljf6gu hfg'sf] leqL x:o s;};u uf]Ko, dxjk"0f{ e]63f6 of
;;Nnfxsf ug'{ x'g ;S5 eGg] ljifo slxn]sfxL d]f] hfgsfLdf cfpg] ub{Yof].
t To;sf] jf:tljstf kQf nufpg d cu|; eOg. Tof] ;w} x:od} x\of].
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] ;fpg ! ut] k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{;u e]6 ug'{eof].
dnfO{ k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f ;f] cj;df efO{n] sf]OfnfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

k'ofO{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 lg0f{o u] ;]gf klrfng u]sf] eP fd|f] x'GYof]
eGg] ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] lyof]. ;fy} o:tf] a]nf kf6L{df Pstf x'g'kg]{df ljefhg
Pscsf{sf] ljf]w x'g' gfd|f] s'f xf] eGg'eP5. sf]Ofnfn] klg efO{;u u'gf;f]
ub}{ kf6L{sf ;a} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{af6 dnfO{ ;xof]u k|fKt ePg, tkfO{+ dnfO{
;xof]u ug'{;\, olb ;xof]u ug'{x'Gg eg] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj v]Kg'eGbf d fhLgfdf
lbG5' eGg'eP5. sf]Ofnfsf] s'f ;'g]kl5 efO{n] eGg'eP5, ca xfdL b'j} hgf
kf6L{ ;sfsf] ;Nnfxsf eP a;f}. o'jf k':tfnO{ cl3 a9fcf}. o;f] geP d
cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj f]Sg ;lSbg. o;aLr z]axfb' b]pjf sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bndf
k|wfgdGqLsf lj4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg clGtd tofL ub}{ x'g'x'GYof]. o;L
kf6L{leq} cfk"m cNkdtdf k] k|wfgdGqL kb u'dfpg'kg]{ cjZoDefjL ePsf] b]v]kl5
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;fpg $ ut] ckfx\g $ ah] k|wfgdGqLaf6 fhLgfdf
lbg'eof]. xf]n]L sf08af] g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf 7"nf] rrf{ eP klg Tof] :t/sf] 36gf
xf]Og. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] xf]n]L sf08df ;]gf of fhbafsf] c;xof]usf
sf0faf6 fhLgfdf lbg'ePsf] klg xf]Og. pxfsf] fhLgfdfsf nflu xf]n]L t aflx
b]vfpg] Pp6f axfgf dfq lyof]. olt ;fgf] ljifonfO{ cfwf agfP k|wfgdGqLaf6
fhLgfdf ug'{sf] cf}lrTo klg lyPg. of]eGbf 7"nf] ljifo t fhbaf xTofsf08 g}
lyof]. bfloTjsf] lrGtfn] lkf]Ng] eP To; a]nf pxfn] fhLgfdf ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof].
lsgls pxf k|wfgdGqL dfq geP fhbaf ;DaGwL dGqL ;d]t x'g'x'GYof]. a
xf]n]Lkl5 fhLgfdf lbP pxfn] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] Pp6f
dxjk"0f{ cj; u'dfpg'eof].
PsfPs k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf] fhLgfdf cfPkl5 fhgLltn] sf]N6] km]of].
d'n'sdf cg]s lsl;dsf v]n ;' eP. zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf k|fKt x'g] ljleGg
;"rgf cg';f sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{ efjL k|wfgdGqLsf
nflu cl3 ;fb}{ x'g'x'GYof]. ;fy} pxfn] ;'zLn sf]OfnfnfO{ klg cufl8 ;fg'{ePsf]
lyof]. af:tf]nfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfnfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL agfpg] uL
ljleGg zlQms]Gb|af6 v]n eOx]sf lyP. sf]Ofnfn] k|wfgdGqLaf6 fhLgfdf
u]sf] ef]ln kN6 sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s a:of]. a}7sn] sf\u|]; ;+;bLo
bnsf] g]tf r'Gg jf;' l;fn, s]aL u' nId0fk|;fb l3ld] x]sf] lgjf{rg
;ldlt agfof]. lulhfafa'sf] nfOg ;'zLnnfO{ ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfdf cl3
;fg]{ ;'zLn geP dfq af:tf]nfnfO{ pDd]bjf agfpg] lyof]. t ;'zLnsf]
pDd]bjfLdf v'daxfb'sf] k"} ljf]w lyof]. Tolt a]nf Pdfn]sf] wf0ff ;'zLn
sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL ag]df d'n'ssf] cj:yf lulhfsf] kfnfdf eGbf klg vQd
x'G5, ;'zLnn] k|ltkIf;u klg dfcf]jfbL;u klg l8n ug{ ;Sb}gg\, To;f] eP
z]axfb' b]pjf g} k|wfgdGqLdf pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] x]sf] a'lemPsf] lyof]. bafsf]
ljZn]if0f klg c?eGbf z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]

103

104

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lyof]. b]pjfsf] ;DaGw dxffhflwfh;u klZrdf fi6x?;u klg fd|f] lyof].

b]pjfnfO{ eftn] ;dy{g gu] klg ljf]w ub}{g, c?sf] t'ngfdf pxf fi6sf
nflu c8fg lng ;Sg'x'G5, ;fy} ;]gf;u klg pxfsf] ;DaGw ;'dw' xg ;S5
eGg] lx;fan] ;d]t bafn] b]pjfnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] lyof]. ToxL
cg';f b]pjfnfO{ sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tf agfpg bafaf6 ljleGg kxn
ePsf] lyof]. b/af/ lgs6 sf\u|];sf ;f+;bx?nfO{ b]pjfnfO{ ;dy{g u] fd|f]
x'G5 eg] k|:6;u nfOg lbOPsf] lyof]. r'gfjsf] Ps lbgcl3 dfq} dnfO{ kmf]g
u] b]pjfn] h;f{a, tkfO{+sf s'g} ;fyL sf\u|];df ;f+;b 5g\ eg] dnfO{ dbt
ug{ elglbg'xf];\ eGg'ePsf] lyof]. To; cg';f d}n] ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'g;u
s'f u]. klxn] sf]Ofnfsf kIfdf x]sf k'g d;usf] s'fsfgLkl5 b]pjfnfO{
;dy{g ug{ tof x'g'eof]. o:t} bafaf6 c?n] klg ljleGg ;f+;b;u s'f
u]sf] x'g'k5{. sf\u|];sf sltko ;f+;bnfO{ @)%^ ;fnsf] r'gfjdf ;]gfn] g}
;xof]u u] lhtfPsf] lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt of c? h;f{ax?n] b]pjfsf nflu
pgLx?;u klg s'f ug'{eof]. ;Dk"0f{ k|of;sf] kmn:j?k sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf]
r'gfjdf s'n !!# dtdWo] b]pjfn] &@ dt Nofpg'eof] eg] pxfsf k|ltGL ;'zLn
sf]Ofnfn] hDdf $) dt dfq k|fKt ug'{eof]. o;L b]pjf bf];|f] k6s d'n'ssf]
k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. bafsf] ;xof]u ;dy{g eP klg bafs} dfq sf0fn]
pxf k|wfgdGqL aGg'ePsf] rflx xf]Og, kf6L{sf] cfGtls snxn] g} d"ntM pxfnfO{
;sfsf] g]t[Tjdf k'ofPsf] xf].
dWo/ftdf k|ltlglw;ef lj#^g

@)$^ ;fndf ax'bnLo Joj:yf cfPkl5 ag]sf s'g} klg ;sf l:y
k"0f{sfnLg x'g ;s]gg\. s'g} klg kf6L{n] k"f cjlw ;sf rnfpg ;s]gg\.
;sfx?n] g ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;s] g e|i6frf lgoGq0f ug{ g}. b]zdf cg]s
lsl;dsf hfnem]n if8\oGqsf] fhgLlt xfjL x'g k'Uof]. kmn:j?k fhgLlt
ckfwLs0ftkm{ klg pGd'v x'g k'Uof]. ;sf 9fNg] gof ;dLs0f lgdf{0f
ug]{ v]ndf d'n's h]lng yfNof]. @)%^ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgaf6 ax'dtk|fKt g]kfnL
sf\u|];leq tLj| u'6aGbL rs]{sf] lyof]. kmn:j?k sf\u|];sf] Pp6f ;sf
u7g eP sfd ;' ug{ kfPsf] 5}g, csf]{ ;sf u7gsf] fhgLlt v]n ;' x'g]
ub{Yof]. h;L k|wfgdGqL efO{nfO{ x6fOof] To;} uL k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{
klg. k|wfgdGqL ag]sf] lbgb]lv g} b]pjfnfO{ klg x6fpg] v]n ;' eOxfNof].
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]kl5 dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf]
kxn ug'{eof]. jftf{ l6d agfpg'eof]. dfcf]jfbL jftf{sf nflu cfP klg. t
pgLx? jftf{sf nflu uDeL 5}gg\ eGg] ljleGg lgsfoaf6 va cfOx]sf] lyof].

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

jf:tjdf Tolt a]nf dfcf]jfbL Odfgbf ?kdf k|:t't ePsf klg lyPgg\. dnfO{
s] ;"rgf cfOx]sf] x'GYof] eg] dfcf]jfbL jftf{nfO{ 0fgLlts cf}hfsf ?kdf k|of]u
ulx]sf 5g\. jftf{df k"f ug{ g;lsg] dfu fVb} hfg]5g\. o; qmddf pgLx?
;+;bLo bnleq ljefhg Nofpg rfxG5g\. fhf fhgLlts bnsf aLrdf ;d]t
kmf6f] Nofpg rfxG5g\. cflv eof] klg To:t}. dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{nfO{ vf;} dxj
lbPsf lyPgg\. pgLx?n] pQm ;dodf fhgLlts g]tfx?, a'l4hLjL gfuls
;dfhsf JolQmx?;u kfdz{ uL ;a}sf] dfgl;stf a'e\mg] 0fgLlt dfq lnPsf]
b]lvof]. dfcf]jfbLn] uf]bfjL, alb{of x'b} k'gM uf]bfjLdf jftf{sf] gf6s u]
;sfnfO{ cndNofOx]. jftf{ e\u u]sf] s]xL lbgd} bfl:yt Aof]ssf ;fy}
lhNnf ;bd'sfd 3f]fxLl:yt k|xL k|zf;g sfof{nodf klg eLif0f cfqmd0f u].
o;kl5 d'n'sdf ;\s6sfn nfUof] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng eof].
b]zsf ljleGg efudf sfafxL ;' eof]. dfcf]jfbL ;]gf b'j}tkm{ w]} Iflt eof].
;]gfn] cfsng u]sf] eGbf dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] zlQm w]} a9fO;s]sf] b]lvof].
o;}aLr sf\u|]; kf6L{leq k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ x6fpg] tofL eOx]sf] lyof].
klxnf] ;\s6sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 b]pjfn] k'gM ;\s6sfn nufpg vf]Hg'eof],
t pxfsf] k|:tfj ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg x'g ;s]g. kmn:j?k dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
sfafxL ug{ s]xL hl6ntf cfof]. k|wfgdGqLn] hlt hgfnfO{ dGqL agfP klg
;a}nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ;Sg'ePsf] lyPg. Pdfn]n] klg b]pjfsf] tLj| ljf]w ulx]sf]
lyof]. kf6L{leq ;+;b\df ;d]t k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf lj4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj
cfpb} 5 eGg] ljleGg u'Ktr lkf]6{ cfOx]sf lyP. ltg} lkf]6{nfO{ cfwf agfP
dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf ca s;L cufl8 a9\g] eg] 5nkmn ePsf]
x'g ;S5. To; qmddf dxffhflwfhaf6 k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{
;'emfj lbOaS;]sf] x'g ;S5. k|wfgdGqLnfO{ tkfO{+ r'gfj 3f]if0ff ug'{;\, baf
;]gfn] ;xof]u ug]{5 eGg] cfZjf;g klg lbOPsf] lyof]. k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
u]kl5 csf]{ r'gfj ufpg] a]nf;Dd b]pjf g} k|wfgdGqL xg'x'g] to ePsf] lyof].
;sfdf x] r'gfj ufpbf pxfsf] kIfdf ax'dt cfpg] klg ;Defjgf lyof].
cd]lsf, eft rLgsf fhb"tx?nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] cj;df ;sfaf6
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf d'n'ssf] fhgLlts cGof]n x6fpg zflGt;'Iff sfod
ufpg k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g ug'{ fd|f] x'G5 eGg] s'f ulaS;]sf]
dnfO{ ;sfn] g} ;'gfOaS;]sf] lyof]. To; a]nf fhb"tx?n] klg ;sfsf]
s'fdf ;dy{g g} hgfPsf lyP. To;af] fhb"tx?n] k|wfgdGqL;u ;d]t s'f
u]sf] x'g'k5{.
fhgLlts 36gfqmd o;L ljsl;t x'b} hfbf dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLaLr
@)%( h]7 * ut] flt fhbafdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g uL gof k|ltlglw;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf nflu sflQs @& ut]sf] ldlt tf]Sg ;xdlt eof]. To;kl5 k|wfgdGqL

105

106

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

b]pjfn] flt g} bafdf cfk\mgf] sfof{nosf] n]6 Kof8 :6\ofDk dufpg'eof].

n]6 Kof8 cfPkl5 ;lrj a}7sd} k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] k|wfgdGqLsf]
efsfdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g r'gfjsf] ldlt tf]lsPsf] l;kmfl; kqsf] Aoxf]f
n]vL 6fOk ufpg'eof]. dxffhflwfhnfO{ l;kmfl; ulPsf] pQm kqdf k|wfgdGqL
b]pjfn] ;sfs} ;fd'Gg] x:tfIf ug'{eof]. x:tfIf ePnuQ} dxffhflwfhaf6
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl; adf]lhd k|ltlglw;ef e\u ulaS;L dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf]
ldlt 3f]if0ff ulaS:of]. o;sf] k"j{;\s]t d}n] w]} klxn] g} kfO;s]sf] lyP.
lsgeg], d o;df ljz]if sfo{ 6f]nL agfP ;sfsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd sfd
ulx]sf] lyP. t fhbafsf cGo ;lrjnfO{ eg] o;af] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
x'g] lbg dfq hfgsfL lbOPsf] lyof]. k|ltlglw;ef lj36g dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf]
ldltaf] tTsfn ;dfrf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ lyof] h;sf nflu fli6o ;dfrf ;ldltnfO{
flt lgs} a];Dd :6\ofG8afO{ flvPsf] lyof]. dWoftdf ;a} sfd kmQ] ePkl5
;dfrf k|jfx ulPsf] lyof].
ck|Toflzt ?kdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ePkl5 k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{
sf\u|];n] ;fwf0f ;b:oaf6 x6fpg];Ddsf] sfafxL uof]. o;L pxf lagfbnsf]
x'g'eof]. ca pxfn] bn vf]Ng'kg]{ eof]. To;df klg ;sfn] d dbt unf eGg]
cfZjf;g lbOaS;]sf] lyof]. o;L sf\u|]; ljefhg x'g k'Uof]. sf\u|];sf] r'gfj
lrx\g ?vsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf d'2f kof]. pQm r'gfj lrx\g ;s] b]pjf
;efklt x]sf] sf\u|];nfO{ lbnfOlbg], g;s] s;}nfO{ glbP lk|mh ug{ lgjf{rg
cfof]unfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLaLr ;xdlt ePsf] x]5. t
kl5 k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] g]t[Tj u]sf] kf6L{n] ?v lrx\g kfPg, g t Tof] r'gfj
lrx\g lk|mh g} x'g ;Sof]. ToxL a]nf k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] s] eGg'ePsf] x]5 eg],
fhfn] dnfO{ r'gfj lrx\g ?v lbnfOlbG5' eGg] cfZjf;g lbP. sDtLdf ?v
lrx\g gkfP klg Tof] lk|mh ullbPsf] eP x'GYof]. fhfaf6 wf]sf kfOof]. cem}
slt wf]sf kfOg] xf]
c;f]h 18 sf] zfxL sbd

;dosf] k|jfx;u} d'n's @)%( c;f]h !* ut];Dd cfOk'Ubf ;+j}wflgs

;\s6df km:g k'Uof]. To;eGbf cl3b]lv g} fhgLlts cGof]n, lbzfxLgtf
cfhstfn] ubf{ c;f]h !* sf] k[i7e"ld aGb} uOx]sf] lyof]. o;df s'g} lljwf
5}g g s;}sf] b'O{dt xG5 xf]nf. @)%* h]7 @@ ut] fHoff]x0f ulaS;]kl5
;sf Ps jif{ lgd{n lgjf;d} fh eof]. df};'kmaf6 ToxL ljleGg fhgLlts
g]tfx?, a'l4hLjLx?, kqsfx?, ljb]zL s"6gLlt1x? nufot c;\Vo pRr
JolQmx?;u hl6n aGb} uPsf] d'n'ssf] fhgLlt tyf ;'Iff nufot ljljw ljifodf

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

kfdz{ ulaS:of]. o; qmddf hf]h;n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfP, tL s;}n]

klg d'n'ssf] tTsfnLg fhgLlts cj:yfk|lt ;sffTds l6Kk0fL u]gg\. ;a}n]
fhgLlt lbzfxLg, cGof]nu|:t aGb} uPsf] dfcf]jfbL xTof, lx+;f cft\ssf
sf0f hgtf cfqmfGt b]z eljioxLg ag]sf] h:tf l6Kk0fL ub{y]. fhgLlts
g]tfx?sf] s'f rflx b'O{lha|] x'GYof]. pgLx? bz{ge]6df ;sf;u s] s'f ub{y]
aflx uP s] k|ltlqmof lbGy] eGg] ;Gbe{nfO{ dfq} ;d]6\g] xf] eg] klg Pp6f
5'} lstfa aGb5.
Psflt d'n'ssf] cj:yf lbgk|ltlbg lau|b} uPsf] lyof] eg] csf{lt
dxffhflwfhdf s]xL g s]xL ug]{ dxjfsf\Iff a9\b} uPsf] d}n] glhsaf6 dx;';
ulx]sf] lyP. fhf ePsf] ;'sf lbgdf cjZo klg ;sfdf cfTdljZjf;sf]
sdL lyof]. x'g t ;sf d'n'saf] klxn]b]lv g} kof{Kt hfgsf xf]OaS;GYof].
t dxffhflwfhsf ?kdf w]} s'f a'e\mg' klg lyof]. la:tf} ;sfnfO{ d'n'ssf]
w]} ljifodf 1fg k|fKt eof]. fHo s;L rlnx]sf] 5 kf6L{x?sf] jf:tljs
cj:yf s] 5 eg] gf8L 5fDg] cj; kfOaS:of]. gof fhfdf cfTdljZjf; a9\b}
uof]. fHoff]x0fsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 ljleGg ;~rf dfWoddf ;sfsf cGtjf{tf{x?
klg cfpg yfn]. ;sfaf6 afDaf x''s'd x'g yfNof], d bfO h:tf] g]kfnsf]
cj:yfnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]] a:g ;lSbg. d sG:6lS6e lssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5'{.
o:tf egfOaf6 klg df};'kmsf] dgl:ylt leqL OR5f k|s6 x'b} cfPsf] xf].
b]zsf] cj:yf Hofb} lau|] hfbf klg fhf jL]Gb|af6 s'g} k|efjsfL e"ldsf
lgjf{x ulaS;]g eg] bafdf Pp6f u|'kn] ;w} eGb} cfPsf] lyof]. To;sf] k|efj
fhf 1fg]Gb|df klxn]b]lv g} lyof]. df};'kmaf6 fHoff]x0f ulaS;]sf] s]xL ;dokl5
b]lv g} pQm ;d"xn] ca klg fhfn] lsg s]xL gug]{ < eg] bafj lbOx]sf] lyof].
o:tf bafj tTsfnLg kll:yltsf] k[i7e"lddf d}n] d'n'sdf k|efjsfL alnof]
g]t[Tj lbg'k5{ eGg] lx;fan] ;sfdf ;f]r ljsf; x'b} uPsf] d ;xh} a'lemx]sf]
lyP. t ;sfnfO{ d]f] ;'emfj lyof], ;sf, cjZo klg d'n'ssf] cj:yf
lbgk|ltlbg lau|b} uOx]sf] 5. clg fh;+:yfsf] l:ylt klg fd|f] x'g ;lsx]sf]
5}g. o:tf] a]nf;sfaf6 cfk\mgf x]s sfd, st{Jo clwsf ;+j}wflgs ;Ldfdf
a;] k|of]u ulaS;g'k5{. t d ;sfsf] ;}lgs ;lrj dfq lyP. To;f]
ePsfn] d]f ;'emfj ;sfaf6 dfGg'kg]{ afWotf lyPg. d}n] eg] fhfn] x's'd aS;]
adf]lhdsf ;a} sfdx? ;f; OdfgbfLk"j{s ug}{kg]{ x'GYof].
d}n] h] ;'emfj lbP klg ;sfdf ;+ljwfgn] lbPeGbf klg Hofbf clwsf
k|of]u ug]{ rfxgf OR5fzlQm ljsf; x'b} uPsf] lyof]. t o;} ug]{ eGg] s'g}
of]hgf ag]sf] lyPg. fhbafdf dxffhflwfhsf] Psbd} glhssf] eg]sf xfdL
s]xL ;lrj dfq lyof}. xfdL afx]s fhfsf] s'g} uf]Ko ;Nnfxsf l6d ePsf] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g. t zbrGb| zfx, k|efszdz] haf, k|e'zdz] haf, jL]Gb|axfb'

107

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zfx -nj fhf_, ;lRrtzdz] haf, ets]z l;+x nufotsf s]xL JolQm k'fgf
efbfsf lx;fan] ;sfsf] lgoldt ;Dks{df lyP. Tof] g} fhfsf] ;a}eGbf
efO6n glhssf] l6d lyof] ls eGg] klg nfU5. o;} qmddf ;sfaf6 c;f]h
!* sf] s]xL dlxgfcufl8 g} s]xL lglZrt sfdsf nflu dnfO{ uf]Ko l6d agfpg
x's'd aS;]sf] lyof]. To;} cg';f d}n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL OdfgbfLk"j{s ;Dxfn].
c;f]h !* ut]sf lbg ;sfaf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sbd rfNg' pko'Qm x'G5
eGg] Hof]ltifLx?sf] fo cfPsf] lyof]. Hof]ltifLx?n] u|x, gIfq ;a} x]] flt !)
ah]kl5 zfxL 3f]if0ff ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP. cem dl;gf] uL
x]bf{ !) ah] $% ldg]6sf] ;fOt lgl:sof]. To;kl5 To;} lbg lbp;f] ;f9] !! ah]
;sfaf6 ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. df};'kmaf6 pxfx?nfO{
ljleGg ljifodf lgb]{zg aS;]sf] lyof]. cGo tofL k"f ePkl5 xfdL rf ;lrj
k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g, k|d'v lghL ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb kf]v]n, ;+jfb ;lrj
df]xgaxfb' kf08] d}n] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] d:of}bf tof kfof} ;sfdf ;fd"lxs
hfx]Lsf nflu uof}. d:of}bfdf x]sf k|To]s zAbsf] n]vfhf]vf eof] kldfh{g
klg. To; a]nf k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ s] cff]k nufpg] eGg]af] zAb vf]Hg lgs}
s;t ug'{kof]. d'VotM pxfn] cfkm}n] r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff u] cfkm}n] r'gfj
ufpg ;lSbg egL r'gfjsf] ldlt Ps jif{ kl5 ;fg'{ePsf] lyof]. cff]k To;}
ljifodf nufpg] lgwf] eof]. To;sf nflu zAb vf]Hg] l;nl;nfdf ;lrjx?n] w]}
zAb lgsfNg'eof]. t s;}n] lgsfn]sf] zAb :jLsfo{ x'g ;s]g. cGTodf d}n] g}
r'gfj ufpg c;Ifd zAbfjnL k|of]u ubf{ 7Ls x'G5 ls eg]. s;}n] of] zAbsf]
ljf]w ug'{eof] eg] s;}n] ;dy{g. t ;sfaf6 oxL zAb fVbf 7Ls x'G5
x's'd eof]. o;L c;Ifd zAb fvL zfxL 3f]if0ff tof eof]. flt !)M$% sf]
;fOtdf ;sfaf6 zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ kbd'Qm uL dlGqklifb\
;d]t lj36g ulaS:of]. csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu sfo{sfL clwsf df};'km
:jo+n] u|x0f ulaS:of]. ;fy} sflQs @& ut]sf] r'gfj :ylut ulaS:of]. zfxL
3f]if0ffdf df};'kmaf6 kfr lbgleq gof dlGqklifb\ u7g ug{, ;sfsf] g]t[Tjsf
nflu cfdlgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf gx'g] tyf :jR5 5lj ePsf JolQmsf] gfd l;kmfl;
ug{ ;Dk"0f{ fhgLlts bn;u cfu|x ulaS;]sf] lyof].
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gkl5 k'gM:yfkgfsf] dfu ub}{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f kof].
t ;jf]{Rrn] k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ u]sf] lg0f{o ;xL 5 eg] km};nf
lbof]. To;kl5 rflx r'gfj x'g] kSsf h:t} eof]. o;} a]nfb]lv k|ltlglw;ef s'g}
klg xfntdf k'gM:yflkt x'g'k5{ eg] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn]
;jf]{Rrsf] km};nfeGbf kms b[li6sf]0f fVb} cfpg'ePsf] xf]. b]zdf dfcf]jfbL
;d:of ;'Iff lgoGq0feGbf aflx uOx]sf] lyof]. of] l:yltdf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g
eg] ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] elgx]sf lyP. lgjf{rg cfof]un]

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

k6sk6s ;j{bnLo a}7s ulx]sf] lyof]. zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5 b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf
o;sf] ;dy{g ub}{ sxL ljf]wdf klg ofnL lg:s]. t c;f]h !* sf] ljf]wdf
xfdLn] cg'dfg u]hlt fhgLlts k|ltlqmof cfPg. fhgLlts kf6L{x? cfcfk\mgf]
0fgLlt agfpg Jo:t eP. t pgLx? cfcfkm}df xfP. Ps lsl;dsf] 8,
qf; klg lyof] bnx?df. ;'Iff k|d'vx?n] cfcfk\mgf] dftxtsf ;a} lgsfo dfkm{t
b]zesf] ;'Iffl:yltsf] k|ToIf lgufgL ulx]sf lyP. sxLst} klg ;'Iffdf
tTsfn} s'g} klg lsl;dsf] vtf cfpg] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5}g eGg] pgLx?sf] lkf]6{
lyof]. c;f]h !* sf] ef]ln kN6 zlgaf eP klg ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf jli7
;'Iff clws[tn] c? lbgs} h:tf] cfk\mgf] 8\o'6L ;Dxfn]. b]zsf] ;'Iff Joj:yfsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ lbp;f] # ah] zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?sf]
a}7s a:of]. d}n] ;'Iff k|aGw fd|f];u ug]{ eg] lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyP. ljz]if uL
sf7df8f} pkTosfsf]. ToxL cg';f a}7sn] lj:t[t of]hgf agfP ;'Iff k|aGw
ug]{ lg0f{o uof].
;sfaf6 tf]lsaS;]sf] cjlwdf s'g} klg fhgLlts bnn] k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd
l;kmfl; ug{ ;s]gg\ jf rfx]gg\. o;aLr ;sfaf6 ;d]t ljleGg fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx?nfO{ e]l6aS:of] ;'emfj lnOaS:of]. t g]tfx? k|wfgdGqLsf] gfddf
;xdt x'g ;s]gg\. ;a}h;f] g]tf cfk"m eP 7Ls, csf]{ eP a]7Ls elgx]sf lyP.
o:tf] cj:yf w]} lbg;Dd fVg' x'b}g eGg] xfdL bafsf ;lrjx?sf] wf0ff
lyof]. xfdLn] lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efsf axfnjfnf ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6nfO{
k|wfgdGqL agfpbf ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'G5 eg] hfx] uof}. axfnjfnf fgfef6n]
fhbaf xTofsf08sf] 5fglagsf qmddf klg lgikIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] xf]
pxfsf] 5lj klg fd|f] 5 eGg] xfd|f] ljZn]if0f lyof]. t ;sf o;df ;xdt
xf]OaS;]g. o;} qmddf o'jfhflwfhaf6 klg ;efd'v fgfef6sf] gfdk|lt c;xdlt
hgfpb} e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6sf] gfd k|:tfj ulaS:of]. o;df xfdL
;a} ;lrjx?sf] k"0f{tM c;xdlt x\of]. d'Vo fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? cfk"m
k|wfgdGqL x'g gkfpg] eP nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb 7Ls x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stfdf lyP.
cGttM ;sfaf6 fk|kf g]tf tyf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbs} cWoIftfdf
dlGqklifb\ u7g ulaS:of].
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ lbOPsf b'O{ d'Vo lhDd]jfLdWo] Pp6f
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug'{ lyof] eg] csf]{ 7"nf fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n
ufpg' lyof]. k|wfgdGqL rGbn] o;sf lglDt sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u s'f klg ug'{ePsf] xf]. t
b'j}n] cfk\mgf] bnnfO{ rGb ;sfdf ;fd]n ufpg] lr b]vfPgg\. @)%$ ;fndf
cfk"m;u ;Qf ;fem]bfL u]sf] Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n ufpg k|wfgdGqLn] lgs}
7"nf] s;t ug'{eof]. t pxfsf ;a} k|of; ljkmn eP. o;}aLr k|xL dxflgLIfs

109

110

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|bLkzdz] hafn] ;d]t Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg kxn ug'{ePsf]

x]5. ;fob k|wfgdGqL rGbn] g} pxfnfO{ Tof] lhDd]jfL lbg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn]
s] k|:tfj lnP cfpg'eof] eg] pkk|wfgdGqL ;lxt u[xdGqLsf] lhDd]jfL lbP Pdfn]
;sfdf ;fd]n x'g tof 5. pxfsf cg';f Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL pQm
kb kfP ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g tof x'g'x'GYof]. cfO{hLkL f0ffsf] 3 f}tx6df
klg ePsfn] ;DejtM dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ pxfn] o;af] hfgsfL
ufpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] NofPsf] k|:tfj d}n] h:tfsf] t:t} ;sfdf hfx]
u]. ;sfaf6 x''s'd eof], u[xdGqLdf wd{axfb' yfkf lgo'Qm eO;s]sfn] pgnfO{
x6fpbf fd|f] ;Gb]z hfb}g. To; sf0f Pdfn]nfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL ;lxt c? s'g}
dxjk"0f{ dGqfno lbg] uL s'f cufl8 a9fP x'G5. o;kl5 Pdfn]n] ;sfdf
;fd]n gx'g] lg0f{o uof]. o; k|;\udf bafsf] e"ldsf cklkSj lyof] eGg] d]f]
ljZn]if0f 5. bafn] Pp6f cj; u'dfPsf] lyof].
s'g} klg fhgLlts bn ;sfdf ;xefuL gx'g] cj:yf aGb} uPkl5 ;fdflhs
hLjgdf OHht k|lti7f ePsf :jtGq fhgLlts JolQmx?nfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n
ufpg] s'f eof]. To;} cg';f d}n] klg w]} JolQm;u s'f u]. sf7df8f}
dxfgukflnsfsf k"j{d]o s]zj :yflkt;u klg s'f eof]. pxfn] dGqL gx'g]
a sf7df8f} dxfgukflnsfsf] d]o x'g] OR5f JoQm ug'{eof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of
;dfwfg ;DaGwL pxfsf] k|:tfj klg f]rs nfUof]. pxfsf] of]hgf dfcf]jfbLdf
nfu]sf o'jfx?nfO{ cfddfkmL ;lxt C0f lbP ljb]zsf] f]hufLdf k7fpg] x]5.
o;aLr s]xL fhgLlts g]tfx? dGqL aGg kfpm egL lbgx'h;f] kmf]g ulx]sf
lyP. ;sfdf laGtLkq r9fOx]sf lyP. Pdfn]df sdn rf}nfufO{+ nufot s]xL
g]tf;u klg d]f] s'f eOx]sf] lyof]. k|efjzfnL dflgg] sf]xL t pkk|wfgdGqL of
fd|f] dGqfno kfpg] xf] eg] kf6L{ 5f]8] :jtGq x}l;otd} eP klg ;sfdf ;xefuL
x'G5' eGby]. dnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg'kof] eGg] Pdfn] g]tfx? klg lyP.
o;aLr d'n'ssf] G Psbd} al9x]sf] lyof]. ljleGg cGtf{li6o ;+:yfx?
xfdL g]kfnsf] G ;dfwfgdf e"ldsf lgjf{x u5f}{+ eg] cfOx]sf lyP. o;}
qmddf jfdkGyL g]tf kb\dTg t'nfwn] dnfO{ e]6\g vf]Hg'ePsf] 5 eg] d]f ;fyL
8f= b'dg yfkfn] eGg'eof]. d}n] dxffhflwfhsf] cg'dlt lnP @)%( d\l;
!( ut] laxfg pxfnfO{ xf]6n ;f\lu|nfdf e]6]. Toxf t'nfw, sfo{jfxs 8]lg;
fhb"t, 8]lg; fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t g]kfnL :6fkm zb efO{, 8f= b'dg d
lyof}. e]6df t'nfwsf] k|:tfj lyof], h]g]efdf a]; ePsf] ;]G6 km x\o'dlg6]log
8fOnu -Pr8L;L_ eGg] ;+:yfn] g]kfnsf] G Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|:tfj u]sf]
5. p;n] o;af] dfcf]jfbL;u klg s'f u]sf] 5. Tof] ;+:yfn] ;+;fsf ljleGg
b]zdf G Joj:yfkgdf sfd u5{. d}n] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u]sf] 5'. tkfO{+n]
dxffhflwfhdf of] s'f hfx] ullbg'kof].

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

d}n] eg], ;sfdf d tkfO{+sf s'f ;sfdf hfx] u5'{. t ;sfaf6 s]

x's'd x'G5, Tof] d clxn] eGg ;lSbg. a of] s'f cufl8 a9\g] eof] eg] tkfO{+
cfkm} ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ug'{xf];\ ;sfdf hfx] ug'{xf];\. pxfn] d]f] s'fdf
;xdlt hgfpg'eof].
kb\dTgsf] k|:tfj s] lyof] eg] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] jftf{ k|lqmofdf
h]hlt vr{ nfU5, To;sf] k|aGw 8]lg; fhb"tfjf;n] ug]{5. Psbd} uf]Ko ?kdf
Pp6f hxfh g]kfn NofOg]5 To;df r9fP ;sfL 6f]nL, dfcf]jfbL 6f]nL tyf
ko{j]Ifssf ?kdf dfgj clwsfjfbLx?nfO{ l:j6hNofG8 nlug]5. Toxf klxn]
ljleGg r0fdf cgf}krfls ?kdf jftf{ ulg]5. jftf{ lglZrt ;xdltdf k'Uof]
eg] dfq To;nfO{ cf}krflstf lbOg]5. jftf{ ;sffTds 9\un] cufl8 a9]g eg]
To;nfO{ ToxL :ylut ulg]5 dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfnfO{ klxn] h'g :yfgaf6 NofOPsf]
xf], ToxL nu] 5fl8g]5.
pxfsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|:tfj d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ oxL
ljifodf k|wfgdGqLn] klg eg]sf lyP, k|wfgdGqL;u s'f eOx]sfn] o; ljifodf
ltdL r'k a; x''s'd eof]. ;sfaf6 o:tf] x''s'd ePkl5 d}n] s]xL ulxg'k]g.
k|wfgdGqLn] of] k|:tfj cufl8 a9fP l:j6hNofG8 k7fpg dfG5] 5fGg] ;d]t
tofL ulxg'ePsf] x]5. dfcf]jfbL;u ;d]t of] ljifodf pxfsf] Ps r0f s'f
eO;s]sf] x]5. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug'{ pxfnfO{ lbOPsf] Pp6f d'Vo lhDd]jfL
5b} lyof]. o;sf nflu k|wfgdGqLdf axfnL x'gf;fy pxfn] ljleGg JolQmsf
dfWodaf6 k|ToIf of ck|ToIf kxn ;' ug'{ePsf] lyof]. k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 g} pxfn]
sflQs !% ut] dfcf]jfbL g]tf xlaf]n uh']n;u e]6\g'eP5. o;sf] ;Dks{;|f]t
JolQm uf]vfsf dfwjk|;fb dx7\7f x'g'x'bf] x]5. o;}aLr sflQs @$ ut] klg
k|wfgdGqL dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?aLr e]6 ePsf] a'lemof]. e]6df dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6
ljleGg k|:tfj cfP5g\. vf; uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfL zAbsf] k|of]u
gug]{, k"j{;sfn] u]sf] o; ;DaGwL lg0f{o lkmtf{ lng], jftf{sf nflu ;sf
dfcf]jfbL b'j}ltaf6 ;fj{hlgs cfx\jfg ug]{, ;Dk"0f{ dfcf]jfbL aGbLsf] l:ylt gfd
;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{, a]kQf kflPsf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{
tyf ;sf dfcf]jfbL b'j}ltaf6 xltof la;fpg] cyf{t\ o'4ljfd ug]{ pgLx?sf]
k|:tfj x]5. k|wfgdGqLn] of] s'f ;sfnfO{ hfx] ug'{ePsf] x]5. dnfO{ klg
o;af] hfgsfL cfPsf] x'gfn] d}n] klg ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 of]
ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] wf0ff s] x]5, a'em x's'd eof].
d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf;u s'f u]. pxfn] eGg'eof], jftf{sf
nflu cfx\jfg u] fd|f] x'G5. t jftf{cl3 g} dfcf]jfbLn] ;Dk"0f{ cft\ssfL
lqmofsnfk aGb ug'{k5{. fh;+:yfsf lj4 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cleJolQm
k|xf ug{ f]Sg'kb{5. >L % sf] ;sfn] ;bfzosf ;fy :jLsf ug{] s'g} klg

111

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|:tfjdf dfcf]jfbLsf] 0fgLlts rfn n's]sf] x'g ;S5, o;df Vofn k'ofpg'k5{.
aGbLsf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ubf{ b'j}ltaf6 x'g'k5{. clg ;'Iff kmf}hn] zflGt;'Iff
sfod ug{ cfk\mgf] lgoldt sfafxL hfL fVg kfpg'k5{. t Tof] dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4df nlIft x'g]5}g. ;'Iff lgsfosf nflu cfjZos ;}Go ;fdu|L Nofpgn}hfg
of Joj:yf ug{ f]lsg' x'b}g. dfcf]jfbLn] rGbf ;\sng, xltof cf];fk;f,
hg;ef hgsfafxLsf gfddf x'g] s'g} klg sfo{ aGb ug'{k5{. olb dfcf]jfbLn]
To:tf sfo{ u]df cfkflws sfg'g cGtu{t sfafxL ug{ ;sf tofL cj:yfdf
xg'k5{. o;f] eP dfq dfcf]jfbLsf] rfn s] xf], a'e\mg ;lsG5 dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{ ug{ klg ;lsG5.
zflGt :yfkgfsf] k|of;

@)%( d\l; # ut] lj:tflt dlGqklifb\df ljleGg ;fgf bnsf g]tf

:jtGq JolQmx? ;xefuL eP. gffo0fl;+x k'g, b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, 8f= pk]Gb|
b]jsf]6f, bLks 1jfnL, sdn rf}nfufO{+, uf]]axfb' vkf\uL nufotsf JolQmx?
dGqL aGg'eof]. dGqL k'g cWoIf x]sf] g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{sf pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof]
jL]Gb| emfkfnL. pxfsf] 8Lcf nfld5fg] eGg] Ps hgf ;fyL x'g'x'bf] x]5.
pxfx?sf] s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ;Dks{ x]5. pxfx?s} dfWodaf6 ltgLx?;u
dGqL k'gsf] ;fdfGo 5nkmn eP5. s]xL r0fsf] 5nkmnkl5 Ps lbg dGqL k'gn]
dnfO{ kmf]g ug'{eof], h;f{a, s]xL h?L s'f ug'{ 5. rf8} e]6\g kfP x'GYof].
d sfof{noaf6 3 kms{g nfu]sf] lyP. d 3 hfb} 5', tkfO{+ Ps} l5gkl5
3df cfpg ;Sg'x'G5 eg]. d]f] 3df cfP pxfn] ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{sf]
k|:tfj ug'{eof]. d}n] eg], k|wfgdGqL klg oxL s'fdf nfluxg'ePsf] 5. clxn] d
PSn}n] tkfO{+nfO{ o;f] ug'{;\ eGg ;lSbg. Ps k6s ;sfdf hfx] u5'{. dnfO{
pxfsf] k|:tfj 7Ls} nfu]sf] lyof]. ;f]r], dGqL k'g ;]gfsf] k[i7e"ldsf] ePsfn] w]}
s'f ldnfpg uf]Kotf sfod fVg klg ;lhnf] x'G5. dfcf]jfbLn] klg fhfaf6
lgo'Qm dGqL ePsfn] pxf;u s'f ldNnf eg] jftf{sf] k|:tfj fv]sf] x'g'k5{.
pxfsf] egfOaf6 d}n] dfcf]jfbLx? jftf{sf nflu fhgLlts d"nwfdf ;'lIft
cjt0fsf nflu cft' 5g\ eGg] ;\s]t kfPsf] lyP. dGqL k'gsf ;a} s'f d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u].
;sfaf6 x's
' d' eof], k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ k|lqmof ;' u]sf] s'f
dnfO{ eg]sf 5g\. ltdL dGqL k'g eP Ps k6s k|wfgdGqL;u} 5nkmn u.
;sfdf d}n] km]l hfx] u], d k|wfgdGqL;u of] ljifodf klxn] cfkm}
s'f u5'{. olb pxfn] of] s'f dg kfpg'eof] eg] dGqL k'gnfO{ ToxL af]nfP
k|wfgdGqL;u 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5.

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

;sfaf6 x'G5 x's'd eof].

k|wfgdGqL rGbn] :jsLo ;lrjdf d]f dfOnf a'afsf 5f]f u[x dGqfnodf
sfo{t pk;lrj ;'wL zfxnfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;'wL dfkm{t k|wfgdGqLsf]
;do ldnfP d ToxL ;fem k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f uP. k|wfgdGqL
d]f aLr dfcf]jfbL;u s;L jftf{ ug]{ eGg] ljifodf uDeL s'f eof]. pxfnfO{
d}n] dGqL k'gsf] k|:tfj ;'gfP. To;df pxfn] pT;'stf b]vfPkl5 dGqL k'gnfO{
af]nfP s'f uof}. k|wfgdGqLn] klg dGqL k'gsf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;sffTds ?kdf
lng'eof]. ToltGh]n h]g]efdf jftf{ ufpg ;]G6 km x\o'dlg6]log 8fOnun] s]xL
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOx]sf] x]5. t To;sf nflu ljb]zaf6 hxfh Nofpg'kg]{,
dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ fxbfgL lbnfpg'kg]{, pgLx?nfO{ hxfh;Dd k'ofOlbg'kg]{ cflb
sf0fn] Tof] sfd k|:tfj cg';f uf]Ko ?kdf ug{ ufxf] lyof]. To; sf0f klg
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ dGqL k'gsf] k|:tfj cufl8 a9fpg g} pko'Qm nfUof]. a of] ljifo
dxffhflwfhnfO{ hfx] uf}, pxfn] eGg'eof].
o;kl5 k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ cufl8 a9fpg dGqL k'gnfO{ lgb]{zg
lbg'eof]. dGqL k'g ;f]xL cg';f cl3 a9\g'eof]. o; qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{sf
nflu bafaf6 k'gnfO{ :jLs[lt lbOPsf] 5 eGg] Aoxf]fsf] kq vf]h]. To:tf]
lnlvt kq xfdL ;lrjx?n] lbg ;Sg] s'f lyPg. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug{ dGqL
k'gnfO{ dxffhflwfhsf] :jLs[lt 5 eg] s;L kq n]Vg] < dxffhflwfhn]
klg kq lbOaS;g] s'f ePg. a8f] wd{;\s6df klof]. w]} ;f]rljrfkl5 d}n]
s;}nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg guL hf] h;;u ;DalGwt 5 -6' x'd O6 d] sG;g{_ eg]
kq n]v] x'G5 eg] d n]lvlbG5' eg] dGqL k'gnfO{ eg]. dGqL k'gn] x'G5, sf]l;;
uf} g t eg]kl5 d}n] JolQmut tjn] ;fwf0f sfuhdf kq tof kf]. kqdf
n]lvPsf] lyof], dfggLo cfjf; tyf ef}lts of]hgf dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{
zflGt k|lqmofsf nflu dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;u jftf{sf nflu cg'f]w ulPsf] 5. kqsf]
Aoxf]f olt dfq lyof]. To;df d}n] dxffhflwfhsf ;}lgs ;lrj eg] x:tfIf
u]. o;df klg xfdLaLr s] ;xdlt eof] eg] kq dfcf]jfbLnfO{ b]vfpg] dfq xf],
pgLx?nfO{ s'g} k|of]hgsf lglDt lbg] xf]Og. o; k|sf, pgLx?nfO{ b]vfPkl5
lkmtf{ Nofpg] uL Tof] kq d}n] dGqL k'gnfO{ lbP. To; a]nf dxffhflwfh
k"hfsf nflu blIf0fsfnL ;jfL ePsfn] of] ljifo ;sfdf hfx] x'g kfPg.
dxffhflwfhnfO{ hfx] guL o;L kq n]Vg' Psbd} hf]lvdsf] s'f lyof]. zflGt
:yfkgfsf nflu lagf;\sf]r d}n] Tof] hf]lvd df]n]sf] lyP.
of] s'f dfcf]jfbLn] dfg]. dGqL k'gn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ b]vfP Tof] kq lkmtf{
NofO{ dnfO{ g} lbg'eof]. To;} lbg dGqL k'gsf] ;sf;u bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd
lyof]. pxf cfkm}n] o;af] hfx] u5'{ eGg'ePsf] lyof]. hfx] ug'{eof] xf]nf.
To;kl5 o;af] s'g} k|;\u p7]g. t clns lbgkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] k]ml csf]{

113

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

kq dfu ub}{ eg], >L % sf] ;sfn] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf nflu dGqL k'gnfO{
tf]s]sf] xf] eGg] lg0f{o rflxof]. To;kl5 dGqL k'g d uP k|wfgdGqL;u s'f
uof}. dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;u jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gsf]
;+of]hsTjdf sfd ug]{ eg] k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm} x:tfIf u] kq lbg'eof]. of] s'f
clt g} uf]Ko flvof]. o;L jftf{ k|lqmofn] cf}krflstf kfof].
o;} klk]|Iodf d\l;sf] t];|f] ;ftf Pp6f dxjk"0f{ 36gf 36\of]. eftLo
u'Ktr ;+:yf csf ;]s]G8Dofg h]s] l;Gxf sf7df8f} cfpg'eof]. crfgs ePsf]
pxfsf] e|d0fnfO{ lgtfGt lghL elgPsf] lyof]. t l;Gxfn] sf7df8f}df ljleGg
bnsf g]tf s]xL ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u klg e]6\g'eof]. To; qmddf pxfn]
clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] cj:yf slxn];Dd hfG5 . kf6L{x? ldn] fhfsf lj4 hfg
;Sg] cj:yf 5 ls 5}g, kf6L{x? Ps eP eg] To;sf] g]t[Tj s;n] lng ;S5,
Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL Pdfn]df xg'x'G5 ls kf6L{ klTofu ug'{x'G5 < h:tf
lh1f;f fv]sf] va cfOx]sf] lyof]. l;Gxfsf] dfcf]jfbLk|lt tLj| rf;f] lyof].
pxfn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{df cfp5g\ ls cfpb}gg\, cfP eg] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
kf6L{x?n] s;L x]5{g\, fhgLlts kf6L{x? fhf;u gldn] dfcf]jfbL;u ldn] s]
xf]nf, bnx? dfcf]jfbL;u ldN5g\ ls ldNb}gg\, dfcf]jfbL;u bafsf] ;DaGw 5
ls 5}g, jftf{sf] Ph]G8f s]s] x'g ;S5, kf6L{ bafsf] b"L 36\g] of a9\g] l:ylt
s] 5 < cflb k|Zg u]sf] a'lemof].
l;Gxfn] h;nfO{ e]6\g'x'G5 To;nfO{ csf{] JolQmaf] pxf s:tf] x'g'x'G5 < eg]
;f]Wg] ug'{ePsf] x]5. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v;usf] e]6df pxfn] k|wfg
;]gfklt, ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs k|xL dxflgLIfs s:tf] x'g'x'G5 eg] ;f]w]sf]
dnfO{ hfgsfL x'g cfof]. pxfn] fli6o ;efdf dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08];u
klg e]6] nfdf] s'f ug'{eP5. kf08]sf] fhf;u k|ToIf ;DaGw 5 eGg] 7fg] Tof]
e]6 ePsf] x'g ;S5. To; a]nf nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb k|wfgdGqL ePsf] b'O{ dlxgf
klg lalt;s]sf] lyPg. t l;Gxfn] bafsf nflu ;"o{axfb' yfkf jLGb|gfy
zdf{dWo] PsnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 eg] ;d]t l6Kk0fL ug'{eP5.
To:t}, ljleGg bnsf g]tfnfO{ e]6] dfcf]jfbL;u ldn, fhfn] bnx?sf lj4
if8\oGq ulx]sf 5g\, To;}n] fhfsf lj4 ldn] cfGbf]ng u, eftn] dbt u5{
eGg] vfnsf] s'f u]sf] klg ;'lgof]. l;Gxfn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ljleGg
;xof]u ug]{ eg] cfZjf;g ;d]t lbg'eP5. ljefusf k|d'v;u cfufdL hgjLdf
6]lnkmf]g 6\oflk k|0ffnL :yfkgf ullbG5f}, clxn] klg eftdf x]sf] elgPsf
dfcf]jfbLsf] gDa 5 eg] xfdLnfO{ lbg';\, xfdL dfcf]jfbLsf ultljlw kQf nufp5f}
eGg'eP5. ;du|df x]bf{ l;Gxfsf] e|d0fsf] leqL p2]Zo dfcf]jfbL ljifodf xfdL
g]kfnsf ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ dbt u5f}{+, clxn] jftf{df cndlnglt gnfUg';\ eg]
>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ sf]l;; ug'{ x]sf] b]lvof]. ;fy} g]kfndf hlt

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

klg fhgLlts zlQm 5g\, tL;u e]63f6 uL Pp6fsf s'f csf{nfO{ nufP ;a}nfO{
sdhf] kfg]{ s;t u]sf] b]lvof]. o;} uL h]s] l;Gxf ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr
jftf{ gxf];\ s'g} lx;fan] jftf{ eOxfn] klg To;df dWo:ystf{sf ?kdf eft
afx]s s'g} klg d'n's gcfcf];\ eGg] eftLo rfxgf g]kfndf sfof{Gjog ufpg
g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf] cg'dfg ug{ klg sl7g lyPg. To; a]nf l:j6hNofG8sf]
;]G6/ km/ x\o'dlg6]l/og 8fOnusf] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ufpg] k|:tfj k|wfgdGqL
rGb ;dIf k'u] To;sf] s]xL rrf{ ;d]t x'g yfln;s]sf] lyof]. o;af] eftsf]
rf;f] x]sf] :ki6 b]lvGYof]. dGqL k'gn] ulx]sf] k|of; eg] o; a]nf;Dd uf]Ko
g} x]sf] lyof].
jftf{sf ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 dGqL k'gnfO{ w]} k6s bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] lyof].
;'df t d}n] g} bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg] u]sf] lyP. t pxfsf] k6sk6s ;sf;u
sfd klxGYof]. ;w} d}n] bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldnfpbf cK7\off] kg]{ ePsfn] kl5
k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g dfkm{t pxfn] bz{ge]6 kfpg yfNg'eof]. t k|d'v
;lrjnfO{ jftf{ k|of;sf ljifodf s]xL hfgsfL lyPg. of] s'f dxffhflwfh,
k|wfgdGqL rGb, dGqL k'g, d dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf aLrdf ;Lldt lyof]. o;}
qmddf Ps lbg dGqL k'gsf] ;sf;u 5nkmn rlnx]sf a]nf jftf{ ;DaGwL s'g}
k|;\udf sfg'gL hl6ntfsf] s'f p7]5. clg k|d'v ;lrj dxh{gnfO{ af]nfP
-pxf sfg'gdf :gfts x'g'x'G5_ To;af] lh1f;f flvaS;]5. To; l;nl;nfdf
pxf !) ldg]6hlt leq a:g'eof]. oxL a]nf k|d'v ;lrjn] dfcf]jfbL;u dGqL
k'gsf] dfWodaf6 jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 al9x]sf] yfxf kfpg'eP5. To;sf] ef]ln
5f8L kl;{ kN6 dfcf]jfbLn] dGqL k'gnfO{ dGqL d]zgfy kf08]n] xfdLnfO{ kq n]v]
dGqL k'gaf6 dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf] sfd ;Dej 5}g, Tof] k|lqmofnfO{ aGb u] d]f]
tkm{af6 jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg'xf];\, d ;sf;u ;f]em} s'f ug{ klg ;S5'
eGg'ePsf] 5 , of] s] xf] < eg] ;f]w]5g\. Tof] hfgsfL lbb} dGqL k'gn] xfdL t
5Ss kof}, dGqL kf08] xfdLn] ulx]sf] sfddf efhf] xfNg] if8\oGqdf nfUg'ePsf]
5, dfcf]jfbLaf6 o:tf] s'f cfPkl5 ca s] ug]{ < eg] dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]. d
klg csdSs k]. k|d'v ;lrjsf] dGqL kf08];u fd|f] lxdlrd 5 eGg] xfdL
fhbafsf ;lrjx?nfO{ hfgsfL lyof]. pxf dGqL kf08]s} ;'emfj lnP sfd
ug'{x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyof]. t dxffhflwfh :jo+ ;+nUg xf]OaS;]sf]
o:tf] uf]Ko k|;\u ;d]t pxfn] dGqL kf08]nfO{ lns ug'{xf]nf h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]sf]
lyPg. To:tf] lhDd]jf kbdf x]sf JolQmn] o;f] u]sf] dnfO{ k6Ss} fd|f] nfu]g.
of] t Ps vfnsf] if8\oGq g} lyof]. dGqL kf08]n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ To:tf] kq n]v]sf]
nuQ} bafsf] ;lqmotfdf dGqL k'g dfkm{t eOx]sf] sfo{af] ljleGg kqklqsfdf
;dfrf klg k|sflzt eof]. uf]Ko ?kdf pRr :tsf ;Lldt JolQm dfq ;+nUg
ePsf] ljifo o;L 5k:6 x'g k'Uof]. dfcf]jfbLn] klg bafsf] cflwsfls s'f

115

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s] xf], kofpg ufxf] eof] eg]. zflGt k|lqmofdf cgfof;} 7]; nfUg k'Uof]. dGqL
k'gsf] hjfkmdf d}n] tkfO{+ o;af] k|d'v ;lrj;u s'f ug'{;\, d dxffhflwfhdf
hfx] u5'{ eg]. hfx]Lsf qmddf d}n] laGtL u], ;sf, olt uDeL ljifodf s'f
cufl8 al9x]sf] 5. o; a]nf o:tf] sfd x'g' t fd|f] ePg.
;sfaf6 x''s'd eof], s;L o:tf] eof] < kz'kltn] lsg Tof] sfd uof] <
t o;nfO{ uDeL ?kdf glng". olt uDeL ljifodf sfd ub}{ hfbf slxn]sfxL
;fgfltgf ;d:of cfp5g\ g}. dGqL k'gnfO{ sfdnfO{ lgGttf lbg" eg.
;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd sfd k'gM cufl8 a9\of]. jftf{ k|lqmof s;L
cufl8 a9fpg], sf]sf] ;+nUg x'g], o'4ljfd cfrf;+lxtf s:tf] x'g] s;L nfu"
ug]{ cflb ljifoaf] b'j} kIfaLr 5nkmn u[xsfo{ eP k';sf] clGtd ;ftf;Dddf
6'\uf] nflu;s]sf] lyof]. o'4ljfd u] jftf{nfO{ cf}krflstf lbg] eg] To;sf]
;a} tofL k"f eO;s]sf] lyof]. t df3sf] klxnf] ;ftf clwfhs'dfL k|]0ffsf]
z'e ljjfx x'g] eof]. ToltGh]n dxffhflwfh k"} To;df Jo:t eOaS:of], h;sf
sf0f jftf{ k|lqmofsf w]} sfd cufl8 a9\g ;s]gg\. o;aLr dfcf]jfbL g]tfo
s[i0faxfb' dxf fdaxfb' yfkf;u dGqL k'gn] lgoldt ;Dks{ ulxg'ePsf]
lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] klg leqleq} 8f= afa'fd efO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf jftf{6f]nL u7g
ul;s]sf] lyof]. o:tf] a]nf df3 !@ ut] dfcf]jfbLn] ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs
s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 pxfsL >LdtL g'8'k >]i7sf] xTof u]. of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gfn]
ubf{ kll:ylt k"} efl8g] cj:yf cfPsf] lyof]. t ;sf dfcf]jfbL b'j}sf]
;'ema'emsf sf0f jftf{ k|lqmof cj4 x'g kfPg. o;kl5 t dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6
o'4ljfd eof] >L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 klg.
dGqL k'gnfO{ zflGtjftf{sf nflu jftfj0f tof kfg]{ o'4ljfd cfrf;+lxtf
lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jfL lbOPsf] lyof]. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf lyP. fhfsf] dg;fo s] xf], xfdL fhf;u k|ToIf e]6] s'f
ug{ rfxG5f} eg] pgLx?n] dGqL k'g dfkm{t cGo ;|f]taf6 ;d]t k6sk6s
dsxf k|:tfj k7fPsf lyP. dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08 8f= efO{ :jo+n] ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 dfUg'ePsf] lyof]. klxn] fhfsf] bz{ge]6 ug]{, To;kl5 jftf{sf] k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] pxfx?sf] k|:tfj lyof]. dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 dxffhflwfhn]
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj lbg'kg]{ dfcf]jfbLn] fhtGq dfGo x'g] uL ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfjdf efu lng] k|:tfj ;d]t dsxf cfPsf] lyof]. t Tolt a]nfsf] fhgLlts
cj:yf s:tf] lyof] eg] d"nwfsf s'g} klg bnnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef eGgf;fy Hjf]
cfpYof]. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf] gfd;Dd klg ;'Gg tof lyPgg\ kf6L{x?.
dfcf]jfbL pRr g]t[Tjn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ug]{ eg] w]} g} hf]8 u]kl5
bz{ge]6df s]s] ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{, dfcf]jfbLsf s'gs'g dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
dfcf]jfbLn] s]s:tf ;t{ dfGg'kg]{ eg] b:tfj]h g} tof ePsf] lyof]. ;sf;u

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

w]} k6ssf] bz{ge]6kl5 dGqL k'gn] Tof] b:tfj]h tof kfg'{ePsf] lyof]. pxfn]
b:tfj]hnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg ;sfdf r9fPkl5 ;sfn] d;u klg Tof] ljifodf
lgs} nfdf] 5nkmn ulaS;]sf] lyof]. b:tfj]h kmfOgn ePkl5 dGqL k'gn] g}
To;nfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj ;dIf k'ofpg'ePsf] lyof]. !%!^ a'bfdf ;d]l6Psf] Tof]
b:tfj]h slt k|f]u|]l;e lyof] eg] b:tfj]hdf pNn]v ePsf s'f dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn]
kofpg} ;s]g. pgLx?n] ;f]r]eGbf w]} cu|ufdL ag]sf] lyof] Tof] b:tfj]h.
To;kl5 t dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] dxffhflwfh;u k|ToIf e]6\g emg} tLj| OR5f
hf]8bf ?kdf hfx] u]sf lyP. -o; qmddf eQmk'sf] afnsf]6df k|r08
8f= efO{sf nflu bz{ge]6sf] :yfg ;d]t to ePsf] lyof] ] eGg] ufOu'O ;'lgPsf]
lyof]. To; sfo{df eg] d ;+nUg lyOg._ bz{ge]6sf nflu dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf]
x'6x'6L Psbd} a9]kl5 d}n] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL v'nf klg eO;s]sf] 5, dfcf]jfbLn]
s] s'f ug{ vf]h]sf] xf], Ps k6s d e]6" < eg] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
x'G5 x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 pgLx?n] dnfO{ lsg e]6\g vf]h]sf x'g\, s]s]
ljifodf d;u s'f ug{ rfxG5g\, fd|L a'e\mg" x's'd eof].
To; cg';f d dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g uP. e]6sf] Joj:yf dGqL k'gn]
g} ldnfpg'ePsf] lyof]. dGqL k'gsf] s0ff{nL PonfOG;sf] sfof{no Pokf]6{5]p,
l;gfd\undf lyof]. ToxL dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? fdaxfb' yfkf -afbn_ s[i0faxfb'
dxf;u d]f] lgs} nfdf] s'fsfgL eof]. Toxf klg pxfx?n] dxffhflwfh;u
bz{ge]6 ug{ rfx]sf] atfpg'eof]. xfdL fhf;u k|ToIf e]6] cflwsfls wf0ff
;'Gg rfxG5f}, pxfx?sf] egfO lyof].
cfk\mgf] dof{bf ;Ldfdf x] d}n] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ?kdf s'f
u]. To; qmddf d}n] eg], d'n'sdf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ dxffhflwfhsf] rfxgf
5. ldngljGb' zflGt b]z g} xf]. d'n'sdf zflGt :yfkgfsf] k|lqmof cufl8
a9\of] ;sffTds s'f eof] eg] kSsf klg ;sfaf6 tkfO{+x?nfO{ bz{ge]6
aS;G5.
e]6df d;u dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] clxn]sf] ;sf e\u uL cGtld ;sf
u7g uf}. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj uf} eg]sf lyP. To; a]nf s'g} klg ;t{ fv]
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj 3f]if0ff u]sf] eP ;fob hgo'4 ToxL ;dfKt x'g] lyof].
t cGo fhgLlts bnsf] dfGotf ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg} x'Gg eGg] lyof]. sf\u|];,
Pdfn] h:tf 7"nf bnx? ;+ljwfg;efdf uof] eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] pknlAw klg
;dfKt x'G5 eGy]. bafn] pgLx?sf] ljrfsf] klg Vofn ug]{ g} eof]. otf,
clwsf+z baflofdf klg k'ftgjfbL ;f]r lyof]. pgLx? ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] g}
u0ftGq xf] 7fGby]. ;sfsf] ljrf k|f]u|]l;e lyof], ;';'df. Ps k6s dnfO{
;sfn] :jo+ x''s'd ePsf] lyof], ljj]s, bnx?eGbf Ps sbd cufl8 uP ;Lw}
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ufpbf s;f] xf]nf < t kl5 sxfaf6 s] s'f eP xf], Tof]

117

118

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|;\u xfof]. ;sfsf] ljrf ;d]t kljt{g x'b} uPsf] d}n] a'lemx]sf] lyP.
lsg To:tf] eof], dnfO{ yfxf 5}g. d]f] ljrfdf ;+j}wflgs fhtGqsf] k|fjwfg
fv] ;f]em} ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf uPsf] eP b]zdf olt 7"nf] Iflt x'g] lyPg.
r'gfjsf nflu ;j{kIfLo ;sf agfO{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsGYof]
h;n] lx+;fTds GnfO{ ljfd lbGYof]. fhgLltn] Pp6f ;xh af6f] kqmGYof].
36gfqmd cufl8 a9\b} hfbf >L % sf] ;sfn] pkk|wfgdGqL ab|Lk|;fb
d08nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;sfL jftf{6f]nL agfof]. 6f]nLdf dGqLx? d]zgfy kf08],
gffo0fl;+x k'g, 8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f, sdn rf}nfufO{+ cg'fwf sf]Ofnf ;b:o
x'g'x'GYof]. jftf{sf] jftfj0f agfpg] cfjZos k|lqmof ldnfpg] sfd ;'b]lv
g} dGqL k'gn] pTs[i6 9\un] ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfsf] Tof] lhDd]jfL gof
jftf{6f]nL u7g ePkl5 ;lsof]. jftf{6f]nL u7g ePb]lv g} To;df dGqL kf08]sf]
xfnLd'xfnL ;' eof]. pxf cfk\mgf] k|efj b]vfpg vf]Hg] cfk"mn] u]sf] dfq
7Ls, c?n] u]sf] ;a} a]7Ls, ;a} vQd eGg] dfgl;stfaf6 u|:t. pxfs} sf0f
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?aLr ;'dw' ;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]g. k;{gfln6L SNof; ;'
eof]. jftf{ 6f]nL k|efjsfL x'g kfPg.
@)^) j}zfvsf] s'f xf]. ;sfL jftf{6f]nL k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf
k|wfgdGqL;u kfdz{ uL jftf{:yn nflhDkf6l:yt z\s xf]6n hfg] tofLdf
lyof]. laxfg sla !) ah]]lt dnfO{ dGqL k'gn] kmf]g u] dfcf]jfbLn] zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gf Aof]seGbf kfr lsnf]ld6aflx klrfng x'g aGb]h nufpg] ;t{
k7fPsf 5g\, ca s] ug]{, c;lhnf] eof] eGg'eof]. d}n] eg], Tof] t fd|f] ePg.
g]kfnsf] fli6o ;]gfnfO{ g]kfn clwfHoe hfg s;}n] f]Sg ;Sb}g. tkfO{+ of]
s'fdf rflx :ki6 x'g'xf];\. d}n] yk hf]8 lbb} eg], tkfO{+ o;af] jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox? k|wfgdGqL;u klg s'f ug'{xf];\. pxfn] s]xL l5gkl5 kmf]g ug'{eof]
k|wfgdGqLHo"n] h;f{a;u s'f ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] 5 eGb} pxfnfO{ kmf]g lbg'eof].
kmf]gdf k|wfgdGqLn] dnfO{ eGg'eof], jftf{df dfcf]jfbLn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf Aof]ssf]
kfr lsnf]ld6 If]qleq ;Lldt x'g'kof] eGg] ;t{ fVb} 5g\. ca c;lhnf] kof],
s] uf} < d}n] pxfnfO{ o;af] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] x'g cfjZos 5 t clxn]
df};'km aflx ;jfL ePsf] 5, b]zsf] fli6o ;]gfn] d'n'ssf] s'g} efudf klg
cfk\mgf] ultljlw ug{ kfpg'k5{, tkfO{+n] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] cWoIfsf] gftfn]
tTsfn} ;'Iff klifb\sf ;b:o k|wfg ;]gfklt;u klg fo lnbf fd|} x'G5 eg]
;Nnfx lbP. of] s'f d}n] tTsfn} k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ hfgsfL
ufP kfr lsnf]ld6sf] k|:tfjdf ;dy{g gug{ cg'f]w u]. oxL ljifodf
k|wfgdGqLn] pxf;u s'f ug'{eP5. To; qmddf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] xn'sf ?kdf kfr
lsnf]ld6 t xf]Og, @) lsnf]ld6 eP x'G5 eGg'eP5. d]f] ljrfdf pxfsf] @)
lsnf]ld6sf] k|:tfj Hofb} g} u}lhDd]jfk"0f{ cleJolQm lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt h:tf]

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

dflg;n] olt u}lhDd]jf s'f s;L ug'{eof], d}n] cfh;Dd a'e\mg ;s]sf] 5}g.
jftf{sf qmddf ;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr
lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ;t{df ;xdlt hgfof] of hgfPg, :ki6
ePg. t b'j} kIfaLr jftf{ ePkl5 cfof]lht ;+o'Qm kqsf ;Dd]ngdf dfcf]jfbLsf
jftf{6f]nL ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq
;Lldt xg] ;xdlt ePsf] atfpg'eof]. pxf;u} x]sf dGqL k'gn] o;af] s'g} klg
k|ltlqmof lbg'ePg. o;af6 df}g+ :jLs[lt nIf0fd\ b]lvof] w]} xnrn dlRrof].
To;} lbg ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?sf] a}7s a:of] o;af] k|wfgdGqL;u 5nkmn
ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. To; cj;df ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt
lyof]. 5nkmnsf qmddf ;'Iff lgsfosf tkm{af6 k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn]
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt x'g] lg0f{o 7Ls gePsf]
eGb} cfklQ hgfpg'eof]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub
s6jfnn] of] gfd|f] lg0f{o eof] eGb} dGqL k'g;u cfqmf]z;d]t JoQm ug'{ePsf]
lyof]. pQm cj;df jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dGqL d]zgfy kf08]n] o; ljifodf
lg0f{o eO;s]sf] 7f8f] hfgsfL lbP ;a}sf] d'v aGb ug]{ k|of; ug'{eof]. To;}
lbg a]n'sL dGqL kf08]n] aLaL;L g]kfnL ;]jfnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbb} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt x'g] b'ef{Uok"0f{ lg0f{o ePsf] atfpg'eof].
To;kl5 ;d:of emg} hl6n aGof]. o; ljifodf dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLaLr
s] s'f eof], of] dnfO{ yfxf x'g] ljifo xf]Og. dGqL k'gn] klg lsg s;n]
o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf :jLs[lt lbof] eGg] s'f dnfO{ slxNo} eGg'ePg.
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?dWo] klg s;}n] o;af] cfh;Dd klg v'nf;f u]sf 5}gg\.
o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ljjfb pTkGg ePkl5 fhgLlts bnx? emg} ;sfsf]
ljf]wdf cfGbf]ngdf plqP. o;n] klg jftf{nfO{ k|efljt kfof]. k|wfgdGqL rGb
enfbdL, gd| zfnLg :jefjsf ;n JolQm x'g'x'GYof]. ;sfdf pxfn] cfk\mgf]
;xof]uL l6d agfpg kfpg'ePg. ;a} dGqL dxffhflwfhaf6 dgf]gLt dfq lyP.
k|wfgdGqLn] 5fg]sf b'O{rf hgf dGqL agfOlbPsf] eP pxfnfO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf]
x'g] lyof]. t To;f] ulPg. ToxL eP ;sfn] vf;} ult lng klg ;s]g.
To;dfly kfr lsnf]ld6sf] cjfl~5t, ck|Toflzt ljjfbn] pxfnfO{ yk cK7ff]df
kfof]. :jo+ pxfsf] kf6L{leq}af6 klg pxfnfO{ s'g} ;xof]u eOx]sf] lyPg.
pxfnfO{ h;L klg x6fpg ljleGg zlQms]Gb|x? nfluk]sf lyP. cGttM @)^)
h]7 !( ut] k|wfgdGqL rGbn] fhLgfdf ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL rGbsf] fhLgfdfkl5 gof fhgLlts klj]z pTkGg eof].
;sfaf6 ljleGg fhgLlts g]tfnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. clg bafn] Oltxf;df
klxnf] kN6 k|wfgdGqL kbsf nflu bvf:t xfNg v'nf cfx\jfg uof]. To;
cg';f g]skf Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnb]lv ;8sdf sfpb} lx8\g]

119

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nId0fl;+x v8\sf o;f] ahf 8'Ng lgl:sPsf dflg;x?;Ddn] k|wfgdGqL

agfOkfpm egL bafdf bvf:t xfn]. o; qmddf dxf;lrj g]kfn ;j{q xf;f]sf]
kfq aGg'eof]. bafsf xfdL ;lrjx?n] cfcfk\mg} 9\un] ca sf] k|wfgdGqLsf
nflu pko'Qm x'g ;S5 eg] ljrfljdz{ uof}. ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] cufl8
a9\g'k5{ To;sf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm JolQm ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6 x'g'x'G5
eGg] xfd|f] 7x lyof]. ;sfnfO{ To;} cg';f laGtL r9fof}+. t ;sfaf6
xf]Og, ca ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg], ;"o{axfb'n] g]kfnL sf\u|]; jf
Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n ufpg] to u]sf] 5 x's'd eof]. of] s'f xfdLnfO{ lrQ
a'em]sf] lyPg. t ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]kl5 Toxf s;}n] x'Gg eGg] s'} ePg.
o;sf] s]xL lbgcl3 ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] eft e|d0f ug'{ePsf] lyof]. eft
hfg'cl3 kms]{kl5 pxfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'ePsf] lyof]. ;fob eftsf]
cfZjf;g kfP pxfn] fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;fydf lnP hfg ;S5' egL ;sfdf
laGtL r9fpg'eof]. , ;sf ;d]t yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg tof xf]OaS:of].
To; a]nf kfr kf6L{sf] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ng eOx]sf] lyof], Tgkfs{df lbgx'h;f].
cfGbf]ngsf] xfnt bofnfUbf] lyof]. cfGbf]ngdf 8]9b'O{ ;o dflg; klg hDdf
ePsf] b]Vg b'n{e x'GYof]. t d'Vo kf6L{x? k|lts"n ePsf sf0f ;sfnfO{
sfd ug{ cK7\off] klx]sf] lyof]. o;} qmddf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] cfGbf]ngt
bnx?;u df]rf{ agfP cufl8 a9f} eg] k|:tfj u]5g\. t kf6L{x? dfcf]jfbL;u
;xsfo{ ug{ pT;'s lyPgg\. olt a]nf;Dd dfcf]jfbL;u ;sfsf] jftf{ cf}krfls
cgf}krfls ?kdf ;d]t hfL lyof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf crfgs ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf]
g]t[Tjdf ;sf aGof]. yfkfs} rfxgf cg';f sfo{sfL clwsf ;lxt ;+ljwfgsf]
wff #% -@_ cg';f ;fgf] dlGqd08n aGof]. k|ltlglw;ef geP klg ;+ljwfg
cg';f g} k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePsf] xf] eGg] s'f :yflkt ug{ vf]lhof]. k|wfgdGqL
yfkfn] fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg lgs} kxn ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL aGg'cl3 pxfn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfaf6 ;xof]usf]
cfZjf;g kfpg'ePsf] x]5. ;f]xL cg'?k yfkfn] lgs} k|of; ug'{eof], sf\u|];nfO{
;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg. t ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf]
;t{ fVg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL agfpbf dxffhflwfhaf6 yfkfnfO{ tLg j6f sfd ug{
lgb]{zg aS;]sf] lyof]. klxnf], fhgLlts kf6L{x?;u jftf{ uL hfL cfGbf]ng
f]Sg nufP pgLx?nfO{ ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg] bf];|f], dfcf]jfbL;u k|fDe
ePsf] jftf{nfO{ clGtd 6'\uf]df k'ofpg] t];|f], k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ufO{ b]zsf]
zf;g;Qf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwnfO{ x:tfGt0f ug]{. o:tf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL
yfkfn] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] s'} ePg. kmn:j?k sf\u|]; ;sfdf
;xefuL ePg. cGo bn klg ;sfdf uPgg\. ;fy} yfkfn] dxffhflwfhsf]
lgb]{zg cg';f tLg j6fdWo] Pp6f klg sfd tLg dlxgf;Dddf klg ug{ ;Sg'ePg.

if*\oGq} if*\oGqsf] /fhgLlt M g]kfnsf] lgolt

a cl3Nnf] ;sfn] ;' u]sf] zflGtjftf{ klg oxL cjlwdf c;kmn eof].
dfcf]jfbLn] dfG5] dfg]{ l;nl;nf k'gM ;' eof]. o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePkl5 d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u], ;sf, d'n'ssf] l:ylt Psbd} vfa x'b} uPsf] 5. b]zdf
;sf gePsf] h:tf] xfnt 5. o:t} cj:yf x] dxffhflwfhs} Od]hdf gfd|f]
c; kg{ ;S5.
rGb ;sf lxx]sf] eP To;n] cjZo klg jftf{nfO{ Pp6f 6'\uf]df
k'ofpg] lyof]. lsgeg] Tolt a]nf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg xfdL ;Lw} dxffhflwfhsf
k|ltlglw;u jftf{ ulx]sf 5f} eGg] 9'Ss lyof]. kl5 k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] sdn
yfkf 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL ;b:o x]sf] ;sfL jftf{6f]nL agfpg'eof]. t Tof]
6f]nLn] s;sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eGg] s'fdf dfcf]jfbL ge'Nn lyP. xfk'] jftf{df
hfg'cl3 ;sfL jftf{6f]nL ;b:ox? 8f= nf]xgL yfkfn] dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6
kfpg'ePsf] lyof]. ;f] cj;df ;sfaf6 pxfx?nfO{ ;;t{ ;+ljwfg;efdf uP
x'G5 eGg] x's'd aS;]sf] lyof]. jftf{6f]nLn] To;kl5 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u e]6 u]sf] lyof]. e]6df
dxffhflwfhsf] ;t{;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf uP x'G5 eGg] wf0ff ;'gfpbf g]tfo
sf]Ofnf g]kfnn] To;nfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf ug'{eP5. ;+ljwfg;ef ePdf @)$^
;fnsf] pknlAw klg ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] pxfx? b'j}sf] lhls x]5. o;L ;sfL
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug{ >L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 lkmS:8
Ph]G8f lnP hfg'eof]. pxfx? ;'d} xfd|f] Ph]G8f of] xf], tkfO{+x?sf] Ph]G8f
s] 5 < eg] k|:t't x'g'eof]. o:tf] s'fn] dfcf]jfbL eml:sPsf] x'g ;S5.
l;4fGttM o; lsl;dsf] jftf{ nfdf] ;do;Dd hfL fVb} ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f
lgdf{0f ub}{ hfg'kg]{ xf]. Tof] s'f oxf x'g ;s]g. cflvdf jftf{ bfsf] xfk']df
k'u] 6'6\of]. j:t'tM xfk'] jftf{ t zflGtjftf{nfO{ cf}krfls ?kdf 6'\Uofpg] Pp6f
;'lgof]lht k|k~r dfq aGg k'Uof]. oxL a]nf k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] g}ltstfsf cfwfdf
fhLgfdf ug'{kb{Yof]. t pxfn] To;f] ug'{ePg.
;"o{axfb' yfkf k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]sf] lyP, dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{sf] jftfj0f ldnfpg gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] w]} 7"nf] of]ubfg 5. jftf{ qmddf
klg pxfn] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ulxg'ePsf] 5. w]} s'f yfxf 5 pxfnfO{.
To;f] eP k'gnfO{ gof dlGqklifb\df ;dfj]z uf} jftf{6f]nLdf ;d]t fvf}.
olb dGqL agfpg ;lsb}g eg] jftf{6f]nLdf rflx cjZo fvf}. d]f s'f ;'g]
;sfaf6 x]f} dfq x's'd eof]. vf;} k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g. k'gnfO{ g dGqL
agfOof], g jftf{6f]nLdf flvof]. pxfsf] cys k|of; Joy}{ v] uof].
o;} l;nl;nfdf @)^) sflQs @) ut] k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] s]xL 8LcfO{hL
;jfaf] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eP5. To;sf] ef]ln kN6 ;sfaf6 crfgs d]f]
fhLgfdf dfluaS:of]. o; ljifodf ;sfdf k|wfgdGqLn] s] s'f hfx] ug'{eof],

121

122

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

Tof] t ;sf pxfnfO{ dfq yfxf x'g] s'f eof]. t Tof] a]nf aflx s] ;'lgg
cfPsf] lyof] eg] k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] 8LcfO{hL ;jfdf ljj]s zfxn] x:tIf]k uof]
eg] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf] lyof]. jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] b]zL tyf ljb]zL
zlQms]Gb|n] d ;}lgs ;lrj eOx]sf] rfPsf lyPgg. d}n] of] s'f fd|L
rfn kfPsf] lyP. 8LcfO{hL k|s0fdf eGbf klg d]f] fhLgfdf dflug'sf k5fl8
pgLx?sf] of]hgfn] sfd u]sf] xf]. k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] pgLx?nfO{ ;3fpg' lans'n}
c:jfefljs lyPg.
;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] k|wfgdlGqTj sfndf ha zflGt k|lqmof e\u eof],
dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gfsf dxf;]gfgLo ls0f a:g]t ldGb| If]qLdfly cfqmd0f u]
k'gM o'4 k|fDe u]. ;sfn] klg Jofks ?kdf k|xL ;]gf klrfng uof].
Psflt dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng Psbd} a9]sf] lyof] eg] csf{lt fhgLlts kf6L{sf]
;sfljf]wL cfGbf]ng klg pTsif{df k'Uof]. ;a}ltaf6 k"} c;kmn ePkl5
k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] @)^! h]7df fhLgfdf ug{ afWo x'g'kof]. To; a]nf klg ;efd'v
tffgfy fgfef6 k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g nfUg'ePsf] lyof]. pxf dxffhflwfhaf6
k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'lQmkq a'em\g fhbaf hfg tofL xfntdf k'nrf]sl:yt cfk\mgf]
lgjf;df x'g'x'GYof]. t clGtd If0fdf bafaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn]
cs:dft\ pxfnfO{ ;efd'vsf] fhLgfdf;lxt cfpg eGg'eof]. pxf ;efd'vsf]
kbaf6 fhLgfdf ug{ tof x'g'ePg. o;L fgfef6 k|wfgdGqL x'g] clGtd
ljGb'df k'u] k'gM c8\lsg'eof]. To;kl5 cs:dft g]kfnL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf
;efklt tyf k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf, h;nfO{ c;Ifd eg] x6fOPsf] lyof],
k|wfgdGqLdf k'ga{xfnL x'g'eof], Tof] klg flt !! ah]. cf7 dlxgfkl5 pxfnfO{
klg x7ft\ lj:yflkt uL @)^! df3 !( ut] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ fHo;Qfsf] cleeff
dxffhflwfhaf6 cfk\mg} xftdf lnOaS:of]. o;L PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf klg
fhfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;d]t lhDd]jfL lng nufpg] ;Nnfxsfx?n] fh;+:yfsf
lj4 if8\oGq u]. pgLx?n] jf:tljs u0ftGqsf] aLp f]k]. Oltxf;n] ltgLx?sf]
if8\oGq phfu ug]{ g} 5.
o;L g]kfnsf] fhgLltdf Pskl5 csf]{ if8\oGqsf] l;nl;nf hfL 5.
Oltxf;df kf8]sf lj4 a:g]t, a:g]tsf lj4 yfkf, yfkfsf lj4 f0ff -s'j_
lyP eg] cWoog ug{ kfOG5. clxn] Pp6f k|;fbsf lj4 axfb' axfb'sf
lj4 k|;fbsf aLrdf ;Qfk|flKtsf cg]sf} if8\oGqsfL fhgLlts v]n eOx]sf
5g\. o:tf] if8\oGq}if8\oGqsf] v]naf6 b]zn] slxn] d'lQm kfpg] xf], eGg sl7g
5. ;fob g]kfnsf] lgolt g} o:t} 5 ls <

cWofo 2

oyfy{sf kfgfx

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

fhbaf k|zf;g cGtu{t x]sf ljleGg sfof{no, ;lrjfno ljefux?dWo]
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno klg Pp6f dxjk"0f{ lgsfo lyof]. o;sf] sfo{If]q ;'Iff
;DaGwL ljifodf s]lGb|t lyof]. b]zsf] fhsfh tyf fli6o ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf
>L % sf] ;sfsf ljleGg dGqfno ;a} ;'Iff lgsfo;u ;Dks{, ;dGjo
Pj+ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{' o; ;lrjfnosf] d'Vo lhDd]jfL lyof]. d}n] k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]sf] cjlw @)%& j}zfvb]lv @)^) sflQs;Dd
8foLdf cfkm"n] u]sf] l6kf]6 oxf k|:t't u]sf] 5'. of] 8foL lgtfGt JolQmut
d]f] sfo{If]qdf dfq ;Lldt 5. To;}n] o;n] To; a]nfsf] ;Dk"0f{ l:yltkll:yltsf]
ljx\ud b[Zo k|:t't u5{ eGg sbflk ldNb}g. o;df To; ;do d}n] b]v]ef]u]sf
36gf ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} ;dfj]z ulPsf] 5.
;fy} ljleGg sf0fjz pQm cjlwsf s]xL 36gfx? ;dfj]z gePsf] of gulPsf]
klg x'g ;S5. s'g} ;dodf ;ftf lbgelsf] 8foL Ps;fy n]lvPsf sf0f pQm
cjlwleqsf] s'g} ltlyldlt otfplt kg{ uPsf] x'g ;S5. o;df pNn]v ePsf
36gf kfqx? oyfy{ x'g\. s'g} klg sfNklgs s'f o;df ;dfj]z ulPsf] 5}g.
tTsfnLg oyfy{nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} fVg] qmddf s'g} kfqaf] s]xL gsffTds jf
;sffTds ;Gb]z k|jflxt x'g ;S5. t Tof] s;}k|ltsf] cfu|x jf k"jf{u|x geP
To; ;dosf] oyfy{sf] lrq0f dfq xf].

125

126

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

2057 ;fn
@)%^ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 g]kfnL sf\u;
|] sf] ax'dtsf] ;sf ag]sf] lyof].
k|wfgdGqL x'gx' G' Yof] s[i0fk|;fb efO{. kf6L{sf] cGts{nx ;Qfsf] l5gfemk6Ln]
ubf{ @)%^ r}tdf g} pxfnfO{ fhLgfdf ug{ afWo kflPkl5 lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf
k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL x'gf;fy pxfnfO{ klg ckb:y ug]{ k|of; ;' ePsf]
lyof]. @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut]bl] v g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] hfL fv]sf] hgo'4 n] lgs}
ult lnO;s]sf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfn k|xLnfO{ lgs} sdhf] agfO;s]sf lyP
g]kfnLg]kfnLsf] slyt o'4df w]n
} ] Hofg u'dfO;s]sf lyP. fhgLlts g]t[Tjn]
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ klg g]kfn k|xL h:t} u] klrfng ug{
vf]lhx]sf] lyof]. dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg cg';f fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{, klifb\sf] ;lrjfno :yfkgf uL o;s} l;kmfl;df ;]gf
klrfng xf];\ eGg] lyof]. df};k' maf6 dfcf]jfbLsf] hgo'4 ;' gx'b} ;' ePkl5
;d]t fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ lqmofzLn xf];\ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xof]u k'uf];\
eGg] cfzon] k|wfgdGqLx?nfO{ ;'emfj aS;]sf] lyof]. t s'g} klg k|wfgdGqLn]
o;nfO{ uDeLtfsf ;fy glnO{ z\sf pkz\sfsf] b[li6af6 x]s
] f lyP.
fhgLlts g]tfx?, ljz]if u] ;Qf?9 sf\u;
|] sf g]tfx? ;]gf klrfng
ug{ g;s]kl5 baf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;f7uf7 5, dfcf]jfbL bafaf6 ;~rflnt
ePsf] xf] eGg] h:tf cff]k ;d]t nufpg kl5 k]gg\. dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO
rflx s:tf] lyof] eg], dfcf]jfbL, k|xL, ;}lgs hf] d] klg cflv g]kfnL g} dg]{
x'g\ . s'g} klg g]kfnL cgfxsdf dg'{ x'bg} . dfcf]jfbL ;d:of fhgLlts, cfly{s
;fdflhs sf0fx?sf ;fy} ;'zf;gsf] sdLsdhf]L ;d]tsf sf0faf6 pTkGg
ePsf] x'bf oL kIfx?df g} >L % sf] ;sfn] Wofg lbg'k5{. ljsf; lgdf{0f
;'Iff sfafxL ;u} cl3 a9fP dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hgtfaf6 PSNofO{ lgMz:qLs0f u]
d"nwfdf Nofpg'k5{. ;fy} k|xLn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g s'g} g
s'g} ;dodf ;]gf klrfng x'gk} 5{ eGg] @)%$ ;fnb]lv g} df};k' msf] ljZn]if0f lyof].
t ;'sf jif{df hglgjf{lrt ;sfx? k|xLaf6 g} of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{lt
nfu]. dxffhflwfhnfO{ s] klg cjut lyof] eg] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf xftxltof,
tflnd nlhl:6ssf] sdL 5. of] cj:yfdf ;]gf klrfng ePdf ;]gfn] klg 7"n}
Iflt Aoxf]g5
{] 7"n} kf7 l;Sg]5. cg]s fhgLlts lvrftfgLkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] 8f]Nkf
lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd b'gd} f cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u]. b'g} sf08s}
qmddf tTsfnLg u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] ;]gfn] ;xof]u gu]sf] cff]k nufO{
fhLgfdf lbg'eof] eg] k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nnfO{ fhLgfdf ufOof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

u[x;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v]nnfO{ :jf:Yo dGqfnodf ;jf ulof]. oxL klk|I] odf
ToxL ;fn df3df ;z:q k|xL ansf] :yfkgf x'g k'Uof]. jif{sf] cGTodf ;]gf
PsLs[t cfGtls ljsf; tyf ;'Iff of]hgf sfof{Gjog ufpg klrfng eof].
o; cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf ;d]t fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn agfOPsf] lyPg.
zflGt;'Iffsf] vfa l:ylt, g]t[Tj ju{df ;QflnK;f, fhgLlts ultf]w, ;'zf;gsf]
sdL, e|i6frfsf] laulauL h:tf ofjt\ sf0fn] ubf{ dxffhflwfhaf6 s'g} g s'g}
fhgLlts sbd rfNg'kg]{ dfu ljleGg kIfaf6 cfOx]sf] lyof]. o;} cj:yfdf
df};k' maf6 rLgsf] dxjk"0f{ e|d0f ulaS;]sf] lyof]. dxffhflwfh klg s'g} g s'g}
fhgLlts sbd rfNg'k5{ eGg] ;f]rfOdf xf]OaS;]sf] d}n] cfef; kfOx]sf] lyP.

@)%& j}zfv & ut] a'waf

k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]kl5 cfh d]f] klxnf]
hfx]Lsf] lbg xf]. hfx]Lsf ljifoj:t'sf ;fy} >L % dxffhflwfh ;sfdf
cfk\mg} af]df klg 5f]6f] hfgsfL 6qmfpg] lgwf] u]sf] 5'. ;sfaf6 lgoldt
?kdf sfof{no ;~rfng ulaS;g] d\un ;bgdf d]f] hfx]L cfh laxfg ;f9]
!! ah] ;' eof]. ;j{k|yd ;sfdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jfL
dnfO{ aS;]sf]df cfef k|s6 u]. ;sfaf6 ljZjf; ulaS;] cg';f ;Dk"0f{
lhDd]jfL lgjf{x ug{ d ;a} lsl;dn] k|oTg ug]{5', cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfLk|lt st{Jolgi7
xL ;sfsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{5' eg] laGtL u]. ;fy} ;sf,
Pp6f s'f hfx] u? < eg] ;f]w].
;sfaf6 s] xf], eg x's'd eof].
clg d}n] eg], ;sf, d s'dsf] afFkmLsf]6df hGd] x's]{sf] ToxL k9]sf]
xf]. d ;fwf0f ;f]emf] JolQm xf]. ;sfaf6 ;}lgs ;lrjsf] h'g cleeff
aS;]sf] 5, To;df sfd ubf{ w]} lsl;dsf hl6ntf cfpg ;S5g\. o;df d]f]
JolQmut kfljfls s'g} lsl;dsf] OG6]:6 x'g]5}g. b]z, fh;+:yf, zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfk|lt akmfbf ;dlk{t xg' d]f] p2]Zo x'g]5. o; p2]Zodf dnfO{ s;}n]
ljrlnt ug{ ;Sg]5}g. fhbafsf] klj]zdf sfd ubf{ c;lhnf] x'g ;Sg]
jftfj0fsf] d}n] sNkgf u]sf] 5'. d sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf lgtfGt JolQmut OG6]:6
af]s] lx8]sf JolQm of ;d"xsf] OG6]:6 ;e{ ug{ ;lSbg. bafleq aflx w]}
g} OG6]:6 u|'k x]sf] dnfO{ fd|f];u hfgsfL 5. o;n] ubf{ d]f] kb c;lhnf]df
klg kg{ ;S5. o; cj:yfdf ;sfaf6 ljrf ulaS;g'kg]{ x'G5. ;sf,
gLltzf:qdf klg ;'nef k'iff fhg\ ;tt+ lk|ojflbgM, clk|o:o r kYo:o jQmf
>f]tf r b'n{eM cyf{t\ ;+;fdf dL7f] dg kg]{ af]Ng] dflg; w]} x'G5g\, gld7f] eP
klg ;To af]Ng] dflg; w]} sd kfOG5g\, Tof]eGbf klg ;To s'f ;'Gg ;Sg] dflg;
cem w]} sd x'G5g\ elgPsf] 5.

127

128

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

d Psf]xf]f] af]lnx]sf] lyP. d]f s'f ;'g] ;sf Ps} l5g cndlnOaS:of].
To;kl5 uDeL xf]OaS:of]. b]g xL lsn]S6]8 lxh y6;\ PG8 ;]8, To;} sf0fn]
d}n] ltdLnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfPsf] xf]. To; a]nf d}n] yL zfGts'df dNnsf]
clGtd cj:yfdf cfP b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfn gylkPsf], pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfnfO{
;}lgs ;lrj gagfOPsf] dxf;]gfgL zlzk|tfk s];LnfO{ kbf]Gglt glbP cjsfz
lbOPsf 36gfx? ;Demg k'u]. clg dgdg} h:tf];'s} cj:yf cfP klg :jR5
kljq ljrfn] sfd u5'{ eGg] c7f]6 u].
o;kl5 hfx]Lsf ljifo ;' u] M
lgd{n lgjf;af6 zfxHofbf kf;sf] ;x'lnot cg';f kfOg] kfr hgf lkkf
dfu ePsf] 5, k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eg] k7fOlbpm ls < eGbf ldnfP k7fOlbg"
x's'd eof].
c:6]lnog fhb"tn] c:6]lnog ;sfsf] tkm{af6 o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|
;sfnfO{ xfO{ clN6Ro'6 RofDa k|bfg ug]{ va ug'{ePsf] 5. o'jfhflwfh
;sfaf6 pQm RofDa lnOaS;L ;]gfnfO{ aS;g] xfO{ clN6Ro'6 tflnd s]Gb|df
fVg plrt x'G5.
a]nfotsf kfi6 dGqL /lag s'ssf] j}zfv * ut]b]lv g]kfn e|d0f x'b} 5.
oxL l;nl;nfdf a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;n] e"tk"j{ la|l6; uf]vf{ ;\u7gn] ulx]sf
lqmofsnfkaf6 ljleGg ;d:of eOx]sf] 5. pgLx?n] cGo e"k" ;}lgs;u rGbf
dfUg], wDSofpg], k]G;g ga'e\mg" eGg] u]sf 5g\. ;fy} uf]vf{ j]nkm]odf sfo{t
JolQmnfO{ ;d]t wDSofpg], rGbf dfUg] h:tf cjfl~5t lqmofsnfk eOx]sf] 5 eg]
k|wfgdGqLsf] Wofg cfsif{0f ufPsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] o; ljifonfO{ uDeLtfk"j{s
lnP u[xdGqLnfO{ tL JolQmaf] a'em] kqmfp uL cjfl~5t cfkflws lqmofsnfkdf
gnfUg sfuh ufP 5f]l8lbg lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
;sfaf6 ;}lgs tflnd s]Gb|x?sf] lgLIf0f e|d0f ulaS;b} 5. o; qmddf
s]xL tflnd s]Gb|sf] e|d0f x'g afsL 5. To:t} fli6o lgs'~hx?sf] ;d]t e|d0f
ulaS;g] sfo{qmd 5. oL sfd rf8} ;DkGg ug'{ plrt x'g]5.
u[x dGqfnosf] ;+of]hgdf ;a} ;sfL lgsfoaf6 b}jL k|sf]k lgoGq0f ;DaGwL
8]df]G:6];g ;sfdf hfx]Lsf nflu tof eOx]sf] 5. ;fy}, fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\sf] sfof{no :yfkgf, o;sf] ;\u7g cfjZostfaf] ;]gfn] tof kf]sf]
cjwf0ff kq cfufdL ;ftf hfx] x'g]5.
;]gfaf6 dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08 lef]n';gL OG6g];gn d'ed]G6 -ld_ sf]
dxf;lrjdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] g]tf df]xg j}B lafdL eP l;lnu'8Ldf pkrf
ufOx]sf] va cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] cfufdL c;f]h % ut] r}t ! ut] ljz]if
wSsf lbj; dgfpg] j}zfv !) ut] n]lgg lbj;sf] cj;df ljWj+;sf sfo{qmd
ug]{ va 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf a'e\mbf ljz]if vftfsf] d"nwgdf ^% nfv $) xhf

k}of Aofhdf ;f9] kfr nfv k}of 5. pQm Aofhsf] sdaf6 k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfno dd{t;Def ug{ cfjZos 5. of] s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 k|d'v
fhbaf kbflwsfLnfO{ eg] ug"{ x's'd eof].
g]skf -Pdfn]_ dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn :jf:Yo pkrfsf nflu eg] gof
lbNnL hfg'ePsf] 5. pxf gof lbNnLdf a:bfsf] kfrtf] xf]6]n vr{ pkrf
vr{ eft ;sfaf6 pknAw x'g] ePsf] 5. of] ljifo hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6
g]kfnsf sDo'lg:6 k|hftflGqs g]tfx?sf] o:tf] rlq slxNo} cGTo gx'g] eof]
x's'd eof].
k|ltlglw;ef ;b:odf lgjf{lrt ePsf] Ps jif{d} ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gn]
fhLgfdf lbg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] dnfO{ sf\u|]; kf6L{sf g]tfsf] lqmofsnfk b]v]
jfSs eO{ fhLgfdf lbPsf] 5', ca fhgLlt ug]{ ljrf 5}g, olb fhgLlt u] eg]
cfk\mg} bn vf]N5' eGg'eof].

@)%& j}zfv !@ ut] ;f]daf

o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] Koff a]l;s sf];{ ;~rfng eOx]sf] 5. To;
cg';f Koff tflnd lzIffnoaf6 oxL j}zfv @! ut] a'waf klxnf] hDk dgf]xfl:yt
8lk hf]g df x'g] ePsf] 5. ;sfn] klg cGo ;}lgs;x ;ft j6} hDk
ug'{kg]{5. To; cg';f 5 j6f lbp;f] Pp6f flt hDk u]kl5 dfq} ;sf
Koff sf];{df ;kmn xf]OaS;G5. klxn] h:t} tflnd ;lsPkl5 lj k]8 Koff
tflnd lzIffno, dxffhuGhdf x'g] ePsf] 5. t o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf nflu
fhbafd} ljz]if ;dff]x cfof]hgf u] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lj r9fpg] sfo{qmd
to ePsf] 5. of] s'f hfx] x'bf dxffhflwfhaf6 a8fdxffgL ;lxt klxnf]
hDk x]g{ 8lk hf]g hfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg" x's'd eof].
s]xL lbgcl3 Pdfn]sf sfo{stf{n] sfnLsf]6sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsfL
bL3{axfb' kf]v]nnfO{ e|i6frfsf] cleof]udf cg'xfdf sfnf] df];f] bn] h'Qfsf]
dfnf nufOlbPsf] va 5.
ljejg, df5fu]6l:yt 1fgs'~h pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ;fdfv';Ll:yt
k\mnf]l;]G6 af]l8{ :s'n lu|gNofG8 lrN8]g Ps]8]dLdf dfcf]jfbLsf] nufgL 5 eGg]
va 5. o;af] lj:t[tdf a'e\mg ;DalGwt ;'Iff lgsfodf lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ ;]gfn] tof u]sf] b}jL k|sf]k lgoGq0f tyf
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL la|lkm ug{ nufpg" x's'd eof]. To:t} e"tk"j{ ;}lgs
;\u7gnfO{ ;]gfsf ljleGg sfddf s;L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, ;fy} ;]gfsf]
sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 e"k" ;}lgs ;\u7gnfO{ s]s:tf] ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5, o;af]
of]hgf agfpg" x's'd eof].

129

130

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ x's'd eof], g]kfn wfld{s b[li6n] ;lxi0f' b]zdf
ulgG5. t oxf tNnf] ju{sf blnt g]kfnLnfO{ dlGbdf k"hfkf7sf nflu k|j]z
lbOb}g. pgLx?nfO{ wfld{s sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;xefuL ufOb}g. o;f] ePkl5
pgLx?n] cfWoflTds lrGtg, df]Ifsf] sfdgf, dfgl;s cf:yf ljZjf; sxf
uP s;L la;fpg] < of] ljifodf lsg s;}sf] Wofg hfb}g eGg]af] dnfO{
crDd nfU5. ;do kll:ylt cg';f o; ljifodf kljt{g ug{]af] >L % sf]
;sfnfO{ ;'emfj lbg'k5{.
;sfsf] of] efjgf ;'g] dnfO{ Hofb} cfgGb nfUof]. d}n] ;sfdf ca
g]kfnsf ;a} d7dlGbdf ;a} g]kfnLn] lgaf{w k|j]z kfpg] lsl;dn] gLlt agfpg
h?L 5 egL laGtL u].

@)%& j}zfv !* ut] cfOtaf

dnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kmf]g u] cfh laxfg k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nodf
ePsf] 5nkmnaf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], 5nkmndf k|wfgdGqL,
cy{dGqL, u[xdGqL, Iff;lrj d ;xefuL lyof}. klxn]klxn] o:tf] a}7sdf
cfjZos dGqfnosf ;lrj dfq pkl:yt x'Gy]. 5nkmndf >L % sf] ;sfn]
lgwf{0f u]sf tLg lhNnf ;Nofg, hfhsf]6 sfnLsf]6df rf8} ;]gf t}gfy
ug]{af] s'f eof]. d}n] ;]gfaf6 tL lhNnfdf ]sL eOx]sf] :yfg rog x'gf;fy
h]7sf] bf];|f] of t];|f] ;ftflt PsPs u'Nd t}gfyL ufpg] hfgsfL lbP.
;]gf t}gfy ufpg cfjZos ah]6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'bf ljsf; ah]6af6 5
sf]8 lgsf;f x'g] ePsf] 5. ;fy} To; cj;df ;z:q an v8f ug{ ;]gfaf6
pNn]vgLo ;\Vofdf ;}lgs k7fpg'k5{ eg] s'f flvof]. of] ljifodf ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ g} :jtGqtfk"j{s lg0f{o ug{ lbg'kg]{ ePsf] x'bf s]slt k7fpg] eGg] s'f
clxn] g} hfgsfL ufpg g;lsg] eg] ;d]t s'f fv]sf] 5'. 5nkmndf
k|wfgdGqL cy{dGqL lgs} ;sffTds b]lvg'eof] eg] u[xdGqL Tolt ;sffTds
b]lvg'ePg. a}7sdf u[x, cy{ cGo lgsfoaf6 ljBdfg kll:yltdf ;'Iffsf]
b[li6n] cfOk]sf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k|:tfj k]; ug]{ lg0f{o
ePsf] 5. ;fy} pkk|wfgdGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ljz]if sfo{bn u7g uL of]hgf
agfpg] k|wfgdGqLdf k]; uL :jLs[t u] nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. ;f]xL cj;df
>L % sf] ;sf, fhgLlts g]tf ;]gfsf clws[t ;a}n] cfk;L 5nkmn uL,
;b\efj sfod fvL ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfsf nflu ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ gfuls
k|zf;gn] ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lng'kg]{af] ;d]t ljrfljdz{ eof].
oL ljifoaf] hfgsfL lbg'sf ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf]
sfof{no u7g ;DaGwL cjwf0ff hfx]Lsf nflu tof 5, ;sfsf] ;do ldnfP
va kfpm eGg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ljZj lxGb" dxf;\3sf] ;Dd]ng ;d'b\3f6g ulaS;g kf]vf ;jfLsf

nflu ;sfaf6 cfufdL j}zfv @& ut]sf] ;do aS;]sf] 5. pQm cj;df
cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;+:yf cfO{PgPkmn] ljf]w h'n'; lgsfNg] of]hgf agfPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%& j}zfv @) ut] d\unaf

dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL ets]z l;+xn] fli6o :jo+;]js ;\3sf]
lgdGq0ffdf eftsf] gfuk' hfg ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt labfsf nflu hfx]
ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn] gfuk'df eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf g]tf czf]s l;\3nnfO{ klg
e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5. ;DejtM czf]s l;\3n pQm sfo{qmdkl5 sf7df8f} cfpg]
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ug]{ sfo{qmd aGg] pxfn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
;]gfn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{qmdaf]
k|:tfj k7fPsf] 5. cfufdL @@ ut] laxLaf o;af] lj:t[t hfx]Lsf] sfo{qmd to
ePsf] 5.
k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f >Ln\sfsf] hfk\mgf k]lgG;'nfdf sla $) xhf
>Ln\sfnL ;}lgs ljb|f]xL ;d"x Pn6L6LO{sf] 3]faGbLdf k]sf] 5. >Ln\sf
;sfn] tL ;}lgssf] ;'Iff tyf lkmtL{sf nflu eft ;sf;u ;xof]u dfu]sf]
5. eftn] dfgjLo ;xof]u dfq ug]{ ePsf] cGo cj:yf dlg6l ulx]sf]
eGg] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.
g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf kfls:tfgL Pg8L;L sf];{sf ;xefuLn] Iff;lrj;u
e]6 u]sf 5g\. pQm cj;df cfk;L ;b\efjaf] 5nkmn ePsf] 5. ;fy} ;fs{,
eft, kfls:tfg rLg dfldnf ;DaGwsf ljBdfg ;d:ofaf] 5nkmn eof].
Iff;lrjn] ;]gfn] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] cfx\jfgdf ljleGg b]zdf u]sf] of]ubfgsf
af]df rrf{ ub}{ g]kfnn] s'g} klg cGo b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf afx]s cGo sfo{df ;]gf
gk7fpg] gLlt x]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To:t} pxfn] kfrvfnl:yt fi6;\3Lo
zflGt;]gf tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofs} tflnd s]Gb|sf ?kdf ljsl;t ug{
kfls:tfgn] klg ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ cjwf0ff fVg'eof].

@)%& j}zfv @@ ut] laxLaf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwL ;]gfn] tof kf]sf]
cjwf0ff cfh ;sfdf hfx] eof]. ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ o;sf] a]Un}
sfof{no x'g'k5{ eGg] dxffhflwfh ;sfsf] w]} klxn]b]lvsf] ;f]rfO lyof].
o; sfof{noaf6 fli6o ;'Iff;u ;DalGwt fi6lxtsf cGo ljifodf ljleGg
ljsNk ;lxt ;'emfj lbbf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eGg] ;sfsf]
wf0ff lyof]. o;} ;Gbe{df ;]gfn] tof kf]sf] cjwf0ff hfx]Lsf nflu k|wfg

131

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf, 8LPdcf] k|bLkk|tfk ad dNn cfpg'ePsf] lyof].

;]gfsf tkm{af6 of] cjwf0ff o'4sfo{ dxfzfvf k|d'v dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLn]
tof kf]sfn] pxfn] g} ;sfdf lj:t[t ?kdf hfx] ug'{eof]. hfx]Ldf w]}h;f]
ljifoj:t' 7Ls eP klg sltko ljifodf dxffhflwfhaf6 ;f]lraS;]sf] wf0ffeGbf
s]xL kms x]sf] b]lvof] To:tf ljifonfO{ kldfh{g ug{ cfjZos 5nkmn eof].
h:tf] ;]gfn] of] sfof{no dftxtdf fli6o ;'Iff cg';Gwfg tyf th'{df s]Gb|,
fli6o ;'Iff gLlt sfof{Gjog ;ldlt h:tf OsfO u7g ug{ k|:tfj u]sf] lyof].
t o;f] ubf{ sfddf :ki6tf x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] of] ;+rgfnfO{ ;'Iff klifb\sf]
;lrjfnos} ?kdf fVg' plrt x'G5 o;f] ubf{ cem k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvG5 eg]
d}n] k|:tfj u]. 5nkmnsf qmddf ;sfaf6 of] ;+rgfnfO{ ;s];Dd ;fgf]
l;Dkn ug'{kg]{ wf0ff flvaS:of]. ;sfaf6 of] sfof{nodf s'g} klg sfo{sfL
clwsf xg]5}g, o;sf] d'Vo sfd fli6o lxtsf ljifodf cfjZos kg]{ ;'Iff
;DaGwL cGo ljifodf Jofks zf]wk"0f{ of]hgf agfP fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ dfkm{t
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu ljleGg ljsNk tof u] lbg' x'g]5 egL ;'emfj
flvaS:of]. ;"rgf ;\sng h:tf sfd of] lgsfon] ug]{ xf]Og, o;sf] sfd k|fKt
;"rgfnfO{ cWoog ljZn]if0f uL k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] dfq xf], To;}n] oxL
nfOgdf cfh k|:t't cjwf0ff kldfh{g ug"{ egL ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of].
hfx]Lkl5 o;nfO{ kldfh{g u] k'gM hfx] ug]{ lg0f{o eof].
hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ ltd|f] ;'emfj cg';f ;'Iff klifb\ sfof{nosf]
gfd fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;lrjfno fVbf fd|f] x'G5 x's'd eof]. ;fy}
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], o;sf] sfo{If]q, sfd p2]Zo k|:6 x'g'k5{. ;lrjfnosf]
;\u7g cfjZostf cg';f 36fpg a9fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug'{ fd|f] x''G5. o;df
sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] ;]jf;'ljwf k|:6 ?kdf v'nfpg'k5{. of] cjwf0ff tof ug]{
lbnLk ePsf] x'bf ltdLn] p;};u s'f u] kldfh{g ug{ nufpg".
fhbafdf sfo{t pk;lrj b|k|;fb bfxfn rfalxnl:yt cfk\mg} sf]7fdf
em'lG8P d]sf] va cfof]. of] 36gf hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 k|d'v fhbaf
kbflwsfL zfbfk|;fb k|wfgnfO{ va u] s] ug'{kg]{ xf], cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfpg" x's'd eof].

@)%& j}zfv @( ut] laxLaf

k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] k|wfg ;]gfkltaf] lgs}
u'gf;f] ug'{eof]. pxfsf cg';f lxhf] a]n'sL k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kmf]g u] xfnsf]
b]zsf] kll:ylt ;'Iffsf] cj:yfnfO{ lnP pxfnfO{ tyfgfd eGg'eP5. k|To'Qdf
v]nn] ;, s]xL s'f ug'{ 5 eg] dnfO{ ;do lbg';\, d clxNo} e]6\g cfp5',
t o;L kmf]gdf ufnL ug{ sxf;Dd plrt xf] < d klg fi6sf] Pp6f lhDd]jf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;'Iff lgsfosf] k|d'v x', fli6o lxtsf ljifodf ;a}n] cfcfk\mgf] 9\un] ;f]r]sf
x'G5g\, tkfO{+n] cfk\mgf] clws[tnfO{ h;L dnfO{ kf7 k9fpg ldNb}g, tkfO{+n] dnfO{
kf7 l;sfpg' klg kb}{g eg] kmf]g flvlbP eg] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. cRo't
cfO{hL;fasf] of] u'gf;f] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 xf;] k|HjNnsf]
:jefj g} To:t} xf], cem;Dd >L # sf] x\ofcf]e uPsf] 5}g, cRo'tnfO{ dfOG8
gu elgb]pm x's'd eof].
;sfaf6 dnfO{ x'sd' eof], ;}lgs P]g ;+zf]wg ug'{ of gof agfpg'eGbf
cfjZos lgodx? agfpg pko'Qm x'G5. To;} cg';f ug"{ . ;fy} ;sfaf6
cfh]!)) hxfh vlbsf nflu ;]gfsf] ah]6df gfv] ko{6g tyf gfuls p8\8og
dGqfnosf] ah]6df fVg plrt x'G5 ls, k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u x'sd' eof].

@)%& h]7 # ut] d\unaf

k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj ;]gfsf] yL ;}lgs ;lrjdf
pkyL x'g] cGo sd{rfL fhbaf k|zf;gaf6 xg] Joj:yf 5. @)%#
;fnb]lv h\uL c8\8faf6 Ps hgf k|d'v ;]gfgL b'O{ jif{sf] sfhdf ;Dks{
clws[tsf ?kdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ulPsf] lyof]. ;f]xL cg'?k @)%# ;fndf
klxnf] k6s k|d'v ;]gfgL 0fWjh lnDa"" @)%% ;fndf k|d'v ;]gfgL 8Dal;+x
u' cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. To;} qmddf cfh u'nfO{ abnL ug{ k|d'v ;]gfgL s'df
a'9fyf]sL cfpg'eof]. cfh a'9fyf]sLn] ;sfdf bfd fVg] ;sfaf6 h\uL
c8\8f lkmtf{ x'g nfu]sf u'nfO{ labfO bz{ge]6 aS;g] sfo{qmd 5.
;]gfdf x]sf k'fgf xltof -PlG6s j]kG;_ df @% k|ltzt fv] afsL ;a}
laqmL uL To;af6 k|fKt x'g] sdaf6 gof xltof lsGg] k|of; eOx]sf] 5. To;
cg';f k'fgf xltof laqmLaf6 @% nfv 8n;Dd k|fKt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5. t of]
sd klg sd b]lvPsf] x'bf cem a9fpg k|of; eOx]sf] 5.
jLuGhdf lxGb" d'l:nd ;d'bfoaLr em8k ePsf] va 5. To:t} sfnLsf]6df
dfcf]jfbL k|xLaLr em8k ePsf] 5. wflb lhNnfdf lqml:rog a'l4:6
;d'bfoaLr a]nfa]nf emu8f x'g] u]sf] 5. o;af] lj:t[t ljj0f cfpg afsL 5.
cGtf{li6o ;d'bfodf g]kfn wfld{s b[li6n] ;lxi0f' zflGtlk|o d'n'ssf ?kdf
sxlnPsf]df o:tf lqmofsnfk dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof lx+;fsf sf0f ca g]kfnsf]
5lj lau|g ;Sg] b]lvG5.

@)%& h]7 $ ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbL xTof lx+;f al9x]sf] ;Gbe{df gof ;'Iff an u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ul7t cfof]un] tof kf]sf] k|flDes k|ltj]bg cfof]usf ;b:o k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs
df]tLnfn af]xfn] dnfO{ ;'emfjsf nflu lbg'ePsf] 5. of] k|ltj]bg lj:t[t ?kdf

133

134

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cWoog u] ;sfdf hfx] u5'{. k|:tfljt gof ;'Iff an ;]gf k|xLsf aLrdf
cw{;}lgs ansf ?kdf x'g'k5{. ;]gfnfO{ sdhf] kfg{ cyjf ;]gfnfO{ lj:yflkt
ug]{ lsl;daf6 o;nfO{ lng' x'b}g. ;fy} of] an u7gaf] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\df
5nkmn x'g cfjZos 5. o; ljifodf cfh ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb
sf]OfnfnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;bf 5nkmn ulaS;g d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 pQm
k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lbP ;'emfj dfUg" x's'd eof].
cfh} k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x'sd' eof], k|wfgdGqLn] ;'Iff
klifb\ ;lrjfno u7g ;DaGwL b'O{ efusf] lkf]6{ ;]gfn] lbPsf] 5, d cWoog ub}{
5' eGg'eof]. d}n] pQm lkf]6{ dnfO{ klg k7fOlbg';\ g eg] . k|wfgdGqLn] d k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ eg] ;sfdf r9fpg nufp5' eGg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] cab]lv ;'Iff
;DaGwL ljifodf ;sfdf hfx] u] dfq lg0f{osf nflu dlGqklifb\df k]; u5'{
eGg'ePsf] 5. ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno u7g ;DaGwL cjwf0ffnfO{ lnP k|wfgdGqLn]
z\sf eP h:tf] uL ;]gfsf] bafjdf dfq o;af] 5nkmn u]sf] dnfO{ nfUof].
;fy} ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLn] of] cjwf0ff kq k9\nfg\ h:tf] nfUb}g, To;}n] k|wfg
;]gfkltn] o;af] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lj:t[tdf la|lkm ubf{ 7Ls x'G5, ltdLn] o;af]
k|dv
' ;lrj kz'klt;u s'f u] d'Vo ;lrj;u ;dGjo uL Iff;lrjnfO{ ;d]t
ljZjf;df lnP ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgfsf nflu kxn u x'sd' eof].

@)%& h]7 ( ut] ;f]daf

g]kfn e|d0f ;DkGg u/]/ lxhf] cfOtaf/ :jb]z kms]{sf ef/tsf ljb]z;lrj
nlntdfg l;+xn] sf7df8f}+df /xFbf u/]sf x/]s ljifo j:t'af/] lj:t[tdf ljZn]if0f
x'g cfjZos 5 .
dfcf]jfbL slyt hgo'4 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs sf0faf6 pTkGg ljb|f]x
xf] eGg] baf ;]gfsf] a'emfO 5. of]] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu OG6gn
8]enkd]G6 PG8 l8km]G; -cfO{8LP8L_ sfo{qmd dfkm{t klrflnt x'g ;]gfn] lj:t[t
sfo{of]hgf tof kf]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x lgoGq0f ug{ ;]gfnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f
f]hufLd"ns sfo{qmd ;lxt klrfng ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] baf ;]gfsf] :ki6
gLlt 5. of] sfo{qmd ljb|f]x lgoGq0f ug{ s]xL ljsl;t b]zn] s]xL b]zdf k|of]u
;d]t u]sf lyP. o; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd lj:t[tdf cWoog uL g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
ldNg] df]8n ;]gfn] tof kf]sf] xf].
o; sfo{qmdaf] 5nkmnsf qmddf lkmN8df t}gfy ;]gfn] ckgfpg'kg]{
Jojxf, ug{ x'g] gx'g] sfdaf] k|:6 x'g'k5{. ;j{;fwf0f hgtfsf] dgdl:tis
lhTg ;]gfn] k|oTg ug'{k5{. To:t} ;]gfn] :yfgLo :tdf hg;f]sfsf ljifodf
;]jf k'ofpg dbt ug'{kg]{ x'G5. lgZro klg :yfgLo k|zf;g kfbzL{ tyf
hjfkmb]xL aGg'k5{. k|xLsf] sfd, st{Jo clwsf tyf ;hfo ;DaGwL k|:6

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

cjwf0ff aGg'k5{. sfo{qmddf :yfgLo fhgLltsdL{, gfuls k|zf;g, k|xL,

lzIfs, sd{rfL nufot :yfgLo kIfsf] j]nkm]odf klg ljrf x'g'k5{. :yfgLo
:tdf x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmddf :yfgLo JolQmx?nfO{ g} cj; k|bfg
ug'{kb{5. fhgLlts bnx?n] ;d]t ljsf; lgdf{0f, hgklrfngdf ;lqmo e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5.

@)%& h]7 !@ ut] laxLaf

o'jfhflwfhaf6 Koff a]l;s sf];{ ;DkGg ulaS;]sf] pknIodf cfh lqe'jg
;bg, fhbafdf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof]. sfo{qmddf k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf Koff lj r9fpg'eof]. ;f] cj;df ;sfsf Koff
lj tflndsf k|d'v k|lzIfs pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfx k|lzIfs k|d'v ;]gfgL
fh' b]jsf]6f nufot ;a} k|lzIfsnfO{ pkl:yt ufOPsf] lyof]. sfo{qmdkl5
flqef]hsf] ;d]t sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof].
k|fKt va cg';f, dfcf]jfbLn] f]Nkf lhNnfsf rf uflj;af6 sla 5
xhfsf] hg;xeflutf ufO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ulx]sf] 5. pQm sfo{qmddf
s'd f]Nkf lhNnfdf ;+:s[t ljifo k9fpg lgif]w ug]{ k9fO ;lsPsf] kLIffsf]
;Gbe{df k|Zgkqx? n'6\g] elgPsf] 5. To:t} dfcf]jfbLn] s'd f]Nkfaf6
lj:yflkt dflg;sf hUuf sAhf uL ;fd"lxs v]tL ug]{ ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn]
cfk\mgf] ;}Go cleofg a9fpb} nu]sf] af] ;d]t v'nf;f u]sf] 5. o; cg';f
xfn dfcf]jfbL ;]gfdf x]sf] :Sjf8df !)!% af6 a9fP @% hgf k'ofOPsf] 5.
To:t} Knf6'gdf $) hgfaf6 a9fP !@) k'ofOPsf] kfr Knf6'g fv] a6flnog
agfpg] k|of; eOx]sf] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn] kfr ; sf]
cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ ePsf] 5. p;sf cg';f tL kfr ; o; k|sf 5g\ M
-s_ ;d'b|b]lv ;udfyf;Dd kf6L{sf] k|efj a9fpg], -v_ zfxL ;]gf;u n8\g ;Ifd
;\u7g agfpg], -u_ ;~rfdf Jofks hf]8 lbg], -3_ ;'b[9Ls0f u] kf6L{nfO{
cufl8 a9fpg] -_ ;sfL ;'Iff lgsfodf dfcf]jfbLsf] 3';k}7 a9fpg].
>L % sf] ;sfsf] wf0ff dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug]{ x]sf]df
dfcf]jfbLn] Jofks k|rfk|;f uL cGo fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ;]gf klrfngsf]
ljf]wdf ptfg{] dfxf]n tof ug]{ 0fgLlt clVtof u]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL dxfdGqL
k|r08 ldsf] nG8gdf ;DkGg a}7sdf efu lnP kms]{sf] cfufdL hgjL !
tfls gof lbNnLdf dfcf]jfbLsf] a}7s x'g] va cfPsf] 5. k[YjLgffo0f zfxn]
g]kfn PsLs0fsf] cleofgdf sf7df8f} jlklsf ;a} lhNnf sAhf uL sf7df8f}
pkTosfnfO{ lg;fgf agfP h:t} dfcf]jfbLn] klg rf}ltaf6 bafjd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng uL sf7df8f}nfO{ lg:t]h kfg]{ 0fgLlt lnPsf] 5. eftsf] laxf
fHo cGtu{t xhfLafu lhNnfsf] 8'dlofl:yt rtf h\undf eftLo dfcf]O:6

135

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sDo'lg:6 ;]G6 -Pd;L;L_ sf] tflnd s]Gb| x]sf] 5. pQm s]Gb|df g]kfnL
dfcf]jfbLn] klg a]nfa]nf tflnd lng] u]sf] va 5.
a\unfb]zdf cjl:yt g]kfnsf nflu ;fpbL casf fhb"t cAb'Nnfx cf]df
a]L sf7df8f} cfP ljleGg dl:hb tyf db;fnfO{ rGbf lbPsf] va 5.
eftLo skGyL lxGb"jfbL ;\u7gn] g]kfndf cfO{P;cfO{sf] ultljlw
cTolws a9]sf] eGb} To;nfO{ k|ltf]w ug{ g]kfneft ;Ldf If]qdf g]kfnLx?nfO{
pkof]u uL o'lge;{n ;]So'l6L uf8{ ckm g]kfn v8f uL ultljlw a9fPsf] va
5. pQm ;\u7gsf k|d'v dgjLl;+x kGyLn] s]xL ;docufl8 eftLo hgtf
kf6L{sf g]tf czf]s l;\3nnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5.
Iff;lrj s]zjfh fhe08fLn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], ;sf kljt{gsf
sf0f d]f] kfls:tfg e|d0f :ylut ePsf] lyof]. f]lsPsf] e|d0f ug{ kfls:tfgL
kIfaf6 afDaf cg'f]w cfOx]sf] 5. dlGqklifb\af6 ;d]t :jLs[t eO;s]sf]
e|d0f gubf{ kfls:tfgsf] pk]Iff u] h:tf] x'G5. To;}n] e|d0f rf8} xf];\ eGg] d]f]
rfxgf 5. ;fy} eftn] clxn];Dd e"tk"j{ eftLo uf]vf{sf nflu !$ :yfgaf6 k]G] ;g
ljt0f ug]{ u]sf]df cab]lv yk !) :yfgaf6 k]G;g ljt0f ug{ yk SofDk v8f
ug{ cg'dltsf nflu cg'f]w u]sf] 5. eftsf] egfO cg';f g]kfndf a]nfotL uf]vf{
;}lgssf nflu @$ :yfgaf6 k]G;g ljt0f eOx]sf] 5. g]kfndf eftLo uf]vf{
;}lgssf] ;\Vof a]nfotL uf]vf{ ;}lgssf] eGbf a9L ePsfn] sDtLdf klg @$ :yfgaf6
k]G;g ljt0f x'gk' g]{ eftsf] lhls 5. of] ;lxt Iff dGqfno;u ;DalGwt cGo
ljifo hfx]Lsf nflu ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg pxfn] cg'f]w ug'e{ of].

@)%& h]7 !# ut] z'qmaf

k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] kmf]g u] xltof ;DaGwL cGo
;d;fdlos ljifo ;sfdf hfx] ug{ cfjZos ePsfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6
ldnfOlbg cg'f]w ug'{eof].
rLgaf6 k|fKt g];gn l8km]G; o'lgel;{6L sf];{ -Pg8L;L_ sf nflu k|wfg
;]gfkltn] dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLsf] gfd l;kmfl; ug'{ePsf] 5. t pxf w]}
h'lgo pxfsf] kl5 klg ;do ePsf] x'bf pxfsf] ljsNkdf csf]{ gfd k7fpg
va ePsf]df zfxL Ifs jflxgLklt ;xfos yL uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa"sf] gfd
l;kmfl; ePsf] 5. ;fy} of] :tsf] sf];{sf nflu jli7 zfxL kfZj{jtL{x? ;d]t
k7fpg pko'Qm x'G5 egL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf cWoIf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ klifb\sf ;b:o k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
k|:t't u]sf] ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf] ;+rgf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf]
cjwf0ffaf] k'gM lj:t[tdf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5. ;fy} ;'Iff klifb\ ;DaGwL
cjwf0ff kf; ePkl5 dfq sfo{ljlwsf] ljifo p7fpbf fd|f] x'G5. To;}n] ;'Iff

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

klifb\sf] cjwf0ff ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno ;DaGwL ljifodf a]Unfa]Un} 5nkmn

x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t d}n] hfx] u].

@)%& h]7 !( ut] laxLaf

k"jL{ l6df]sf] klZrdL a]t'g Onfsfdf cljn jiff{sf sf0f $# hgfsf] d[To'
ePsf] 5. @) xhfeGbf Hofbf dflg; lj:yflkt ePsfn] Toxf sfo{t g]kfnL
zflGt;]gf ld;g o'Pg6LPO{6L;u fxt ;xof]u cg'f]w eOx]sf] 5. Toxf sfo{t
;]gfsf] u'Ndn] ;Sbf] ;xof]u k'ofOx]sf] 5 cGo ;xof]usf nflu ;d]t ;+o'Qm
fi6;\3af6 cg'f]w cfPsf] 5.
va cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] k|ltalGwt nfu" kbfy{ r];, ufhf of;f{u'Dafsf]
;d]t cj}w sff]af uL cy{ ;\sng ulx]sf] 5.
e"tk"j{ la|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgs ;\u7g -u];f]_ n] a'6jndf k]G;g ljt0f ug{
uPsf la|l6; ;]gfsf kbflwsfLnfO{ gfd|f] Jojxf k|bz{g u]sf] k]G;g lng
cfpg] ;}lgs;u rGbf c;'Ng vf]h]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof, lx+;f cj}w sff]afnfO{
b[li6ut uL fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cfIfsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf s8f t'Nofpg
;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 g]kfn k|xLsf nflu gof xltof
lng] ;DaGwdf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\df 5nkmn uL lg0f{o ug"{ x's'd eof]. o;}
uL ;sfaf6 ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6 >L % sf] ;sfsf] ;]So'l6L
aG8 vlb uL pQm sd ;}lgs ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf k|of]hgsf nflu vr{ ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;]gfdf clgoldttf tyf
e|i6frf ;DaGwL ljifo w]} cfpg yfn]sf 5g\, ;]gfsf s'gs'g ljefudf o:tf sfo{
x'G5g\, s'g} Pssf] 36gf cWoog tyf 5fglag uL k|ltj]bg tof kfg"{ egL k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{zg aS:of].
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] laGtL ug'{eof], dfcf]jfbLaf6 xTof lx+;f Hofb} a9]sfn] s'g}
klg a]nf ;]gf klrfng x'g'kg]{ x'g ;S5. t ;]gfnfO{ kof{Kt xftxltofsf] vfrf]
5. k|fyldstfsf] cfwfdf eftLo xltof lng xltof tyf ;}lgs ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL
tof eOx]sf] 5. ;fy} a]nfotaf6 lng ;lsg] P;Pncf fOkmnaf] a]nfotL
;}lgs ;xrfL;u s'f eOx]sf] 5.

@)%& h]7 @# ut] ;f]daf

;+;b\sf] fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bgdf ;]gfn] ;sfL ;|f]t;fwgnfO{
jf:tljs ?kdf ;b'kof]u ug{ g;s]sf] pNn]v u]sf] 5. To:t} ;]gfsf] dflyNnf]
:tdf Jofks e|i6frf x'g] u]sf] ;]gfn] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg g;s]sf]
h:tf ljifo cf}NofPsf] 5.

137

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zfxL Ifs jflxgL v8f ePb]lv klxnf] k6s fhbaf, h\uL c8\8f cGo
;'Iff lgsfoaLr s;L ;'Iff ;dGjo ug]{ eGg] ljifodf fhbafdf sfo{t ;a}
;'Iff lgsfosf jli7 clws[t ;lDdlnt ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5. ;Dd]ngdf
jflxgL tyf jflxgL cGtu{t u0f u'Nd, zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xL, zfxL kfZj{jtL{
ljefu tyf ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf kbflwsfL ;lDdlnt lyP. oL ;a} sfof{nosf
ljBdfg ;d:of eljiodf ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLltaf] lj:t[tdf 5nkmn uL lgisif{
lgsfNg] ;Dd]ngsf] p2]Zo x]sf] 5.
g]kfnsf] cgf}krfls e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf eftLo k|wfgdGqLsf ;'Iff
;Nnfxsf j|h]z ld> cfh sf7df8f} cfP bafdfu{l:yt xf]6n ofs PG8 otLdf
a:g'ePsf] 5. ld> cfOk'Ugf;fy g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf g]tf uh]Gb|gffo0f l;+x
x[bo]z lqkf7Ln] xf]6nd} uP e]6]sf] va 5.

@)%& h]7 @% ut] a'waf

;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lkl5 cfh dnfO{ s]xL a'bf aS:of]. k|wfgdGqLn]
;'Iff klifb\sf] cjwf0ffaf] uf]Ko ?kdf ;'emfj lng d'Vo ;lrj Iff;lrjnfO{
PsPs k|lt lbg] ljrf u]sf] 5', To:t} bafaf6 klg pQm cjwf0ffaf] ;'emfj
cfcf];\, cfufdL b;};Dd ;a} lhNnfsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf alnof] agfpg ;bd'sfddf
;xof]uL e"ldsfsf nflu ;]gf v6fpg k"jf{wf tof ug{ k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn
ePsf] 5 eg] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf] x]5.
;sfaf6 lxhf] eftLo k|wfgdGqL c6n ljxf/L jfhk]oLsf :jsLo ;lrj
tyf /fli6o ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf j|hz
] ld>nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. bz{ge]6df ld>n]
g]kfndf kfls:tfgL u'Ktr lgsfo -cfO{P;cfO{_ sf] ultljlw a9]sf] eGb} lrGtf
JoQm ug'e{ P5. cfO{P;cfO{sf] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ x'g ;Sg]k|lt ;hutf
ckgfpg klg pxfsf] ;Nnfx x]5. To:t} ld>n] g]kfnn] eftdf eOx]sf
dfcf]jfbL ultljlwaf] afDaf k|Zg p7fpg] u]sf] 5. eftLo ;'Iff lgsfon]
o;af] s'g} klg tYo kQf nufpg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg'ePsf] x]5. pxfn] zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfaf6 dfu ePsf s'gs'g ;}lgs ;fdu|L s;L pknAw ufpg] g]kfnn] dfu]sf]
x]lnsK6 s:tf] xf] eGg]af] klg :ki6 xf];\, eft ;xof]u ug{ tTk 5 egL hfx]
ug's
{ f ;fy} b'j} b]zsf ;]gfWoIfx? cfk;L ;Dks{df x] sfd ubf{ b'j} b]znfO{
kmfObf k'U5 eg] ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] x]5. To;L g} ld>n] g]kfnsf] rLg;u cGo
;DaGwsf ;fy} ;}lgs ;DaGw a9]sf]df ;d]t eftsf] rf;f] 5, d]f] ljrfdf g]kfndf
hg;\Vofsf lx;fan] s'g} ;f]rljrf ePsf] 5}g, o;af] gof lx;fan] ;f]rljrf
x'gk' 5{, >L % sf] ;sfff ;+;b\df k|:t't gfulstf ljw]os kflt ePkl5 o;n]
g]kfnsf] hg;\VofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]5
{ eGg'ePsf] x]5. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ ld>n]
d;u p7fPsf ljifoaf] uDeLtfk"js
{ ljrf u x'sd' eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%& h]7 #) ut] ;f]daf

s]xL lbgsf] cljn jiff{sf sf0f ;'b" klZrd If]qsf s~rgk', bfr'{nf,
8f]6L, alb{of s}nfnL lhNnfdf cfPsf] af9Laf6 lgs} wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] 5.
>L % sf] ;sfn] p4f tyf fxtsf] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;]gfnfO{ ;d]t klrfng
u]sf] 5. o;} uL eftLo ;fO8df t6aGw agfOPsf sf0f af9Laf6 afs]
lhNnfsf kfr uflj; 8'afgdf k]sf] va 5.
f]Nkfsf lhNnf lzIff clwsfLnfO{ z}lIfs uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g wgu9L hfg]
qmddf bf cfpb} ubf{ v'd]n uflj;sf] ;ftbf]af6f]af6 dfcf]jfbLn] ckx0f u]sf]
va 5. pxfsf] tTsfn lxfOsf nflu kxn ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg
uPsf] 5.
;]gfdf P;Pncf fOkmnnfO{ abnL ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg b]zsf sDkgLaf6
xltof lemsfO{ kLIf0f ug]{ sfd eOx]sf] 5. o;} cg'?k hd{gLaf6 x]Sn
PG8 sf]s sDkgLsf b'O{ yfg Prs] hL#^ fOkmn s]xL lbgdf sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug]
va 5.

@)%& c;f * ut] laxLaf

k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lxhf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu Pe|f]
cf/h]!)) ljdfg vl/bsf] k|lqmof /2 ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] 5 .
;]gfsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifnfO{ bL3{sfnLg / gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof
/f]Sg lbPsf] lgb]z
{ gnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng'kg]{ egL ;/sf/df hfx]/ u/] .
dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] 0fgLlt cg';f ut c;f ! ut]bl] v 5}6f} r0fsf] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ulx]sf] 5. o; cGtu{t ;sf;u jftf{sf] dfWod pkof]u u] ;s];Dd
a9L kmfObf lng], ;\u7g lj:tf ug],{ n8fs'nfO{ Jofks ?kdf k|lzIf0f lbg], rGbf
cleofg Jofks agfpg] h:tf sfo{qmd fv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
eftn] g]kfn;u hf]l8Psf ;Ldf If]qdf g]kfnljf]wL ultljlw ulx]sf] 5.
:yfgLo hgtfdf g]kfnljf]wL efjgf a9fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfnn] eftff lgld{t
t6aGw eTsfpg vf]h]sf] 5, ;Ldf If]qdf cfO{P;cfO{nfO{ eftLo gSsnL gf]6sf]
sff]af ug{ db;fdf eftljf]wL ultljlw ug{ ;xof]u ulx]sf] 5 h:tf
e|fds k|rf ulx]sf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df eftn] g]kfnnfO{ nufPsf ljleGg cff]k
p;sf] x:tIf]ksfL e"ldsfaf] g]kfnn] eftsf ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tf;u ;Dks{
a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5, ;fy} rLg;u fd|f] ;Dks{ a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 egL s]xL lj1n]
dnfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.
eftsf] tldngf8' fHo ;sfn] pQk"jL{ >Ln\sfdf :jtGq tfldn
fHo v8f ug{ cl3 ;]sf] ljb|f]xL ;d"x Pn6L6LO{nfO{ ;dy{g ulx]sf] 5.
eftsf] s]Gb| ;sf o;sf] k"0f{tof ljkIfdf 5. >Ln\sfdf o:tf k[ystfjfbL

139

140

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;\u7gnfO{ ;dy{g u]df eftdf klg k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
x]sf] p;sf] cfsng 5. To;}n] eft c;lhnf] l:yltdf x]sf] a'lemG5. of]
tYosf cfwfdf >Ln\sfn] fd|};u v]n v]lnx]sf] ljZn]ifssf] fo 5.

@)%& c;f !@ ut] ;f]daf

dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/ :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf nflu cfufdL c;f/ !^ ut] nG8g
;jf/L x'g] sfo{qmd ag]sf] 5 .
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh a;]sf] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7sn] o;sf] cjwf0ff
kflt usf] ;sfdf hfx] ug'e{ of]. kflt cjwf0ffnfO{ sf\u;
|] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf]
a}7sn] ;sffTds ?kdf lnPsf] 5. of] lg0f{okl5 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng
ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] ;d]t sf\u;
|] g]tfx?sf] ljZn]if0f 5. ;sfdf hfx]L ub}{ k|wfg
;]gfkltn] ;]gfsf] ;Dks{ ;|ft] dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] dxffhflwfh;u uf]Ko e]63f6
ug{ rfx]sf 5g\ eGg'eof]. o; ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 clxn] d}n] e]6\g' s'g} klg
lx;fan] ;fGble{s 5}g, pgLx?n] e]6\g vf]hd] f s'g} jli7 ;}lgs clws[tn] uf]Ko
?kdf e]6] pgLx?sf wf0ff a'em] x'G5 x'sd' eof]. o;} cj;df k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
;]gfn] tof kf]sf] j]a ;fO6 rf8} k"f x'g] ;sfdf hfx] ug'e{ of].

@)%& c;f @@ ut] laxLaf

s'df df]xgaxfb' zfxLn] k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ ut !& ut]
zlgaf a]n'sf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df uP e]6]sf] va 5. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf
hfx] u]. e]6df s] s'f eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} hfgsfL x'g ;s]g.
dfcf]jfbLsf w]} sfo{stf{ klZrdaf6 k"j{ uPsf] va 5. pgLx? Toxfaf6
;Ldf kf u] v;f{ hfg] u]sf 5g\. Toxf pgLx?n] uf]vf{ g];gn lna];g
k|mG6af6 cfly{s ;xof]u lng] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cd]lsf e|d0fdf x]sf k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] g]kfnsf nflu k"j{
cd]lsL fhb"t h'lnof Rof AnsnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5. To:t} h'lnofnfO{ dfgj
clwsfjfbL x[ifLs]z zfxn] klg e]6\g'eof]. zfxn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd
efO{n] pgnfO{ n]v]sf] kq x:tfGt0f u]sf] va 5.
dfcf]jfbL;u nl8x]sf] g]kfn k|xLn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfw'lgs xltof
cfjZos kof] egL ;]gf;u P;PdhL xltof dfu u]sf] 5.
eftLo u[x;lrj sdn kf08]sf] g]t[Tjdf Ps k|ltlglwd08n g]kfn e|d0fdf
cfPsf] 5. e|d0f bndf sf7df8f}l:yt eftLo b"tfjf;sf 8]k6' L lrkm ckm ld;g
czf]s s07, eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf pkk|dv
' gfo, ljb]z dGqfnosf g]kfn
8]:s x]g{] ;x;lrj dLf z\s lgb]z
{ s :tsf rf 8LcfO{hL 5g\. eftLo kIfaf6
cft\sjfb lgoGq0f, ;'kb' u{ L ;lGw, ;Ldf If]qdf x'g] cjfl~5t ultljlw lgoGq0f

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

h:tf ljifo p7fOPsf] 5. To:t} g]kfndf cfO{P;cfO{n] ;~rfng ulx]sf] elgPsf]

gSsnL gf]6sf] sff]af nfu" kbfy{sf] cf];fk;faf] eftLo k|ltlglwd08nn]
g]kfnL u[x;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v]n cGo kbflwsfL;usf] e]6df s'f p7fPsf] 5.
k|ltlglwd08nn] g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of dfcf]jfbLn] ckgfPsf ultljlwaf] hfGg
vf]hs
] f] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of lgoGq0fdf eftaf6 g]kfnn] s:tf] ;xof]u vf]hs
] f]
5 eGg] lh1f;f fv]sf] klg a'lemPsf] 5. g]kfnL kIfaf6 eg] eftdf dfcf]jfbLn]
u}sfg'gL ultljlw ulx]sfn] dfcf]jfbL kIfsf JolQm ;+:yfnfO{ v'nf ultljlw ug{
glbg eft;u cfu|x ulPsf] 5. ;fy} g]kfndf cw{;l} gs an u7g uL eftaf6
cfjZos ;xof]u lng] ;f]rfO eOx]sf]af] hfgsfL ufOPsf] 5.
cfufdL ;f]dafd\unaf h\uL c8\8fdf jflxgLklt ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf
ulPsf] 5. ;Dd]ngdf efu lng dnfO{ klg af]nfOPsf] 5.
k|HjNnzdz] haf k|wfg ;]gfklt lgo'Qm ePkl5 ;}lgs clws[tsf] a9'jfsf]
;Gbe{nfO{ lnP gsffTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL cfOx]sf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df d}n] pxfn]
u]sf s]xL kbf]Gglt cjsfznfO{ lnP ;]gfdf Jofks c;Gt'li6 x]sf]af]
;sfdf ;'b]lv g} hfx] ub}{ cfPsf] 5'. ;sfaf6 ;'df k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ egL Ps jif{;Dd pxfsf] l;kmfl; cg';f ug]{ To;kl5
cj:yf x]] ljrf ug]{ x's'd ePsf] lyof]. o;} ;Gbe{df, s]xL ;docufl8
kbf]Ggltsf] l;kmfl; ubf{ dxf;]gfgL k|x\nfbl;+x u'nfO{ ;xfos yLdf a9'jf
ug]{ dxf;]gfgL pHHjnljqmd f0ffnfO{ j}slNks pDd]bjfsf ?kdf fVg]
elgPsf] lyof]. ;f]xL cg';f u' ;xfos yLdf kbf]Gglt x'g'eof]. To;sf]
s]xL ;dokl5 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;xfos yLsf] lQm baGbLdf kbf]Ggltsf nflu
dxf;]gfgL jh| u'sf] l;kmfl; ug'{eof]. o; k6s klxn]b]lv g} j}slNks
pDd]bjfsf ?kdf x]sf dxf;]gfgL f0ffsf] gfd x6fOPsf] lyof]. o;af] d}n]
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u lh1f;f fVbf pxfn] jf:tljstf cg'?k hjfkm lbg'ePg.
kbf]Ggltaf] lg0f{o gx'b} dxffhflwfh ;sfdf clwfhs'dfL zflGt l;+x
dfkm{t kbf]Ggltdf cGofo ePsf] egL dxf;]gfgL f0ffsf] laGtLkq k'lu;s]sf]
x]5. ;sfaf6 o;df s] ePsf] xf], a'e\mg" eg] laGtLkq dnfO{ aS:of].
d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;Dks{ u] hfL kbf]Gglt ;sfdf dxf;]gfgL f0ffn]
r9fPsf] laGtLkq ;DaGwdf s] xf], a'em] va kfpm eg] pQm laGtLkq k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbP. pxfaf6 k'gM lrQa'e\mbf] hjfkm gcfPkl5 d}n]
of] s'f dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ca s] ug]{ < s;L ;dfwfg
ug]{ < eg] x's'd x'bf d}n] kbf]Gglt ePsf k|x\nfb u', xfn l;kmfl; ePsf
dxf;]gfgL jh| u' dxf;]gfgL f0ffsf] kmfOn cWoog ug]{ ;f]xL cg'?k
f0ffnfO{ kbf]Gglt lbg] of glbg]af] lg0f{o lng] eg] laGtL r9fP. ;sfaf6
;f]xL adf]lhd ug"{ x's'd eof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf cfh d}n] h\uL c8\8f uO{

141

142

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ e]6] pxfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ;}lgs ;lrj ljefudf uP pko'{Qm
tLg} clws[tsf] kmfOn cWoog u]. kmfOn cWoog ubf{ Jofj;flos lx;fan]
;a}eGbf pko'Qm f0ff g} nfUof]. To; cg';f d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hfgsfL
ufP dxffhflwfh ;sfdf hfx] u]. t k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kl5 hfx]Lsf]
l;nl;nfdf d}n] u]sf] lg0f{o 7Ls 5, ;sfaf6 dxf;]gfgL f0ffnfO{ kbf]Gglt
lbg" x's'd aS;] d kbf]Gglt lbg tof 5', t p;sf] sfo{bIftf 5}g, p;nfO{ s'g
:yfgdf fVg] dnfO{ ;d:of k5{ eGg'eof]. clg ;sfaf6 kbf]Gglt lbP fVg]
7fp 5}g eg] lsg kbf]Gglt lbg] t < x's'd eof]. o;L of] k|;\u olQs}df
6'\luof] dxf;]gfgL pHHjnljqmd f0ffsf] kbf]Gglt ePg.

@)%& c;f @( ut] laxLaf

s]xL lbgcufl8 fi6jfbL o'jf d~rn] cfof]hgf u]sf] sfo{qmddf b]zsf] cfly{s
b'j:yfdf s;n] Wofg lbg], dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn] b]zdf cft\s u[xo'4sf] ;Defjgf
lgDTofOx]sf] 5, o;df lsg ;sf ;+;b\sf] Wofg hfbg} , fhgLlts cl:ytf
a9]sf] 5, ljb]zL C0fdf ePsf] e|i6frfdf g]tfx?n] lhDd]jfL lng] ls glng], b]zsf]
zflGt;'Iff, hn;|ft] , kfi6 gLlt h:tf s'fdf ljb]zL rnv]n eOxbf ;+;b\df
lsg cfjfh p7\bg} , fli6o lxtsf ljifodf ;+;b\df lsg Pstf x'g ;Sb}g, gfulstf
ljw]os b]zsf] lxt gx]L s;sf] :jfy{df kf; ulof], g]kfnsf] ;Ldf If]qdf eftn]
PstkmL{ ?kdf afw agfO{ g]kfnL e"ld 8'afgdf kbf{ ;d]t g]kfnsf] k|zf;g lsg df}g
5, cflb ljifodf ;zQm ?kdf cfjfh p7fOPsf] lyof]. To;af6 ;+;b\sf] Wofg
cfsif{0f ePsf] 5. ;+;b\df klxnf] k6s o:tf ljifodf rf 306f ax; ePsf] 5.
d}n] kfPsf] hfgsfL cg';f ut c;f !( ut] Ps dfcf]jfbL g]tf uf]Ko
?kdf sf7df8f} cfP nlntk', ;fg]kfdf a;]sf lyP. ;fg]kfd} k"j{clwfhs'df
wL]Gb| zfxnfO{ e]6] pgL c;f @! ut] kmls{{Psf] eGg] va k|fKt ePsf] 5.
zflGt;'Iff ;'b9[ ug{ k|xLn] sf7df8f}d f ;lqmotf a9fPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] klg
z]axfb' b]pjf cd]lsfaf6 kms]k{ l5 jftf{sf] s'f cufl8 a9fpg] a'lemPsf] 5.
;]gf;u ePsf k'fgf PlG6s xltof laqmL u] cfpg] sla #) nfv
8naf6 gof xltof lsGg] ;Gbe{df xfn kLIf0f eOx]sf xltofdWo] s'g lng]
xf], o;af] rf8} lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ x'G5. To:t}, k|xLsf] dfu adf]lhd P;PdhL xltof
pknAw ufpg pko'Qm x'G5. ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos ePsf] xjfO{hxfh lsGg] k|;\udf
6]G8 u] lng'kg]{ x'G5.

@)%& ;fpg # ut] d\unaf

g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o cfzfsfhL af;'snfn] Ps
sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] ckgfPsf] af6f] 7Ls ePsfn] kf6L{n] cfly{s ;xof]u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k'ofPsf] 5, cfjZos k] cGo ;xof]u klg lbg tof 5f} eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] ljz]if k|efj x]sf lhNnfdf :yfgLo hgjfbL ;Qf
;~rfngsf] cEof; ug]{ ePsf] 5. slyt hgo'4 ;~rfngsf nflu cy{ ;\sng
ug{ lzIfs, ;j{;fwf0faf6 rGbf p7fpg] ePsf] 5. To:t} JofkfL, pBf]ukltaf6
s lng], sfo{stf{af6 n]aL p7fpg], ljQLo ;+:yf ;'bvf] JofkfL nfO{ cfly{s
sfafxL ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] of]hgf 5. ;fy} h8La'6L, nfu" kbfy{ s:t"L h:tf
d"Nojfg\ jGohGt'sf] Jofkf a9fpb} n}hfg] va cfPsf] 5. ;DejtM dfcf]jfbLn]
bflh{lnsf] uf]vf{ g];gn lna];g k|mG6 -hLPgPnPkm_ >Ln\sfsf] lna];g
6fOu;{ ckm tldn Ond -Pn6L6LO{_ af6 ;xof]u kfOx]sf] 5.
clwfhs'dfL x]ng zfxn] lqe'jg cGtf{li6o ljdfg:ynaf6 ljb]z hfbf,
cfpbf Kn]gsf] 9f]s};Dd df]6 n}hfg] u]sf] eGg] ljdfg:ynsf s]xL sd{rfLsf]
u'gf;f] 5. ;fwf0ftof dxffhflwfh ;d]t sxL ;jfL xf]OaS;bf eLeLcfO{kL
sIf g} k|of]u ulaS;G5. To;}n] clwfhs'dfL x]ngn] klg eLeLcfO{kL sIfaf6}
cf]xf]bf]xf] ubf{ fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5. of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] x'bf ltdLn] eg]
cg';f g} ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg va ug"{ x's'd eof].
zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf nflu gof hd{g xltof PdkL% Uns k]:tf]n
k|fKt ePsf] x'bf k'fgf] OhfonL phL a|fplg k]:tf]n h\uL c8\8fnfO{ kmsf{P
ljz]if kmf}hnfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbbf 7Ls x'g] b]lvG5.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] cfx\jfgdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ blIf0fL n]agfgdf zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfsf u0fx? w]} jif{b]lv sfo{t 5g\. cGo b]zaf6 vl6Psf ;}lgs u0fnfO{
;do ;dodf pgLx?sf] b]zsf ;DalGwt dGqL, ;sf k|d'v tyf fi6 k|d'vaf6
lgLIf0f e|d0f eO{ xf};nf k|bfg x'g] u]sf] 5. To;} uL, xfd|f] b]zsf] ;]gfsf]
u0fsf] lgLIf0f tyf ;}lgsnfO{ xf};nf k|bfg ug{ o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] ;jfL
rnfpg pko'Qm x'G5.
ndh' lhNnfsf] rqmtLy{ uflj; j8f g+= ! s'dfn ufpdf dfcf]jfbLsf]
PDa';df kL k|xL gfoa lgLIfs lbnaxfb' hL;Lsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. cGo b'O{
hjfg uDeL 3fOt] ePsf] va 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ zfxL Ifs jflxgL u0fdf blnt g]kfnL egf{ ePsf
5g\ ls 5}gg\, olb 5}gg\ eg] t'Gt egf{ ug{ nufpm, Toxfsf efG;fdf blnt
;}lgsn] s;L vfgf vfg] u]sf 5g\, ltdL cfkm} uP Tof] a'em\g' pgLx?;u}
a;] vfg" x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 kN6gsf] k"hfcfhf tyf lg;fg 5'g]
;DaGwdf klg s'g} e]befj gxf];\ eg] Toxfsf] sdfG8nfO{ :ki6 lgb]{zg b]pm x's'd
eof]. ;sfsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd d}n] jflxgLdf va uL uf]vaxfb' u0fdf ef]ln
laxfgsf] vfgf vfg] sfo{qmd ldnfP. jflxgLklt uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa"nfO{ ;d]t vfgf
vfg cfpg" eg] cfu|x u]sf] 5'.

143

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%& ;fpg !) ut] d\unaf

ut cfOtaf k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL
tffaxfb' yfkfsf] lgjf; dxffhuGh uO{ Ps 306f 5nkmn u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
5nkmndf cGo ljifosf cltlQm ;]gfsf nflu cfjZos gof xltof vlb ug]{
;DaGwdf s'f ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Iff;lrj s]zjfh fhe08fLn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ah]6 vr{
sdfGt tyf ;fdfg vlb h:tf ljifodf bafaf6 :jLs[t eO;Sof], t'Gt Iff
dGqfnoaf6 kf; ullbg'kof] eGg'x'G5, o:tf ljifodf kDkfut sfo{z}nLeGbf klg
lgod agfP sfo{ ubf{ kfbzL{ x'G5, o;af] bafaf6 ;f]rljrf x'g'kof] eg]
;'emfj lbg'eof].
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k"j{ d'Vo clws[t xlafa' rf}wL cfh dnfO{ e]6\g
sfof{nodf cfpg'eof]. b]zsf] jt{dfg kll:yltaf] cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpb} d;u
pxfn] eGg'eof], d b]z fh;+:yfsf nflu s'g} klg sfd ug{ tof 5'. s'g} klg
fhgLlts bndf cfa4 ePsf] 5}g. t sf\u;
|] ;u glhs 5'. d yf? ;d'bfoaf6
cfPsf] x'bf ;a} kf6L{n] ;;Nnfx dfUg] u]sf 5g\. eftLo fhb"tfjf;;u klg
d]f] ;Dks{ fd|f] 5. ;sfsf] cg'sn
" ;dodf bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg'kof].
lghL sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf a]nfot e|d0fdf x]sf ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gn]
cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] d hgn ; zfd sfcf]gnfO{ e]6\b} 5', a]nfot cfpg'cl3
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] dnfO{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af] ;Nnfx lbg'kof] eGg'ePsf]
lyof], o;} k|;\udf a]nfotsf] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;+rgfaf] 5nkmn ug{
nfu]sf] 5' eGg'eof]. ;fy} k'gn] klxn] klg hgn sfcf]gn] cfk"m;u e"tk"j{ la|l6;
uf]vf{sf] ;do;dodf pTkGg x'g] ;d:of ljjfbaf] s'f u]sf] o; k6s klg
To:tf s'f x'g ;Sg] atfpg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;f ;' ePkl5 g]kfn k|xLdf xfn;Dd s]xL clws[t ;lxt b'O{
;o k|xL hjfgsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. b'O{ hjfg k|xL lgLIfsnfO{ avf{:t ulPsf] 5 eg]
!^ hgf k|xL lgLIfs euf}8fsf ?kdf x]sf 5g\. xltof tflndlagf dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 xf]ldPsf]df k|xLleq Hofb} c;Gt'li6 5. o;af] ;dod} g;f]Rg] xf] eg] jli7
clws[tsf lj4 ljb|fx] x'g] ;Defjgf 5. k|xLnfO{ ;]gfn] tflnd ufpg] l;nl;nfdf
cfhb]lv ;]gfsf] h\un jfkm]o lzIffno, cdn]vuGhdf sdfG8f] tflnd ;' ePsf]
5. cfufdL !% ut]bl] v c? :yfgdf klg tflnd ;' x'g] ePsf] 5.
fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ ef}lts sfafxL ug]{ gLlt cg'?k
dfcf]jfbLn] sf\u|];sf lhNnf:tLo g]tf nfnrGb| af]xf -u'NdL_, b08kfl0f
ltldlN;gf -b}n]v_, eQmaxfb' a:g]t -ef]hk'_ rGb|gffo0f ofbj -l;fxf_ sf]
xTof u]sf] 5.
;+;b\df gfulstf ljw]osdfly dtbfg x'b f k|:tfjsf] kIfdf sf\u;
]| sf] !)*

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dt k]sf] 5. dtbfgsf avt kfr ljkIfL bnn] ;bg alxisf u] eg] pk;efd'v
lrqn]vf ofbj, dx]z cfrfo{, v]dfh e dfofn', gffo0f kf}8n
] cg'kl:yt lyP.
gf} jfd kf6L{sf g]tf nId0fk' afw lgLIf0f ug{ uPsf 5g\. pgLx?n]
sf7df8f}df cfd;ef uL cfufdL !* ut] pkTosf aGbsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{
a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%& ;fpg !@ ut] laxLaf

dWoklZrdsf rf kxf8L lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbLn] hg;Qf ;~rfng ulx]sf
5g\. d'n'ssf] ;'Iff l:ylt eofjx aGb} uOx]sf] 5. bnx?n] b]zdf ;'zf;g
sfod ug{ g;lsx]sf] cj:yfdf fhbafsf] e"ldsf s] x'g'k5{ eg] bafdf
5nkmn eOx]sf] 5. ca fli6o lxt ;'Iffsf ljifodf fhbafsf] e"ldsf
b]vfpg'kg]{ x'G5. fhgLlts kf6L{x?;u k|ToIf G guL hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu
fhbafn] s]xL sbd rfNg'kg]{af] ;fj{hlgs ax; x'g cfjZos 5. o;sf nflu
;~rf dfWodnfO{ k|of]u ug{ h?L x'G5.
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;]gf klrfng x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]r klxn]b]lvs}
xf]. t >L % sf] ;sfaf6 o;af] uDeLtfk"j{s ljrf ulPsf] 5}g. tflndsf]
l;nl;nfdf k|xL;u ePsf] k|ToIf ;+jfbaf6 ;]gf klrfng x'g l9nf] eO;s]sf]
k|:6 ePsf] 5. To;}n] zflGtsf] ;dodf k|xLnfO{ ;xof]usf nflu eP klg ;]gf
klrfngsf nflu clxn] g} cfjZos k"jf{wf tof ug'{kg]{ x'G5. ;}lgs tflnd
s]Gb|x?df tflnd ug{ cfPsf k|xLsf] dgf]an Hofb} Go"g b]lvPsf] 5. k|xLn]
cfkm"nfO{ hah{:tL tflnddf k7fPsf] tflndkl5 dfcf]jfbL;u n8\g hfg'kg]{
t s'g} ljz]if ;'ljwf ;d]t gkfOg] h:tf u'gf;f] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. of] s'f
k|wfgdGqL ;'Iff k|d'vx?nfO{ hfgsfL ufpbf fd|f] x'G5.

@)%& ;fpg @) ut] z'qmaf

k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ef/t e|d0f ut ;f]daf/b]lv ;'? ePsf]
5 . o;nfO{ ef/tLo kIfn] ;sf/fTds / ;b\efjgf e|d0f dfg]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL
sf]O/fnfsf] e|d0fdf s]s] ljifodf 5nkmn eof] of ;xdlt eof] eGg]af/] lj:t[t
l/kf]6{ tof/ kfg"{ eg]/ va/ ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] sf7df8f} pkTosfsf ;sfL ljBfnodf egf{ z'Ns glng, fli6o
ufg gufpg ;+:s[t ljifo cWofkg gufpg wDsL lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
n]agfgl:y ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gfsf kmf];{ sdfG8 ;]gfsf] u0f abnL
x'bf g]kfn cfpg rfx]sf 5g\.
k|xL k|wfg sfof{non] ;ft hgf eu'jf k|xL lgLIfsnfO{ avf{:t u]sf] 5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ of] jif{ ;+oQ' m fi6;\3af6 ;]gfnfO{ slt sd cfp5,

145

146

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

To;af6 d"nwgdf slt hfG5 To;kl5 d"nwgdf slt sd x'G5, d"nwgaf6 slt
Aofh cfp5 eGg] hfgsfL lnO{ pQm Aofh cg';f sNof0fsfLsf] cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6
lgdf{0f ug{ plrt x'G5 egL lgb]z
{ g aS:of]. To:t} ;sfaf6 o'Pgn] l8lk|l;P;g
afkt slt sd lbG5, Tof] sd cfPkl5 sNof0fsfL sf]ifdf Aofh ;lxt slt sd
x'G5, o;af6 s] ug]{ ;]gfsf] of]hgf 5 eGg]af] lh1f;f flvaS;L sNof0fsfLsf]
d"nwgaf6 >L % sf] ;sfsf] 6h
] L lan ;]So'l6L aG8 vlb uL pQm sd
;]gfsf] k"jf{wf lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ gLlt agfpg kxn ug{ lgb]z
{ g aS:of].
d}n] k|dv
' ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]bl] v g} k|wfg ;]gfklt;u
;]gfsf] gLltut ljifodf s]xL dtleGgtf cfOx]sf] 5. of] s'f dnfO{ ;sfaf6 klg
;f]lwaS;]sf] 5. To:t} o'jfhflwfhaf6 klg o;af] dnfO{ lh1f;f flvaS;]sf]
lyof]. ;sfx?nfO{ d}n] laGtL u], d]f] s'g} JolQmut :jfy{ 5}g. d}n] d]f
s'g} klg JolQmut ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u]sf] 5}g. s'g} klg ljifodf
lgodsfg'g;Ddt lx;fan] lg0f{o xf];\ eGg] u]sf] 5'. lgikIf lx;fan] cfk\mgf]
ljrf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eGg] u]sf] 5'. ljutdf kbf]Ggltsf] ljifonfO{ lnP ;d]t
;sfdf hfx] ePs} 5.
o;} k|;\udf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf ;}lgs ;xfos dxf;]gfgL 0fWjh lnDa"
-pxfn] klxn] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;d]t sfd ug'{ePsf] lyof]_ dnfO{ e]6\g cfh ;fem
sfof{nodf cfpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], lrkm;fa h;f{aaLr ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj0f
5}g. ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw ePg eg] sfd ug{ c;lhnf] x'G5. s'g} ljifodf dgd'6fj
5 eg] d lrkm;fa;u s'f ldnfpg k|oTg u5'{. x]s dlxgfsf] t];|f] ;ftfsf] Ps
lbg h;f{a k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] sfof{no cfP lrkm;fa;u cgf}krfls 5nkmn u]
w]} xb;Dd cfk;L ;b\efj ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f aGg]5. s]xL cljZjf; c;xh
cj:yf ePdf cfkm} x6] hfg]5. d}n] pxfnfO{ o; ljifodf ;sfaf6 ;d]t dnfO{
;f]lwaS;]sf] k|;\u ;'gfP. clg pxfsf s'f ;xif{ :jLsf u]. k|To]s dlxgfsf]
t];|f] ;ftf ;do ldnfP lrkm;fa;u cfk;L 5nkmn x'g] lgwf] eof]. ;fy} pxfn]
ldNof] eg] cfufdL ;f]dafsf] ;do ldnfp5' eGg'eof].

@)%& ;fpg @# ut] ;f]daf

k|wfg ;]gfkltsf ;}lgs ;xfos lnDa"n] ;do ldnfP cg';f cfh lrkm;fa
d]f] aLrdf e]6 eof]. lrkm;fa cfk\mg} ts{sf] kIfdf hah{:t 9\un] k|:t't
x'g'eof]. d}n] gd zAbdf pxfnfO{ eg], lgodsfg'gsf] kllwdf x] sfd ubf{
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfIf]k cfpb}g. ;]gfdf lgikIftf Gofosf] h?t k5{. cf;
qf; ;a}df ;dfg ?kn] dfGo x'g'k5{. s'}s'fdf pxfn] crDdnfUbf] tjdf
c:jfefljs :jdf eGg'eof], d ;]gfsf] clws[t Sof8]6df egf{ eO{ clxn] k|wfg
;]gfklt eO;s]. d}n] ;a} s'f k|fKt u]. dnfO{ c? s] rflxof] < dnfO{ 7Ls

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

nfu]sf] sfd u5'{. pxfsf s'f ;'g] d lhNn k]. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], ;, d klg
fhbafsf] jli7 ;}lgs kbdf k'lu;s]. yL eO;s]. o;kl5 d}n] kfpg] s]xL
5}g. t lrkm;fa t cfk\mgf] sfof{jlwkl5 klg fhb"t of cltyL x'g] ;Defjgf
5. To;}n] lrkm;fadf dfq ;Lldt x'g] xh'sf] s'f dnfO{ t c;fGble{s nfUof].
d]f s'f ;'g] pxf lhlNng'eof] jf:tljstf a'em] h:tf] ug'{eof].
d}n] lrkm;fa;u u]sf s'f dxffhflwfh o'jfhflwfhdf hfx] u].
;sfx? b'j} xfl;aS:of] dfq.
k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] kmf]g u] eGg'eof], bafsf] blIf0f
9f]sfcufl8 cfOtaf/ /flt ePsf] b'3{6gfdf df]6;fOsn rfns ufos k|jL0f
u'sf] 36gf:ynd} dTo' eof]. b'3{6gfkZrft\ df]6 gf]lsO{ t]h ultdf efu]
s]zdxn, nflhDkf6 x'b} cufl8 uof]. kfgLkf]vLdf k|xLn] f]Sg vf]Hbf gf]lsO{
cem a9L ultdf cufl8 a9\of] lgd{n lgjf;df l5of]. pxfn] pQm NofG8qm'h
df]6sf] gDa ;d]t dnfO{ lbg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ of] s] ePsf] x]5, lj:t[tdf
a'em] va u5'{ eg]. tTsfn} dxffhflwfhdf of] s'f hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
dfOnf efO -clwfhs'df 1fg]Gb|_ nfO{ kmf]g u] t'Gt a'em x's'd eof]. To;
cg';f d}n] 1fg]Gb| ;sfnfO{ kmf]g u]. ;sfnfO{ klg o;af] s]xL hfgsfL
x]g5. d a'em] va u5'{ x's'd eof]. sla cfwf 306fkl5 1fg]Gb| ;sfsf]
kmf]g cfof] x's'd eof], ljj]s, o; O6 Oh lxd, Tof] df]6 klg xf] kf;n]
rnfPsf] x]5, ca of] ;d:of s;L ;dfwfg ug]{, pkfo lgsfn. To; a]nf
;sf Psbd} cflQPsf] cj:yfdf ePsf] dnfO{ nfUof].
d}n] dxffhflwfhdf tTsfn} of] s'f hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 o:tf] uDeL
36gfaf6 kf; d:6 ng{ b n];g, sfg'gL k|lqmof k'ofP s] ug{ ;lsG5, of]
;d:ofnfO{ s;L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5, ljrf u, cfO{hLkL;u klg s'f u
x's'd eof].

@)%& ;fpg @$ ut] d\unaf

ufos k|jL0f u'sf] b'3{6gfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP d}n] k|xL dxflgLIfs;u
kfdz{ u]. pxfn] pQm gDasf] df]6n] b'3{6gf ufPsf] s'fsf] lhDd]jfL
lng}k5{ t s'g} 8fOenfO{ pkl:yt ufP ;hfo Aoxf]g{ nufpg] Joj:yf uf},
d[tssf] kljfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg' plrt x'G5 eg] dnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
k|:tfj ug'{eof]. To;} cg';f d}n] of] s'f ;sfx?df hfx] u]. ptf 1fg]Gb|
;sfsf zfxL kfZj{jtL{ dxf;]gfgL k|sfzljqmd zfxn] klg pkTosfsf k|xL
k|d'v 8LcfO{hL;u s'f ug'{ePsf] x]5. pgn] klg s'g} sfNklgs 8fOe tof
kfg'{ fd|f] x'G5, clxn] tTsfn} d[tssf kljfnfO{ fxt lbg] eljiodf d[tssf

147

148

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

5f]f5f]LnfO{ k9fO lbg] Joj:yf ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;Nnfx lbPsf x]5g\.
b'36{ gfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP ljleGg PkmPd, sflGtk' nufot s]xL b}lgs tyf
;fKtflxs klqsfn] Jofks d'Vo ;dfrfsf ?kdf k|rfk|;f u]sf 5g\. ;+;b\df
klg o; ljifodf s'f p7]sf] 5. ljleGg fhgLlts bnn] klg fhbafsf] 5ljdf
cfr cfpg] uL k|ltlqmof lbP. dfn]sf] e|ft[ ;\u7g cg]f:jljo'sf g]tf ?kgffo0f
>]i7 jLGb| clwsfLsf] g]tT[ jdf h'n;
' k|bz{g ePsf] 5. h'n;
' n] ljleGg :yfgdf
rSsfhfd ug's
{ f ;fy} xToff kf;nfO{ sfafxL u, xToff kf; d'bf{jfb, xToff
bafdf xf]Og h]ndf a:g'k5{, fh;+:yf hgtfsf] Ifs xf]Og eIfs xf], xToffnfO{
k|xLn] ;'Iff lbP slt fV5 < xTofsf] abnf lnG5f} lnG5f} h:tf gff nufPsf]
va 5.

@)%& ;fpg @^ ut] laxLaf

k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb'
yfkfnfO{ ut @$ ut] pxfs} lgjf;df uP k'gM e]6\g'ePsf] 5. ;]gfn] lsGg nfu]sf]
cfw'lgs xltof cfh]!)) ljdfg vlb ;DaGwL ljifodf lj:t[tdf 5nkmn ug{
pxfx?aLr afDaf e]6 ePsf] x'g ;S5.
sf7df8f} cfPsf a]nf eftsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkfn]
dnfO{ e]6\g'eof]. g]kfnsf] jt{dfg kll:yltk|lt lrGtf JoQm ub}{ pxfn] eGg'eof],
clxn] d'n'ssf] 5lj If]qLo cGtf{li6o hut\df lgs} vl:sPsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL
sf]Ofnfn] sf\u|]; kf6L{nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g. pxf cfk\mgf s]xL
ljZjf;kfqsf] edf x'g'x'G5. pxfn] kfi6dGqL rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf u[x;lrj
kbdk|;fb kf]v]nnfO{ ljZjf;df lnPsf] a'em]sf] 5'. kfi6dGqL af:tf]nf eftsf]
;fpy Anssf tNnf] :tsf sd{rfLdf g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfljf]wL efjgf a9fpg
;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5. sf]Ofnf kljfnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ x'b}g, pgLx?n] ;Qf
zlQmsf nflu h] klg u5{g\ eg] k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{n] eg]sf] s'f
ofb cfp5. clxn] gof lbNnLsf] ;f]rfOdf jfdkGyL blIf0fkGyL wfnfO{ baf
baflofn] Rofk]sf] x'bf g]kfndf k|hftGq x's{g ;d:of 5. k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf eftsf :yn ;]gfWoIf eLkL dlnssf] cjsfzkl5 oL b'O{
b]zsf ;]gfaLr ;DaGw 3lgi7 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]
hafn] klxnf] cf}krfls e|d0f rLg u]sfn] eftn] z\sf u]sf] x'g ;S5.
o; cj:yfdf fhbafsf] eftLo g]tf;u s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < s] u] ;DaGw
a9fpg] xf] < s:tfs:tf JolQm k|of]u ug]{ < o;af] ljrfljZn]if0f x'g h?L 5.
fhbafn] k|of]u u]sf JolQmnfO{ eftn] s]jn va lng] JolQmsf ?kdf k|of]u
guf];\. o;df ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg'k5{.
sf\u|];df k'gM ;Qf kljt{gsf] c:j:y lsrnf] ;' ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

sf]Ofnfsf lj4 kf6L{sf] ;+;bLo bndf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ ug]{ kxn ;'
ePsf] 5. o;df g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfsf] ljz]if xft 5 eg] sf]Ofnfn] pxfsf
lj4 e|i6frfsf] cleof]udf sfafxL rnfpg] of]hgf agfpg'ePsf] 5. k|xL
dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] v8\sfnfO{ e|i6frfsf] cleof]u nufpg kmfOn tof
uL k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbg'ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]/ ha/fn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sdfG8 tyf :6fkm
sn]hdf cfof]lht ;df/f]xdf dfcf]jfbL ultljlwn] d'n'snfO{ u|:t kfb}{ nu]sf]
atfpFb} a[xt /fli6o lxtsf nflu /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ ;lqmo agfpg' kg]{ wf/0ff
/fVg'eof] . pxfFn] Toxf af]Ng'cl3 b/af/ To;af/] ;f]Wg' ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

@)%& ;fpg @& ut] z'qmaf

df]6 b'3{6gfdf ufos k|jL0f u'sf] d[To' ePsf] ljifonfO{ lnP zfxHofbf
kf;k|lt nlIft gsffTds ;dfrf cfpg] qmd hfL 5. o;af] >L %
sf] ;sfsf] s'g} k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5}g. PkmPd kqklqsfaf6 36gfnfO{
fhgLtLs0f ug]{ sfd eOx]sf] 5. kf6L{x?n] klg ToxL sfd ulx]sf 5g\.
o;} ljifodf k|sflzt fk|kfsf] jQmJo ;+;b\df s]xL gaf]Ng] t aflx c?nfO{
prfNg] h:tf] b]lvG5. o; ljifodf bafn] s]s:tf] ;f]rfO fVg] xf] <
fhbafn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eg] o; b'3{6gf ;DaGwL kmfOn dufpg] of fhfn]
k|wfgdGqL;u 5nkmn ug]{ < ls Og kfln{{ofd]G6 sf] b[li6n] s] ubf{ pko'Qm
x'G5 < bafn] ;fwf0f hgtfsf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ s;L l8n ug]{ h:tf ljifoaf]
lg0f{o lng' h?L 5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ b'3{6gf ;DaGwdf cfPsf ;dfrf ljZn]if0f ubf{ cfO{hLkL
v]n baf ljf]wL kIf b'j}lt v]lnx]sf] k|tLt x'G5, o;af] ;r]t x'g cfjZos
5 x's'd eof]. To:t}, dfcf]jfbL;u d'sflanf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
dfcf]jfbLn] sDkgL :tsf] n8fs' b:tf tof u]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. o:tf]
n8fs' b:tf;u ;]gfsf] OlG8k]G8]G6 sDkgLn] d'sflanf ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g <
o;af] ;dod} ljrf x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbLn] o;L n8fs' b:tf a9fpb} hfg] xf] eg]
;]gfn] slt ;do s'] a:g] < olb ;]gf klrfng ePdf lhe{ kmf];{ sf ?kdf
s;nfO{ klrfng ug]{ < olb e"k" ;}lgsnfO{ lhe{ kmf];{sf nflu tof ug]{ xf] eg]
of] sfd clxn] yflnxfNg'k5{. dfcf]jfbL;usf] le8Gtdf nlhl:6ssf] cfjZostf
a9L kg]{ x'bf o;af] clxn] g} ;f]rljrf x'g'k5{. Pdg]:6L OG6g];gnn] g]kfndf
dfcf]jfbLn] afn;}Go k|of]u u]sf] eGg] ;dfrf lbPsfn] p;n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;}Go
zlQmsf ?kdf :jLsf u]sf] b]lvG5. o; l:yltdf ;]gf klrfngkl5 ;]gfsf
lj4 dfgj clwsf xggsf] s'f p7\g ;Sg]af] clxn]b]lv g} ;+j]bgzLn eP
;r]t x'g cfjZos 5. ;]gf;u oL ljifodf s'f u.

149

150

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%& ;fpg #) ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|];df a9]sf] ljjfb ldnfP kf6L{nfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfpg kxn ug{
eftsf b'O{ ;f+;b sf7df8f} cfPsf 5g\. o;} qmddf e};]kf6Ll:yt s[i0fk|;fb
efO{sf] lgjf;df k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf pxfaLr e]6jftf{ eof]. pxfx?aLr
jftf{ eOx]sf] a]nf eftLo b"tfjf;sf] gDa Kn]6 ePsf] uf8L efO{ lgjf;df
b]vf kof]. va cg';f, sf7df8f} cfPsf tL b'O{ eftLo ;f+;b Toxf k'u]sf
lyP. pgLx?n] b'j} jli7 g]tfnfO{ clxn]sf] ;dodf tkfO{+x? kms dt lnP
xf]Og Psdt eP cufl8 a9\g'k5{, kf;n] u]sf] b'3{6gf bafn] o;af] lng]
0fgLltaf6 sf\u|];n] kmfObf lng ;Sg'k5{, ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltn] fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\nfO{ ;lqmo kfg]{ ;DaGwdf lbPsf] cleJolQmnfO{ xn'sf ?kdf lng ldNb}g,
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf nflu sf\u|]; Ps l9Ssf x'g'k5{ eg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] a'lemPsf]
5. sf]Ofnf efO{sf] cfhsf] e]6kl5 kf6L{df ca ;a} 7Ls 5 eGg] ;Gb]z
k|jfx ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5.

@)%& ebf} ! ut] laxLaf

zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf d'Vo clws[t dxf;]gfgL v8\uaxfb' u' cfh
dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'eof]. pxfn] JolQmut sf0faf6 fhLgfdf lbg] dg;fo k|s6
ug'e{ of]. d}n] pxfnfO{ k'glj{rf ug';
{ \ lsgeg] Psb'O{ jif{leq tkfO{s
+ f] kbf]Gglt
x'G5, clxn] fhLgfdf lbP s] ug]{ ljrf ug'e{ Psf] 5 < eg] ;f]w] . pxfn] vf;}
k|:6 hjfkm lbg'ePg. d}n] pxfnfO{ Ps ;ftf;Dd ;f]r] dfq lg0f{o lng';\ eg].
;Qf?9 sf\u|]; kf6L{df cfGtls G a9\b} uPsfn] kf6L{ km'6\g] ;Defjgf
b]lvG5. o;f] ePdf ldnLh'nL ;sf aGg ;S5. o; cj:yfdf bafn] klg
cfk\mgf] 0fgLlt l5} to ug'{kg]{ x'G5. o; klk|]Iodf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf]
cjwf0ff kf; x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 ulx]sfn] ;]gfn] klg
xftxltof tyf nlhl:6ssf ;fdu|L a]n}df Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6
a}\s vf]Ng] ;}lgs c:ktfnnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cf}iflw nufot cGo pks0f
vlb ug]{ ljifodf s] eOx]sf] 5 < egL k|Zg ulaS:of].
ufos k|jL0f u'sf] b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' ePsf] ljifonfO{ lnP lgs} ljjfb
eOx]sf] 5. of] ljjfb ;fDo kfg{ v8\uaxfb' e'h]n gfd u]sf] 8fOe e]fOPsf]
5. e'h]nnfO{ k|xL;fd' cfTd;dk{0f ug{ nufpg] to eof]. of] 36gfnfO{ hlt;Sbf]
rf8f] sfg'gL ?kaf6 6'\Uofpg'kg]{ x'G5.
of]uL gxlgfy g]kfnuGhdf lafdL ePsf] va cfPsfn] ef]ln pkrfsf
nflu sf7df8f} Nofpg ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6 aGbf]a:t ulPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] u'x\o]ZjL dlGbsf] k"j{lt Pokf]6{d'lg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;]gfsf] ]vb]vdf x]sf] vfnL hUufdf gf} xf]nsf] uNkm sf];{ Sna ejg tofL
eO;s]sf] 5, pQm uNkm Snasf] ;d'b\3f6gsf nflu o'jfhflwfhnfO{ hfx]
ullbg" eGg'ePsf] 5. o;af] d}n] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ems]{
of] clxn] ;]gfsf] k|fyldstfdf kg]{ ljifo xf] ls xf]Og < eg] k|Zg ulaS:of].
;sf of] uNkm Snasf] of]hgf k]; ub}{b]lv o;sf] kIfdf xf]OaS;GgYof]. ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf] sdaf6 uNkm sf];{ agfpg' slQsf] dgfl;a sfo{ xf] eg] ToxL a]nf
;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ k|Zg ;d]t ulaS;]sf] lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf kfnfdf o:t} sdaf6 5fpgLl:yt ;}lgs c:ktfn ejg
6'l8v]nsf] ;}lgs clws[t Sna ag]sf] s'f hfx] ug'{eof]. o'jfhflwfh
;sfaf6 pQm uNkm sf];{sf] ;d'b\3f6gsf nflu cfufdL ebf} @# ut]sf] ;do
aS;]sf] 5.

@)%& ebf} * ut] laxLaf

Iff;lrj s]zjfh fhe08fLn] kmf]g u] dnfO{ eftLo Iff;lrjn] cfufdL
;]K6]Da t];|f] ;ftf eft e|d0fsf nflu lgdGq0ff ug'{ePsf] 5, ;]gfsf nflu
xftxltof tyf cGo ;}lgs ;fdu|Laf] 5nkmn ug{ pko'Qm ;do ePsfn] e|d0fdf
hfg' fd|f] x'G5, ;sfdf hfx] u] va kfpm eGg'eof].
zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf d'Vo clws[t dxf;]gfgL v8\uaxfb' u'n]
fhLgfdf lbg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ lgod cg';f zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] ;}lgs ;lrj
ljefudf uP fhLgfdf a'emfpg';\ eg]. ;fy} of] ljifo ;sfdf hfx] eO;s]sfn]]
d}n] ;}lgs ;lrj ljefudf kmf]g u] dxf;]gfgL u'sf] fhLgfdf :jLs[t ullbg"
eg] va u].
dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO cg';f g} ut jif{b]lv ;]gfnfO{ rd" -sf]_ cjwf0ffdf
;~rfng ug{]af] 5nkmn eOx]sf] 5. o;sf nflu ;]gfdf sfo{6f]nL u7g uL
k|:tfj k]; ug{ lgb]{zg ePsf] lyof]. pQm sfo{ 6f]nLn] tof kf]sf] k|:tfjaf]
cfh zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf ;sfdf hfx] eof]. rd" cjwf0ff cg';f zfxL
h\uL c8\8f gLlt lgdf{0f tx, Iff dGqfno, fhbaf;u ;dGjo, dfgj ;+;fwg,
tflnd ;}lgs ;fdu|L vlb h:tf ljifodf s]lGb|t x'G5. clwfHoe x]sf
;]gfsf ljleGg o'lg6nfO{ ;~rfng klrfng ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jfL rd"kltsf]
x'G5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lhDd]jfL w]} ePsfn] ef sd ug{
of] cjwf0ffdf hfg'kg]{ ;f]rfO ag]sf] xf]. hfx]Lsf qmddf p7]sf ljleGg k|;\
uaf] kldfh{g ug{ pQm k|:tfj k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf NofP cWoog ug{
;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of].
rd" cjwf0ff nfu" ubf{ tnb]lv ;' uL dfly n}hfg'k5{. of] cjwf0ff slt
r0fdf nfu" ul;Sg] To;nfO{ cfly{s Jooef s;L ldnfpg] eGg]af] klxn] g}

151

152

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;f]rljrf x'g'k5{ eg] ;sfaf6 :ki6 lgb]{zg ePsf] 5. zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf
ePsf] hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ rd" cjwf0ff ;DaGwL of]hgf lj:t[t cWoog
uL kldfh{g ug]{ ljifox? tof kf x's'd eof].
hfkfgsf k|wfgdGqL of]lz/f] df]/L g]kfn e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{df lqe'jg cGtf{li6o
ljdfg:yndf cfOk'Ubf pxfsf] :jfutsf nflu fhbafaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm
dxh{g ;}lgs ;lrj -d_ dfq ;xefuL x'g ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5.

@)%& ebf} !@ ut] ;f]daf

;'g;L lhNnfsf] wfgeGbf dfly x]sf] e]8]6fdf sflGtk' PkmPd k|;f0fsf
nflu 7"nf] PG6]gf h8fg ug{ :jLs[lt lbOPsf] 5. ca pQm PkmPkm tfO{sf w]}
lhNnf nufot eftsf ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf ;d]t ;'lgG5. o;af6 fli6o k|;f0f gLlt
;'Iff ljifodf s] k|efj k5{ eGg]af] ljZn]if0f x'g cfjZos 5.
;sfn] g]kfn k|xLsf nflu x]lnsK6 vlb ug]{ ;f]rfO agfPsf] 5.
k|xLn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf x]lnsK6 lj v8f uL cfjZos kfOn6, OlGhlgo tyf
dd{t;Defsf nflu cGo sd{rfL h:tf k"jf{wf tof ug{ w]} ;do vr{ ;d]t
nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5. To;}n] x]lnsK6 lsg] ;]gfnfO{ lbO{ ;]gfaf6} klrflnt ubf{
cfly{s Jooef sd x'g] cfly{s ldtJolotf ;d]t x'g'sf ;fy} k|xLsf] cfjZostf
k"f x'g ;S5.

@)%& ebf} !% ut] laxLaf

zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf] lQm d'Vo clws[tdf s]xL jif{cl3 zfxL kfZj{jtL{df
sfd u]sf dxf;]gfgL s]zjfh dxtnfO{ Nofpg] lg0f{o eof].
;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd eof], u[x;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v]nn] :jtGq ltAat
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u ulx]sf] w]}ltaf6 dnfO{ va cfPsf] 5. To:t}, u[x
dGqfno k|xL k|wfg sfof{no cGtu{t ;z:q k|xL an ;~rfng ug]{ k|of;
eOx]sf] ;'g]sf] 5'. Pp6} lgsfosf] dftxtdf b'O{ j6f k|xL ;~rfng x'g nfu]sf]
s'f s] xf] < o;af] a'em] dnfO{ eg. ;z:q k|xL 5'} P]gaf6 a]Un} kmf];{sf
?kdf v8f x'g'k5{. olt g} a]nf b'O{ k|xL ;\u7g agfP cfO{hLkL klg b'O{ j6}
agfpg] tL b'j} k|xLsf] dxflgb]{zs x'g] cfO{hLkL cRo'ts[i0f v]nsf] of]hgf 5
eGg] rrf{ ;d]t ;'lgPsf] 5.
cfh dxffhflwfhaf6 kfrvfnl:yt zflGt;]gf tflnd s]Gb| ;jfL eO{
#( cf} 8km\kmfsf] ?kdf zflGt :yfkgf sfo{sf nflu hfg nfu]sf] e}jgfy
u0fnfO{ labfO bz{g aS:of]. pQm cj;df k|wfgdGqL Iff;lrj ;d]t ;xefuL
x'g'x'GYof]. To;} qmddf Pd!^ P6' fOkmndf 6]ln:sf]k lu|g]8 nGr x'g'k5{,
k|To]s ;}lgssf] ;fydf xg] lkmN8 8]l;sf nflu d]l8sn Kofs s;L tof kfg{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;lsG5, o;af] ;f]Rg" egL ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of]. To:t}, tflndsf] ;dodf
:yfgLo hgtfsf] afnL gf]S;fg ePdf pko'Qm Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg, tflnd
s]Gb|sf] jlklsf] hldg vlb uL af afg{ pQm :yfgdf e"Ifosf] k|sf]k w]}
b]lvPsfn] To;af6 arfpg j[Ifff]k0f, t6aGw lgdf{0f ug{ ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn ulaS:of]. zflGt :yfkgf sfo{sf nflu hfg] ;}lgssf]
tflndsf] l;nl;nfdf cjlw dfq tf]Sg] u]sf]df lbgdf slt 306f slt lklo8
tflnd lng'kg]{ xf], pQm tflnd ;a} ;}lgsn] clgjfo{ lng}kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;d]t
;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x's'd eof].

@)%& c;f]h # ut] d\unaf

;'/Iff lgsfosf] l;kmfl/;df ut cfOtaf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 clw/fHoe/
d;fn h'n'; lgsfNg k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf Pdfn] dfn]sf
w]} h'emf sfo{stf{ dfcf]jfbLdf k|j]z u]sf] va 5. ;fy} f]Nkf lhNnfaf6 k|fKt
;"rgf cg';f k|xL HofbtLaf6 dfcf]jfbL a9]sf] xf]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ k|xLsf] Ifdtf 5}g. :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL k|xL b'j}sf] 8 5. o;}
sf0f o'jf knfog x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] vfBfGg, v;Laf]sf s'v'f
;d]t n'6\g] u]sf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLsf] gfddf f]Nkfdf dflPsf w]}h;f] ;j{;fwf0f
;f]emf hgtf x'g\. k|xLx? ;'lIft :yfg vf]h] fte ;'Tb}gg\. lbp;f] sfof{no
cfP ;'Tg] u]sf 5g\. fhfn] s'g} ;fy{s k|of; u] dfq zflGt, cdgr}g sfod
x'G5 eGg] u]sf] ;'lgg cfPsf] 5.
zbrGb| zfxn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] d a]nf] uPsf] lyP, cfOk'u], Toxf
8f= t'n;L luL;u e]6 ePsf] lyof], 8f= luLn] dnfO{ ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf] ;do
ldnfOlbg';\, d sf7df8f} cfp5' eg] va k7fpg'ePsf] 5 eGg'eof].
cfh dnfO{ ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg dfG5] x]] JolQmlkR5]
kmskms s'f ulx]sf 5g\. htftt} cfk\mgf] dfG5] 3';k}7 ufpg] u]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. ;]gfdf klg 3';k}7 x'g ;S5, a]n}df ;r]t x'g" eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ va
u. dnfO{ cfPsf] va cg';f dfcf]jfbLsf] ;ftf} r0fsf] o'4kl5 ;]gf;u le8\g]
of]hgf 5. To:t} ;sfaf6 klxn] ;]gfdf ;xfos yL Tof]eGbf dflysf] bhf{df
kbf]Gglt x'g] ;}lgs clws[tn] fhfnfO{ bfd fVg] k|rng lyof], @)$& ;fnkl5 of]
qmd f]lsPsf] 5, cab]lv k'fgf] k|rng sfod ug"{ x's'd eof].
va cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] f]Nkf s'd lhNnfdf ;]gfn] x]lnKof8 agfpg
;Sg]hlt :yfgdf af; sf7 uf8] x]lnsK6 pqg glbg] of]hgf u]sf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbLn] xfn ;]gf;u d'7e]8 gug]{ gLlt lnPsf] a'lemG5. d;fnsf] bLgfgfy
zdf{ ;d"xn] cfk\mgf] kf6L{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLdf ;dfj]z u]sf] va 5. To:t}, lnDa'jfg
d'lQm df]rf{n] dfcf]jfbL;u sfo{ut Pstf u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

153

154

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

Iff;lrj s]zjfh fhe08fLn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] cfk\mgf] eft e|d0f f]lsPsf]

hfgsfL lbg'eof] o;cl3 f]lsPsf] kfls:tfg e|d0f u? ls eg] ;f]Wg'eof].
;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], g]tfx?n] ;]gf bafsf lj4df ;a}nfO{ cfk\mgf] kIfdf kfg{
k|of; u]sf] b]lvG5. o;n] ubf{ ;]gf baf Psflt kf6L{x? csf]{lt x'g]
cj:yf cfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;dod} o;af] ljrf ug'{k5{. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
;z:q k|xL an u7g ;DaGwL lkf]6{ k"} aflx k|rfdf NofPsf] hfgsfL lbb}
pxfn] k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gfn] tof kf]sf] ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL ;a}
sfuhft k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ lbPsf] ;d]t a'em]sf] 5' eGg'eof].
k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{n] d}n] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug{
;lsg, ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g, ;]gfaf6 kLl8t eOof], xfn lulhfafa'n] ;]gf klrfng
u]sf]df v';L 5' eg] k|ltlqmof lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%& c;f]h % ut] laxLaf

k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf b;}cufl8 ;a} dGqLsf] fhLgfdf dfUg]
b;}kl5 dlGqklifb\ k'gu{7g ug]{ ;f]rfOdf x'gx' G' 5 eGg] va cfPsf] 5. To:t}
sf]Ofnfn] sf\u;
|] g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sf;u e]l6x]sf] a'lemG5. cfh dfcf]jfbLn]
cfx\jfg u]sf] g]kfn aGbnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ sf\u;
|] g]tf v8\sfn] rGbf lbPsf] eGg]
sf]Ofnfsf] cff]k 5. To:t}, xfn} kflt gfulstf ljw]os ;DaGwdf lkf]6;
{ {
Snaff cfof]lht ;fIffTsf sfo{qmdnfO{ fk|kf g]tf jLGb|gfy zdf{n] k|fof]hg
u]sf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ >Ln\sg fhb"tn] g]kfnsf] kxf8L e"efudf >Ln\sfsf]
Pn6L6LO{n] dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdfnfO{ tflnd lbOx]sf] eGg] s'f u], ;]gfnfO{ va 5
ls 5}g, o;af] a'e\mg u'Ktr lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jfL lbg'kof] x's'd eof]. ;fy} rd"
cjwf0ff cg';f clws[t tyf hjfgsf] tflndsf nflu ah]6 ;lxt df:6 Knfg
agfpg x's'd aS:of]. vlkf6Ll:yt tflnd Ps]8]dLdf ;xefuL x'g] Sof8]6nfO{
tflnd lbbf Jofj;flos, g}lts zfLls h:tf ljifodf dfkb08 tf]Sg plrt
x'g]5, s'gs'g k|fl1s ljifodf k|fyldstf lbg] eg] tf]Sg tL ljifosf af]df
cWofkg ubf{ :t sfod ug{ ;d]t ;sfaf6 x's'd eof]. ;fy} vlkf6L e|d0fsf]
l;nl;nfdf oL ljifo p7fpg" eg] dnfO{ lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%& c;f]h * ut] cfOtaf

;]gfsf tflnd s]Gb|x? lgLIf0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;sf cfh zfxL g]kfnL
;}lgs tflnd k|lti7fg, vlkf6L ;jfL eof]. ;sfdf k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]
haf k|lti7fgklt dxf;]gfgL uf}jzdz] hafn] k|lti7fgaf] hfx] ug'{eof].
;sfaf6 k|lti7fgdf tflndsf nflu :yfg ;f3'f] ePsf], tflnd lng] clws[t

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

Sof8]6sf nflu jf;:yfg ck'u x]sf] >L % sf] ;sfaf6 k|lti7fgnfO{ k|fKt
x'g] ah]6 sd ePsf] dx;'; ulaS:of]. To;}n], k|lti7fgsf] jlklsf] hUuf lng
;s] k|lti7fg lj:tf x'g] ;'emfj aS:of]. To; cj;df ;sfnfO{ k|lti7fgsf]
cjnf]sg ufpg'sf ;fy} s]xL tflnd ;d]t b]vfOof].
k|lti7fgdf hfx]Lkl5 nGrsf] ;dodf ;sfaf6 tflndsf nflu k|lzIfs
s;L v6fOG5, slt cjlwsf nflu v6fOG5, pgLx? oxf xbf k|f]T;fxgsf]
Joj:yf s:tf] 5 cflb ljifodf lh1f;f flvaS;L clws[t tflnddf Jofj;flos,
g}lts zfLls kIfaf] lglZrt :t lgwf{0f ug{ x's'd eof]. ;fy} k|fl1s
ljifosf] k9fOdf ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{0f u]sf] :t sfod u] g} k|lti7fgn]
clws[t tof kfg]{ xf], To;}n] Sof8]6sf] 5gf]6b]lv g} :t sfod x'g'k5{ eg]
;sfaf6 lgb]{zg eof]. sf] cjwf0ff cg'?k a9\g ;Sg] clws[tsf] ;\Vof
cg';f tflndsf nflu df:6 Knfg agfO{ ah]6 pNn]v u] Iff dGqfnodf k];
ug{ lgb]{zg aS;b} gof aGg] clws[tnfO{ v]n v]nfP dfq x'b}g, v]nsf] lgod
;d]t l;sfpbf fd|f] x'G5 eg] ;sfaf6 x's'd eof].

@)%& c;f]h ( ut] ;f]daf

8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd b'g}df dfcf]jfbLn] uP flt cfqmd0f uL lhNnf
k|zf;g k|xL sfof{no Wj:t kf]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 !$ k|xL xtfxt
ePsf] k|xLsf xltof n'l6Psf] va 5. Toxfl:yt a}\saf6 sd ;d]t
n'l6Psf] va 5. cfh laxfg} g]kfnuGhaf6 yk k|xL klrfng ePsf] 5.
36gfsf] lj:t[t ljj0f cfpg afsL 5. e]L gbLsf] k'n ;d]t lj:kmf]6 ufO{
eTsfPsf] sf0f ;]kmf]S;'G8f] cfIfdf x]sf] ;]gfn] ;xof]u ug{ g;s]sf] eGg]
k|flDes egfO cfPsf] 5.
b'g} 36gfdf ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g eg] ;"rgf tyf ;~rfdGqL hok|sfzk|;fb
u'Ktfn] ;~rfsdL{;u cfqmf]z JoQm u]sf] va 5. k|fKt va cg';f pxfn]
eGg'ePsf] 5, dfcf]jfbL bafaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\. xfdL ;sfdf ePsfn] kf]n
vf]Ng ldNb}g. aflx uPkl5 eG8fkmf] u5f}{+. clxn] baflof ;nanfpg yfn]sf
5g\. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u] fhfn] zlQm lng] of]hgf agfOx]sf 5g\. k|xLsf
nflu xltof lsGg !& sf]8 k}of ;]gfnfO{ a'emfO;lsPsf] 5. t ;]gfn]
bafsf] lgb]{zgdf clxn];Dd xltof pknAw ufPsf] 5}g. sf\u|]; ;Qfaflx
uP Pdfn] ;Qfdf cfp5 fhfnfO{ zlQmzfnL x'gaf6 f]S5. fhf;u d'7e]8sf]
l:ylt cfP xfdL a9LeGbf a9L lgjf{l;t x'g'knf{. t xfd|f] ;\3if{ hfL xG5.
cf]nlDksdf hfg] k"} v]nf8LnfO{ hDdf %) nfv k}of ;sfn] pknAw ufPsf]
5. t o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|nfO{ ! sf]8 %) nfv lbPsf]df cem gk'u eg] km]l
#^ nfv lbg'k]sf] 5. xfn ljBfnox?df dfcf]jfbLn] fli6o ufg ufpg ;+:s[t

155

156

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ljifo k9fpg aGb ufPsf 5g\. s] of] bafsf] cg's"n 5 < >L % sf] ;sfs}
dGqLx?n] o:tf] cleJolQm lbPsf] ljifonfO{ uDeLtfk"j{s lng'kg]{ x'G5.
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf s]xL gfsfdf ef]lnb]lv ;]gfn] ljz]if kmf}h klrfng ug]{
k|xLn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL ug]{ ePsf] 5.

@)%& c;f]h !) ut] d\unaf

dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ ch'{g eGg] JolQmn] dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] lr7L
g]dlskfsf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5]nfO{ a'emfPsf] va 5.
ut zlgaf sf\u|]; g]tf nfnsfhL u' / k"j{yL s[i0faxfb' u'n]
k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5. ;fy}, sf]Ofnfn] ^ ut] k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{
pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfnfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{aLrsf]
afSnf] e]63f6 x:odo lsl;dsf] 5.
b'g} 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df ;~rf dfWodn] Jofks ;dfrf lbPsf 5g\. ;sfL
kIfaf6 cfk\mgf] sdLsdhf]L 9fs5f]k ulPsf] 5. b'g} 36gfsf] 5fglag ug{
;sfn] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g u]sf] 5. To;df ;]gfsf] k|ltlglwTj 5}g. b'g}
36gfaf] hfx]Lsf qmddf ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd eof], dGqLx?n] ;]gfsf lj4
k|];df hyfefjL cfqmfds ?kdf af]lnx]sf] cj:yf 5. k|wfgdGqL :jo+ IffdGqL
ePsf gftfn] ;]gfsf] arfpdf nfUg] ls gnfUg] < s'f ljrf0fLo 5. olb
IffdGqLn] s'g} sbd grfNg] xf] eg] ;]gfn] klg cfk\mg} k|of;df jQmJo lgsfn]
s] x'G5, o;af] ;d]t ljrf x'g'k5{. b'g} h:tf 36gf 36\g'df s;sf] lhDd]jfL
xf] < ;a} ;'Iff lgsfon] 5nkmn uL sdhf]L kQf nufO{ kf7 l;Sg'k5{. o:tf]
cj:yfdf, ;]gfn] lbPsf] ;'emfj cg';f fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgf
ug{ ;s]sf] eP ;a} ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ ;dGjofTds 9\un] klrfng ug{ ;lsg]
lyof] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ o:tf ljifodf ;'emfj lbg ;lhnf] x'g] lyof]. ;a} cj:yf
ljrf ubf{ ;'Iff lgsfodf Pscfk;df ;dGjosf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5. o; sf0f
klg ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ ;lqmo t'Nofpg h?L b]lvG5. ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ tTsfn}
;lqmo gu] klg ;'Iff lgsfosf kbflwsfL ;lDdlnt s]Gb| :yfkgf ug'{ lgtfGt
cfjZos ePsf] 5. cfh;Dd dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ePsf sfafxLaf] ;dLIff u]
36gf cWoog ug'{ fd|f] x'g]5. ;]gfn] k|xLnfO{ lbg'kg]{ elgPsf xltof s]xL
lbO;lsPsf] s]xL lbg] k|lqmofdf x]sf] 5. ;]gfdf ;d]t xltofsf] sdL x]sf]
x'bf ;]gfn] gof xltof lnPkl5 dfq k|xLnfO{ k"} xltof lbg ;lsG5. k|xLdf
xfn ePsf xltofsf] tflnd sdfG8 sG6f]nsf] cefjn] ubf{ k|xLsf] sfafxL
k|efjsfL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
olt a]nf ;sf gfufh'{g a\unfdf fh xf]OaS;]sf] 5. b'g} 36gfnfO{ lnP
k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu gfufh'{g cfpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;sf;u a[xt\ 5nkmnkl5 k|wfgdGqLn] u[xdGqL, u[x;lrj k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{

sfafxL ug]{ ljrf ug'{ePsf] 5. vf; uL d'n'ssf] ;'Iff cj:yfnfO{ dha't
agfpg, ;dod} 36gfaf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ tyf sfafxL ug{ g;s]sf] eGb} pxf
u[xdGqL, u[x;lrj k|xL dxflgLIfssf] fhLgfdf dfUg] dgl:yltdf k'Ug'ePsf]
b]lvG5. d'n'sdf Toqf] 36gf x'bf To;sf] sf]xL g sf]xL lhDd]jf t x'g}k5{, To;}n]
To;sf] g}lts lhDd]jfL pgLx?s} xf] eGg] k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf]
x]5. o;} a]nf ;+of]ujz pxfx? tLg} hgfn] ;]gf bafsf] cfnf]rgf klg
ug'{ePsf] 5. :jfefljs ?kn] of] s'f baf ;]gfnfO{ klg dg kg]{ ljifo ePg.
pxfx? tLg} hgfnfO{ sfafxL ug'{k5{ eGg] ;]gfsf] bafj klg gcfPsf] xf]Og.
;sfaf6 klg ;]gf klrfng uL b'g}af6 efu]sf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ gfsfgfsfdf
f]s] sfafxL ug{ 7Ls xf]nf eGg] x's'd aS;]sf] 5. ;fy} o; ljifodf t'Gt}
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f ug"{ eg] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj aS;]sf] 5. o;af6 ca
;]gf klrfng x'g] eof] eg] k|wfgdGqL pT;fxL x'g'eP5. pQm 5nkmnkl5
;sfaf6 dnfO{ af]nfOaS;] k|wfgdGqL;u ePsf s'f ;]gfn] ;xof]u ug]{af]
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f ug{ x's'd eof].
b'g} cfqmd0fsf a]nf ;'/Iff ;tstf{ gckgfPsf] / u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ 9n]
dfg;/f]j/ 3'Dg uPsf] eGb} If]qLo k|x/L k|d'v 8LcfO{hL /fh]Gb|axfb'/ l;+x / c~rn
k|x/L k|d'v P;P;kL 1fg]Gb|/fh /fO{nfO{ ;/sf/n] lgnDjg u/]sf] 5 . l;+xsf]
:yfgdf P;P;kL cd/l;+x zfx / /fO{sf] :yfgdf P;P;kL bLks yfb]gnfO{
k7fPsf] 5 .

@)%& c;f]h !$ ut] zlgaf

b'g} cfqmd0fsf qmddf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfjf/] cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL
u/]kl5 cj:yf k|lts"n jGg hfbf u[xdGqL uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLn] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf
ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfn] ;]gfdfly k|x/LnfO{ xltof/ glbPsf], cfkm}n] tflnd lbPsf
k|x/LnfO{ bIf gdfg]sf], ;xdlt cg'?k 8f]Nkfsf gfsf gy'g]sf], ef/tn] lbg] eg]sf]
xf]lnsK6/ ;d]t glbPsf] h:tf cf/f]k nufpg' ePsf] lyof] .
k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] h;f{a;u e]6 gePsf]
w]} eof], km';{b 5 eg] cfh a]n'sf d]f] lgjf;df cfpg'x'G5 ls < eGg'eof]. d}n]
pxfnfO{ cfh dnfO{ zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf b;}sf] a8fvfgfsf] nflu lgDtf 5, Toxf
hfg'cl3 tkfO{+sf] lgjf;df k;'nf eg]. To; cg';f d ckfx\g % ah] pxfsf]
lgjf; k'u]. d k'Ubf cfO{hL;fa Pdfn] ;f+;b fdgfy 9sfn;u s'f ulxg'ePsf]
lyof] pxf;u dnfO{ klro ufpg'eof]. ;f+;b 9sfn t'Gt} lg:sg'eof].
To;kl5 cfO{hL;fan] d;u eGg'eof], g]kfnsf ;a} sDo'lg:6 Ps ePdf 7"nf]
zlQm aG5. Pdfn]sf] hgzlQm dfcf]jfbLsf] ;}GozlQm s'g} klg lx;fan] ldNg

157

158

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lbg' x'b}g. k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw agfpg ;lsg. pxf;u ;fdfGo
;Dks{, af]nrfn ;d]t x'g 5f]8]sf] 5. wd{kfn lrkm;fa;u t d]f] fd|f] ;DaGw
lyof]. clxn] k|xLdf xltof tflndsf] ;d:of 5. To:t} nlhl:6ssf ;fy}
pks0fsf] ;d:of klg 5. u[x;lrj d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6] u[xdGqLn] ;]gfsf
lj4 cfqmf]z kf]v]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP ljf]w uof}. pxfn] d u[xdGqL;u s'f
u] fhLgfdf dfU5' eGg'ePsf] lyof]. To; cg';f/ /fhLgfdf cfof] klg . dnfO{
;'Iffsf] b[li6n] 7"nf] vtf 5. d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj;u ;Dks{
u] ;a} ljifodf s'f u5'{ eg]sf] 5'. h;f{a;u lgGt e]63f6, ;Dks{ x'g'kof].
;fy} pxfn] b'g} 36gfdf glhs} x]sf] ;]gfaf6 ;xof]u gkfPsf] u'gf;f] ug'{eof].
pxfn] ;]gfsf] ;xof]u lnP t'Gt} gfsfgfsfdf klrfng ug{ x]lnsK6af6
;d]t ck];g ug{ ;sfaf6 x's'd ePsf] lyof] egL k|wfgdGqLn] dnfO{ eGg'ePsf]
lyof], ;]gfn] tTsfn} x]lnsK6 ugl;k ;~rfng u]sf] eP w]} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 8f]Nkf
lhNnfd} ;vfk kfg{ ;lsGYof], t ;]gfaf6 s'g} ;xof]u ePg eGg'eof]. pxfn]
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf ljljw kIf k|xLn] ;fdgf ulx]sf sl7gfOaf] lj:t[t ?kdf
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy} xfnsf] fhgLlts kll:yltaf] klg cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f
;'gfpg'eof].
pxfsf] nfdf] ljZn]if0f ;'g]kl5 d}n] cfO{hL;fa, d]f] csf]{ sfo{qmddf hfg]
;do x'g yfNof], t}klg s]xL s'f fV5' eGb} pxfnfO{ eg], xfdL b'j} fi6;]js xf}.
b]z hgtfk|lt xfd|f] pQbfloTj 5. ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofdf k|xLnfO{ ;xof]u
u]g eg] ;a} kIfaf6 w]} u'gf;f cfpg] u]sf 5g\. b'g} 36gf ePsf] oltsf
lbg eof]. tkfO{+n] dnfO{ kmf]gdf ;d]t hfgsfL lbg'ePg. dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6
b]z hgtfsf] hgwgsf] Iflt eof] eGg]af] dxffhflwfhnfO{ lrGtf x'G5. b'g}df
y'k|} k|xL dflP. t d}n] tkfO{+af6 s'g} klg ljj0f kfpg ;lsg. cGo ;|f]taf6
hfgsfL lnP ;sfdf hfx] ug'{kof]. ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g eGg] cfO{hL;fasf]
h'g wf0ff 5, To;df ;]gfsf] a]Un} wf0ff 5. ;]gfn] t @)%$ ;fnb]lv g}
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|xLsf] ;fdfGo zflGt;'Iff sfod ug]{eGbf 7"nf] b]zs} ;d:of
xf], o;df ;]gf klrfng x''g'k5{ egL >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ afDaf ;'emfj lbPs}
xf]. s] sf0fn] ljleGg k|wfgdGqLx? ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f ;]gf klrfng
ug'{ x'Gg, t ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g dfq eGg'x'G5, of] s'f d}n] clxn];Dd a'e\mg
;s]sf] 5}g. d}n] hfg];'g] cg';f k|xLsf sdhf]L klg w]} 5g\. u[x k|zf;g,
k|xL k|wfg sfof{no k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnoaLr va cfbfgk|bfg ;dGjosf]
7"nf] cefj b]lvof]. xfdL of] cf]xbfdf a;]kl5 b]zk|lt xfd|f] cleeff s] xf], ;a}n]
a'em\g'k5{. b]zdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'bf Tof] fhfnfO{ rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] eGg]af] xfdL
k|:6 x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of xn ug{ xfn h] eOx]sf] 5, Tof] kof{Kt ePg.
olb ;]gf klrfng ug]{ xf] eg] s:tf] gLlt agfpg], s;L klrfng ug]{, s;L

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;xsfo{ ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;f]rljrf x'g'k5{. ;]gf tTsfn} k|xLsf] ljsNksf ?kdf
klrfng x'g ;Sb}g. o;df lgodsfg'g cg';f lg0f{o x'g'k5{. @)%$ ;fnkl5
ag]sf ;a} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ug{ ;Sg], ug{ x'g] s;L
s]s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf hfgsfL lbPs} xf]. ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg
klg k|of; ePs} xf]. oxf t bft f]u ljz]if1n] a|]g ;h{L u]sf] h:tf] ePsf]
kf] b]lvPsf] 5.
d]f s'f ;'g] pxf k|efljt x'g'eP5. pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{asf s'f Hofb}
uxg 5g\. d Pp6f l8g cfof]hgf u5'{ s]xL k|efjzfnL g]tfnfO{ klg af]nfp5'.
h;f{an] pgLx?;u klg o:t} lsl;dsf] cGtlqmof ug''{kof]. d}n] pxfsf]
k|:tfj ;xif{ :jLsf u] ;f]w], s;s;nfO{ af]nfpg'x'G5 < pxfn] eGg'eof],
k|wfgdGqLsf ;Nnfxsf xl zdf{, PcfO{hL fdsfhL afGtjf, ;f+;b fdgfy
9sfn. d]f] lrghfg t 5}g, t sf\u|];sf k|efjzfnL g]tf gxl cfrfo{nfO{
klg af]nfp5'. l8gsf nflu pxfn] cfpbf] a'wafsf] ;do k|:tfljt ub}{ ;a}nfO{
va u] h;f{anfO{ k'gM va u5'{ eGg'eof].

@)%& c;f]h !% ut] cfOtaf

g]kfnuGhl:yt If]qLo k|xL sfof{nosf gfoa dxflgLIfs fh]Gb|axfb' l;+x
b'g} 36gfsf a]nf dfg;f]j 3'Dg hfg'ePsf] x]5. pxfsf] egfO cg';f k|xL
k|wfg sfof{nosf sfo{ ljefusf PcfO{hL;u :jLs[lt lnP a'ema'emfy uL e|d0fdf
hfg'ePsf] lyof] o; ;Gbe{df cfO{hLkLnfO{ klg ;"rgf lbOPsf] lyof]. pxf ut
zlgaf dfg;f]j uP s]xL 306fkl5 kmls{Psf], cfOtaf s]xL 306f afx]s cfk\mgf]
ljefusf] ;Dks{df ePsf] ;f]daf cfk\mgf] sfof{nodf xflh ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
o;} k|;\unfO{ lnP b'g} 36gfdf pxfsf] sdhf]L ePsf] egL pxfnfO{ lgnDag
ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f} af]nfOPsf] 5. pxfsf] :yfgdf k|xL gfoa dxflgLIfs
cdl;+x zfxnfO{ g]kfnuGh k7fOPsf] hfgsfL klg cfPsf] 5.
k|xL dxflgLIfs v]nsf] fhLgfdf cfpg] k|;\u kqklqsfdf cfPsf] 5.
lgjt{dfg u[xdGqLn] ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] 3df lrofsf nflu uP s]xL ljifo
;fj{hlgs ug{nfO{ d}n] fhLgfdf lbPsf] x' eGg'ePsf] 5.
zbrGb| zfxn] eg] cg';f 8f= t'n;L luLn] g]kfn cfPsf a]nf ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 ug{ rfx]sf] ljifo hfx] x'b f gf]eD] adf bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do aS;]sf] 5.
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn] s]xL dlxgfcufl8 dnfO{ Dofgdfaf6
kmf]g u] eGg'ePsf] lyof], Dofgdf u Snf;sf] fhb"tfjf; xf]. d t k|wfg ;]gfklt
klg eO;s]sf] x'. ca dnfO{ s"6gLlt1sf] cg'ej ;d]t xfl;n eO;Sof]. d}n]
Sofgf8f c:6l] nofdf gof fhb"tfjf; vf]Ng] s'f ;'gs
] f] 5'. oxfaf6 tLdWo] s'g}
Ps b]zdf ;jf x'g kfP d fd|f] sfd uy]+{ . To; a]nf d}n] pxfnfO{ lrkm;fanfO{

159

160

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s"6gLlt1sf lx;fan] cg'ej xfl;n eO;Sof], ca tkfO{n

+ ] cltyLsf nflu k|of;
u] kf] fd|f] x'G5, s'g} klg b]zdf fhb"t x'g' eg]sf] t p:t} xf] eg]sf] lyP.
pxfnfO{ d]f] egfOdf lrQ a'e\mof]a'em]g yfxf ePg. To;kl5 pxfn] o;af] slxNo}
;Dks{ ug'e{ Psf] lyPg. t cs:dft\ cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] d Dofgdfsf] cfk\mgf]
sfo{sfn ;sL kms]s
{ f] 5', ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldnfOlbg'kof] eGg'eof].

@)%& c;f]h !^ ut] ;f]daf

b'g} 36gfnfO{ lnP fhgLlts tgfj eOx]sf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
dx]z cfrfo{nfO{ IffdGqL lgo'Qm ug'e{ of]. k|wfgdGqLn] k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ x6fpg]
u[x;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v/]nnfO{ ;d]t ;jf ug{] ;f]r agfPsf] a'lemG5. To;}n]
u[x;lrjn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] e]6\g vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. k|xL dxflgLIfs v]nn]
cfkm"nfO{ s'g} klg b]zsf] fhb"tdf lgo'Qm u]kl5 dfq cfkm"n] fhLgfdf ug]{ c8fg
fVg'ePsf] x]5. To; cg';f dlGqklifb\n] pxfnfO{ Dofgdfsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL
fhb"t lgo'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. o;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|xL Hofb} zlQmzfnL
eP uPsf] b]lvG5.
IffdGqL cfrfo{n] ;]gfnfO{ klrfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf tyf
;}lgs P]glgod cg';f s;L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af] a[xt\ hfgsfL lng'sf ;fy}
fhgLlts lx;fan] s;L cufl8 a9\g] eGg] ljifodf ;d]t s'f a'lemxg'ePsf]
5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k|xLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;]gf s;L klrflnt x'g] eGg]
k|Zg 68\sff] ?kdf p7]sf] 5. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ klxn]b]lv g} lqmofzLn
agfpg ;lsPsf] eP of] ;d:of ;fob cfpg] lyPg. To:t}, ;z:q k|xL an
u7g ;DaGwdf ;]gf k|xLsf] fo lnP uDeLtf;fy ljrf ug'{ h?L 5. gof
;z:q an u7g ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm tflnd, To;sf nflu rflxg] ef}lts
;+rgf lgdf{0f, nlhl:6s, ;~rf tyf cf}iflw pkrf ;lxt cGo ljljw ;DaGwdf
klxn] g} 0fgLlt agfpg cfjZos k5{.
cfh} bf]nvf lhNnfsf] lhLl:yt g]kfn a}\s lnld6]8af6 dfcf]jfbLn] # nfv
k}of @ gfn aGb's ;d]t n'6]sf] va cfPsf] 5.

@)%& c;f]h !& ut] d\unaf/

8f]Nkf 36gfsf qmddf ;'/Iff lgsfoaLr pTkGg cljZjf; / c;dGjosf
sf/0f u[xdGqL uf]ljGbf/fh hf]zLsf] /fhLgfdfkl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k|x/L
dxflg/LIfs cRo'ts[i0f v/]nsf] :yfgdf k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs k|bLk zdz]/
ha/fnfO{ sfod d'sfodsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 .
v]nnfO{ x6fOPkl5 gjlgo'Qm k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfh
b]zsf] jt{dfg ;'Iff cj:yf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] 0fgLlt ;DaGwdf k|wfg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;]gfklt;u ljrfljdz{ ug'{eof]. To; cj;df pxfx?aLr u[x Iff dGqfno

;DaGwL s'g} klg ljjfbf:kb ljifo k|];df gNofpg] ;xdlt eof]. To:t} ljutsf
tLtf cg'ej la;{] cufl8 a9\g], ;]gf k|xLaLr d}qLk"0f{ jftfj0f agfpg], fli6o
;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno u7g ug{ kxn ug]{ tyf b;}kl5 km]l e]6] PsLs[t of]hgf
agfpg] ;DaGwdf s'f ePsf] eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ s'g} klg lhNnfdf :yfgLo k|zf;gn] sfo{ ubf{ jf
sk\mo'{ cfb]z hfL ubf{ P]g;Ddt x'gk' 5{, cfGtls ljsf; tyf ;'Iff ;DaGwdf
agfOx]sf] gLltlgod b;}kl5 k"f uL ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ va ug"{ x'sd' eof].

@)%& c;f]h @& ut] z'qmaf

laxfg d lx8] jL]Gb| c:ktfn 5fpgL hfb} lyP. tfxfrnl:yt dx]Gb|Tg
SofDk;cufl8 k'us
] f] lyP, lgjt{dfg cfO{hLkL cRo'ts[i0f v]nsf] kmf]g cfof]. pxfn]
eGg'eof], h;f{a, xfd|f] a'wafsf] l8gsf] sfo{qmd x'g ;s]g. tkfO{n
+ fO{ yfx} 5, o:tf]
cj:yf eof]. dnfO{ cfO{hLkLaf6 x6fpg vf]lhof]. d}n] dnfO{ lsg x6fpg], x6fpg]
g} xf] eg] dnfO{ s'g} lhDd]jfL lbg'k5{ eg]kl5 dnfO{ Dofgdfsf] fhb"t lgo'Qm uL
d]f] k|xL dxflgLIfssf] fhLgfdf :jLs[t u]sf] cj:yf 5. h;f{a d klxn] klg
;fyL xf} . ca klg ;fyL xf}n
f. xh'sf] ;b\efj xf];\ . d}n] cfO{hLkL;fak|lt d]f]
JolQmut lx;fadf ;w} ;b\efj xg]5 t ;+:yfut cflwsfls ?kdf s]s:tf]
kll:ylt x'G5, To;df d}n] s] ug{ ;S5' < eg] .
cfh ;sfdf clxn]sf] kll:yltdf tLg j6} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u
cGtlqmof ulaS;gsf nflu ;sfaf6 k|fOe]6 l8g aS;g hfx] u].

@)%& c;f]h #) ut] ;f]daf

a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] kmf]g u] la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{h sf
s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 hgn ; zfd sfcf]g g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpb} x'g'x'G5 eGg'eof]
pxfnfO{ bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd ldnfOlbg cg'f]w ug'{eof].
gjlgo'Qm IffdGqLnfO{ ;]gfn] la|lkm ug]{ sfo{qmd cfufdL laxLaf to
ePsf] 5.
lxhf] k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfn] k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f
uO{ k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf;u e]6 u]sf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.
;]gfnfO{ gof xltof pknAw ufpg] ;Gbe{df ljleGg b]zaf6 lemsfOPsf
xltofsf] kLIf0f eOx]sf] 5. h'g b]zaf6 xltof lnP klg To;;u} pknAw
x'g'kg]{ ;fdu|L -h:t} M l;ln, 6]ln:sf]k, Dofulhg_ af] k|:6 ;Demf}tf x'g'k5{.
;}lgssf] JolQmut xltofsf ;fy} ;]S;gsf] nflu nfO6 ;kf]6{ j]kg sf] ;Gbe{df
klg ljrfljdz{ x'g'k5{. To:t}, $) PdPd PG6L d6]lon ugaf] klg lj:t[t

161

162

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cWoog uL s'g xltof k|0ffnLdf hfg] xf] eGg]af] ;d]t rf8} lg0f{o x'g'kg]{5.

@)%& sflQs * ut] d\unaf

fhbafsf sd{rfLnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] l;kmfl;df jL]Gb| ;}lgs
c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf pkrf ufpg] Joj:yf x]sf] 5. o;sf nflu c:ktfns}
ah]6 vr{ x'g] u]sf] 5. To;sf] ;f fhbafaf6 s'g} sf]if v8f u] To;af6
k|fKt x'g] Aofhaf6 pkrf ug]{ Joj:yf u] fd|f] x'g]5. lsgeg] pQm c:ktfndf
eLeLcfO{kL ;]S;g tof eO;s]sf] 5. To:t} k|;"lt jf8{ d'6' f]u pkrf s]Gb|
agfpg] k|lqmof ;d]t ;' ePsf] 5. oL ;a} ljifonfO{ Wofgdf fv] bafaf6
s]xL sf]ifsf] Joj:yf o;sf nflu >L % sf] ;sfaf6 a]Un} ah]6sf] Joj:yf
x'g cfjZos b]lvG5.
obfsbf d;u e]6 x'bf s]xL kLP;cf]h h;f{an] xfdLn] klg slxn]sfxL
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfP cfk\mgf s'f fVg] ;sfsf] wf0ff a'e\mg] cj; ldNg]
lyof], lsgeg] sltko ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] of] bafdf 5nkmn eP cfPsf]
eGg'x'G5, To;df z\sf ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t' ;d]t w]} x'G5g\ eGg'ePsf] lyof].
oxL ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP d}n] ;sfdf slxn]sfxL kLP;cf]h k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
cgf}krfls 5nkmn l8gsf] cfof]hgf ulaS;] fd|f] x'g] b]Vb5' egL hfx]
u]. ;sfaf6 of] fd|f] ;'emfj xf], ca s]xL lbgd} ldnfpnf x's'd eof].
;+oQ' m fi6;\3sf] l8kf6{dG] 6 ckm lk;lslk sfof{no -8LkLs]cf]_ sf nflu
5flgPsf pkyL lrqaxfb' u' d\l; @ ut] Go'of]s{ k|:yfg ug]{ sfo{qmd 5.
Go'of]s{ hfg'cl3 ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu hfx] ug'e{ Psf] 5. ;sfaf6 pxfnfO{
e]6] s]xL lgb]z
{ g aS;bf fd|f] x'g] eg] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u] . pxf h:t} o'Pgsf
ld;gdf 5flgP hfg] jli7 ;}lgs clws[tsf] pQm kbdf sfd' kbf]Gglt lbP kbk"lt{
ubf{ nfdf] ;do;Dd kb vfnL x'g] lyPg. o;df ljrf x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5.
uP flt 8f]Nkfl:yt lqk'f;'GbLsf] dlGbdf d"lt{ nufot ljleGg ;fdfg rf]L
ePsf] va cfPsf] 5.
;f+;bx?nfO{ k]G;g pknAw ufpg] Joj:yfsf lj4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
l6 k]sf] lyof]. cfh pQm lg0f{odfly ;jf]{Rrsf gf} GofofwLzsf] km'n a]Gr n]
;f+;bx?n] kfpg] k]G;gsf] ;'ljwf vf]h u]sf] 5. km};nfdf GofofwLz s]bfgfy
pkfWofon] eg] gf]6 ckm l8;]G6 n]Vb} ;f+;bx?nfO{ klg cfk\mgf] sfo{sfnkl5
k]G;gsf] ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ kIfdf cfk\mgf] dt lbg'ePsf] 5.
IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{nfO{ cfh h\uL c8\8fdf la|lk|m ulof]. ;]gfnfO{
lgtfGt cfjZos xltof, Aof]s lgdf{0f, dxjk"0f{ ef}lts ;+rgfsf] lgdf{0f, b]zsf]
;'Iff 0fgLltsf ;fy} rd" cjwf0ff nfu" ug{ vf]lhPsf] ljifodf ;d]t hfgsfL
ufOof]. To:t}, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|xLaf6 eOx]sf] sfafxLsf ;fy} ;]gfnfO{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng ug'{kg]{ ;]gfsf] @)%$ ;fnb]lvsf] ;'emfjaf] klg cjut
ufOof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|xLn] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g, ;]gfnfO{ tofL xfntdf
fVg'k5{ klrfng tyf tofLsf] ah]6sf nflu Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eg] ;d]t la|lkm
ulPsf] lyof].

@)%& sflQs !& ut] laxLaf

k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgoldt hfx]Ldf pxfn] ;sf ;dIf eGg'eof], fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\sf] a}7sdf ePsf lg0f{o tkfO{n
+ ] ;sfdf hfx] ug'x{ f]nf eg] k|wfgdGqLn]
eGg'eof]. t o:tf uxg ljifo cf}krfls dfWodaf6 lnlvt ?kdf k|wfgdGqLHo"af6}
;sfdf hfx] x'gk' 5{ egL ;Nnfx lbP. o;af6 s] a'em\g ;lsG5 eg] fli6o
;'Iff klifb\sf] cfk\mg} sfo{ljlw ;~rfngsf nflu ;lrjfno :yfkgfdf k|wfgdGqL
;+jb] gzLn x'gx' G' g. d}n] ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfo{ljlw ;lrjfnosf] cfjZostfaf]
pxfnfO{ a'emfpg ;Sbf] k|of; u]sf] 5'.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] s] klg hfx] ug'{eof] eg], >L % sf] ;sfaf6 ljleGg
lhNnfsf ;bd'sfd :yfgdf ;]gfsf] pkl:ylt b]vfpgsf nflu cg'f]w cfPsf]
5. o;f] ubf{ ;]gfd'v -Knf6'g_ txdf fVg'kg]{ x'G5. of] ;]gfsf nflu pko'Qm
x'b}g. sd ;] sd Ps u'Nd txdf v6fpg plrt x'G5. t o;sf nflu
kmf}hsf] sdL 5. To;}n] ;]gfsf] ;\Vof a9fpg' h?L 5. clxn] ;]gfn] cGo
;'Iff lgsfo;u ;dGjo u] ;xof]u lbg' plrt x'G5. 5nkmndf ;sfaf6
dfcf]jfbLsf] n8fs'sf] agfj6 s:tf] 5, To;df sf]sf] g]tf 5g\, kQf nufP dfq
pgLx?k|lt ;]gfsf] sfafxL nlIft x'g'k5{, cfufdL hf8f] df};ddf dfcf]jfbLsf]
0fgLltnfO{ nlIft uL ;]gfn] cfk\mgf tflnddf hf]8 lbg'k5{, ;]gfsf] u'Ktr
ljefunfO{ ;'b[9 uL dfcf]jfbLsf ;"rgf ;s];Dd a9L ;\sng u] ;]gf klrfng
eP k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvG5 x's'd eof]. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;]gfsf tflnd
s]Gb|sf] e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf cfufdL cfOtaf gusf]6l:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;}lgs
lzIffnosf] e|d0f Joj:yf ldnfpg x's'd eof].

@)%& sflQs @) ut] cfOtaf

;sf cfh ;]gfsf] OGk|m]G6L tflnd s]Gb|, gusf]6 ;jfL xf]OaS:of].
e|d0fdf IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{, k|wfg ;]gfklt nufot ;DalGwt ;}lgs clws[tsf
;fy} Iff;lrj kbds'df/ cfrfo{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof]. ;sfsf] x]lnsK6d}
IffdGqL Iff;lrjnfO{ ;d]t fv] gusf]6 nluof]. la|lkmsf qmddf Toxf
k|bfg x'g] ljleGg txsf tflndaf] hfx] eof]. eOx]sf tflndsf] cjnf]sg
;d]t ufOof]. la|lkm cjnf]sgsf] sfo{qmdkl5 nGrsf] ;dodf cgf}krfls
5nkmn eof]. pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ cfjZos 7fp k'u]sf] 5

163

164

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ls 5}g eGg] lh1f;f flvaS;b} o:tf tflnd s]Gb|df ;s];Dd tflndsf nflu
cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ pks0f k|of]u ug{ ;a} tflnddf kLIffyL{nfO{ g}lts, cfWoflTds,
Jofj;flos zfLls txdf lglZrt :t sfod ug{ x's'd aS:of]. gusf]6sf]
jg If]q ;d]t ;]gfsf] lhDd]jfLdf x]sf] x'bf :yfgLo hgtf;u h\unsf] pkof]u
;DaGwdf ;xsfo{ ug{ x's'd aS:of]. lzIffnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf ljsf; ug{
ah]6sf] cfjZostf ;DaGwL ljifodf s'f x'bf ;sfaf6 o;af] ljrf ullbg"
egL IffdGqLnfO{ x's'd eof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf]
Aofhaf6 sd ar]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf tflnd s]Gb|df ;d]t vr{ ug{ x's'd eof].
pQm cj;df IffdGqL cfrfo{n] d}n] ev{} Iff dGqfno ;Dxfn]sf] 5', ;a} s'f
a'e\mb} 5', o:tf tflnd s]Gb|df nufgL ubf{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf fd|f] x'G5, o;nfO{
Iff dGqfnon] cjZo klg ;sffTds ?kdf lng]5 eGg'eof].
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;/sf/n] e"ldut dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{sf] k|lqmof cl3
a9fpg rfx]sf] 5 . o;} qmddf uPsf] z'qmaf/ ;/sf/n] k|x/L lx/f;tdf /x]sf
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|Lo g]tf bLgfgfy uf}td / lbg]z zdf{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/L l/xf u/]sf]
5 . t/ jftf{sf] ;Defjgf cToGt} IfL0f /x]sf] ljZn]if0f cfPsf] 5 .

@)%& sflQs @$ ut] laxLaf

sf\u|]; g]tf z]axfb' b]pjf, ljhos'df uR5bf, v'daxfb' v8\sf,
lr~hLjL jfUn] cflb hgsk' uO{ cfd;efdf ;xefuL ePsf] va 5. gjlgo'Qm
pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] kqsf ;Dd]ng uL xfnsf] l:yltaf]
kqsfnfO{ cujt ufpg'ePsf] 5.
g]kfn k|xLsf PcfO{hL fdsfhL afGtjf uf]Ko ?kdf eft uO{ eftLo u[x
k|zf;gsf sltko kbflwsfLnfO{ e]6] kms]{sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o:tf uf]Ko ?kaf6
x'g] k|xLsf jli7 clws[tsf] e|d0fn] d'n's k|xL ;\u7gnfO{ slQsf] kmfObf
x'G5 eGg]af] uDeL ?kn] ;f]rljrf x'g'k5{.
k"j{k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb eft e|d0fsf qmddf a]\unf] uO{ Toxf
a;f]af; ug]{ k"j{k|wfgdGqL 8f= t'n;L luL;u e]6]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
gjlgo'Qm k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfh klxnf] hfx]Lsf nflu
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'eof]. ;f] cj;df pxfn] eGg'eof], xfn k|xLsf] baGbL
%! xhf # ;o &$ 5. hg;\Vofsf] cfwfdf cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf of] ;\Vof
Hofb} sd xf]. u|fdL0f If]qdf tLg ;o hg;\Vof afa Ps k|xL ;xdf kfr
;o hg;\Vof afa Ps k|xL ePdf sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] l;4fGt 5. To;L
x]bf{ xfd|f] k|xLsf] ;\Vof Hofb} Go"g ePsfn] a9fpg cfjZos 5. dfcf]jfbL
;d:ofdf ;'df k|xL klrfng fd|f] gePsfn] kl5 k|xLnfO{ g} ;d:of klx]sf]
5. pxfn] k|xL sfafxLnfO{ ;zQm agfpg cft\ssfL P]g hfL x'g' cfjZos

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

5 eGb} hfx] ug'{eof], xfn If]qLo k|zf;s u[x dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf
dfq ;Lldt 5g\. t If]qLo k|zf;sn] klxn] c~rnfwLzn] lgjf{x u]sf] h:tf]
lhDd]jfL jxg u] k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvG5. If]qLo k|zf;snfO{ klg If]qdf hfbf
s'g} lsl;dsf] tflnd lbg cfjZos 5. u7gsf] tofLdf x]sf] ;z:q k|xLsf]
klrfng ;bd'sfddf dfq ;Lldt ug]{ of]hgf 5. o;af6 vf;} pknlAw x'g]
b]lvb}g. pxfn] ;du| ?kdf ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL sdhf] x]sf]
atfpb} g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng x'g]lalQs} eftn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;d]t ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof].
k|xL dxflgLIfs f0ffsf] hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], g]tfx?nfO{
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf ;Gbe{df jf:tljstf a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{. k|xLsf] sfd k'lnl;
ug]{ dfq xf], dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL ug]{ xf]Og. o;sf nflu k|xLsf] tflnd
5}g, Ifdtf g} k'Ub}g. g]tfx?sf] rfxgfdf o:tf] sfddf k|xLsf] k|of]u eOx]sf]
b]lvG5. k|xLn] klg JolQmut kf6L{uteGbf fli6o lxtdf sfd ug{ ;Sg'k5{.
ltd|f] sfo{sfndf k|xLn] cGo ;'Iff lgsfo;u ;xof]u lng] lbg] jftfj0f
agfpg'k5{. k|xLnfO{ ;+If0f lbg k|xL P]g @)!@ ;'wf x'g' cfjZos 5. k|xL
;]jf cfof]u u7g ug{ >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ 3r3Rofpg".

@)%& sflQs @% ut] z'qmaf

k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] xfn jftf{ gug]{ ePsf] 5. p;n] k"jL{{
g]kfntkm{ sfafxL cufl8 a9fP ;sfnfO{ em'Sg afWo kfg'{sf ;fy} ;sf
kljt{g ufpg k|of; ug]{ 0fgLlt lnPsf] 5. To:t}, dfcf]jfbLn] xfn ;]gf;u
le8Gt gug]{ ;]gfsf] tflnd lgLIf0f ug]{ 0fgLlt lnPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn]
;fgf];fgf] 6's8LnfO{ PsLs[t u] 7"nf] sDkgL u0f :tdf kmf}hL ;\u7g lgdf{0f
ug]{ k|of; ulx]sf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfnfO{ e]6] cfufdL dxflwj]zgdf
cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. t v8\sfn] cfk"mn] t];|f] kIfsf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ ;f]rfO fv]sf] atfpg'ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. v8\sf ljhos'df uR5bfsf]
z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ k"f ;xof]u eP b]pjfn] sf]OfnfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] l:ylt
aGg ;S5.
s]xL ;docufl8 ;]gfsf] u'Ktr ljefusf k|dv
' ;xfos yL Sdf\ub
s6jfn rLg e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] lyof]. kms]{ cfPkl5 pxfn] dnfO{ e]6] rLg
e|d0f ;DaGwL hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf ;fdls
cj:yfsf sf0f rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ dxj lbPsf] 5. g]kfnk|lt ;xfg'el" t b;f{pg]
u]sf] 5. d]f] e|d0fsf qmddf rLgn] g]kfnsf fhgLlts g]tfn] eftk:t gLlt
lng] u]sfn] dxffhflwfhnfO{ g} ljZjf; ug]{ u]sf] a'em]. rLgn] ltAatdf ef}lts

165

166

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k"jf{wf ljsf; ulx]sf] 5. dWok"jL{ Pl;ofnfO{ t]nsf sf0f a9L dxj lbO{
ltAatsf] ljsf;;u hf]8\g vf]hs
] f] b]lvG5. o;nfO{ Wofg lbP g]kfnn] klg
ltAat;usf] pQL gfsf vf]n] ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;fdfg g]kfnaf6 ltAat n}hfg
;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ubf{ rLgnfO{ sd vlr{nf] x'g5
] g]kfnnfO{ klg kmfObf x'g5
] .
o;df g]kfnaf6 kxn x'g h?L 5. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfk|lt rLgsf] ;bfzo x]sf]
5. lrlgof hg;]gfsf] ljz]if kmf}hn] u]sf] o'4snf k|bz{g Hofb} pRr :tsf]
jf:tljs b]lvof]. o:tf k|bz{gdf g]kfnaf6 ko{jI] fs k7fpg' fd|f] x'G5.

@)%& sflQs @( ut] d\unaf

;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ x's'd eof], fli6o ;'Iff klifb\df ;]gfsf] klrfng
;DaGwL ljifodf ;]gfn] 5nkmn ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos
nlhl:6ssf nflu ah]6 dfUbf lnlvt ?kd} k"f of]hgf ;lxt dfu ug'{k5{.
b]zdf ;]gf klrfng ubf{ ;s];Dd u'Nd :tdf klrflnt x'g'k5{. ;]gfsf] ck];g
;DaGwL sfo{If]q k|:6 ?kn] tf]lsg'k5{. lhNnf ;'Iff ;ldltn] of]hgf agfpbf
;]gfsf] :yfgLo sdfG8nfO{ klg ;xefuL ufpg' plrt x'G5. ;fy} ;]gfsf]
klrfng sdfG8 sG6f]naf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsfLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg' plrt
x'G5 eGg] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hfgsfL ufOb]pm. ;fy} ;sfaf6 cfO{8LP8L
sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] lhNnfsf cGo k|zf;lgs tyf cGo ;'Iff OsfOnfO{ o;af] :ki6
hfgsfL ufpg ;d]t x's'd eof].
la|l6; ;]gfn] uf]vf{ ]lhd]G6 h:t} l;v ]lhd]G6 klg v8f ug]{ va cfPsf]
x'bf o;af] a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfL;u a'em\bf pxfn] cgle1tf
k|s6 ug'{eof].

@)%& d\l; ! ut] laxLaf

;sfaf6 ;+o'Qm fi6;\3, Go'of]s{df hfg nfu]sf pkyL lrqaxfb'
u'nfO{ gfufh'{g a\unfdf bz{ge]6 aS:of]. bz{ge]6kl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{
x's'd eof], lrqaxfb'n] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] sfd Hofb} w]} 5, t kLP;cf]hsf]
sfd Go"g 5. ;]gfdf ]8 x]8sf] ;\Vof a9L 5, t ljz]if sfd tf]lsPsf] 5}g.
cfO{8LP8L cjwf0ff fd|f] 5, o;df sfd ubf{ fHosf ;a} kIfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf
h?L x'G5. xfn ;]gfn] agfPsf] ck];g Knfg sdhf] 5, o;nfO{ kldfh{g
ug'{k5{ h:tf ljifodf dnfO{ eGof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 d}n] lrqaxfb'nfO{ ;+o'Qm
fi6;\3sf] Go'of]s{l:yt d'Vofnodf ltdL klxnf] jli7 clws[tsf ?kdf hfb} 5f},
Toxf ltdLn] b]z zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ x'gfn] ljrf u] sfd
u, s'g} ljifodf bafnfO{ va ug'{k] ;}lgs ;lrj;u ;Dks{df xg" eg]sf] 5'
x's'd eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%& d\l; @ ut] z'qmaf

cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd eof], a]nfotsL dxffgLsL 5f]L lk|G;]; f]on
-lk|G;]; cfg_ sf] g]kfn e|d0f x'g] ePsfn] ltdLn] e|d0f cjlwesf] ;'Iff of]hgf
agfpg ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg'k5{. ;]gfaf6 e|d0f cjlwe dlxnf 8fS6
v6fpg nufpm. lrtjgl:yt 6fOu dfpG6]g hfbf ;]gfsf] Aof]s af6f]df kg]{ x'bf
Aof]ssf] ;;kmfO tyf tfaf fd|f];u ldnfP fVg nufpg".
lrtjg lhNnfsf w]} :yfgdf lqml:rog wd{ km}nfpg] p2]Zon] 5q ;'Aaf,
;f]gfd s];f gfd u]sf kfbL 3'dlkm ulx]sf] va cfPsf] 5. To:t}
etk'df AoflK6:6 rr{ lgdf{0f ug]{, dWodf~rn o'jf lqml:rog e]nf cfof]hgf ug]{
;g\ @))% ;Dddf clwsf+z lk5l8Psf ufpsf hghfltnfO{ wd{ kljt{g ufpg]
of]hgf agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%& d\l; ^ ut] d\unaf

;sfaf6 cfh fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{nfO{ bz{ge]6
aS:of]. bz{ge]6sf qmddf zdf{n] cfk\mgf] ;\u7g;u ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifodf
hfx] ug'e{ of]. pxfn] hfx] ug'e{ of], fHon] u'Ktrsf] dxj a'em]sf] b]lvbg} .
To;}n] ah]6sf] Hofb} sdL 5. ;"rgf ;\sng ug]{ ;|ft] df dfgjLo k|fljlws
oGqsf] Hofb} sdL 5. ljBdfg dfgjLo ;|ft] sf] :t klg Hofb} Go"g 5. oxf
sfo{t JolQmnfO{ sfddf pT;fx hufpg s'g} k|fT] ;fxgsf] Joj:yf 5}g. o:tf ;'Iff
;\u7g ljz]if k|s[ltsf x'gk' g]d{ f cem;Dd ljlzi6Ls0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. g]kfndf
sfo{t ljleGg u};sfL ;+:yf, cGtf{li6o ;\3;+:yf cGo k|fh
] S] 6df sfd ug{
cfP nfdf] a;fO ug]{ ljb]zLsf] lgufgL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. u'Ktr lgsfonfO{ fli6o
;'Iffsf] lgb]l{ zsf adf]lhd k|of]u ug'k{ g]d{ f ;sfn] ljkIfL kf6L{sf] ;"rgf ;\
sngdf ;Lldt u]sf] 5. o; ljefuaf6 gof lbNnLdf flvPsf] P;P;kL bhf{sf]
JolQmnfO{ bhf{ cg';fsf] tnaeQf afx]s cGo k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} klg ah]6sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g. of] ;\u7gnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] klrfng tflndsf
nflu eg] hDdf #) nfv dfq ah]6 Joj:yf 5. To;n] o;sf] p2]Zosf] ;fgf]
k|ltzt sfd klg k"f x'g ;Sb}g. cGo ;'Iff lgsfodf ;d]t ;"rgf ;\sngsf
nflu w]} ah]6 lgsf;f x'g] u]sf] 5. o; ljefudf sfo{t JolQm ljlzi6, sfdsf
lx;fan] pT;fxL s]xL u5'{ eGg] efjgfsf] x'gk' g]d{ f fhgLlts kf6L{n] sfd gnfUg]
hgzlQm y'kf] etL{sG] b| aGg uPsf] 5. c? b]zsf] cEof; cg'?k o:tf] ;\u7g
k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf x'gk' g]d{ f u[x dGqfno cGtu{t flvPsf] 5. u[xn]
;d]t o; ;+:yfnfO{ zf]if0f ulx]sf] 5. clxn];Dd o; ljefusf] :ki6 sfo{If]q
;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5}g. of] ljefunfO{ ;'b[9Ls0f ug{ klxn]bl] v ljleGg cfof]u u7g
uL ;'emfj ;d]t lbOPsf] 5. t s'g} klg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg nfu" ePsf] 5}g.

167

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 of] ljefunfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf fVg'k5{,

Tof] ;Dej geP fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ cGtu{t fVbf klg plrt x'G5, of] ;+:yf
:jtGq fi6nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ fli6o u'Ktr lgsfosf ?kdf ljsl;t ug'k{ 5{,
g]tfx?n] cfk\mgf sfo{stf{ etL{ ug]{ k|lqmof aGb x'gk' 5{, o;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{
k|fljlws pks0f tflndsf nflu ;d]t ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug{ d k|wfgdGqL;u s'f
u5'{ x'sd' eof].
To:t}, ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], of] ;\u7gnfO{ lgsf;f ePsf] ah]6 kfbzL{
x'g'k5{. ;"rgf eg]sf] cfjZostf cg';f ;DalGwt JolQm jf lgsfodf ;Dk|]if0f
x'g'k5{. ;fy} o; ljefudf sfo{t sd{rfLsf] ;]jfsf] ;'Iff k|Tofe"lt x'g'k5{.
o; ljefusf] cGo ;'Iff lgsfo ;]gf k|xLsf ;fy} baf;u fd|f] ;DaGw
;dGjo x'g'k5{.

@)%& d\l; & ut] a'waf

fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k"j{k|d'v xlafa' rf}wL cfh dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxf;u k"j{u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLsf] clxn] klg e]6 x'bf] x]5.
To; qmddf hf]zLn] d lulhfafa'sf] alnsf] af]sf] eP, b'g} sf08df ;]gf;usf]
ljjfbdf d]f] s'g} uNtL 5}g, tkfO{+ ;Sg'x'G5 eg] ;]gf baf;u s'f u] e|d
x6fpg dbt ullbg';\ eGg'ePsf] x]5. of] s'f rf}wLn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof].
pxfn] clxn];Ddsf] lqmofsnfk x]bf{ k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf cfO{hLkL
v]nh:tf] k|efjsfL x'g ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g eGb} k;f{sf lhNnf:tLo w]} sf\u|];L
sfo{stf{ h:t} df]xg rf}wL, gfu]Gb| ofbj cflbsf ;fy} uflj; cWoIfx? sf\u|];
kf6L{ klTofu u] Pdfn]df k|j]z ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] ;d]t hfgsfL lbg'eof].

@)%& d\l; !% ut] laxLaf

;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] ;~rfng ;DaGwdf ag]sf] P]g ;sfdf hfx] x'bf
:jLs[lt aS;]sf] 5.
;]gfdf k"hfsf nflu h\uL c8\8fb]lv u'Nd :t;Dd kl08t tyf k'hfLsf]
Joj:yf ug{ k|of; eOx]sf] 5. cab]lv clws[t :tsf] k'hfL tyf kl08t fVg
h?L b]lvPsf] 5.
k|fKt va cg';f, dfcf]jfbLn] sf7df8f}sf s]xL :s'ndf egf{ z'Ns lkmtf{ ug{,
;+:s[t ljifo cWoog ufpg aGb ug{ fli6o ufg gufpg pbL{ hfL u]sf] 5.
To:t} kfFr5 hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfP rGbf dfUg] glbP a]OHhtL ug]{ ;d]t a'lemPsf]
5. o;kl5 oxL sfd dfcf]jfbLn] SofDk; :tdf klg ug]{ a'lemPsf] 5. o:tf
lqmofsnfk f]Sg >L % sf] ;sfaf6 sfafxLsf] s'g} k|of; ePsf] b]lvb}g.
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cfhsf] lgoldt hfx]Ldf pxfn] b]zsf] ;d;fdlos kll:ylt

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ljleGg kf6L{df eOx]sf] cfGtls ljjfbaf] cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfsf

cg';f, sf\u|];leq sf]Ofnf b]pjfaLr G a9] kf6L{ ;d]t km'6\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
5. pxfn] ;]gfsf] d}qLk"0f{ lgdGq0fdf cfufdL k'; $ b]lv * ut];Dd eftLo jfo'
;]gfWoIf klxnf] k6s g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. ;fy}
;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do aS;g hfx] ug'{eof].

@)%& d\l; !( ut] ;f]daf

;z:q k|xL an u7g ug]{ k|lqmof ;' ePsf] 5. o;sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv
g} ;z:q k|xL cfof]u u7g uL To;df ;]gfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{. To:t} o'4
jf cGo ;\s6sf] ;dodf ;z:q k|xL an ;]gfsf] dftxtdf klrflnt x''g'k5{.
;fy} ;z:qnfO{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] dftxtdf fVbf fd|f] x'G5 ls eg] ;d]t
ljrf x'g cfjZos 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] cfh d'n'ssf] ;d;fdlos ;'Iff l:yltaf] pkk|wfgdGqL tyf
u[xdGqL, IffdGqL ;a} ;'Iff c\usf k|d'v;u ljrfljdz{ ug'{eof]. pQm
cj;df pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7]ufg nufpg t'Gt} ;]gf
klrfng x'g'kof], bafn] dfcf]jfbLsf] lqmofsnfk lgoGq0fdf vf;} rf;f] fv]sf]
b]lvb}g, dlGqklifb\nfO{ g} ;a} ;'Iff lgsfo klrfng ug]{ clwsf x'g'kof] h:tf
cleJolQm lbg'ePsf] 5.
blIf0f Pl;ofnL gful/s cfof]usf] klxnf] j}7sdf efu lng] qmddf g]kfn
e|d0fdf x]sf eftLo k"j{k|wfgdGqL cfO{s] u'hfnn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ e]6\g k|of;
ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] vlb ug{ nfu]sf] xltof ;DaGwdf
eftLo xltof lng] Joj:yfsf nflu kxn ug{ u'hfn sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. ;DejtM To;} qmddf pxfn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ e]6\g rfxg'ePsf]
lyof]. t/ u'h/fn lxhf] cfOtaf/ crfgs c:j:y ePkl5 k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd
:ylut u/L ljz]if p8fgaf6 lbNnL kms{g' ePsf] 5 .

@)%& d\l; @) ut] d\unaf

;z:q k|xLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xltof uf]nLu6\7f ;]gfsf] k'fgf] df}Hbft
xltofaf6 lbg' plrt x'G5. ;]gfnfO{ k'fgf] xltofsf] abnfdf gof xltof
t'Gt} lng cfjZos b]lvG5. To:t} g]kfn k|xLsf nflu klg s]xL xltofsf]
Joj:yf ug{ h?L ePsf] 5, h;sf nflu >L % sf] ;sfaf6 ah]6 ;d]t
lgsf;f eO;s]sf] 5.
cfh dnfO{ zbrGb| zfxn] kmf]g u] k"jc
{ ~rnfwLz gjfh u'sf 5f]f
fh]Gb| u' d]f Jofkfls ;fem]bf x'g\, To;}n] pgnfO{ ;]gfsf ljleGg 7]Ssf
;fdfg cfk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfdx? ldnfOlbg'xf]nf egL cg'f]w ug'e{ of]. d}n] pxfnfO{

169

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dnfO{ o;af] vf;} hfgsfL x'bg} , k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f ubf{ plrt x'G5 eg].
cfGtls ljsf; tyf ;'Iff of]hgf nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn
eOx]sf] 5. o; cjwf0ffdfly fhgLlts k|mG6df ;d]t Jofks 5nkmn x'g
cfjZos 5. To:t}, :yfgLo lgsfodf Gofo ;Dkfbg ;'zf;g hlt;Sbf] rf8f]
k|jfx x'g'k5{. ;fy} gfuls ;dfh, u};sfL ;+:yfn] ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;d]t
;dGjo x'g'k5{. :yfgLo txsf ;a} sfo{qmddf :yfgLo hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf
x'g h?L 5.

@)%& d\l; @# ut] z'qmaf

dfcf]]jfbL bafaf6 ;~rflnt x'g\ eGb} cfh ;fKtflxs ljdz{n] pkk|wfgdGqL
tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] ljrf ;lxtsf] ;dfrf k|sflzt u]sf] 5. kf}8]nsf
cg';f bafn] >L % sf] ;sfsf lj4 k|of]u ug]{ sf8{sf ?kdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;~rfng u]sf] xf]. ;fy} pxfn] bafsf] of] gLlt pm cfkm}nfO{ xflgsfs 5,
lsgeg] sDo'lg:6x? bafsf ldq x'g ;Sb}gg\ eg] af]Ng'ePsf] 5. ;sfsf
pkk|wfgdGqLaf6 o:tf] cfzosf] cleJolQm x'g' lgZro klg v]bhgs s'f xf].
e"ldut dfcf]jfbLsf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g clvn qmflGtsf/Lsf] wDsLaf6 pTkGg
eo / cft\ssf sf/0f b]zel/sf $) xhf/eGbf a9L ;/sf/L tyf lghL
ljBfnox? aGb ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 nfvf}+ ljBfyL{sf] eljio cGwsf/ aGg]
b]lvPsf] 5 .

@)%& d\l; @$ ut] zlgaf

sf\u|]; ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] pxf ;lxt cGo kfFr5
hgf ;f+;b sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnfsf] kIf 5f]8] z]axfb' b]pjf kIfdf ;dfj]z
x'g nfu]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. o;n] ubf{ sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnleq b]pjf kIfsf]
ax'dt x'g] ePsf] 5. kmf]gdf k'gn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df baf
eftsf] e"ldsf s] xf], a'e\mg sl7g ePsf] 5 eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] dfcf]jfbL
ljb|f]x ;'zf;gsf] sdLn] ubf{ pTkGg ;d:of xf], t fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] ;]gf
klrfngsf] s'f p7fP bf]if bafnfO{ lbg] u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;d]t cfk\mgf]
s'f fVg'eof].
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf cfh laxfg k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb efO{nfO{ e]6\g
pxfsf] lgjf;, e};]kf6L k'Ug'eof]. sf]Ofnf efO{nfO{ e]6] kms]{sf] nuQ} e"tk"j{
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf klg efO{nfO{ e]6\g k'Ug'ePsf] lyof].
cfh} k|wfg ;]gfkltn] IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{;u ;d;fdlos ;'Iff Joj:yf
dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] 5nkmn ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxf;u ;]gf klrfngsf] ;Gbe{df
;d]t s'f ePsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%& d\l; @% ut] cfOtaf

dxffhflwfh ;sf cfh lzjk'Ll:yt ;]gfsf] sdfG8 tyf :6fkm sn]hsf]
lgLIf0fsf nflu ;jfL eof]. pQm cj;df IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{, Iff;lrj
kbds'df/ cfrfo{sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;sfsf] :jfut
ug'{ePsf] lyof]. anflws[t Kofh\u yfkf, ;]gfsf] tflnd lgb]{zssf ;fy}
sdfG8]G6 cGo k|lzIfs ;d]t ;xefuL x'g'eof].
lzjk'Lsf sdfG8]G6n] :6fkm sn]hsf] ;Gbe{df ljutdf ePsf eljiodf
x'g] sfo{qmdaf] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], :6fkm sn]h h:tf
pRr tflnd s]Gb|x?df ldqfi6sf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ klg tflnddf ;xefuL
ufpg] k|rng 5. t xfn o; sn]hsf] ef}lts k"jf{Wff ljsf; geO;s]sfn]
ljb]zL ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ ;xefuL ufpg ;lsPsf] 5}g. s]xL jif{df ;a}
k"jf{wf tof ePkl5 ;fs{ b]zsf ;a} l5d]sL fi6 rLgsf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{
;d]t ;xefuL ufpg] of]hgf 5. o; sn]hsf] d'Vo nIo ;]gfsf dWod txsf
clws[tnfO{ dflyNnf] txsf] sdfG8 tyf :6fkm ;DaGwL tflnd lbg' xf]. o;
sn]hdf fd|f] glthf Nofpg] clws[tnfO{ ljb]zL :6fkm sn]hdf tflnddf k7fpg]
;d]t Joj:yf 5. pxfn] pQm sn]hdf ef}lts k"jf{wf tyf tflnd cWoogsf
lglDt cfjZos pks0fx?sf nflu ;d]t ah]6sf] cefj x]sf] klg hfgsfL
ufpg'eof].
hfx]Lkl5 sn]hsf ljleGg kIfdf 5nkmn x'bf ;sfaf6 IffdGqLnfO{
ljb]zL clws[tsf nflu a:g] Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ah]6sf] Joj:yf ullbg
;'emfj aS:of]. ;sfaf6 >L % sf] ;sf;u ah]6sf] cefj 5, To;}n] ;}lgs
sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdnfO{ ;sfL lwtf]kqsf ?kdf fv] s]xL ah]6sf] Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsG5 ls < x's'd eof]. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf]
Aofhaf6 ;d]t s]xL sd pknAw x'g ;S5 eg] cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wfdf vr{
ug{ x's'd eof]. ;sfaf6 ;]gfsf ljleGg tflnd s]Gb|sf ;fy} o; sn]hdf klg
k|fs[lts k|sf]k -l8hf:6 Dofg]hd]G6_ ;DaGwL sf];{ ;dfj]z ubf{ fd|f] x'g] ;Nnfx
aS:of]. d0fLo kxf8L jftfj0f ePsf] x'bf oxf ;f]xL cg';f pko'Qm x'g] lsl;dn]
ejgx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;sfsf] ;'emfj lyof].

@)%& d\l; @* ut] a'waf

g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf a]nfotL IffdGqL h]k|mL x\o'gn] k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf;usf] e]6df g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf
klrfng ug{ ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5. k|xLaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Dej
gePsfn] tTsfn} ;]gf klrfng ug'{kg]{ pxfsf] ;Nnfx lyof]. To:t} pxfn]
l;oflnof]gdf ;+o'Qm fi6;\3n] cg'f]w u] cg';f zflGt :yfkgf sfo{sf

171

172

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nflu g]kfnaf6 sDtLdf Ps u0f ;]gf k7fpg cg'f]w ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu la|l6; Pf]:k];sf] hd{g sDkgL x]Sn PG8 sf]sdf lgld{t
Prs] hL#^ fOkmn vlb ;DaGwdf eft;u klg s'f ug{ cg'f]w ug'{eof].
eftn] ljleGg dfWodaf6 a]nfot ;sf ;dIf g]kfnnfO{ xltof ga]r eg] bafj
lbOx]sf] k[i7e"lddf pxfn] o:tf] cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] lyof]. k|wfgdGqLn] pxfnfO{
l;oflnof]gdf zflGt;]gf k7fpg g]kfn tof 5, t o;sf nflu cfjZos ;}lgs
pks0f a]nfotn] pknAw ufP ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] eGg'eof]. ;fy} sfe|] lhNnfsf]
kfrvfnl:yt zflGt;]gf tflnd s]Gb|sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u
ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof]. To:t} pxfn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df efu lnPsf uf]vf{ ;}lgsnfO{
k]G;g pknAw ufpg cg'f]w ug'{eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] ld -lef]n';gL OG6g];gn
d'ed]G6_ sf] sfof{no nG8gdf x]sf] x'bf Toxfaf6 g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkdf lgufgL fv] ;xof]u ug{ ;d]t cfu|x ug'{eof].

@)%& k'; $ ut] d\unaf

clwfhs'df gLfhg ;fdfv';L rqmkydf cfh /flt df]6 b'36{ gfdf klaS;]sf]
5. hfgsfL cg';f k|xLn] ;fO8 lbbf uNtL ePsf] a'lemG5. df]6 gLfhg
;sf cfkm}n] rnfOaS;]sf] x]5. b'36{ gfaf6 df]6df Iflt k'us
] f] 5. t'Gt}
csf]{ df]6 ;'Iff k7fP p4f/ u/L pkrf/fy{ 5fpgLl:yt jL/]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn
nluPsf] lyof] . ;fdfGo pkrf/kl5 ;/sf/nfO{ l8:rfh{ ul/Psf] lyof] .
dfcf]jfbL Pdfn]aLr cgf}krfls ?kdf uf]Ko jftf{ eOx]sf] va 5.
jftf{df b'j} kf6L{n] Pscsf{sf cfd;ef nufot ;a} sfo{qmd lgaf{w ug{ lbg]
Psn] csf{nfO{ sfafxL gug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. uf]Ko jftf{df Pdfn] g]tf
etdf]xg clwsfL ;xefuL ePsf] a'lemof].

@)%& k'; & ut] z'qmaf

dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf eftLo jfo';]gfWoIf -Po
lrkm df;{n_ PjfO{ l6lKg;nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. pQm cj;df jfo';]gfWoIfn]
g]kfnn] klg jfo';]gf :yfkgfsf nflu k"jf{wf tof ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj
lbg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], g]kfn h:tf] ef}uf]lns agfj6 ePsf] b]zdf zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ljb|f]xsf lj4 n8\g'kbf{ Po kmf];{ g} k|efjsfL x'G5. To:t},
xjfO{ oftfoftdf klg x]lnsK6 g} k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvG5. pRr kxf8L If]qdf
;'kk'dfeGbf PdcfO{!& x]lnsK6 pko'Qm x'G5. of] ;:tf] klg 5. pxfn]
eftLo jfo';]jfn] cfufdL km]a|'cL dlxgfdf Po kmfo kfj 8]df]G:6];g ub}{ 5
eGg] hfgsfL lbb} pQm 8]df]G:6];g cjnf]sgsf nflu k|ltlglw k7fpg zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ cg'f]w ulPsf] 5 eg] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;sfaf6 eftLo jfo';]gfWoIfnfO{ e]6\g kfPsf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ zfxL

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] xjfO{ ;]jfdf eftLo jfo';]gfsf] ;xof]uk|lt wGojfb aS:of]. ;fy}
;sfaf6 of] ;xof]u eljiodf cem j[l4 x'g] cfzf JoQm ub}{ g]kfnL ;}lgs
kfOn6x?nfO{ eftdf tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg cfu|x ulaS:of].

@)%& k'; !) ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqLn] cfh laxfg} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?;u b]zsf] jt{dfg ;'Iff
Joj:yf dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5. 5nkmndf ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'v, IffdGqL pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqLsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof].
5nkmndf p7]sf ljifoaf] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], w]} bafjsf sf0f x'g ;S5, k|wfgdGqL xtfz dgl:yltdf eP
h:tf] nfUof]. 5nkmndf k|wfgdGqLn] dxffhflwfh;u fd|f] s'f x'G5, t
lsg sfd x'b}g < ;]gfn] k|xLnfO{ lsg xltof glbPsf] < dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?
fhwfgLsf 7"nfa8fsf] 3df a;]sf] ;'lgG5, lsg ;'Iff sfafxL x'b}g < k"j{k~r
cb[Zo zlQms]Gb|n] clxn]sf] cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fpg vf]lhx]sf 5g\. o;af6
;a}lt l5GgleGg eof] eg] To;n] fh;+:yfnfO{ klg fd|f] ub}{g xf]nf. o:t}
hl6n cj:yfaf6 b]z u'lh|xg] xf] eg] d t ljf6gu uP a;'nf. tkfO{+x?
sxf hfg'x'G5 < eGg'eof]. pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'vk|lt O\lut ub}{ k~rfot sfndf tkfO{+x? Psbd}
fd|f] sfd ug'{x'GYof], bnx?sf PsPs ;"rgf ultljlw ;sfnfO{ hfgsfL
lbg'x'GYof], xfn tkfO{+x?n] lsg sfd ug{ ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g < eGg'eof]. k|To'Qdf
b]jLfdhLn] k~rfot sfndf of] ;\u7gnfO{ kof{Kt ah]6 lyof]. cg';Gwfgsf
nflu dfq} %) nfv k}of jflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g] u]sf] lyof]. t clxn]
ahfsf] d"No b; u'0ff a9\bf ;d]t o; ljefusf] ah]6df b; k|ltzt klg j[l4
ulPsf] 5}g. lgoldt tna afx]s cGo ah]6sf] Joj:yf 5}g. o; ljefudf
k~rfotL ;sfsf] s'g} klg x:tIf]k lyPg. o;nfO{ Jofj;flos ;\u7gsf]
?kdf sfd ug{ lbOGYof]. xfn o;nfO{ fhgLlts kf6L{sf] etL{s]Gb| agfOPsf]
5. o; ;\u7gsf] %) lQm baGbLdf kfr ;o hgf cgfjZos sfo{stf{
etL{ ulPsf] 5. o;af6 s;L sfd x'G5 < of] ;\u7gsf w]} sdLsdhf]L
xf]nfg\, t}klg ;sfnfO{ lbPsf ;"rgfdf lsg a]jf:tf x'G5 < eg] s8f ?kdf
hjfkm lbg'eof]. ;fy} k~rfot sfndf ;]gf k|xLn] Joj:yf wfg]sf x'g\ eg]
fhgLlts kf6L{n] cff]k nufpg] u]sf lyP. t clxn] ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf
;d]t fhgLts g]tfx?af6 ljleGg ;dodf ;sf l6sfpg ;]gf k|xLnfO{
lsg cfu|x ulG5 < lsg k|xL k|zf;gsf] edf ;sf l6sfpg vf]lhG5 <
dfcf]jfbL afx]s ;a} kf6L{n] ;+ljwfg dfg]s} 5g\. t b]zdf ;'Iff Joj:yfdf olt

173

174

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

7"nf] ;d:of x'bf klg lsg ;a} fhgLlts bnn] cfk;L 5nkmn uL ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfglt Wofg lbb}gg\ < eg] k|:6;u s'f fVg'eof]. 5nkmns} qmddf
k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz]n] k|xLsf] dgf]an Hofb} sdhf] 5. xfdL;u g
;|f]t;fwg ah]6 5, g xftxltof kof{Kt 5, g t dfcf]jfbL;u n8\g] tflnd g}
5. k|xLn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kfr jif{;Dd f]Sg ;kmn eof]. t ca ;Sb}g. To;}n]
;]gf klrfng ug}{k5{. ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf d'Vod'Vo If]qdf klrflnt eO{ sfafxL
u] cGo If]q ;xdf k|xLn] zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;S5 eGg'eof].
5nkmndf d}n] klg @)%$ ;fnb]lv ;]gf klrfngsf nflu of]hgf agfP ljleGg
k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ k|:t't ulPs} xf]. xfd|f] ;'emfj ;+ljwfg P]gsfg'g cg';f
;]gf klrfng xf];\ eGg] dfq} xf]. t @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] b; jif{
lalt;Sbf klg fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn agfOPsf] 5}g. o; cj:yfdf
;]gf klrfng ;DaGwL cGof]n sfod} 5 eg] s'f fv].
sf\u|]; g]tf fdgffo0f ld>sf] hgsk'df lgwg ePsf] 5. pxfsf] lgwgdf
>4f~hln lbg eftsf k"j{kfi6dGqL ZofdfgGbg ld> hgsk' cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. lbj\ut g]tfnfO{ >4f~hln lbg hgsk' k'u]sf k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
pxf;u e]6 u]sf] va 5. ;fy} sf]Ofnfn] :yfgLo sfo{stf{;u ld>nfO{ e]63f6
ufpg sfo{qmdsf] ;d]t cfof]hgf ug'{ePsf] 5. To:t} pxfn] lbj\ut slkn
emfnfO{ cfufdL k'; @& ut] zxLb 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{qmd fv]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.
;fy} ljf6gu hf]uagLglhs} zxLb :dfssf] lznfGof; sfo{qmddf efu lng
eftsf k"j{k|wfgdGqL rGb|z]v cfpg'x'g] ePsf] 5. pxf Ps lbg sf]Ofnf
lgjf;, ljf6gudf a:g] sfo{qmd ;d]t ag]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.

@)%& k'; !! ut] d\unaf/

eftLo rnlrq cleg]tf x[lts f]zgn] g]kfn efts} Pp6f k|fGt xf] eGg]
cfzosf] cleJolQm lbPsf] egL b]zsf ljleGg efu nufot sf7df8f}df s]xL
lbgotf ljf]w k|bz{g eOx]sf] 5. To; qmddf k|xLn] sf7df8f}sf rfalxn
7d]ndf eL8 lgoGq0f ug]{ qmddf uf]nL rnfpbf rf hgf lgbf]{if afnaflnsfsf]
d[To' ePsf] 5. o;} ljifonfO{ lnP uf]nL xfGg cfb]z lbg] uf]nL rnfpg]nfO{
sfafxL ug'{k5{, u[xdGqLn] fhLgfdf lbg'k5{, eftLo fhb"tfjf;n] ;fj{hlgs
?kdf dfkmL dfUg'k5{, eftLo rnlrq g]kfndf k|ltaGw nufpg'k5{ h:tf gff
nfu]sf 5g\. dx]Gb|Tg SofDk;, ;:jtL SofDk;, TgfHonIdL SofDk;, g]kfn
n SofDk; cflbaf6 ljBfyL{n] ljf]w h'n'; lgsfn]sf 5g\. ljBfyL{x?n] cfh}
k|wfgdGqL eftLo fhb"tnfO{ 1fkgkq lbg] sfo{qmd fv]sf 5g\. pQ]lht eL8
lx+;s x'g] vtf a9]sf] 5. k|bz{gsfLn] dfjf8L ;d'bfo dw]zL ;d'bfosf
JolQm JofkfLsf 3 Jofkfls s]Gb|x?nfO{ nIo uL s]xL :yfgdf tf]8kmf]8

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

u]sf] va 5. xf]6ndf x]sf eftLo kfx'gfnfO{ ;d]t cfqmd0f ug]{ sf]l;; ePsf]
5. o;}aLr eftLo fhb"tn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6L eftLo gfuls Joj;foLsf]
;'Iffsf] dfu ug'{ePsf] 5.

@)%& k'; !& ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfsf]
lgjf;, dxffhuGh hfg'eof]. Toxf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf
f]lx0fL yklnofsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt x]sf] a'lemof].
kf]vfdf x'g] sf\u|]; fli6o dxflwj]zgdf sf]Ofnf kIf z]axfb' b]pjf
kIfn] ;efkltsf] pDd]bjf lbg] ;Gbe{df g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ cfk\mgf] kIfdf kfg{]
xf]8afhL rn]sf] 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf b]pjf kIfaf6 dGqLx? sdnf kGt ;']z
xdfnnfO{ sf]Ofnf dlGqklifb\af6 fhLgfdf ug{ nufpg] k|of; eOx]sf] 5.
sf]Ofnf kIfn] :yfgLo k|zf;g k|xL k|of]u uL cfkm"nfO{ xfpg sf]l;; u]sf]
b]pjf kIfsf] cff]k 5. sf\u|]; g]tfx? v'daxfb' v8\sf ljho uR5bf b]pjf
kIfdf v'n]} nfu]sf] b]lvG5. ;a} lsl;dsf xtsG8f k|of]u u] eP klg ;efklt
lhTg] sf]Ofnf kIfsf] 0fgLlt 5.
dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{nfO{ ;]gfn] kqm] bafsf] lgb]{zgdf 5f8]sf]
eGg] lgfwf xNnf rn]sf] 5. sf\u|];s} s]xL g]tf pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb|
kf}8]naf6} of] xNnf km}nfOPsf] va cfPsf] 5.
dxffhflwfh ;sf s]xL lbgsf] lj>fdsf nflu cfufdL z'qmaf etk'l:yt
lbofnf] a\unfdf ;jfL x'g] sfo{qmd 5.

@)%& df3 ( ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|]; dxflwj]zgsf qmddf k|wfgdGqLsL 5f]L ;'hftf sf]Ofnfsf] lqmofzLn
;b:otfsf] cjlw gk'u]sf] eGb} s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf] r'gfjdf pDd]bjfL 2 ePsf] 5.
o; ljifonfO{ lnP ;'hftfn] cfqmf]z JoQm ub}{ s]xL sf\u|]; g]tfn] if8\oGq u]sf]
To:tf JolQmnfO{ sfafxL u5'{ eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;\3sf g]tf
jLaxfb' anfon] s]xL ;fyL ;lxt k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf lj4 k"j{k|wfgdGqL
s[i0fk|;fb efO{sf] ;dy{gdf gff nufPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn]
dxflwj]zgkl5 dlGqklifb\ k'gu{7g ug]{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf ljf]wL kIfnfO{ ;d]t
;d]6] ldnfpg sf]l;; ug]{ ljrf fVg'ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. dxflwj]zgaf6 ;efkltdf
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;lxt !# hgf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\. b]pjf
kIfaf6 hDdf 5 hgf dfq s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\.
Pdfn] g]tfx? eftff lgdf{0ffwLg k"0ff{lul afw lgLIf0f ug{ hfg] ePsf
5g\.

175

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbLn] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] lqk'f;'GbL dlGbglhs x]sf] k|xL rf}sL

hnfPsf] va 5.

@)%& df3 !* ut] a'waf

k|wfgdGqLn] cfhsf] bz{ge]6df ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ h:t} k|xL
dxflgLIfsnfO{ klg a]nfa]nfdf bz{ge]6 aS;g'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] x]]5.
To:t} pxfn] ;+;b\af6 kflt eO{ nfndf]xsf nflu fhbafdf k7fOPsf] gfulstf
;DaGwL ljw]osdf rf8} nfndf]x aS;g cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5.
;sfaf6 fhbafsf ;lrjx?;u k|wfgdGqLn] gfulstf ljw]os ;DaGwdf
u]sf] tfs]tfaf] s'f ub}{ o; ljifodf bafn] s] ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn
ulaS:of]. ;lrjx?n] ljw]osdf nfndf]x nufpbf kg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt ;sffTds
gsffTds kIfaf] ljZn]if0f uof} . clg klxnf] ljsNksf ?kdf ;sfaf6 o;af]
>L % sf] ;sf fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx?;u 5nkmn ug],{ bf];f| ] ljsNksf ?kdf
;Gb]z ;lxt pQm ljw]os k|ltlglw;efd} lkmtf{ k7fpg] t];f| ] ljsNksf ?kdf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] fo dfUg] s'f cfof]. rf}yf] clGtd ljsNk eg] k|ltlglw;efn] h] kf;
u] k7fPsf] 5, To;}df h:tfsf] t:t} nfndf]x nufpg] lyof]. rf} ljsNkdWo]
h'g} f]h] klg Tof] ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'gk' 5{ To;}n] tfO{jf;L g]kfnLsf] efjgfdf rf]6
k'Ug' x'b g} eGg]af] ;a} ;r]t lyof} . t, bafn] b]zsf] lxt tyf ;~rf dfWod
gfuls ;dfhaf6 pQm ljw]ossf lj4df pl7x]sf] cfjfhsf] ;d]t sb ug}k{ g]{
x'G5. ;fy} fh;+:yf a:6\ofDk dfq aGg' x'b g} k|ltlglw;efsf lj4df plePsf]
h:tf] klg b]lvg' x'b g} . To;}n] dflysf ljsNkdWo] ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] fo a'em\g' x'g5
] eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnof]. To;} cg';f ljw]osaf] ;jf]R{ rsf]
fo dfUg k7fpg] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg k|dv
' ;lrjfnonfO{ lhDd]jfL lbOof].
;sfaf6 cfh} dnfO{ x's'd eof], d}n] wd{kfnnfO{ cfufdL j}zfv ! ut] jf
cGo s'g} cj; ldnfP ;]gfsf] cltyL -lkmN8 df;{n_ lbg] ljrf u]sf] 5'. o;
ljifodf ltdLn] kz'kltnfO{ eg] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ nufpm. ;fy} wd{kfn;u
;d]t s'f u. cltyLsf] e'hb08 -Aof6g_ df p;sf] gfd s;L n]Vg] < p;sf]
xftsf] ;fOh dfu k'fgf] gd'gf x]] Aof6g agfpg nufpm. , km'nL, 6f]kL
o'lgkmd{af] klg Joj:yf ug{ nufpm.

@)%& df3 !( ut] laxLaf

nfdf] ljjfbkl5 ;z:q k|xL an u7g ePsf] 5. dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 ;z:q
k|x/L an u7g ;DaGwL cWofb]z ut k'; @$ ut] :jLs[t ul/aS;]sf] lyof] . o;}
cj;df gjlgo'Qm ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] ;z:q k|xL ;DaGwL
cjwf0ff aGbfb]lv clxn] u7g x'bf;Dd dxffhflwfhaf6 lgGt ;xof]u, ;Nnfx

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lgb]z
{ g aS; ePsf]df ;sfdf s[t1tf hfx] ullbg" eg] dnfO{ kmf]gdf cg'f]w
ug'e{ Psf] 5. o;} cj;df ;]gfaf6 klg :j]R5f ;z:qdf ;jf x'g rfxg]sf nflu
cfx\jfg ulPsf] 5. o; qmddf;a} bhf{ u] sla ! ;o !( hgfn] dfq ;z:qdf
hfg] OR5f b]vfPsf 5g\. t ;z:qaf6 tLgrf/ xhfsf] gk|mL dfu ulPsf] 5.
To;}n] g]kfn k|xLsf] ;z:q b\uf u0faf6} w]} lng'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 ;]gfsf ljleGg tflnd s]Gb|sf] lgLIf0f e|d0fkl5 lgb]{zg ePsf
ljifodf s] eOx]sf] 5, To;nfO{ kmnf] ck sf ?kdf a'e\mg dnfO{ lgb]{zg aS;]sf]
5. To; qmddf lgb]{zg ePsf sfd tTsfn sfof{Gjog cfjZos 5.
ljjfbf:kb gfulstf ljw]os ;DaGwdf ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u klg
5nkmn uL fo lng ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf] 5. To; cg';f d}n] pxfx?;u
5nkmn ubf{ ;a}sf] ljZn]if0f ljrf Ps} vfnsf] cfof]. pxfx?sf] egfO
lyof] of] gfulstf ljw]osn] s'g} xfntdf b]zsf] fli6o lxt ub}{g. of] ljw]os
nfu" eof] eg] tfO{df cglws[t ?kdf gfulstf lng]sf] ;\Vof a9\g]5. o;af6
kl5 vf; uL r'gfjsf a]nf rnv]n x'g] b]lvG5. v'nf ;Ldfsf sf0f tfO{df
x'g] cfkflws ultljlw ;d]t emg} a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5. cGttM o;n] g]kfnsf]
l;lSsdLs0f x'g ;Sg] ljZn]if0f ulPsf] 5. fli6o ;'Iffsf b[li6n] of] Hofb}
7"nf] vtf xf]. To;}n] fi6lxt fli6o :jfy{sf lglDt lgtfGt k|lts"n 5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ rLgsf IffdGqLn] g]kfn e|d0f ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\, pgn] lsg
g]kfnsf] e|d0f ug{ rfx]sf xf]nfg\, o;df ltdLnfO{ s] nfU5 < x's'd eof].
d}n] ;sfdf sltko ;Defljt kIfaf] hfx] u]. d}n] eg], g]kfnsf] xfnsf]
fhgLlts cj:yf dfcf]jfbLn] hfL fv]sf] xToflx+;faf] g]kfn} cfP ljleGg
kIf;u 5nkmn uL k|ToIf hfgsfL lng vf]h]sf] x'g ;S5. To:t}, zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ rLgn] s] ;xof]u k'ofpg ;S5 eGg] a'em\g clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df b'j} b]zsf
;]gfaLr ;DaGw lj:tf ug{ klg g]kfn e|d0f ug{ rfx]sf] x'g ;S5. ;fy}, rLgdf
klg wd{k|lt qmdzM cf:yf a9\b} uPsf] 5, To;}n] pxfn] n'lDagLsf] e|d0f ug{ klg
g]kfn cfpg rfx]sf] x'g ;S5.
;sfaf6 ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;d:ofdf klrfng eof] eg] o;sf] tNnf] tx
;]S;gb]lv dflyNnf] tx l8lehg;Ddsf ;a} OsfOdf 8fS6, Koffd]l8S; cf}iflw ;lxt
rf}aL;} 306f pknAw x'gk' 5{, To;sf] tofL ug{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ va u x'sd'
eof]. ;sfsf] o; egfOaf6 dnfO{ ;]gf s'g} klg a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng
x'g ;S5 eGg] nfUof]. of] s'f d}n] tTsfn} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ va u] .

@)%& df3 @% ut] a'waf

;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ x's'd eof], rLgsf] x]gfg k|fGtdf cfof]hgf x'g] af]cfjf]
kmf]dsf] ;Dd]ngdf k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf ;xefuL x'g lgdGq0ff cfPsf] 5.

177

178

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;Dd]ngkl5 a]Olh uP lrlgof fi6klt;u cf}krfls e]6jftf{ ug]{ ;f]rfO 5.

o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] ljz]if u] xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;]gf klrfng ug'{k] rLgaf6
s:tf] k|fljlws tyf ;}lgs ;xof]u cfjZostf kg]{ xf], k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn
u] a'bfut ?kdf k]k tof u. ;fy} ;sfaf6 Pl;of kmf]d klqsfdf
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] n]vrgf k|sflzt ug{ s] ug{ ;lsg] x]5, o;af]
;d]t ljrf u x's'd eof].
dfcf]jfbLn] ut df3 @! ut] zlgaf/ k|wfg GofofwLz s]zak|;fb pkfWofosf]
;'v]{t, jL/]Gb|gu/ k"j{ 5};6\7L eGg] :yfgdf ljB'tLo w/fkdf kf/L xTofsf] k|of;
u/]sf 5g\ . pQm 36gfdf k/L kfFr hgf cGo ;xofqLsf] d[To' eof] . pQm 36gfsf]
dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 ulx/f] rf;f] JoQm ul/aS;]sf] 5 .
dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 ;+;b\sf] c7f/f}+ clwj]zgaf6 kfl/t eO{ nfndf]x/sf nflu
/fhb/af/ cfPsf] g]kfn gful/stf P]g @)@) -5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os ;DaGwdf
ljleGg dxfg'efjx?;Fu 5nkmn k|f/De ul/aS;]sf] 5 .

@)%& df3 @^ ut] laxLaf

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf rd" cjwf0ff nfu" uL lkmN8df x]sf ;a} txsf o'lg6nfO{
rd"kltsf] sdfG8df fVg] h\uL c8\8fn] ;]gfsf] hgzlQm cfk"lt{, tflnd, vlb
;DaGwL gLlt, Iff dGqfno tyf fhbaf;u ;dGjo ug's
{ f ;fy} >L % sf]
;sfsf] gLlt lgb]z
{ g cg';f sfd ug]{ ;fdls dxjsf ljifodf of]hgf agfpg]
uL ;]gfsf] sfd, st{Jo clwsf ljefhg ug]a{ f] 5nkmn rlnx]sf] 5. o;}
cg'?k ;]gfn] sfo{6f]nL u7g uL tof kf]sf] of]hgf zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf cfh
;sfdf hfx] eof]. hfx]Ldf o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof]. pQm
cj;df Iff;lrj ;]gfsf kLP;cf]h h;f{ax?sf] pkl:ylt lyof]. rd" cjwf0ff
cg'?ksf] ;\u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn x'b f k|:t't of]hgfdf w]} g} kldfh{g
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]. ljz]if u] rd"sf] d'Vofnosf ?kdf xfn !^ gDa jflxgL x]sf]
huGgfy b]j, ;'gwffnfO{ k|:tfj ulPsf] s'f Hofb} cg'ko'Qm 5. o;sf] d'Vofno
fhwfgLaflx kf]vf, etk' of x]6f}8 f h:tf :yfgdf fVbf pko'Qm x'g] egL 5nkmn
eof]. To:t}, b'O{ xhf baGbL yk ug]{ rd" d'Vofno lgdf{0f ug]{ k|;\u klg
;fGble{s b]lvPg. of]hgf cg';f g]kfndf k"jL{ klZrdL b'O{ rd" fVg ;s] pko'Qm
x'g] elgPsf]df xfnnfO{ Pp6f dfq agfpg]af] 5nkmn ePsf] 5.

@)%& kmfu'g $ ut] laxLaf

;sfaf6 dnfO{ gof cltyL -lkmN8 df;{n_ lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g k|lqmof
ckgfpbf fd|f] x'G5, fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] l;kmfl;af6 ug]{ ls dlGqklifb\af6}
ubf{ x'G5, of bafaf6 ;f]em} lgo'lQm ug]{, s] ubf{ lgod;\ut x'G5, klxn]sf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kDkf s] lyof], lj:t[tdf a'em] cfufdL j}zfv ! ut] lgo'Qm ug]{ uL Joj:yf
ldnfpm x's'd eof].
k|fKt va cg';f dfcf]jfbLsf] ;\u7g qmdzM lj:tf eOx]sf] 5.
sfo{stf{ tyf n8fs' b:tfdf df]fn pRr b]lvPsf] 5. otf, g]kfn k|xLsf] df]fn
Hofb} v:sbf] 5. dfcf]jfbL If]qdf sfo{t k|xLsf clws[t tyf hjfgn] sf7df8f}
;jfsf nflu ljleGg fhgLlts zlQms]Gb|sf] l;kmfl; ufpg] qmd a9]sf] 5.
eftsf nflu ;}lgs ;xrfLdf k|dv
' ;]gfgL x]dG] b|Wjh v8\sf lgo'Qm x'ge' Psf]
lyof]. pxfn] sfo{ef ;DxfNg] tofL ;d]t ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. t crfgs pxfsf]
lgo'lQm :ylut ulP5. dnfO{ e]6\g 3df cfP pxfn] eGg'eof], ;, dnfO{ cGofo
eof]. d eftsf] ;}lgs ;xrfLdf hfg tofL ulx]sf] lyP. lxhf] dnfO{ ;}lgs
;lrjn] af]nfP k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cfb]zn] eftsf] ;}lgs ;xrfLdf tkfO{s
+ f] lgo'lQm
ab ulPsf] 5, pQm :yfgdf k|dv
' ;]gfgL ljsf;ljqmd zfx lgo'Qm x'ge' Psf] 5,
tkfO{s
+ f] ;jf zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf ulPsf] 5 eGg'eof]. o:tf] ePkl5 d}n] ;]gfdf
xg pko'Qm 7flgg. cfh} uP fhLgfdf lbG5'. d}n] pxfnfO{ s] ePsf] x]5, d
a'em] tkfO{n
+ fO{ va unf, s]xL lbg fhLgfdf glbg';\ eg]. t pxf d Hofb} x\
o'ldlnP6 ePsf] 5', dnfO{ Ps l5g klg of] ;]gfdf a:g dg 5}g, xh'sf] ;xof]usf
nflu wGojfb eg] hfg'eof]. pxfn] cfh} fhLgfdf ug'e{ P5.

@)%& kmfu'g !) ut] a'waf

lrlgof IffdGqL rfO{ xfcf]l;ogsf] klxnf] cf}krfls g]kfn e|d0f ;' ePsf]
5. pxfsf] ;Ddfgdf g]kfnL ;dsIfL IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{n] flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf
ug'e{ of]. ;f] cj;df cfrfo{n] g]kfnrLg ;DaGw ax'cfoflds x]sf]af] rrf{
ug'e{ of]. To:t} pxfn] lrlgof hgd'lQm ;]gf -kLPnP_ n] rLgnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg
b]z ljsf;df u]s
] f] of]ubfgsf] ;fxgf ug'e{ of]. ;fy} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klg b]zsf]
ljsf;df h'l6x]sf] 5 eGb} zflGt;]gfdf sfd u] cGtf{li6o :tdf zfxL ;]gfn]
k|z;
+ gLo sfo{ u]sf] rrf{ ug'e{ of]. To:t} IffdGqL cfrfo{n] g]kfn rLg b'js
} f
;]gfsf ljleGg txdf x'g] cf}krfls tyf cgf}krfls e|d0fn] b'j} ;]gfaLrsf] ;DaGw
;f}xfb{k0" f{ x]sf] atfpg'eof]. pxfn] dxffhflwfhsf] cfufdL rLg e|d0fnfO{ xfdLn]
dxjsf ;fy x]s
] f 5f} eGg'eof]. IffdGqL cfrfo{n] lrlgof IffdGqLnfO{ a'4 hGd]sf]
:yfg n'lDagLsf] e|d0f ufpg kfpbf cfk"mnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] atfpb} of] e|d0faf6 pxfn]
cGtfTdfdf zflGtsf] cg'el" t k|fKt ug'x{ g' 5
] eGg] sfdgf ;d]t ug'e{ of].
k|To'Qdf lrlgof IffdGqLn] cfk\mgf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] cj;df zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfn] ;]gf lbj; dgfpg] cj; k]sf] pNn]v ub}{ IffdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt
nufot ;]gfsf ;a} bhf{nfO{ z'esfdgf lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], cfsfdf 7"nf]
;fgf] h:tf] eP klg rLgn] ;a} b]znfO{ ;dfgtfsf] cfwfdf ;dy{g ;xof]u u5{.

179

180

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;fy} rLg ;+;fsf ;a} b]zdf zflGt sfod xf];\ eGg] rfxG5. rLg g]kfnaLrsf]
;lbof} k'fgf] ;DaGw ;'dw' 5. , ;b}j xg]5. >L % dxffhflwfhsf] of]
ztfAbLsf] klxnf] rLg e|d0fn] b'O{ b]zaLr x]sf] cfk;L ;dembfL cem j[l4 x'g]5
egL rLgn] ck]Iff u]sf] 5. g]kfnsf IffdGqL;usf] d]f] e]6 5nkmn nfebfos
eof]. rLgsf] IffdGqLsf] x}l;otn] klxnf] g]kfn e|d0f ug{ kfPsf]df dnfO{ Hofb}
v';L nfu]sf] 5. o; e|d0fn] cfufdL lbgdf b'O{ b]z b'O{ ;]gfaLr ;DaGw cem
k|uf9 x'g] s'fdf d ljZj:t 5'.

@)%& kmfu'g !@ ut] z'qmaf

dxffhflwfhaf6 rLgsf IffdGqL pxfsL >LdtLnfO{ fhbafdf bz{ge]6
aS:of]. pQm cj;df lrlgof IffdGqLn] eGg'eof], rLgsf] IffdGqLsf ?kdf
klxnf] g]kfn e|d0f ug{ kfPsf]df dnfO{ w]} v';L nfu]sf] 5. To:t} eujfg\ a'4sf]
hGde"ld n'lDagLsf] e|d0f ug{ kfpbf d}n] cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL 7fg]sf] 5'. g]kfn
;'Gb 5 eGg] ;'g]sf] lyP, clxn] g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL ;'Gbtf cfkm}n] b]Vg kfpbf
Hofb} v';L 5'. of] e|d0faf6 d]f] g]kfn e|d0f ug]{ w]} cufl8b]lvsf] rfxgf k"f
ePsf] 5. a'4 g]kfndf hGd]sf x'g\ t rLgdf ;a}eGbf a9L a'4 wdf{jnDaL
5g\. g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts tyf df}lns kDkfn] rLgnfO{ ;d]t ;lbof}b]lv
k|efj kflx]sf] 5. $% jif{cufl8 dxffhflwfh dx]Gb|af6 rLgsf] klxnf] e|d0f
ulaS;]sf] lyof]. Tof] e]6 sf];]9'\uf ;flat ePsf] 5. rLgsf dxfg\ g]tf
dfcf] ;]t' pxfaLr ;DkGg 5nkmnaf6 ePsf] ;xdltn] rLg g]kfnsf] ;DaGwn]
lgGttf kfOx]sf] 5. h'g ;dodf klZrdf b]zx?n] rLgnfO{ PSnf] kf]sf
lyP, To; a]nf fhf dx]Gb|n] Ps rLg gLltsf] ;dy{g u]sf] s'fnfO{ lrlgof
g]tfx?n] e'Ng ;Sb}gg\. To:t} ;sfaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ulaS;]sf] rLg e|d0f
lrlgof fi6klt;u ePsf] 5nkmnn] xfd|f k"j{g]tfx?sf] ;dembfLnfO{ lgGttf
lbPsf] xfdLn] fd|L a'em]sf 5f}. rLg g]kfnaLr ;a} If]qdf ulxf] ;DaGw 5.
d]f] g]kfnsf IffdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;f}xfb{k"0f{ 5nkmn eof]. rLg zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfjZostf cg';f xltof tyf cGo ;xof]u ug{ tof 5.
dxffhflwfhsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ g]t[Tjdf g]kfnn] k|ult ub}{ hfg]df rLg ljZj:t 5.
clxn] sf7df8f} ;f\3fO{aLr dfq xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng 5. cfk;L ;dembfLdf
rLgsf cGo ;xdf klg ;Lwf xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng uL pBf]u, jfl0fHo ko{6gsf
If]q lj:tf ug{ ;s], ;fy} hgtfhgtfaLr ;DaGw sfod ufpg ;s] b'j} b]znfO{
kmnbfoL x'g] b]lvG5.
bz{ge]6sf] cj;df ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], lrlgof IffdGqLsf] klxnf] g]kfn
e|d0fnfO{ g]kfnn] cToGt} dxj lbPsf] 5. rLgn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf ef}uf]lns
cv08tfsf] ;w} ;dy{g u]sf] 5. xfdL To;df v';L 5f} . ;+;fe cfly{s

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;fdflhs kljt{g b|t' ultdf eOx]sf 5g\. o; cj:yfdf tkfO{n

+ fO{ g]kfndf :jfut
uL ljrfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ kfPsf]df d v';L 5'. g]kfn klg rLg;u l;dfgf
hf]l8Psf w]} b]zdWo] Pp6f xf]. ;fdls tyf ef}uf]lns lx;fan] g]kfn blIf0f
Pl;ofsf] dxjk"0f{ b]z xf]. o;sf] dxj rLgn] fd|L a'em]sf] 5. d s]xL lbgkl5
g} rLg e|d0fdf hfb} 5'. lrlgof g]tfx?;u d]f] JolQmut 5nkmn x'g5
] . o;}
;Gbe{df tkfO{;
+ u 5nkmn ug{ kfPsf]df dnfO{ w]} v';L nfu]sf] 5. tkfO{s
+ f] e|d0f
cffdbfoL kmnbfoL xf];\ eGg] d]f] rfxgf 5. rLg kmls{Pkl5 rLgsf fi6kltnfO{
d]f] z'esfdgf, ;fy} pxf;u rf8} e]6g\ pT;'s 5' eGg] s'f ;'gfOlbg'xf]nf.
lrlgofF /Iff dGqLsf] bz{ge]6kl5 d}n] ;sfaf6 rLg e|d0fsf cj;df
lrlgof kIf;u g]kfnsf] k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf] pQL ;Ldfdf af6f] vf]Ng] ljifodf
5nkmn ulaS;bf ;fGble{s x'G5 hfx] u]. d}n] eg], sf7df8f}df aflxL rqmky
lgdf{0faf] klg ;sfaf6 s'f ulaS;g'k5{. ;]gfn] tof kf]sf] nlhl:6s
;~rfsf ;fwg ;DaGwL ;xof]u lng k|of; ug]{ g]kfnsf] fli6o ;'Iff ;DaGwdf
rLgsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ h:tf uxg ljifodf ;sfaf6 lrlgof fi6klt;u
5nkmn x'g'k5{. g]kfndf lrlgof nufgL leofpg kxn ug]{ lrlgof d'b|f
ljlgdosf] Joj:yf ug]{ h:tf ljifodf 5nkmn ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5. ;/sf/ cfufdL
;f]daf/ lrlgofF /fi6klt lhof hldgsf] lgdGq0ffdf rLgsf] ;ftfJofkL /fhsLo
e|d0fdf ;jf/L xf]OaS;Fb} 5 .
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of pu| ?kdf al9x]sf] 5. >L % sf] ;sfn] ;]gf klrfng
ug{ rfx] klg k|lqmofut 9\uaf6 s'g} lg0f{o ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. k|wfgdGqL ;]gf ;Lw}
klrfng xf];\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5. t fhbaf h\uL c8\8f rfxG5 ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf cg';f gLltut lg0f{o cfd fhgLlts ;xdlt ;lxt ;]gf klrfng
ug'{k5{. lsgeg] ;+;fsf w]} b]zdf xtktL of 7"n} ljklQ gcfP;Dd b]zsf]
cfGtls dfldnfdf ;]gf klrfng x'b}g. ToxL dfGotf fhbaf zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfn] ;d]t agfPsf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ;]gf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] s'g} of]hgf
dfkm{t klrflnt x'g rfxG5. oxL s'fnfO{ ;Qf?9 bnn] 7"nf] O:o' agfPsf]
5. ;Qf;Lg g]tfx?af6 dfcf]jfbL bafn] ;~Rffng u]sf] eGg];Ddsf] cff]k
;d]t nfUg] u]sf] 5. o; s'fn] cfGtls emg} G a9] hfg] b]lvG5. b]zdf
;\s6sfnsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5. ;'Iff lgsfon] klg oxL
ljZn]if0f u] lkf]6{ k7fOx]sf 5g\. clxn] b]zdf ;'Iffsf] l:ylt eofjx aGb}
uPsf] 5. >L % sf] ;sfn] zflGt;'Iff sfod ug{ g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 eg]
kf6L{kf6L{aLr cGtkf6L{ ;Qf ;\3if{ hfL 5. b]zsf cGo ;d:of hl6ntftkm{
pGd'v 5g\. ;'zf;g 5}g eg] e|i6frf df}nfPsf] 5. g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg]
ldqfi6sf k|ltlglwn] ;d]t >L % sf] ;sfaf6 ;'zf;g gePsf] e|i6frf
lgoGq0f x'g g;s]sf] egL dxffhflwfhdf u'gf;f] kf]Vg] u]sf 5g\. b]zsf

181

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|a'4 JolQm tyf gfuls ;dfhsf cu'jfn] klg oxL s'f u5{g\. o; cj:yfdf
;sfsf] rLg e|d0f dxjk"0f{ x'g hfG5. b]znfO{ ;\s6af6 d'Qm ug{ ;sfaf6
s'g} g s'g} sbd rflnaS;g cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5. ;sf klg oxL ;f]rfOdf
xf]OaS;]sf] h:tf] d}n] glhsaf6 cfef; kfPsf] 5'.
fk|kf g]tf 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgLn] cfh dnfO{ e]6] k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfn] dxffhflwfhsf ;DaGwdf JoQm u]sf s]xL s'f ;'gfpg'eof]. pxf;u
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] eGg'ePsf] x]5, oxf ;a} sfd u|fG8 l8hfOgaf6 eOx]sf]
5. rLgsf IffdGqLsf] g]kfn e|d0f, lrlgof fhb"tsf] cleJolQm fhfsf] rLg
e|d0f ;a} u|fG8 l8hfOg cGtu{t g} ePsf x'g\. d klg ljut %) jif{b]lv fhgLlt
ulx]sf] 5'. d s'g} klg xfntdf fhLgfdf lbg] kIfdf 5}g. fhfn] s] ug{
vf]h]sf x'g\, d klg x]] al;x]sf] 5'.

@)%& kmfu'g !* ut] laxLaf

k"j{clwfhs'df wL]Gb| zfxn] lxhf] a]n'sf k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va
5. sf]Ofnfn] e]6\g vf]h]kl5 wL]Gb| zfx cfkm} pxfnfO{ e]6\g k|wfgdGqL lgjf;
hfg'ePsf] lyof]. s]xL ;dob]lv dxffhflwfhaf6 k"j{clwfhs'df wL]Gb|nfO{
dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ fVg nufOaS;]sf] pxfn] s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]6]sf] rrf{
rn]sf] ;Gbe{df k|wfgdGqLn] pxfnfO{ e]6]sf] x'g ;S5. t o; ;DaGwdf dnfO{
s'g} hfgsfL 5}g.
k|wfgdGqLsf] fhLgfdf cfpg ;Sg] rrf{ Jofks 5. t sf\u|]; g]tf
uf]ljGbfh hf]zL hok|sfz u'Ktfn] fhLgfdfaf] lgfwf xNnf rnfP klg
k|wfgdGqLsf] k|mfG; e|d0f ;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g. s[i0fk|;fb efO{
k|wfgdGqL 5bf g} g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLsf] k|mfG; e|d0f sfo{qmd to ePsf] lyof].
To; a]nf k|mfG; e|d0fdf hfg' s]xL lbgcufl8 g} efO{n] fhLgfdf ug'{kg]{ kll:ylt
l;h{gf ePsf] lyof]. To;}n] of] e|d0f :ylut 5. To;f] eP k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf
k|mfG; e|d0fdf hfg OR5's x'g'x'G5 ./, pxfFsf] e|d0f to ePsf] 5 .

@)%& kmfu'g @% ut] laxLaf

;/sf/sf] rLg e|d0faf6 ;jf/L lkm/]kl5 lxhf] a'waf/ gjul7t ;z:q k|xL
ansf ;+:yfks dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] ;sfdf bfd fVg'eof]. To;
cj;df ;sfaf6 ;z:q k|xL cWofb]zaf] lh1f;f flvaS:of]. ;fy} ;+;b\sf]
cfufdL clwj]zgaf6 P]g kflt ug{ kxn ug{ x's'd eof]. s]xL lbgcufl8 kbf]Gglt
x'g'ePsf ;xfos yL 8f= uf}tdTg zfSon] klg cfh} ;sfdf bfd fVg'eof].
If]qLo e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf @)$$ ;fndf ;sfsf] cf]vn9'\uf ;jfL x'bf
Toxf afns wgaxfb' vqLn] ;sfdf k9\g kfpm egL laGtL u]sf lyP.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

a8fdxffgLaf6 k|dv
' lhNnf clwsfLnfO{ p;sf] 3df sf]sf] 5g\, p;sf] rfxgf
adf]lhd sf7df8f} nu] k9fOlbg ldN5 ls ldNb}g < eg] a'em\g nufOaS;]sf] lyof].
p;sf] 3df cfdfa'af x]sf] t cfly{s cj:yf Psbd} sdhf] ePsfn] ;sfn]
sf7df8f} nu] k9fOlbP x'GYof] eGg] afa'cfdfsf] ;d]t OR5f x]sf] va cfof]. To;
cg';f afns wgaxfb'nfO{ sf7df8f} NofP fhbafdf fvL k9fOaS;]sf] lyof].
pgL ca k"0f{ hjfg eO;s]sf 5g\. lxhf]cfh pgL labfsf] ;dodf ufp3df hfbf
bafsf] s'f ug]{ s]xL k|xLnfO{ d fd|f] :yfgdf ;jf ullbG5' eg] cgfjZos
km'tL{ nufpg] u]sf] s'f ;'lgg cfPsf] 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf cfh Dhf6faf6 Ps
k|xL ;xfos lgLIfsn] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf wgaxfb'nfO{ vf]h] kmf]g u]5g\.
kmf]gdf tL k|xLn] dnfO{ wgaxfb' ;n] ;jf ldnfOlbG5' eGg'ePsf] lyof], t
pxf;u ;Dks{ gePkl5 oxf kmf]g u]sf] xf], of] va k'ofOlbg';\ g eg]5g\. of]
s'f cfh dnfO{ P8L;L clkm;n] hfgsfL ufof]. dflg;sf] rlq b]v] klg dnfO{
crDd nfUof]. cj; kfPsf] a]nf fd|f;
] u k9\g 5f]8] o;L 7"n7"nf ukm ug'n
{ ]
cflv wgaxfb'nfO{ g} xflg x'g] xf].

@)%& kmfu'g #) ut] d\unaf/

>L % dxflw/fhaf6 g]kfn e|d0fdf /x]sf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lrj sf]kmL
cGgfgnfO{ cfh bz{ge]6 aS:of] . pQm e]6sf cj;/df sfe|]sf] kfFrvfndf zflGt
;]gf tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{af/] 5nkmn eof] . dxf;lrj cGgfgn] fi6;\3sf]
cfx\jfgdf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] lgs}
k|z+;f ug'{ePsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df pxfn] n]agfgdf o'lglkmnsf] DofG8]6 x];Dd
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ Toxf flvfVg] ljrf ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. cGgfg lxhf] g]kfn
cfOk'Ug'ePsf] xf] .
eftLo ;~rf dfWoddf g]kfnsf ljleGg ljifonfO{ lnP Hofb} cfklQhgs
gsffTds ;dfrf k|sflzt eOx]sf 5g\. lrlgof IffdGqLsf] g]kfn e|d0faf6
eft c;Gt'i6 ePsf] a'lemG5. ;fy} fhfsf] rLg e|d0fdf dxjk"0f{ ;Demf}tf x'g
;Sg] egL eftn] z\sf JoQm u]sf] ;d]t a'lemG5.

@)%& r}t ! ut] a'waf

cfh k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf] hfx]L lyof]. hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd
eof], k|wfgdGqLn] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf u[xdGqL, IffdGqL ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?
;lDdlnt ufO{ ;'Iff ;DaGwdf dnfO{ la|lkm ug]{ eGg'eof]. o;af] ltdLn] u[xsfo{
u. To:t}, fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfo{ljlw kf; ug]{ ;DaGwdf klg k|wfgdGqL;u
s'f eof]. pxfn] ;~rf dfWoddf ;]gfsf clws[tn] rf]L l;sf u]sf] ;dfrf
cfPsf] ;Gbe{df u'gf;f] kf]Vg'eof]. d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ o;af] ;]gf dfkm{t 5fglag

183

184

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ug{ nufO{ bf]ifLpk sfafxL ug{ nufpg" Iff dGqfno dfkm{t o; ;DaGwdf
lj1lKt k|sflzt ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 eg]sf] 5'.
cfh} k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfdf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt dxfyL wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfnfO{
cltyL -lkmN8 df;{n_ aS;g'kof] eg] hfx] ug'{eP5. To;df ;sfnfO{
Hofb} crDd nfu]5. o;}aLr, k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lkl5, k|dv
' ;lrj kz'klteQm
dxh{gn] o; ljifodf s]xL yk s'f ;d]t hfx] ug'e{ Psf] h:tf] 5. pxfx?sf]
hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ af]nfOaS:of] x'sd' eof], ljj]s, cfh k|wfgdGqLn]
dnfO{ ;sfaf6 wd{kfnnfO{ cltyL aS;g'kof] eg] l;kmfl; ug'e{ of]. d}n]
wd{kfnnfO{ cfufdL j}zfv ! ut] cltyL lbg] of]hgf agfPs} lyP. t o;df
lsg k|wfgdGqLaf6 fhgLlts bafj cfof] < d}n] a'e\mg ;lsg. kz'kltn] klg
o;af] s]xL gsffTds s'f u]sf] 5. To;}n] o; ljifodf k'glj{rf ug'k{ g]{
b]lvG5. To;kl5 d}n] ;sfsf] cfzo a'em] o;df s'g} ;fOt h'fpg'kb}{g,
j}zfv ! ut]sf] abnf z'ehGdf]T;j jf dxflzjflq tyf ;]gf lbj;sf] cj;df
lkmN8 df;{n aS;] klg fd|} x'G5, t xfnnfO{ s]xL ;dosf nflu of] ljifonfO{
:ylut ug'{ g} plrt xf]nf eg] laGtL r9fP. ;sfaf6 xfnnfO{ lkmN8 df;{n
lgo'lQm ;DaGwL k|lqmof :ylut u x''s'd eof].

@)%& r}t @ ut] laxLaf

eftsf ;~rf dfWoddf txnsf 86sd dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ePsf] e|i6frf
;DaGwL ;dfrfn] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5. ;dfrfdf eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf cWoIf
a\uf? nId0fn] Iff ;DaGwL vlbdf 3'; lnPsf] k|ToIf b[Zo b]vfOPsf] 5.
eftLo ;]gfsf d]h hgn, la|u]l8o tyf s0f]{n Iff dGqfnosf ;x;lrj
nufot kfr hgf sd{rfL klg pQm sf08df d'l5Psf 5g\. To:t} ;dtf kf6L{sL
cWoIf hof h]6nLsf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf x]sf] va 5. pxf eftLo IffdGqL hh{
kmgf{lG8;sf] 3lgi7 ;fyL x'g'x'G5. pxfx? b'j} hgf ljut @) jif{b]lv Pp6} 3df
a:g] u]sf] ;d]t v'nf;f ePsf] 5. pxfnfO{ sd lbg] slyt sDkgL j]:6 OG8
cfD;{ x]sf] eftLo ;~rf ;+:yfx?n] hfgsfL lbPsf 5g\.
k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] kmlk{l:yt xfQLjg l;f]6{ aGb ug]{ wDsL
lbP Toxfaf6 tLg nfv k}of rGbf c;'n u]sf] 5.
k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhg sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. e|d0fsf] p2]Zoaf]
:ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ sf7df8f}l:yt ljb]zL fhb"tx?
g]kfnsf ljleGg lhNnfdf cgf}krfls e|d0f ulx]sf] ;"rgf cfOx]sf] 5, o;af]
kfi6 dGqfnonfO{ hfgsfL 5 ls 5}g, o:tf e|d0fsf] ultljlw :yfgLo ;'Iff
lgsfonfO{ eg] a'lemfVg" x's'd eof].
df]6f]f]nf sDkgLsf] l;\ufk'l:yt sfof{no dfkm{t ;]gfdf sdfG8 g]6js{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

:yfkgf ug]{ sfd eOx]sf] 5. klxnf] r0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5. pQm
sDkgLn] k|bz{g ug]{ qmddf g} o;sf] nfut Hofb} a9L x'g] s'f ePsf] lyof].
o;nfO{ ;]gfsf] ah]6n] lsGg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g eg] k|Zg p7]sf] lyof]. xfn
kLIf0fsf qmddf x]sf] of] k|ljlw ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g o;sf ;]6x? k|efjsfL
5}gg\ eGg] a'lemPsfn] o;af] k'gfjnf]sg ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] ;]gfsf s]xL jli7
h;f{ax?sf] wf0ff 5. t h\uL c8\8fn] oxL ;]6 lsGg'k5{ eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
hf]8 lbOxg'ePsf] 5. lsgeg] b]zJofkL ?kdf klrflnt x'g] sdfG8x?aLr
;Lwf ;Dks{ ug{ o;af6 ;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] pxfsf] ts{ x]sf] 5.
k|d'v ljkIfL bn Pdfn]n] cj4 ulx]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] a}7s ef]ln kl;{
df;{n nufP eP klg ;~rfng uL >L % sf] ;sfn] s]xL cWofb]z kflt ug]{
0fgLlt agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] cfh klg k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfnfO{
pxfs} 3 uP e]6]sf] va cfPsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] k6sk6s tffaxfb'
h;f{anfO{ e]l6xg'ePsf] 5. d}n] pxfx?aLr e]6 ePsf] ljifodf k|To]s k6s
;sfnfO{ hfx] u]sf] 5'. lsg s] ljifodf e]63f6 eOxG5, o;af] dnfO{
s'g} hfgsfL 5}g egL cfh klg hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 s'g} k|:6 hjfkm aS;]g.
t e]63f6af] ;sfnfO{ hfgsfL ePsf] cfef; kfP.
dfcf]jfbLn] bafsf] lgb]{zgdf sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zLnfO{ ef}lts
sfafxL ub}{ 5 eGg] xNnf rn]sf] 5. ;DejtM of] xNnf sf\u|]; kf6L{af6}
rnfOPsf] xf].
d}n] ;sfdf dflysf ljifosf cltlQm ;+o'Qm fi6;\3af6 l;oflnof]gdf
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps u0f zflGt ;}lgs k7fpg cfu|x cfPsf]af] hfx] u].
;fy}, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf klg cGo ljb]zL ;]gfdf h:t} dlxnf egf{ ug'{kg]{ eGg]
ljleGg kIfaf6 ;'emfj cfPsf] 5, To;}n] s]xL dlxnf clws[t tyf hjfg egf{
ug'{k5{, ;fy} dlxnf ;}lgsnfO{ nlhl:6s, ;~rf aGbf]a:tLsf sfof{nodf fVg
pko'Qm x'G5, eljiodf a9\g] ;]gfsf] gk|mL ljrf uL !) k|ltzt;Dd dlxnfnfO{
fVg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 egL hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ;]gfdf dlxnf etL{ ug]]{
;f]rfO fd|f] xf], s'gs'g bhf{df lng] slt ;\Vofdf lng] xf] eGg] of]hgf agfP
;'jft ug{ k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;dGjo u x's'd eof].

@)%& r}t % ut] cfOtaf

;sfaf6 ;]gfsf tflnd s]Gb|x? lgLIf0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfh cdn]vuGhl:yt
h\un o'4snf lzIffno ;jfL xf]OaS:of]. ;jfL ;fy IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{
Iff;lrj kbds'df/ cfrfo{ ;lDdlnt x'gx' G' Yof]. ;sfnfO{ lzIffnodf k|wfg
;]gfklt, anflws[t, 8LPd6L pQm lzIffnosf sdfG8]G6n] :jfut ug'e{ of].

185

186

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

hfx]Lsf qmddf sdfG8]G6n] lzIffnonfO{ ah]6 Hofb} sd ePsf] To;} sf0f

sDkfpG8sf] tfaf sfo{ ;d]t k"f x'g g;s]sf] atfpg'eof].ef}lts k"jf{wf lgdf{0f
ug{ ;s] lzIffnosf] :t j[l4 ug{ ;lsGYof] ljb]zL ;]gfsf clws[t tyf hjfgnfO{
klg tflnd lbg ;lsGYof] eGb} pxfn] of] :yfg h\un o'4snf ;DaGwL tflnd lbg
Hofb} pko'Qm x]sf] o;sf] If]q Hofb} kmflsnf] x]sf] hfx] ug'e{ Psf] lyof].
hfx]Lsf ;dodf ePsf 5nkmn, p7]sf dxjk"0f{ ljifo ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg
ePsf s'fnfO{ a'bfut ?kdf ptf] ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ k7fpg]
k|fjwfg klxn]b]lvs} xf]. of] k|fjwfg hfx]Ldf ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg ePsf ljifo kl5
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ ]s8{ xf];\ eGg] clek|fon] flvPsf] xf]. t obfsbf
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfkltx? of] Joj:yfk|lt ;sffTds x'g'x'GgYof]. o;}aLr, ;sfaf6
cfh dnfO{ k|HjNn k|wfg ;]gfklt ePb]lv of] jif{sf] clGtd;Dd k7fOPsf a'bf
lnlka4 uL cfpbf] j}zfv klxnf] ;ftf;Dddf k7fpm Ps k|lt dnfO{ klg b]pm,
tL a'bf slt sfof{Gjog eP, slt afsL 5g\, slt gx'g] eP, To;af] n]vfhf]vf
ug'{k5{ x's'd eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 eG;f u:tLdf x]sf] ;]gfsf] 6f]nL e|i6
gagf];\ ;fgf];fgf] 6f]nLdf 5lP a:bf dfcf]jfbLsf] lg;fgf gagf];\ eGg]af] klg
Vofn ug'{k5{, ;s];Dd rf8} cy{ dGqfnosf] fh:j u:tLnfO{ lhDd]jfL x:tfGt0f
ufpg k|of; u x's'd eof]. ;sfdf d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ k7fOPsf a'bf
lnlka4 uL j}zfvdf k7fpg] tofL eOx]sf] hfx] u].

@)%& r}t !% ut] a'waf/

g]kfn fi6 a}\ssf lgjt{dfg ->L % sf] ;sfff x6fOPsf_ ueg{
8f= ltns fjnn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], h;f{a, dnfO{ >L % sf] ;sfn]
7"nf] cGofo u]sf] lyof]. d}n] cfh ;jf]{Rraf6 d'2f lht]. ;sfsf] cfzLjf{b
h;f{asf] z'e]R5f lyof]. o;df d Hofb} v';L 5'.
;sfdf cfh d}n] hfx]L u], o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb| ;sfsf zfxL kfZj{jtL{
;]gfgL fh's'df sfsL{sf nflu :6fkm sn]h ug{ cd]lsfaf6 cltlQm l;6 cfPsf]
5. ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] cg'f]wdf h\uL c8\8fn] cd]lsfaf6 cltlQm l;6
dufPsf] xf]. h]7sf] cflvL ;ftfb]lv sf];{ ;~rfng x'g] x'bf pxfnfO{ h]7sf] t];|f]
;ftf cd]lsf hfgsf nflu Ps jif{ labf 5f]8\g'kg]{ x'G5.
o; cltlQm cfh ;sf;u hnjfo' kljt{g To;sf] c;af] ;fdfGo
s'fsfgL eof] . uPsf] hf8f] df};ddf kfgL sd kof]. lxdfndf Hofb} sd lxp
kof]. o;n] ubf{ kfgLsf] axfj sd eO{ lah'nL pTkfbg sd x'g ;S5. ;fy}
vfg]kfgLsf] cefj x'g hfg] b]lvG5. ca udL{ ofddf cfunfuLsf 36gf klg x'g
;S5g\. o;af6 jftfj0fdf k|lts"n c; kg]{ b]lvG5. o;af] ;dod} ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg pko'Qm x'G5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%& r}t @! ut] d\unaf

e"dLut dfcf]jfbLn] cfOtaf/ /flt ?s'd / bf]nvf lhNnfl:yt k|x/L j];df
cfqmd0f u/L slDtdf #% hgfsf] Hofg lnPsf 5g\ . ;fy} aL;f}+ hgf uDeL/ 3fOt]
ePsf 5g\ . o;} qmddf cfh d]f] hfx]Ldf ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf] ;\u7g s:tf]
5, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu ;]gfsf] 8LPdcfO{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ;du| ;\u7g
pgLx?sf] n8fs' b:tfaf] lj:t[tdf cWoog ug{ nufP k|ltj]bg dufpm, pgLx?sf
d'Vo sdfG8 ;]G6 tflnd s]Gb| sxf 5g\, o;af] klg a'e\mg b]jLfdnfO{ eg
x's'd eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 xftxltof afx]s cGo ;a} ;}lgs pks0f tyf
nlhl:6ssf ;fdfg vlb ubf{ kfbzL{ 6]G8 k|lqmof ckgfpg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
va u x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;z:q k|xL annfO{ ;kf]6{ j]kG; -7"nf lsl;dsf
xftxltof_ xfn glbg] gLlt lng'k5{lsgeg] o:tf xltof ;]gf;udfq xg'
plrt x'G5. cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf cGtu{t klrfng x'g] ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfonfO{ klcfpg] sfg'gL ;xfotfsf] ;DaGwdf ;sf :ki6 x'g'k5{ eg] ;d]t
;sfaf6 x's'd eof].
cfh >L % sf] ;sfn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfo{ljlw kflt u]sf] 5. t
pQm lg0f{o cg'df]bg gx'b} ;f] sfo{ljlw ;~rf dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf] 5, hf] Hofb}
g} ;+jb] gxLgtf xf]. o:tf ljifodf >L % sf] ;sfn] uDeLtf b]vfPg. o;sf]
uxgtf ;d]t a'em\g g;s]sf] b]lvG5. ;'Iff klifb\sf] sfo{ljlw kf; ePkl5 ca
;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno t'Gt u7g ug{ k|of; x'gk' 5{. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|xLsf]
sfa'eGbf aflx uO;Sof]. o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;]gfnfO{ klrfng ug{ l9nf
eof] eg] cj:yf lgoGq0feGbf aflx klg hfg ;S5. ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
klrflnt x'gk' ]df To;sf nflu oflk8 l8KNjfOd]G6 kmf];{ tof kf]sf] 5.

@)%& r}t @# ut] laxLaf

fli6o ;efdf dxffhflwfhaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]n] dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx?;u e]6]sf] eg] pxf cfkm}n] ;~rf dfWod dfkm{t k|rf ug'{ePsf] 5.
ljleGg fhgLlts g]tfn] dfcf]jfbL bafaf6 ;~rflnt 5 eg] cff]k nufO{x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;sfaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b kf08]n] o:tf] lqmofsnfk ubf{ bafnfO{
s'g} kmfObf k'Ub}g. o;af6 hgdfg;df ;sffTds xf]Og, gsffTds ;Gb]z dfq
k|jfx x'g hfG5. To;}n] cfhsf] ;lrj a}7sdf o;af] 5nkmn x'bf d}n] pxfsf]
fhLgfdf dfUg'k5{ egL k|:tfj u]. t k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] xf;]
ljifosf] uxgtfnfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf kG5fOlbg'eof].

@)%& r}t @& ut] ;f]daf

s'd lhNnfsf] l;:g] uflj; Onfsfdf dfcf]jfbLn] a6flnog :tsf] o'lg6

187

188

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u7g ulx]sf] 5. To;sf lglDt ld n] b'O{ hgf ljz]if1 k7fO{ tflnd

lbOx]sf] ck'i6 va cfPsf] 5. o;}aLr, dfcf]jfbLn] ?s'd, b}n]v / bf]nvfsf
Onfsf k|xL sfof{nodf cfqmd0f uL xTof u]sf k|xLsf] zj kz'klt, cfo{3f6df
bfx;+:sfsf nflu NofOPsf] 5. bfx;+:sfsf qmddf qm'4 k|xLx?n] cfo{3f6d}
k|wfgdGqLsf lj4 gff nufpb} lulhf rf] b]z 5f]8\, u[xdGqL fhLgfdf b],
k|bLkzdz] fhLgfdf b], cfO{hLkL cfk\mgf] 5f]fnfO{ dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qdf t'Gt
k7f h:tf gff nufPsf lyP. o:tf 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 tTsfn
;]gf klrfng gug]{ xf] eg] ljb|f]xL k|xL;u ;d]t le8Gt ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]
5. o;} ;Gbe{df, ;]gfsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|xLsf] lgoGq0feGbf
aflx uO;s]sf] 5. To;}n] t'Gt ;]gf klrflnt x'g'k5{. t ;]gf klrfng
ubf{ ;]gfnfO{ :ki6 cfb]z sfo{If]q rflxG5. sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg u] eP klg
fhgLlts sfg'gL ?kdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfL tyf cfli6o tj 3f]if0ff
ug'{k5{. dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qdf ;\s6sfn nfu" ug'{k5{. ;]gf klrfngsf nflu
cfjZos ah]6sf] k"f Joj:yf x'g'k5{.
Pdfn]n] g]tf emngfy vgfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of cWoog
sfo{bn u7g u]sf] 5. pQm sfo{bnn] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn ug{ ;do dfu
u]sf] 5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] pQm sfo{bnnfO{ e]6\g] ls ge]6\g] eg]
;f]Wg'ePsf] 5. d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u] va u5'{ eg]sf] 5'.
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsf lj4 cfhef]ln g} cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ x'b} 5
eGg] va cfPsf] 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLn] dfu u] cg';f a[xt\ ;'Iff ;DaGwL la|lkmsf
nflu cfufdL a'waf ;do ldnfpg dnfO{ x's'd aS;]sf] 5. cfGtls ;'Iff tyf
PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmd -cfO{P;8LkL_ cGtu{t klrfng x'g] ;'Iff lgsfosf]
tofLaf] lj:t[tdf a'em\g cfO{P;8LkL cGtu{t klrfng ePsf] uf]vf lhNnfsf]
cg'ej, sdLsdhf]Laf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg x's'd ePsf] 5. ;fy} xfn cfO{P;8LkL
nfu" ug{ k|:tfljt 5 lhNnf -;Nofg, Ko'7fg, f]Nkf, s'd, hfhsf]6 sfnLsf]6_
df pQm sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ sdLsdhf]L gxf];\ eg] a]n}df ljrf k'ofpg ;d]t
;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf] 5.

@)%& r}t @( ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;' ePotf clxn];Ddsf s'g} klg ;sfn] o;sf] ;dfwfgsf
nflu :ki6 gLlt sfo{qmd Nofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of xn ug{ s''g} kxn ePsf] 5}g. slyt hgo'4 ;' ePsf] @)%@
kmfu'gotf u7g ePsf ;a}h;f] ;sfn] of] ;d:of ;fdfGo n PG8 c8{ sf]
;d:of xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f fVb} cfPsf 5g\. s]xLsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f dfcf]jfbL

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;d:of s;}sf nflu ;Qf k|flKtsf] eof ag]sf] 5 eg] s;}sf nflu sdfpg]
ef8f]. ;]gfn] @)%$ ;fnb]lv g} of] ;d:of k|xLaf6 lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g, ;]gf
klrfng ug}{k5{ eGb} cfPsf] 5. To;sf nflu baf zfxL h\uL c8\8fn]
>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ :ki6 gLlt sfg'gL Joj:yf ;lxt fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{
;lqmo agfpg To;} dfkm{t ;]gfnfO{ klrfng ug{ ;'emfj lbb} cfPsf] 5. t
of] sfd x'g ;lsx]sf] 5}g. o;aLr cfh;Dd w]} k|xLn] Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\,
y'k|} 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ k|xLsf w]} xftxltof n'l6Psf 5g\. ptf, dfcf]jfbL eg]
sDkgL :tsf] n8fs' b:tf tof kfg{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5.
o;} ;Gbe{Dff fhbafdf b]zsf] jt{dfg kll:ylt, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, zflGt
;'Iffsf] cj:yf cfO{P;8LkL cGtu{t ;]gf klrfng ;DaGwL ljifodf a[xt\ 5nkmn
eof]. 5nkmndf k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL
fdrGb| kf}8n
] , IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{, cy{dGqL 8f= fdz0f dxt, ;"rgf tyf
;~rf dGqL, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL tL dGqfnosf ;DalGwt ;lrjx?sf ;fy} ;a}
;'Iff lgsfosf k|dv
' sf] ;xeflutf lyof]. To:t} fhbafsf k|dv
' ;lrj, k|dv
'
lghL ;lrj, ;+jfb ;lrj ;}lgs ;lrj -d_ ;d]tsf] pkl:ylt lyof]. 5nkmn
a]ns
' f ;f9] ^ ah] ;' ePsf] lyof] flt emG8} !) ah];Dd rn]sf] lyof].
5nkmndf ;a}eGbf klxn] dfcf]jfbLsf] xfnsf] cj:yfaf] d"Nof\sg ulPsf]
k|ltj]bg fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{n] k|:t't ug'e{ of]. pxfn]
eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLn] s]xL ejf aGb's, v's' L, xl;of h:tf xltofn] slyt hgo'4
;' u]sf x'g\. xfn;Dd 5 r0fsf fhgLlts, ;\u7gfTds n8fs' b:tf
lgdf{0f ul;s]sf 5g\. ;ftf} r0fsf] sfo{qmd cGtu{t %) lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbLsf]
hg;sf u7g ug]{ of]hgf 5. dfcf]jfbLn] hftLo ;\u7gnfO{ klg k|efjsfL
agfpg] tofL ulx]sf] 5. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ;|ft] ;fwgn] EofP;Dd
dfcf]jfbLsf uf]Ko ;"rgf ;\sng uL u[x dGqfno cGo ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ lbg]
sfd eOx]sf] 5. t >L % sf] ;sfn] of] ljefusf] dxj ga'em]sf] xf] of o;sf]
sfo{k|lt uDeLtf b]vfpg g;s]sf] xf], of] ;\u7gnfO{ ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6 lgLx
agfOPsf] 5. o; ljefudf bIftf ljlzi6tfsf] cfwfdf egf{ k|lqmof x'gk' g]d{ f
o;nfO{ fhgLlts sfo{stf{ etL{sG] b| agfOPsf] 5. ;\u7gn] o;n] grfx]sf]
hgzlQmn] elPsf] 5. ;fdls dxj 0fgLlts ;"rgf k7fpbf klg ;sfn]
To;df s'g} Wofg lbbg} . o:tf] dxjk"0f{ lgsfonfO{ o; cj:yfdf fVg' fi6sf
nflu b'ef{Uo xf].
;f] cj;df k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] eGg'eof], >L % sf]
;sfsf] gLlt cg'?k xfn;Dd ;]gf t}gfy gePsf @) lhNnfdf ;]gf t}gfy
ulPsf] 5. ;]gf klrfng x'g] cj:yfdf ;a} ;'IffsdL{nfO{ ;]gfsf] cwLgdf
klrfng ubf{ fd|f] x'G5. ;]gfn] @)%$ ;fnb]lv g} k|xLaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of

189

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g, DofG8]6 ;lxt s]xL sfg'gL hl6ntf x6fP ;]gf klrfng
ug{'k5{ eg] ;'emfj lbPs} xf]. ;]gf uf]vfdf @)%& c;f]hb]lv cfO{P;8LkL cGtu{t
klrflnt ePsf] 5 hgtfsf] dg lhTg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hgtfaf6 cnUofpg]
k|of; eOx]sf] 5. o; dfkm{t dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgMz:qLs0f u] d"nwfdf Nofpg]
k|oTg x'g]5. ;fy} pxfn] cfO{P;8LkLdf nfu" x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;a} txaf6
ulg] of]hgfaf] ;d]t pNn]v ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof] oL ;a} sfo{qmddf
fhgLlts k|lta4tf rflxG5. fhgLlts kf6L{x? :yfgLo fhgLlts sfo{stf{n]
;xof]u gu] sfo{qmd Tolt k|efjsfL x'g ;Sb}g.
o;} uL k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] eGg'eof], ;'df dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 k|xL klrfng ubf{ s]xL sdLsdhf]L ePsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbL lx+;f ;' ePsf]
klxnf] b'O{ jif{df ;]gf klrfng x'g' xb' g} eGg] dfgl;stf x\of]. xfn cfP ;]gf
klrfng ug{ l9nf eO;Sof] eGg] ljZn]if0f 5. k|xLn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL
ulx] klg cfk\mgf] ;fdfGo k'lnl;sf] sfo{qmd ;d]t u] hgtfnfO{ ;'Iff lbg'kg]{
x'G5 lbOx]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] fHo ;+rgfdfq} xf]Og ;fdflhs ;+rgf ;d]t
Wj:t ug{ nfu]sf] 5. w]} ;do;Dd dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qdf vl6Psf k|xLsf]
dfgl;s tgfj a9\gs
' f ;fy} s]xL ljs[lt ;d]t a9] uPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] hgtfnfO{
8 qf; lbP cfk\mgf] kIfdf kf]sf] 5 eg] ;a} fhgLlts g]tfnfO{ e|ddf kfg{ ;d]t
;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5. xfnsf] cj:yfdf k|xLsf] dgf]an Hofb} sdhf] 5. To;}n,]
;]gf klrfng geP k|xL PSn}n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g.
5nkmn ;' x'g'klxn] dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 w]} ljifodf :ki6 lgb]{zg
aS:of]. ;sfaf6 :ki6 zAbdf x's'd eof], fhgLlts bndf fli6o lxtsf]
b[li6sf]0f :ki6 gx'bf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;d]t cndn ePsf] b]lvG5.
To;}n] bnut :jfy{eGbf dfly p7] fli6o lxtsf] ;Gbe{df ;a}n] ;f]Rg'kof].
;a} fhgLlts bndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofnfO{ lnP cfcfk\mg} ;f]rfO x'g ;S5.
t gLltut ?kdf dfcf]jfbL;u l8n ubf{ Ps?ktf x'g'kof]. nIo s] xf], :ki6
x'g'k5{. sfo{qmd s;L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df ;d]t ;+j]bgzLn eP lj:t[t
of]hgf tof kfg'{k5{. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;Gbe{df ljrf ubf{ dfcf]jfbL cft\ssfL
;\u7g xf] of fhgLlts ;\u7g xf], o;af] k|:6 x'g'k5{. To;s} cfwfdf
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ klg ug'{k5{ cGo ljsNk v'nf fVg'k5{. fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6
:ki6 lbzflgb]{z ePg eg] tNnf] :tdf of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ sdfG8nfO{ c;lhnf]
x'G5. ;a} ;'Iff c\usf] nIo Pp6} ePsf] x'bf ;xof]u ;dGjosf] jftfj0fdf
sfd ug'{k5{. ;]gfsf] ;xof]u cyjf cfO{P;8LkLdf klrflnt x'g] s'fsf] clGtd
nIo eg]sf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ d"nwfdf Nofpg] g} xf]. To;}n] >L % sf] ;sfn]
;a} ljsNk v'nf fVg'k5{. lkmN8df vl6g] ;'IffsdL{nfO{ p;n] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf]
;fy} cfjZos nlhl:6s tyf aGbf]a:tLsf] ;fdfg k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;Sg'k5{. ljb|f]xdf u'KtrL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ x'G5. o;nfO{ fhgLtLs0f

u] sfd nufpg ;lhnf] x'b}g. ;z:q k|xL an ;]gfnfO{ sdhf] kfg{ cyjf
fhgLlts p2]Zon] dfq u7g u]sf] geO{ fli6o cfjZostf cg'?k csf]{ ;'Iff
zlQm :yfkgf ulPsf] eGg] ;a}n] a'em\g'k5{. To:t} ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
cfO{P;8LkL ;~rfng x'g] lhNnfdf b}lgs k|zf;gb]lv ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ OsfOdf ;d]t ;dGjo x'g'k5{. ;'Iff lgsfon] ;a}nfO{ ;'Iff k|bfg u]sf]
cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;Sg'k5{. :yfgLo fhgLlts sfo{stf{ tyf g]tfn] cfO{P;8LkLsf]
dxjaf] hgtfnfO{ a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{. o:tf sfo{qmddf ;'Iff lgsfo klrfng
ubf{ ;dofjlwsf] ;d]t ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5. ;fy} ;]gfnfO{ Aof]saf6 aflx
lgsfNg] xf] eg] leq k7fpg]af] ;d]t clxn] g} ;f]rljrf x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbLn]
cfk\mgf] Ifdtf lj:tf ul;s]sf] x'bf h'g Onfsfdf of] sfo{qmd nfu" x'G5, tL
:yfgdf ;fdfGo 36gf dfq x'g] d'Vo le8Gt cGo :yfgdf x'g ;Sg] x'bf ;'Iff
kmf}hn] lhe{ kmf}h fVg]af] ;d]t ljrf ug'{k5{.
;xefuL ;a}n] :ki6 lgb]{zg aS;]sf]df ;sfk|lt cfef JoQm u]. k|wfgdGqL
sf]Ofnfn] ;fule{t lgb]{zg aS;]sf]df ;sfdf cfef k|s6 ug'{eof]. To;
qmddf pxfn] PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf fhf bnx? ldn] k|hftGqnfO{ alnof]
agfpg'kg]{ s'f fVg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] cfO{P;8LkL sfo{qmd ;kmn agfpg >L %
sf] ;sfn] s'g} s; afsL gfVg] atfpb} dGqLx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] dGqfno cGtu{t
x]sf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg lgb]{zg lbg'eof]. To:t}
;'Iff lgsfonfO{ >L % sf] ;sfaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf] cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw x'g]
ljZjf; ;d]t pxfn] lbnfpg'eof].

@)%& r}t #) ut] laxLaf

lxhf]sf] ;'Iff la|lkmaf] ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 ;sffTds k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5.
To:t}, ;sfaf6 :ki6 lgb]{zg aS; ePsf]df ;d]t pkl:yt ;a}n] ;fxgf JoQm
u]sf 5g\.
sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bndf k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] fhLgfdf dfu
ePsf] va 5. cfh} k"j{yL s[i0fgffo0fl;+x yfkfn] k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf]
va 5. pxfn] fhb"t cyjf k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf x'g rfx]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. eftLo k|wfgdGqLsf k|]; ;Nnfxsf afn]Zj cu|jfnn] klg k|wfgdGqL
sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5. cu|jfnn] sf]Ofnf;u ljz]if uL dxffhflwfhsf]
rLg e|d0f dlxgflbgcl3 ePsf] lrlgof IffdGqLsf] g]kfn e|d0faf] lh1f;f
fv]sf] va 5. o;L Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ eftLo kbflwsfLx?n] g]kfnsf]
cfGtls dfldnfdf cg]s k|Zg ulx]sf 5g\. of] clt g} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf].

191

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

2058 ;fn
@)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut] gffo0flx6L fhbafdf ePsf] csNkgLo xTofsf08
o;jif{sf] g]kfndf dfq geP cGtf{li6o :td} k|d'v 36gf aGof]. To;nuQ}
dfcf]jfbLn] fh;+:yf ;dfKt ePsf] wf0ff pu| ?kn] k|rfk|;f u] hgdfg;df
k'ofP. fhbafdf sfo{t xfdL h:tf sd{rfLnfO{ fh;+:yfnfO{ lgGttf
lbg' gof fhfnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ g} 7"nf] r'gf}tL x\of]. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn]
f]Nkf lhNnfsf] xf]n]Ll:yt Onfsf k|xL sfof{nodf cfqmd0f uL w]} k|xLnfO{
ckx0f u]. o; qmddf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;xof]u gu]sf] sf0f b;f{pb} klxn]
pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] s]xL lbgkl5 k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf ;d]tn] fhLgfdf lbg'eof]. sf]Ofnfn] xf]n]L sf08df ;]gfn] ;xof]u
u]g eg] 7"n} x\ufdf ug'{eof]. xf]n]L 36gf klg fhbaf xTofsf08 h:t}
u|fG8 l8hfOg cGtu{t ePsf] xf] eGg] pxfsf] lhls lyof]. u|fG8 l8hfOg
af] v'nf;f ug]{ eg] k6sk6s eg] klg To;sf] v'nf;f pxfn] slxNo} ug'{ePg.
sf]Ofnfsf] fhLgfdfkl5 sf\u|]; g]tf z]axfb' b]pjf k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof]. pxfn]
dfcf]jfbL;u klxnf] k6s zflGtjftf{sf] k|of; ug'{eof]. t Tof] k|of; cf}krfls
5nkmns} qmddf e\u x'g k'Uof]. z]axfb' b]pjf k|wfgdGqL ePsf] lbgb]lv
pxfnfO{ ckb:y ug{ sf\u|]; kf6L{leq if8\oGq ;' eof]. o;} jif{ d\l;df
dfcf]jfbLn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bfl:yt Aof]sdf x]sf] u'Nddf cfqmd0f uL
Toxfaf6 w]} xftxltof n'6\of]. ;]gf cfk\mg} Iffsf nflu eP klg dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 klrfng eof]. To; qmddf d'n'sdf ;\s6sfn ;d]t nfu" eof].

@)%* j}zfv # ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ]l8of] 6]lnlehgaf6 lbg'ePsf] jQmJo
k|;f0fk"j{ fhbafnfO{ s'g} klg hfgsfL ufOPg. k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} klg jQmJo
jf dGtJo lbg'cl3 dxffhflwfhnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg] k|rng x]sf] 5. o; kfln
To;sf] kfngf ePg.
cfh laxfg k|wfgdGqL l;+xbaf hfbf k'tnL;8sdf pxfsf] df]6df ljBfyL{n]
9'\uf k|xf u]. ;'Iff ;fjwfgLsf sf0f df]6df s'g} Iflt eg] x'g kfPg. cfh}
ckfx\g k|wfgdGqL l8NnLahfdf ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g'eof].
k|d'v ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf g]skf Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn
nufot s]xL ;f+;b tyf cGo fhgLlts g]tf ;d]t !@( hgfnfO{ cfh k|bz{gsf
qmddf k|xLn] luk\mtf uL a]n'sL lxf u]sf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* j}zfv $ ut] d\unaf

eftLo kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf cg';f eftn] klxnf] k6s u7g
u]sf] lrkm ckm l8km]G; :6fkm sf] k|d'vdf P8ldn ;'zLn s'dfnfO{ lgo'Qm u]sf]
5. eftsf] :yn, hn jfo';]gfsf] lrkm ckm l8km]G; :6fkmsf ?kdf s'dfn]
tLg j6} ;dGjosfL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5g\.
cfhsf] d]f] hfx]Ldf cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf -cfO{P;8LkL_
nfu" eOx]sf] ;Gbe{df ;sf;u ljz]if 5nkmn eof]. d}n] ;sfdf ;a} ;'Iff
c\usf k|dv
' n] cfk;df ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg ug'k{ g]{ tyf ;a} txdf Ps} lsl;dsf]
;dGjosfL e"ldsfaf6 rNg'kg]{ wf0ff fv]. ;a} ;sfL lgsfon] cfk\mgf]
csf]{ ljefusf sdLsdhf]L cf}NofO{ ;'wf ub}{ cufl8 a9\gk' g]{ ljifoaf] ;a} ;'Iff
k|dv
' nfO{ hfgsfL ufpg] lgwf] eof]. o;} qmddf ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], fli6o
b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] fli6o Pstfdf cfr cfpg] sfd st}af6 klg x'g lbg' ePg.
of] of]hgfsf] nIo ;a}nfO{ d"nwfdf ;d]6\g] xf] eGg] s'f ;a} fhgLlts bn,
gfuls ;dfh tyf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;d]t a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{. ;fy} ;sfaf6 ;'Iff
lgsfosf ljleGg txsf sdfG8n] lgodsfg'g adf]lhd sfo{ uL pbfx0f k];
ug'k{ g]{ c?nfO{ klg lgodsfg'g adf]lhd sfd ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ug'k{ g]{ x'sd' eof].
To;} uL, ;sfaf6 ;'Iff lgsfodf sfo{t ;a} txsf JolQmn] cfk\mgf] st{Jo,
g}ltstf Jofj;flostf cg';f sfd ug"{ egL lgb]z
{ g aS:of]. ;fy} of] of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf qmddf hg;Dks{ a9fpg]lt ljz]if Wofg lbg klg hf]8 lbOaS:of].

@)%* j}zfv % ut] a'waf

cy{ dGqfnosf] cg'f]wdf s]xL dlxgfcl3 dfq zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf fh:j
u:tLsf nflu klrfng ePsf] 5. o;sf] kl0ffd:j?k 5f]6f] cjlwd} sla ##
k|ltzt fh:j j[l4 ePsf] -fh:j () sf]8af6 a9] ! ca{ @$ sf]8 k}of
k'u]sf]_ 5. ;fy} rf]L, 8s}tL tyf cGo cfkflws 36gfdf sdL cfPsf] zflGt
;'Iffdf j[l4 ePsf] k|ltj]bg cfPsf] 5.
fhbafsf] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf g]kfn k|xLaf6 klg cfjlws zfxL
kfZj{jtL{sf ?kdf k|xL lgLIfsx? vl6g] rng 5. To; cg';f bafsf] :yfoL
baGbLdf x]sf Ps dfq k|xL jli7 pkLIfs czf]ss'df >]i7 ut j}zfv !
ut]af6 g]kfn k|xLdf lkmtf{ x'g'ePsf] 5. pxfn] bafsf] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf
!^ jif{ sfd ug'{eof]. pxfsf] ;Ddfgdf ;}lgs ;lrjfnoaf6 ut ;ftf labfO
ef]hsf] sfo{qmd ;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5. pxf k|xL k|wfg sfof{nodf xflh
x'g hfg'cufl8 ;sfaf6 labfO bz{ge]6 aS;] lgb]{zg aS;bf fd|f] x'G5 eg]
d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]sf] 5'. :d0fLo s] 5 eg] klxn] bafdf k|xLsf] s'g}
klg :yfoL baGbL lyPg. b'O{ k|xL lgLIfsx? b'O{ jif{sf] cfjlws kfZj{jtL{sf

193

194

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nflu cfpg] rng lyof]. czf]s klg ;f]xL cg';f g} cfpg'ePsf] xf]. b'O{ jif{sf]
sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 pxfnfO{ bafdf fVgsf nflu kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf 8LcfO{hL
;d]t uL hDdf ;ft hgf k|xLsf] baGbL l;h{gf ulof]. To; cg';f pxf
pQm baGbLsf] k|xL gfoa pkLIfsdf kbf]Gglt x'g'ePsf] lyof]. pxf k|xL jli7
pkLIfs x'bf ;d]t baGbL cg';f cGo s'g} klg k|xL clws[tnfO{ NofOPsf]
lyPg. bafdf pxf Ps dfq jli7 k|xL clws[t x'g'x'GYof].
ut r}t #) ut] k"j{yL s[i0fgffo0fl;+x yfkfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6L cfk"mnfO{
k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf jf fhb"t agfpg cfu|x u]sf] rrf{ 5. t
k|wfgdGqLn] k"j{ ;xfos dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf agfpg rfx]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. k'gn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ uPsf] cfdr'gfjdf b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf
cfk\mg} x]lnsK6df 3'dfPsf] pxf;u glhssf] ;DaGw sfod ePsfn] klg of]
s'f ;fGble{s x'g cfp5.
k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ eftLo k|wfgdGqL c6nlaxfL jfhk]oLsf
k|]; ;Nnfxsf afn]Zj cu|jfnn] ut r}t #) ut] e]6]sf] va 5.

@)%* j}zfv !! ut] d\unaf

;]gf cGo ;'Iff lgsfodf kbf]Gglt ePkl5 dxffhflwfhdf bfd fVg]
k'fgf] k|rng xf]. To; cg';f xfn} ;]gfsf] yL bhf{df kbf]Gglt ePsf Kofh\u
yfkfn] bfd fVg] sfo{qmd to ug'{kg]{5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] ;]gfsf] :6fkm sn]h, lzjk'Ldf xfn}
lbPsf] jQmJoaf] ldl>t k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5. To;nfO{ ljz]if u] fhgLlts
bnn] gsffTds cGo If]qn] ;sffTds ?kdf lnPsf 5g\. cfO{P;8LkL
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ cfx\jfgnfO{ g]lj;\3 g]kfn t0f bnn] ;sffTds
?kdf lnPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] hgcf:yf ;fKtflxsnfO{ %) xhf k}of lbPsf] ;"rgf cfPsf]
5. h'g klqsfn] fh;+:yf ;]gfsf] 5lj gsffTds x'g] uL ;dfrf k|sflzt
ulx]sf] 5 . To;}nfO{ ToxL klqsfnfO{ k};f lbg'sf] s] cy{ x'g ;S5 < o;n]
cg]s k|Zg pAhfPsf] 5.
s]xL ;docufl8 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] hfx]Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ;xfos yL
Sdf\ub s6jfnn] x's'd k|df\uLaf6 ;xfos yL afnfgGb zdf{n] P;Pn;Lsf]
;l6{lkms]6df pd] ;RofPsf] b]lvof], To;}n] ;Rofpg'cl3sf] pd]nfO{ cfwf agfP
pgLx? b'j}nfO{ kbfjlw;Dd pQm kbdf axfn ufO{ kbfjlw ;lsPkl5 jf pd]sf]
cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 cjsfz lbg nfu]sf] s'f ;sfdf laGtL ug'{ePsf] lyof].
pxfn] hfx] u] cg';f s6jfnsf] cjsfz cfufdL d\l;df zdf{sf] cjsfz
sla Ps jif{kl5 x'g] lyof]. ;sfaf6 x's'd k|df\uL x'bf To;sf] s'g} :ki6

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

cfwf ePsf] x'g'k5{, To;}n] k'fgf b:tfj]h x]] lg0f{o ug"{ x's'd eof]. k|To'Qdf
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] ;}lgs ;lrj ljefudf s6jfnsf] x's'd
k|df\uL ;DaGwL s'g} b:tfj]h 5}g eGg'eof]. To;kl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf o; ;DaGwL sfuhkq x'g'k5{, x] x's'd eof]. d}n] k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf s'g} sfuhkq km]nf kof] eg] d k7fOlbG5',
To;s} cfwfdf lg0f{o ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg].
;xfos yL s6jfnsf] pd] ;DaGwL sfuhft sla @% jif{cl3sf] ePsf]
x'bf k'fgf kmfOndf vf]Hg] qmd rlnx]sf] lyof]. o;}aLr d]f] d'dfsf] :ju]{ eof].
d kz'klt, cfo{3f6df sfhlqmof a;]. d sf]/f a;]sf] 7fpdf s6jfn dnfO{ e]6\g
a]n'sLkv lgoldth;f] cfpg'x'GYof]. To; a]nf pxf ;]gfsf] ;}lgs u'Ktr ljefu
-8LPdcfO{_ sf] k|d'v x'g'x'GYof]. Ps lbg pxf d;u g'eof]. pxfn] dnfO{
eGg'eof], h;f{a, d}n] rf8} cjsfz kfpg] eP. lrkm;fa sfo{yL ;bLk h;f{an]
;}lgs ;lrj ;xfos yL uf]ljGbaxfb' u'nfO{ nufP d]f] JolQmut kmfOnaf6
x's'd k|df\uLsf] sfuh ufoa kfllbP. dnfO{ cGofo eof]. d ufpsf] dfG5].
dnfO{ :juL{o >L % dx]Gb|Aff6 kfngkf]if0f uL k9fOaS;]sf] h;f{anfO{ yfx} 5. o;
cj:yfdf h;f{a afx]s c? s;}n] dnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{g. o;f] eGbf pxf eSsfgf]
km'6fP g'ePsf] lyof].
d}n] pxfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbb} eg], h;f{a, d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf tkfO{+sf]
sfuhft vf]Hg nufOx]sf] 5'. d lslofaf6 lg:sg]lalQs} sfuhft kQf nufP
lrkm;fasf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbG5'. ;DalGwt ljifoaf] w]} g} hfr eP dfq x's'd
k|df\uL x'G5. d]f] hfgsfLdf eP;Dd x's'd k|df\uLsf] sfuh Ps k|lt k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf x'g}k5{. h;f{a lglZrt x'g'xf];\. o;af]df d]f] tkm{af6 k"f
;xof]u x'g]5.
sf]/faf6 lg:s] sfof{nodf xflh x'bf s6jfnsf] pQm k'fgf] kmfOn km]nf
kf] d]f] 6]a'ndf flv;lsPsf] x]5. pQm kmfOn cWoog ubf{ b]lvof] M @)##
;fndf jL]Gb| ;sf k"jL{ If]qsf] e|d0fsf] cj;df wgs'6fdf fh xf]OaS;]sf]
lyof]. To; a]nf s6jfn wgs'6fl:yt ;]gfsf] OlG8k]G8]G6 u'Ndsf] u'Ndklt x'g'x'bf]
x]5. ;jfL lzljsf] d'Vo clws[t ;xfos yL ;lRrtzdz] haf x'g'x'GYof].
To; cj;df ;xfos yL hafnfO{ s6jfnn] d s]6fs]6L 5b} cfdfa'af u'dfPsf]
6'x'f] x', kl5 >L % dx]Gb| ;sfaf6 dnfO{ s[kf ulaS;] sf7df8f} nuL
k9fOaS:of], k9fOsf qmddf dx]Gb| cfbz{ xfO:s'n, kmlk{n] P;Pn;Lsf] kLIff
lbbf d]f] hGdldlt kms kfllbP5, Tof] dnfO{ clxn] dfq yfxf eof], To;}n] d]f]
pd] ;Rofpgsf nflu d ;sfdf laGtLkq r9fp5', ;n] dbt ullbg'kof]
eg] cg'f]w ug'{eP5. ;xfos yL hafn] x'G5 eg] s6jfnnfO{ laGtLkq
n]Vg nufpg'eP5 o;af] 5fglag ubf{ fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj ;lxt s6jfnsf]

195

196

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

laGtLkq ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eP5. To;} a]nf ;sfaf6 laGtLkqaf] 5fglag

uL ;TotYo kQf nufO{ Iff dGqfnodf k7fpg x's'd aS;]sf] x]5. Iffn] u[x
dGqfno dfkm{t s6jfnsf] hGdynf] cf]vn9'\uf kq k7fO{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL,
lhNnf k~rfot sfof{no ufp k~rfotaf6 ;d]t 5fglag uL jf:tljstf kQf
nufpg cg'f]w u]5. ;f]xL cg';f ;a} sfof{noaf6 cfPsf] k|df0fsf cfwfdf
Iffn] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;a} ljj0f ;lxt pxfsf] pd] a9L b]lvPsf]
k|:6 cfwf k7fP5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] Iffaf6 k|fKt k|df0fsf cfwfdf k|df0fkqdf
plNnlvt s6jfnsf] pd] jf:tljseGbf a9L b]lvPsfn] ;Rofpg ;sfdf hfx]
ug'{eP5. pQm hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 Iffsf] gfddf s6jfnsf] pd] ;Rofpg
x's'd k|df\uL eP5 Iffn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ s6jfnsf] pd] ;Rofpg cfb]z
lbPsf] x]5.
pQm kmfOnsf] cfwfdf, s6jfnsf] hGdldlt x's'd k|df\uLaf6 ;lRrPsf]
b]lvof]. To;}n] tL sfuhkqsf] cfwfdf d}n] s6jfnsf] hGdldlt cg';f pd]sf]
xbn] cjsfz lbg] cj:yf x]g egL ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 t'Gt
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eg] To;} cg';f pd] ljjfb 6'\uf] nufO{ pkyLdf a9'jfsf]
k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg" eg x's'd eof]. x's'd ;'gfpg'sf ;fy} d}n] pQm sfuhkqsf]
Ps k|lt k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ k7fP. To;kl5, ;xfos yLaf6} cjsfz kfpg
nfu]sf s6jfnsf] pd] ;RofOof] s]xL ;dokl5 pxfn] pkyLdf kbf]Gglt
kfpg'x'g] eof].
o;}aLr, ;xfos yL afnfgGb zdf{n] dnfO{ e]6] eGg'eof], d]f] JolQmut
kmfOnaf6 d}n] nK6g x'bf k]; u]sf] P;Pn;Lsf] ;l6{lkms]6 lems] ;fgf] l7dLl:yt
kLIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 cs}{ ;l6{lkms]6 NofO{ flvPsf] 5 d]f] pd]af]
ljjfb l;h{gf ulPsf] 5. sfo{yL ;bLkaxfb' zfx ;}lgs ;lrj ;xfos
yL uf]ljGbaxfb' u'sf] ldn]dtf]df of] sfd ePsf] 5. pxfx?sf] lgot
dnfO{ rf8} cjsfz lbnfpg] x]sf] 5. pxfx?n] k]; u]sf] ;l6{lkms]6nfO{
lrkm;fan] d]f] cjsfzsf] cfwf agfpg'ePsf] 5. tkfO{+n] ;sfdf hfx] uL
of] ljjfb ldnfOlbg'kof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], tkfO{+n] eg] cg';f kl5 k]; ePsf]
;l6{lkms]6df plNnlvt pd] uNtL xf] eGg] k|df0f h'6fpg ;s] tkfO{+n] k]; u]sf]
k'fg} pd] sfod x'g ;S5. k|of; ug'{xf];\. d klg ;xof]u unf. tTsfn}
pxfn] lzIff;lrj nj b]jsf]6fnfO{ e]6\g'eP5. ;fy} cfk"mn] P;Pn;L kf; u]sf]
kf]vfl:yt 0ff]2Lk xfO:s'naf6 k'fgf sfuhkqsf ;fy} cGo cfjZos k|df0f
;\sng uL lgj]bg ;lxt kLIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf a'emfpg'eP5. o;af]
eOx]sf] ;a} k|ultaf] d;u lgoldt ;Nnfx ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. sla Ps
jif{kl5 kLIff af]8{sf] k"0f{ a}7s a;] zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf kl5 k]; ePsf] pxfsf]
;l6{lkms]6 ab uL k'fg} ;l6{lkms]6 sfod x]sf] lg0f{o eof]. pQm lg0f{o ;DaGwL

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

sfuhkq k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ a'emfPkl5 pxfn] ;'d} k]; u]sf] k|df0fkq pd]
sfod eof]. o;L, ;xfos yLaf6} cjsfz kfpg nfUg'ePsf pxf klg s]xL
dlxgfkl5 pkyLdf a9'jf x'g'eof].

@)%* h]7 @ ut] d\unaf

kz'kltgfysf d"nen] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ d'lQmgfysf] bz{g ug{ hfgsf nflu
;]gfsf] x]lnsK6 pknAw ufOlbg cfu|x ug'{ePsf] x]5. pxfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u]
;]gfsf] x]lnsK6eGbf eLeLcfO{kL ljsf] l;len x]lnsK6 pknAw ufpbf 7Ls
x'G5, ;sfdf hfx] ullbg" eg] cg'f]w ug'{eof].
d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
d"nen] baf;u dfu]sf] xf]Og. rflxPsf] eP d"ne :jo+n] g} baf;u dfUg
;Sy]. of] lrkmn] d"nenfO{ u]sf] rfsL xf]. To;}n] ltdL r'krfk a;. lrkmsf]
l8:qm];gdf 5f]l8b]pm.
s]xL lbgcufl8 hf]d;f]dl:yt ;]gfsf] Aof]saf6 9n lg:s] :yfgLo
afl;Gbfx?sf] 3df k;]sf] u'gf;f] cfPsf] lyof]. o; ;Gbe{df a'e\mbf 9n ;f]em}
k;]sf] geP 9nsf] kfOk km'6] kfgL ;j{;fwf0fsf] 3df uPsf] x]5. To;nfO{
t'Gt dd{t ug"{ eGg] lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
;]gfn] fh:j u:tL ;' u]kl5 fh:j pNn]vgLo ?kdf a9]sf] 5. eG;fdf
x'g] cGo clgoldttf klg lgufgL fVg' jf~5gLo ePsfn] eG;f sfof{nodf
;]gfsf] clws[t pkl:yt ufpg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof]. t eG;f sfof{nodf ;]gfsf
clws[tsf] pkl:yltnfO{ lnP eG;fsf sd{rfL, k|xL s]xL JofkfLn] ljf]w
hgfPsf 5g\. ;fy} pgLx?n] ;]gfnfO{ c;xof]u ulx]sf] va 5.
xfn} ;DkGg lrlgof k|wfgdGqL em' emLsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP
lrlgof kIf v';L gePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0fnfO{
;fwf0f ?kdf lnPsf] nf] sL df fv]sf] eGg] pgLx?sf] u'gf;f] 5. x'g klg
pxfsf] e|d0f cjlwdf >L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 csDklg ldlg:6 ;d]t
v6fOPg. e|d0fsf] klxnf] lbgd} o:tf] lqmofsnfkaf6 lrlgof kIf l;fPsf] cfef;
kfOof]. o;kl5 g]kfnL kIfaf6 s]xL ;ts{tf b]vfPsf] a'lemof]. e|d0f cjlwdf
kfi6 dGqfnosf jli7 clws[t k|foM b]lvPgg\, slgi7 clws[t dfq v6fOPsf]
lyof]. pgLx? ;d:of cfPdf efUg] u]sf lyP. kf6g baf If]qsf] e|d0faf6 eg]
lrlgof k|wfgdGqL s]xL v';L x'g'ePsf] a'lemof]. pxfn] xf]6ndf klg ljz]if uL flt
zfGt jftfj0f vf]Hg'ePsf] x]5. pxfsf] ;'O6 x]sf] :yfgdf cfk\mg} ;'IffsdL{
dfq fv]sf] a'lemof].
k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfh k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafnfO{
5nkmnsf nflu af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof]. t k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfkm" guP anflws[t

197

198

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

yL Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ k7fpg'eof]. pxfnfO{ s'g} klg k|lta4tf ghgfpg",

uf]vf lhNnfdf ;' ePsf] cfO{P;8LkL sfo{qmd cg';f ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] sfd
yfn]sf] t cGo If]qaf6 ug'{kg]{ sfd ;' gePsf]df u'gf;f] ug"{ cfO{P;8LkLsf]
DofG8]6nfO{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 kf; ufpg'kg]{ s'f fVg" egL k7fOPsf]
lyof]. o;af6 k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltaLrsf] ;DaGw ;f}xfb{k"0f{ 5}g eGg]
b]lvG5. s]xL lbgcufl8 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lzjk'Ldf lbPsf] dGtJokl5 k|wfgdGqL
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'Gg.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{ k"j{ ;xfos dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{
l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] x]5. pQm cj;df cfO{P;8LkL ;]gf ;DaGwL ljifodf
;fdfGo 5nkmn ePsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gdf hfgsfL lbg'eof].
;sfaf6 dnfO{ kmf]g u] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljleGg JolQmsf] gfddf
j]a;fO6 vf]n] To; dfkm{t dfcf]jfbLn] u]sf k|f]kf]ufG8fnfO{ sfpG6 lsg gug]{,
o;af]df ljrf ug{ lrkmnfO{ va u x's'd eof]. To;} cg';f d}n] lrkm;fanfO{
va u]. o:tf] sfd ;]gfsf] 8LPdcfO{ of ck];g ljefuaf6 uf]Ko ?kdf
;~rfng x'g ;s] d'n'snfO{ g} kmfObf x'g ;S5.

@)%* h]7 * ut] ;f]daf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] cgf}krfls a}7s lxhf] a;]sf] 5. a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL,
IffdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltsf ;fy} pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL, kfi6dGqL
;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ ;dfj]z ulPsf] lyof]. a}7sdf gjul7t ;z:q
k|xL annfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, klrfng a9fpg] tyf gof a]; :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf
5nkmn eof]. ;z:q k|xLsf nflu eftaf6 xftxltof s;L Nofpg] eGg]
;DaGwdf kfr jif{sf nflu of]hgf agfpg ;d]t a}7sn] lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5. ;fy}
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ k|efjsfL agfpg ah]6, tflnd tyf ;jfL ;fwg
pknAw ufpg] Jofks dfqfdf u'Ktr g]6js{ :yfkgf ug]{af] klg 5nkmn
eof]. ;]gfnfO{ eftdf lgld{t OG;f; xltof lbg] egL eftLo k|wfgdGqL tyf
eftLo kIfaf6 lgGt bafj cfOx]sf] ljifodf ;d]t 5nkmn eof]. klifb\n]
cfO{P;8LkLsf] DofG8]6 kf; u]sf] 5.
dxffhflwfhaf6 b]zdf JofKt e|i6frf lgjf0fsf nflu s'g} g s'g} s8f
sbd rfNg}k5{ eGg] ;f]rfO agfOaS;]sf] 5. o; ljifodf ;sfaf6 w]} k6s
k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ ;r]t ufOaS;]sf] 5. e|i6frf lgoGq0f ug{
clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ k|efjsfL 9\un] klrfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
To;sf nflu >L % sf] ;sfn] ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u k'ofpg'k5{. t o;df
k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfn] s'g} jf:tf ug'{ePsf] 5}g.
k|d'v ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]n] k|wfgdGqLsf] ljf]wdf h]7 !#, !$ !%

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ut] b]zJofkL cfdx8tfn cfof]hgf u]sf] 5. o; ljifodf ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 ljz]if

;ts{tf ;hutf ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5. vf; uL Pdfn]sf] gfddf dfcf]jfbL 3';k}7
x'g ;Sg]af] a]n}df ljrf k'ofpg'k5{.

@)%* h]7 !! ut] laxLaf

dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 xfn} ;}Go tflnd s]Gb| lqz"nL, zfxL g]kfnL ;}lgs
lzIffno gusf]6, h\un jfkm]o :s'n cdn]vuGh, :6fkm sn]h 6f]vfsf]
lgLIf0f e|d0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5. o;} qmddf ;sfsf] csf]{ e|d0f d':tf
lhNnfsf] s};fl:yt dfpG6]g jfkm]o pRr lzv tflnd s]Gb|df x'g]5. o;
;DaGwL lj:t[t sfo{qmd to ug'{ 5.
cfh k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafsf] hfx]L lyof]. To; qmddf
cfO{P;8LkLaf] lj:t[t ?kdf 5nkmn eof]. hfx]Lsf] ;'d} ;sfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] a9'jf ;DaGwdf lxhf] hgcf:yf ;fKtflxsdf k|sflzt ;dfrf s;L cfof],
To:tf ;dfrf s;n] lsg lns u5{, 5fglag uL bf]ifLnfO{ s8f sfafxL ug"{ egL
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x'sd' aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], cfO{P;8LkLsf] ;}4flGts
kIfaf] dfq} w]} s'f x'g] u]sf] 5. sfof{Gjog kIf Hofb} lkmtnf] eof]. cfO{P;8LkLsf
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;dGjo s;n] ug]{ < o; ljifodf ljrf x'gk' 5{. fli6o
;'Iff klifb\n] ;dGjo ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg]af] ;d]t 5nkmn x'g cfjZos 5.
k|r| fk|;f ubf{ jf:tljs ;"rgf s;L k|jfx ug]{ k|fk] f]ufG8f s;L ug]{ eg] klg
of]hgf aGg'k5{. cfO{P;8LkLsf] 0fgLlts kIfaf] dfq} ;~rf dfWoddf w]} ;dfrf
cfPsf] 5. o;af6 kg{ ;Sg] gsffTds ljifodf Wofg k'ofpg'k5{. ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfonfO{ cfcfkm\gf] If]qsf] lhDd]jfL tf]lsg'k5{ Pscfk;df ;dGjo x'g' lgtfGt
cfjZos 5. a]nfotL ;sfaf6 k|fKt x'g] pks0f xfd|f] k|fyldstf cg';f s]s]
x'g,\ ;f]xL adf]lhd a]nfotL ;sf;u s'f cufl8 a9fpbf fd|f] x'G5.
To;L g} ;sfaf6 cfO{P;8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf qmddf gfuls
k|zf;gsf] sdhf]L b]lvG5, fhgLlts g]t[Tj efif0fdf dfq ;Lldt 5, sfo{qmdsf]
nIo e|i6 ;sf arfpg] geO{ fli6o b[li6sf]0faf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;xof]ufTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ dfq xf], o; sfo{qmddf ljlgof]lht ah]6 vr{
ubf{ cfly{s lgodsfg'g cg'?k kfbzL{ x'g'k5{, ;fy} ;~rf dfWoddf ;]gfnfO{
PS:kf]h ug]{ k|of; x'G5, o;df ;ts{ eP ;]gfn] cfk\mgf sdLsdhf]LnfO{ ;'wf
ub}{ hfg'kb{5 x's'd eof].

@)%* h]7 !@ ut] z'qmaf

lxhf] flt k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] fk|kf g]tfx? ;"o{axfb' yfkf,
jLGb|gfy zdf{, dfn] g]tfx? jfdb]j uf}td, fwfs[i0f d}gfnL sf\u|]; g]tf

199

200

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

uf]ljGbfh hf]zL;u uf]Ko 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

s'dsf] afkmLsf]6df dfcf]jfbL ultljlw x]g{ Toxf ;}lgs u'Nd v8f ug{sf
lglDt ]sL ug{ uPsf] ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6df dfcf]jfbLn] kmfo ubf{ pQm x]lnsK6
ToxfF NofG8 guL g]kfnuGh kms]{sf] 5. cfh k'gM x]lnsK6 k7fOPsf] 5.
ev{} u7g ePsf] ;z:q k|xL ansf nflu P]g, lgod aGg] qmddf 5. o;
;Gbe{df cfh d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]sf ljifo lyP M ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfssf]
kbfjlw rf jif{ fVbf x'G5. ;z:qsf nflu xftxltof tyf pks0f lnbf
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\;u ;dGjo ug'{k5{. ;]gf cfGtls ;'Iffdf klrfng x'bf
;+o'Qm ?kdf klrfng x'g] ljb]zL;usf] n8fOsf a]nf ;]gfsf] dftxtdf a;]
sfd ug'{kg]{ P]gdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'k5{. ;z:qdf klxnf] k6s cGo ;'Iff
lgsfoaf6 ;jf eP cfpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg fVg'kg]{ x'G5.
o;} uL, ;z:qsf ;a} bhf{sf JolQmsf] k|:tfljt pd]df k'gfjnf]sg x'g'kg]{
s'f ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ bz{ge]6sf cj;df lgb]{zg aS;g'kg]{af] ;d]t
d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
ufos k|jL0f u'sf] b'3{6gfdf d[To' ePsf] s'f ;~rf dfWodn] k'gM prfNg
vf]h]sf 5g\. o;nfO{ fhgLtLs0f ug{ pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]n sf\u|];
g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sf lqmofzLn ePsf] va 5.
;sfaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]n] fli6o ;efsf] lQm x'g] cWoIf
kbsf nflu pDd]bjfL lbg'x'g] ePsf] 5. o;} qmddf pxf ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tf;u
e]63f6df nfu]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5. ;fy}, cfk\mgf] 5f]fnfO{ Go'of]s{df ;+o'Qm fi6;\
3sf] 8]k'6L lrkm ckm ld;g agfP k7fpgsf nflu k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnfsxf afDaf
wfOx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh a;]sf] dlGqklifb\n] c;f !! ut] ;f]daf @ ah] ;+;bsf] ah]6 clwj]zg
af]nfpg l;kmfl; ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. ;fy} fhbafsf k"js
{ d{rfL rqmaxfb'
yfkfnfO{ cf}iflw pkrfsf nflu %) xhf k}of lbg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5. yfkf k"j{
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ tyf >L ;bg fhbafsf] 9f]s] clws[t ;d]t x'gx' G' Yof].

@)%* h]7 !* ut] laxLaf

cfh k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] hfx]Lsf] lbg xf]. t pxfsf] cGt
st} sfo{qmd k]sfn] pxf hfx]Ldf cfpg'ePg. To;}n] vfnL ;dodf ;z:q
k|xL ansf dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7nfO{ hfx]Lsf lglDt ;do ldnfOof].
pxfsf] bz{ge]6 gePsf] klg w]} lbg eO;s]sf] lyof]. cfO{hLkL;fan] ;z:qsf]
clxn];Ddsf] k|ult ljj0f, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg slt eof] eGg] s'f xltof
Joj:yfkgaf] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. ;z:qsf nflu k|wfg sfof{no fVg]
7fpsf] vf]hL eOx]sf] lyof]. To;af] ;fdfGo s'f eof]. b]zsf] clxn]sf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

cj:yfaf] lgs} nfdf] 5nkmn eof]. ;z:qn] cfk\mgf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkg

kbk"lt{sf nflu ;z:q k|xL ;]jf cfof]u agfpg] k|fjwfg fv]sf] 5. Tof] lgs}
g} fd|f] eof] eg] ;sfaf6 k|z+;f ulaS:of]. ;fy}, o:tf] cfof]usf] k|fjwfg
hgkb k|xLdf klg sfod eOlbP k|xL fhgLlts etL{s]Gb| x'gaf6 hf]lug] lyof]
eGg] ;sfsf] egfO lyof].
hfx]Lsf] csf]{ ljifo lyof] xltof. ;]gfn] a|fplg k]:tf]n k|of]u ulx]sf]
5, To;}n] ;z:qdf Uns k]:tf]n lng' pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] wf0ff pxfn] ;sfdf
hfx] ug'e{ of]. ;sfaf6 ;z:qn] ;]gf;u k|lt:kwf{ x'g] uL xltof lng ePg,
t cfw'lgs t x'gk} 5{ eg] x's
' d' eof]. clxn] g]kfn k|xL rd fhgLtLs0f
ePsf] 5, ;z:qnfO{ ;'b]lv g} fhgLtLs0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg'k5{ eGg] ljifosf ;fy}
o;nfO{ s;L r]s PG8 Aofn]G; ug]{ To;sf lglDt s:tf] ;+oGq agfpg] eGg]af]
;sf cfO{hLkL;fasf aLrdf a8f] uDeL/ s'f eof]. nfdf] 5nkmnkl5 ;z:qnfO{
h'g lhDd]jfL 5, To; cg';fsf] xltof tflnd lbg] s'f to eof].
;z:q k|xLsf] lg;fg agfpg] ljifodf 5nkmn x'bf a8fu'Ho" ;]gf;u
;Nnfx u] agfP fd|f] x'g] ;sfaf6 ;'emfj aS:of]. ;fy}, ;z:q k|xL annfO{
;sfaf6 lg;fg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd cfufdL sflQs & ut] km"nkftLsf lbg ;}lgs
d~rdf cfof]hgf x'g] a9fOdf fVg] to eof]. cfh 5nkmnsf qmddf ;sfaf6
x'sd' eof], ;z:q k|xL an b]znfO{ cfjZostf k] u7g ePsf] xf]. g]kfn
k|xLnfO{ 7"nf] agfpb} n}hfbf To;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO kg{ yfn]sf] 5.
To;dfly p;nfO{ yk xltofn] ;';lHht kfb}{ n}hfg] xf] eg] hgtf;u ;DalGwt
sfd Jojxfdf afwf kg{ ;S5. To;}n] b]zsf] P]g, sfg'g gLlt lgodnfO{ nfu"
ug]{ ufpg] sfddf g]kfn k|xLnfO{ s]lGb|t uL cfw'lgs xltofn] ;';lHht csf]{
;z:q k|xL an agfpg cfjZos ePsfn] o:tf] ulPsf] xf].
dfcf]jfbLsf] efjL of]hgfaf] klg cfO{hLkL;fan] ;sfdf ljleGg s'f hfx]
ug'{ePsf] lyof]. To; qmddf ;sfaf6 ;z:q k|xL an dfcf]jfbLsf] ;z:q
o'4sf sf0f dfq u7g ulPsf] xf]Og eg] k|:6;u x's'd eof]. ;f] cj;df
;z:qn] aflxL leqL b'j} lx;fan] cfk\mgf] 5'} u'Ktr ;]jf :yfkgf ug]{af]
;d]t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] ;sfaf6 To:tf] ug'{ fd|f] x'g]5 egL x's'd ePsf]
lyof]. cfhs} hfx]Ldf ;z:qsf clws[t tyf hjfg klg ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo
zflGt;]gf cGtu{t ljleGg b]zdf hfg kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg
aS;]sf] lyof]. ;]gf k|xLnfO{ cfjZos k] ;z:qn] s;L dbt ug]{
cfjZostf cg';f Psn] csf{;u s;L ;dGjo ug]{ eg] ;d]t 5nkmn ePsf]
lyof]. ;sfaf6 ;z:q k|xL ansf] sdfG8 sG6f]n df km]o PG8 km]og];
x'g'k5{ o;n] cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf ;a} txdf fd|f] ;dGjo uL ;xof]u lng'k5{
egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;fy} fhgLlt1x?, ;~rf dfWod cfdhgtf;u fd|f]

201

202

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

hg;Dks{ fVg ;z:q k|d'vnfO{ x's'd aS:of].

hfx]Lsf qmddf ;z:q k|xL cfw'lgs xltofn] ;';lHht x'g] ePsfn]
o;nfO{ b]zsf] cfGtls ;'Iff, eLeLcfO{kLsf] ;'Iff ljdfg:yn ;'Iffsf nflu
;d]t klrflnt ug]{ ljifodf ;xdlt eof]. ;fy} ;z:qnfO{ ;'Iff;u ;f]sf fVg]
;a} lsl;dsf lgsfo -h:t} M fli6o ;'Iff klifb\, s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldlt nufot_
df ;xeflutf ufpg] s'fdf klg Toxf ;xdlt aGof]. ;f] cj;df eftdf ;Ldf
;'Iff ann] h:tf] lhDd]jfL g]kfndf ;z:q k|xL ann] lng] ls eg] klg s'f
p7]sf] lyof].
;sfaf6 ;]gfsf] a]h" w]} ePsfn] lx;fa ldnfpg Psbd} ufxf] klx]sf]
k|;\u p7fpb} ;z:qsf] ah]6 ;~rfng k|0ffnL ;'b]lv g} Psbd} fd|f,] lgod;\ut
kfbzL{ x'gk' 5{ egL lgb]z
{ g aS:of]. ;fy} ;z:qn] :yfgLo :tdf klg fli6o
;'Iffsf ljifodf ln\s uL g]kfn k|xL, ;]gf fli6o cg';Gwfg;u ;dGjo u]
cufl8 a9\gk' g]{ lgb]z
{ g aS; eof]. ;a} :tdf ;'Iff ;dGjo xf];\ eGg] ;sfsf]
rfxgf lyof].
;z:q k|xL ann] b]zsf] ;'Iffsf ljifodf baf;u s;L ;dGjo ug]{
To;sf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;+oGq agfpbf fd|f] x'G5 eg] klg hfx]Lsf qmddf
5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. ;fy} ljleGg lhNnfdf ;~rflnt eOx]sf] cfGtls ;'Iff
tyf ljsf; of]hgfdf ;'b]lv g} ;]gf ;+nUg eOx]sf]df ;z:q k|xL ansf] s]
e"ldsf x'G5 eg] s[i0fdf]xgn] lh1f;f fVg'eof]. ;sfaf6 To;df ;z:qnfO{
klg e"ldsf lbg] s'f x's'd eof]. ;f] cj;df pxfFn] dfcf]jfbL ljb+|f]x p7fpg
eftn] ;xof]u ulx]sf] af] klg ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf] lyof].
hfx]Lsf a]nf d klg 5nkmndf ;xefuL eP. d}n] klg ljleGg ljifodf fo
lbP. cfOhLkL;fj hfx]L ;s] aflxlPkl5 km]l d ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu
uP. ;/sf/n] s]xL s'f ;f]lwaS:of]. ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfssf] k|:tfjaf] rf;f]
flvaS;]sf] lyof]. oL ljifo k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]L ePsf a]nf dnfO{ ;Demfpm,
;sfaf6 x's'd eof].
o;sf ;fy} ;sfaf6 fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno u7gsf] cjwf0ff
b'j} k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg" x's'd eof]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\nfO{
d"t{ ?k lbg ;lrjfno v8f ug]{af] u[xsfo{ eOx]sf] 5. dxffhflwfhsf] k|ToIf
;'emfj lgb]{zgdf bafaf6 d ;]gfaf6 dxf;]gfgL lbnLk fodfemLn] fli6o
;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgf o;sf] ;f\u7lgs ;+rgf lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf
sfd ulx]sf 5f}.

@)%* h]7 !( ut] z'qmaf

k"j{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL bfguDeL fodfemLn] kmf]g u] :jf:Yo kLIf0fsf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

nflu d eft uPsf] lyP, PghLcf]u|fd ubf{ xfnnfO{ Ans]8 gePsf] t g;f
km'n]sf] x'bf lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx cg';f cf}iflw vfg yfn]sf] 5', ;sfdf hfx]
ullbg" eGg'eof].
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ dxf;]gfgL ;'Gbk|tfk fgfn] s]xL lbgkl5 ;sfaf6 ff
dxf]T;jsf] ;d'b\3f6g ulaS;g] sfo{qmd 5, ;'Iff tyf ;jfLsf] k|aGw ldnfpg
;sfaf6 x's'd ePsf] 5 eg] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof].
;sf cfh a8fu'Ho" gogfh kf08]sf] lgjf;, l8NnLahf ;jfL
xf]OalS;of]. Toxfaf6 kms]{kl5 % ah]lt dnfO{ kmf]g ulaS:of]. d sfof{nod}
lyP. ;sfaf6 ff dxf]T;jsf] ;Gbe{df s'f ub}{ x's'd eof], ljj]s, ffsf]
u'Ndklt, To; If]qsf] jflxgLkltaf] lj:t[t ?kdf dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpm. xfn ff
If]qdf s:tf] df};d 5, a'em. d]f] ff e|d0fsf qmddf $ gDa jflxgL, ;'v]{tdf
a:g ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsfn] Joj:yf ldnfpm. ;fy} ;sf ff ;jfL ePsf] a]nf
dnfO{ oxf s]xL ljz]if sfd ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of]. kmf]gdf s'f x'bf ;sfsf] :j
c? a]nfsf] h:tf] gePsf] cln dlng eP h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof].

@)%* c;f $ ut] ;f]daf

dxffhflwfh 1fg]Gb| ;sfdf cfh d]f] klxnf] cf}krfls hfx]L lyof].
d}n] ;sfdf lqe'jg ;bgnfO{ k"} ;;kmfO u] aGb ug]{ s'f hfx] u].
P8L;Lx?nfO{ >L ;bg, zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] lqe'jg
;bgdf sfo{t zfxL kfZj{jtL{ k|jL0f v8\sfnfO{ zfxL h\uL c8\8fd} lkmtf{
k7fpg] ljifodf ;sf;u d]f] 5nkmn eof]. d}n] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnoaf6
baf xTofsf08 ;DaGwL 5fglag ug{ u7g ePsf] sfo{6f]nLn] tof kf]sf]
k|ltj]bg hfx] u]. ;fy} sfo{6f]nLsf ;b:onfO{ s]xL sd aS;]df fd|f] x'g]
;d]t laGtL u]. sfo{6f]nLsf] ;+of]hsdf k"j{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL zfGts'df
dNn x'g'x'GYof]. ;b:ox?df ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnf, zfxL Ifs jflxgLsf sfd'
jflxgLklt ;xfos yL etaxfb' fodfemL, dxf;]gfgLx? s'df a'9fyf]sL
s]zjfh dxt x'g'x'GYof].
o;} qmddf d}n] ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfklt, ;z:q k|xL g]kfn k|xLsf
dxflgLIfsx? fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'vnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;g pko'Qm
x'g] eg] laGtL u]. xfn ;sf lgd{n lgjf;df fh ePsf] x'bf zfxL kfZj{jtL{
cGo ;'Iff Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df gof Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{af] hfx] u]. ;fy},
;]gfdf kbf]Gglt ePsf pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn, ;xfos yLx? lbnLk fodfemL,
etaxfb' fodfemL lji0f'axfb' u'nfO{ ;sfdf bfd fVg;do aS;g'kg]{
egL hfx] u].
o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfdf lxhf] a'6jnsf] aLkL rf]sdf dxffhflwfhsf lj4

203

204

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

gff nufpb} ubf{ Ps JolQm kqmfp k]sf] s'f hfx] u]. To; JolQmsf] gfd
k~ro >]i7, pd] @% jif{, 3 eftsf] uf]vk', xfn z\sgu* hfgsL 6f]n
a:g] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. ;"rgf cg';f pQm JolQmnfO{ eftLo
u'Ktr ;+:yf cn] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5.
;sfdf d}n] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] ulx]sf] ug]{ sfd tyf ;'Iff
lgsfosf af]df ;\lIfKt hfx] u]. To; qmddf PsLs[t ljsf; tyf ;'Iff
cjwf0ff nfu" eOx]sf] o; qmddf ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbL k|efljt uf]vf cGo
lhNnfdf ;}lgs klrfng ulx]sf af]df hfgsfL ufP. ;}4flGts ;xdlt
eO{ rd" cjwf0ff cg';f ;]gfsf] ;\u7gfTds :j?k x]km] ug]{ sfd of]hgf
txdf x]sf] atfpb} d}n] hfx] u] ;]gfnfO{ gof xltof pknAw ufpg] k'fgf]
P;Pncf fOkmn ;z:q k|xL annfO{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t cufl8 al9x]sf] 5.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] dfu adf]lhd l;oflnof]gdf Ps a6flnog kmf}h k7fpg] tofL
eOx]sf] 5. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;lrjfno :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; eOx]sf] 5.
t >L % sf] ;sfaf6 clxn];Dd o;af] s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g. ;]gf;u ePsf
k'fgf PlG6s xltof a]Rg] sfo{ cufl8 al9x]sf] 5. dsjfgk' lhNnfsf] Nxf];f
eGg] :yfgdf PS;Knf]l;e kkf]N;g KnfG6 lgdf{0f hfL 5. To:t} !& gDa
jflxgLdf s]Gb|Lo dd{t;Def s]Gb| agfpg] sfd eOx]sf] 5. cy{ dGqfnosf]
cg'f]wdf @)%& r}t ! ut]b]lv Ps jif{sf nflu eG;f gfsfdf fh:j u:tLdf
;}lgs klrflnt ulPsf] 5.
hfx]Lsf qmddf d}n] eg] M g]kfn k|xL ;DaGwL ;a} sfo{ u[x dGqfnoaf6} x'g]
x'bf zflGt;'Iffsf] ljifo afx]s cGo s'g} klg ljifo k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno;u
;DalGwt 5}g. k|xLaf6 ;do;dodf 36]sf 36gfx?sf] lkf]6{ dfq k|fKt x'g]
u]sf] 5. To:t} ;sfsf] e|d0fdf g]kfn k|xLaf6 ;'Iffsf nflu ;dGjo x'g]
u]sf] 5.
;z:q k|xL clxn];Dd cWofb]zaf6 rn]sf] 5. ;+;b\sf] cfufdL clwj]zgdf
ljw]os k]; u] ;z:q k|xL ;DaGwL P]g kflt ufpg'kg]{ 5. klxnf] r0fdf
;z:q k|xLsf] ;\u7g tof x'b} 5. bf];|f] r0f;Dddf sla !% xhfsf]
baGbL lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf eOx]sf] 5. ;]gfaf6 ;z:qdf n}hfg] hgzlQmaf]
lg0f{o eO;s]sf] 5}g. ;]gfaf6 xltof x:tfGt0f ug]{ tflnd pknAw ufpg]
k|lqmof cufl8 al9x]sf] 5.
To;L g} fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 lbgx' u'Ktr lkf]6{ cfOx]sf] 5.
u'Ktr ;DaGwL cGo sfo{df ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] s'g} klg ;DaGw 5}g.
d}n] ;sfdf jt{dfg fhgLlts cj:yfaf] ;\lIfKt hfgsfL ufpb} eg]
M clxn]sf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Vofn u] g]skf Pdfn]n] cfufdL c;f]h;Dd ;+od
ckgfpg] ePsf] 5. Pdfn]n] kv{ x] sf] gLlt lng] gof fhfsf] sfo{z}nL

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

x]] cufl8 a9\g] eg]sf] 5. olta]nf Pdfn] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;sfsf]

lj4df cfGbf]ngt 5. g]skf -dfn]_ n] clxn]sf] kll:yltdf cGo fhgLlts
bnn] u]sf uDeL uNtL sdhf]Laf6 kmfObf lng] 0fgLlt lnPsf] 5. sLlt{k'df
;DkGg s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7sdf dxf;lrj jfdb]j uf}td g]tf ;LkL d}gfnLn]
fh;+:yfaf] hgdt ;\u|x ug'{kg]{, gffo0flx6L fhbafnfO{ jL]Gb| ;\u|xfno
agfpg'kg]{, fhbaf csf]{ :yfgdf v8f ug'{kg]{, :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] ;DklQ
;fj{hlgs uL sf]if v8f ug'{kg]{ h:tf cleJolQm lbPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] fhbaf xTofsf08sf] 5fglag ug{
ul7t pRr:tLo cfof]udf lbPsf] aofgn] w]} k|Zg pAhfPsf] 5. fhbafdf
sfo{t ;}lgssf] x}l;ot s] xf] < ;]gf fh;+:yfaLrsf] ;DaGw s] xf] < ;]gfk|lt
;sf hgtfsf] ljZjf; 5 ls 5}g < o:tf k|Zg z\sfcfz\sf ;~rf
hut\ ;j{;fwf0fdf ;d]t p7\g yfn]sf 5g\. ;]gfsf ;a} txdf ;d]t k|wfg
;]gfkltsf] aofg clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k|lts"n ePsf] eg] rrf{ ePsf] a'lemG5 eg]
d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
d}n] hfx] u]sf cGo ljifo lyP M ca ;Dk"0f{ ;sfL lgsfo, ;]gfsf] Aof]s
;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf sfof{nodf ;sfsf] tl:a fVg'kg]{ x'G5. To;sf nflu
kmf]6f]u|fkm aS;g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{5. fhbaf xTofsf08sf] ;dodf jL]Gb|
;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf sfo{t lrlsT;s tyf cGo :6fkmn] ;fxgLo sfd
u]. ;sfaf6 pgLx? ;a}nfO{ tSdf jf gub k':sf jf k|z+;fkq aS;]df
To;sf] ;sffTds k|efj kg{ hfG5. To:t} pQm c:ktfndf :ju{jf;L ;sfx?sf]
gfdaf6 s'g} gof lgdf{0f cyjf s'g} sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;s] To;af6 fd|f] ;Gb]z
hfg]5. o;sf ;fy} d}n] of] jif{ fhbafdf cfzf}r k]sf] x'bf ;sfsf]
z'ehGdf]T;j s;L dgfpg] of gdgfpg] eGg] ljifodf ;d]t tTsfn} lg0f{o lng
cfjZos 5 eg] ;d]t laGtL u].
hfx]Lsf] cGTodf ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], o; jif{sf] z'ehGdf]T;j kDkfut
fli6o lbj;sf ?kdf dgfpg clwfHoe labf lbg' plrt xf]nf. o;} cj;df
s]xL s}bL 5f]8\g] lg0f{o klg ug'{knf{. bafdf eg] s'g} klg cf}krfls sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf guf}. s;}n] rfx]df JolQmut ?kdf jf ;\3;+:yf dfkm{t k"hfcfhf
u] k|;fb k7fpg ;Sg]5g\. ;fy} ;sfaf6 bafsf] s'g} :yfgdf >L %
jL]Gb|sf] ;flns :yfkgf ubf{ s;f] x'G5, :juL{o bfOsf] hGdltly k'; !$ ut]sf
lbg ;+j}wflgs lbj;sf ?kdf dgfpbf s] xf]nf, h]7 !( sf] flt To;kl5
pkrfdf ;+nUg jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf sfo{t 8fS6 tyf ;a} :6fkmnfO{
k|z+;fkq s;L lbg], ltdLx?n] 5nkmn u] dnfO{ lj:t[tdf eg x's'd eof].
o;} uL, cfufdL ;f]daf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;do ldnfpg ;d]t ;sfaf6
x's'd aS:of].

205

206

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* c;f ^ ut] a'waf

xfn} kbf]Gglt ePsf pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn, ;xfos yLx? lbnLk
fodfemL, et fodfemL lji0f' u'n] lgd{n lgjf;df ;sfdf bfd r9fpg'eof].
;sfaf6 pxfx? k|To]s;u 5'f5'} b]zsf] ;d;fdlos ;'Iff l:yltaf] hfgsfL
lnOaS:of]. vf; uL ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemL;u dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;]gfn]
;~rfng ulx]sf ck];g ;DaGwL of]hgfaf] rfv fvL hfgsfL lnOaS;]sf]
lyof]. o; sfo{qmdkl5 ;sfaf6 cfufdL zlgaf fhbaf fhbaf
;lrjfno cjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg dnfO{ x's'd eof].

@)%* c;f !! ut] ;f]daf

;+;b\sf] ah]6 clwj]zg cfh ;' eof]. >L % 1fg]Gb|af6 fHoff]x0f
ulaS;]kl5 klxnf] k6s ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg a;]sf] x'gfn] ;efd'v tffgfy
fgfef6, k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf dfwjs'df g]kfnn]
dxffhflwfh ;sfdf z'esfdgf r9fpg'eof]. To:t} lbj\ut fhf jL]Gb|
fhkljfsf cGo ;b:ox?k|lt >4f~hln JoQm ug'{eof]. clwj]zgdf g]kfn
dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5] -f]lxt_ n] eg] z'esfdgf
>4f~hln k|:tfjsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{eof]. pxfn] cfk"mn] z'esfdgf >4f~hln
glbg] atfpg'eof].

@)%* c;f !$ ut] laxLaf

;sfdf cfh d}n] ;sf fh eOaS;]sf] lgd{n lgjf;sf] ;'Iff Joj:yf
dha't kfg{] sfd eOx]sf] 5, xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;sfsf] lgd{n lgjf;aflx x'g]
cgf}krfls JolQmut cfjthfjt ;s];Dd sd x'g'k5{, ;'Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] lgd{n
lgjf;df klxn]b]lv cfpg]hfg] u]sf cfuGt'ssf] lj:t[t ljj0f ;d]t P8L;L
clkm;n] fVg ;' ug'{kg]{ x'G5 egL hfx] u]. ;fy}, ;sf lgd{n lgjf;df
fh xf]OaS;]sf] x'bf sfof{no ;do s]s:tf] uL ldnfpg], ;sfsf] sfof{no sxf
tof kfg]{ eGg]af] ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS;bf ;lhnf] x'G5 egL laGtL u].
cltyL gLzdz] hafn] :jf:Yo kLIf0f ug{ cfufdL c;f !& ut] s]xL lbgsf
nflu eft hfg nfu]sf] hfgsfL ufO{ ;sfdf hfx] ug{ va ug'e{ of].
pRr:tLo 5fglag ;ldltn] 5fglagsf qmddf fhbafsf] lqe'jg ;bgaf6
lnPsf xltof ;lxtsf ;fdfg a'e\mg cfu|x u]sf] lyof]. To; cg';f zfxL
kfZj{jtL{ ljefun] ;a} xltof a'em] NofO{ fv]sf] 5. baf xTofsf08 5fglag
ug{ cfGtls ?kdf ul7t sfo{6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f To; a]nf sfo{t zfxL
kfZj{jtL{nfO{ s]s:tf] sfafxL ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf rf8} lg0f{o lnbf pko'Qm x'G5.
ut !@ ut] flt dfcf]jfbLn] lvntk'l:yt k|xL rf}sLdf cfqmd0f ubf{ b'O{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|xLsf] d[To' eof]. tLg hjfg 3fOt] ePsf] #! yfg fOkmn dfcf]jfbLn] sAhf
u]sf] va 5. To:t} lxhf] a]n'sL dfcf]jfbLn] l;Gw'kfNrf]s, d]nDrLl:yt k|xL
rf}sLdf kmfo u] ;'IffsdL{sf] Wofg cfs[i6 uL ahfdf x]sf] g]kfn a}\s
lnld6]8af6 sla ;f9] ;ft nfv k}of b'O{ yfg !@ af] aGb's n'6]sf 5g\.
;]gfn] Pp6f PdcfO{!& sfuf]{ x]lnsK6 Pp6f :6f]n hxfh lsGg] k|lqmof
;' u]sf] 5.
;sfaf6 fli6o ;efdf lQm rf :yfgdf tfKn]h', cf]nfr'uf]nfsL
oflsnf z]kf{, ;]gfaf6 cjsfzk|fKt ;xfos yL bLKtk|sfz zfx, sf7df8f}sf
pBf]uklt 8f= ?k Hof]lt ;'g;Lsf b]jgffo0f rf}wLnfO{ dgf]gLt ulaS;]sf]
5. dgf]gLt ;b:osf] ;"rL e"uf]n, hflt, efiff n}\lus ;dfgtfsf lx;fan]
;Gt'lnt x]sf] eg] ;sffTds k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5.
;]gfn] hd{gLsf] x]Sn PG8 sf]s sDkgL;u lsGg nfu]sf] Prs] hL#^ fOkmn
g]kfnnfO{ a]Rg Toxfsf] ;sfn] cg'dlt -nfO;]G;_ glbPsf] x'bf ;Demf}tf cg';f
xltof pknAw ufpg g;Sg] hfgsfL pQm sDkgLaf6 cfPsf] 5. o;kl5 ;]gfn]
;f] sDkgLnfO{ Pn;L dfkm{t k7fPsf] sd lkmtf{ ufpg] hljfgf ;d]t ltfpg
k|of; ug]{ ;f]rfO fv]sf] 5. of] xltof lsGg k|lqmof ;' ubf{ g} o;af] ljjfb
pTkGg ePsf] lyof]. o;af] >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ s;L s] hfgsfL ufpg]
eGg] ljifodf cGof]n ePsf] 5. o; 36gfaf6 ;]gfsf] ljZj;gLotfdf klg cfr
cfpg] b]lvG5. ca ;]gfsf] cfjZostf cg';f cGo ljsNk dfkm{t xltof lng
o; k|lqmofdf kfblz{tf ckgfpg lgtfGt cfjZos 5. Prs] hL#^ fOkmn
;]gfn] vlb ug]{ s'f p7]b]lv g} o; ljifodf eftsf] lgs} c;Gt'li6 xb} cfPsf]
xf]. eftn] pQm xltof;u ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kaf6 bafj lbPsf] ;d]t
a'lemg cfPsf] 5. of] ljifo d}n] ;sfnfO{ ;lj:tf hfx] u].
sfo{yL pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfxn] cfk\mgf lgs6sf JolQmnfO{ bafsf] zfxL
kfZj{jtL{ ljefu zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLnfO{ e\u ug'k{ 5{, oL b'O{ lgsfon] sfd ug{
;s]gg\, cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL k"f u]gg\, To;}n] bafdf e}jgfy u0fsf] u'NdnfO{
t}gfy ug'k{ 5{, ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf ;a} kbflwsfLnfO{ x6fpg'k5{ eGg] u]sf] a'lemof].
of] s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 p;df rGb|zdz] vnssf] ut k]sf] 5, To;n] ubf{
pm 5nsk6 u5{, To;}n] p;sf s'fnfO{ dxj gb]pm x'sd' eof].

@)%* c;f !* ut] ;f]daf

;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ ut jif{ pxf dxf;]gfgL x'b} rLgdf g];gn
l8km]G; o'lgel;{6L -Pg8L;L_ df sf];{ ug{ k7fpg k|wfg ;]gfkltaf6 l;kmfl;
ePsf] lyof]. To; a]nf pxfeGbf dfly @% hgf l;lgo clws[t Pg8L;L ug{
afsL lyP. To;}n] ut jif{ pxfnfO{ kl5 k7fpg] eg] f]lsof]. o; jif{ klg

207

208

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pxfsf] l;kmfl; cfPsf] 5. o; ljifodf d}n] ;sfdf lbnLk h;f{a dfcf]jfbL

;d:ofsf] ;Gbe{df dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jfL lgjf{x ulxg'ePsf] 5, csf]{ jif{ k7fpbf
;d]t pxfsf] slcdf s'g} tndfly kb}{g, To;f] ubf{ ;]gfdf jli7tfsf] qmd klg
ldN5, To;}n] o; jif{ klg pxfnfO{ Pg8L;L sf];{df gk7fpbf fd|} x'G5 eg] laGtL
u]. ;sfaf6 klg To;} ug"{ x's'd eof].
cfh lbp;f] afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]ql:yt afnfh' sk8f pBf]udf ad lj:kmf]6
ePsf] 5. lj:kmf]6df kL Ps hgf ;j{;fwf0f ;fdfGo 3fOt] ePsf] va 5.
c;f @@ @# ut] fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] PsLs[t cfGtls ;'Iff tyf
ljsf; of]hgf ;DaGwL ;]ldgf cfof]hgf ub}{ 5. ;]ldgfdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf
;lrj, If]qLo k|zf;sx?, ;DalGwt lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL, ;'Iff
lgsfosf :yfgLo sdfG8sf ;fy} ;]gfsf anflws[t o'4 tyf Joj:yf lgb]{zs
;xefuL x'g] sfo{qmd 5. ;f] cj;df ;]gfn] uf]vf lhNnfsf] cg'ej cGo
lhNnfdf nfu" x'g nfu]sf] sfo{qmd ah]6 ;DaGwdf hfgsfL ufpg] 5.

@)%* c;f !( ut] d\unaf

;sfdf cfh k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] klxnf] k6s
cf}krfls hfx]L ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLn] cfd g]kfnLsf] wfld{s
cf:yf vnaNofpg d7dlGb tf]8kmf]8 ug]{, kmf]xf] ug]{, d"lt{ eTsfpg] h:tf sfo{
ulx]sf 5g\. pgLx? g]kfndf xToflx+;f uL efu] eftdf n'Sg hfg] u]sf
5g\. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn] eftd} ;\u7g lgdf{0f tyf tflnd ug]{ ePsfn] sfafxL
ug{ c;xh eOx]sf] 5. o; ljifodf >L % sf] ;sfsf ;DalGwt dGqLx?;u
s'f ubf{ pgLx? s'g} hjfkm lbb}gg\. o; ljifodf eft;u s'f ug]{ cf6 klg
ug{ ;Sb}gg\. s"6gLlts tjaf6 rLgn] eftdfly bafj lbnfpg ;s] dfcf]jfbL
cfGbf]ng s]xL xb;Dd sdhf] x'g] d]f] ljZn]if0f 5. dGqLx?aLr ;d]t cfk;df
ljZjf;sf] sdL 5. dGqfno ljefux?aLr ljZjf;sf] ;\s6 al9x]sf] 5. >L
% sf] ;sfn] xfn;Dd fli6o ;'Iff cjwf0ff agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. Pdfn]sf] }w
gLlt fhbaf xTofsf08sf a]nf k|:6 ePsf] 5. ;'Iff lgsfodf u'Ktr ;]jfnfO{
;'b[9Ls0f ug{ Psbd} cfjZos 5. IffdGqL tyf sf\u|];sf g]tf dx]z cfrfo{
fi6sf nflu s]xL uf} eGg] efjgfsf] x'g'x'G5. To;}n] pxfnfO{ bafn] cfk\mgf]
kIfdf agfpbf fd|f] x'g] b]Vb5'. d]f] JolQmut ?kdf Pdfn]sf s]xL g]tf;u fd|f]
;Dks{ 5. cfjZos k] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5.

@)%* c;f @@ ut] z'qmaf

;+jfb ;lrjfnodf sfo{t ;xfos ;lrj ;']z cfrfo{ cfh dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'eof]. pxf lxhf] flt nflhDkf6l:yt xf]6n ltAatsf] ]:6'fdf x'g'x'bf] x]5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

Toxf k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfn] 8f= hgfb{g ;'j]bL;u u]sf]
s'f pxfn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfn] S;L vfPsf] ;'df fhbaf xTofsf08sf]
ljifo 1fg]Gb| ;sfaf] 7"n7"nf] :jdf Hofb} czf]egLo s'f ug'{eP5. tff
h;f{an] pQm ]:6'fdf baf xTofsf08 if8\oGqaf6 lrPsf] xf], o;df w]}sf] xft
5, ;a} dnfO{ yfxf 5, gof fhfaf] dnfO{ aRr}b]lvsf s'f yfxf 5, pxf JofkfL
xf] fhf xf]Og, cfjZos k] bafsf w]} kf]n vf]N5', fhf jL]Gb| fd|f] fhf eP
klg fgLsf] nx}nx}df nfu] aafb u], d}n] fh;+:yfsf nflu ;s];Dd 7"nf] sfd
u]sf] 5', 7s'Lx? ldn] dnfO{ x6fP, To;sf] kmn clxn] kfpb} 5g\, oL fhfn]
s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg\ h:tf cdof{lbt s'f u]sf] ;']zhLn] ;'gfpg'eof].
d}n] ;']zhLnfO{ tkfO{+n] lsg Tolt g} a]nf s'g} k|ltjfb ug'{ePg < eg]
;f]w]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d cln 6f9fsf] 6]a'ndf lyP. tff h;f{an] dnfO{
lrGg'ePg. dnfO{ To; a]nf s'g} k|ltlqmof glbbf g} pko'Qm x'G5 h:tf] nfUof].
To;}n] pxfsf s'f dfq ;'g]. cfh laxfg} of] s'f d]f] xflsd -;+jfb;lrj
df]xgaxfb' kf08]_ nfO{ ;'gfP. pxfn] o;af] ;Dem]hlt a'bf agfP ;}lgs
;lrjnfO{ lbg" eg]sfn] d eGg cfPsf] x'. ;']zhLn] dnfO{ l6k] NofPsf a'bfx?
;d]t lbg'eof].
pQm a'bfx? n]vs
] f] sfuh h:tfsf] t:t} cfh} ;sfdf hfx] u] r9fP.
cjsfz kfPb]lv g} tff h;f{a ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tf;u ;Dks{df x'g'x'G5.
klxn] cfk\mgf] ;DwL u'nfazdz] yfkf dfkm{t kl5 k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfsf :jsLo ;lrj uf]s0f{ kf}8]nnfO{ k|efjdf kfL pxf -k|wfgdGqL sf]Ofnf_
lgs6 k'Ug ;kmn x'g'ePsf] 5. lulhflgs6 x'bf gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ ;d]t pxfn]
k|of]u ug{'eof]. pxfn] k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'Iff
;Nnfxsf -dGqL:tLo_ agfpg kl5 cltyL agfpg k|of; ug'{ePsf] lyof].
o;} qmddf sf]Ofnf wd{kfn lrkm;fanfO{ glhs Nofpg ;kmn x'g'eof]. o;df
k"j{Iff;lrj rqmaGw' cof{nsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnPsf] a'lemG5. pxfsf b'j} of]hgf
;kmn gePsfn] wd{kfn lrkm;fanfO{ fli6o ;efdf lgo'lQm uL IffdGqL agfpg]
cfkm" cd]lsfsf] fhb"t x'g] of]hgf ;d]t agfpg'ePsf] ;'lgg cfPsf] 5.
To:t}, tff h;f{an] cfkm"glhssf JolQmx?;u s] eGg] ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf]
5 eg], o'jfhflwfhn] xfdLnfO{ 8'afP. a8fdxffgLn] fhfnfO{ k\u' agfOg\.
xfdLnfO{ gof fhfn] s] unf{g\ < ;'Gbk|tfk fgfnfO{ P8L;Laf6 x6fPsf]df
d]f] lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g. o;df d Hofb} b'MvL 5'. ;'Gbsf] dgf]an Hofb} v:s]sf]
5. ca fhfnfO{ s;L k|efj kfg]{ eGg]af] ;f]lrx]sf] 5'. lulhf z}nhf
cfrfo{sf] ;Dks{df 5'. fh;+:yfaf] hgdt ;\u|xdf hfg 7Ls x'g] ;Nnfx
lbPsf] 5'. ;do;dodf eftsf] dWok|b]z uP u'nfO{ e]6\g] u]sf] 5'. s]xL
;docufl8 wd{kfn lrkm;fa;u xlf uP kms]{+. bafsf sd{rfLsf] 7"n}

209

210

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k'gu{7g x'b} 5. d ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf] k|d'vdf lgo'Qm x'b} 5'. o;df
dnfO{ ljj]sn] dfq ljf]w ug]{ xf]. t ca p;sf] klg s]xL nfUg]jfnf 5}g. pm
cfkm} kfvf nfUb} 5.

@)%* c;f @% ut] ;f]daf

cfh ;sfdf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7sdf ;]gfsf tkm{af6 p7fOg]
ljifoaf] hfx] u]. a}7sdf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] c;f d;fGt;Dddf ;]gf klrfng
ulg] lhNnfx?df ah]6 lgsf;f x'g'kg]{ h:tf ljifo p7fpg'x'g]5. cfO{P;8LkL
sfo{qmddf fhgLlts bnx?af6 ;xof]u x'g'kg]{ xf]. t ;xof]u x'g ;s]g.
bnx?af6 ;xof]u x'g ;s] sfo{qmdn] hgdfg;df ;sffTds k|efj kfg]{
dfcf]jfbL k|efj sd x'b} hfg] xfd|f] ljZn]if0f 5.
:juL{o clwfhs'dfLx? >'lt f0ff, zflGt tyf zfbf zfxsf] lgjf;df
;'Iffsf nflu flvPsf] ;]gfsf] 6f]nL slxn];Dd fVg] eg] ;sfdf laGtL u].
;sfaf6 5 dlxgf;Dd fVg" x's'd eof].
fk|kf g]tf kz'kltzdz] haf tyf pxflgs6 JolQmx?n] fhbaf
xTofsf08af] pRr:tLo 5fglag cfof]un] hfL u]sf] k|ltj]bg k|lts"n 6Lsfl6Kk0fL
u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 b]zsf] jt{dfg kll:yltdf ;]gfn] u]sf x]s ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6]
tof kflPsf] lel8of] 8s'd]G6L fd|f] 5, d}n] x]], o;nfO{ g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6
k|;f0f ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 x's'd aS:of].
hfx]Ls} l;nl;nfdf ;sfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL h\uL c8\8fdf sfo{t kLP;cf]hnfO{
lrof, l8S\ ; jf l8g cfof]hgf uL ;fd"lxs bz{ge]6 aS;] pxfx?;u JolQmut
lrghfg tyf ljleGg ljifodf ljrfljdz{ ulaS;] fd|f] x'g] egL d}n] laGtL u] .
;sfaf6 ;do ldnfP l8g cfof]hgf uf}n
f x'sd' aS:of].

@)%* c;f @^ ut] d\unaf

fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf d'Vo clws[t b]jLfd zdf{n] ;sfdf klxnf] hfx]L
bz{ge]6 ug'{eof]. hfx]Lsf qmddf pxfn] b]zsf] ljBdfg kll:ylt, dfcf]jfbLn]
;~rfng u]sf] slyt hgo'4 ;z:q tyf g]kfn k|xLaf6 hfL sfafxLsf]
ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof]. ;fy} ljleGg lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbL afx]ssf fhgLlts kf6L{sf]
pkl:ylt k|foM z"Go x]sf] >L % sf] ;sfsf] pkl:ylt ;bd'sfddf dfq
;Lldt x]sf]af] hfx] ug'{eof]. dfcf]jfbLn] ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b ;a} k|of]u u]
hgdfg;nfO{ cfk\mgf] kf6L{k|lt cfslif{t ug{ k|of; ulx]sf] hfgsfL klg pxfn]
lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], @)$^ ;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 o; ljefunfO{
g]tfx?n] cfk\mgf sfo{stf{ egf{ ug]{ cv8f agfP. kmn:j?k ljefudf bIf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g k'Uof]. To;}n] o; ljefuaf6 ;"rgf ;\sngsf] sfd :tLo
k|efjsfL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;fy} o; ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'g] ah]6 klg Hofb} Go"g
x'g] u]sf] 5.
pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 b]jLfdnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] sdfG8 sG6f]n tyf
;f\u7lgs cj:yfaf] lj:t[tdf a'e\mg ljleGg lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbLsf] k|Effj k|:6
emNsg] uL g]kfnsf] gS;f tof kfL k7fpg lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6
cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ k]sf ;d:ofaf] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u5'{ x's'd x'b} cg';Gwfg
ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;"rgf cGo ;'Iff lgsfo ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ ;d]t
hfgsfL ufpg ;Dks{df xg x's'd eof].

@)%* c;f @* ut] laxLaf

fhbaf xTofsf08sf a]nf fhf jL]Gb|, fgL P]Zjo{ tyf fhkljfsf cGo
lbj\ut ;b:on] klxlPsf] kf];fs cfkt\sfnLg pkrfsf qmddf :ju]{ ePkl5
km'sfn] jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf ;'lIft flvPsf] 5. c:ktfnaf6 tL kf];fs
s] ug]{ eg] ;f]lwPsf] 5. o;af] hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 pRr:tLo 5fglag
cfof]usf kbflwsfL;u ;Nnfx uL hnfpg nufpg" x's'd eof].
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], ;]gfsf nflu
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ^ ca{ !! sf]8 ah]6 dfu ePsf] lyof]. t >L % sf]
;sfn] $ ca{ %@ sf]8 dfq ah]6 ljlgof]hg u]sf] 5. o;af6 ;]gf klrfng
;DaGwL sfd cl3 a9fpg c;xh x'g] ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs
klrfng ug]{ xf] eg] ;'Iff klifb\sf] lg0f{o clgjfo{ 5. ;fy} ;'Iff klifb\sf]
l;kmfl;df ;sfn] s]xL s'fdf :ki6 lg0f{o lng'k5{. h:t} M dfcf]jfbLnfO{
cft\ssfL of ljb|f]xL eg] sfg'gtM k|ltaGw nufpg'k5{. dfcf]jfbL k|efljt ljz]if
If]q 3f]if0ff uL ;]gfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL lgMz:qLs0fsf] lhDd]jfL lbg'k5{. dfcf]jfbLsf
e|ft[ ;\u7gnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos k] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
clwfHosf s'g} klg efudf sfafxL ug{ :jLs[lt x'g'k5{. ;]gf klrfng ePkl5
nlhl:6s tyf klrfngsf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 Joj:yf x'g'k5{. ;}lgs sfafxLsf
qmddf x'g ;Sg] hLpwgsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] oL ljifodf
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg nfu]sf] eg] ;d]t dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] fhgLlts e]63f6sf qmddf fk|kfsf s]xL
g]tf s]xL ;f+;bnfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] 5.
d}n] ;sfdf kf; ;sfnfO{ g]kfnsf] fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
ljifodf ;DalGwt ljifosf k|fWofksaf6 lj:t[t cWoog ufpg tyf 5nkmn ufpg
pko'Qm x'G5 ls egL hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 kf;;u 5nkmn u] ltdLnfO{ kl5
va uf}nf x's'd aS:of].

211

212

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

fhbaf ;lrjfnosf sd{rfLn] k|of]u ug]{ sIfx? ljz]if uL ;lrjx?n]

cfuGt's, kfx'gf e]6\g] sf]7fsf] :t Hofb} lgDg 5. To;}n] tLgrf j6f sf]7fsf]
oyfzL3| :t j[l4 ug'{kg]{ ljifodf ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k|d'v
fhbaf kbflwsfL zfbf k|wfgnfO{ va ug"{ cfjZos sfafxL ug"{ x's'd
eof].
uP flt dfcf]jfbLn] ;Nofgsf] xf]n]L Onfsf k|xL sfof{nodf cfqmd0f
uL Ps k|xLsf] xTof u]sf 5g\ && hgf k|xLnfO{ aGws agfO{ cfkm";u}
f]Nkflt nu]sf] va 5. ckxlt k|xL;u ;Dks{ ljR5]b ePsf] 5. 36gfsf]
lj:t[t ljj0f dfu ulPsf] 5. $ gDa jflxgL, ;'v]{tnfO{ ckxlt k|xLsf]
]:So'sf nflu of]hgf agfpg lgb]{zg uPsf] 5. o; ljifodf k|wfgdGqLn] k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ cfkt\sfnLg ;Nnfxsf nflu af]nfpg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL of IffdGqLnfO{
e]6\g hfg'cl3 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] bafnfO{ ;f]Wg] rng 5. To; cg';f pxfn]
dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] k|wfgdGqL;u s] s'f x'G5, d kms]{ hfx]
u5'{ eGg'ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] uP flt afun'sf] xlxk', ;Nofgsf] Njfd, sfnLsf]6sf] l;pgf,
a}t8Lsf vf]8\k] k'rf}8Ldf k|xLk|lt nlIft uL ad lj:kmf]6 ufPsf 5g\.

@)%* c;f @( ut] z'qmaf

k|d'v ljkIfL bn Pdfn]n] xf]n]L 36gfnfO{ sf]Ofnf ;sfsf] cIfdtf
egL tLj| cfnf]rgf u]sf] 5. sf\u|];sf s]xL g]tfn] ;d]t o;df ;sfsf]
s8f cfnf]rgf u]sf 5g\. ;fy} fhf dfcf]jfbL g]tf df]xg j}Bsf] e]6 ePsf]
eGg] em"6f] xNnf km}nfPsf 5g\. xf]n]L] 36gfdf ;sf c;kmn eof] eGb}
k|xL ;\u7gdf Hofb} gsffTds k|efj k]sf] 5. s]xL k|xL clwsfLaf6
ca >L % sf] ;sfsf] cfb]z gdfGg] Tof]eGbf dflysf] cfb]z dfq dfGg]
k|ltlqmof ;d]t cfpg yfn]sf] 5. cfh} pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb|
kf}8]nn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ fhLgfdf a'emfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] lgd{n lgjf;
dfcf]jfbLsf] ;f7uf7 5 lgd{n lgjf; dfcf]jfbLsf] kdwfd eg] ;d]t l6Kk0fL
ug'{ePsf] 5.
xf]n]Laf6 ckxlt k|xLnfO{ p4f ug{ ;}lgs klrfng ulPsf] 5. pQm
;}lgs 6f]nLnfO{ f]Nkfsf] u}Lufpdf PDa';sf nflu 5f8] p8\g nfu]sf] x]lnsK6df
dfcf]jfbLn] cGwfw'Gw kmfo u]. To; qmddf rfns bnsf ;b:o ;x;]gfgL
ljgfosaxfb' l;+xnfO{ lt3|fdf, pk;]gfgL b|axfb' kf}8]nnfO{ xftdf l;kfxL
gaxfb' vqLnfO{ k]6df uf]nL nfu]sf] 5. To; If]qdf vfa df};dsf afjh'b
x]lnsK6 bfdf cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f u]sf] 5.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k"j{k|d'v xlafa' rf}wL dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

pxfn] b]zsf] clxn]sf] cj:yf dfcf]jfbL lqmofsnfkdf k|xLsf] cIfdtf h:tf

ljifodf s'f ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS;]df s'g}
klg sfd ug{] clenfiff JoQm ug'{eof]. ;do cg's"n eP ;sfsf] bz{ge]6
ufOlbg cfu|x ;d]t ug'{eof].

@)%* c;f #! ut] cfOtaf

xf]n]Ldf k|xL ;}lgsnfO{ p4f ug{ Jofks k|of; eOx]sf] 5. sf7df8f++}af6
uPsf b'O{ x]lnsK6n] bfaf6 ;}lgs u}Lufp n}hfg nfUbf df};dsf] k|lts"ntfsf
sf0f p8fgdf l9nfO eof]. df};ddf ;'wf ePkl5 x]lnsK6 u}Lufpsf nflu
p8]. t f]Nkf bfsf] ;Ldfdf kg]{ pRr kxf8L efudf dfcf]jfbLn] rnfPsf] uf]nL
b'j} x]lnsK6nfO{ nfUof]. tL x]lnsK6 klg bfdf cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f ufOof].
o;L ;]gf;u ePsf tLg j6} x]lnsK6 bf Aof]sdf u|fpG8]8 x'g k'u]. ptf
u}Lufpdf 5fl8Psf] ;]gfsf] klxnf] ;fgf] 6f]nLn] rf}ltaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0fsf]
;fdgf ug'{klx]sf] 5. df};dsf] k|lts"ntfsf sf0f ;dodf p4f x'g ;s]g.
;f] ;}lgs 6f]nLnfO{ glhs} g'jfufpdf ;g]{ cfb]z lbOPsf] 5. 6f]nL p4fsf nflu
;Nofgsf] sk'sf]6af6 cfh laxfg ;]gfsf] Ps u'Nd pQm :yfgsf nflu klrfng
ulPsf] 5. cfh flt cyjf ef]ln laxfg;Dddf ;}lgs 6f]nL 36gf:yndf k'Ug]
ck]Iff flvPsf] 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf >L % sf] ;sfn] dfgj clwsfjfbLx?;u
k|xL tyf ;]gfsf] ;'Iff p4fsf nflu jftf{ ufpg cfu|x u]sf] 5. pgLx?n]
dfgjLo ;+j]gzLntfnfO{ x]] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug]{ jftf{6f]nLnfO{ >L % sf]
;sfsf tkm{af6 ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf 5g\.

@)%* ;fpg ! ut] ;f]daf

;sfaf6 dnfO{ laxfg * ah] lgd{n lgjf;df af]nfOaS:of]. dfcf]jfbLn]
Onfsf k|xL sfof{no, xf]n]Ldf u]sf] cfqmd0fb]lv ;]gfn] hfL fv]sf] ck];g
;DaGwdf ;a} ljj0f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u],;]gf nIo cg';f ;kmn x'g
g;Sg'sf] d'Vo sf0f fd|f];u of]hgf gagfOg', xtfdf of]hgf agfOg' :yfgLo
;}lgs sdfG8 h\uL c8\8faLr fd|f] ;dGjo gx'g' xf]. ;fy} df};dsf]
k|lts"ntf ;]gf;u x]sf tLg j6} x]lnsK6df uf]nL nfuL bf Aof]sdf ylGsg'
csf]{ dxjk"0f{ sf0f xf]. sfafxLsf nflu klrflnt ;]gfsf] 6's8LnfO{ lkmtf{
af]nfpbf ;]gfsf] Ifdtfk|lt fhgLlts bn ;j{;fwf0fsf] gsffTds k|ltlqmof
cfpg ;Sg] x'bf o;df ;]gfn] ljz]if ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5. o;} ljifonfO{
lnP pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqLsf] fhLgfdf cfPsf] 5. ;]gfn] c;xof]u uof]
eGb} k|wfgdGqL c;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 pxf klg fhLgfdf lbg] dgl:yltdf k'Ug'ePsf]
5. o;} k|;\udf k|wfgdGqLn] sf\u|];sf g]tf tyf k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb

213

214

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

efO{;u jftf{ ug'{ePsf] 5. jftf{df k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gfnfO{ cflwsfls lg0f{o

u] klrfng ulPsf] xf], ;]gfn] df};dsf] k|lts"ntf klrflnt x]lnsK6df
dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nL k|xf u]sfn] ;}lgs sfafxL ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] eg]sf] 5, of]
cj:yfdf sf\u|]; Ps l9Ssf x'g'k5{, clxn] ;a}n] dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kof], l:ylt
;fDo ePkl5 d fhLgfdf lbg tof 5' eGg'eP5. k|To'Qdf efO{n] ca xfdL
b'j} ;Nnfxsf eP a;f}, bf];|f] k':tfnfO{ g]t[Tj x:tfGt0f uf}, ;sfsf] g]t[Tj
klg gof k':tfnfO{ lbcf}F, lsgeg] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj cfPdf d}n] f]Sg ;lSbg
eg] sf]OfnfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh} pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nn] fk|kf g]tf ;"o{axfb'
yfkfnfO{ e]6] xfnsf] cj:yfdf fhgLlts bnx? ldn] hfg'kg]{ k|:tfj fVg'ePsf]
5. pxfn] o;df ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5. oL vax? d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u].

@)%* ;fpg @ ut] d\unaf

k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;]gf klrfngsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] fhLgfdfsf] ;Gbe{df jt{dfg dlGqklifb\nfO{ k'gu{7g
uL cfk\mgf] kf6L{leq ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ k|of;df x'g'x'G5. o;} l;nl;nfdf pxfn]
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] k|:tfj fv]sf]df v'daxfb' v8\sfn] d
af:tf]nfeGbf jli7 x', s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] r'gfjdf ;d]t xf]sf] JolQmnfO{ d :jLsf
ulb{g eg] pQm k|:tfjsf] 7f8} ljf]w ug'{ePsf] 5.
ut c;f @! ut] k|xL lgLIfs ;']Gb| g]kfnn] cfkm}nfO{ uf]nL k|xf uL
cfTdxTof u]sf] va 5. xfn}sf 36gfqmd ljz]if uL xf]n]L sf08nfO{ lnP
k|xL ;\u7gleq Jofks c;Gt'li6 plAhPsf] 5. k|xLn] dfq dfcf]jfbL ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf 5. oxL k|;\udf cfh k|xL k|wfg sfof{nodf ;a}
jli7 k|xL clws[taLr Jofks 5nkmn ePsf] 5.
xf]n]Ldf klrflnt ;]gfn] cfh f]Nkfsf] a"9fufpdf a]; v8f u]sf] 5.
;]gfn] cfjZos ;xfotf k7fPsf] 5. lafdL ;}lgsnfO{ pQm :yfgaf6 cf}iflw
pkrfsf nflu c:ktfn k7fOPsf] 5. cGo j}slNks of]hgf nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf
sfd eOx]sf] 5. ;fy} uf]nL nfu] bfdf u|fpG8]8 x]lnsK6 dd{t uL sf7df8f}
NofOPsf] 5.
anflws[t yL Kofh\u yfkfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] ;sfsf] lgb]{zg lng
bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. ;fy} pxfn] sf\u|];sf ljleGg g]tfn] cfk"mnfO{ e]6\g
rfx]sf] ;d]t hfgsfL lbg'eof].
;sfdf ;sfsf] afx'nL lg;fgfsf nflu k|of]u ulg] 5fk agfpg cfjZos
ePsf] laGtL u]. pQm 5fk ;sfaf6 :jLs[t aS;]sf ljifodf b:tvt ulg]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

7fpdf k|of]u x'g] k|rng 5. ;sfaf6 k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfLnfO{ eg]

t'Gt agfpg nufpg" x's'd eof].
bafdf jg tyf e";+If0f dGqfnosf] dftxtdf x]sf] l;sfL ljefu
sfo{t 5. To;sf] sfd ;sfx? l;sf ug{ hfg] a]nf sfd ug]{ cGo
cj:yfdf bafdf cfjZos kg]{ ltqf, sflnh, d[usf] l;sf uL a'emfpg] xf].
;fy} pQm ljefun] fhkljfsf ;b:osf ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfklt k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjnfO{ lkkf uf]:jffaf6 lbgx' tf]lsPsf] :s]ndf bfpf efL a'emfpg] k|rng
5. OGwgsf nflu Uof;, dlt]n h:tf ljsNk cfO;s]sf] jgh\un tyf
jGohGt'sf] ;+If0f ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] cj:yfdf plNnlvt b'j} k|rngsf] cGTo
x'g' cfjZos 5. o; ljifodf cfh d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
;a}nfO{ clu|d hfgsfL ufP s]xL ;dokl5 nfu" x'g] uL of] k|rng aGb ug"{
x's'd eof].
zfxL g]kfnL h\uL c8\8faf6 k|fKt va cg';f k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf]
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjdf yL leS6Lzdz] haf ;jf eP cfpg] rrf{ rn]sf] 5.
fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 s]xL jli7 ;}lgs clws[tn] of]hgfa4 ?kdf of] rrf{
rnfPsf] a'lemG5.
xf]n]Lsf] ljifonfO{ lnP k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltaLr tgfjsf] cj:yf
5. xf]n]Ldf >L % sf] ;sfn] s'g} klg lg0f{o guL dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf
klrfng ug{ rfx]sf] 5. t ;]gf s]jn ckxlt k|xLsf] p4fsf nflu dfq
klrfng ePsf] xf]. fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq ;]gf klrfng
x'G5 eGg] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] ;'emfj 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{
k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f sfd ug'{kof] ls t fhLgfdf lbg'kof]
x's'd eof].
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] rLgaf6 k|fKt g];gn l8km]G; o'lgel;{6L -Pg8Lo'_ sf];{sf]
l;6df k7fpg ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLsf] gfd k'gM k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] 5. of]
ljifo ;sfdf hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 lbnLknfO{ xfn ljz]if lhDd]jfL lbOPsf]
5, p;sf] ;f j}slNks pDd]bjf ;xfos yL 5qdfgl;+x u'nfO{ Pg8Lo'df
k7fpg" x's'd eof].

@)%* ;fpg $ ut] laxLaf

k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ s]xL dGqLn] ;]gfsf] e"ldsf c;xof]uL ePsf]df
fhLgfdf uL hgtfdf hfg bafj lbPsf 5g\. k|wfgdGqLn] cfh} ckfx\g $ ah]
fhLgfdf lbg] xNnf JofKt 5. pxfn] sf\u|]; kf6L{af6 cfk\mgf] kIfsf tyf gft]bf
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL kbsf nflu cufl8 ;fg'{ePsf] 5. o;df eftsf]
;dy{g tyf ;xof]u x'g] ck]Iff fVg'ePsf] 5.

215

216

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdL;usf] e]6df af:tf]nfn] ;]gf lsg klrfng ePg <
eg] ;f]Wg'ePsf] 5. To; a]nf af:tf]nfn] fhfn] cd]lsL fhb"t;u ;\s6sfn
3f]if0ff guL ;]gf klrfng ug{ gx'g] s'f u]5g\, fhfn] of] s] ug{ vf]h]sf]
xf] < eg]sf] s'f ]UdLn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfn] cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u fhbaf
d;fg3f6df kl0ft eof], ca Toxf xfd|f] s] afsL x\of] , xfdLnfO{ gof fhfn]
kofpb}gg\, d}n] k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ cltyLsf nflu :juL{o
jL]Gb| ;sfdf l;kmfl; ug{ nufPsf] unt eP5, ca gof fhfnfO{ s;L v';L
kfg]{ eg] ;f]lrx]sf] 5' cflb s'f ug'{eP5.
wd{kfn lrkm;fan] k|d'v lghL ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb kf]v]n;usf] e]6df cfufdL
a'waf lbNnL hfg] zlgaf kms{g] atfpg'eP5. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eP5, ;sfaf6
dnfO{ cltyL lgufx eP ;sfsf] kfpsf] glhsaf6 ;]jf ug{ kfpg] lyP. dnfO{
fhb"t x'g] OR5f 5}g. d k|wfg ;]gfklt ePsf] JolQm, fhb"t ePdf kfi6;lrjn]
;d]t xKsfp5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug{' x'b}g.
lrkm;fasf] s'faf6 lghL ;lrj lgs} k|efljt eO{ pxfnfO{ 7"n} lhDd]jfL lbnfpg
hfx] ug]{ ;f]rfOdf x'g'x'bf] x]5. lghL ;lrjn] d;u oL s'f ubf{ d}n] d]f]
hfgsfLdf cfPsf s'fx? ;'gfP. To; a]nf pxf lhNn kg'{eof].
;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf k|wfgdGqL
sf]Ofnfn] fhLgfdf lbg nfu]sf] ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfklt ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{
laxfg} hfgsfL ufPsf] lyP, ;sfdf hfx] eof] xf]nf eGg'eof]. xfn
k|wfgdGqLsf] fhLgfdfkl5 sf\u|];df ljjfb a9] hfg] pxfsf] ljZn]if0f lyof].
;fy} pxfn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf z]axfb' b]pjf g} k|wfgdGqLsf nflu pko'Qm x'g]
wf0ff fVg'eof]. pxfn] xfn;Ddsf] ;z:q k|xL ;DaGwL k|ult ljj0f, xfn;Dd
;]gf eftaf6 k|fKt xftxltof tyf cGo pks0fsf] ljj0f klg lj:t[t ?kdf
hfx] ug'{eof].
;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ xfnsf] fhgLlts l:yltnfO{ uDeLtfsf ;fy x]g"{
s'g} klg h?L ;"rgf ;}lgs ;lrj dfkm{t hfx] ug"{ x's'd eof]. ;fy}
;z:qnfO{ lj:tf ubf{ u'0f:tdf ;d]t Wofg lbg, ljz]if u] tflnddf hf]8
lbg lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;z:q k|xL P]gnfO{ ;s];Dd rf8} kflt ug]{ jftfj0f
tof kfg{ x's'd eof].

@)%* ;fpg % ut] z'qmaf

k|wfgdGqLsf] cfsl:ds fhLgfdfkl5 b]zsf] fhgLltn] cs}{ df]8 lnPsf] 5.
o;n] sf\u|]; kf6L{leq cg]s ;Defjgf hGdfPsf] 5. cfh} laxfg sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] cfsl:ds a}7sn] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rg ufpg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

jf;' l;fn, s]aL u' nId0f l3ld] ;b:o x]sf] lgjf{rg d08n agfPsf] 5
eg] gxl cfrfo{nfO{ ko{j]Ifs tf]s]sf] 5. ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfsf nflu cfufdL
cfOtaf lgjf{rg x'g] cg'dfg ulPsf] 5.
sf\u|];df lulhf kIfn] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfdf ;'zLn sf]OfnfnfO{ pDd]bjf
agfpg] ePsf] 5. pxfnfO{ ax'dt ;f+;bsf] ;dy{g gx'g] ePdf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{
pDd]bjf agfpg] 0fgLlt ag]sf] 5. ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] v'daxfb' v8\sfnfO{
kf6L{sf] dxfdGqL agfP ;'zLnsf nflu ;dy{g h'6fpg vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof]. t
v8\sfn] ;'zLnnfO{ ;dy{g gug]{ atfPkl5 af:tf]nf pDd]bjf x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]
5. lulhf kIfsf ;a} v'daxfb' kIfsf ;f+;bn] ;xof]u u] eg] af:tf]nfn]
lhTg] ;Defjgf 5. v'daxfb' :jo+ eg] clxn]sf] kll:yltdf ;a}n] lglj{f]w
5f]8] dfq cfkm" pDd]bjf x'g] 0fgLltdf x'g'x'G5. ;fy} cfkm" pDd]bjf geP s'g
;d"xnfO{ ;xof]u ubf{ a9L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 eGg] lx;falstfadf x'g'x'G5.
sf\u|];df ljho uR5bf ;d"xn] pkk|wfgdGqL fdrGb| kf}8]nnfO{ fhLgfdf ufpbf
;xof]u ug]{ jrg lbPsf] lyof]. To; cg';f fdrGb|n] pDd]bjfL lbPdf uR5bf
;d"xn] pxfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf 5.
k|d'v ljkIfL bn Pdfn]n] ;'zLn sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL ePdf b]zsf] cj:yf
lulhfsf] kfnfdf eGbf klg vfa x'g] ljZn]if0f u]sf] 5. Pdfn]n] ;'zLn
lgb{oL x7L :jefjsf] JolQm ePsfn] pxfn] k|ltkIf tyf dfcf]jfbL;u l8n ug{
g;Sg] 7DofPsf] 5. To:t}, fdrGb|nfO{ cl:y :jefjsf] g]tfsf ?kdf lnPsf]
5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf fhbaf, ;]gf klZrdL fi6sf] ;xof]u z]axfb'
b]pjfn] h'6fpg ;Sg] x'bf pxf g} efjL k|wfgdGqLsf ?kdf pko'Qm x'g] ljZn]if0f
Pdfn]]n] u]sf] 5. b]pjfnfO{ eftn] ;xof]u gu] klg ljf]w ;d]t ub}{g eGg]
Pdfn]sf] a'emfO 5. ;fy} fli6o d'2fdf b]pjfn] c8fg lng ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] ;f]r
Pdfn]df 5.
fhbaf xTofsf08, xf]n]L 36gf xfnsf] ;+j]bgzLn fhgLlts
kll:yltsf] ;Gbe{df lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf hlt;Sbf] rf8f] k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6\g'k5{
eGg] dxffhflwfhsf] ;f]rfO lyof]. z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ ;lhn} k|efljt kfg{
;lsG5 eGg] df};'kmsf] ;f]rfO x]sf] d a'em\b5'. ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v cGo
dfWod k|of]u uL cfkm"n] ;Sg] ;xof]u u] b]pjfnfO{ sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf]
g]tfdf lhtfpg k|of; ug"{ egL ;sfsf] lgb]{zg 5. o; cg';f d}n] ;a}nfO{
hfgsfL ufP.

@)%* ;fpg ^ ut] zlgaf

sf\u;
|] ;+;bLo bnsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof]. z]axfb' b]pjf ;'zLn sf]Ofnf
;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfsf] nflu pDd]bjf x'gx' G' Yof]. bnsf !!# dtdf !!@ ;b

217

218

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

! dt ab eof]. o;df b]pjfsf] kIfdf &@ sf]Ofnfsf] kIfdf $) dt kL b]pjf

;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfdf lgjf{lrt x'ge' of]. ca pxf k|wfgdGqL x'g] kSsf eof].
sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfdf b]pjf lgjf{lrt ePsf] s'f d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 b]pjf k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 s]xL ;do ;a} ;'Iff lgsfonfO{
k|wfgdGqLsf] lqmofsnfk cWoog ug{ nufpg pko'Qm x'G5, k|wfgdGqLsf] fh;+:yfk|lt
s:tf] b[li6sf]0f xG5 eGg]af] :ki6 ljZn]if0f x'g' cfjZos 5, To;kl5 dfq
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;a} lsl;daf6 ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 x's'd eof].
s[i0fk|;fb efO{ k|wfgdGqL x'bf z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf]
k|of; uL zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ lhDd]jfL lbOPsf] lyof]. b]pjfn] ;+;bLo bnsf]
g]tf lgjf{lrt x'g'cufl8 sf\u|];sf k'fgf g]tf b'uf{ ;'j]bLnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u
;Dks{ ug{ nufpg'ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL;u w]} cufl8 ;Dks{ :yflkt eO{ jftf{
x'g ;Sg] l:ylt ;d]t ag]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. To;}n] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'gf;fy
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ uL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg yfNg] b]pjfsf] 0fgLlt x]sf] 5.
o;}aLr, dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? 8f= afa'fd efO{, b]j u' jLGb| >]i7;u b'uf{
;'j]bLsf] s'fsfgL ePsf] ;d]t a'lemPsf] 5.
o;} qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tTsfn :ylut
ug'{kg]{ tL sfo{qmd;u ;DalGwt ;'Iff lgodx? tTsfn vf]h ug'{kg]{ dfu
cl3 ;f]sf] 5. ;j{kIfLo ;Dd]ng dfkm{t gof ;+ljwfg agfpg], cGtld ;sf
u7g ug]{ xfnnfO{ u0ftGqsf] dfu :ylut fVg ;lsg] egL dfcf]jfbLaf6 k|:tfj
ulPsf] s'f ;'j]bLn] b]pjfnfO{ cjut ufPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5. ;fy}, dfcf]jfbL
kIfn] ;a} aGbL lxfO ug'{kg]{, a]kQfx?sf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Ifltk"lt{
lbg'kg]{ ;d]t dfu fv]sf] a'lemG5.
dfcf]jfbLn] h]7 !( sf] 36gfnfO{ fhgLlts if8\oGqsf ?kdf Jofks k|rf
k|;f uL hgdfg;df k'ofpg] ePsf] 5. ;fy} jftf{ k|;\unfO{ cufl8 a9fO{
o;}aLr cfk\mgf] ;}Go zlQm lj:tf ug]{, n8fs' b:tfnfO{ ljz]if tflnd lbg], cfly{s
;|f]t a9fpg] k|rfk|;f tLj| kfg]{ lg0f{o u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdLn] kmf]g uL sfdrnfp k|wfgdGqL
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf kbaf6 x6]kl5 klg pxfsf nflu ;}lgs ;'Iff k|aGw
ullbg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. of] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ kmf]gaf6 hfgsfL
ufpg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ cfjZos
;'Iff Joj:yf ulg'kg]{ atfpg'eof]. d}n] g]kfn k|xL;u ;dGjo u] ;'Iff lbg
pko'Qm x'g] wf0ff fv].
ca aGg] dlGqklifb\df v'daxfb' v8\sfn] cfkm"nfO{ u[x dGqfno
cfk\mgf ;xof]uL ;f+;bnfO{ dxjk"0f{ dGqfnosf] lhDd]jfL lbnfpg bafj lbPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] eg] cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofo, k|sfz sf]Ofnf,

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dx]z cfrfo{sf ;fy} cGo Ps hgfsf] gfd l;kmfl; ug'{ePsf] 5. s[i0fk|;fb

efO{n] rflx v'daxfb' v8\sfsf] ;f lr~hLjL jfUn]nfO{ u[xdGqLdf l;kmfl;
ug'{ePsf] 5.

@)%* ;fpg * ut] ;f]daf

dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 g]kfnL sf\u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjnfO{
k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm ul/a;S]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL cft\s lx+;fsf] ;Gbe{nfO{
lnP zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf rfj6} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vsf] a}7s a:of]. k|xL
dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] pQm a}7saf] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof], a}7sdf
k|HjNn lrkm;fa lgs} nlrnf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g'eof]. k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf ;lrj
s]zjfh fhe08fLnfO{ u[x;lrj agfpg pko'Qm x'G5. lsgeg] pxfsf] v'daxfb'
v8\sf;u JolQmut ;DaGw fd|f] 5. gof ;sf u7g;u} 3f]if0ff u]sf] o'4
ljfdkl5 dfcf]jfbLsf] s'g} cft\ssfL ultljlw b]lvPsf] 5}g. ;a} kIf ldn]
uPdf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5. ;fy} pxfn] z]axfb'
b]pjf klxnf] k6s k|wfgdGqL x'bf cfh' dfkm{t cfO{hLkL v]n;u ljleGg lsl;dsf]
;]jf;'ljwf dfu ulPsf] lyof]. o; kfln d}n] slt b'Mv kfpg'kg]{ xf] eg] u'gf;f]
;d]t kf]Vg'eof].
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6 ;}lgs ltgsf
kljfsf nflu kz'klt, cfo{3f6df lqmofk'qL ejg agfpg] tyf u'x\o]ZjL kl;df
j[4f>d agfpg] k|:tfj Nofpg'ePsf] 5. of] ljifo ;sfdf hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6
;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 To;L ;Lw} sd vr{ ug{ fd|f] x'b}g, To;}n] sf]if
;~rfng ;DaGwdf cNksfnLg bL3{sfnLg of]hgfaf] ;'emfj lbg k"j{ k|wfg
;]gfklt k"j{hg]{n ;lxt jli7 ;}lgs clws[t ;lDdlnt Pp6f sld6L agfpbf
s:tf] xf]nf < eg] dnfO{ ;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] ;ldlt agfP ;'emfj lnbf Psbd}
fd|f] kfbzL{ x'G5, o:tf] ;ldlt dfkm{t cfjZos k]sf a]nf ;sfaf6 ;'emfj
lnOaS;] ;sffTds x'G5 eg] laGtL r9fP. ;fy} ;ldltsf nflu cfjZos
u[xsfo{ ug{ ;sfaf6 x's'd aS:of]. of] s'f d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjut
ufP. pxfn] o;af]df vf;} rf;f] b]vfpg'ePg. a pxfn] ;ldlt agfpbf
cgfjZos emd]nf x'g ;S5, k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf c;
kg{ ;S5 eGg'eof].
;sfaf6 5fpgLl:yt ;}lgs c:ktfnnfO{ >L % jL]Gb| c:ktfn gfds0f
ug{ nufpg x's'd eof].

@)%* ;fpg ( ut] d\unaf

lxhf] flt k"j{;f+;b bLks'df pkfWofosf] lqk']Zjl:yt 3df k|wfgdGqL

219

220

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

b]pjf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08aLr uf]Ko e]63f6 ePsf] va 5. 5nkmndf

dfcf]jfbL;u k|wfgdGqLsf ;Dks{JolQm b'uf{ ;'j]bL sf\u|]; g]tf k|bLk luL
;d]t ;xefuL lyP. k|r08nfO{ eftsf] cof]Wofaf6 uf]vk', e}xjf x'b} sf7df8f}
NofPsf] eGg] a'lemPsf] 5. e]63f6df dfcf]jfbLsf dfuaf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof].

@)%* ;fpg !% ut] ;f]daf

lgjt{dfg IffdGqL dx]z cfrfo{sf] sfo{sfndf ut ;ftf Iff dGqfnon]
;"rgf k|sflzt uL ;]gf ;DaGwL P]gsfg'gnfO{ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;Ddt agfpg
kfdz{bftf dfu u]sf] 5. o;} ljifonfO{ lnP d}n] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf sfg'g
ljefusf s0f]n
{ aLPs'df zdf{nfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu af]nfPsf] lyP. 5nkmndf xfdLn]
lgsfn]sf] lgisif{ lyof], fli6o ;]gf h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn lgsfo fli6o ;'Iff h:tf]
uxg ljifo;u ;DalGwt P]gsfg'gsf af]df Iff dGqfnon] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf dfkm{t
kfdz{bftf lgo'lQmsf nflu lj1fkg ug'{ cfklQhgs s'f xf]. ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos
kg]{ P]g, lgod, sfg'g >L % sf] ;sfn] cfkm} agfpg'kg]{ xf]. cfjZos k] g]kfn
sfg'g ;'wf cfof]u of dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] ;d]t o; sfo{df ;xof]u ug{
;S5. olt s'f Iff dGqfnonfO{ yfxf gePsf] xf]Og. To;}n] of] lj1fkg ;]gfnfO{
lgT;flxt agfpg] ;'lgof]lht of]hgf cg'?k k|sflzt ePsf] x'g ;S5.
bafaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cfh} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6] Iff dGqfnon]
lgsfn]sf] ;"rgf tTsfn 2 ug{ ;'emfj lbg" eg] lgb]{zg uof]. To; cg';f
cfh} k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] e]6 eof]. e]6df Psb'O{ lbgd} pQm ;"rgf
2 x'g] s'f to ePsf] 5. ;fy} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] f]Nkf g'jfufpdf
x]sf] ;}lgs 6f]nLnfO{ f]Nkfs} cGo :yfgdf cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgfdf
sfo{ ug{ nufpg plrt x'g] fo lbg'eof]. To; qmddf k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbLn]
hfL u]sf] o'4ljfdnfO{ ;]gfn] ;sffTds ?kdf lng'k5{, zflGtjftf{sf] k|of;df
klg ;]gfsf] ;xof]u xf];\ eg] lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
clwfhs'dfL k|]IffnfO{ e]6\g lxhf] k|wfgdGqL b]pjf >LdtL 8f= cfh' ;lxt
hLjgs'~h, dxffhuGh uPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
lxhf] a]n'sL k|xLsf] afSnf] pkl:yltdf dfcf]jfbLsf e|ft[ ;\u7gn] sf7df8f}sf]
OGb|rf]sdf cfd;ef u]. o:t} cfd;ef x]6f}8f, lrtjg cGo :yfgdf klg u]sf
5g\. cfd;efsf jQmfn] lgs6 eljiodf x'g] zflGtjftf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] dxj
lbg] jftf{ layf]lnPdf kl0ffd gfd|f] x'g] eg]sf 5g\. ltgn] d'n'sdf u0ftGq
cfO;s]sf] eGb} fhtGqsf lj4 hyfefjL af]n]. dfcf]jfbLsf] Aofg eg] sxLsf]
cfd;efdf klg b]lvPg.
o;}aLr, dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? eftLo kbflwsfL;u lbNnLdf jftf{ u] sf7df8f}
cfPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] lbNnLdf cab]lv eftljf]wL ljrf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|s6 gug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u]sf 5g\. To:t} capk|fGt eftLo lj:tfjfb h:tf
gsffTds zAb ;d]t k|of]u gug],{ a fhtGqnfO{ cfqmd0fsf] k|dv
' lg;fgf agfpg]
egL eftLo kbflwsfLnfO{ pgLx?n] jrg lbPsf 5g\. t dfcf]jfbL eftLo
kIfsf ljleGg ;'emfjdf slGeG; x'g g;s]sf] tyf cfjZos k] lrlgof sf8{ klg
v]Ngaf] ljrf ulx]sf] ;"rgf ;d]t eftLo kIfaf6 ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ sfo{stf{, ldlnl;of tyf ;}Go b:tf uL emG8} @) xhf
JolQmnfO{ kfNg lgs} cfly{s cefj klx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
ljleGg v]dfsf fhgLlts ljZn]ifssf cg';f u0ftGqjfbL k|hftGqjfbL
zlQm ldn]df fh;+:yfnfO{ c;lhnf] kg{ ;S5. To;}n] ;a} kf6L{sf u0ftGqjfbL
g]tf klxrfg uL pgLx?nfO{ k|hftGqjfbL tyf fhtGqjfbL;u ldNg glbg]
ldn]df lgliqmo kfg]{ 0fgLlt agfpg'kg]{ ;'emfj cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] b]zsf]
k|ult, hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt rfx]sf x'g\ eg] ljWj+;sf] af6f] Tofu] ;xL af6f]df cufl8
a9\g'k5{. ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ fli6o Pstfsf nflu fh;+:yfsf] dxj a'emfpg ;d]t
;f]rljrf x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] 5.
;"rgf cg';f dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;\u7g clvn -qmflGtsfL_ n] cfpbf]
c;f]hdf fli6o dxflwj]zg ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5. o; qmddf ljleGg lhNnfsf
k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL;u cfd;ef ug{ To; qmddf gffh'n'; ug{ ;d]t :jLs[lt
dfu u]sf] 5. k|d'v lhNnf clwsfLx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kllwleq x] cfd;ef
cfof]hgf ug{ gff nufpg :jLs[lt lbg], cGoyf sfg'gL sfafxL ug]{ lgb]{zg
uPsf] 5. To:t} pQm ljBfyL{ ;\u7gn] lhNnfl:yt k|xL k|d'vnfO{ ;d]t kmf]g
u] ;xof]u dflux]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLsf hgjuL{o ;\u7gn]
b]zsf ljleGg efudf v'nf hg;ef uL fh;+:yfsf] ljf]wdf gff nufpg'sf ;fy}
fhtGqljf]wL efif0f ulx]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
cy{;lrjn] ;'Iff lgsfosf] ah]6af] Hofb} gsffTds ;f]rfO agfPsf]
u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5. o;af] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n]
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cjut ufpg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] ah]6 a9fpg'kg]{ ;'Iff lgsfosf]
dfuk|lt ;sffTds k|ltlqmof lbg'eof]. k|wfgdGqL dfcf]jfbL;u x'g] zflGtjftf{k|lt
lgs} pT;fxL b]lvg'ePsf] 5, t u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf Tolt w]} cfzfjfbL
x'g'x'Gg eg] b]jLfdn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof].
;sfaf6 d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ >Ln\sfdf ;sf Pn6L6LO{aLrsf] jftf{sf
qmddf ;sfL kIfaf6 kof{Kt uNtL ePsf] 5, dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ubf{ To:t} uNtL
g]kfndf bf]xf]lg' x'b}g eg] ;DemfPsf] 5', ltdLn] klg o;af] ;'Iff c\usf
k|d'vx?nfO{ hfgsfL ufpm egL dnfO{ x's'd eof]. ;fy} g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfaf]
;j{;fwf0fdf r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;d;fdlos n]v tyf rgf k|sflzt ug{
n]vsx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug"{ eg] lgb]{zg aS:of].

221

222

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* ;fpg !* ut] laxLaf

lxhf]sf] hfx]Ldf d}n] laGtL u], ;sf, d'ns
' df clxn] zflGtsf] k|of; eOx]sf]
5. o; cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg ;Ldf If]qaf6 xftxltof lj:kmf]6s kbfy{
leofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5. To;}n] ;Ldf If]qdf ljz]if ?kdf lgufgL ug'k{ g]{ x'G5.
xfn zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] fh:j u:tL ulx]sfn] o;}df ;}lgs yk uL klrfng
ubf{ b'j} p2]Zo k"f x'g5
] . ;fy} ;z:q k|xL annfO{ klg ;Ldf If]qdf klrfng
ubf{ plrt x'G5. o; ljifodf ;sfaf6 ;Ldf ;'Iff s;sf] lhDd]jfL xf] < egL
lh1f;f flvaS:of]. d}n] laGtL u], ;Ldf If]qdf s'g} klg ;'Iff c\unfO{ klrfng
ulPsf] 5}g. g]kfn k|xLaf6 ;fdfGo cWofudgsf] sfd dfq x'g] u]sf] 5. To;}n]
s]xL ;dosf nflu fh:j u:tLdf klrflnt ;]gfnfO{ g} pQm lhDd]jfL lbg ;lsG5.
t To;L klrflnt ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lnP klg gsffTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL cfpg
yfln;s]sfn] o;df ljrf x'gk' 5{. cy{ dGqfnon] fh:j u:tLdf ;]gfsf] ;xof]u
Ps jif{sf nflu dfq dfu u]sf] lyof]. Tof] cjlw k"f eO;s]sf] 5. ;sfaf6
o; ljifodf k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ulaS;bf pko'Qm x'G5.
hfx]Lsf qmddf d}n] eg], s]xL ;docufl8b]lv ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if
lrlgof a}\ssf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf g]kfndf Ps sdl;{on a}\s vf]Ng] s'f eOx]sf]
5. o; ljifodf ljleGg r0fdf 5nkmn eO{ :jLs[ltsf nflu g]kfn fi6 a}\sdf
k|:tfj ;d]t k]; ul;lsPsf] xf]. t ljleGg If]qaf6 ;]gfn] a}\s vf]Ng' x'b}g
eg] ljf]w eOx]sf] 5. pQm a}\sdf nufgL ;]gfsf] geP sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf]
ePsf] s'f ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ a'emfpg'k5{. k|:tfljt a}\s vf]Ng :jLs[ltsf
nflu ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL;u ;Nnfx ug{ plrt x'G5. o; ljifodf k|wfg
;]gfkltn] klg k|wfgdGqL;u 5nkmn ul;Sg'ePsf] 5.
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv g} ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ ljz]if lhDd]jfL
lbOPsf] 5. vf; uL dfcf]jfbL;u l8n ug]{ sfd. o;} qmddf s]xL ;docufl8
lbnLk h;f{an] dfcf]jfbLn] dxffhflwfh;u kq dfkm{t ;+jfb ug{ rfx]sf]
atfpg'ePsf] lyof]. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] ubf{ ltdLn] kqfrf u] x'G5
x's'd eof]. To; cg';f lbnLk h;f{an] ;sfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ulPsf] dfcf]jfbLsf]
kq k|fKt ug'{x'GYof]. To;sf] k|To'Q agfP d}n] pxf dfkm{t g} k7fpg] u]sf]
lyP. of] qmd tLgrf k6s hfL x\of]. lbnLk h;f{an] of] s'f h;f{a d]f]
aLrdf dfq ;Lldt xf];\ eg] cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. of] ;sf, lbnLk h;f{a
dnfO{ dfq hfgsfL ePsf] ljifo xf]. o;af]df k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;d]t s'g}
hfgsfL lbOPsf] 5}g.

@)%* ;fpg @@ ut] ;f]daf

lxhf] w"lnv]n gukflnsfsf d]o a]nk|;fb >]i7 sf7df8f} ljZjljBfnosf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

pks'nklt 8f= ;']zfh zdf{;u d]f] e]6 eof]. pxfx?n] b]zsf] kll:yltk|lt
lrGtf JoQm ub}{ clxn]sf] fhgLlts dfxf]n Hofb} tn ePsf] atfpg'eof].
s'g} klg ;dodf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] fhgLlts b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] l:ylt x]sf]
pxfx?sf] ljZn]if0f lyof]. pxfx?n] fhf jL]Gb|;u cfk"mx?sf] fd|f] ;DaGw ePsf]
a]nfa]nfdf bz{ge]6 aS;L lgb]{zg ;d]t aS; x'g] u]sf] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. ;fy}
jt{dfg dxffhflwfh;u ca s:tf] ;DaGw x'g] xf] < egL lh1f;f fVg'eof].
pxfx?n] eGg'eof], sf7df8f} ljZjljBfnon] d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf uL To;sf]
gfd >L % jL]Gb| d]l8sn sn]h fVg] of]hgf lyof]. s'g} ?kaf6 jL]Gb| ;}lgs
c:ktfn;u o;sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] o;df ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 klg
nufgL ug]{ ljifo jL]Gb| ;sfdf hfx] ePsf] lyof]. ca of] ljifo s] x'g] xf] eGg]
lrGtf pxfx?sf] lyof]. s'fsfgLsf qmddf jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 ;d'b\3f6g ulaS;]sf]
w"lnv]nsf] vfg]kfgL of]hgf b]zed} gd'gfsf] ?kdf x]sf] :d0f ufpb} b'j} hgfn]
eGg'eof], h;f{an] xfdL b'j}nfO{ ;sfsf] cg's"n ;dodf bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg'kof].
xfd|f s'f ToxL a]nf ;sfdf hfx] u5f}{+. d}n] pxfx?n] p7fPsf ;a} ljifo
k"j{jt\ ?kd} cl3 a9\g] cfZjf;g lbnfP. ;fy} oL ljifo ;sfdf hfx] uL
tkfO{+x?nfO{ va u5'{ eg].
xfn dfcf]jfbLn] o'4ljfd u]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} ;'Iff lgsfon] tflnddf
ljz]if hf]8 lbg'k5{. oxL a]nf nlhl:6S; :yfgLo txdf k'ofpg cfjZos 5.
oxL df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fO{ ;]gfn] ljz]if u] u'Ktr ;]jf lj:tf uL k|efjsfL
agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 egL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
b]zfGt ;fKtflxsdf lxhf] cjsfzk|fKt yL s[i0fgffo0fl;+x yfkfsf] n]v
k|sflzt ePsf] 5. n]vdf ;]gf lgjf{lrt ;sfsf] cwLgdf x'g'k5{ eGg] wf0ff
5. ;fy} pxfn] ;]gfsf s]xL sdLsdhf]L ;d]t cf}Nofpg'ePsf] 5. o;} n]vnfO{
lnP k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] pxfnfO{ kmf]g u] tyfgfd ufnL
ug'{eP5. ;]gfn] cfof]hgf ug]{ s'g} klg ;dff]xdf yL yfkfnfO{ lgDtf gug"{
eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] sfo{yL ljefunfO{ lgb]{zg ;d]t lbg'ePsf] 5. of] s'f yL
yfkfn] dnfO{ kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpb} ;sfdf hfx] ullbg cg'f]w ug'{eof].
;fy} pxfn] k|xL dxflgLIfs w|'jaxfb' k|wfg, PcfO{hL fdsfhL afGtjf dnfO{
tTsfnLg ;sfx?n] alnsf] af]sf] agfPsf]af] h;f{anfO{ yfxf g} 5 eGg'eof].
of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sf xfl;aS:of] dfq.
>L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g] zflGtjftf{nfO{ lnP lxhf] 8f= afa'fd
efO{n] Pp6f klqsfdf n]v]sf] n]vsf ;DaGwdf l6Kk0fL ub}{ s]xL ljZn]ifsn]
n]vsf] ;f ldnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ vf]Hg' dfq xf] eg]sf 5g\.
jt{dfg cj:yfdf dxffhflwfhaf6 fHosf dxjk"0f{ kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{
tyf sfo{qmd of]hgf agfpbf hghfltnfO{ ljz]if dxj lbg'k5{. uf]]axfb'

223

224

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

vkf\uL, ads'dfL a'9f, s[i0f erg, gffo0fl;+x k'g h:tf JolQmnfO{ ;fy lnP
hghfltx?df fh;+:yfk|lt ;sffTds k|efj kg{ hfG5 eg] dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg]
hghflt a'l4hLjLn] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.
k"j{k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] clxn]sf] ljsl;t fhgLlts 36gfqmdaf]
cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u s'f ubf{ eGg'ePsf] 5, dnfO{ ;]gfn] ;fy lbPg. b]pjfn]
k"j{ ;}lgs ;lrj zfGts'df dNn dfkm{t ;]gfaf6 dnfO{ c;xof]u ufpg e"ldsf
v]n]. dnfO{ of] s'f bafsf] tffaxfb' yfkfsf] dfG5]n] eg]sf] xf]. b]pjf, cfh'
zfGt dNnaLrdf s] gftf 5 < d t cndNn k]sf] 5'. fhfn] ca ;+ljwfgdf
;+zf]wg ug{ ;S5g\. o:t} xf] eg] fh;+:yfaf] hgdt ;\u|x x'g'k5{. ;]gfdf
klg hgdt ;\u|x kIfw 5g\.
dfcf]jfbLsf ;dy{s eftLo kqsf cfgGb:j?k adf{sf] g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL
ljb|f]xsf] lrq0f ulPsf] 8f]Nkf ;] f]Nkf ts gfds k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] 5.
k':ts n]Vg'cl3 adf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf 3'dfP5g\. o;L adf{n]
nfdf] ;do dfcf]jfbL;u x] g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0f ubf{ ;d]t xfd|f ;'Iff
lgsfon] o;af] s'g} hfgsfL gkfPsf] b]lvG5. o;n] xfd|f] u'Ktr k|0ffnLsf]
jf:tljs cj:yf b]vfp5.

@)%* ;fpg @$ ut] a'waf

;+;b\sf b'j} ;bgaf6 lxhf] ;z:q k|xL ljw]os kflt eof]. ljkIfL bnsf
;f+;bn] of] ljw]os hgbdg ug{ NofPsf] egL ljf]w u]. dtbfg x'bf ;b\efjgf
kf6L{ afx]s ;a} ljkIfL bnn] ;bg alx:sf u]. sf\u|];sf] ax'dt ePsf sf0f
ljw]os kf; eof].
dfcf]jfbLlgs6 ;|f]tsf cg';f, dfcf]jfbLn] fh;+:yfsf lj4 lbg] cleJolQm
0fgLlts s'f dfq xf]. of] qmd s]xL ;do lgGt rNg ;S5. dfcf]jfbLdf :ki6
b'O{ wf 5. To;}n] ld sDkf];fnfO{ v';L kfg{ dfq dfcf]jfbLn] fh;+:yfljf]wL
gff nufPsf] xf]. dfcf]jfbLn] c;f]hsflQslt sf7df8f}df 7"nf] cfd;ef ug]{
ePsf] 5. o;sf nflu fhgLlts ultljlw a9fpb} n}hfg] p;sf] of]hgf 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] ;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ cfk\mgf] sf] u|'k
df fv] lgGt ;Nnfx lbg" eGg'ePsf] x]5. To;}n] ;sfaf6 k'gnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;] ;'Iff cjwf0ff cGo fhgLlts ljifodf lgb]{zg aS;g plrt
x'g] eg] d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k'gnfO{ e]6\g ;do ldnfpg fli6o
;efsf] pkfWoIfsf] r'gfjsf ;DaGwdf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g;u ;dGjo
ug{ x's'd eof].
sflGtk' b}lgssf ;Dkfbs o'jfh l3ld] dnfO{ e]6\g lxhf] 3df cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxfn] clxn]sf] klj]zdf ljz]if u] eftn] g]kfndf v]lnx]sf] e"ldsfaf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lj:tfk"j{s rrf{ ug'{eof]. pxfn] klg ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf] rfxgf fVg'ePsf]

5. ;~rf dfWod kqsf;u bafsf tkm{af6 ;+jfb ;lrjfnon] ;DaGw fVg]
u5{. t ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08]sf] sflGtk'sf ;Dkfbs l3ld];u fd|f]
;DaGw gePsf sf0f pxfn] d dfkm{t ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] x]5.
g]]dlskfsf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5]n] cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
:jefj s8f x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5, fhfn] ;lqmotf b]vfpnfg\ h:tf] 5, o;af] xfdL
;ts{ x'g'k5{ eGg] u]sf] va 5.
zfxL h\uL c8\8fn] a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{sf] lgwgkl5 lQm ;}lgs clws[t
>LdtL ;\3sf] ;+Ifsdf a8fdxffgL sf]dnnfO{ fVg k|:tfj k7fPsf] 5. o;af]
;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;g'kg]{ egL d}n] hfx] u]. >LdtL ;\3sf kbflwsfLn]
a8fdxffgL ;sfdf ;\3sf] kf];fs Aofh r9fpg] k|rng 5. To;sf nflu
;d]t ;do aS;g'kg]{ x'G5. ;]gfsf] k|:tfjdf ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of]. lghL
;lrj;u s'f u] ;do sfo{qmd to u] x'G5 x's'd eof].
fli6o ;efsf] pkfWoIf kbsf nflu cfh ;DkGg lgjf{rgdf Pdfn]sf
pDd]bjf fdk|Lt kf;jfg #! dt k|fKt uL ljhoL x'g'eof]. sf\u|];sf
pDd]bjfn] @^ dt k|fKt u]. fli6o ;efdf ;sfaf6 dgf]gLt ;a} ;f+;bnfO{
Pdfn]sf pDd]bjfsf] kIfdf dtbfg ug{ bafaf6 lgb]{zg uPsf] lyof]. t
;sfaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b bLKtk|sfz zfxn] dtbfgdf efu lng'ePg. d}n]
cfh} laxfg 6]lnkmf]gdf bafsf] nfOgaf] pxfnfO{ hfgsfL ufO{ Pdfn]sf]
pDd]bjfnfO{ dtbfg ug{ cfu|x u]sf] lyP. lgjf{rgsf] kl0ffdkl5 d}n] pxfnfO{
k'gM kmf]g u] lsg dtbfgdf efu glnPsf] < eg]. pxfn] Pdfn]sf] pDd]bjfn]
;lhn} lhTg] cj:yf lyof], d]f] ef]6n] s'g} c; kg]{ lyPg, sDo'lg:6nfO{ ef]6
xfNg d]f] dgn] dfg]g eGg'eof]. k|To'Qdf d}n] tkfO{+ r'gfj lht] ;f;b ag]sf]
xf]Og, tkfO{+sf] cf:yf h] eP klg tkfO{+ dgf]gLt xf], To;}n] dgf]gLt ug]{ ;+:yfn]
eg]sf] s'fnfO{ ljrf ug'{kb{Yof], olb tkfO{+ cfk\mgf] :jtGq ljrf cg';f lx8\g]
xf] eg] fhLgfdf u] a]; x'G5 eg].
o;cl3 klg pxf rLg cWoog s]Gb|sf] e|d0f bn;u ldl;P rLg e|d0fdf
hfg nfUg'ePsf] lyof]. ToxL ;Gbe{df d}n] pxfnfO{ of] e|d0f tkfO{+ ;f+;bdf
dgf]gLt x'g'cufl8 to ePsf] xf], clxn] ;f+;b eO;s]kl5 pQm e|d0f 6f]nLsf]
;b:osf ?kdf hfg pko'Qm x'b}g eg] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyP. Tolt a]nf klg pxfn]
d]f] ;'emfj dfGg'ePsf] lyPg.

@)%* ;fpg @( ut] ;f]daf

ut z'qmaf, @^ ut], k|wfg ;]gfklt pxfsL >LdtL l;Gw' f0ff ;lxt l8gsf
nflu k|wfgdGqL lgjf; hfg'ePsf] x]5. o;af] pxfn] dnfO{ s'g} hfgsfL

225

226

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lbg'ePg, g ;sfnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fwf0ftof k|wfg ;]gfkltn]

k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6\bf ;sfdf hfx] ug]{ k|rng 5.
d"Nof\sg dfl;sdf xfn} k|sflzt kb\dTg t'nfw, nLnfdl0f kf]v]n
Zofd >]i7sf n]v Hofb} fh;+:yfljf]wL 5g\. ltgdf dfcf]jfbLsf] kof{Kt ;dy{g
;d]t b]lvPsf] x'bf :yfgLo k|zf;gn] pxfx?;u ;f]wk'5 ug]{ ls eg] ;'emfj
cfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt ef]ln wgs'6fsf] lxn] hfg] sfo{qmd 5. Toxf
k|wfgdGqLn] lxn]ef]hk' ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lznfGof; ug]{ sfo{qmd 5.
k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f sflGtk'sf ;Dkfbs o'jfh l3ld]n] cfh
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'eof]. cfh} ;sfaf6 k"j{P8L;L ;'Gbk|tfk fgfnfO{
;d]t bz{g aS:of].
;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ;]gfff vlb ug{ nfluPsf] xltof
x]lnsK6 ;DaGwL kmfOn dfu u]sf] 5.
s]xL lbgcufl8 ;sfaf6 OhfonL fhb"t ceL lgnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf]
lyof]. ;f] cj;df df};'kmaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ePdf OG6]lnh]G;
Uofbl ;DaGwL pks0f ;xof]u ug{ fhb"tnfO{ cg'f]w ulaS;]sf] x]5.
fhb"t lgn] To:tf cfjZos pks0f Ohfonn] cfk;L 5nkmnff pknAw
ufpg ;Sg] atfpg'ePsf] 5. ;sfaf6 of] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ va ullbg"
x's'd eof]. ;f] cj;df d}n] ;sfdf k"j{k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;bf fd|f] x'g] eg] laGtL u]. ;sfaf6 of] s'f kz'kltnfO{ elgb]pm
x's'd eof]. d}n] ;sfaf6 ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ jls{ l8g aS;L
xfnsf] kll:yltaf] ljrfljdz{ ulaS;bf pko'Qm x'G5 eg] ;d]t hfx] u].
;sfaf6 csf]{ ;ftfsf nflu ldnfpg" x's'd eof].

@)%* ;fpg #! ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbLn] >L % sf] ;sf jftf{k|lt uDeL gb]lvPsf] cff]k nufPsf] 5.
p;n] fhf;u dfq jftf{ ug]{ eg] 3f]if0ff ug]{ ;Defjgf 5. >L % sf] ;sfn]
y'gfdf x]sf tyf a]kQf kflPsf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs uL
lagf;t{ jftf{sf] 6]andf cfpg'kg]{ klg dfcf]jfbLsf] dfu 5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn]
cfk\mgf tkm{af6 jftf{6f]nL u7g ul;s]sf] eP klg jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:osf] gfd
;fj{hlgs u]sf] 5}g. dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] v'daxfb'lulhf k|j[ltn] k|xL nufP
lsnf] ;]f6' sf gfddf bdg u] h:t} b]pjf ;sfn] ;]gf nufP k'gM bdgsf]
gLlt lnPsf] eGg] u]sf] ;d]t a'lemG5.
;]gfn] k'fgf -PlG6s_ xltof a]r]sf] sdaf6 gof xltof lng]af] klxn]
g} lg0f{o eO;s]sf] xf]. d}n] ;DefyL pkyL s'df km'bf];u s'f uL xltof

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

a]r]sf] sd slt x'G5, fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ dfkm{t k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg"
eg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] lyP. o;} k|;\udf cfh k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ kmf]gdf
;DefyL;u lsg s'f u]sf], ;DefyL t d]f] ;DefyL xf], tkfO{+n] s'g} s'f
ug'{ 5 eg] d;u s'f ug"{=== eg] ems]{ kmf]g flvlbg'eof].

@)%* ;fpg #@ ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbLn] cfh k|]; jQmJo dfkm{t jftf{6f]nLsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs u]sf] 5.
6f]nLdf s[i0faxfb' dxf, 6f]kaxfb' fodfemL clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f 5g\. >L %
sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g nfu]sf] jftf{df bafsf] s'g} klg ;+nUgtf 5}g.
of] ;a} >L % sf] ;sfsf] gLlt cg';f g} to ePsf] xf]. o; ;DaGwdf ;a}
:ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfh ;+;b\df ljz]if ;dodf s]xL ljz]if sfo{qmd
3f]if0ff ug]{ elgPsf] 5.
hfx]Lsf qmddf cfh ;sfaf6 s]xL uDeL lgb]{zgx? aS:of]. ;sfaf6
x's'd eof], g]kfndf On]S6f]n 8]df]qm];L c;kmn eO;s]sf] 5. of] Joj:yf
g]kfnsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g klg. g]kfnL hgtfn] cGo s'g} ljsNk vf]h]sf 5g\.
Pp6f ljsNk lnan sfOG8 ckm 8]df]qm];L klg x'g ;S5. t o;df fh;+:yfsf]
e"ldsf s] x'g ;S5 eGg]af] k|:6 x'g'k5{. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf hgtfsf] clwstd
;xof]u lng] fh;+:yfsf] 0fgLlt x'g'k5{. t Tof] ;xof]u s;L lng] < ltdLx?n]
o;af] ljrf k'ofpg". To:t} ;sfaf6 k'fgf] hfra'em s]Gb|sf kmfOnx?
cjnf]sg ug"{ To; a]nf Toxf sfd u]sf dflg;x? pQm sfof{non] tof
kf]sf ljleGg JolQmx?sf] ljj0f Nofpg" egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. o;} cj;df
;sfaf6 x's'd aS:of], s]xL fhgLlts g]tf tyf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf lj4 sf]e6{
ck];g uL s'g} sfafxL ug]{ of]hgf tof kfg{ nufpg'k5{. dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{
;kmn ePg eg] klg hgtfsf] rfxgf t zflGt g} xf]. o;df ;]gfn] s;L ;xof]u
ug{ ;S5 s] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 < clxn]b]lv g} o;af] ljrf k'ofP
of]hgf agfpg'k5{. xfQLsf] b]vfpg] rkfpg] bft kmskms h:t} bafn] klg
cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{hlgs tjdf cToGt} k|hftflGqs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug'{k5{. t
xfd|f 0fgLlt leqleq} uf]Ko ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg'k5{. ;fy} bafaf6 x'g]
sfo{sf cNksfnLg bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{ ltgnfO{ lnlka4 uL fVg ;d]t
lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%* ebf} ! ut] z'qmaf

eftsf] l;lnu'8Ldf sf7df8f}af6 uPsf ljleGg sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf g]tf
dfcf]jfbL g]tfaLr uf]Ko jftf{ ePsf] 5. jftf{df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn,

227

228

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfn] dxf;lrj jfdb]j uf}td, d;fnsf g]tf lrqaxfb' s];L, ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{
g]kfnsf nLnfdl0f kf]v]n g]dlskfsf gffo0fdfg lah'S5] -f]lxt_ ;xefuL
lyP. 5nkmndf ;a} g]tf u0ftGqdf hfg] kIfdf ;xdt ePsf 5g\. g]dlskfsf
lah'S5]n] dfq xfnnfO{ ;+j}wflgs fhtGqeGbf aflx ghfg] c8fg fv]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. ;fy} s'g} sf0faf6 kll:ylt cg's"n ePdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? k|r08, afa'fd
efO{ df]xg j}B csf]{ ;ftf sf7df8f} cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5. jftf{df
dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 pgLx? g} ;xefuL lyP.
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ :jfdL a|x\dfgGb pbf;Lg;u dfn] dxf;lrj jfdb]j
uf}td lgs6 x]sf] va 5. Pdfn] km'6fpgsf nflu oL :jfdLn] dfcf]jfbL
jfdb]jnfO{ lgs} 7"nf] sd lbPsf lyP. ;DejtM g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf
nflu eftsf] u'Ktr ;+:yf cn] oL :jfdLnfO{ k|of]u u]sf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5. :jfdLn] g} fhbafdf sfo{t zfxL kfZj{jtL{ 6Lsf wdnf
dfn] dxf;lrj uf}tdaLr klg ;DaGw :yflkt ufOlbPsf lyP. pgn] uf}tdnfO{
eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf c;u ;d]t ;Dks{ ufPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. fli6o cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 k|fKt oL hfgsfL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 oL ;a} tYosf
cfwfdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfn dfn] dxf;lrj uf}tdnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg]
x's'd eof].
fhbafsf] 3sfh ljefudf sfo{t ;lrj ljZjljqmd zfx cfh d]f]
sfof{nodf cfpg'eof]. pxfn] eftLo b"tfjf;n] h;f{asf] afof]8f6f dfu]sf] 5.
h;f{an] afof]8f6f dnfO{ lbg'eof] eg] d k'ofOlbG5' eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] k|d'v
fhbaf ;dff]x k|aGws sfof{nosf ;dff]x k|aGws lrgzdz] yfkf, k|d'v
lghL ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb kf]v]n pxf :jo+n] ;d]t afof]8f6f eftLo b"tfjf;df
k7fO;s]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. o;kl5 d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], lsg d]f] afof]8f6f
eftLo b"tfjf;df k7fpm < tkfO{+ o:tf] sfd u] glx8\g';\. oL w]} uDeL k|s[ltsf
s'f x'g\. of] ljifodf d}n] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] ug'{kg]{ x'G5. t, olt eGbf
klg pxfn] ljifosf] uDeLtf a'em\g'eP h:tf] nfu]g. kl5 pxfn] cfk\mgL 5f]Lsf]
ljjfxdf ;d]t eftLo fhb"tnfO{ 3df af]nfpg'eP5. eftLo ljb]zdGqL cfpbf
fhb"tn] cfkm} kmf]g u] pxfnfO{ nGrdf lgDtf ug'{ePsf] x]5. ;fdfGotof s'g}
ljb]zLn] lgDtf u]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] lgDtf dfGg'eGbf cufl8 bafsf kbflwsfLn]
;sfdf hfx] ug]{ k|rng 5. t pxfn] slxNo} o:tf ljifodf hfgsfL
lbg'ePg. oL tYoaf] ljrf ubf{ eftLo b"tfjf;n] fhbafsf dxjk"0f{ kbdf
x]sf sd{rfLaf] cjfl~5t rf;f] fVg yfn]sf] :ki6 x'G5. of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u]. eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf cn] fhbafsf sd{rfLnfO{ ;d]t k|efj kfg{
nfu]sf]af] ;sfsf] Wofgfsif{0f ufP.
cfh} ;sfaf6 ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf u'Ktr k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;a}

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;'Iff k|d'vnfO{ eg, ;fy} fhbafsf] klg cfk\mgf] 5'} u'Ktr k|0ffnL v8f
ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5, ljrf u x's'd eof]. o:t} ;sfaf6 d'n'ssf ljleGg
:yfgdf fhbafaf6 ;fdflhs ;]jfsf klof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{af] ljrf ug{
x's'd eof]. o; ;Gbe{df d}n] yfONofG8df Toxfsf fhf fhkljfaf6 ljleGg
f]on k|fh]S6 ;~rfng eOx]sf]af] ;sfdf cjut ufP. ;fy} g]kfndf klg
To:t} lsl;dsf] f]on k|f]h]S6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5. o;af] lj:t[t cWoog ug{
Pp6f l6d yfONofG8 k7fpg] ls eGg]af] klxn] klg 5nkmn ePsf] lyof], yfO{
fhb"tfjf;;u s'f u] of] s'f k'gM cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 eg] ;sfdf laGtL
u]. ;sfaf6 of] ljifo ;lrj a}7sdf fv] 5nkmn u s] ug{ ;lsG5,
of]hgf agfpm x's'd eof].

@)%* ebf} $ ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rf dfWoddf lbOx]sf
xNsf 6Lsfl6Kk0fLn] pxfsf] 5lj sf\u|]; kf6L{df sdhf] x'b} uPsf] a'lemG5.
tfO{sf clwsf+z ;f+;b pxfsf] lj4df pleb} 5g\. k|wfgdGqL ePsf] 5f]6} cjlwdf
pxfsf] kIfdf hDdf $% dfq ;f+;b x]sf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5. To:t} k|wfgdGqLn]
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{df ug'{kg]{ s'f klxn] g} ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] 5, h;af6 jftf{sf]
cf}lrTodfly g} k|Zg p7]sf] 5. To;}n] jftf{sf] l:ylt hl6n x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5.
;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+j}wflgs fhtGqk|lt k|lta4tf hgfpg'kg]{,
lx+;f Tofu ug'{kg]{ o; afx]s cGo fhgLlts ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsg] eg]
:ki6 ;Gb]z lbg'kg]{ x'G5. jftf{sf] ;dodf ;a} jfdkGyL Psh'6 ePdf pgLx?sf]
afu]{lg kf]lh;g alnof] x'g] x'bf o;df ljrf ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
k|wfgdGqLn] ;'Iff uf]kgLotfsf] lx;fan] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug]{ 7fpsf
nflu ;}lgs Aof]s pknAw ufpg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] lyof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] o;sf
lglDt ;'v]{tsf] $ gDa jflxgL jf eLdkm]bL Knfl:6s pBf]u x]sf] :yfg pko'Qm
x'g] hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] lyof]. t dfcf]jfbLn] ;}lgs Aof]sdf jftf{ gug]{ eg]
cfklQ JoQm u]. dfg]gg\.
sf\u|];sf s]xL k"j{dGqL ;f+;bn] ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u e]6]
xfn} k|sflzt sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf ;+:yfks k'iknfn >]i7sf n]vaf] Jofks 5nkmn
u]. 5nkmndf sf]Ofnfn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLsf] ;~rfns :jo+ fhf 1fg]Gb| x'g\
eGg] s'f ca d}n] ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{. dfcf]jfbLsf] x]8Sjf6 klxn] lgd{n lgjf;
xf] clxn] fhbafdf ;]sf] 5. pxfn] z]axfb'nfO{ Pp6f 6'n agfpg
vf]lhPsf] dfq xf], of] sf\u|]; k|hftGq df:g] rfn xf] eGb} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
Tof] cfdL{ lrkm a]js'km xf] eg] ufnL ug'{eof]. To:t} pxfn] baf xTofsf08
if8\oGqk"j{s lrPsf] lyof] eGg'eof].

229

230

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* ebf} % ut] d\unaf

lrlgof b"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] dnfO{ 5]Gb' k|fGtsf lrlgof ;]gfsf
pkk|d'vsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps k|ltlglwd08n g]kfnsf] cf}krfls e|d0fdf cfpg nfu]sf]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], zfxL h\uL c8\8f;usf] ;dGjodf
dxffhflwfh;u k|ltlglwd08nsf] bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd flvof]. To;} cg';f
d}n] a]Olhdf va u]. t clxn] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] pxf lrlgof ;]gfsf] k|d'v
gePsfn] ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 x'g g;Sg] hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] 5. o;n]
dnfO{ lgs} c;lhnf] k]sf] 5. o;df tkfO{+n] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls < xfn
;sfaf6 fHoff]x0f ePkl5 rLgaf6 cfpg] of] g} klxnf] pRr k|ltlglwd08n xf].
d}n] pxfnfO{ ;sfdf hfx] u] tkfO{+nfO{ va unf eg].
o;df s] ePsf] x]5 eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] sfo{qmd to ubf{ ;}lgs
;lrjfnonfO{ va ug'{ePg5. ;fy} k|ltlglwd08nsf] :taf] klg hfgsfL
ePg. To;}n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ufpg plrt x'g] of gx'g]af] bafnfO{ yfx}
ePg. ;}lgs ;xrfLn] s'f p7fPkl5 dfq of] ;Dk"0f{ ljifo hfgsfL eof].
;f]xL cg'?k d}n] ;sfdf k|ltlglwd08nsf] :teGbf klg rLg xfd|f] dxjk"0f{
l5d]sL b]z xf], ;sfsf] fHoff]x0fkl5 rLgaf6 cfPsf] of] g} klxnf] pRr
k|ltlglwd08n klg xf], To;f] ePsf] x'bf bz{g aS;bf plrt x'G5 egL hfx] u].
;sfaf6 klg bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldnfpg x's'd eof]. pQm s'f d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt
lrlgof ;}lgs ;xrfLnfO{ cjut ufP.
x]s jif{ ;]gfn] ah]6 vr{ ubf{ lgod 7Ls;u kfngf gu]sfn] a]h" lgs}
a9\b} uPsf] 5. ut cfly{s jif{df %( sf]8 k}ofsf] a]h" b]lvPsf] 5. To:t}
;DefyL ljefudf ljlgof]hg ulPsf] %# sf]8dWo] $! sf]8 a]h" b]lvPsf] 5,
h'g lgwf{0f ulPsf] sdsf] *# k|ltzt x'g cfp5. o; ljifodf zfxL h\uL
c8\8fn] uDeLtfk"j{s ljrf ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
cfh dnfO{ k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL zfbfk|;fb k|wfgn] eGg'eof],
h;f{a, ;sfsf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfd k|d'v lghL ;lrjfnodf sfo{t pk;lrj
f3j]Gb|axfb' zfxn] x]g'{x'GYof]. ;sfaf6 cab]lv of] lhDd]jfL ;}lgs
;lrjfnonfO{ lbg" x's'd ePsf] 5. o;sf nflu tkfO{+n] cfk\mgf] ;lrjfnosf]
Ps jli7 clws[t v6fpg'kof]. Tof] lhDd]jfLsf lglDt d}n] pxf;u ;x;}lgs
;lrj e"k]Gb|axfb' yfkfdusf] gfd k|:tfj u]. To:t} k|wfgn] bafsf] k|zf;lgs
;\u7gnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg ljrf eOx]sf] 5, o;sf lglDt clwfhs'df
kf;sf] ;+of]hsTjdf rfkfr hgf JolQm ;b:o x]sf] sfo{6f]nL aGb} 5. To;df
;}lgs ;lrjfnoaf6 s;nfO{ fVg] xf], gfd lbg" eGg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* ebf} !! ut] ;f]daf

>L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g nfu]sf] jftf{sf ;Gbe{df w]} ljf]wfef;
b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\. b'j}ltsf jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? jftf{sf Ph]G8f agfpg Jo:t
5g\. fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ cfhLjg fi6klt agfpg] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfj bafnfO{
:jLsfo{ 5}g. clxn]sf] kll:yltdf of] ;do;fk]If k|:tfj xf]Og. ;fy} fhfsf]
cWoIftfdf tyfslyt :6]6 sfplG;n u7g ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfj klg :jLsfo{
5}g. dfcf]jfbL fh;+:yfaf] :ki6 x'g h?L 5. p;n] fhfnfO{ nf~5gf nufpg]
sfo{ t'Gt aGb ug'{k5{. dfcf]jfbL cfkm"nfO{ fi6jfbL zlQm eGg] bfaL u5{.
t, g]kfnsf lzIf0f ;+:yf pBf]uwGbf aGb ufpg] p;sf] lqmofsnfkn] g]kfn
g]kfnL qmdzM sdhf] x'b} uPsf 5g\. o; sfo{n] cGo b]znfO{ g} ;xof]u
k'ofOx]sf] 5 eg] dfcf]jfbL fi6jfbsf] s] cy{ x\of] < To:t}, dfcf]jfbLn]
fhwfgLdf c;f]h % ut] ug{ nfu]sf] cfd;ef klg :ylut x'g h?L 5. xfnsf]
cj:yfdf hah{:tL rGbf, ckx0f, n'6kf6 tyf cGo cfkflws sfd u]df ;'Iff
lgsfon] sfafxL u5{ eGg] s'fdf dfcf]jfbL :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5.
dfcf]jfbL g]tf s[i0faxfb' dxf gof lbNnL uPsf] va 5. Toxf pxfn]
>L % sf] ;sf;u x'g nfu]sf] jftf{sf ;DaGwdf eftLox?;u 5nkmn ug{
;Sg] ePsf] x'bf pxfsf] lqmofsnfksf] ljz]if lgufgL x'g' h?L 5. o;sf lglDt
cfjZos 7fpdf va ug{ nufpg] s'f eof].
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf lagf:jLs[lt eftsf] cgf}krfls e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf]
5. cfh} ;'Iff k|d'vx?n] k|wfgdGqL;u ;fd"lxs e]6 uL ljBdfg ;'Iff cj:yfaf]
la|lkm u]. jftf{ x'g nfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg dfcf]jfbLaf6 cfhs, u}sfg'gL
sfo{x? eOx]sfn] To:tf sfo{x? tTsfn aGb ufpg pgLx?n] k|wfgdGqLsf]
Wofg cfs[i6 u]sf 5g\. u}sfg'gL lqmofsnfk ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sfg'gL
bfofdf Nofpg >L % sf] ;sfn] :jLs[lt k|bfg ug'{kg]{ ;'Iff k|d'vx?n] dfu
u]. pgLx?n] ;f+;b nLnfdl0f kf]v]nsf] xfn}sf] cleJolQm lgs} cfklQhgs
ePsfn] pxf;u ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;efd'vsf] cg'dlt lng klg k|wfgdGqL;u cfu|x
u]. xfn s]xL lhNnfdf hfL cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf k|efjsfL
b]lvPsfn] hfL fVg cGo lhNnfdf klg qmlds ?kn] a9fpg ;d]t pgLx?n]
;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.

@)%* ebf} !# ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? s[i0faxfb' dxf, 6f]kaxfb' fodfemL
clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f cfh laxfg sLlt{k' k'u]. pgLx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{

231

232

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lbnLk dxh{g ;lxtsf JolQmn] km"ndfnf ;lxt :jfut u]. Toxf ePsf] dfcf]jfbLsf]
cfd;efdf sla tLg xhfsf] ;xeflutf lyof]. cfd;efdf fodfemL ;fksf]6fn]
kf6L{sf] lgb]{zg cg';f jftf{ u5f}{+ eGb} b]zdf hgu0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ;'lglZrt
eO;s]sf] To;nfO{ j}wflgstf jf cf}krflstf lbg dfq afsL x]sf] atfP.
dxfn] eg]sf lyP, xfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ;a} kfgf RofTg dfcf]jfbL ;kmn ePsf]
5. ca k|:tfjgf dfq afsL 5. u0ftGq :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5. ;QfwfL fhf
1fg]Gb|n] of] ljifo a'em\g h?L 5. cfd;efkl5 pgLx? lbnLk dxh{gsf] 3df
uP. Toxf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g Pdfn]sf g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, sf\u|];sf k|bLk
luL g]dlskfsf gffo0fdfg lah'S5] uPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] afun', u'NdL, DofUbL, ;Nofg, f]Nkf s'd lhNnfdf PkmPd
]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng u]sf] ck'i6 va 5. of] s'f kQf nufP, PkmPd rn]sf]
x]5 eg] Hofld ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh lgoldt hfx]Lsf qmddf ljBdfg ;'Iff cj:yfaf]
;sfdf hfx] ug'e{ of]. ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g] klxnf] jftf{ uf]bfjLdf ug]{
;sfsf] k|:tfj 5. Toxf ;'Iff Joj:yf ldnfOlbg ;]gfnfO{ cg'f]w cfPsf] 5.
;fy}, dfcf]jfbL kIf;u s'f ubf{ hg;sf lj36g ug{, fh;+:yfsf lj4 s'f
gug{ xltof a'emfpg >L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 k|:tfj ug{ cfk"mn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
;'emfj lbPsf] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfk\mgf] hfx] ug'e{ of]. o;} uL, jftf{ ;'
ePkl5 lgGt hfL fVg'kg]{ jftf{sf] cjlwdf cfd;ef ug{ glbOg] s'f ;d]t
cjut ufOg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] pxfn] hfx] ug'e{ of]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
eftLo fhb"t;u jftf{af] k|:6 s'f ug{ elgPsf] ;]gfn] klg eftLo ;}lgs
;xrfLsf dfWodaf6 s'f u]sf]af] ;sfdf hfx ug'e{ of]. ;fy} eftLo ;]gfWoIfn]
c;f]h !% ut]bl] v g]kfnsf] 5lbg] cf}krfls e|d0f ug]{ k|:tfj k7fPsf] ;sfdf
laGtL ug'e{ of].
;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ PsLs[t ljsf; tyf cfGtls ;'Iff of]hgf
-cfO{P;8LkL_ sfo{qmd fhgLlts OR5fzlQmlagf ;kmn x'g g;Sg] x'bf o;af]
k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of]. To:t} ;sfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
cfjZos ;;fdfg cNksfnLg bL3{sfnLg ?kdf cfk"lt{ ug{] ;DaGwL k|:tfj
dnfO{ lbg", d pQm k|:tfjaf] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u5'{ x's'd eof].

@)%* ebf} !$ ut] laxLaf

>L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g] jftf{sf nflu ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox? lr~hLjL jfUn], dx]z cfrfo{, gxl cfrfo{, ljhos'df uR5bf
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf k"j{lgwf{lt ;do cfh laxfg * ah] uf]bfjL l;f]6{ k'lu;s]sf
lyP. t dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] jftf{:yndf cfpg ca !% ldg]6 nfU5 eGb} k6s

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k6s ;do abn]sf lyP. cfhsf] jftf{ lbp;f] ;f9] ! ah] ;lsof] k|]; lj1lKt
lgsfNg] ;xdlt eof]. jftf{kl5 s[i0faxfb' dxf g]kfnuGh, 6f]kaxfb' fodfemL
e}xjf clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f l;dflt nfu].
dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08n] dfn] dxf;lrj jfdb]j uf}tdnfO{ pRr kbsf] cfZjf;g
lbP dfcf]jfbLdf k|j]z ug{ kq k7fPsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5. pQm kqsf
cfwfdf uf}td bf]wfdf kg'{ePsf] 5 eg] dfn] kf6L{sf cGo g]tfn] o;nfO{ dfn]nfO{
Pdfn];u ldNg glbg] dfcf]jfbLsf] rfnsf] ?kdf x]]sf 5g\. xfn k|r08sf] kqnfO{
;dy{g uL ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbg uf}tdnfO{ kf6L{n] f]s]sf] 5. pxfnfO{ :yfoL
;ldltn] :jLs[t u]sf] s'f dfq af]Ngsf nflu lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5. uf}td ToxL
JolQm x'g'x'G5 h;n] @)%$ ;fndf u[xdGqL 5bf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfL 3f]if0ff
uL s8f sfafxL ug{ dlGqklifb\df k|:tfj n}hfg'ePsf] lyof]. To; a]nf pxfn]
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 nlIft cft\ssfL ljw]os ;d]t ;+;b\df btf{ ug'{ePsf] lyof].
;fy} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ sfafxL ug{ pgLx? ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;\sngsf nflu cfk\mgf]
kf6L{sf b]zesf sld6L g]tfx?nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ k|:tfj ;d]t fVg'ePsf] lyof].
lrlgof fhb"tn] k|wfgdGqL;usf] e]6df g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ eftLo
Ph]G8fdf rn]sf] 5, dfcf]jfbLsf] rLg;u s'g} klg ;DaGw 5}g eg] :ki6 kf]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. fhb"tsf] wf0ff cg';f, g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLn] lrlgof g]tf dfcf]sf]
gfd dfq b'kof]u uL e|d l;h{gf ulx]sf 5g\ o;f] ug'{sf k5fl8 eftsf]
e"ldsf x]sf] 5. lrlgof fhb"tn] lbPsf] hfgsfL cg';f dfcf]jfbL eftLo
u'Ktr ;+:yf csf aLr g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfsf] cGTo ug{ cgf}krfls ;xdlt
;d]t ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL, hfL zflGtjftf{sf] l;nl;nfdf afx]s, dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? s[i0fWjh
v8\sf dx]z v8\sf dfkm{t klg dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj;u ;Dks{df x]sf] ;"rgf 5.
;fy} pxfn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgfaf] ef]ln a:g] dlGqklifb\af6
lg0f{o ug]{ ljrf ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* ebf} !% ut] z'qmaf

;f+;b nLnfdl0f kf]v]nn] k6sk6s ;]gf fhbafdfly nufPsf lgfwf
nf~5gfnfO{ ;~rf hut\n] cgfjZos dxj lbPsf] 5. o;af6 hfL zflGtjftf{nfO{
;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvb}g. To;}n] >L % sf] ;sfn] o;af] ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5.
@)$^ ;fnsf] kljt{gkZrft\ b]zsf cGo ;+rgf Wj:t kfl;s]kl5 ar]sf] ;]gf
bafnfO{ klg ;a}n] o;L g} Wj:t agfpg k|of; ug]{ xf] o;sf] p2]Zo s] xf],
o;df ;a} kIfaf6 ljrf x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5.
k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] k|xLsf] ckfw
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f ;]gfsf s]xL h;f{an] dfcf]jfbLsf] bf];|f] tx

233

234

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

Tof]eGbf tnsf g]tf;u ;Dks{ u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5, o;n] d'n's fh;+:yfnfO{

kmfObf k'U5 xf]nf < eGg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] jftf{ ;donfO{ ;b'kof]u ub}{ ljleGg fhgLlts g]tfnfO{ e]6L
ljrf cfbfgk|bfg u] cfk\mgf] Ph]G8fdf ;xdt ufpg k|of; ulx]sf 5g\.
pgLx?n] cGtld ;sf u7g uL To;sf] g]t[Tj k"j{;efd'v bdggfy 9'\ufgfaf6
ufpg] k|:tfj ;d]t cl3 ;f]sf 5g\. o;df sf\u|]; klg ;xdt x'g ;Sg]
dfcf]jfbLsf] cfzf 5. o;af] jftf{ c;kmn eof] eg] bafsf] k|ltlqmof s] x'G5
eg] pgLx?n] a'em\g k|of; ulx]sf] klg a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* ebf} !* ut] ;f]daf

fli6o ;efdf dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]n] fhbafsf] k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfno d]f af] lgs} gsffTds l6Kk0fL u]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
;'Iff lgsfon] e"tk"j{ ;}lgs tyf k|xLnfO{ dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL ;"rgf
;\sngsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;s] fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5. ;]gfsf jflxgL ePsf If]qdf
x]sf dfcf]jfbL a]; tflnd s]Gb| klxrfg uL cfjZos k] s8f sfafxL ug{
]sL ug'{sf ;fy} of]hgf agfP fVg plrt x'g]5. ;fy} cfjZos k] ;a}lt
Ps};fy sfafxL ug{ nIo agfpg' plrt x'g]5. o; ;DaGwL lgb]{zg zfxL h\uL
c8\8fsf ;DalGwt clws[t k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lbOPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 cfh rLgsf] 5]Gb' k|fGtsf ;}lgs pkk|d'vsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf]
lrlgof ;}lgs k|ltlglwd08nnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. o; cj;df lkIfLo lxtsf
nflu ;Ldf If]qdf t}gfy ;]gfsf aLrdf cfk;L ;xof]u 5nkmn cfbfgk|bfg x'g'kg]{
ljifodf s'fsfgL eof]. k|ltlglwd08nn] cfh} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5.
cfh a:g] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7sn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno
:yfkgf ug]{af] lg0f{o ub}{ 5. ;fy} cfufdL c;f]h % ut] dfcf]jfbLn] fhwfgLdf
ug]{ cfd;efaf] 0fgLlt agfpg] ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLsf] lgdGq0ffdf k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf ut !^ ut]
z'qmaf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf k|fOe]6 l8g df hfg'eP5. l8gsf]
l;nl;nfdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ pxfn] b]zsf] ;'Iffaf] cjut ufpg'sf ;fy} k|xL
PSn}n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of l8n ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] ;]gf klrfng ug{ ;'emfj
lbg'eof]. To:t} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg fhgLlts ?kn] xn ug{ ;Nnfx
lbg'eof]. l8gdf k|wfgdGqLn] Tof] d]zgfy kf08] Hofb} a9L eOx]sf] 5, kf08]sf]
x]s lqmofsnfk lgufgL ug{ k|xL v6fpg" 6]lnkmf]g ;d]t 6\oflk ug"{ eg]
lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
;sfL ;~rf dfWod g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf u0ftGqaf] v'nf ax; tLg
k6s;Dd k|;f0f eO;s]sf] 5. o;af] 6]lnlehgsf dxfk|aGws b'uf{gfy zdf{nfO{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;f]wk'5 ug{ cfjZos lgb]{zg uPsf] 5. of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;~rfdGqL
hok|sfz u'Ktfn] g} lgb]{zg lbPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
;}lgs clws[t Snadf lrlgof ;}lgs k|ltlglwd08nsf] ;Ddfgdf anflws[t
yLn] cfh l8gsf] cfof]hgf ug'{eof]. ;f] cj;df lrlgof hg]{nn] g]kfndf bnfO{
nfdfsf] lqmofsnfkaf] lh1f;f fVg'eof]. To:t} d':tf lhNnfaf] ljz]if clelr
JoQm ug'{eof]. fhbaf xTofsf08af] atfOPsf] s'fdf tL hg]{nn] tkfO{+x?
h:tf pRr JolQmsf] egfOdfly xfdLn] ljZjf; gug]{ k|Zg} p7\b}g eg] k|ltlqmof
lbg'eof]. o;af6 baf xTofsf08af] pRr:tLo 5fglag cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdfly
lrlgofx?n] cfz\sf u]sf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5. 5nkmnsf qmddf lrlgof
hg]{nn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ nlhl:6s ;~rfsf pks0fx? pknAw ufpg
rLg tof x]sf] cjut ufpg'eof].
zfxL alb{of fli6o lgs'~hsf ljleGg r]skf]:6 ;'Iffy{ vl6Psf ;}lgs
hjfgnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] lh:Sofpg] wDSofpg] u]sf 5g\. To;}n] kf]:6df ;}lgs
yKg" tyf cfjZos k] s8f sfafxL ug{ klxn] r]tfjgL lbg" eg] lgb]{zg uPsf]
5. To:t}, b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf x'g] u:tL eG;f u:tLdf ;d]t hfg] ;}lgs;u
dfcf]jfbLsf] ljjfb ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ;as l;sfpg s8f sfafxL ug{ lgb]{zg
uPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] cfh eftLo fhb"t b]j d'vhL{nfO{ e]6]sf] va 5.
u[x dGqfnon] cfufdL c;f]h % ut] dfcf]jfbLn] fhwfgLdf cfof]hgf ug{
nfu]sf] cfd;ef 2 ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hfL u]sf] 5. ;"rgfdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
s'g} klg lsl;dsf u}sfg'gL ultljlw gug{ u]df sfg'g adf]lhd sfafxL ulg]
r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5.
;]gfn] Iff dGqfnonfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;}lgssf kljfnfO{ ;d]t wDSofpg],
hah{:tL rGbf c;'nL ug]{, s'6lk6 uL vfgf ksfpg nufpg], ;}lgsnfO{ hflu
5f]8\ eGg] h:tf u}sfg'gL lqmofsnfk u]df ;d]t sfafxL ulg]5 eg] lj1lKt
k|sflzt ug{ cfu|x u]sf] 5.

@)%* ebf} @! ut] laxLaf

kqsf b]jk|sfz lqkf7Ln] fhfn] zlQm xftdf lng] k|of; ulx]sf 5g\
eg] ljleGg 7fpdf s'f u]sf] va cfPsf] 5. s'g cfwfdf pxfFn] To;f]
eGg'ePsf] xf] < lx8]sf x'g\, o;af] :ki6 ?kdf a'em\g lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
c;f]h % ut] ug{ nfu]sf] cfd;efdf dfcf]jfbLn] sf7df8f}aflxaf6 hgtf
Nofpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5. cfjZos k] 9fnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;]gfsf
kljfnfO{ Nofpg] ;f]rfO fv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. yfgsf]6l:yt k|xL rf}sLnfO{
aflxaf6 fhwfgL cfpg] a;x? ;'Iff hfr uL dfcf]jfbLaf] ljz]if lgufgL fVg

235

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

elgPsf] xf]. t 8'6Ldf x]sfx?n] k};f c;'n] s'g} lhDd]jfL k"f guL 5f8\g]
u]sf] va cfPsf] 5. o;af] k|xL dxflgLIfs;u s'f ePsf] 5.
sf\u|];df b]pjf kIfsf g]tfx?n] b'uf{ ;'j]bL dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL j[Qdf c;f]h
% ut]sf] cfd;efnfO{ fhbafn] f]Sg nufPsf] eg] k|rf ulx]sf 5g\.
z]axfb' b]pjf g]t[Tjsf] jt{dfg ;sfsf lj4 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnaLr cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ;xsfo{
s;L ug]{ eg] 5nkmn eOx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. rf8} o; ljifodf pRr:tLo
;xdlt x'g] ePsf] 5.
dfn]sf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7gsf w]} ;b:o dfcf]jfbLsf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7gdf k|j]z
u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
s]xL lbgcufl8 u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 u]kZrft\
fhf bafk|lt ;sffTds ;f]r agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;z:q k|xL ansf lglDt cfjZos xltof ;xof]u lng] ;DaGwdf >L %
sf] ;sfn] gLlt agfpg cfjZos 5. To; cg';f ;z:qnfO{ s]s:tf xltof
cfjZos k5{, eftaf6 s]s] xltof Nofpg]] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 sfo{tflnsf
agfpg h?L 5.
lrlgof ;}lgs k|ltlglwd08nn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6kl5 gof fhfdf b]z
hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt, lxt tyf b]zsf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;af] :ki6 lehg ePsf]
b]lvof], l5d]sL d'n's, If]qLo tyf cGtf{li6o ljifodf :ki6 wf0ff kfOof],
fhf;usf] bz{ge]6 g} of] e|d0fsf] d'Vo pknlAw x\of] eg] k|ltlqmof lbPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. ;fy} k|ltlglwd08nsf g]tfn] fhfsf] bz{ge]6af6 cfkm" lgs} k|efljt
ePsf] atfPsf 5g\.

@)%* ebf} @@ ut] z'qmaf

k|fKt va cg';f lrlgof k|wfgdGqLn] a]Olhdf OlGhlgol ;Dd]ngnfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] k|z+;f ug'{ePsf] 5. df};'kmnfO{ rLgn]
dxfg\ ldqsf ?kdf lnPsf] pxfn] atfpg'eof].
xfn} ;sfsf] bz{ge]6kl5 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf lgs}
pT;fxL x'g'ePsf] 5. pxfn] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs df]rf{sf] cjwf0ffaf] fhf;u
s'f eof], fhd's'6n] k|hftGq d'n'ssf] ;+Ifssf ?kdf x] k|hftGqjfbLnfO{
;+If0f lbg'k5{, ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn] zflGtjftf{df a;] ;xdlt ug{ dfg]gg\ eg] ;]gfn]
sfafxL ug'{k5{ eg] d}n] fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbP eGg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] pQm df]rf{df
Pdfn]nfO{ ;d]t ;fy} n}hfg'kg]{ ljrf ;sf;dIf fv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. sf]Ofnfn]
fli6o ;efdf ;sfsf tkm{af6 dgf]gLt ulaS;g s]xL gfdx? Nofp5' eg]
;sf;dIf k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] x]5. t ;sfaf6 s'g} klg k|ltlqmof cfPg eg]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

pxfn] cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u s'f u]sf] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5.

sf]Ofnfn] cfh} s[i0fk|;fb efO{ Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u
e]6 ug'{ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnf g]kfnaLr sf\u|];Pdfn]aLr ;xsfo{ uL u0ftGqdf
;d]t hfg ;lsg] s'f ePsf] a'lemG5. ptf eftn] u0ftGqsf] gffnfO{ a[xt\
agfpg k|hftGqjfbL;u ldn] hfg ;Nnfx lbPsf] s'f Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfnn]
sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6] kms]{kl5 uf]Ko ?kdf va k7fpg'ePsf] 5. To:t}, dfcf]jfbLnfO{
eftn] k|hftGqjfbL zlQm;u ldn] g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgf ug{'kg]{ To;f] x'g
g;s] g]kfndf e'6fgsf] h:tf] fhtGq fVg] ;'emfj lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf]Ofnfsf }w cleJolQmaf] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{zg
uPsf] 5. o; cg';f k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfkltaLr s'f x'bf k|wfgdGqLn]
ef]ln sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6] u0ftGqdf hfg ;lsg] ;DaGwL s'fsf]
v08g lgsfNg nufpg], sf]Ofnfn] v08g ug{ gdfg] cfkm}n] v08g ug]{ eg]
cfZjf;g lbg'ePsf] 5. o;} k|;\udf k|wfgdGqLn] eftLo fhb"t;u klg s'f
ug'{x'g] ePsf] 5.
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ fhwfgLdf dfcf]jfbLn] c;f]h % ut] cfof]hgf ug{
nfu]sf] cfd;ef ;s];Dd ug{ glbg], ;fgfltgf sf]0f;ef dfq ug{ lbg], fhwfgLsf
dxjk"0f{ :yfgnfO{ lgif]lwt If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ lgb]{zg aS;b} cfjZos k] k|xLsf]
;xof]udf ;]gfnfO{ klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfpg" x's'd eof].

@)%* ebf} @% ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbLn] cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] cfd;efk|lt >L % sf] ;sf s8f ?kdf
k|:t't x'g] ePsf] 5. ;fy} fh;+:yfsf lj4 gff nufP :jLsfo{ gx'g] To:tf
gff nufpg]nfO{ sfg'g cg';f sfafxL ug]{ 0fgLlt >L % sf] ;sfn] to u]sf]
5. of] 0fgLltn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;f]Rg afWo kf]sf] x'g ;S5. o;}aLr, dfcf]jfbL
g]t[Tjdf a|fx\d0fx? xfjL ePsf] s'fnfO{ blnt hghfltn] rfPsf 5}gg\.
clwfhs'dfL k|]Iffn] ut z'qmaf cfk\mgf] lgjf; hLjgs'~hdf flqef]hsf]
cfof]hgf ulaS;]sf] lyof]. flqef]hdf dxffhflwfh a8fdxffgL ;sf
;ls xf]OaS;GYof]. ;f] cj;df ;sfsf gft]bfsf ;fy} k|wfgdGqL
b]pjf >LdtL 8f= cfh';fy ;xefuL x'g'eof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNn klg
>LdtLsf ;fy x'g'x'GYof]. cd]lsfsf nflu gjlgo'Qm fhb"t hok|tfk f0ff,
clwjQmf ;'zLn kGt d klg flqef]hdf lyof}. flqef]hdf d;u k|wfgdGqLn]
h;f{a, dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kof] eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u
xg]df cfZj:t kf].
To;} cj;df d}n] gjlgo'Qm fhb"t f0ffnfO{ awfO{ lbP. pxfn] klg dnfO{
awfO{ lbg'eof]. d}n] dnfO{ rflx s]sf] awfO{ < eg]. pxfn] s]xL lbgklxn]

237

238

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sf;u ePsf] bz{ge]6sf] k|;\u ;'gfpb} eGg'eof], bz{ge]6df d}n] fhbaf

xTofsf08kl5 s]xL pRr kbflwsfLn] g}ltstfsf] cfwfdf fhLgfdf lbg'kb}{gYof]
< egL lh1f;f fv]sf] lyP. ;sfaf6 ljj]sn] fhbaf 36gfsf] ;dodf
bafsf] ;'Iff k|d'vsf sf0f g}ltstfsf] cfwfdf fhLgfdf lbG5' eg]sf] lyof], t
d}n] p;nfO{ fhLgfdf lbg'kb}{g eg], a ljj]snfO{ cfO{ lg8 o' df] b\ofg dfO{ a|b
Pe l88 eg]sf] 5' x's'd eof]. h;f{ak|lt ;sfsf] olt 7"nf] ef];f ;b\efj
5. of]eGbf a9L s] rflxof] < To;}n] d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ awfO{ lbPsf] x'.
s]xL lbgcl3 u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] lbNnLl:yt lxdf+z' kf08]sf] 3df
dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k|r08nfO{ e]6s
] f] va 5. t o;sf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u k|hftGq
df:g bafn] dfcf]jfbL p7fPsf] xf], a[xt\ k|hftflGqs df]rf{ agfP klxn]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7Ls kfg'{k5{, To;kl5 bafnfO{ tx nufpg'k5{, bafn] xfdLnfO{
s]xL u] ;Ldfkfl x]sf] eftLo kmf}h P;P;aLn] ;xof]u u5{ eg]sf] a'lemof].
d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ;Ldfdf t}gfy eftLo P;P;aLsf]
lqmofsnfknfO{ lgufgLdf fVg nufpg" x's'd eof].

@)%* ebf} @^ ut] d\unaf

u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;]gfnfO{{ h:t} &) k|ltzt cg'bfg #)
k|ltzt d"No ltg]{ uL ;z:qnfO{ klg xltof pks0f lbg eft ;xdt
ePsfn] of] ljifo fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 kf; ufpg'k5{ eg] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f
ug'{ePsf] x]5.
;sfaf6 jL]Gb| c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf fhkljf fhbafsf sd{rfLsf]
pkrfsf nflu cIfo sf]if :yfkgf ug{ %) nfv k}of lgufx aS;]sf] 5. k|d'v
fhbaf kbflwsfLn] pQm sd lng dnfO{ va ug'{eof]. pQm sf]ifsf] gfd
>L % jL]Gb|, >L % P]Zjo{ :jf:Yo pkrf sf]if xg]5. d}n] ;sfdf sf]ifnfO{
;~rfng ug]{ ;}lgs c:ktfnsf] ;fgf] d]l8sn o'lg6 fhbafdf :yfkgf ug]{af]
zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] sfo{yL ljefu jL]Gb| c:ktfn;u ;dGjo uL lj:t[t
of]hgf agfO{ hfx] u5'{ eg]. o;af] d}n] ut c;fdf g} Ps sf]8sf] sf]if
:yfkgf ug{ hfx] u]sf] lyP.
hfx]Ls} qmddf d}n] ;sf, ca k|HjNn lrkm;fasf] kbfjlw Ps jif{
dfq afsL 5, efjL k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ Ps jif{cufj} tofL ug{ of]hgf agfpg
;\s]t lbg] k|rng 5. kbfjlw, pd] cGo ;a} sf0fn] anflws[t yL Kofh\
u yfkfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfklt agfpg'kg]{ x'G5, pxfsf] nf]ofln6L tyf sfo{bIftf klg
7Ls 5, d]f] pxf;u fd|f] ;DaGw 5, To;}n] d pxf;u ;a} ljifodf v'n] s'f ug{
;S5' egL laGtL u]. ;sfaf6 o; ljifodf Kofh\u;u s'f u] x'G5 x's'd

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

eof]. To;} cg';f cfh a]n'sL d Kofh\u h;f{anfO{ e]6\g pxfsf] l;kmnl:yt
lgjf; uP. ;sf;u ePsf s'f ;'gfpbf pxf Psbd} v';L x'g'eof]. pxfn]
d ;sfsf] lgb]{zg cg';f sfd u5'{, ;}lgs ;lrjfno;u ;a} ljifodf ;dGjo
u5'{, d]f] sfo{sfndf ;]gfsf] pGglt ljsf;sf of]hgf agfP ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
k7fp5' eGg'eof].
xfdLaLr o;L 5nkmn eOx]sf] ;dodf cd]lsfdf cft\ssfLn] Go'of]s{l:yt
6\jLg 6fjdf xjfO{ xdnf u]sf] b[Zo ;lxtsf] va ;LPgPgaf6 k|;f0f eOx]sf]
x]5. d}n] tTsfn} of]] 36gfaf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;sfdf laGtL u]. ;sfaf6
d klg ToxL x]lx]sf] 5' x's'd eof]. o;af6 g]kfndf kg{ ;Sg] c;af] lj:t[t
?kdf kl5 hfx] u5'{ eg] kmf]g fv].

@)%* ebf} @& ut] a'waf

cd]lsfdf ePsf] cft\ssfL xdnfaf6 ;+;f g} :tAw eof]. o;af6 s]
b]lvG5 eg] cft\ssfLsf] lqmofsnfkaf6 s'g} klg b]z k"0f{ ;'lIft 5}g. o;
36gfaf] cd]lsfdf eOx]sf sfafxL cd]lsfn] ckgfpg ;Sg] 0fgLltaf]
;sf;u ljrfljdz{ eof]. ;sfaf6 of] 36gfn] cd]lsfnfO{ klg 7"nf]
kf7 l;sfPsf] 5, ca dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofdf g]kfnn] ;xof]u dfUg ;lhnf] x'G5,
g]kfndf klg cd]lsL lgof]unfO{ k"0f{ ;'Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg va u, ;fy}
pgLx?n] dfu]sf] cfjZos ;'Iff ;xof]u lbg" egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. To:t}
;sfaf6 ;sfdfcf]jfbLaLr jftf{ ljkmn ePdf ;sfn] dfcf]jfbLk|lt s8f
a}of ckgfpg'k5{ x's'd eof].

@)%* ebf} @* ut] laxLaf

lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f ;sfL jftf{6f]nL bf];|f] r0fsf] jftf{sf nflu cfh
laxfg x]lnsK6af6 alb{of k'u]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:odWo] lxhf] b'O{
hgf g]kfnuGhdf a;]sf] s[i0faxfb' dxf bf kmls{Psf] a'lemPsf] 5. ;sfn]
pknAw ufPsf] x]lnsK6 k|of]u guL dxf cfh laxfg uf8Laf6 g]kfnuGh k'u]sf
lyP jftf{6f]nLsf cGo ;b:osf ;fy jftf{ :ynlt nfu]sf lyP. af6f]af6f]df
dfcf]jfbL ;dy{sn] pgLx?nfO{ :jfut u]sf lyP. dfcf]jfbLn] s]Gb|Lo hg;sf
u7g u]sf] 5. of] s'f pko'Qm ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ p;sf] of]hgf 5.
o;} sf0f dfcf]jfbL jftf{df uDeL b]lvPsf] 5}g. s'g} klg a]nf jftf{ e\u x'g]
;Defjgf 5.

@)%* c;f]h ! ut] ;f]daf

k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs w'|jaxfb' k|wfgn] cfh dnfO{ e]6] fhbaf xTofsf08

239

240

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;DaGwL ;a} ljifonfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'ofP 6'\Uofpg' fd|f] x'G5, o; ;DaGwdf
d s]xL klqsfdf n]v n]V5', d]f n]vkl5 tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf zfxL
kfZj{jtL{ uh]Gb| af]xfsf] cGtjf{tf{ k|sflzt uf}, o;sf nflu d]f] kf6L{ fk|kfdf
s'f u5'{ eGg'eof].
;sfdfcf]jfbLaLr jftf{ ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf Psbd} sd 5. To;}n] jftf{
e\u ePkl5 tTsfn} >L % sf] ;sfn] ;a} ;'Iff lgsfo klrfng ug{'k5{.
To;sf nflu ;sfn] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg'g, lgod kfngf gug]{ tyf
xToflx+;fdf ;+nUg x]sf] dfcf]jfbL p;sf e|ft[ ;\u7gnfO{ cj}w cft\ssfL
3f]lift ug'{k5{. 8, qf; wDsLsf sf0f dfcf]jfbLdf uPsf ;a}nfO{ cfddfkmL
lbO{ hgwgsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;sfn] pknAw ufpg'k5{. pgLx?nfO{ xftxltof
a'emfP cfTd;dk{0f ug{ nufpg' cfTd;dk{0f ug]{nfO{ k':sf:j?k s]xL sd
lbg' pko'Qm x'G5. cft\ssfL ultljlwdf nfu]sfnfO{ ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf] k|of]u
uL s8fOsf ;fy lgMz:qLs0f ug{ h?L 5. fh;+:yfsf lj4 cfklQhgs
af]n]sf] ljifodf ;efd'vsf] cfb]z lnP ;f+;b nLnfdl0f kf]v]nnfO{ sfafxL
ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
f]Nkfdf dfcf]jfbLsf] kf]ln6Ao'f] a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] 5. a}7sdf dfcf]jfbLn]
hgo'4 lht]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5. a}7sdf cWoIf k|r08n] b]ze u0ftGqsf]
gff nufpg hfL fVg'k5{, casf] b':dg fhf dfq x'g] x'bf of] gffn] cGo bnnfO{
;d]6\g ;lhnf] x'G5 eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. g]tf fdaxfb' yfkfn] hgu0ftGqd}
hfg'k5{ eGg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf] u'Ktr ;|f]tn] pNn]v u]sf 5g\.
jfdkGyL g]tf kb\dTg t'nfw cfh laxfg eftLo b"tfjf;sf] s"6gLlts
gDaKn]6sf] df]6 r9] pQm fhb"tfjf;leq k|j]z u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. lsg uPsf]
eGg] s'f v'n]sf] 5}g.
sf\u|];df lulhf ;d"xn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg uL cGtld ;sf agfpg'k5{
eg] 5nkmn ulx]sf] 5. ;fy} lulhfk|;fbn] ;Defljt ;]gf klrfngsf ljifodf
;d]t z\sf u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. pxfn] ;]gfn] dnfO{ ;xof]u u]g, To;}n] ;++ljwfg
;+zf]wg u] eP klg ;]gfnfO{ lgjf{lrt ;sfsf] dftxtdf fVg'k5{, fhu2L
pQflwsfL P]g, ;}lgs P]g cGtld ;sf u7g ;DaGwL ljifoaf] ;+ljwfgdf
;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ eg] sf\u|];L g]tfx?;u ;Nnfx u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
>L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 jftf{6f]nLdf vl6Psf s]xL ;b:o u0ftGq kIfw x'g\
eGg] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg uL fhfsf] ljBdfg clwsf qmdzM
s6f}tL ub}{ cfd r'gfjkl5 u0ftGqdf hfg] eGg] ljifodf dfcf]jfbL;u pgLx?sf]
;Nnfx ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? sf7df8f} kms]{kl5
ljleGg jfd kIfsf g]tf;u ljrfljdz{ ulx]sf 5g\. pgLx? sLlt{k'l:yt
lbnLk dxh{gsf] 3df a;]sf 5g\.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* c;f]h @ ut] d\unaf

;bLk h;f{an] k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{
tffaxfb' yfkf ;u} lbNnL uO{ Toxfaf6 xlf uPsf] s'f eGg'ePsf] 5. ;fy}
pxfn] bafsf lgtfGt lghL k|;\u ;d]t kQf nufP aflx Nofpg] u]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. fhbafdf sfo{t sd{rfL zfxL kfZj{jtL{nfO{ ;d]t hfgsfL
gePsf k|;\u aflxaf6 ;'lgg] ulPsf] 5. o;af] uDeL x'g cfjZos 5.
bafsf s'f ;]gfsf cGo ljifodf ;d]t pxfn] cgfjZos 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug'{ePsf]
5. o; ;DaGwdf zfxL h\uL c8\8faf6 6]lnkmf]g dlg6 ubf{ pxfn] hgcf:yfsf
lszf] >]i7nfO{ baf ;]gf ;DaGwL ;"rgf lns ug]{ u]sf] b]lvof].
;+;b\af6 kflt eP cfPsf] ;z:q k|xL an ;DaGwL ljw]osdf ;sfaf6
nfndf]x nflu;s]sf] 5. cfufdL km"nkftL a9fOsf] lbg ;}lgs d~r, 6'l8v]ndf
;sfaf6 ;z:qnfO{ aunfd'vLsf] lg;fg k|bfg ulg]5. ;z:qn] o;} lbgnfO{
;z:q k|xL lbj;sf ?kdf dgfpg] to u]sf] 5.
;nf{xLsf] dn\ujfdf lxhf] a]n'sL ljZjsdf{ k"hfsf] l;nl;nfdf lxGb"
d';ndfgaLr em8k eP klg xfn l:ylt lgoGq0fdf 5.

@)%* c;f]h $ ut] laxLaf

sf7df8f}sf ljleGg :yfgdf lxhf] tf]8kmf]8sf 36gf ePsf 5g\. ]l8of]
g]kfnsf] df]6 kf6gdf hnfOPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ x'sd' eof], dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+;fTds lqmofsnfk a9\b}
uPsfn] sf7df8f}aflx s'g} :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL ug{ pko'Qm x'G5
ls < ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] s'f rlnx]sf] cj:yfdf bafsf] e"ldsf s] x'G5 <
bafn] s:tf] 0fgLlt agfpg'kg]{ xf] < o:tf ljifodf ;Defljt of]hgfaf] ;f]rljrf
k'ofpg". ;fy} ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] lhDd]jfL >L % sf]
;sfs} xf]. bafn] dfcf]jfbLaf] Hofbf lrGtf rf;f] lng yfn]df gsffTds
k|efj kg{ ;S5 x'sd' x'b} o;df ljrf k'ofpg lgb]z
{ g aS:of]. o;} uL ;sfaf6
fhbafsf] ;'Iff ;'b[9 ug{ cfjZos of]hgf agfpg' To; cg';f >L % sf]
;sf;u ah]6 dfu ug{ lgb]z
{ g aS:of]. ;sfaf6 jt{dfg hl6n kll:yltdf
f]ld PDaf;8 sf] cjwf0ffdf uO{ g]kfnsf] ;d:of tyf jf:tljstf a'emfpg]
lhDd]jfL lbP s]xL dxjk"0f{ b]zdf v6fpg pko'Qm x'g] s'f klg x'sd' eof].

@)%* c;f]h !) ut] a'waf

eftLo :yn ;]gfWoIfsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd jt{dfg kll:yltsf sf0f
kl5 ;]sf] 5. ;fy}, k|fKt va cg';f eftn] g]kfnsf] ;Ldf If]qdf ;}lgs
ultljlw a9fPsf] 5. To:t} rLgn] klg g]kfn;u hf]l8Psf] ;Ldf If]qdf s]xL ;}lgs

241

242

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

an yk u]sf] va 5.
zfxL Ifs jflxgLsf ;'a]bf d]h cGo Ps ;}lgs n}grf}l:yt kb\dTg
t'nfwsf] 3 k|j]z u]sf] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ va ug'{eof]. pxfn]
bafn] of] s] u]sf] xf], a'em] dnfO{ va ug"{ eGg'eof]. o; ;DaGwdf a'em\bf
kb\dTgsf] 3 kl;df k|]; x]sf] x'bf cfpbf] b;}+sf] z'esfdgf sf8{ 5fKg Toxf
uPsf] a'lemof].
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxf clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f lxhf]
ljf6gu uO{ Toxfaf6 l;lnu'8Llt nfu]sf] va 5.
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 x'g] sfafxLsf qmddf 3fOt] x'g] ;z:q k|xL, g]kfn k|xL
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf ;'IffsdL{nfO{ ;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgLd} pkrfsf]
k|aGw ubf{ fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5.

@)%* c;f]h !@ ut] z'qmaf

eftsf] klZrd a\ufn ;sfn] g]kfn;u hf]l8Psf l;dfgfdf ;Ldf ;'Iff
an a9fP s]xL gS;njfbLnfO{ kqmfp u]sf] 5. eftLo u'Ktrx?n] g]kfnsf
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] ;d]t vf]hL ulx]sf 5g\. o;n] ubf{ dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL
;b:ox? s[i0faxfb' dxf clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f l;lnu'8L hfg g;s]sf] va
5. eftn] crfgs s] ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] < ;a} kIfn] cgf}7f] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\.
dlGqklifb\af6 fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgfsf nflu baGbL tyf
ah]6 :jLs[t ePsf] 5. o;sf] ;+of]hsdf Iff;lrj ;x;+of]hsdf ;]gfsf
pkyL xg] Joj:yf ulPsf] 5. ;fy} ;]gf, ;z:q k|xL, g]kfn k|xL, fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 jli7 clws[tx? ;d]t uL xfnnfO{ %! hgfsf] baGbL
:jLs[t ePsf] 5. o;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] 5gf]6 fd|f] x'g'k5{. o;sf]
sfof{no ;s];Dd k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{noglhs x'bf pko'Qm x'G5. fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\ u7gsf] Joj:yf;u} w]} klxn] g} of] ;lrjfno :yfkgf eO;Sg'kg]{ lyof].
t ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNg] bnx?n] Wofg glbbf oltsf jif{;Dd of] ;lrjfno
aGg ;s]sf] lyPg. ;fy} tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLx?sf] ;]gf;usf] ;DaGw ;'dw' x'g
;s]sf] lyPg.
g]kfnuGhdf O:nflds k|mG6 sf] gfdaf6 krf{afhL ulPsf] 5. pQm krf{df
lxGb" af}4nfO{ ufnL uL cf];fdf lag nfb]g lhGbfjfb n]lvPsf] 5. g]kfnuGh
If]qdf d'l:ndsf] ljz]if s]Gb| v8f uL lzj ;]gfsf lj4 sfafxL ug]{ eg] ;d]t
n]lvPsf] 5.
oxL c;f]h @# b]lv #) ut];Dd u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdLsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps
k|ltlglwd08nn] rLgsf] ;b\efjgf e|d0f ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] 5.
s]xL jif{cufl8 ljefhg ePsf Pdfn] dfn]aLr PsLs0fsf nflu jftf{ ;'

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ePsf] 5. @)%^ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf dfn]sf] kQf;fkm ePkl5 dfn]sf clwsf+z

g]tfx? tTsfn PsLs0fsf] kIfdf 5g\ eg] dfn]sf] 7"nf] o'jf k\lQm qmdzM
dfcf]jfbLlt uOx]sf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf dfn] sfo{stf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLdf hfgaf6
f]Sg klg tTsfn PsLs0f cfjZos dflgPsf] 5. t PsLs0f ;DaGwdf ePsf
jftf{df dfn]leq tLg yL g]tf b]lvPsf 5g\.
fhbafsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf dha't agfpg] l;nl;nfdf ;xfos yL 6Lsf
wdnfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf dxf;]gfgLx? 5ljnfn v8\sf, s]zjfh dxt, ljgf]h
a:Goft k|d'v ;]gfgLx? tLGb| vqL zlz l;+x ;lDdlnt 6f]nL ag]sf] 5.
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ x's'd eof], g]kfnsf] kll:yltnfO{ x]] eftn]
fhgLlts ultljlw ;'Iffdf Hofb} rf;f] lnOx]sf] 5. of] ljifodf s'f ubf{
k|wfgdGqLn] cgle1tf k|s6 ug'{eof]. To:t} dfcf]jfbL;u b'O{ r0fsf] jftf{
pknlAwxLg ultxLg ePsfn] t];|f] r0fsf] jftf{df ;sfL kIf lg0ff{os ?kdf
k|:t't x'g'k5{ eg] d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5'. k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbLsf]
lqmofsnfkk|lt sfpG6 ug]{ ;f]rfO agfPsf] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] 5.

@)%* c;f]h !% ut] ;f]daf

bf, t'n;Lk'df ljBfyL{ k|xLaLr em8k rs]{kl5 l:ylt lgoGq0fdf lng
k|xLn] kmfol ubf{ Pssf] d[To' ePsf] 5 b'O{ ljBfyL{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\. o;df
dfcf]jfbLsf] 3';k}7 ePsf] va 5. Toxf lx+;f e8\lsg glbg :yfgLo k|zf;gn]
sk\mo'{ cfb]z hfL u]sf] 5.
:of\hfdf dfcf]jfbL ufp hg;sf k|d'vn] cab]lv hg;sfsf] gfdaf6
gfulstf lng" eg] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ cfb]z lbPsf 5g\. xf]n]Ldf ckxlt
k|xLdWo] !& hgfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;'v]{tsf] fsddf cfO{;Lcf;LnfO{ x:tfGt0f
u]sf] 5.
va cg';f dfcf]jfbL 6f]nLsf ;b:ox? l;lnu'8L hfg g;s]kl5 ;'6'Ss
sf7df8f} kmls{Psf 5g\. pgLx? :jL; lgof]usf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] %#l;8L!
gDasf] df]6af6 kb\dTg t'nfwsf] 3df uPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* c;f]h @@ ut] ;f]daf

o'f]lkog o'lgogn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf ;j{;fwf0fsf nflu
Pp6f sf]if v8f ug]{ ePsf] 5. pQm sf]ifaf6 dfcf]jfbLn] Wj+; kf]sf ef}lts
;+rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu klg vr{ ug]{ of]hgf x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cd]lsL jfo';]gfsf ljdfg c]laog vf8Ldf x]sf cd]lsL tyf la|l6;
hxfhn] qm'h ld;fOnaf6 lxhf] flt tLg r0fdf ckmuflg:tfgsf sfa'n, hnfnfafb,
sfGwf nufotsf :yfgdf cfqmd0f u]sf 5g\. cd]lsfn] xjfO{ cfqmd0fsf]

243

244

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

tofL ulx]sf] va r'xfP klg s'g lbg cfqmd0f x'G5 eGg] ck];g Knfg clt
uf]Ko fv]sf] lyof]. g]kfndf pQm cfqmd0fsf] k|ToIf k|efj kb}{g. t o; o'4n]
kfls:tfg eftnfO{ ;d]t k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] x'bf g]kfndf To;sf] gsffTds c;
kg{ ;S5. ;fy} cd]lsf a]nfotaf6 g]kfnnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]udf klg c;
kg{ ;S5. o; ;Gbe{df g]kfndf x]sf cd]lsL a]nfotL lgof]u tyf cGo
sfof{nosf] ;'Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5. of] o'4n] ubf{ k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfnfO{ sf\u|]; kf6L{df cfk\mgf] jr{:j a9fpg dbt k'Ug] b]lvG5.
o; lsl;dsf] cGtf{li6o kll:yltdf >L % sf] ;sfn] dfcf]jfbL;usf]
jftf{df s8f a}of ckgfpg ;S5. ;fy} o'f]lkog o'lgog h:tf d'n'ssf] ;xfotfsf]
k"0f{ ;b'kof]u u] hgtfsf] dg klg lhTg ;S5. To:t}, ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos ah]6
pknAw ufpg'sf ;fy} fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno :yfkgf u]sf] ljifonfO{
k|wfgdGqLn] ;sffTds ?kdf lng'k5{. lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k|wfgdGqL x'bf
;w} ;]gfn] ;xof]u u]g dfq eGg] t ;]gfnfO{ jf:tf ljZjf; gug]{ tyf g]kfn
k|xLk|lt Hofb} ef];f uL e|i6frfnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] ljifonfO{ k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn]
;fj{hlgs ;d]t ug{ ;Sg'k5{. o;af6 pxfnfO{ cufl8 a9\g kmfObf k'Ug ;S5.
clwfhs'dfL k|]Iffaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ :jfdL sdngogfrfo{nfO{ ljz]if
k"hfsf nflu d'lQmgfy k7fpg'kof], :jfdL;u cGo kfr hgf klg x'G5g\, ;]gfn]
x]lnsK6, cfjZos kg]{ nQfsk8f vfgfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ullbg'kof] x's'd
ePsf] x]5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] of] s'f k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 ug{ nufpbf ;lhnf]
x'G5 eGg'eP5. o;} k|;\udf cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eg]
;f]gLsf nflu x]lnsK6 tyf cGo ;xof]u ldnfOb]pm x's'd eof]. clwfhs'dfL
k|]Iffsf] fhkljfdf af]nfpg] gfd ;f]gL xf]. clwfhs'dfL w]} jif{b]lv 9f8sf]
b'vfOaf6 c:j:y xf]OaS;G5. fhbafsf clwsf+z sfo{qmddf ;xefuL gePsf]
klg jiff}{+ eO;s]sf] 5. oxL c:j:ytfsf sf0f cfk\mgf klt k"j{clwfhs'df
wL]Gb|sf] d[To'df pxf Ps lbgeGbf a9L lslof a:g ;lsaS;]g. fhbaf
xTofsf08kl5 eg] pxfsf] lqmofsnfk cs:dft a9\of]. pxfn] ;f]em} ;]gfsf
xjfO{hxfh tyf x]lnsK6 dfuL wgu9L, g]kfnuGh, e}xjf, kf]vf h:tf :yfgsf]
e|d0f ulaS;b} 5. sf7df8f}df ;d]t ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0f, ljleGg JolQm;u
e]63f6 cflb ulaS;]af6 pxfsf] k'fgf] f]uaf] kllrt ;a}nfO{ cfZro{ nfUg
yfn]sf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ a]nfotL ;}lgs ;xrfLn] lxhf] flt ckmuflg:tfgdf ePsf]
ld;fOn xdnfaf] kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] x]5. To:t}, a]nfotL ;]gfsf]
ljz]if ;'Iff kmf}h -P;PP;_ sf s]xL 6's8L ckmuflg:tfgsf sltko :yfgdf
klrfng eO;s]sf] ;d]t hfgsfL ufpg'eP5. of] s'f dnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* c;f]h @# ut] d\unaf

;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] kmf]g uL u[xdGqL v'daxfb'
v8\sf c:6]lnof e|d0fdf x'g'x'G5, d]f] ;|f]tn] Toxf u[xdGqLn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u
e]6\g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] hfgsfL lbPsf] 5 egL hfgsfL lbg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn]
cfufdL sflQs & ut] ;z:qn] lg;fg kfpg] lbg flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf uL To;df
;sfnfO{ lgdGq0ff 6qmfpbf s] xf]nf egL ;f]Wg'eof].

@)%* c;f]h @% ut] laxLaf

x'Dnfsf] l;dLsf]6b]lv lxN;f gfsf;Dd dfcf]jfbLsf] lqmofsnfk a9]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] Toxfaf6 cj}w h8La'6L rLgtkm{ lgsf;L u] kf6L{nfO{ cfjZos
nQfsk8f tyf cGo ;;fdfg Nofpg] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ToxL af6f]af6 p;n]
xltof leofpg ;Sg] ;d]t ;Defjgf 5. pQm If]qdf g]kfnsf] k|xL k|zf;gsf]
pkl:ylt 5}g. o; ljifodf lrlgof fhb"tnfO{ hfgsfL ufP lrlgof ;Ldfdf
lgufgL fVg cfu|x ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
fhbafleqsf ultljlw cgfjZos ?kdf kqklqsfdf cfpg] u]sf 5g\.
o; ljifodf vf]hL tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;DalGwt ljefudf va ulPsf] lyof].
cg';Gwfgkl5 To;L kqklqsfnfO{ ;dfrf lbg]df ;+jfb ;lrjfnosf bfgbf;
>]i7 3sfh ljefusf fh' 8\uf]n x]sf] v'Ng cfPsf] 5. bfgbf;n]
sfof{no ;dokl5 g]kfn ;dfrf kqdf cf+lzs ?kdf sfd ;d]t ulx]sf] 1ft
ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] cfh lbp;f] ;a} ;'Iff k|d'vnfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu af]nfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. ;f] cj;df d'n'sdf ljsl;t ;'Iff l:yltaf] s'f ePsf] yfxf
ePsf] 5.

@)%* c;f]h @^ ut] z'qmaf

jL]Gb| c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf sfo{t k|d'v ;]gfgL 8f= k|]drGb|k|;fb sf]OLn]
pkrfsf nflu egf{ ePsL Ps o'jtLnfO{ anfTsfsf] sf]l;; u]5g\. To; qmddf
tL dlxnf lrRofPkl5 Toxf sfo{t :jf:YosdL{n] 8'6L 8fS6nfO{ va u]5g\.
o; ;DaGwdf 5fglag ;' x'bf 8f= sf]OLn] t'Gt} fhLgfdf lbP. sf]OL :juL{o
bLk]Gb| ;sfnfO{ ljz]if dg kg]{ 8fS6 lyP.

@)%* c;f]h @( ut] ;f]daf

;sfaf6 a8fb;}sf] cj; kf] kf; ;/sf/nfO{ >L % o'jfhflwfh
3f]if0ff ug]{ s]xL ;dokl5 k[y'nfwLz aS;g nfu]sf] dnfO{ x's'd eof]. d}n]
;sfdf clwfhs'dfnfO{ clxn] g} o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ff ubf{ hgdfg;df

245

246

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

gsffTds ;Gb]z hfnf ls < hlxn] 3f]if0ff u] klg kf; ;sf g} o'jfhflwfh
x'g] xf]. To;}n] s]xL ;dokl5 3f]if0ff ubf{ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 egL laGtL u].
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;}lgs ;lrj -d_ pko'Qm ePgg\, To;}n] Jofj;flos ?kdf
bIf yL leS6Lzdz] hafnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj agfP k7fpg pko'Qm x'G5
eg] cfkm"lgs6sf ;}lgs clws[t;u ;Nnfx u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* sflQs @ ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL sf7df8f}aflx hfg] kms{g] qmd tLj| ePsf] 5. o;}
;Gbe{df k'gM sf7df8f} cfpbf 6f]nLnfO{ yfgsf]6df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] km"ndfnf
;lxt :jfut u]. k'fg} gff bf]xf]lP. yfgsf]6df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ df]tLs[i0f
zfSosf] 3df laxfgsf] vfgf vfP lqk']Zjl:yt xf]6n cls{8df lbp;f] kqsf
;Dd]ng ug]{ pgLx?sf] sfo{qmd 5.
cfufdL b;}sf] sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf lbg ;sf eQmk'l:yt gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf]
bz{g ug{ hfg] sfo{qmd 5. Toxfl:yt tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb hL0ff]{4f
eOx]sfn] o;} qmddf To;sf] ;d]t lgLIf0fsf] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5. k"j{
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ dxf;]gfgL ;'Gbk|tfk fgfnfO{ pQm :yfgsf] lgLIf0f uL ;dGjo
ug{ k7fOPsf] 5.

@)%* sflQs # ut] z'qmaf

;sfaf6 cfh a]nfotL ;]gfsf la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hsf s0f]{n sdfG8]G6
hgn ; zfd sfcf]gnfO{ bz{g aS:of]. pxf g]kfnsf s]xL lhNnfsf] :ynut
e|d0f u] kms{g'ePsf] lyof]. e]6df hgn sfcf]gn] g]kfnsf ljleGg u|fdL0f
Onfsfdf a]nfotsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt uf]vf{ j]nkm]o sfo{qmdaf] ;sfnfO{
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To:t}, pxfn] laGtL ug'{eof], ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0fsf
qmddf :yfgLo hgtf dfcf]jfbLk|lt i6 ePsf] kfP. :yfgLo txdf >L % sf]
;sfsf] pkl:ylt Hofb} Go"g 5. ;a} txdf e|i6frf a9]sf] s'fnfO{ lnP
hgtfn] u'gf;f] ug]{ u]sf] a'lemof]. xfn s]xL lhNnfdf hfL PsLs[t cfGtls
;'Iff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd lgs} k|efjsfL ePsfn] o;nfO{ cem Jofks agfpg'kg]{
b]lvG5. o; sfo{qmddf fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf] vfrf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf
fhgLlts d'2f fhgLlts tjaf6} ;dfwfg x'g'k5{. fhgLlts ljifodf ;}lgs
;dfwfg vf]lhg' x'b}g.
;f] cj;df ;sfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf lglDt k|fKt a]nfotL ;xof]usf
nflu wGojfb aS:of]. ;fy} eljiodf klg ;xof]usf] lgGttfsf nflu kxn
ullbg pxfnfO{ x's'd eof]. o;} uL ;sfaf6 ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf] cfGtls
dfldnfdf cgfjZos ?kdf rnv]n uL g]tfx?nfO{ b'kof]u ulx]sf] af] rrf{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ulaS:of]. bz{ge]6kl5 hgn sfcf]gnfO{ ;sfaf6 l8g aS;]sf] lyof].

l8gdf k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf, anflws[t yL Kofh\u yfkf, dfgfy{
zfxL kfZj{jtL{x? d ;d]t ;xefuL eof}.

@)%* sflQs !$ ut] d\unaf

ljleGg lhNnfdf :yfgLo txaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 k|ltsf ;d"x u7g ePsf
5g\. o;} l;nl;nfdf t]xy'd, g'jfsf]6 h'Dnfdf dfcf]jfbL;u k|ltsf ;d"xsf]
em8k ePsf] 5. o; qmddf dfcf]jfbLaf6 k|xLn] s]xL xltof ;d]t afdb u]sf]
va 5. o;sf ;fy} b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLsf] lqmofsnfk klg pu|
?kdf a9]sf] 5.
oL ljifo hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 k|ltsf ulx]sf ;d"xnfO{
;'Iff lgsfo fHoaf6 ;xof]u ug{ nufpg" x's'd eof]. To:t} v'Da'jfg tyf
dw]zL d'lQmdf]rf{nfO{ ;d]t dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ptfg{ ;s] ;sffTds k|efj x'g]
;'emfj aS:of].
eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf pkk|d'v P;s] l;Gxf labf dgfpg sf7df8f}
cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] k|wfgdGqL, u[xdGqL fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v
b]jLfd zdf{;u e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5.
b;}sf] cj;df dxffhflwfhaf6 kf; ;/sf/nfO{ o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ff
ulPsf]df ldl>t k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL, ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ d;fnn]
3f]if0ffsf] pu| ljf]w u]sf 5g\. dfgj clwsfjfbL kb\dTg t'nfw, s[i0f kxf8L
sf\u|];sf g]tf gxl cfrfo{n] gsffTds l6Kk0fL u]sf 5g\. dfn] dxf;lrj
jfdb]j uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL of] 3f]if0ffsf] kIfdf b]lvg'ePsf] 5 eg] fh]Gb|
>]i7, s]zjnfn >]i7 nufotsf g]tf tLj| ljf]wdf 5g\. dfn]sf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g
cg]f:jljo'n] klg o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ffsf] tLj| ljf]w u]sf] 5. To:t}, eftLo
6]lnlehg Rofgn hL6LeL :6f 6LeLn] o;af] gsffTds ;dfrf k|;f0f u].
otf, ;]gf ;}lgs clws[t >LdtL ;\3n] o'jfhflwfhdf z'esfdgf hfx]
ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf 5g\. o;} qmddf o'jfhflwfhsf] klxnf] cGtjf{tf{sf nflu
sflGtk' b}lgsaf6 cg'f]w cfPsf] 5. d}n] ;sfsf] cfufdL z'ehGdf]T;j k';
!% ut]sf] cj; kf] sflGtk'df cGtjf{tf{ k|sflzt ubf{ ;sffTds ;Gb]z hfg]
egL hfx] u].

@)%* sflQs @) ut] ;f]daf

eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfsf] d\l; $ b]lv & ut];Dd to ulPsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf]
sfo{qmd k'gM :ylut ePsf] 5.
g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] kmnf6]df cfh dfcf]jfbLn] ufpn]nfO{ s'6lk6 uL s]xLnfO{

247

248

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

3fOt] agfPsf 5g\. :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] cfu|xdf pQm :yfgdf ;]gfsf] e}jgfy
u0faf6 Ps u'Nd kmf}h k7fP fte ;}lgs sfafxL ug]{ of]hgf 5.
>L % sf] ;sfn] g]kfndf bf];|f] k6s x'g nfu]sf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo
;xof]u ;\u7g -;fs{_ lzv ;Dd]ng cfufdL k'; @) b]lv @@ ut];Dd cfof]hgf
ug]{ sfo{qmd to u]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL lqmofsnfk pu| ?kdf a9]sf] 5. o'jfhflwfh 3f]if0ffkZrft
dfcf]jfbLn] gsffTds k|rf ug]{ qmddf y'k|} 7fpdf ;8s gf6s k|bz{g u]sf]
5. ljleGg :yfgdf dfcf]jfbL xTof lx+;fsf lj4 k|ltsf ;d]t eOx]sf]
5. hgtfsf] :j:k"mt{ k|ltsfsf sf0f dfcf]jfbLn] hah{:tL ufp hg;sfdf
fv]sf JolQmx?n] fhLgfdf lbg yfn]sf 5g\. PsLs[t cfGtls ;'Iff tyf
ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu vl6Psf ;]gfsf o'lg6x?n] cfjZos k]sf
a]nf k|xLnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ;d]t yfn]sf 5g\. xfn sf7df8f}df cfhstf
cg'zf;gxLgtf a9]sfn] ;jfL b'3{6gf rf]Lsf 36gfdf tLj| j[l4 ePsf] 5.
o;tkm{ oyfzSo rf8f] k|xL k|zf;gsf] Wofg hfg'kg]{ x'G5.

@)%* sflQs @$ ut] z'qmaf

Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{ dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'eof]. To; qmddf pxfn]
eGg'eof], d]f] xfn} ;DkGg rLg e|d0faf6 d k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 5'. lrlgof kIfaf6
e|d0fnfO{ lnP ;sffTds cleJolQm cfof]. e|d0fsf] cj;df lrlgof IffdGqL
;]gfsf pkk|d'v;u e]6 eof]. lrlgofx?n] :juL{o >L % jL]Gb|af] Hofb}
;b\efj fv]] s'f u]. ;sfnfO{ rLgsf] cgGo ldq ;d]t eg]. To:t} lrlgof
clwsfLx?n] g]kfnn] eft;u klg fd|f] ;DaGw fVg'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbP.
d}n] g]kfndf xfn eOx]sf] dfcf]jfbL lx+;fTds ultljlw >L % sf] ;sfaf6
rnfOPsf cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgfaf] la|km u]. o;k|lt lrlgof
kbflwsfLn] ;dy{g hgfPsf 5g\.
Iff;lrjsf] e|d0f 6f]nLdf x]sf ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLn] klg rLg
e|d0faf] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], lrlgof IffdGqL;usf]
e]6df pxfn] :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] w]} k|z+;f ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], fhf
jL]Gb| lrlgof fi6kltsf] w]} glhssf] ;fyL x'g'x'GYof]. fhf jL]Gb|sf] xTofaf6
fi6kltnfO{ w]} zf]s kof]. fi6klt cfkm} zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf; uP ;dj]bgf
k'l:tsfdf x:tfIf ug'{eof]. o;n] :juL{o fhf jL]Gb|k|lt Hofb} >4f emNsfp5.
lrlgof fi6kltn] o:tf] sfo{ Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ug'{ePsf] xf]. To:t} lrlgof
IffdGqLn] fhbaf xTofsf08af] lrlgof hgtfdf z\sf 5, To;}n] gof fhfaf6
cfk\mgf]] ljb]z e|d0f rLgaf6 ;' u]df lrlgof hgtfdf ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f a9\5
eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] rLg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ w]} ;xof]u ug{ tTk 5, t

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;]gfnfO{ ;f]em} ;xof]u ubf{ jt{dfg dxffhflwfhnfO{ c;lhnf] kg{ ;S5, To;}n]
;]gfn] >L % sf] ;sf dfkm{t g} ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 eGg'eof].
rLg ljZjdf s'g} klg vfnsf] cft\sjfbsf lj4df 5, cft\ssf] cf8df wd{,
;+:s[lt h:tf ljifodf s'g} klg d'n'ssf hgtfsf] cf:yfk|lt cfqmd0f x'g' x'b}g
eGb} pxfn] rLgn] cd]lsfsf] cflwkTo :jLsf ug{ g;Sg] :ki6 kfg'{eof]. To:t},
lrlgof hgd'lQm ;]gfsf pkk|d'v hgn bhf{sf] pRr JolQm lrlgof ;]gfsf]
0fgLltsf x'g'x'G5, To;}n] pxfnfO{ g]kfn e|d0f ufpg ;s] b'O{ ;]gfaLr cem
;'dw' ;DaGw x'g ;S5 eGg] lrlgof IffdGqLsf] ;'emfj lyof]. ;fy}, csf]{ !)
jif{df rLgn] ltAatnfO{ fd|f];u ljsf; ug]{ o;af6 g]kfnnfO{ klg k|ToIf nfe
x'g] pxfsf] egfO lyof].
sf\u|];leq lulhf ;d"xn] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg]
v]n ;' u]sf] a'lemG5. o;} k|;\udf sf]Ofnfn] u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfnfO{
kmf]g uL b]pjfn] dfcf]jfbL cg's"n sfd dfq ulx]sf 5g\, tkfO{+n] o;df ljrf
k'ofpg'kof] eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;KtL lhNnfdf dw]zL hgclwsf ;f]sf d~r dw]zL fli6o d'lQm
df]rf{n] ;+o'Qm sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u]sf lyP. To;df d~rsf pk]Gb| ofbj
df]rf{sL ;:jtL rf}wLn] fh;+:yfaf] cToGt} cfklQhgs dGtJo lbP. sfo{qmddf
;sfsf] tl:adf sfnf] df];f] kf]t] h'Qfsf] dfnf nufOlbPsf] ;d]t va 5.
o; 36gfnfO{ lnP :yfgLo k|zf;gnfO{ sfafxLsf nflu lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
;sf uPsf] b;}df cfndb]jL eujtLsf] bz{g ug{ :of\hf ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf]
lyof]. To; cj;df Toxfsf k'hfL dun] :yfgLo du o'jfx?nfO{ ;]gf
k|xLdf egf{ ullbg hfx] u]sf lyP. ;fy} pgn] ufpdf vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf
ullbg cfu|x u]sf lyP. cfh ;sfaf6 o;af]df cfjZos sfafxL ug{
lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 g]kfn clwfHoesf k'fgf baf dd{t;Def
ug{ cfjZos 5 x's'd x'b} ;a} bafnfO{ fhbaf cGtu{t fVg] of gfVg]
olb s'g} baf fhbaf cGtu{t fVg 7Ls 5}g eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd ug{ o;
;DaGwL c:ki6 s'fnfO{ k|:6 uL nfu" ug]{ gLlt to ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%* sflQs @& ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] lxhf] cfk\mgf] lgjf;df fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf
;efklt 8f= s]zh\u fodfemL sf\u|]; g]tf 8f= gffo0f v8\sfnfO{ l8g
lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. l8gdf 8f= fodfemLnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u rn]sf] jftf{nfO{ ;kmn
kfg{ ;xof]u ullbg cfu|x u]sf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5.
s]xL lbgcl3 clwfhs'dfL k|]Iff g]kfnuGh ;jfL ePsf] lyof]. cfh laxfg
;jf * ah] g]kfnuGhaf6 x]lnsK6df d'u'sf] ffsf nflu p8fg uL ;jf !) ah]

249

250

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pQm :yfgdf cjt0f ulaS;]5. sla !! ah]lt g]kfnuGhsf nflu lkmtf{ x'g
x]lnsK6n] p8fg ;' uof]. p8fg ;' u]sf] Ps ldg]6d} x]lnsK6 ff tfndf
v:of]. rfns bnsf ;b:o tyf ;a} ofq' x]lnsK6;u} ff tfndf 8'a]. sla
;f9] !! ah] 8f= Clif vqL sla ;f9] !@ ah] ;'>L zfbf l;+xsf] zL kfgLdf
t}lPsf] cj:yfdf b]lvof]. b'j}sf] zLnfO{ Toxfsf ;}lgsn] aflx lgsfn]. cGo
ofq' x]lnsK6sf] Jofks vf]hL eof]. t s]xL e]6\g ;lsPg. lbp;f] # ah]
clwfhs'dfLsf] zL kfgLdf t}lPsf] cj:yfdf km]nf kfL glhs} x]sf] ;]gfsf]
Aof]sdf nluof] ;f9] # ah] pxfnfO{ d[t 3f]lift ulof]. sf7df8f}af6 laxfg}
p4fsf nflu To;tkm{ uPsf] ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6 p4f l6dn] clwfhs'dfLsf]
zjnfO{ g]kfnuGh x'b} sf7df8f} Nofof]. pxfsf] zjnfO{ lqe'jg ljdfg:yn,
eLeLcfO{kL kl;af6 zjofqf uL cfo{3f6 n}hfg] of]hgf lyof]. cflvL ;dodf
pxfsf 5f]Lx?sf] OR5f cg';f zjnfO{ hLjgs'~h, dxffhuGh NofOof]. Toxf
clGtd >4f~hlnsf] sfo{qmd eof]. clGtd >4f~hln ck{0f ug{ dxffhflwfh
klg ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. zjnfO{ cfh} clGtd ;+:sfsf nflu kz'klt,
cfo{3f6 nluof]. flt sla ;f9] !@ ah] bfuaQL lbg] sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof].
cfO{P;8LkLdf sfo{t ;]gfsf hjfgn] :yfgLo eQf kfPsf 5}gg\. ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmd cl3 a9fpg ;]gfn] ;~rfng ug]{ eg]sf] hgtfsf] dgdl:tis
lhTg] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 k'u]sf] 5}g. ;fy}, ljleGg ;sfL
sfof{noaf6 o; sfo{qmdsf nflu vl6Psf sd{rfL ;d]t sfo{:yndf gk'u]sf]
;]gfsf] u'gf;f] 5.

@)%* sflQs @* ut] d\unaf

>L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLsf] jftf{6f]nLaLr cfh ckfx\g $ ah] uf]bfjL
len]h l;f]6{df k'gM jftf{ ;' ePsf] 5. t, b'j} kIfsf cfcfk\mgf c8fgsf sf0f
jftf{ s'g} ;sffTds lbzflt pGd'v x'g] b]lvb}g.

@)%* d\l; $ ut] ;f]daf

ltxf labfkl5 cfh sfof{no uP. ljut s]xL lbgsf 36gfqmd ljZn]if0f
ubf{ b]zdf zflGt;'Iffsf] l:ylt klxn] h:t} 5. sf7df8f}df rf]L tyf cGo
cfkflws 36gf a9]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] ltxfsf] ;dodf s'g} klg lx+;fTds tyf
cfhs ultljlw u]g. >L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] jftf{ lagflgisif{
6'\luof]. csf]{ r0fsf] jftf{ oxL dlxgfsf] bf];|f] ;ftf ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] 5.
ff tfndf x]lnsK6 b'3{6gfdf kL lbj\ut clwfhs'dfL k|]Iffsf] sfnf]
x\ofG8Aofu ut d\l; ! ut] kfgLdf plqPsf] cj:yfdf km]nf kof]. Aofudf
!& xhf % ;o k}of gub, ;'gsf l;Ssf @ yfg, ;fdfGo l;Ssf $ yfg,

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kk\mo'{dsf] l;;L ! yfg, rfbLsf] af ! yfg, cfO{ nfOg ! yfg, g]ns6 !

yfg cf}iflw Kofs]6 ! yfg lyof]. ;]gfn] ;'lIft ?kdf baf k7fPsf] Aofu
;sfnfO{ a'emfOof].
h'Dnf ;bd'sfd vn\ufdf t}gfy ;z:q k|xL u0f gDa $ df flt k|xL
lgLIfs O{Zjgfy kf08]n] 8'6L hfr ubf{ k|xL hjfg o'4axfb' aL;L l;len
8];df e]l6P. ;fy} tL k|xL hjfgn] S;L ;]jg u]sf lyP. To:tf] cj:yfdf
e]l6Psf aL;LnfO{ ufnL ubf{ pgn] k|xL lgLIfs kf08]nfO{ uf]nL k|xf u].
;+of]ujz uf]nL k|xfaf6 kf08] 3fOt] dfq eP. k|xL hjfg aL;L xltof ;lxt
kmf ePsf] x'bf vf]hL hfL 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kmf]gdf k"j{Iff;lrj d's'Gbzdz] yfkfn] cfk"mnfO{ eft,
rLg cyjf a]nfotsf nflu fhb"tdf l;kmfl; ug{ ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof]
eGg'ePsf] 5, of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] ullbg" eGg'eof].
ut d\l; @ ut] laxfg ;jf !! ah] otL PonfOG;sf] hxfh h'Dnf
ljdfg:yndf lu4;u 7Ss vfPkl5 rfnsn] cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f u]sf lyP.
To; 36gfdf rfns SofK6]g sf]ifaxfb' yfkfsf] lgwfdf ;fdfGo rf]6 nfu]sf]
va 5.
;fs{ ;Dd]ngsf qmddf ;'Iff tyf cGo aGbf]a:tLsf nflu ;]gfn] k5fl8 a;]
;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5. lqe'jg cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf sdfG8 sG6f]n sIf v8f uL
;'Iff Joj:yf lgufgL ulg]5. ;]gfsf pkyLsf] sdfG8df xg] sG6f]n sIfdf
;a} ;'Iff c\usf jli7 clws[t xg]5g\ rf}aL;} 306f ;'IffsdL{ klrfng
ulg]5.
o'f]lkog o'lgogn] g]kfndf hfL dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfly{s
?kn] s;L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af] yk hfgsfL lng] ePsf] 5. o;
qmddf cd]lsL, a]nfotL gj]{lhog b"tfjf;sf sd{rfL ;lDdlnt 6f]nL uf]vfdf
hfL cfO{P;8LkL sfo{qmdsf] cjnf]sg ug{ To;tkm{ uPsf] 5. :yfgLo lgsfosf]
r'gfjsf] clglZrttf clgolGqt e|i6frfsf sf0f >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ cfly{s
;xof]u ug{ o'f]lkog o'lgog ;sffTds 5}g. p;n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ah]6
k|ToIf ?kdf ;]gfnfO{ lbg ;Sg] wf0ff agfpg] of PghLcf] dfkm{t vr{ ug]{ ;f]rfO
fv]sf] b]lvG5.
cd]lsfdf k|fWofkg ug]{ 8f= hgfb{g ;'j]bLn] ;sf;u cd]lsfsf] s'g}
Vofltk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;sfdf dfgfy{ ljBfjfllwsf] pkflw r9fpg] Joj:yf
ug]{ k|;\udf s'f ug'{ePsf] x]5. o; ljifodf ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ xfnnfO{
of] pkflwsf] sfo{qmd gfVg va ullbg" x's'd eof].
dfcf]jfbLn] cfufdL k'; ! ut] fhwfgLdf a[xt\ cfd;ef ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf]
5. o;nfO{ klg c;f]h % ut] h:t} klxn] g} f]Sg'kg]{ x'G5. dfcf]jfbLn]

251

252

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

f]Nkf, s'd afun' hf]l8Psf] 7"nf] If]qnfO{ cfk\mgf] lgoGq0fdf fv]sfn]

;f] If]qdf ;]gfn] ck];g ug'{k5{ eGg] ;'emfj cfPsf] 5. o;}aLr Pdfn]
sf\u|];sf s]xL u0ftGqjfbL g]tf;u dfcf]jfbLn] u0ftGqsf] s'f cufl8 a9fpg
cg'f]w u]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf] p2]Zo g]kfndf hgu0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ eP klg
xfnnfO{ u0ftGqsf nflu ;xsfo{ ug]{ 7fp 5 egL pgLx?aLr s'f x'g] u]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLn] fh:j ;DaGwL cWofb]z Nofpg nfluPsf] To;df
;]gfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'g]af] ljrf x'b} 5 eg] hfgsfL ufPsf] x's'd eof]. To:t}
cfO{P;8LkL sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ lhNnfx? a9fpb} n}hfg'sf] ;f nfu" eO;s]sf
:yfgdf cem k|efjsfL -sG;f]ln8]6_ ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ lgb]{zg aS:of].
o;} cj;df d}n] ;'Iff k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 ;sf lgd{n lgjf;sf] ;f
fhbafdf g} fh eP pko'Qm x'g] s'f hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 of] jif{ g;g]{,
csf]{ jif{ h]7 !( kl5 ;fOt x]] ;f}nf x's'd eof].

@)%* d\l; & ut] laxLaf

lxhf] dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] jQmJo hfL uL cfk\mgf sfo{stf{nfO{ e"ldut
a:g cfqmd0fsf nflu tof xg lgb]{zg lbPsf 5g\. k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]
haf d\l; * b]lv !* ut];Ddsf] hd{gL e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf clxn] cl:6ofsf]
fhwfgL leogf k'Ug'ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf] jQmJokl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt e|d0fnfO{
5f]6fP d\l; !% ut] kms{g'x'g] ePsf] 5. hd{gL cl:6ofdf pxfn] ;]gfnfO{
cfjZos xltof lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug]{ d]l;gL x]g]{ sfo{qmd 5.
bf lhNnfsf] lemdfdf x]sf] :ju{fL cf>dsf] hUufaf6 pknAw ePsf]
b'O{tLg ;o d'L wfg dfcf]jfbLn] lxhf] flt hnfOlbP.
sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnf kIfwn] k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf lj4 x:tfIf cleofg
;' u]sf 5g\. x:tfIf ug]{ ;f+;bsf] ;\Vof ^^ k'ofpg] dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{
e\u x'gf;fy kf6L{df btf{ ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh dnfO{ ;sfaf6 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg jf ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] xf] eg]
bafaf6 s'gs'g ljifodf ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ xf], To;df cfwflt eP Pp6f
cjwf0ffkq tof kfg'{k5{, To;df ;+ljwfgsf] ;+If0f eg]sf] s] xf] eGg]af] k|:6
pNn]v x'g'k5{, k|hftGq kf6L{eGbf fi6 hgtf 7"nf] s'f xf] eGg] efjgf ;d]t
;d]l6g'k5{ eGg] x's'd eof].

@)%* d\l; ( ut] zlgaf

dfcf]jfbLn] bfsf] ;bd'sfd 3f]fxLglhs x]sf] ;]gfsf] eujtLk|;fb u'Nddf
lxhf] ;fem & ah]b]lv cfsl:ds cfqmd0f u]sf] 5. p;n] lhNnf k|xL k|zf;g

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

sfof{nosf ;fy} cGo ;sfL sfof{nodf klg Ps};fy xdnf u]sf] 5. To:t}
:of\hf lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfddf klg dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f ePsf] 5. pgLx?n]
ljleGg :yfgdf rf j6f a}\saf6 sd n'6]sf 5g\. cfh laxfg # ah];Ddsf]
va cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] bf :of\hf ;bd'sfd sAhf u]sf 5g\. 3f]fxLdf
;]gfsf] u'NdnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnP Toxf x]sf ;a} xltof sAhf ulPsf] 5.
cfqmd0fdf u'Ndklt ;lxt !$ ;}lgs dflPsf 5g\. k|xLtkm{ @@ hgf dflPsf
5g\. dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0fsf] va kfpgf;fy sf7df8f}af6 ljz]if kmf}h ty a'6jn
g]kfnuGhaf6 ;d]t ;}lgs 6f]nL yk dbtsf nflu To;tkm{ klrfng ulPsf]
5. o; 36gfaf] lj:t[t ljj0f cfpg afsL 5. dfcf]jfbLn] Ps} ;dodf fs]
h'n';, kmfol, lj:kmf]6g tyf cfqmd0f uL ljleGg %) :yfgdf cfk\mgf] k|efj
b]vfPsf] 5.
d laxfg & ah] hfx]Lsf nflu lgd{n lgjf; k'u]. lxhf] a]n'sf klg d}n]
bf cfqmd0fsf] va kfpg;fy ;sfdf hfx] u]sf] lyP. hfx]Lsf qmddf
;sfaf6 bafsf ;a} ;lrjnfO{ af]nfpg x's'd eof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ t'Gt
sf7df8f} kms{g va ug]{ s'f to eof]. ;]gfsf ;Dk"0f{ o'lg6nfO{ pRr ;ts{tfdf
xg lgb]{zg lbg] $ gDa jflxgL, ;'v]{tnfO{ n'l6Psf xltof lgoGq0fdf lng
cfb]z lbg] lg0f{o eof]. bf :of\hf 36gfaf] k|flDes cg';Gwfg uL
Ifltk"lt{sf] ljj0f ;s];Dd rf8f] lng klg ;sfaf6 x's'd aS:of]. dfcf]jfbL
cfqmd0fsf] k|ltsf ug{ g;Sg' olt 7"nf] cfqmd0fsf] tofLaf] ;d]t kQf] kfpg
g;Sg' s;sf] sdhf]L xf] eg] k|Zg p7\g' :jfefljs xf]. o;df OG6]lnh]G;sf]
c;kmntf b]lvG5. o;af] ;d]t t'Gt} 5fglag x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbLn] fKtL
c~rnsf] s'g} lhNnfdf 7"nf] cfqmd0f ug]{ tofL u]sf]af] dfcf]jfbL ;|f]taf6
klxn] g} uf]Ko ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] lyof]. To; cg';f ;]gfnfO{ klg ;ts{tf
ckgfpg elgPsf] lyof]. t bf Aof]sl:yt u'Ndkltn] ;"rgfnfO{ 6flS6snL
Jojxfdf ptfg{ ;s]gg\. dfcf]jfbLaf] pQm Aof]sn] s'g} klg :yfgLo ;"rgf
;\sng ug{ ;s]g k"j{;"rgf lbbf klg dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf] s'g} ;ts{tf
ckgfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPg. c;fjwfgLs} sf0f olt 7"nf] Iflt Aoxf]g'{k]sf] k|flDes
lkf]6{ 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] klg pQm cfqmd0fsf] va kfpgf;fy cfh} dlGqklifb\
sf] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug]{, pgLx?nfO{
cft\ssfL 3f]if0ff ug]{ b]zdf ;\s6sfn nufpg]af] 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5.
To:t}, k|wfg ;]gfklt :jb]z kms{gf;fy fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7saf6 ;]gf
klrfng ;DaGwL lg0f{o lng] s'f ePsf] 5.
o; 36gfnfO{ lnP ;sfaf6 cfh k|wfgdGqL tyf ;a} ;'Iff k|d'v;u
kfdz{ ulaS:of].

253

254

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* d\l; !! ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbLn] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd ;Nn]Ldf uP flt ;f9] !! ah]b]lv
cfqmd0f u]sf] 5. b'j} kIfaf6 laxfg;Dd kmfol ePsf] lyof]. sf7df8f}af6 flt
ljz]if kmf}hnfO{ @ gDa jflxgL, lxn]tkm{ k7fOPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] k|d'v lhNnf
clwsfL, b'O{ k|xL lgLIfs, @& k|xL hjfg $ ;}lgs ;lxt #$ hgfsf] xTof
u]sf] 5. ;fy} !% hgf dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dflPsf 5g\.
k|wfgdGqLn] ;f]n' 36gfnfO{ lnP dlGqklifb\sf] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfpg'ePsf]
5. a}7sn] ;\s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu ;+;b\df cWofb]z k]; ug]{ lg0f{o
u]sf] 5. To:t}, Ps jif{sf lglDt dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug]{ ;d]t
lg0f{o u]sf] 5. pQm lg0f{o fli6o ;'Iff klifb\af6 kf; ufpg] ;d]t lg0f{o
ePsf] 5. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ ;\s6sfn ;]gf klrfng b]zsf nflu klxnf]
lg0f{o ePsfn] o;n] eljiodf glh :yfkgf ug]{ x'bf o; ljifodf ljz]if Wofg
lbg x's'd eof].
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrflnt x'gsf nflu sf7df8f}df :k];n
6f:s kmf];{, k"j{df O6xL klZrddf g]kfnuGhdf k[tgf :yfkgf ug]{ k|:tfj u]sf]
5. ;fy} h\uL c8\8fl:yt o'4 tyf Joj:yf lgb]{zgfno -8LPdcf]_ df ;+o'Qm
sdfG8 ;]G6 :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]rfO ;d]t agfPsf] 5. Toxf ;z:q g]kfn k|xLsf
k|ltlglw xg]5g\.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] ;Gb]z lnP lbNnL uPsL pxfsL
5f]L ;'hftf sf]Ofnfn] Toxf s]xL eftLo g]tfnfO{ e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5. sf7df8f}df
eg] eftkIfLo eg] kllrt ;"o{axfb' yfkf, ch'{ggl;+x s];L Pdfn]sf s]xL
g]tfn] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] k|hftGq df;] bafnfO{ xfjL agfpg nfu]sf]
cff]k nufPsf 5g\.
sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] cfh laxfg a;]sf] a}7sdf ;xefuL ;a}n]
dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] 3f] eT;{gf ub}{ ;\s6sfnsf] kIfdf af]n]. g]tf z}nhf
cfrfo{n] dfq ;\s6sfnsf] ljf]wdf dGtJo fVg'eof].

@)%* d\l; !# ut] a'waf

;\s6sfnLg cj:yf ;' ePsfn] u[x dGqfnoaf6 clkn hfL uL
dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]sf ;a}nfO{ xftxltof a'emfP cfTd;dk{0f ug{ cfx\jfg
ug'{ plrt x'G5. ;j{;fwf0f g]kfnLn] ;\s6sfnaf] uDeLtfk"j{s dx;';
ug{ cfjZos 5. To:t}, ;'Iff lgsfo s8f ?kdf k|:t't x'g'k5{. tNnf]
tx;Ddsf ;a} ;'IffsdL{nfO{ of] sfd ug]{ of] sfd gug]{ eg] a]n}df fd|L
hfgsfL ufpg' ;fGble{s x'G5. ;'Iff sfafxLsf nflu klrfng gLlt
ck];g Knfg :ki6 x'g h?L 5. ;]gfn] ;}lgs sfafxLsf qmddf tNnf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

tx;Dd :of6nfO6 kmf]g cyjf cGo ;~rf dfWod k|of]u u] sdfG8 g]6
:yfkgf ug{ cfjZos 5.
fhkljfsf ;b:ox?, k|wfgdGqL nufot cGo ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;fj{hlgs
ultljlw cToGt} sd x'g'k5{. fhwfgL nufot b]zsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf dha't
agfpb} n}hfg'k5{. ;'Iff lgsfon] Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ;dGjosf] plrt
k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{. ;\s6sfndf s'g} klg ;'Iff lgsfon] P]gsfg'gsf] kllw
afx]s cGo fhgLlts bafj :jLsf ug'{ x'b}g. clxn]sf] ;+j]bgzLn 38Ldf
dxffhflwfhaf6 >L % sf] ;sfsf kbflwsfL ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{
xf};nf k|bfg ug{sf nflu jls{ l8g aS;bf ;sffTds x'G5. ;fy} k|wfgdGqL,
u[x;lrj, Iff;lrj nufot ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ l8gdf af]nfP clxn]sf]
cj:yfaf] 5nkmn ubf{ fd|f] x'G5.
:yfgLo k|zf;gn] bf, vf]6f pbok' lhNnf ;bd'sfddf skm\o'{ cfb]z
hfL u]sf] 5.
lau|bf] zflGt;'Iffsf] cj:yf a9\bf] dfcf]jfbL xToflx+;fnfO{ b[li6ut u]
>L % sf] ;sfn] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f ;\s6sfn 3f]if0ff u]sf]df klZrdL
d'n's eft tyf rLgn] ;d]t ;sffTds k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\. ;fy} ;'Iff
lgsfon] b]zdf zflGt ;'Iff sfod uL e|i6 dGqL tyf k|zf;snfO{ n'6 ug{
5'6 lbg gx'g] ;'emfj JoQm u]sf] ;d]t a'lemPsf] 5. of] s'f k|wfgdGqLnfO{
hfgsfL ufpg plrt x'g] b]lvG5. ;\s6sfnsf sf0f ljleGg lhNnfdf
sfo{t k|zf;lgs lgsfosf sd{rfL, k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL s]xL k|xL jli7
clws[tn] fhwfgLdf ;jf dfUg yfn]sf 5g\. o; dgl:yltaf] u[x dGqfno
;dod} ;r]t x'g'k5{.
gof lbNnLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t ;}lgs ;xrfLsf cg';f
eftLo :yn ;]gfWoIf g]kfnsf k|wfg ;]gfkltaLr xfn} 6]lnkmf]gdf jftf{ ePsf]
lyof]. 6]lnkmf]g jftf{kl5 eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfn] eftLo k|wfgdGqLnfO{ tTsfn}
e]6] g]kfnsf k|wfg ;]gfklt;usf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ g]kfnaf6 dfu ePsf] ;xof]u
;DaGwdf hfgsfL ufpg'eP5. ;f] cg';f eftLo k|wfgdGqLn] g]kfnnfO{
cfjZos ;}lgs aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg !) lbgleq k7fpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;'Iff
;Nnfxsf j|h]z ld>nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 eftn] olt l56f] ;xof]u ug{ vf]Hg' klg x:os} s'f x'g
;S5, eft;u ;}lgs ;xof]u lnbf klg xf]l;ofL x'g'k5{ x's'd eof].
bafdf a;]sf] ;lrj a}7sn] ;\s6sfn nfu" eO{ ;]gf klrfng ePsf]
cj:yfdf dxffhflwfhaf6 ;]gfsf ;sn bhf{nfO{ ;Daf]wg uL ;Gb]z k7fOaS;L
;Dk"0f{ ;}lgssf] dgf]an pRr kfg{'kg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn eof]. ;fy} of] lg0f{o
;sfdf hfx] ug]{ lgwf] eof].

255

256

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* d\l; !$ ut] laxLaf

sf7df8f}l:yt eftLo b"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf ;}lgs
;xfos dxf;]gfgL tf]0fh\uaxfb' l;+xnfO{ kmf]gdf eftaf6 kfr lbgleq ;}lgs
;fdu|L g]kfnsf] ;Ldfdf cfOk'Ug] atfP. pgn] sfslef g]kfnuGh cfpg]
pQm ;fdfgsf] eG;f 5'6sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg eg]. eftLo ;}lgs ;xrfLn]
eft ;sfn] lbg] b'O{ j6f lrtf x]lnsK6 lng rf hgf kfOn6 b'O{ hgf
k|fljlwsnfO{ frL k7fpg ;d]t cg'f]w u]sf 5g\. To:t} ;z:qsf nflu ;d]t
s]xL xftxltof eftaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5.
f]Nkfsf] v'd]n ufpdf ;]gfff dfcf]jfbL n8fs' a;]sf] :yfgdf xjfO{ cfqmd0f
x'bf s]xL dfcf]jfbL xtfxt ePsf] cg'dfg ulPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf bafsf] dftxt eP h:t} ;z:q k|xL
g]kfn k|xLnfO{ ;d]t clxn]sf] cj:yfdf bafsf] dftxtdf fVbf s]] x'G5 <
eg] lh1f;f flvaS:of]. d}n] ;+j}wflgs hl6ntf x'g ;Sg] x'bf lj:t[t ?kdf
;f]rljrf u] dfq} o;af] lg0f{o lng plrt x'G5 egL hfx] u].

@)%* d\l; !* ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqLn] xfn} lbPsf] jQmJodf >L % sf] ;sfn] eftaf6 xltof
lsGg] eGg'ePsf] 5. s]xL :jtGq ljZn]ifsn] pxfsf] o; egfOk|lt cfz\sf JoQm
u]sf 5g\.
fhbafsf] rf}lt dfkb08 ljkLt cUnf 3 lgdf{0f eOx]sf 5g\.
ljBdfg kll:yltnfO{ ;'Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]L o;af] k|wfgdGqL, gu ljsf;
;ldlt tyf sf7df8f} dxfgukflnsf;u s'f ug{ cfjZos 5.
ut zlgaf a]n'sf k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf sf\u|]; g]tf bLks'df
pkfWofosf] lqk']Zjl:yt 3df uPsf] va 5. ;DejtM clxn] klg pxfsf] s]xL
dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ;Dks{ sfod} x]sf] x'g ;S5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] cfh s]xL Pdfn] g]tfsf ;fy eftLo
b"tfjf; uP kms]{kl5 >L % sf] ;sfn] hfL u]sf] ;\s6sfnsf] ;dy{g
ug'{ePsf] 5.
;\s6sfn nfu]sf] tLg dlxgfkl5 b]zsf] zflGt;'Iffsf] cj:yfaf] ;dLIff
ug{' ;fGble{s x'g]5. o; ;Gbe{df cfufdL lbgdf s;L cufl8 a9\g] eg] a[xt\
;'Iff of]hgf tof ug'{kg]{ x'G5. To:t}, ;sfaf6 cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj
lnOaS;g s]xL ljz]if1 ;lDdlnt sld6L agfpbf plrt x'G5. oL ljifoaf] cfhsf]
;lrj a}7sdf 5nkmn eof]. c? s'fdf ;a}sf] wf0ff ldn] klg ljz]if1sf]
sld6Laf] k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gsf] wf0ff clns km/s 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x'sd' eof], zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf klrfngkl5 k|To]s

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lbg x]s ultljlw k|;

] nfO{ hfgsfL ufpbf fd|f] x'G5. ;fy}, dfcf]jfbL lj4sf
sfafxLaf] ;'Iff lgsfon] x]s lbg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'k5{. To:t},
eftdf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL OlGbf ufGwLn] ;\s6sfn nufpbf Toxf s] ePsf]
lyof] eGg]af] cWoog uL hfgsfL ufpg ;d]t ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof]. o;} qmddf
;sfaf6 xfnsf] hl6n cj:yfdf ;a} lgsfosf ;'IffsdL{ klrfng ePsfn]
pgLx? ;a}nfO{ ;}lgs lgod nufpbf s:tf] x'G5 < egL lh1f;f flvaS:of].
d'n'sdf ;\s6sfn nufP ;]gf klrfng ePsf] cj:yfdf anfWoIf yL
b'uf{gfy cof{nn] fsfwfd bz{gdf hfg Ps ;ftfsf] labf dfu ug'{ePsf] 5.
To:t}, k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfk\mgL 5f]Lsf] ljjfxdf ;sfnfO{
zfGt flqef]hdf ;jfL x'g lgdGq0ff r9fpg'ePsf] 5.

@)%* d\l; @@ ut] z'qmaf

kfi6;lrj dw'd0f cfrfo{ Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{n] lrlgof
fhb"tnfO{ e]6] b]zsf] ;'Iff cj:yf hfgsfL ufO{ lrlgof ;xof]usf nflu
cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. pQm cj;df lrlgof fhb"tn] rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ xftxltof
lbbf eftaf6 7"nf] ljf]w x'G5, t;y{ ;}lgs ;~rfsf pks0f cGo nlhl:6ssf
;fdu|Ldf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ eg] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL cft\s lgoGq0fsf
nflu ;]gf klrfng ePkl5 xftxltof tyf ;}lgs ;fdu|L ;xof]usf lglDt y'k|}
ldqfi6;u cg'f]w ulPsf] 5.
;]gfsf ;x;]gfgL ;']z xdfnn] cfk\mgf] lhDdfdf x]sf] k]:tf]n 3df nu]sf
x]5g\. o;}aLr pgsf] 3df sfd ug]{ rf}wL ysf JolQmn] ;f] k]:tf]n rnfpg
vf]Hbf Ps fpG8 kmfo eO{ rf}wLnfO{ g} uf]nL nfu]5. ;x;]gfgL xdfnn] of]
s'f 9fs5f]k ug]{ lgotn] 3fOt] rf}wLnfO{ dxffhuGhl:yt lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
lzIf0f c:ktfndf pkrf ufOx]sf] k|xLaf6 hfgsfL cfPsf] 5. of]] s'f k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ va ulPsf] 5.

@)%* d\l; @% ut] ;f]daf

tflndsf] l;nl;nfdf k|m]G8\nL kmfo af6 ;'v]{tsf] ;}lgs tflnd u'Nddf
Ps g]kfnuGhsf] u0fdf Ps l;kfxLsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] bf
Aof]s cfqmd0f ubf{ lhDd]jfL lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf sdhf]L b]lvPsfn] jflxgLklt
;xfos yL jh| u'nfO{ sfafxL:j?k Toxfaf6 x6fOPsf] 5.
g]kfnl:yt blIf0f sf]lofsf fhb"tn] dnfO{ e]6] cfufdL dfr{ ! b]lv
!) tfls;Dd ;f]ndf x'g] ;}lgs hgn ;'Iff ljz]if1sf] ;+o'Qm ;]ldgf
df ;xefuL x'g lgDtf ug'{eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ lgdGq0ffsf nflu wGojfb eg].
xfnsf] kll:yltdf d b]zaf6 aflx nfdf] ;do xg g;Sg] cj:yf 5.

257

258

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

To;}n] d}n] pQm ;]ldgfdf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] atfP. a o;af] k|wfg
;]gfklt;u s'f uL ;]gfsf cGo s'g} jli7 clws[tnfO{ lgdGq0ff ubf{ fd|f]
x'g] ;Nnfx lbP.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ ;}lgs hjfgsf] dgf]an pRr fVg ;]gfsf] tNnf] PsfO;Dd
cfjZos cf}iflw ;lxt d]l8sn c8\nLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ck];gdf klrflnt
hjfgnfO{ fd|f] f;gsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg x'sd' eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 d}n] ^
:6f hgnsf] s'f ;'g,] of] s] eg]sf] xf] < o;af]df ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < eg]
;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] ;sfdf k|wfg ;]gfklt $ :6f, cltyL % :6f ePsfn] oLeGbf
a9L zlQmzfnL, s;}n] 5fof lrkm;fa s;}n] ^ tf] hg]n
{ eg] ;bLk h;f{anfO{
eGg] u]sf] d}n] klg ;'gs
] f] 5' egL hfx] u] . To;} uL, sfG5f lrkm;fasf] klg
rrf{ 5, lrkm;fasf] efOsf] ;fyL ljgf]b >]i7 -pBf]ukltJofkfL_ nfO{ s]xL ;}lgs
clws[tn] sfG5f lrkm;fa eG5g\, pxfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] sfG5f eg] af]nfpg'xb' f]
x]5, ljgf]b >]i7 lagf;"rgf h\uL c8\8f uP h;f{ax?;u 7"n7"nf ukm ug]{ u]sf]
;d]t ;'gs
] f] 5' eg] hfx] u] . ;fy} ;sfdf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf
nflu jli7 clws[tsf] 5gf]6 x'g nfu]sfn] ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|dv
' ;u gfd dfu]sf]
5', klxnf] k6s u7g x'g nfu]sfn] o;df sfo{bIftfsf lx;fan] pTs[i6 clws[tsf]
rog ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5' eg] laGtL u]. o;af] ;sfaf6 5gf]6 x'g] JolQmsf]
afof]8f6f dfu] dnfO{ klg b]pm x'sd' eof].
cfh} d}n] ;sfdf PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf eftsf] kfi6 gLlt ;DaGwdf
ljleGg 7fpaf6 cfPsf] ljZn]if0f hfx] u]. To; cg';f eft :j]h gxeGbf
k"j{ kmfO:6eGbf klZrdsf aLrsf] zlQmzfnL fi6 xf]. eftn] cGtf{li6o
:tdf cfk\mgf] e"ldsf b]vfpg ;+o'Qm fi6;\3 ;'Iff klifb\sf] :yfoL ;b:o x'g
kxn ulx]sf] 5. Pl;ofsf] o; If]qdf rLg dfq eftsf] k|ltGL x'g ;S5.
cfly{s ;}lgs If]qdf cfk"m rLgsf] afaLdf x]sf] t xltof rLgsf] eGbf
cfw'lgs x]sf] eftsf] ljZn]if0f 5. t cfk\mgf] 8]df]u|fkmLdf Wofg lbg h?L 5
eGg] p;sf] a'emfO 5. lsgeg] eft cTolws d'l:nd hg;\Vof ePsf] ljZjsf]
bf];|f] b]z xf]. blIf0f Pl;ofdf cfk\mgf] zlQmsf cufl8 cGo d'n'snfO{ p;n]
gu0o 7fg]sf] 5. ;fs{ eftsf nflu s]xL xf]Og. ;fs{sf cGo ;fgf b]z cfk\
mgf] fli6o lxt cg';f rNg'k5{ eGg] eftsf] bfaL 5. eftsf] o:tf] a}ofsf
sf0f g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sn] cfk\mgf] s"6gLltdf ljz]if Vofn ug{ h?L 5.

@)%* k'; @ ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbLn] uP flt ;f]n'v'Da'sf] ;Nn]Ldf cfqmd0f u]sf] 5. cfqmd0fdf
OGb|Wjh u'Ndsf cdnbf b| fptsf] d[To' x'g k'Uof]. cGo ljj0f cfpg
afsL 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ljf6gudf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] b]pjfsf lj4

x:tfIf cleofg rNb} 5, pgn] cfk\mg} dGqLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]gg\, b]pjf cfkm}
lgLx aGb} 5g\ k|hftGq klg bafnfO{ a'emfpb} 5g\ eg] sfo{stf{;u s'f
u]sf] va 5. ;fy}, sf]Ofnfn] b]pjfnfO{ x6fpg Pdfn];u ;xsfo{ ug{ kxn
ulxg'ePsf] 5. To:t} pxfn] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs Pstf ug'{k5{ eGg] wf0ff fv]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5.
d]f] hfx]Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k|fKt
ah]6 vr{ ubf{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5. vf; uL ;}lgs ;fdfg vlb ubf{
ljz]if lgufgL fVg'k5{. o;df Jofks clgoldttf x'g] u]sf] w]}sf] u'gf;f] 5.
u[xdGqLn] ;z:qsf] vlb k|lqmofdf lgs} rf;f] fVg] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. pxfn]
cfufdL r'gfjsf lglDt cfk"m :jo+ kf6L{sf nflu sd h'6fpg nfu]sf] eGg] ;d]t
s'f cfPsf] 5. o;af] ;ts{ x'g ;z:qsf k|d'vnfO{ elgb]pm. To:t} ;sfaf6
;\s6sfn nfu" uL ;]gf klrfng ePsf] tLg ;ftf lalt;Sbf klg lsg 7f];
pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]g < eGg] k|Zg p7fpb} ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] dfq arfp ulx]sf]
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 cfqmfds sfafxL u] p;nfO{ 7"nf] Iflt k'ofpg g;s]sf]
u'gf;f] cfOx]sf] pNn]v ulaS:of]. ;fy} df};'kmaf6 k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u]
o;af] Wofg lbnfpg lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%* k'; $ ut] a'waf

@)%$ ;fndf ljeflht Pdfn] dfn] PsLs0f ug{ u[xsfo{ eOx]sf]
va 5.
k|xLsf s]xL jli7 clws[t Hofb} e|i6 s]xL g]tfsf] rfs8Ldf lnKt ePsf]
;'lgPsf] 5. o;sf] k|xL dxflgLIfssf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5. t k|xL
dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf Hofb} sdhf] s'g} lgb]{zg lbg g;Sg] JolQm
ePsf] atfOG5. of] ;d:of efjL k|xL dxflgLIfsdf ;d]t ;g]{5. , pxf klg
k|efjzfnL JolQmTj gePsf] s'f cfPsf] 5.

@)%* k'; ^ ut] z'qmaf

k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f ;sfaf6 ;]gfsf] kljt{g x'g nfu]sf] kf];fs
zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf cjnf]sg ulaS:of]. cfh} ;sf zfxL h\uL c8\8f ;jfL
eO{ w]} ;do cufl8b]lv k|:tfljt rd" cjwf0ff -sf] sG;]K6_ af] hfgsfL
xfl;n ulaS:of]. o; cj;df @))( ;fnb]lv @)%$ ;fn;Dd ;]gfn] ljleGg
r0fdf nfu" u]sf of]hgfaf] hfx] ulPsf] lyof]. xfn;Dd klg b]zsf !*
lhNnfdf ;]gfsf] pkl:ylt 5}g. of] jif{ sla !@ xhf ;}lgs yk ug{ ah]6 k|fKt
ePsf] 5. hfx]Lkl5 ;sf ;}lgs clws[t Snadf xfnsf] kll:ylt ;DaGwdf

259

260

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

l;]K;g ;lxt cfof]lht cGtlqmofdf ;ls xf]OaS:of]. k|wfgdGqL klg pkl:yt

x'g'eof]. l;]K;gdf h\uL c8\8fsf ;xfos yLeGbf dflysf clws[tx?
Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof].

@)%* k'; ( ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs Pstfsf] cleofgdf
fli6o ;efsf dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08] klg ;xefuL x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]
5. o;af6 bafsf] nfOg oxL xf] ls eGg] e|d l;h{gf ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL
b]pjfsf cToGt cfnf]rs sf\u|]; g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n] b]zdf ;\s6sfn nufO{
;]gf klrfng ulG5 eg] ca k|hftGq sxf 5 egL vf]Hg'kg]{ lbg cfPsf] wf0ff
JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5.
;~rf dfWodx?af6 ;]gfsf] sfdsfafxLaf] s'g} klg ;"rgf gkfPsf] u'gf;f]
cfPsf] 5. d}n] of] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjut ufP. xfn;Dd ;j{;fwf0f,
k|];, gfuls ;dfh cflb;u l8n ug]{ ;]gfsf] 5'} lgsfo gePsfn] u'Ktr ljefu
-8LPdcfO{_ n] g} of] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5. To; sf0f klg of] ;d:of cfPsf] x'g
;S5. To;}n] ;]gfn] hg;Dks{ lgb]{zgfno :yfkgf ug]{ ;}lgs k|jQmf fVg]
;f]r agfOx]sf] 5.

@)%* k'; !! ut] a'waf

fhwfgLdf ;'Iff Joj:yf s8f kfg]{ qmddf l;+xbafleq cfjthfjt ug]{
;a} ;jfL ;fwg JolQmsf] ;d]t vfgtnf;L ug]{ ulPsf] 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf
cfk\mgf] df]6 ;]gfn] ;r{ u]sf] eg] u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdLn] u[xdGqL ;dIf cfklQ
k|s6 ug'{ePsf] 5.
;]gfn] cd]lsfaf6 vlb u]sf] Pd!^ fOkmn cfhb]lv ljleGg o'lg6df
ljt0f ulPsf] 5. k'fgf] P;Pncf fOkmn dd{t uL ;z:qnfO{ lbg] of]hgf
5.
dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL g]tf n8fs' sf7df8f} pkTosfdf n's] a;]sf] va 5.
t ;'Iff kmf}haf6 ltgnfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g. hfx]Lsf qmddf cfh k'gM
d}n] ;'Iff dfldnfaf] ;sfdf ;Nnfx;'emfj r9fpg ;'Iff ljz]if1x? ;lDdlnt
ljz]if 6f]nL agfpg ;Nnfx 6qmfP.
lxhf] flt k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] k"j{k|wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6nfO{
l8gdf af]nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
g]kfn 6]s sDkgLn] cglws[t ?kdf ljleGg JolQmnfO{ :of6nfO6 kmf]g
ljt0f u]sf] s'f cfPsf]] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] :of6nfO6 kmf]g Hofb} k|of]u u]sf
5g\. o;nfO{ t'Gt f]s] sDkgLnfO{ sfafxL ug{'kg]{ x'G5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* k'; !# ut] z'qmaf

kqmfp k]sf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] klro ;lxt nut tof kfL ;'lIft fVg
;'Iff lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg uPsf] 5. cfk\mgf n8fs'nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] sf]8 gfd
fv] dfq ;b:otf ljt0f u]sfn] pgLx?sf] jf:tljs klxrfg x'g c;lhnf]
ePsf] 5.
;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ng cjlwesf] a[xt\ ;'Iff of]hgf cfh ;sfdf hfx]
eof]. o; kflnsf] ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ng gof ztfAbLsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng xf]. o;df
k|:t't x'g] k|:tfj uDeL tyf dxjk"0f{ x'g]5g\. To;}n] ;Dd]ngnfO{ pknlAwd"ns
agfpg xfdLn] ljz]if Wofg lbg h?L 5. ljutsf ;Dd]ngdf JoQm ePsf
k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ hf]8 lbg'k5{. o; ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ulaL
lgjf0fsf sfo{qmd, If]qLo cft\sjfb lgoGq0fdf cfk;L ;xof]u, nfu" cf}ifw
cf];fk;f lgoGq0fdf kf:kls ;xof]u, ;fs{ ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf, ;fdflhs
;]jf, dlxnf tyf aflnsf h:tf ljifo p7fpg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. ;fy}, ;fs{df
cfpg] k|yd dlxnfx?af6 lsgd]n x'g] ;Defjgf x]sf sf7df8f}sf k;nsf] klxrfg
u] ltgnfO{ ;'Iff lgufgLdf fVg'kg]{ x'G5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf ;\s6sfn nfu" eO{ ;]gf klrfng ePb]lv
xfn;Ddsf] ultljlwaf] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. ;fy}, o; cjlwdf ;]gfn] u]sf
;}lgs sfafxL, ;}lgs ;fdu|L vlb, gof egf{ tyf tflnd ;DaGwL ljifodf ePsf]
k|ult ljj0f k|:t't ug'{eof]. pxfnfO{ ;sfaf6 of] cjlwdf ePsf fd|f gfd|f
sfdsf] ljj0f agfO{ sdLsdhf]L ;'wf ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%* k'; !^ ut] ;f]daf

;sfaf6 ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g cfpg] fi6fWoIf tyf ;sf
k|d'vsf] ;'Iff a;f]af;sf] k|aGwaf] lxhf] hfgsfL lnOaS:of]. o; qmddf
df};'kmaf6 ;fs{ ;Dd]ng :yn jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|sf] tofL tyf
;'Iff Joj:yf, ljlzi6 cltly a:g] xf]6n ;f]N6L Sna lxdfnosf] ;d]t lgLIf0f
ulaS:of]. g]kfndf klxnf] ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ng x'bf g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08nsf] g]t[Tj
>L % jL]Gb|af6 ulaS;]sf] lyof]. To; a]nf jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 Joj:yfkgsf ;a}
kIfdf ;lqmo xf]OaS;L lgb]{zg ;d]t aS;]sf] lyof].
efjL k|wfg ;]gfklt yL Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ cab]lv k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] hfx]L
cGo dxjk"0f{ a}7sdf ;xefuL ufpg ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg k|fKt ePsf] 5.
fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;gn] cfk\mgL 5f]Ln] d]l8sn 8fS6L
k9]sf] x'bf pgnfO{ ;]gfsf] c:ktfndf lgo'lQm lbnfOkfpg ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf]
x]5. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ 8f= df]xl;gsL 5f]LnfO{ ;}lgs c:ktfndf egf{ ug{ ldN5
ls ldNb}g, a'em x's'd eof]. o;af] d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f ubf{ pxfn] ;a}

261

262

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|lqmof k"f u] egf{ ullbg] atfpg'eof]. ;]gfsf] clws[tn] xg'dfg9f]sfl:yt d"n

sf]tdf lg;fg 5f]P zky lng'kg]{ x'G5. pxf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] dlxnf ;d]t
ePsfn] lg;fg 5'g Toxf hfg ;d:of kg]{ x'bf c:ktfndf g} g]kfnsf] emG8f
5f]P zky lng nufO{ egf{ ug]{ lgwf] eof].
;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf efu lng kfls:tfgL fi6klt k/j]h d';/{km kfls:tfgaf6
;f]em} g]kfn gcfO{ rLg eP sf7df8f} cfpg] va 5. o;n] ubf{ pxfsf] k\
mnfO6sf] ;do ;f9] b'O{ 306fsf] ;f6f] ;f9] gf} 306f x'g] eof]. kfls:tfgL fi6klt
eftLo e"lddflyaf6 p8] cfpg grfxg'sf] sf0f xfn eftkfls:tfgaLrsf]
;DaGw Hofb} tgfjk"0f{ x'g' g} xf]. oL b'O{ b]zaLr o'4 ;d]t x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
5. o:tf] kll:yltdf b'O{ b]zsf ;sf k|d'vx? ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL
x'bf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ;DaGw ;'wf x'g ;Sg] ck]Iff ulPsf] 5. ;Dd]ngsf qmddf
g]kfnsf] k|of;af6 b'j} b]z ;Gt'i6 ePsf] a'lemG5.
eftLo fhb"tn] ;fs{df efu lng sf7df8f} cfPsL eftLo ljb]z;lrjsf]
;Ddfgdf b"tfjf;df lbjfef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug'{eof]. lbjfef]hdf sf7df8f}l:yt
s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|d'vx?sf ;fy} ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tfsf] ;d]t afSnf] pkl:ylt
lyof]. ltgdf sf\u|]; g]tf ch'{ggl;+x s];L, Pdfn] g]tfx? s]kL zdf{ cf]nL,
emngfy vgfn, o'jfh 1jfnL, dfn] dxf;lrj jfdb]j uf}td, lx0onfn >]i7,
;b\efjgf g]tf x[bo]z lqkf7L, fk|kf g]tf kz'kltzdz] haf, jfdkGyL n]vs
Zofd >]i7 ;d]t lyP. To:t} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?, u[x, Iff kfi6 ;lrj
tyf dnfO{ klg lgDtf ulPsf] lyof]. pQm cj;df eftLo ljb]z;lrjn] d;u
g]kfnLd} s'f ug'{ePsf] lyof]. pxfsf] of] klxnf] g]kfn e|d0f x]5.
cfh} kfls:tfgL fhb"tn] cfk\mgf] lgjf;df cfof]hgf u]sf] flqef]hdf ;fs{df
;xefuL x'g cfPsf kfls:tfgL a\unfb]zL k|ltlglwd08nsf ;fy} ;fs{;u
;DalGwt g]kfnL kIfsf kbflwsfL ;xefuL lyP. flqef]hdf fli6o ;efsf cWoIf
8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g, lzIffdGqL cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofo kfls:tfgsf nflu g]kfnsf
e"tk"j{ fhb"tx?sf ;fy} d klg ;ls lyP. To; cj;df kfls:tfgL ljb]zdGqLn]
Pl;ofnL b]zdf ljsf;sf nflu l;\ufk'sf] df]8n pko'Qm x'g] wf0ff fVg'eof].
a\unfb]zsf kfi6dGqL g]kfnL h:tf] b]lvg'xb' f] x]5. d}n] pxfnfO{ tkfO{+ g]kfnL
xf] < eg] ;f]w] . pxfn] xf;] d a\unfb]zsf] r6ufp If]qsf] hghflt x', To;}n]
kxf8L d"nsf] g]kfnL h:tf] b]lvG5' eg] cfk\mgf] klro lbg'eof].
kfi6dGqL 8f= fdz0f dxtn] cfh} ;fem xf]6n ofs PG8 otLdf ;fs{
;Dd]ngsf k|ltlglwd08nnfO{ l;]K;g lbg'eof].
k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg lhNnfdf vfg]kfgLsf nflu la5fOPsf
hLcfO{ kfOk lgsfn] ad agfpg k|of]u ulx]sf 5g\. o;n] ubf{ lhNnf
;bd'sfdx?df vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* k'; @) ut] z'qmaf

;sfaf6 ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g cfPsf ;fs{ ;b:o
fi6sf fi6fWoIf tyf ;sf k|d'vnfO{ gffo0flx6L bafdf 5'f5'} bz{ge]6
aS:of]. cfh} pxfx?sf] ;Ddfgdf sf:sL a}7sdf ;sfaf6 fhsLo flqef]hsf]
cfof]hgf ulaS:of].

@)%* k'; @# ut] ;f]daf

k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lqe'jg cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf ;'Iff lgsfo tyf Iff
dGqfnoaf6 fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf vl6Psf clws[tsf] ;Ddfgdf
cfof]hgf u]sf] flqef]hdf ;sf ;jfL xf]OaS:of]. To; cj;df ;sfaf6
ljz]if lgb]{zg aS;b} ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf vl6Psf] of] klxnf] 6f]nL xf], To;f]
ePsfn] vl6Psf ;a}n] fi6n] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jfL s'zntfk"j{s k"f uL pbfx0f
ag] b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{, fli6o lxtdf sfd ug"{ egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfnodf ;]gfsf tkm{af6 ;x;+of]hssf ?kdf vl6Psf pkyL Sdf\ub
s6jfnn] ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd xfdL cfk\mgf] st{Jo k"f u5f}{+, h\uL
c8\8f k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno;u lgs6 ;DaGw fv] b]z g]zsf] ;]jf u5f}{+
eGg'eof]. pQm cj;df k|wfgdGqL tyf IffdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf Iff;lrj
kbds'df cfrfo{sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof].
;]gfn] b]zsf ljleGg efudf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs sfafxL hfL fv]sf]
eP klg cem} hgrfxgf cg';f kl0ffd cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. o; a]nf ;]gfn]
cfk\mgf] 5lj pRr agfpg'kg]{ x'G5. To:t} dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qdf sfo{t
;}lgsnfO{ ;do;dodf cbnLabnL ufpg cfjZos 5. ;fy} ;}lgs hjfgn]
k|of]u ulx]sf k'fgf xltofdf pgLx?nfO{ ef];f lbnfpg ;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5.
ljleGg If]qsf jflxgLaf6 x]lnsK6 dfu eOx]sf] 5. kfOn6sf] sdLn] ubf{
eLeLcfO{kL ljsf kfOn6nfO{ ;d]t p8fgdf v6fpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5. o;}aLr g]skf
Pstf s]Gb| g]skf d;fn kf6L{aLr PsLs0f x'g nfu]sf] va 5.
;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngaf] ljleGg k|ltlqmof ljZn]if0f cfOx]sf 5g\.
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL b]zsf k|ltlglwn] ;'Iff Joj:yf cToGt} k|efjsfL x]sf] eg]
k|z+;f u]sf 5g\. ;f]N6L xf]6nsf] eLeLcfO{kL a;]sf] ejgsf] lsr]gdf sflGtk'
klAns];G;sf Ps hgf kqsf cglws[t ?kdf k|j]z u]. pgnfO{ ;'IffsdL{n]
tTsfn kqmfp u] ;f]wk'5kl5 5f8]. o; jif{ klg eftn] ljutdf h:t}
;fs{ ;Dd]ngnfO{ vf; dxj glbPsf] dx;'; ulof]. otf, g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL
z]axfb' b]pjfn] ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf cfkm"nfO{ k|efjsfL ?kdf k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf]
w]}n] dx;'; u]sf 5g\. dGtJo JoQm ug]{ qmddf ;d]t pxfsf] k|:t'lt k|efjsfL
x'g ;s]g eGg] w]}sf] egfO 5.

263

264

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbfjlw pd]sf sf0f cfufdL ebf} @# ut] ;lsb} 5.

t pxfn] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbfjlw rf jif{ x'g] k|fjwfg 5 ;f]xL cg';f
dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLaf6 k"} rf jif{ ;]jf ug{ lbg] a'em]sf] 5' eg]
cfkm"lgs6sf JolQmx?;u s'f ug'{ePsf] 5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn lxhf] dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]sf]
ljzfngul:yt 3 uO{ sla Ps 306f uf]Ko 5nkmn u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf cf}iflwpkrf ug]{ eg] Ps ;ftfsf nflu a}\ss
hfg'ePsf] 5.
Pdfn] dfn]aLr PsLs0fsf lglDt ;a} ljifodf s'f ldln;s]sfn] lg0f{o
;fj{hlgs x'g dfq afsL x]sf] va cfPsf] 5. Pdfn] g]tf k|bLk g]kfn s]kL
zdf{ cf]nL eg] PsLs0fk|lt Tolt ;sffTds gePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] baf k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjflgs6sf JolQmnfO{
cfqmd0f ug]{ t kf6L{sf cGo g]tfnfO{ s]xL gug]{ egL cfGtls ;s'{n hfL
u]sf] 5. p;n] ca ODk|f]efOH8 PS:Knf]l;e l8efO; -cfO{O{8L_ sf] clwstd
k|of]u uL hgdfg;df qf; km}nfpg] of]hgf agfPsf] va 5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn]
cfkm\gf] tkm{ Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg jftf{sf] s'f cufl8 a9fOfVg], JolQmxTofdf
hf]8 lbg], ;\s6sfnLg cj:yf ;dfKt kfg]{ jftfj0f agfpg] cfk\mgf
xltof tyf g]t[Tj tx hf]ufpg] 0fgLlt agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;}aLr fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefun] eftsf ljleGg :yfgdf x]sf g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLaf] eftLo
kIfnfO{ hfgsfL ufPsf] 5. ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ kqmfp uL ;'k'b{uL ug{ cg'f]w
u]sf] 5.

@)%* k'; @^ ut] laxLaf

xfn} eftLo gSsnL gf]6 ;lxt kqmfp k]sf JolQmsf] ;"rgfsf cfwfdf g]kfn
k|xLsf] ljz]if cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] kfls:tfgL b"tfjf;df sfo{t Ps s"6gLlt1nfO{
;f]wk'5sf nflu af]nfPsf] 5.
;\s6sfn nfu]sf] sla 8]9 dlxgf ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] o; cjlwsf]
;dLIff ug{ ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
gof lbNnLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;df ;}lgs ;xrfLsf ?kdf ;]gfsf]
clws[t xb} cfPsf]df b]zsf] ljifd kll:yltnfO{ Wofg lbb} g]kfn k|xL fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ;d]t jli7 clws[t v6fpg ;fGble{s b]lvPsf] 5. o;}
qmddf >L % sf] ;sfn] oL b'O{ ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 PsPs hgf P;P;kL gof
lbNnL k7fpg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. o;af] eft ;sfsf] ;d]t ;xdlt k|fKt
eO;s]sf] 5. o:tf] Joj:yf klxnf] k6s ePsfn] b'j} lgsfoaf6 jli7 ;'Iff
clws[t rog ubf{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%* k'; @& ut] z'qmaf

ut jif{ ;}lgs c:ktfnsf nflu lgtfGt cfjZos egL ;}lgs sNof0fsfL
sf]ifaf6 @ sf]8 & nfv k}of d"No kg]{ OG8f]:sf]kL d]l;g lemsfOPsf] xf].
t Ps jif{;Dd pQm d]l;g c:ktfnsf] :6f]df yGs]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;n]
Psflt sf]ifsf] sd b'kof]u ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt cfly{s clgoldttf ePsf]
5. o;df lhDd]jf JolQmnfO{ s8f sfafxL ug'{kg]{ cfjfh c:ktfndf p7\g] u]sf]
;'lgPsf] 5.

@)%* df3 ! ut] ;f]daf

k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kmf]gdf eGg'eof], g]kfn e|d0fsf qmddf cd]lsL ljb]zdGqL
hgn sf]lng kfj]nn] d;u e]6 ug]{ zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0f ug]{ sfo{qmd
to ePsf] 5. hgn kfj]n cd]lsL :yn;]gfsf] k"j{;]gfWoIf ePsfn] h\uL
c8\8fsf] e||d0fdf pxfnfO{ ;Ddfg:j?k uf8{ ckm cg lbbf ;sffTds k|efj kg{
;S5. ;sfdf hfx] u] va kfpm. hjfkmdf d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], cjsfzk|fKt
hgnnfO{ uf8{ ckm cg lbg l;4fGttM gldNnf ls < km]l, eljiodf klg cGo
b]zaf6 o:t} lsl;dsf e|d0f x'g ;S5g\. To;}n] o;df ljrf ug'{kg]{ x'G5. t}klg
d ;sfdf hfx] u] va u5'{. of] k|;\u hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
kfj]nsf] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0fnfO{ dxj lbg'k5{. t kDkf l;4fGt
la;{g' x'b}g. clxn]sf] kll:yltdf cd]lsL ;xof]usf] cfjZostf x]sf] x'bf uf8{
ckm cg lbbf fd|} k|efj kg{ ;S5. To;}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ o;af] :jljj]sLo
lg0f{o u elgb]pm.
ljutdf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ljb]zL kfx'gfn] h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0f ug]{
kDkf lyPg. dfcf]jfbL lx+;f cft\s ;' ePkl5 ljb]zL kfx'gfn] h\uL
c8\8fsf] e|d0f ug]{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ e]6\g] rng ;' ePsf] 5.

@)%* df3 $ ut] laxLaf

;'v]{t sffufaf6 lxhf] flt #) hgf s}bL kmf ePsf] va 5. To;df
dfcf]jfbL ultljlwdf ;+nUg JolQm ;d]t efu]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* df3 % ut] z'qmaf

cd]lsfsf ljb]zdGqL hgn sf]lng kfj]n g]kfnsf] cf}krfls e|d0fsf
nflu cfh sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug'eof]. k|wfgdGqL nufot cGo ljlzi6 JolQm;u
pxfsf] e]63f6sf] qmd hfL 5. cfh} hgn kfj]nn] zfxL h\uL c8\8f uO{
k|wfg ;]gfklt jli7 h;f{ax?;u g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] lj:t[tdf
5nkmn ug'{eof]. h\uL c8\8fdf pxfnfO{ uf8{ ckm cg lbOof]. kfj]nn] k|wfg

265

266

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfklt;u eGg'eof], d}n] ;]gfaf6 cjsfz kfPkl5 kfPsf] klxnf] uf8{ ckm cg
oxL xf]. cjsfzk|fKt ;}lgs hgnsf] lx;fan] of] ;Ddfg kfpbf dnfO{ ;fx} v';L
nfu]sf] 5. o;sf nflu d tkfO{+nfO{ x[bob]lv wGojfb lbg rfxG5'.
zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf pxfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] cft\s rls{Psf] ;\s6sfn
nfu" uL ;]gf klrfng eOx]sf] cj:yfaf] hfgsfL ufOof]. ;]gfnfO{ ljz]if
u] xftxltof tyf nlhl:6ssf ;fdu|L sdL ePsf]af] ;d]t cjut ufOof].
To:t}, ;]gfn] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] cfx\jfgdf zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df w]} cufl8b]lv
sfd ulx]sf] :d0f ufOof]. fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gfsf] ld;gdf hfbf cfjZos
;}lgs aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg g]kfnaf6} n}hfg'kg]{ ePsfn] ;]gfnfO{ c;xh ePsf] klg
hfgsfL ufOof]. ;fy} hgn kfj]nnfO{ elgof], ;]gfn] zflGtsf a]nf b]z ljsf;,
k|s[lt ;+If0f tyf jGohGt'sf] ;+If0fsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ u]sf] 5. cd]lsL
ljb]zdGqLsf ?kdf tkfO{+n] zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0f u]sf]df ;]gf v';L 5.
xfdL of] e|d0faf6 ;]gfnfO{ kof{Kt ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] s'fdf cfzfjfbL 5f}.
k|To'Qdf hgn kfj]nn] eGg'eof], zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0f oxfsf]
la|lkmaf6 d Hofb} v';L ePsf] 5'. Ps k"j{l;kfxLsf gftfn] ;d]t d g]kfnL ;]gfn]
ef]lux]sf ;d:of a'em\b5'. g]kfnL ;]gfn] vf]h]sf] cfjZos ;xof]uaf] lj:t[t
k|:tfj cd]lsL fhb"tfjf; dfkm{t k7fPdf d cd]lsL ;sfaf6 x'g] ;xof]usf
nflu ;s];Dd k|oTg ug]{5'. g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}lgs sfafxL ubf{ dfgj clwsf
pNn+3gsf 36gf x'g lbg' x'b}g. g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos ;}lgs xjfO{hxfh
ugl;k x]lnsK6af] cd]lsL gLlt cg';f ;xof]usf nflu klg d k|of; ug]{5'.
kfj]nsf] h\uL c8\8fsf] e|d0f ;DaGwL lj:t[t k|ltj]bgdf pko'{Qm s'fx? pNn]v
ulPsf] 5.
cfh} dxffhflwfhaf6 cd]lsL ljb]zdGqL kfj]nnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. To;
cj;df kfj]nn] cd]lsL fi6klt hh{ 8An' a'; cd]lsL hgtfsf tkm{af6 ut h]7
!( sf] fhbaf 36gfsf] ;+:d0f ub}{ b'Mv JoQm ug'e{ of]. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL lx+;fdf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] lgjf{x ulx]sf] e"ldsfsf] ;fxgf ug'e{ of]. To; cj;df g]kfnsf
kfi6 fHodGqL ch'g{ h\uaxfb' l;+x, cd]lsfsf ;fj{hlgs dfldnf ;DaGwL
;xfos dGqL lrf8{ af}r, blIf0f Pl;of ;DaGwL ;xfos ljb]zdGqL lqml:6gf f]Ssf
g]kfnsf nflu cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sLsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof].
;]gf clwfHosf w]}h;f] lhNnfdf klrfng eOx]sf] 5. :yfgLo txdf
;~rfsf ;fwg, oftfoft nufot cGo nlhl:6ssf ;fdfgsf ;fy} P;Pncf
fOkmn Hofb} k'fgf] ePsfn] k|efjsfL x'g g;s]sf] va cfOx]sf 5g\.
:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g ;Sg] of g;Sg]af] ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?;u
s'f ubf{ r0fa4 ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] ;'emfj cfPsf] 5. o;af] d}n] k|d'v
;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{ hfgsfL ufP. s]xL lbgcufl8 pxfn] o; ljifodf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

d]f] ;'emfj dfUg'ePsf] lyof].

g]kfn fi6 a}\ssf ueg{ 8f= ltns fjnn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] b]zsf] jt{dfg
cfly{s cj:yf fi6 a}\sn] ulx]sf sfo{af] ;sfdf hfx] ug{ cfjZos
b]v]sfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5.
;z:q k|xLsf nflu eftaf6 k|fKt xltof tyf nlhl:6ssf ;fdfg lnP
5 j6f 6s sf7df8f} cfOk'u]sf 5g\.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf klZrd g]kfnsf] e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf
g]kfnuGh k'Ug'ePsf] 5. Toxf pxfn] :yfgLo sfo{stf{;usf] e]63f6df ;\s6sfn
cGTo ug]{, ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg ;' ePnuQ} b]pjf ;sfsf lj4 cljZjf;sf]
k|:tfj btf{ ug]{ h:tf s'f ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;]gfsf] ;Nnfxdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf ;lrj >Ldfg >]i7sf] xfn} ;jf
ePsf] 5. pxfdfly ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]u gu]sf] dfcf]jfbLk|lt ;xfg'e"lt fVg] u]sf]
cff]k 5.
xfn} kbf]Gglt ePsf yL leS6Lzdz] haf, pkyL uf]ljGbaxfb' u'
;xfos yL bdggl;+x f0ffn] ;sfdf bfd fVg'eof]. ;sfaf6 pxfx?;u
b]zsf] ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf 5'f5'} 5nkmn ulaS:of].

@)%* df3 & ut] cfOtaf

k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs df]tLnfn af]xfn] dnfO{ e]6] xfnsf] kll:yltaf]
cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof]. To; qmddf pxfn] eGg'eof], d]f] 5f]f] uh]Gb| af]xf
-:juL{o o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf zfxL kfZj{jtL{_ cToGt} lrlGtt tgfjdf 5. p;n]
s] sfd ug]{ eg] s'g} s'f ;f]Rg ;s]sf] 5}g. uh]Gb| eftsf] u'hftdf x]sf] d]f]
pBf]uklt ;fyLnfO{ e]6\g hfg] s]xL ;ftf pt} a:g] sfo{qmd 5. ptf hfg'cl3
5f]fn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf] 5. dnfO{ 5f]fnfO{ klg bz{ge]6sf] ;do
ldnfOlbg'kof]. To:t} pxfn] d]L alxgLsf] ljjfx adf{df ePsf] xf], Toxfsf g]kfnL
;d'bfo;u alxgL dfkm{t d]f] lgs6sf] ;DaGw 5, g]kfnL d"nsf sltko ad]{nLx?
lgs} ;DkGg 5g\, ;sfaf6 dnfO{ adf{sf] zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t lgufx aS;]df d}n]
b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGw lj:tf ug{ Toxfsf g]kfnLsf] nufgL g]kfn leofpg k|of;
ug]{5' eg] cfu|x ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ ;d]t
;sfsf] dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{df lgo'Qm ubf{ k|xL ;\u7gdf ;sffTds k|efj
k5{. To; lx;fan] klg d ;sfsf] ;]jf ug{ tof 5'.
k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] kmf]g u] 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jfsf ljifodf
u[x dGqfno;u ljjfb rn]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], u[x dGqfnon]
fli6o cg';Gwfgdf egf{ u]sf s]xL clws[tnfO{ g]kfn k|xLdf ;jf ug]{ gLlt
agfOPsf] 5. o;n] k|xL ;\u7gdf gfd|f] k|efj k5{. of] sfg'gL ?kdf ;d]t

267

268

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

7Ls s'f xf]Og. o:tf lsl;dsf fhgLlts lgo'lQmn] k|xL ;\u7gn] sfd ug{
;Sb}g. o; ljifodf d}n] sfg'gL ;Nnfx lnOx]sf] 5'. cfjZos k] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf d'2f xfNg] ;f]r eOx]sf] 5.

@)%* df3 !! ut] laxLaf

;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]if s]xL lrlgof a}\ssf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf k|:tfljt
sdl;{on a}\s :jLs[t ufpg ;s] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g]5
;]gfsf ljleGg cfjZostf ;d]t k"f ug{ ;lsg]5. lrlgof nufgL g]kfndf
leofpg ;Sbf g]kfnsf] fli6o lxtsf ;fy} fli6o cy{tGqdf ;d]t ;sffTds
k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5.
cfk\mgf ;xof]uL dfkm{t sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] tkfO{+nfO{
e]6\g 3df cfp5', ;do ldnfpg'kof] eGg'ePsf] lyof]. To;sf] k|ltlqmofdf d}n]
pxf h:tf] pRr fhgLlts JolQmTj ePsf] k|wfgdGqL eO;s]sf] JolQm d]f]
3 cfpg'eGbf pxfnfO{ e]6\g d cfkm} cfp5', ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ eg]sf] lyP.
o;} ;Gbe{df sf\u|]; ;f+;b ;']Gb|k|;fb rf}wLn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] lulhfafa'n]
h;f{a;u e]6 s'f ug"{ eGg'ePsf] 5, h;f{anfO{ slxn] cg's"n k5{ e]6\g
cfp5' eGg'sf ;fy} lulhfafa'n] cfufdL cfOtaf ls;'ghLnfO{ e]6\b} x'g'x'G5 eGg]
hfgsfL ;d]t lbg'eof].
va cg';f sf\u|]; kf6L{n] cfufdL df3 !^ ut] ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfsf :juL{o lktf s[i0fk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ zxLb 3f]if0ff uL pxfsf gfddf
:d[lt sf]if ;d]t :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. sf\u|]; g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{nfO{
cWoIf agfO{ eJo sfo{qmd u] sf]if ;fj{hlgs ulg] ePsf] 5. sfo{qmddf
eftaf6 k"j{k|wfgdGqL rGb|z]v, aLkL l;+xsf ;fy} cGo g]tfnfO{ klg lgdGq0ff
u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* df3 !% ut] ;f]daf

Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] d;u e]6\g vf]h]sf] w]} ePsf] lyof].
lxhf] pxf;u e]6 eof]. pxfn] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ePg eg] ;]gfsf] df]fndf
c; k5{ ls kb}{g < eGg] lh1f;f fVb} eGg'eof], ;\s6sfnn] ubf{ b]zsf]
cfly{s l:yltdf 7"nf] gsffTds k|efj kf]sf] 5. ljz]if u] ko{6g If]q
tx;gx; x'g] cj:yfdf 5. ;\s6sfnlagf klg ;]gf klrfng uL sfafxL
ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;\s6sfn x6fpg pko'Qm x'G5. pxfsf] yk egfO lyof],
sf\u|]; ;sfn] sfd ug{ ;s]g. cGo ljsNksf] vf]hL x'g'k5{. dlGqklifb\
Hofb} 7"nf] eP b]znfO{ ef eOx]sf] 5. b]pjf ;sfn] ;f+;b ljsf; sf]ifsf]
ah]6 cgfjZos uf]i7L, ;]ldgf, e|d0fdf vr{ ulx]sf] 5. ;fy} ;Nnfxsf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lgo'lQm, c:yfoL sd{rfL egf{, u0f]zdfg zflGt cleofg, ula;u ljZj]Zj,

;'s'Daf;L ;dfwfg cfof]u nufot ljleGg gfddf b]zsf] ah]6sf] b'kof]u ulx]sf]
5. o:tf cgfjZos vr{x?af] bafn] ;d]t b]pjfnfO{ k|Zg ug'{ plrt x'g]5.
o;sf ;fy} pxfn] Pdfn]n] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bgsf nflu s]xL ;t{ fVg] lgwf]
u]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. d}n] d tkfO{+sf ;'emfj ;sfdf 6qmfp5', oL s'f
bz{ge]6sf a]nf ;sfdf tkfO{+ cfkm}n] hfx] ubf{ klg fd|f] x'G5 eg]. pxfn]
k|d'v ;lrj kz'kltnfO{ eg]sf] 5', tkfO{+n] klg ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'xf]nf eg]
bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbgsf nflu cfu|x ug'{eof].
h\uL c8\8faf6 cfPsf] hfx]L cg';f kof{Kt nlhl:6S; pknAw geP
klg ;}lgs ck];gx? fd|};u ;~rfng eOx]sf 5g\. ck];gdf ;dfltPsf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 5'6fpg g]tfx?af6} Jofks bafj cfpg] u]sf] 5. fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 fd|f] ;xof]u ;"rgf k|fKt eOx]sfn] ljefu k|d'v b]jLfd
zdf{nfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 ;xof]u ug'{ cfjZos 5. # gDa jflxgL, kf]vfn] cfk\mgf]
sfd pTs[i6 9\un] ulx]sf] 5. p;sf] ;lqmotfdf dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL g]tf
;d]t kqmfp k]sf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg ;\3;+:yf gfuls ;dfhsf
JolQm;u ;DaGw a9fpg vf]h]sf 5g\. o;af6 pgLx? sdhf] x'b} 5g\ eGg]
b]lvG5. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfly{s cGo ;d:of al9x]sf] x'g ;S5. ;fy} s]xL
If]qdf hgtfsf] ;xof]u sd x'b} uPsf sf0f pgLx?sf] fhgLlts k|efj ;d]t
sd ePsf] b]lvG5. otf, ck];gsf] ;dodf k]6f]lndf hfbf ;d]t k|xLn]
b}lgs e|d0f eQf lng] u]sf] 5. o;af6 To:tf] eQf gkfpg];}lgs hjfgnfO{
gsffTds c; kg{ ;S5. o;af] kfdz{sf nflu klZrd k[tgfkltnfO{ ef]ln
sf7df8f} af]nfOPsf] 5.
e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] dfnLufpl:yt 3df ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj
ug]{ fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx?aLr ;d;fdlos fhgLlts ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf]
5. 5nkmndf Pdfn]sf] @@ a'b], fk|kfsf] ^ a'b] sf\u|];sf] !$ a'b] sfo{qmdnfO{
ldnfP Pp6} PsLs[t sfo{qmd agfO{ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5. To:t},
dGqLx?sf] ;\Vof 36fpg, e|i6frf f]Sg, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ b]zsf] cfly{s
cj:yf lrGtfhgs ePsfn] o;af] uDeL x'g k|wfgdGqLnfO{ bafj lbg] lg0f{o
ePsf] 5. ;fy} b]pjf ;sfsf] ultljlw cg'udg ug{ sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh
hf]zL, Pdfn] g]tf etdf]xg clwsfL, fk|kf g]tf sdn yfkf ;b\efjgf g]tf
ab|Lk|;fb d08n ;lDdlnt cg'udg ;ldlt agfOPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;f+;b ;']Gb|k|;fb rf}wL;u k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f Ps hgf
;fyLsf] 3df cfh d]f] e]63f6 eof]. e]6df pxfn] eGg'eof], b]zsf] l:ylt
fhgLlts tyf cfly{s sf0fn] vfa 5. To;}n] ;\s6sfn x6fpg'k5{. b]pjf
;sfn] xfn hfL u]sf] e"ld ;DaGwL gLlt fd|f] 5}g. jt{dfg ;sfaf6 ;d:of

269

270

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g. k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fpg sf\u|];leq x:tfIf cleofg hfL

5. h;f{an] lulhfafa'nfO{ dbt ullbg'kof]. pxfsf] yk egfO lyof], Ps
dlxgfsf nflu o'4ljfd uL b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ fhgLlts pkfo vf]Hg}k5{.
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf ghfg] xf] eg] of] ljifonfO{ ax;df NofP hgdt ;\u|x
ufpg'k5{. ljb|f]xLnfO{ lhTg ;]gfn] u'lNnf 0fgLlt lng'k5{. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{
hfL fVg] k|of; uf}.

@)%* df3 !^ ut] d\unaf

xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg x'g}k5{, To;kl5 cj:yf ljZn]if0f u]
;\s6sfn x6fpg klg ;lsG5 egL ;]gfaf6 ;'emfj cfPsf] 5.
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf v6fOPsf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub
s6jfnn] ;lrjfnosf] sfof{no :yfkgfaf] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfsf
cg';f klifb\ ;lrjfnosf] sfof{no l;+xbaf, k'tnLau}rfl:yt ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of
;dfwfg cfof]un] k|of]u u]sf] ejg kl;df xg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. pQm :yfg
;lrjfnosf nflu fd|f] kmflsnf] 5. kl;sf] ejg dd{t eOx]sfn] tofL
k"f x'g c? Psb'O{ dlxgf nfUg ;S5.

@)%* df3 !& ut] a'waf

sf\u|]; g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n] sf\u|];sf] sf7df8f} gu klifb\sf] pb\3f6g
ub}{ b]pjf ;sfsf] s8f cfnf]rgf ug'{sf ;fy} bafaf] cfklQhgs cleJolQm
lbg'eof]. pxfn] b]zdf nufOPsf] ;\s6sfn fhbaf xTofsf08kl5sf] csf]{
l;nl;nf xf] ;d]t eGg'eP5.
g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf eftLo k"j{k|wfgdGqL rGb|z]v sf7df8f}af6 ljf6gu
x'b} bds k'u] sf\u|]; g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{ e]6L df]6af6 efttkm{ k|:yfg
u]sf] va 5.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 g]kfn k|xLdf ;jf ulPsf u'Ktrx?sf]
ljifonfO{ lnP k|xL k|wfg sfof{no u[x dGqfnoaLr rn]sf] dgd'6fjn] ubf{
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] fhLgfdf lbg] dfgl;stf agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
eftLo ;~rf dfWodn] b]pjf ;sfsf lj4 ax'dt sf\u|]; ;f+;bn]
x:tfIf u]sfn] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k'gM k|wfgdGqL x'g] lglZrt ePsf] egL
;dfrf k|;f0f u]sf 5g\.

@)%* df3 @@ ut] ;f]daf

u[x;lrj >LsfGt ]UdLn] dnfO{ e]6] pxfsf] ef]lnb]lv x'g] eft e|d0faf]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfn eftsf u[x;lrjaLr lkIfLo jftf{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|To]s 5 dlxgfdf x'g] gLlt eP klg of] jftf{ !* dlxgfkl5 x'b} 5. jftf{df eftn]
xjfO{ ofqfdf klrokq clgjfo{ u]sfn] o;af6 k]sf] ;d:of, ;'k'b{uL ;lGw,
cft\ssfL ultljlw, gSsnL d'b|fsf] sff]af, ;Ldf If]qdf b]vf k]sf] cfkflws
ultljlw eG;f ;d:of ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'g]5.
cfh sfe|] lhNnfsf] es'G8]a];Ll:yt k|xL sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f
uL !^ hgfsf] xTof u]sf] 5. kfr hjfg 3fOt] ePsf 5g\. Toxfaf6 ;a}
xltof n'l6P. ;}lgs kf]:6n] hjfkmL sfafxL ;' u]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL cfufdL kmfu'g ! ut] slyt hgo'4 ;' ePsf] jif{uf7 eJo ?kdf
dgfpg] tofLdf x]sf] va 5. dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] tkm{ s'g} sdhf]L 5}g
eGg] b]vfpg k|rfk|;f hgsfafxLsf ultljlw tLj| agfpb} nu]sf] 5. s'g}
:yfgdf 7"n} zlQm k|bz{g ug{ ;d]t k|of; ulx]sf] 5. ljleGg dfWodaf6 jftf{sf]
k|;\unfO{ klg cufl8 a9fpb} nu]sf] 5.
g]kfn k|xLn] hf]; hfu;fy sfd u]sf] b]lvb}g. dfcf]jfbLlgs6 clvn
qmflGtsfLsf ljBfyL{ g]tfx? sf7df8f}d} x]sf] va 5. t k|xLn] kqmfp ug{
;s]sf] 5}g. ;fy}, k|xLn] sf7df8f} nufot b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf xKtfjfL
p7fpg] sfd g5f8]sf] u'gf;f] cfOx]sf] 5.

@)%* df3 @# ut] d\unaf

k|fKt va cg';f f]Nkf lhNnfsf v'd]n, ldlem, uh'n, ;'nLrf}, a8frf},
v'\u|L nufot ljleGg uflj;sf a'l4hLjL cfdgfulsn] nfs'L 8f8fdf cfd;ef
u]sf 5g\. sla rf xhf dflg; ;xefuL ePsf] Tof] cfd;efsf clwsf+z
jQmfn] dfcf]jfbL ultljlwsf] eT;{gf ub}{ >L % sf] ;sf;u zflGt;'Iff sfod
ug{ dfu u]. ;efsf] cGTodf >L % 1fg]Gb| lhGbfjfb, ax'bnLo k|hftGq lhGbfjfb,
dfcf]jfbL cft\ssfL d'bf{jfb, cft\sjfb aGb u, n'6]sf xltof ;DklQ lkmtf{
u h:tf gff nufOPsf] lyof].
uP flt dfcf]jfbLn] n'Snfl:yt fli6o jfl0fHo a}\saf6 @) nfv k}of
gub b'O{ j6f aGb's n'6]sf] va 5.
lxhf] laxfg ;'hftf lgjf; dl08vf6fdf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfn] s]xL jli7 sf\u|];L g]tf;u uf]Ko 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] va 5. 5nkmn
cfh klg hfL 5. 5nkmn ljz]if u] u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] xfn} clGtd
c:q jftf{ g} xf] eg] af]n]sf] eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh a;]sf] Pdfn] tyf dfn] b'j} kf6L{sf] a}7sn] kf6L{ PsLs0f ug]{ lg0f{o
u]sf] 5. t, PsLs0fsf lj4df x]sf dfn] g]tf ;LkL d}gfnLn] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo
;ldltdf cfk\mgf] kIfdf $) k|ltzt ;\Vof k'ofP dfn] kf6L{ hLljt} fVg] lg0f{o
ug'{ePsf] 5.

271

272

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* df3 @^ ut] z'qmaf

lxhf] flt ;'hftf lgjf; dl08vfdf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf nufot
s]xL g]tfn] cfh a:g] sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 kf; ug]{ ljifoaf] ;Nnfx
u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. cfh laxfg} a;]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf dxfdGqL ;'zLn
sf]Ofnfn] k]; usf] fhgLlts k|ltj]bg ;sfsf lj4 s]lGb|t x]sf] lyof].
a}7s ef]ln k'gM a:g]5.
dgf]gLt ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]n] sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnfsf] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs
Pstfsf] k|:tfjnfO{ v'n] ;dy{g ug'{sf ;fy} sf]Ofnfsf] cToGt} k|z+;f ug{
yfNg'ePsf] 5. kf08]n] ca k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ c;lhnf] kfg{ ;xof]u
ug{] sf]OfnfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] p2]Zo fv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. pxfn] of] cleofg
;kmn ePkl5 cfkm"nfO{ kfi6dGqL agfpg cfk\mgf] 5f]fnfO{ cd]lsfl:yt ;+o'Qm
fi6;+\3sf nflu :yfoL k|ltlglw -lrkm ckm ld;g_ agfP k7fpg sf]Ofnf;dIf
cg'f]w u]sf] klg hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5.
lxhf] k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ e]6L cfk\mgf]
;sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'f]w u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* df3 @( ut] ;f]daf

fhbafsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls0f ug{ ul7t sfo{6f]nLn] k|ltj]bg tof
kf]sf] 5. ;}lgs tflnd ;}lgs ;\u7g tyf Joj:yfkgaf] o'jfhflwfhnfO{
hfgsfL 6qmfpg cfjZos 5. o; ;DaGwL kf7qmd gh ug{ ;sfaf6 ;do
aS;g'kg]{ x'G5. o; ljifodf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 kf;;u s'f u] ;do
ldnfpm x's'd eof].
xfn} ;DkGg sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] dGqLx?sf] ;\Vof 36fpg
k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ bafj lbg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5. To; qmddf x6fOPsf dGqLx?
cfk\mgf] kIfdf cfpg] ;efklt sf]Ofnfsf] ljZn]if0f 5. ;fy} sf\u|];n] b]pjfsf
lj4 ax'dt k'ofP pxfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fpg] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs Pstfsf]
;+o'Qm ;sf agfpg] lg0f{o lnPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf dxffhflwfhaf6
;d]t b]pjfsf] fhLgfdf dfu x'g ;S5 eGg] klg sf]Ofnfsf] ljZn]if0f 5.
Pdfn]n] eg] b]pjf ;sfsf] ljf]w ug]{ sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfn] eg] cg';fsf] ;+o'Qm ;sfdf klg ghfg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5. Pdfn]n]
sf\u|];sf] eG8fkmf] ug]{, ;]gfn] r'gfjsf] jftfj0f agfO{ zflGt sfod ufpg ;s]
r'gfjdf hfg] ax'dt Nofpg] 0fgLlt agfPsf] va 5.

@)%* kmfu'g ! ut] a'waf

k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] lxhf] k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf;u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

xfnsf] ;'Iff l:yltaf] 5nkmn ug'{eP5. 5nkmnkl5 k|wfgdGqLn] Iff;lrj;u

dnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lsg ;xof]u gu]sf] xf], d}n] lgb]{zg lbPsf sltko
ljifo k|wfg ;]gfkltn] la;{g] u]sf] 5, d}n] ;]gfnfO{ oqf] ;xof]u u]sf] 5'
t k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ pk]Iff ulx]sf] 5, s0f]{n ;gt a:g]tnfO{ ;z:q
k|xLdf k7fpg" eGbf lrkmn] lsg ljf]w ulx]sf] 5 < eg] emf]lSsP s'f
ug'{ePsf] x]5.

@)%* kmfu'g @ ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbLn] slyt hgo'4sf] jif{uf7 dgfpg] ;Gbe{df hgsfafxL eGb} lxhf]
kfry lhNnfsf] gflug uflj;df ;]gfsf k"j{xjNbf 6]saxfb' u' alb{of
lhNnfsf] kfyfef uflj;df zdz] bn u0fsf x'2f 7fs'k|;fb rf}wLsf] uf]nL xfgL
xTof u]sf] 5. o;}aLr kf]vfdf cdl;+x rf]sl:yt Pp6f 3af6 dfcf]jfbLn]
n'sfP fv]sf] cGbfhL cf7 lsnf] ;'gsf uxgf ;]gfn] afdb u]sf] 5.

@)%* kmfu'g % ut] cfOtaf

lxhf] flt dfcf]jfbLn] c5fdsf] ;bd'sfd d\un;]g ;fkm]ausf ;fy}
l;fxf lhNnfsf] nfnaGbL k|xL rf}sLdf xdnf uof]. d\un;]gdf flt ! ah]
xdnf ;' u]kl5 Ps 306f;Dd bf]xf]f] le8Gt eof]. To;kl5 c5fd lhNnf;u
k"} ;Dks{ ljR5]b eof]. sf7df8f}af6 p8]sf] x]lnsK6 laxfg pQm If]qdf k'Ubf
cfuf]sf] d':nf] hldgaf6 kmfo ePsfn] Toxf NofG8 ug{ ;s]g. sla $%
ldg]6sf] b"Ldf NofG8 uof]. yk kmf}h cfh laxfg ;f9] !! ah] d\un;]g k'u]sf]
5. k|flDes va cg';f ;]gfsf $* ;}lgssf] d[To' ePsf] 5 eg] Ps hgf 3fOt]
* hgf a]]kQf ePsf 5g\. To:t} k|xLtkm{ #$ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5, !* hgf
3fOt] ePsf 5g\. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf Ps hgf cGo b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf]
klg d[To' ePsf] 5. l;fxfdf rf hgf k|xL hjfgsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. 5 hgf
3fOt] 5g\, tLdWo] rf hgfsf] l:ylt uDeL 5. dfcf]jfbLn] tL 7fpsf ;Dk"0f{
xftxltof n'6] nu]sf 5g\.
d\un;]gdf dfcf]jfbLn] 7"nf] cfqmd0fsf] tofL ulx]sf] ;"rgf zfxL h\uL
c8\8faf6 % gDa jflxgL, lbkfonnfO{ klxn] g} lbOPsf] lyof]. jflxgLn] klg
Toxfsf ;]gfk|d'vnfO{ yk dbt u]sf] lyof]. tfklg Toxfsf] ;}lgs 6f]nLn] plrt
;ts{tf ckgfpg ;s]g. k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{ uDeLtf;fy lnP tofL xfntdf a;]sf]
klg b]lvPg. dfcf]jfbLn] jif{uf7 dgfpg] l;nl;nfdf JolQmxTof ug]{ sfo{qmd
to ug'{sf ;fy} cfk"mn] Iflt Aoxf]]sf ;Nn]L, sk'sf]6, ftfdf6]sf] abnf lng]
of]hgf agfPsf] klg a'lemPs} lyof]. To;} qmddf d\un;]gnfO{ lg;fgf agfPsf]
x'g ;S5.

273

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* kmfu'g ^ ut] ;f]daf

;'Iff kmf}hsf] sfafxL cfqmfds geP k|ltsffTds dfq b]lvG5. ;fy}
;bd'sfd dfq s'] a:g] u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] kmf]g u] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ ljifodf ;Qf?9
sf\u|];leq dte]b a9]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfsf cg';f sf\u|];leq ax'dt
;f+;b ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg gug]{ kIfdf 5g\.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n] kmf]g u] cfh a;]sf]
;j{bnLo a}7sdf ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o gePsf] hfgsfL lbg'eof].
a}7sdf sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ t o;nfO{ yk
gug]{ wf0ff fv]sfn] s'g} lg0f{o x'g ;s]g.
sf\u|]; kf6L{df k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] fhLgfdf lbg'k5{ eGg] s'f rsf]{;u
p7]sf] 5. of] ljifo p7fpg]df ;'zLn sf]Ofnf uf]ljGbfh hf]zL cu|k\lQmdf
x'g'x'G5. u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] k|wfgdGqLn] fhLgfdf ubf{ ;sfnfO{
;d:of kg{ ;S5 eGg] cfwfdf ;sf arfpg cfkm"n] fhLgfdf lbg] ;f]r agfPsf]
klg a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf lxhf] a]n'sf ;f+;b d]zgfy kf08]sf]
3 hfg'ePsf] lyof]. s]xL ;dokl5 uf]ljGbfh hf]zL klg Toxf k'u]sf] va 5.
sf]Ofnfn] kf08];u b]pjfnfO{ ;sfaf6 x6fP a[xt\ k|hftflGqs ;sf agfpg
bafsf] dbtsf nflu kxn ullbg cfu|x ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] d\un;]gdf ;]gfsf] sdfG8n] lbp;f]
;a} 7Ls 5, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7Ls kf5'{ eg] 3dG8 ug]{ a]n'sf ePkl5 cTolws
dlbf ;]jg ug]{ u]sfn] g} ;]gfn] 7"nf] Iflt Aoxf]g'{k]sf] xf] eGg'ePsf] va 5.

@)%* kmfu'g * ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbLn] s]xL kxf8L s]xL lhNnf ;bd'sfddf d\un;]gdf h:t} ;zQm
sfafxL ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] bf]xf]f] 0fgLlt clVtof
u]sf] b]lvG5. p;n] Psflt dfgj clwsfjfbL jfdkGyL a'l4hLjLnfO{ k|of]u
u] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg gug{ bafj k}bf ulx]sf] 5. csf{lt ;\s6sfn
cg'df]bg guL gx'g] kll:ylt l;h{gf ulx]sf] 5. d\un;]gsf] sfafxL
;\s6sfn cg'df]bgs} lglDt bafj l;h{gf ug{ ulPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;\s6sfnn] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf wfzfoL xf];\ ;]gf ylst xf];\ eGg] p;sf]
dg;fo b]lvG5.
SofK6]g cfkL k|wfgn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] d cd]lsf uP kms]{+,
Toxf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos ugl;k x]lnsK6 pknAw ufpg ;lsg]
;DaGwdf s'f ePsf] 5, ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfP o; ljifodf lj:t[t ?kdf hfx]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ug]{ lyP eGg'eof].

@)%* kmfu'g ( ut] laxLaf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf kIfn] cfh laxfg rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfsf]
lgjf;df 5nkmn u] xfnnfO{ ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ To;kl5sf] kll:ylt
x]] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ fhLgfdf lbg afWo kfg]{ lg0f{o u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. To;
cj;df k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf lj4 %$ ;f+;bn] x:tfIf u]sf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t
5nkmn ePsf] lyof].
sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zL d]zgfy kf08]aLr lxhf] a]n'sL xf]6n
Pe]:6df k'gM uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
cfh ;+;b\df ;\s6sfn cg'df]bgaf] 5nkmn ePsf] 5. sf\u|];n]
;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ ePsf] 5. Pdfn]n] ;;t{ cg'df]bg ug]{5. g]kfn
;b\efjgf kf6L{n] ljf]w ug]{ ePsf] 5 eg] fk|kfn] ;\s6sfndf ;sfaf6 ulg]
sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ dfu fv]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfh}
a]n'sL % ah] hjfkm lbg] ;jf % ah] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ ljifodf dtbfg
x'g] ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] clwfHoe l56k'm6 cfqmd0f, xTof, n'6kf6 hfL fv]sf 5g\.
;]gfsf] hjfkmL sfafxL eg] Tolt ;zQm gePsf] u'gf;f] k'gM cfPsf] 5. 88]nw'f
lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f x'b} 5 eGg] xNnf ;'g] k|xL nufot h]nuf8{ s]xL
sd{rfL ;d]t 8'6L 5f8] efu]sf 5g\.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ xf] eg] clxn] pko'Qm ;do 5,
;'emfj b]pm x's'd eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], d}n] b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL
lgo'Qm ePs} lbg Ps dlxgfdf ;sffTds kl0ffd b]vfpg'k5{ eg]sf] lyP. k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ klg ;\s6sfn nfu" eO{ ;]gf klrfng ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq 7f];
kl0ffd cfpg'k5{ eg]sf] lyP. of] cjlwsf] pknlAwaf] pgLx?;u ;f]Wg'kg]{ x'G5.
pgLx? dnfO{ e]6\g cfpbf of] s'f ;Demfpm. olb pgLx? b'j}n] cfjZos kl0ffd
lbg g;Sg] xf] eg] an dfcf]jfbL sf]6{df hfg ;S5. lsgeg] ;j{;fwf0f g]kfnL
cgfjZos ?kdf dg{ rfxb}gg\. To:t} ;sfaf6 lsg eftn] g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL
;d:of ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf rflxg]eGbf a9L rf;f] fVg] u]sf] 5, o;af]
uDeL eP ljZn]if0f x'g cfjZos 5, ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] ultljlwdf ljz]if ljrf
k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 egL lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%* kmfu'g !# ut] ;f]djf

;sfdf cfh d}n] d'n'sdf ;\s6sfn nufOP ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
sfafxLdf klrflnt 5. o:tf] a]nf >L % sf] ;sfn] ;d]t 7"nf lsl;dsf ef]hsf

275

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfo{qmd gug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. To;}n] cfufdL ;}lgs lbj; tyf dxflzjflq
gjjif{sf] cj;df j}zfv ! ut] ;]gfn] flqef]hsf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{
c;fGble{s xf]nf ls eg] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 flqef]haf6 hg;Dks{ a9fpg
klg ;lsG5, t klg o; ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u x's'd eof].
cd]lsL ljb]zdGqL hgn sf]lng kfj]nsf] h\uL c8\8f e|d0fsf] kmnf]ck
:j?k cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sLnfO{ ;]gfsf nflu cfjZos ;}Go
;fdu|L dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ePkl5sf] ultljlw ;DaGwdf s]xL
lbgcufl8 la|lkm ulPsf] lyof]. o; ljifonfO{ lnP a'l4hLjL, ;~rfsdL{
tyf s]xL g]tfn] g]kfnsf] cfGtls dfldnfdf cd]lsfsf] x:tIf]k egL gsffTds
k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\.

@)%* kmfu'g !$ ut] d\unaf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnn] cfh
d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6] cfufdL kmfu'g @& ut] ;lrjfnosf] pb\3f6g ug]{ lj:t[t
sfo{qmdaf] hfx] u], ;lrjfno :yfkgf;u hf]8] ;]gfn] l;+xbaf sAhf uof] eg]
s]xL fhgLlts g]tfn] rnfPsf] cgfjZos xNnfaf] ;d]t d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cjut
ufP, d}n] ;lrjfno :yfkgfn] l;+xbaf ;}lgsLs0f x'b g} , a o;n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u k'U5 eg] ljZj:t kf]sf] 5' egL hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pkyL
s6jfnsf] egfO lyof], d;usf] e]6df k|wfgdGqLn] ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLaf]
gsffTds l6Kk0fL ug'e{ of]. pxfn] of] s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;d]t eGg'ePsf] x]5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] of] t bafsf] dfG5] xf] eGg'eP5. d;u k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gf cln a9L
cfqmfds x'gk' of], ;]gfsf] cfjZostf d PsPs u] ;a} k"f u5',{ d e|i6frf lgd"n
{
kfg]{ kIfdf 5', o;sf] ;'jft klxn] cfkm" cfk\mgL >LdtLaf6 u5',{ dxffhflwfh;u
hfx] guL ;;Nnfx guL s'g} klg sfd ulb{g, a kb 5fl8lbG5', lulhfn]
dnfO{ km;fpg vf]hs
] f 5g\ h:tf s'f ug'e{ of].
s6jfnn] dnfO{ eg]sf ;Gbe{x? d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg cg';f pko'Qm af6f] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug'{ x'g5
]
eg] ;Nnfx lbg'k5{ x'sd' eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], ;sfL kmh'n vr{
lgoGq0f uL ;'Iff vr{ a9fpg], zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfdo ug],{ ;sfL sf]if v8f u]
a]f]huf o'jfnfO{ tflnd lbO{ ljb]z k7fpg], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmddf hgtfsf]
;xeflutf a9fpg Pp6f a[xt\ of]hgf agfpg klg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg".
ljut !@ jif{df g]kfn k|xLdf fhgLlts x:tIf]k Hofb} eof], o;df ;d;fdlos
;'wf ug{ k|xL ;]jf cfof]usf] lgtfGt vfrf] 5, k|xLdf egf{ 5gf]6 k|lqmof
;]gfsf] h:tf] agfpg plrt x'G5 egL s]xL jli7 k|xL clws[tn] dnfO{ ;'emfj
lbPsf 5g\.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] sf\u|]; ;+;bLo ;ldlt k'gu{7g ug{ vf]Hg'

sfo{stf{nfO{ cfufdL r'gfjdf l6s6sf] cfzf b]vfO{ cfk\mgf] kIfdf ax'dt ;f+;b
k'ofpg] rfn xf]. ;fy} cfk\mgf] g]t[Tjdf ;sf u7g u] ;]gfnfO{ cfk\mgf]
lgoGq0fdf lng] pxfsf] of]hgf 5. lsgeg] pxfn] ;]gfs} c;xof]usf sf0f cfkm"n]
fhLgfdf lbg'k]sf] eg] cff]k nufOxg'ePsf] 5.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n] a]nfotL ;xfos dGqLsf]
xfn} ;DkGg g]kfn e|d0fkl5 a]nfotn] o; ljefunfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfZjf;g lbPsf]
5, o;} l;nl;nfdf a]nfotn] tflnd 6f]nL k7fP ljefusf s]xL clws[tnfO{ !%
lbgsf] ljz]if tflnd lbg], a]nfotL vr{df Pp6f kfdz{bftf k7fpg] kfdz{bftfn]
ljefusf ljleGg kIfaf] cWoog uL ;'emfj lbg] of]hgf 5 egL hfgsfL
lbg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], eftLo u'Ktr lgsfo csf k|d'vn] b'O{ jif{klxn]
o; ljefusf] cflwsfls lgdGq0ffdf g]kfn e|d0f u]sf lyP. clxn] dnfO{ eft
e|d0fsf nflu lgdGq0ff cfPsf] 5. of] ljifo ;sfdf hfx] u] va kfpm.

@)%* kmfu'g !% ut] a'waf

lgoldt hfx]Ldf cfPsf] a]nf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cfh ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof],
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ltdLn] clxn]sf] fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo ug{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
uL r0fa4 r'gfj ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;'emfj b]pm. ;fy} r'gfjdf k|wfgdGqL
pxfsf] ;d"xnfO{ lhtfpg ;]gfn] k"} ;xof]u u5{ eg] ljZjf; ;d]t lbnfpm. To:t}
;sfaf6 dnfO{ o:tf] cj:yfdf bafsf] s] e"ldsf x'G5, k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef
lj36g u]sf] l;kmfl;nfO{ bafn] s;L hl:6lkms];g lbg], lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{
r'gfj ;DkGg ug{ s] cfjZos k5{, To;af] a'em egL lgb]{zg aS:of].
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs sfafxL hfL x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;]gfsf] tkm{af6
dgf]j1
} flgs ck];g ;~rfng x'g cfjZos 5. o; ;Gbe{df dfcf]jfbL g]tT[ j
vf; uL k|r08sf lj4 ;}lgs cleofg ;~rfng ug{ tyf sfNklgs ;"rgf
-l8;OGkmd];g_ ;DaGwL sfd ug{ fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs
pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ g} lhDd]jfL lbg pko'Qm x'g] ljifodf ;sf, k|wfg
;]gfklt d]f aLr 5nkmn eof]. ;fy}, ;}lgs clws[t >LdtL ;\3nfO{ ;sfsf]
z'ehGdf]T;j ;dff]xdf kf7k"hf ug],{ gfL lbj; dgfpg] sfo{eGbf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
sfafxLsf qmddf d[To' ePsf tyf 3fOt] ;}lgssf kljfnfO{ x]ljrf ug],{ fxt lbg]
h:tf sfd ug{ nufpbf To;sf] ;sffTds k|efj x'ga] f] ;d]t 5nkmn eof].

@)%* kmfu'g @) ut] ;f]daf

;sfsf] eft rLgsf] e|d0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd kfi6 dGqfnon] to uL
sf7df8f}l:yt eft rLgsf fhb"tnfO{ hfgsfL ufPsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df

277

278

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lrlgof fhb"t p of] sn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], clxn]sf] kll:yltdf

dxffhflwfh >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ rLg ;sfsf] k"0f{ ;xof]u 5. lrlgof
b"tfjf;nfO{ kfi6 dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt ;sfsf] rLg e|d0f ;DaGwL ldlt a]Olh
k7fOPsf] 5. rLg e|d0fsf] cj;df ;sfaf6 s'g} :yfgljz]ifsf] e|d0f jf cGo
sfo{qmd fVg'kg]{ eP va kfpm. d ldnfpg sf]l;; u5'{. of] ;sfsf] klxnf]
rLg e|d0f x'g] x'bf k|ltlglwd08n pRr:tLo ePdf fd|f] x'G5. lrlgof fhb"tsf]
yk egfO lyof], g]kfnsf] jt{dfg fhgLlts l:ylt Hofb} tn 5. oxL ;dodf
cd]lsL ;}lgs 6f]nL afDaf g]kfn cfpg] u]sf] ljifonfO{ g]kfnsf] l5d]sL
d'n's eftn] klg rfPsf] 5}g. o; ljifodf baf;u s'f ug'{;\ eg] eftLo
fhb"tn] d;u eGg'ePsf] 5.
xfn} ;f3' ;fKtflxsdf k|sflzt ;]gf ;DaGwL ;dfrfnfO{ lnP ;]gfn]
To;sf ;Dkfbs uf]kfn a'9fyf]sLnfO{ lxf;tdf lnPsf] lyof]. o; ljifodf ;]gfsf
lj4 gsffTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL eOx]sf] 5. a'9fyf]sLnfO{ ;]gfn] kqrf uL
;f]wk'5 ubf{ 7Ls x'GYof], clxn]sf] l:yltdf lxf;tdf lnPsfn] gfd|f] eof] eGg]
k|ltlqmof 5.
6fOd Dofulhgdf k|sflzt fh;+:yf ;DaGwL k|sflzt ;dfrfsf] Ps c+zdf
:juL{o fhf jL]Gb|n] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng u]gg\, o;n] ubf{ pgsf]
dfcf]jfbL;u cgf}krfls ;DaGw lyof] eGg] b]vfp5, ToxL sf0fn] fhf jL]Gb|sf]
xTof x'g k'Uof] -bL n]6 ls l88g6 o'h bL cfdL{ cu]G:6 bL OG;h]G; lnl8 6'
:k]s'n];g 8\of6 xL x\of8 lR8 Pg cgclkml;on cG8:6flG8 ljy bL ]aN;,
x\jLr 8]8 ljy lxh 8]y_ egL n]lvPsf] 5.

@)%* kmfu'g @! ut] d\unaf

dfcf]jfbLn] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf wfld{s cf:yfdf vnn kfg]{ uL, dlGb
eTsfpg], d"lt{ tf]8kmf]8 ug]{, k"hfcfhf ug{ f]s nufpg] h:tf lqmofsnfk ulx]sf
5g\. ;fy} lslofdf a;]sf JolQmsf] ;d]t xTof u]sf 5g\. :s'ndf ad lj:kmf]6
ufOx]sf 5g\. o;n] ;fdflhs ;+rgf ;d]t lau|b} uPsf] b]lvG5. ;sfL,
lghL ljb]zL ;~rf dfWodaf6 Jofks k|rfk|;f uL dfcf]jfbLsf o:tf 3[l0ft
lqmofsnfk phfu ug'{ h?L 5.
zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf] sfof{no kl;df a]nfotaf6 k|fKt dfOg
lSnol e]lxsn, cGo pks0f gof xltof ;sfaf6 gh ufpg] sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof].
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{ eftLo ;dsIfLsf] lgdGq0ffdf
cfpbf] kmfu'g @# b]lv @* ut];Dd eft e|d0fdf hfg nfUg'ePsf] 5.
sf\u|];df k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ x6fpg cfGtls tofL pRr :tdf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k'u]sf] ;"rgf 5. clxn];Dd ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf afx]s %% hgf ;f+;bn]

k|wfgdGqLsf lj4 x:tfIf ul;s]sf 5g\. ;sfdf x]sf s]xL ;xfos dGqLsf]
;xof]u lng] k|of; eOx]sf] 5. o;}aLr k|wfgdGqLn] e|i6frf cfof]u u7g ug{
nfu]sf sf0f x:tfIf cleofgnfO{ s]xL c; kg]{ b]lvG5.
k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf ;]gfn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5. ;fy}
Ps hgf ;x;]gfgLnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] P8L;Ldf v6fpg] Joj:yf 5. o;}aLr
k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gf;u yk ;'Iff dfu ug'{ePsf] 5. xfnsf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{
;sffTds ?kdf lnP pxfn] rfx] cg';f ;'Iff Joj:yf dha't agfpg dgfl;a
x'g] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] fo 5. To;} cg';f ;'Iffsf] k|aGw ldnfOb} 5.

@)%* kmfu'g @$ ut] z'qmaf

dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ;DaGwL dxjk"0f{ lqmofsnfk h\uL
c8\8fsf] ck];g ljefu, ;}lgs u'Ktr ljefu k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ dfq hfgsfL
x'g] u]sf] 5. o; ljifodf ;]gfsf cGo dxjk"0f{ ljefunfO{ s'g} hfgsfL
ePg eg] s]xL kLP;cf]hn] d;u u'gf;f] u]. pgLx?sf] egfO lyof], cGo
ljefu klg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kaf6 ck];gdf ;xefuL x''G5g\. t xfdLnfO{
ck];g ;DaGwL s'g} la|lkm x'b}g. To;}n] xfdL cGof]ndf 5f}. d}n] pgLx?nfO{
;]gf l6djs{df rNg] ;\u7g xf], ck];g ;DaGwL ultljlw ;]gfsf pRr txsf
JolQmnfO{ hfgsfL x'g h?L 5, d of] ljifodf lrkm;fa;u 5nkmn u5'{, ;fy}
;sfdf hfx] u] pko'Qm jftfj0f agfpg ;xof]u u5'{ eg]. of] dxjk"0f{
;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsfn] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfklt;u
s'f u] ck];g ;DaGwL ljifo cfjZostf cg';f kLP;cf]hnfO{ hfgsfL
ufpg nufpg" x's'd eof]. o;kl5 d}n] tTsfn} lrkm;fa;u s'f u]. o;kl5
kLP;cf]h h;f{ax?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf k|To]s lbg ck];g ;DaGwL la|lkm
ufpg] k|lqmof ;' eof].
;]gf klrfng ePsf] !)) lbg k'u]sf] 5. ;]gf klrfngkl5 dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 sfafxLdf h'g lsl;dsf] ;kmntf x'G5 eGg] ck]Iff lyof], To:tf] ePg.
To;}n] ;]gfn] ulx]sf] sfafxLsf] 0fgLltdf k'glj{rf x'g'k5{ eGg] s]xL e"tk"j{
jli7 ;}lgs clws[t cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf k"j{clws[tsf] ;Nnfx 5.
;]gfn] ck];gsf qmddf cGo ;'Iff lgsfo;u klg ;dGjo u] cufl8
a9\bf k|efjsfL x'g ;S5. ;fy} o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8 :yfkgfaf] 5nkmn eOx]sf]
cj:yfdf o;nfO{ s;L cufl8 a9fpg] o;sf] j}wflgstf s] x'g] h:tf ljifodf
;d]t ljrfljdz{ x'g'k5{.
w]} klxn]b]lv b]zsf ljleGg efudf x]sf ;]gfsf Aof]ssf] cj:yf fd|f]
5}g. ;}lgsnfO{ ;'ljwfhgs a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g. dfcf]jfbLsf

279

280

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lj4 klrfng ePkl5 ;]gfsf] ;\Vof pNn]vgLo ?kdf a9\b} 5. >L % sf]
;sfn] pknAw ufpg] ah]6 Hofb} Go"g x]sf] 5. o; cj:yfdf ;]gfsf]
sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sd >L % sf] ;sfsf] lwtf] kqdf nufgL uL ;]gfsf
nflu k"jf{wf ljsf;df nufpg ;s] xfnnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5.
lsgeg] ;sf;u ah]6 5}g, ;d:of 5. ;]gfsf] sf]ifdf sd 5, vr{ ug{
kfOGg. To;}n] o; ljifodf uDeLtfsf ;fy ;f]rljrf uL kl0ffd lgsfNg
cfjZos 5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ cfufdL j}zfvdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g x'g ;Sg] l:ylt
aGb} uPsf] 5, b;}cufl8 c;f]hdf lgjf{rg ufpg ljrfljdz{ ug"{ x's'd eof].
;fy} cfufdL r}tsf] bf];|f] ;ftf g]kfnuGh e|d0fsf nflu tofL u, r}t @ ut]
fhbafdf kLP;cf]hsf] la|lkmsf nflu sfo{qmd to u x's'd eof]. df};'kmaf6
eftn] ;]gfnfO{ OG;f; fOkmn a]Rg Hofb} k|of; ulx]sf] 5, g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos
k]sf] cj:yfdf eftn] xftxltofsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ljifonfO{ lnP !(%) sf] g]kfn
eft d}qL ;lGwdf ;d]t pNn]v ePsfn] klg eftn] OG;f; fOkmn lbg bafj
lbb} 5, To;}n] k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt;u To:tf] cj:yf cfPdf xfdLn] s] ug]{
eg] ;dod} ;f]rljrf ug"{ ;d]t x's'd eof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf ;sfaf6 x's'd
eof], k;f{ lhNnfsf] lgd{na:tL, ;'j0f{k', a|x\dgu Onfsfdf dfcf]jfbLn] ufhf
clkmd v]tL ulx]sf] eGg] dnfO{ va cfPsf] 5. o; ;DaGwdf c? yk a'e\mg
;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ va u.
;xfos yL fodfemL xfn ^ gDa jflxgLkltsf ?kdf wflbsf] a}]gLdf
x'g'x'G5. pxfnfO{ h\uL c8\8fsf] o'4sfo{ -ck];g_ ljefudf ;jf ug{ plrt
x'g] eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ eGg'ePsf] 5.

@)%* kmfu'g @^ ut] cfOtaf

fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+If0f ljefun] s]xL u}8fnfO{ zfxL lrtjg
fli6o lgs'~haf6 zfxL alb{of fli6o lgs'~hdf :yfgfGt0f ug]{ ePsf] 5. o;
l;nl;nfdf ;]gfsf] s'g} klg e"ldsf 5}g. t af6f]df kg]{ ;}lgs r]skf]:6df ;lhn}
kf; ufpg cg'f]w ePsfn] To;} cg';f ug"{ eg] lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
cfh laxfg d'ulnaf6 gffo0f3f6tkm{ nfu]sf] ;]gfsf] 6s dfcf]jfbLn]
la5fPsf] ljB'tLo wfk -cfO{O{8L_ df kL b'3{6gf x'bf b'O{ ;}lgssf] d[To' ePsf]
5 eg] !* ;}lgs 3fOt] ePsf 5g\.

@)%* kmfu'g @& ut] ;f]daf

dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ets]z l;+xn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], d efsnsf]
k"hf ug{ hDd'sfZdLl:yt cdgfy ljZj lxGb" dxf;\3sf] a}7sdf efu lng

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

gof lbNnL hfb} 5'. dfr{ @$ tflsdf uP clk|n % tflsdf kms{G5'. o;

cjlwsf] labf :jLs[ltsf nflu ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof]. gof lbNnLdf d}n]
s]xL h?L sfd ug'{kg]{ eP hfx] u] va kfpm.
dfcf]jfbL lj4sf] ;'Iff sfafxLnfO{ ;xh agfpg o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8 sf]
cjwf0ff cg';f sfd eOx]sf] 5. t o;df fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{
;dfj]z gulPsfn] pQm ljefuaf6 c;Gt'li6 cfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfh l;+xbaf, k'tnLau}rfl:yt fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\ ;lrjfnosf] ;d'b\3f6g ug'{eof].

@)%* kmfu'g @* ut] d\unaf

sfe|]sf] bf]nfn3f6df k|xLsf] uf8L dfcf]jfbLsf] PDa';df k]sf] 5. k|flDes
hfgsfL cg';f kfr hgf k|xLsf] d[To' ePsf] 5.
s]xL kxf8L lhNnfdf ;'Iff lgsfon] cfk\mgf] a]; v8f ug{ lnPsf 3afL
tyf v]tdf cGgafnL nufpg gkfPsf] hgu'gf;f] cfPsf] 5.
a]nfotL cGtf{li6o ;xof]u lgof]u -8LPkmcfO{8L_ n] s]xL o'f]lkog d'n'ssf
fhb"tnfO{ z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fP sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnf
k'gM k|wfgdGqL aGg] l:ylt l;h{gf x'b} 5, of] cj:yf ePdf fhfn] zlQm cfk\mgf]
xftdf lng] Ps k|sfn] ;}lgs zf;g ;d]t nfu" x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf x]sf]
ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] k]k ljt0f u]sf] ;'lgPsf] 5.
sf\u|];sf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] cfh a;]sf] a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL b]pjf, ;efklt
sf]Ofnf, u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf, rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf, ch'{ggl;+x s];Lsf
;fy} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cGo s]xL ;b:osf] ;xeflutf lyof]. a}7sdf ;d;fdlos
fhgLlts kll:yltaf] 5nkmn uL s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s cfufdL zlgaf laxfg
* ah] fVg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. a}7sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] Ph]G8f ;d]t xg ;Sg]
a'lemG5. b]zsf] ljBdfg tn fhgLlts cj:yfdf ;a} kIfsf] cfcfk\mg} :jfy{
x]sf] b]lvG5. sf\u|];n] ;]gf dlGqklifb\sf] cwLgdf xg] h:tf d'Vo Ph]G8f
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf fVg ;Sg] b]lvG5. otf bafn] fhfsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsf
a9fpg] uL ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ lx;fan] tofL ulx]sf] 5.

@)%* kmfu'g @( ut] a'waf

fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n] cfk\mgf] eft e|d0faf] dnfO{
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], eftdf d}n] u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'v
pkk|d'v;u e]6]. u[x dGqfnosf ljz]if ;lrjsf ;fy} ;DalGwt kbflwsfL;u klg
e]6 eof]. e]6df eftLo kIfaf6 g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf] lh1f;f flvof].
d}n] xfn hfL ;'Iff sfafxL ;'Iff lgsfon] ef]u]sf ;d:ofaf] atfP. o;}

281

282

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

qmddf sltko dfcf]jfbL g]tf eftdf n's] a;]sf] cjut ufP. pgLx?nfO{
kqmfp ug{ ;xof]usf nflu cg'f]w u]. eftLo kIfaf6 g]kfndf zflGt l:ytf
x'g' eftsf nflu klg dxjk"0f{ ePsfn] g]kfnnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u ug{
tof x]sf] elgof]. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ tflndsf cltlQm s'g} pks0f
lbg] ;d]t eftn] cfZjf;g lbPsf] 5. ;fy}, eftLo kIfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of
;dfwfg geP;Dd g]kfnsf] b";~rf lghLs0f ug{ gx'g] ;Nnfx lbPsf] klg
pxfn] hfgsfL lbg'eof].
zdf{n] eftLo ;dsIfL -csf k|d'v_ sf] egfO p4[t ub}{ eGg'eof],
sf7df8f}l:yt eftLo fhb"t csf] OGrfh{nfO{ sf\u|]; Pdfn] g]tfx?
Pskl5 csf]{ u] e]6\g uOxG5g\. tL ;a} g]tfx? ltgnfO{ u' dfg] s'f u5{g\
ToxL cg';fsf] Jojxf u5{g\. To;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ s] ug]{, s] gug]{ eg]
c;lhnf] k5{. zdf{sf] egfO lyof], eftLo ;dsIfLsf o:tf s'f ;'g] xfd|f
g]tfx?k|ltsf] d]f] >4f tyf cfTd;Ddfg 6'6] uof].

@)%* r}t @ ut] z'qmaf

k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f, ;]gf klrfngkl5sf] kll:ylt ;DaGwdf
fhbafdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;fd"lxs hfx]L tyf 5nkmn eof]. o'4 tyf
Joj:yf lgb]{zgfno cGo kLP;cf]haf6 cfk\mgf] ljefusf ultljlw tyf efjL
of]hgfaf] ;sfdf hfx] eof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;\s6sfn nfu" eO{ ;]gf
klrfng ulPkl5sf] cj:yfaf] ;\If]kdf hfx] ug'{eof]. 5nkmndf h;f{ax?n]
ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{eof]. To; qmddf u'Ktr ;]jf k|efjsfL gePsf] eGg] w]}
u'gf;f] cfof]. @)%@ ;fn kmfu'gdf dfcf]jfbLn] slyt hgo'4 ;' u]b]lv g} o;
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg k|xL sfafxLaf6 dfq x'g ;Sb}g, ;]gf klrfng x'g'k5{ eGg]
;a}nfO{ nfu]s} xf]. @)%$ ;fn ;fpgebf}df dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ug]{
p2]Zon] dWoklZrdsf s]xL lhNnfdf k[tgf v8f ug]{ of]hgf aGof], t Tof] of]hgf
;sf kljt{g;u} xfP uof]. ;]gf klrfng x'G5 eGg] ;a}nfO{ yfxf eP klg
;]gfaf6 u'Ktr ;DaGwL s'g} sfd ePsf] b]lvb}g. ;fy} cfjZos nlhl:6ssf
;;fdfg e08f0f ug]{ sfd klg ePsf] b]lvPg. lkmN8df vl6Psf ;}lgssf]
xltof, cGo ;;fdfg tyf nQfsk8f ;d]t u'0f:tLo gePsf] u'gf;f] 5.
5nkmndf p7]sf ljifo lyP M ;}lgs clws[tsf] ;jfdf ;d]t ljrf x'g'k5{.
lkmN8 slG8;g df kmf}hnfO{ slt;Dd fVg] < klrflnt ;}lgsnfO{ cbnLabnL
ug{ ;d]t ;do tf]Sg'kg]{ x'G5. ;]gfsf] sfafxL klg k|xLs} h:tf] b]lvPsf] u'gf;f]
5. lsgeg] ;]gf cfqmfds sfafxL guL ;bd'sfddf :6fl6s l8km]G; df
dfq a;]sf] 5. ;]gfsf] ;fdfGo o'4snf -h:t} ]sL u:tL, nfdf] b"Lsf] u:tL
tyf 6flS6sn OG6]lnh]G; hDdf kfg]{ sfd_ ;Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. e}jgfy

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

u0fsf 3 u'NdnfO{ ltgsf] e"ldsf cg';f k|efjsfL 9\un] k|of]u ulPsf]

5}g. dfcf]jfbLsf] 7"nf] a];, tflnd If]q cfk"lt{ 6nfO{ lgufgLdf fvL Wj:t
kfg]{ k|of; ePg. ;]gfsf s]xL clw[stx? g]kfn k|xLsf clws[t h:t} ck];g
Plofdf hfg gvf]h]sf] ;d]t ;'lgPsf] 5.
d'n'ssf] ;\s6sfnLg kll:ylt fhgLlts tntfsf sf0f b]zsf]
cl:tTjdf ;d]t vtf kg{ ;Sg] x'bf fh;+:yf ;]gfn] efjL 0fgLlt agfpg]tkm{
a]n}df ;f]Rg cfjZos x]sf]df ;a}sf] Psdt x\of]. o;sf ;fy} lgs6 eljiodf
x'g] k|wfgdGqLsf] eft e|d0fdf ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;'Iff lgsfon]
;'emfj lbg'kg]{ ;xdlt eof].
5nkmndf ;xefuL h;f{ax?sf] k|ltlqmofkl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], xfnsf]
kll:yltdf ;]gfsf] ;\Vof kof{Kt 5}g. o:tf] cj:yfdf s;L cufl8 a9\g
;lsG5 eg] ljrf x'g'k5{. ;]gfn] sfafxL ubf{ ;s];Dd ;j{;fwf0fsf] Iflt
x'g glbg] s'fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{. ;]gfn] :yfgLo hgtfsf nflu ;~rfng
ulx]sf l;len k|f]u|fdnfO{ lgGttf lbg h?L 5. :yfgLo fhgLlts bnsf
g]tf tyf sfo{stf{;u ;xof]u lng] lbg] ug'{k5{. ;]gfnfO{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug{
hg;xof]usf] vfrf] k5{. o;df ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{. s]Gb|b]lv sfo{If]q;Dddf
;~rf Joj:yf k|efjsfL agfpg ;'lIft kfg{ h?L 5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf] tflnd :yn 7"nf a]; Wj:t kfL ;]gfsf n'l6Psf xltof
lkmtf{ Nofpg k|of; ug'{k5{. ;fy} cGo ;'Iff lgsfo;u k|efjsfL ;DaGw ljsl;t
uL ;xof]u lng]lbg] ug'{k5{.
eftsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkf;u cfh d]f] e]6
eof]. pxfn] lbNnLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf; wd{zfnf h:tf] ePsf] rrf{
ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], g]kfnaf6 g]tf cfpg]hfg] a:g] qmd c6'6 x'G5.
t ah]6 kof{Kt 5}g. g]kfnsf g]tfn] lbNnLdf eftLo g]tf tyf kbflwsfL;u
k|bz{g u]sf] Jojxf ug]{ s'fsfgLn] dnfO{ w]} cfTdUnflg x'G5. xfd|f]
fli6otf fli6o klxrfg s] xf] eGg];Dd klg s;}n] Wofg lbb}gg\. g]kfnsf
dfcf]jfbL g]tf, sfo{stf{sf ;dy{s z'elrGts eftdf kof{Kt 5g\. t To:tf
;\3;+:yfdf k|efjsfL lgufgL fVg xfd|f] s'g} ;fwg;|f]t 5}g. lbNnLdf cGo
b]zsf fhb"tx?n] g]kfnaf] pT;'stf;fy hfGg vf]H5g\. pgLx?sf] b]zaf6
s] ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;d]t ;f]Wb5g\. t >L % sf] ;sfaf6 s'g}
gLltlgb]{zg cfpg] u]sf] 5}g. 8f= yfkfn] cl3Nnf] lbg k|wfgdGqL;u e]6
ePsf] k|;\u p7fpb} eGg'eof], pxf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjsf] xNnfn] Hofb} cflQPsf]
x'g'x'GYof]. To;}n] xf]nf, cfk\mgf] eft e|d0fsf] Ph]G8fdf vf;} dxj lbg'ePg.
s'fsfgLs} qmddf k|wfgdGqL eQmk', bxrf]sdf tflGqs xl v8\sfnfO{ e]6\g hfg'
5 eg] k6sk6s xtflg'eof]. dnfO{ crDd nfUof].

283

284

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%* r}t $ ut] cfOtaf

sf\u|];leq fhgLlts G cem rs]{ uPsf] 5. lulhf kIfn] k|wfgdGqL
b]pjfsf lj4 cleofgdf ;+;bLo bnleq sla ^! hgf cyf{t\ ax'dt k'ofPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. kf6L{df cfh btf{ ug]{ elgPsf] cljZjf; k|:tfj k|wfgdGqL eftaf6
kms]{kl5 btf{ ug]{ eGg] ;d]t to ePsf] a'lemG5. t ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6sf
s]xL JolQm, >L % sf] ;sfsf s]xL ;lrj a'l4hLjLnfO{ ;\s6sfn h]7
!! ut] ;dfKt x'b} 5, To;kl5 dfq ;sf kljt{g ug]{ eGg'ePsf] va 5.
lulhf kIf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg kIfdf Jofks ?kdf nfu] klg kf6L{sf] a}7sdf z}nhf
cfrfo{n] To;sf] ljf]w ug'{ePsf] 5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifodf b]pjf kIfsf
lr~hLjL jfUn], k|bLk luL ljdn]Gb| lglwn] gf]6 ckm l8;]G6 n]v]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ s'fsf] ljf]w ug'{eof] t
gf]6 ckm l8;]G6 n]Vg'ePg. k|wfgdGqL kIf x:tfIf cleofgaf6 t;]{sf] 5. eft
e|d0faf6 kms]{nuQ} cfk\mgf] kIfsf vf; JolQmnfO{ dlGqklifb\af6 x6fP bf]wfdf
x]sf -k\mofG; l;6_ ;f+;bnfO{ ;fd]n uL dlGqklifb\ lj:tf ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf
lgs6n] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\.
sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] dfcf]jfbLlgs6 zlQm nD;fn O{ZjL bfxfnnfO{
e]6] dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ :yfkgf ullbg cfu|x ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. pxfn]
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug{ eft k7fpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxf b'O{ ;ftf eft a;] xfn} sf7df8f} kms{g'ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnfn] cGo
dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u klg 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t ;Dks{ fVg vf]h]sf] va 5.

@)%* r}t % ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{n] dfcf]jfbLsf] aGbsf a]nf e|d0f gug{,
gufpg ljleGg ljb]zL fhb"tfjf;df cg'f]w u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dxffhflwfhaf6 b]zsf] ;'Iff cj:yf tyf fhgLlts tntfsf sf0f
bafn] klg s]xL sG6]gh]G;L of]hgf agfpg' cfjZos 5, bafsf] of]hgf k|ydtM
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;+;b\ e\u ug{ Pp6f sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t sfd ug{ nufpg], To;kl5
fhbafn] k"} 6]s cf]e ug]{ x'g'k5{ eGg]af] d;u ljrfljdz{ ulaS:of]. o:tf]
;Nnfx dnfO{ s]xL k|d'v bnsf k|d'v g]tfn] klg lbg] u]sf 5g\. @)%^ ;fnsf]
lgjf{rgdf ax'dtk|fKt sf\u|];n] s[i0fk|;fb efO{, lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf xfn
z]axfb' b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;sfkl5 k'gM sf]Ofnfs} g]t[Tjdf ;sf agfpg]
k|of; ub}{ 5. o; cjlwdf Pp6} ;sf lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{df tLg j6feGbf a9L
;sf aGg] ;Defjgf 5. o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] h'g} klg g]tf b]zsf] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug]{tkm{ eGbf klg JolQmut :jfy{ ;Qfk|flKtdf lnKt 5g\.
k|wfgdGqLn] eft e|d0fsf ljifodf lxhf] laxfg ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v;u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

la|lkm lng'eof]. la|lkmkl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] d]f] eft

e|d0fsf a]nf eft;u ;]gfn] dfu u]sf] xftxltof tyf ;;fdfgsf] ln:6
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbP eg] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof]. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] pQm ln:6sf]
Ps k|lt ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;d]t k7fpg'ePsf] 5. cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vn] klg eft;u ;xof]usf nflu k|:tfljt ;fdfgaf] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cjut
ufpg'eof]. To;} qmddf k|xL dxflgLIfsn] k|xL klg o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8 sf]
cjwf0ff cg';f klrfng x'g'kg]{ x'bf k|xLdf x]sf] ;z:q u0fsf] ;\Vof
a9fpg'kg]{ wf0ff fVg'eof].
zfxL Ifs jflxgLsf] tflnd 6f]nLn] o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf nflu tof
u]sf] cf7 ;ftf nfdf] a]l;s tflnd cfh ;' eof]. ;f] cj;df d}n] pQm
tflndsf] dxj tyf cf}lrToaf] o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf hfx] u]. tflnd
6f]nLsf k|d'v dxf;]gfgL 5ljnfn v8\sfn] cfwfe"t ;}lgs 1fg ;DaGwL tflndsf
ljifodf k|sfz kfg'{eof].

@)%* r}t ^ ut] d\unaf

;sfsf ;jfL rfns ;'bg yfkf;u dfcf]jfbLglhs Ps kqsfn]
df};'kmsf] d\un;]g ;jfLsf af]df a'em]sf x]5g\. o;af6 fhbaf tyf
h\uL c8\8fdf ;d]t dfcf]jfbLsf] 3';k}7 x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5. o;af] uDeLtf
ckgfpg' h?L 5.
ut z'qmaf fhbafdf ;DkGg kLP;cf]hsf] ;fd"lxs hfx]Ldf p7]sf
ljifonfO{ h\uL c8\8fdf ;a}n] uDeLtfk"j{s lnPsf] a'lemG5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
d t ;a} sfd u5'{ t c?n] s] u5{g\ eGg ;lSbg eg] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfLnfO{
xNsf ?kdf lnPsf] ljifodf eg] cGo kLP;cf]h h;f{ax?n] u'gf;f] ug'{ePsf]
5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ ;z:q k|xL cfof]u u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf s] eOx]sf] 5,
rf8} u7g ug{ nufpg" x's'd eof]. To:t} slxn]sfxL cfjZos k]df u[x
Iff ;lrjnfO{ ;d]t bafsf] ;lrj a}7sdf fVbf s] x'G5 < eg] lh1f;f
flvaS:of]. ;fy} jgh\unsf] Jofks km8fgL sf7 rf]L lgsf;L eOx]sf] 5,
o;af] ;lrj a}7sdf 5nkmn u] s] ug{ ;lsG5 pkfo lgsfn, k|wfgdGqL eft
e|d0fdf x]sf a]nf ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 s'g} 7"nf] ck];g ug{ ;S5 ls,
o;af] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u x's'd eof].

@)%* r}t & ut] a'waf

sf\u|];df lulhf kIfn] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf eftaf6 kms{gf;fy
ax'dt b]vfP fhLgfdf lbg nufpg] gdfg] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]; ug]{ tofL

285

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;} k|;\udf ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\

sfnfO{ kmf]g u] tkfO{+lgs6 gf} ;f+;bnfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s lg0f{o ug{ lbg" eg]
r]tfjgL lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfn] dfcf]jfbLlgs6 O{ZjL bfxfn zlQm
nD;fn;u sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnf lbNnLdf x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tf jfdb]j
If]qLaLr ;Dks{ ufpg cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5. ;fy} sf]Ofnfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf
8f= afa'fd efO{;u ;d]t kmf]gdf s'f u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f
sf]OfnfnfO{ 8f= efO{n] ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu hgdt ;\u|x ug]{ ljifodf Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ ;xdt ufpg ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnfn]
o;af] s'f ubf{ g]kfnn] pQm k|:tfj c:jLsf ug'{ePsf] 5. lsgeg] dfcf]jfbLn]
fhgLlts kf6L{sf ?kdf r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{ u]df To;sf] k|ToIf c; Pdfn]nfO{
kg]{ b]lvG5.
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eftdf dfcf]jfbL e|ft[ ;\u7gn] sfnf] emG8f b]vfP ljf]w
k|bz{g ug]{ pxfsf] k'tnf hnfpg] sfo{qmd to u]sf 5g\. o; ljifodf
s"6gLlts :taf6 gof lbNnLdf ;Dks{ ug{ ;sfaf6 ;'emfj aS;]sf] 5. o;}aLr
dfcf]jfbLn] lzIffdGqL cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofonfO{ P;Pn;L kLIff tLg dlxgf k
;fg{ wDsLk"0f{ efiffdf kq k7fPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
va cg';f fk|kf g]tf ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd
efO{nfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf e]6\g'ePsf] 5. e]6df yfkfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjnfO{
;dy{g ug]{ cfZjf;g lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%* r}t ( ut] z'qmaf

lxhf] a]n'sf ca];Dddf d}n] dxffhflwfhsf] g]kfnuGh e|d0f ;DaGwL of]hgf
agfP. ;sfaf6 fHoff]x0f ulaS;]kl5 klZrd g]kfnsf] klxnf] k6s e|d0f
ulaS;b} 5. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf] sfafxL tLj|
eOx]sf a]nf ;'Iffsf b[li6n] ;sfsf] ;jfL rnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5. t
;sfnfO{ hgtf;u k|ToIf ;Dks{ ufpg' 5. 5f]6f] ;dodf w]} :yfgsf] e|d0f
ufpg] of]hgf ag]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;'IffsdL{x? nl8x]sf] ;Gbe{df
;sfsf] o:tf] e|d0f dxjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] bafsf] ljZn]if0f 5. ;fy} ;sfaf6
;'Iff lgsfosf ;a} txsf ;'IffsdL{nfO{ e]6\bf pgLx?sf] dgf]an pRr x'g] cfzf
ulaS;]sf] 5.
a'af -w|'jljqmd zfx_ nfO{ 8fS6sf] ;Nnfx cg';f lj:t[t :jf:Yo kLIf0fsf
nflu b'O{ lbgcl3 jL]Gb| c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf egf{ ulPsf] lyof]. lxhf] a]n'sf
sfof{noaf6 ;f]em} c:ktfn k'u]. a'afsf] :jf:Yol:ylt ;fdfGo lyof]. a'af;u
dh};u s'f u] 3 kms]{+. d kms]{kl5 ;xfos yL et fodfemL klg pxfnfO{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

e]6\g hfg'ePsf] x]5. flt ( ah];Dd a'af;u s'f u] kms{g'eP5.

crfgs cfh laxfg sla ^ ah]lt a'af l;ls:t ePsf] va cfof]. d
t'Gt} c:ktfn k'Ubf a'af :ju]{ eO;Sg'ePsf] x]5. d}n] tTsfn zfxL kfZj{jtL{
ljefudf va u] ;sfsf] g]kfnuGh ;jfLsf] sfo{qmd ldnfpg ;xfos yL
6Lsf wdnfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbP. ;fy} k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf pk;}lgs ;lrj
>Lfd s];LnfO{ va uL sfd' xflsdsf nflu kq tof kf] d]f] x:tfIfsf nflu
c:ktfn Nofpg eg]. To; cg';f pxfn] tof kf] NofPsf] clVtofL kqdf
x:tfIf u]. u[x k|zf;g ;DaGwL lhDd]jfL pxfnfO{ ;]gf ;DaGwL lhDd]jfL
;xfos yL wdnfnfO{ k|bfg u]. d a'afsf] clGtd ;+:sf sfhlqmofsf nflu
kz'klt, lqmofk'qL 3df a;].
:jefjtM dnfO{ ;dj]bgf lbg ;dfhsf ;a} If]qsf w]} dxfg'efj cfpg'eof].
oxL ;fn j}zfvdf d'df :ju]{ x'bf dxffhflwfh jL]Gb| dnfO{ ;dj]bgf
lbg kz'klt, lqmof3d} ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. o; k6s a'af :ju]{ x'bf
>L % dxffhflwfh 1fg]Gb| ;jfL xf]OaS;]g. k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf dnfO{
;dj]bgf lbg cfpg'eof]. To:t} sf\u|]; g]tf fdrGb| kf}8]n, ;'zLn sf]Ofnf,
Pdfn] g]tfx? jfdb]j uf}td, l8NnLfh vgfn nufot g]tfx? klg cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. ;]gf cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf clws[t t cfpg] g} eP. fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\ ;lrjfnodf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn dnfO{ e]6\g lbgx'
cfpg'eof].
sf]/f a;]sf] gjf} lbg ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf sfd' xflsd >Lfd s];L cfP
fhbaf k|zf;lgs ;\u7gdf s]xL km]abn x'g nfu]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof].
pxfsf cg';f k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;Lldt ug]{, k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrj yL kbnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj pkyLdf emfg]{ k|:tfj x]sf] pxfn]
atfpg'eof]. ;a} s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] eg], of] ljrf0fLo ljifo xf]. k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfno fhbafsf ;a}eGbf k'fgf]dWo]sf] d'Vo sfof{no xf]. o:tf dxjk"0f{
ljifodf lg0f{o lnbf w]} kIfdf ljrf x'g'k5{. lslof ;s] d sfof{no cfPkl5
o;af] 5nkmn uf}nf.

@)%* r}t @@ ut] laxLaf

;sfsf] klZrd g]kfnsf] e|d0f ;lsPsf] lyof]. dnfO{ sfhlqmof
;lsg]lalQs} sfof{no xflh x'g" eGg] va lyof]. To;} cg';f d cfh}
xflh eP. cfh} k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL sfof{nodf bafsf] k|:tfljt gof
;f\u7lgs ;+rgfaf] 5nkmn flvPsf] x]5. k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL
zfbfk|;fb k|wfgn] dnfO{ gof ;\u7g cfufdL j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] atfpb}
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf x'g] kljt{gaf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;f]w],

287

288

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s] sf0fn] kljt{g ug'{kof] < pxfn] ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd of] Joj:yf
ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], bafdf @)!! ;fndf :yflkt k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfno k|d'v ;lrjfno ;a}eGbf k'fgf sfof{no x'g\. ToxL a]nfb]lv
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] k|d'vdf yL baGbL sfod ePsf] xf]. To; a]nf
;]gfsf] baGbL sla !% xhf lyof] eg] clxn] %) xhfeGbf a9L 5. To;}n]
of] bhf{nfO{ 36fpg] cf}lrTo k|:6 ePg. ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfno
cGtu{t fVg ldNb}g. lsgeg] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ fhbafsf k|d'v ;lrj;u
sfd ug{ Jofjxfls sl7gfO x'g ;S5. k|wfgnfO{ d]f] ts{ plrt nfu]5. pxfn]
d of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u5'{ ;sfsf] ;do ldnfp5', h;f{an] g} oL ;a}
tYox? ;sfdf laGtL ug'{kof] eGg'eof]. To; cg';f ;sfaf6 ef]ln laxfg
( ah] ;do aS;]sf] 5.

@)%* r}t @# ut] z'qmaf

lgwf{lt ;dodf hfx]Lsf nflu k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL zfbfk|;fb
k|wfg d lgd{n lgjf; k'Uof}. dxffhflwfh ;sf o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf
bafsf] gof ;f\u7lgs ;+rgfaf] lxhf] d;u ePsf] k|;\u p7fpb} k|wfgn]
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] ;DaGwdf ljj]s h;f{an] hfx] ug'{x'G5 eGg'eof].
To;kl5 d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u], fhbafsf] sfo{ljlw cg';f >L % sf]
;sf ;+;b\af6 kflt eO{ nfndf]xsf nflu fhbaf cfpg] ljw]osdf k|d'v
;lrj k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj of ;}lgs ;lrjn] x:tfIf ug'{k5{. bafsf] k|:tfljt
;f\u7lgs ;+rgf cg';f ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxt fVbf
sfg'gL Jofjxfls ;d:of x'g ;S5. To:t}, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj fhbafsf]
;Dk"0f{ ;'Iffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ JolQm xf]. o;nfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfno cGtu{t fVbf
zfxL Ifs jflxgL, zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xL tyf zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefu h:tf lgsfo
:jtM k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] cGtu{t k5{g\. o;L ;]gfsf o'lg6x? k|ToIf ?kdf k|d'v
;lrjfnosf] dftxtdf fVg' slt plrt xf]nf < o; cj:yfdf h\uL c8\8f, Iff
dGqfno tyf cGo ;'Iff lgsfodf ;dGjosf nflu kqfrf s;n] ug]{ < ;fy},
fhbafdf sfo{t ;Dk"0f{ ;}lgssf] ah]6 Joj:yfkg zfxL h\uL c8\8fn] ub}{
cfPsf] 5. ca of] ah]6 Joj:yfkgsf] sfd s;n] u5{ < bafn] ls h\uL
c8\8fn] < o:tf ljleGg Jofjxfls sl7gfO v8f x'g ;S5g\. To;}n] k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfnonfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;Lldt u] klg k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxtdf
fVg' x'b}g. hfx]Lsf qmddf d}n] cufl8 eg], ;]gfsf] baGbL lgGt a9\b} uPsf]
5. @)!! ;fndf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno u7g ubf{ ;]gfsf] baGbL sla !%
xhf lyof] eg] clxn] %) xhf gf3]sf] 5 cem a9\g] qmd hfL 5. To:t}
dflyNnf] bhf{sf clws[tsf] ;\Vof klg al9x]sf] 5. h\uL c8\8fsf sltko

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ljefuLo k|d'vx?sf] bhf{ ;do cg';f j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5. s]xL jif{cl3;Dd
h\uL c8\8fdf yLsf] kb lyPg. xfn b'O{ hgf yLsf] baGbL 5. ;]gfdf rd"
cjwf0ff nfu" ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn eOx]sfn] yLsf] ;\Vof c? ylkg ;S5.
o; cj:yfdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] yL kb x6fpbf dof{bf qmdsf lx;fan]
klg ef]lnsf lbgdf bafnfO{ g} cK7ff] kg{ ;S5. baGbL fVb}df s;}sf]
kbf]Gglt ug'{k5{ eGg] 5}g. To;}n] ;sfaf6 s;}nfO{ kbf]Gglt gaS;] klg baGbL
fVbf fd|f] x'G5. d]f ;a} ts{ ;'lgaS;]kl5 dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k'fg} Joj:yf cg';f ug"{ k|d'v lghL ;lrjfno, k|d'v ;+jfb
;lrjfno k|d'v :jsLo ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxtdf fVg] Joj:yf
ug"{, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;a} baGbL ;]gfaf6} Nofpg" x's'd eof].
5nkmndf ;xefuL o'jfhflwfhaf6 k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;]gfsf]
baGbL sfod ubf{ o'jf clws[t klg fVg" x's'd eof]. d}n] o; ;lrjfnodf o'jf
clws[tsf] e"ldsf sfd sd x'g ;S5, To;}n] ;]gfgLeGbf dflysf clws[tsf]
baGbL sfod ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg] hfx] u]. t o'jfhflwfh l;fOaS:of]
b'O{ ;xfos ;]gfgL b'O{ ;x;]gfgLsf] baGbL fVg" lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;f]xL
cg';f baGbL ldnfOof].

@)%* r}t @^ ut] ;f]daf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf] ;+of]hs Iff;lrj xg] Joj:yf cg';f
xfn ;+of]hsdf Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{ x'g'x'G5. pxfn] Iff;lrjsf] kbaf6
cjsfz kfPkl5 klg ;lrjfnosf] ;+of]hs kbdf yk b'O{ jif{ xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg
k|wfgdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] a]nfotsf] blIf0fL e]usf] ;d'b|t6Lo
;x O:6af]0f ;;]S;df 3 lsGg vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. nfdf] ;do;Dd a]nfotdf x]sf
Joj;foL xlljef] sfsL{sf] dfWodaf6 3 lsGg vf]h]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] lxhf] gffo0fl;+x k'g;u nfdf]
5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5. s]xL lbgcufl8 k'gn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ug'{ePsf] lyof].
o;} k|;\unfO{ lnP sf]Ofnfn] k|wfgdGqL b]pjfaf6 d'n'ssf] lxtdf s'g} klg
sfd x'g ;Sb}g, fhfn] dnfO{ ;xof]u u] d klg fhfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5'
h:tf s'f u]sf] k'gn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To; a]nf k'gn] lulhfafa',
tkfO{+ e]63f6df Pp6f s'f ug'{ x'G5, ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;f]em} baf;u lgx'
vf]Hg'x'G5, o:tf] ePkl5 s;L s'f ldnfpg ;lsG5 < eGg'eP5. sf]Ofnfn]
pxfnfO{ tkfO{+n] d]f s'f ;sfdf k'ofpg'kof], ax'bnLo k|hftGq ;+j}wflgs
fhtGqk|lt d]f] k"f k|lta4tf 5, b]pjf sdhf] ePsfn] pgnfO{ s'g} klg ;do
kf6L{n] x6fpg ;S5 eGg'eP5.

289

290

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

o;}aLr sf]Ofnf cfufdL j}zfv ^ ut] sf\u|]; g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfsf

;fy eft uP eftLo g]tf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5. b]zdf ;Qf
kljt{gsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] cj:yfdf eg] eft e|d0f l9nf] x'g ;Sg]5. b]pjfsf
lj4sf] cleofgdf tLg axfnjfnf dGqL ;lxt ^! ;f+;bn] x:tfIf ul;s]sf
5g\. b]pjfsf lj4sf] k|:tfj btf{ ug{ cfh z'e ;fOt 5 eg] ;d]t s'f ePsf]
5. u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf sf7df8f}aflx x]sfn] pxfnfO{ kv{g'kg]{ sf]Ofnf
kIfsf s]xL g]tfsf] ;'emfj 5. of] tn fhgLlts cj:yfaf] ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cjut ufPsf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfL kIfnfO{ sdhf] kfg{ cfly{s If]qnfO{ nIo uL sfafxL
ug]{ 0fgLlt agfPsf] 5. ;fy} pRr ;sfL kbflwsfL, dGqL ;f+;bnfO{ ef}lts
sfafxLsf] of]hgf agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ s]xL lqml:rog ;\u7gn]
;d]t cfly{s ;xof]u u]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] ;a} kf6L{sf
g]tf;u ;Dks{ ulx]sf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfkm"lgs6sf g]tf;u sf]Ofnfn] eg] cg';f
x:tfIf ug]{sf] ;\Vof k'u]sf] 5}g, cfjZos k] d klg h'g;'s} sbd rfNg tof
5', d s'g} xfntdf kf6L{ k'm6fplbg k|ltlglw;ef klg lj36g ulb{g, a d
fhLgfdf lbg tof 5', dnfO{ fhLgfdf lbg s] ;d:of 5, d]f] pd] 5, d s'g{
;S5'. dnfO{ lulhf afx]s c?n] Rofn]Gh ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg'ePsf] 5.

@)%* r}t @* ut] a'waf

k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] d;usf] e]6df eGg'eof], sf\u|];
;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn fk|kf g]tf
;"o{axfb' yfkfn] bafsf lj4 dfcf]jfbL;u sfo{ut Pstf ;xsfo{ ug{
vf]h]sf 5g\. sf]Ofnfn] cfk\mgf] ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfnfO{ lbNnL
k7fPsf] l;6f}nf dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ sfod uL kms]{sf] a'lemPsf] 5. l;6f}nfnfO{
dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff uL cGtld ;sf u7g ePsf]
t];|f] lbg dfcf]jfbLn] k"} xftxltof >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ a'emfpg]5 egL cfZj:t
kf]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{df cfP ;sfdf ;xefuL x'g] va klg sf]OfnfnfO{
k7fPsf] 5. o;} qmddf Ps ;ftfkl5 ;efklt sf]Ofnf lbNnL uP dfcf]jfbL
g]tf;u e]6\g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5.
cfO{hLkL ha/fn] Pdfn] g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnL ;lndldof cG;fLn] fhfn]
ca s]xL ;dod} ;Qf cfk\mgf] xftdf lnG5g\, xfd|f g]tfsf] tfn b]Vbf fhfn]
lng' klg k5{ eg] s'f u]sf] ;d]t hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], jt{dfg
k|wfgdGqL b]pjf w]} sdhf] x'g'eof]. pxfaf6 s]xL sfd x'g ;s]g. d}n] pxfnfO{
;'emfj lbg klg 5fl8;s]. lulhf kIf;u %& ;f+;bsf] dfq x:tfIf 5, ax'dt

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k'u]sf] 5}g. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ eftsf] k"f ;xof]u ef];f 5. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj

eof] eg] w]} 7"nf] sd vr{ u] cfk\mgf] kIfnfO{ b'O{ltxfO l;6df lhtfP g]kfnnfO{
l;lSsd agfpg] eftsf] p2]Zo b]lvG5. o;sf nflu eftn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|of]u
ulx]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 g]kfn
k|xLdf cfPsfdWo] s]xLnfO{ ;z:qdf nlub} 5. ;z:qsf] lrkm;fa dGqLn]
h] eGof], ToxL ug'{x'G5. o:tf s'fn] ;\u7gdf c; kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'f klg
ljrf ug{'k5{. d}n] pxfnfO{ cfO{hLkL;fan] eg]sf ljifo dxjk"0f{ 5g\, d ;sfdf
hfx] u5'{, oL ljifodf cem lj:t[t ?kdfdf a'e\mg] k|of; ug'{xf]nf eg].
Pdfn]dfn] PsLs0fkl5 klg dfn]d} x]sf g]tf ;LkL d}gfnLn] cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f
;'gfpb} dnfO{ eGg'eof], g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ eftn] xltof lbP ;xof]u
ulx]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ eftdf ;'lIft ?kdf ;]N6 lbPsf] 5. o;n]
cGttf]uTjf eftnfO{ g} gfd|f] x'G5. eft g]kfndf cd]lsL ;xof]uk|lt z\sf
u5{. b]pjf cd]lsg naLsf] ePsfn] eftn] sf]OfnfnfO{ g]kfndf cd]lsL k|efj
sd ug{ Pdfn] cGo ljkIfL bn;u ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Nnfx lbPsf] 5.
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf lxhf] sf7df8f} kms{g'eof]. lxh} pxfn] ;efklt
sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6] ;\s6sfndf ;Qf kljt{g x'bf s;}af6 klg ;xof]u kfOb}g,
;'Iff kmf}hn] ;xof]u gu] k|hftGqdfly clgi6 cfp5, To;}n] kf6L{ Ps l9Ssf
x'g}k5{ eg] tTsfn ;Qf kljt{gsf] cleofgaf6 kl5 x6\g cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5.
v8\sfsf] egfO ;'g]kl5 sf]Ofnfn] To;f] eP h]7 !) ut] ;\s6sfn ;dfKt
ePkl5 dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 t < eGg'eP5. v8\sfn] hjfkmdf d}n] tkfO{+nfO{
hlxn] klg ;xof]u u]s} 5', t tkfO{+ dnfO{ ;w} nft xfGg'x'G5 eGg'eP5. of]
e]6kl5 @@ sf\u|];L ;f+;bsf] jQmJo cfPsf] 5.
s]xL lbgcl3sf] ;/sf/;usf] bz{ge]6 u[xdGqL v8\sf;usf] e]6kl5
;efklt sf]Ofnfn] fi6 fh;+:yf Ps geP d'n's aafb x'G5, dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{ ug'{k5{, t o; af] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ug{ vf]Hbf pxf To;} 8fpg'x'G5
eGg'ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnf kIfaf6 lxhf] laxfg !! ah]sf] ;fOtdf k|wfgdGqLsf lj4
cljZjf; k|:tfj btf{ ug]{ elgPsf] lyof]. t lxhf] laxfg}b]lv ;'hftf lgjf;df
e]nf ePsf sla $) ;f+;bn] ;\s6sfndf dlGqklifb\ kljt{g x'bf gsffTds
;Gb]z k|jfx x'G5 eGg] wf0ff fv]. Tof] hd36df sf]Ofnfn] eGg'eof], d}n] of
cGo s;}n] klg t'Gt} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. ;'IffsdL{
lkmN8df nl8x]sf a]nf xfdLn] dlGqklifb\ kljt{g ubf{ pgLx?sf] df]fndf gfd|f]
c; kg{ ;S5. To;}n] ;Qf kljt{g cleofg clxn] f]sf}. a ;\ul7t eP
a;f}. k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cfkm} fhLgfdf lbg afWo kff}.
>L % sf] ;sfn] fhgLlts ?kdf dfcf]jfbL;u l8n ug]{ s'g} lj:t[t
sfo{of]hgf to ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. ljleGg fhgLlts bnn] bnsf x}l;otdf

291

292

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ltgsf g]tfx?n] JolQmut ?kdf lng] u]sf gLlt klg ljf]wfef;k"0f{ 5g\.
dfcf]jfbL ;a}nfO{ em'Sofpg ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5. eftn] s]xL ;docl3 ;'k'b{uL
u]sf cf7 hgf dfcf]jfbL tNnf] :tsf n8fs' x'g\. dfcf]jfbLsf 7"nf g]tfnfO{
;+If0f u] eftn] ltgsf n8fs' dfq g]kfnnfO{ a'emfpg] u]sf] 5.

@)%* r}t #) ut] z'qmaf

ut flt dfcf]jfbLn] bfsf] ndxLl:yt Onfsf k|xL sfof{no ;talofl:yt
;z:q k|xL u'Nddfly cfqmd0f u]sf] 5. k|flDes hfgsfL cg';f b'j} :yfgaf6
dfcf]jfbLn] ;a} xltof n'6]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf s]xL k|xLsf] xTof ePsf]
5 eg] s]xL k|xL ;Dks{ljxLg 5g\.
;sfaf6 cfh g]kfnsf nflu cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sLnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;]kl5 fhb"t;u s'f ePsf dxjk"0f{ ljifosf af]df dnfO{ hfgsfL
aS:of]. ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], d}n] cd]lsL fhb"tnfO{ g]kfnsf] clxn]sf]
hl6n kll:yltdf ;Qf kljt{gsf] cleofg f]Sg sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf;u s'f ug'{;\ eg]. ;fy} ;Qf kljt{gsf] v]n cGTo ug{ ;+;b\ lj36g
uL gof k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ufpbf fd|f] x'g] egL k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg';\
eg]sf] 5'. To:t}, d}n] cd]lsL fhb"tnfO{ xfn} cd]lsfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
u]sf] ;xof]usf nflu wGojfb lbP. ;fy} cd]lsfaf6 yk ;xof]u ;]gfnfO{
cfjZos % KjfOG6 %^ sf] uf]nL pknAw ufOlbg ;d]t cg'f]w u]sf] 5'.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

2059 ;fn
hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfk\mg} kf6L{sf] cGts{nxn] ubf{
k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ dxffhflwfhdf l;kmfl; ug'{eof] cfdr'gfjsf] ldlt
;d]t 3f]if0ff eof]. ljleGg fhgLlts bnx?sf] c;xof]u dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf
sf0f d'n'ssf] ;'Iff cj:yf Psbd} sdhf] lyof]. o;}n] tf]lsPsf] ldltdf
cfdr'gfj x'g g;Sg] sf0f b]vfO{ k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] r'gfjsf] ldlt Ps jif{ kl5
;fg{ l;kmfl; ug'{eof]. To;kl5 r'gfj ufpg g;Sg] c;Ifd k|wfgdGqL eGb}
c;f]h !* ut] zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t dxffhflwfhaf6 b]pjfnfO{ avf{:t ulaS:of].
o;} qmddf df};'kmaf6 k|wfgdGqLsf nflu pDd]bjf l;kmfl; ug{ bnx?nfO{
cfx\jfg ulaS;]sf] lyof]. bnx?n] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq s'g} klg g]tfsf] gfd
l;kmfl; ug{ g;s]kl5 ;sfaf6 fk|kf g]tf nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ k|wfgdGqL
lgo'Qm ulaS:of]. rGb dlGqklifb\df pxf afx]s ;a} dGqL u}fhgLlts rlq
af]s]sf a]Un} kf6L{sf lyP. rGb ;sfnfO{ d"ntM zflGt;'Iff sfod ug]{,
;a} bnx?nfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n ufO{ dfcf]jfbL;u zflGtjftf{ ug]{ cfdr'gfj
ufpg] lhDd]jfL lyof]. To; cg'?k o;n] dfcf]jfbL;u bf];|f] zflGtjftf{sf]
k|of; u]sf] lyof]. o;}aLr, b'ef{Uojz, dfcf]jfbLn] ;z:q k|xL ansf ;+:yfks
k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 pxfsL >LdtLsf] xTof u]. t}klg rGbsf]
sfo{sfndf bf];|f] zflGtjftf{ cf}krfls ?kdf ;' eof]. To;kl5 hgtfn] xTof
lx+;faf6 fxt dx;'; u]sf lyP.

@)%( j}zfv @ ut] ;f]daf

cfjlws zfxL kfZj{jtL{x?sf] labfO sfo{qmd j}zfv !^ ut]nfO{ to ePsf]
5. To; lbg ;]gf k|xLaf6 b'O{ jif{sf nflu cfPsf P8L;Lsf] labfO x'g]5.
;sfaf6 ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gf ld;gdf hfg] ;}lgsnfO{ j}zfv
@^ ut] sfe|]sf] kfrvfndf ;fd"lxs bz{ge]6 aS;g] sfo{qmd ag]sf] 5. To;
lbg kfrvfndf ;sfaf6 nGr ;d]t ulaS;g] sfo{qmd ag]sf]af] d}n] k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ va u].
cfh a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf g]tfx?n] ;]gfsf] e"ldsfsf] Hofb} cfnf]rgf
u]. dfcf]jfbL;usf] n8fOdf k|xLn] 5 jif{df sdfPsf] abgfdL ;]gfn] rf dlxgfd}

293

294

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sdfof]. r]s KjfOG6 tyf f]8 Ansx?df ;j{;fwf0f;u ;]gfsf] Jojxf Hofb}
gfd|f] ePsf] u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5. 8'6Lsf a]nf ;}lgsx?n] dlbf ;]jg ug]{
s]6L lh:Sofpg] h:tf sfo{ ug'{ Hofb} czf]egLo ePsf] l6Kk0fL x]sf] 5. ;]gfsf]
cfnf]rgf g} u]sf] eP klg bnx?sf] of] cff]kdfly ljrf x'g'k5{.
;]gfsf] o'lgkmd{ kljt{g ug{ lgs} klxn]b]lv tofL eOx]sf] 5. kljt{g
ug'{cl3 ;sfdf gof o'lgkmd{ b]vfpg] rng 5. ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS; ePkl5
dfq gof o'lgkmd{ dfGo x'G5. ;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj; kf] cfufdL
c;f @# ut]b]lv gof o'lgkmd{ nfu" ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 eg] d}n] cfh ;sfdf
hfx] u].

@)%( j}zfv # ut] d\unaf

# gDa jflxgL, kf]vfn] u]sf] ck];gsf qmddf ;dfltPsL Ps dlxnf
dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdfsf] ;"rgfsf cfwfdf dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|Lo ;b:o s[i0fWjh v8\sf
]vf zdf{ kqmfp k]sf 5g\. ;fy} sf:sL lhNnf sld6Lsf ;b:o ;lxt !)!@
hgf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ klg kqmfp ulPsf] 5. of] s'f hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6
of] ljifo clt g} uf]Ko fVg'kg]{ x'G5, ;fy} pgLx?sf] ;'Iffaf] ;d]t ljz]if Vofn
ug'{k5{, pgLx?af6 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxLdf dgUu] kmfObf k'Ug ;S5, of]
s'f k|wfg ;]gfklt, ;]gfsf] ck];g k|d'v -8LPdcf]_ ;}lgs u'Ktr k|d'v
-8LPdcfO{_ nfO{ ;d]t hfgsfL ufpg" x's'd eof]. dfcf]jfbL g]tf fdaxfb'
yfkf -afbn_ nfO{ kqmfp ug{ eftLo ;'IffsdL{sf] ;d]t ;xof]u k|fKt ePsfn]
k|of; hfL 5.
k"j{k|wfgdGqL tyf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf clxn] eft
e|d0fdf x'g'x'G5. pxf gof lbNnLl:yt xf]6n xoft lh]G;Ldf a:g'ePsf] 5.
pxfn] cgf}krfls ?kdf eftLo k|wfgdGqL c6nlaxfL jfhk]oL, IffdGqL, h]
s[i0fd"lt{, zLnf bLlIft, rGb|z]v cflb;u e]6 ug'{ePsf] 5. eftLo ljz]if ;'Iff
OsfOn] s8f ;'Iff lbPsf sf0f cGo w]} JolQmn] sf]Ofnf;u ;xh ?kdf e]6
ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\. pxfsf ;xof]uLx? cGtf{li6o u]:6 xfp;df a;]sf 5g\.
sf\u|]; g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfn] sf]OfnfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]6 ufpg] k|of;
ulxg'ePsf] t ;Dej eOgx]sf] va 5.
sf]Ofnfn] eftLo g]tf;usf] e]6df dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 n8\g eftsf ;a}
;'Iff lgsfosf] ;xfotf cfjZos ePsf] s'f ug'{ePsf] x]5. o; cleJolQmsf]
cy{ eftLo ;]gfsf] klg ;xof]u lng ;lsg] eGg] x'g ;S5. To;sf] tfTko{
s] xf], a'e\mg cfjZos x'G5. ;fy} o;af] >L % sf] ;sfn] eft ;sf xfd|f
fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;d]t uf]Ko tlsfaf6 ;r]t ufpg cfjZos x'G5.
k||wfgdGqL z]axfb'lgs6 sf\u|]; g]tfx? k|bLk luL, ljdn]Gb| lglw,

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

8f= k|sfzz0f dxt klg clxn] eft e|d0fdf x'g'x'G5. pxfx? gof lbNnLl:yt
zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;sf] cltly u[xdf a:g'ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfsf] k|ltlglwsf ?kdf gof lbNnL cfPsf] eGb} pxfx? ljleGg eftLo g]tf;u
e]6\g k|of;t x'g'x'G5. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 k|fKt of] lkf]6{ d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 s]xL s'f lgb]{zg klg lnP.
flt cltyL lkmN8 df;{n gLzdz] hafn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] k|wfg ;]gfklt
k|HjNnzdz] hafsf] ljifodf u'gf;f] ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], pm -k|HjNn_
;]gfsf] lrkm x];Dd d ;]gfsf] s'g} klg sfo{qmddf efu lnGg. p;n] dnfO{ clt
g} x]k]sf] 5. of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] ullbg". t pxfx?aLr s] s'fdf ljjfb
eof] eGg]af] rflx :ki6 ?kdf atfpg'ePg. ;, d xh'sf s'f ;sfdf hfx]
u5'{ eg].

@)%( j}zfv $ ut] a'waf

h?L cfjZos sfd kbf{ ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 h'g;'s} a]nf kfpg ;lsG5.
t cfh lgoldt ;fKtflxs hfx]Lsf] lbg xf]. To; cg';f ljleGg ljifo hfx]Lsf
nflu tof kf]. hfx]Lsf] lbg cl3Nnf] lbg d}n] ;]gf, g]kfn k|xL, ;z:q
k|xL an, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu slxn]sfxL u[x;lrj;u klg ;Dks{ ug]{
u]sf] 5'.
hfx]Lsf] ;'d} d}n] lxhf] a]n'sf cltyL gLzdz] hafn] dnfO{ k|wfg
;]gfkltaf] u]sf] u'gf;f] ;sfdf h:tfsf] t:t} hfx] u]. of] s'f ;'g] ;sf
xfl;aS:of] e]6]sf] a]nf pm -k|wfg ;]gfklt_ ;u s'f uf}nf x's'd eof].
j}zfvsf] cGTolt ;sfsf] k"j{ If]qsf] cgf}krfls e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd
ldnfpg'kg]{ egL d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]sf] 5. ca ;sfsf]
k"j{ If]qsf] e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd to ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5.
klxn] jL]Gb| ;sfaf6 xfn 1fg]Gb| ;sfaf6 klg w]} klxn]b]lv
g]kfn k|xLdf k|xL cfof]u u7g ug'{k5{ eGg] wf0ff JoQm eOx]sf] lyof]. cfh
;sfaf6 g]kfn k|xL ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug{]{ ;DaGwL ;'emfj lbg k|wfgdGqLsf]
hfx]Ldf dnfO{ ;Demfpm x's'd eof].
xfnsf] kll:yltdf fhbafn] jxg ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfaf] klg cfh ;sf;u
5nkmn eof]. ;sfdf d}n] s'f fv]sf ljifo lyP M fh;+:yfsf] hgtf;u
s;L ;DaGw a9fpg] < fhgLlts bnx?;u s;L ;DaGw lj:tf ug]{ < bnsf
g]tfnfO{ s;L fh;+:yfsf] kIfdf h'6fpg] < ;"rgf g} zlQm xf] eGg] tYonfO{ dgg
ub}{ ;~rf dfWodnfO{ s;L fh;+:yfsf] kIfdf clek|]lt ug]{ < cyjf, o;sf
nflu ck|ToIf ?kdf cfk\mg} tkm{af6 ;~rf dfWod :yfkgf ubf{ pko'Qm xf]nf ls <
cflb. ;sfaf6 ;f]r, gof sfd s]s] ug{ ;lsG5 dnfO{ eg x's'd eof].

295

296

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( j}zfv % ut] laxLaf

va cg';f eft e|d0fdf xbf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfn] sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbL
g]tfaLr e]6 ufpg k|of; ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf sf\u|]; -cfO{_sL
cWoIf ;f]lgof ufGwL, k|wfgdGqLsf ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf j|h]z ld>nfO{ e]6]kl5 bf];|f]
k6s eftLo k|wfgdGqL;u e]6\g' 5 eGb} sf]Ofnfsf] e|d0f c? b'O{ lbg nlDaPsf]
lyof]. j:t'tM dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]6\gsf nflu of] e|d0f nDAofOPsf] x'g ;Sg]
c8\sn sfl6Psf] 5.
o;} qmddf af:tf]nfn] eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'vnfO{ e]6] dfcf]jfbL
g]tf;u ;Dks{ ufOlbg cg'f]w ug'{eP5. t pxfn] s] hjfkm eGg'eP5 eg],
xfdLn] tkfO{+x?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ufpg ;xof]u u] xfd|f] g]kfnsf] u'Ktr
;+:yfaLr ;DaGw gfd|f] aGg ;S5. To;f] x'bf lbNnL k|xLaf6 ;xof]u lnP 7Ls
x'G5. lbNnL k|xLn] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5. ToxL ;'emfjsf] cfwfdf af:tf]nfn] lbNnL
k|xL;u s'f ug'{eP5 lbNnL k|xLn] sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbL g]tfaLr e]63f6sf]
k|aGw ldnfP5. k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f j:t'tM cn] g} ;a} Joj:yf ldnfP lbNnL
k|xLnfO{ cl3 ;f]sf] dfq xf].
o;L lbNnL k|xLsf] ;xof]u df c1ft :yfgdf sf]Ofnf dfcf]jfbL g]tf
8f= afa'fd efO{aLr e]6 ufpg af:tf]nfnfO{ ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5. pxfx?aLr
sla cfwf 306f uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. o; 5nkmndf sf]Ofnf efO{aLr
;'df ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] ;+ljwfg;ef ag]kl5 dfq fh;+:yfsf lj4 ;xsfo{
ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnfn] lbNnL hfg'cl3 sf7df8f}d} dfcf]jfbL g]tf jif{dfg
k'g cgGt nfO{ e]6] of] e]6sf] sfo{qmd to u]sf] x'g ;Sg] ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf]
u'Ktr lkf]6{ cfPsf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv ( ut] ;f]daf

1fg]Gb| ;sfaf6 k"jL{ e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{df kfyLef b]jL -tfKn]h'_, lg;fg
eujtL -wgs'6f_, xn]Zj dxfb]j -vf]6f_ tyf jfx If]q l5Ggd:tf -;'g;L_
sf] ;d]t bz{g ulaS;g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5. ;fy} k"jL{ k[tgfsf cnfjf jflxgL
d'Vofno eLif0f cfunfuL ePsf] t]xy'd lhNnfsf] ;bd'sfd Dofn' ahf
nufotsf :yfgdf ;jfL x'g] sfo{qmd 5.
eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd oxL j}zfv #! ut]b]lv x'g]
ePsf] 5. a]nfotsf lrkm ckm l8km]G; :6fkm klg h]7 !) ut] g]kfn e|d0fdf
cfpg] sfo{qmd ag]sf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv !! ut] a'waf

k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafsf] hfx]Ldf eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf;u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

x'g] 5nkmnsf ljifoaf] ;sf;u ljrfljdz{ eof]. ;fy} g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu
cfjZos ;}lgs ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL eftLo ;]gfWoIfnfO{ lbg]af] ;d]t 5nkmn eof].
eftLo :yn ;]gfWoIfnfO{ fhbafdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgfy{ dxfyLsf] bhf{ k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{qmddf cfpg aUuLsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;dff]xnfO{ klxn]sf] eGbf eJo
agfpg] s'f eof].
;}lgs ;xrfLdf 5flgPsf clws[tx? k|d'v ;]gfgL o1ljqmd f0ff ldGb|
If]qL clGtd ;dodf cfP ghfg] ePsf 5g\. f0ff If]qLnfO{ cg'zf;gsf]
sfafxL ug'{k5{ ls eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. ltdL cfkm}n]
s] ubf{ fd|f] x'G5, ljrf u x's'd eof].
sf7df8f}sf] k\mnf]f];]G6 xfOc ;]s]G8L :s'nsf lk|lG;kn dfwjk|;fb
dx7\7fnfO{ dfcf]jfbLk|lt em'sfj fv]sf] cff]kdf ;]gfn] kqmfp ug{ vf]lhx]sf]
5. e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] dx7\7fnfO{ kqmfp gug{ k|d'v ;lrj
kz'klteQm dxh{g;u cfu|x ug'{ePsf] x]5. of] s'f k|d'v ;lrjn] dnfO{
hfgsfL ufPsf] x'bf d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 To;f] eP xfn
lgufgL dfq ug"{ x's'd eof].
;sfdf hfx]Lsf a]nf :juL{o clwfhs'dfLx?sf] lgjf;:yfg s]zdxn,
zflGts'~h, zfbf ;bgdf ;]gfn] k|bfg ulx]sf] ;'Iffsf] ljifodf s'f eof].
, of] Joj:yf lgod cg';f ldNb}g egL hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 cfpbf] c;f !%
ut]b]lv ;}lgs ;'Iff lemSg" x's'd eof].

@)%( j}zfv !@ ut] laxLaf

;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng ePkl5 ljleGg ldqfi6sf P;]:d]G6 l6d,
;xof]uL l6d s]xL lbg g]kfn cfO{ cWoog u] kms{g] qmd rlnx]sf] 5. o;}
;Gbe{df s]xL lbgcl3 cd]lsfaf6 cfPsf] :k];n kmf];]{;sf] l6dnfO{ f]Nkfdf
;}lgs ck];gn If]q b]vfOof]. To; :yfgdf a;] g]kfnL ;}lgs hjfgn] k|bz{g
u]sf] k|f]km];gn :6fG88{, df]l6e];g, df]fn, ;}lgs ultljlw b]v] cd]lsL ;}lgs
6f]nL cfZro{rlst eP5. o:tf] sfd ;+;fsf c? s'g} ;]gfn] ug{ ;Snfg\ of
g;Snfg\ < olt ;fdfGo nlhl:6ssf ;fy t cd]lsL ;]gf d'e klg x'b}g, n8\g]
t w]} 6f9fsf] s'f xf] eg] cd]lsL e|d0f bnsf ;b:on] l6Kk0fL u]sf x]5g\.
g]kfndf ;g\ () sf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 ;]gf dfq Pp6f o:tf] ;+:yf xf],
h'g fhgLtLs0f geO{ Jofj;flos ?kdf x]sf] 5. cd]lsL ;}lgs 6f]nLn] of]
e|d0fkl5 g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbg] nlhl:6s ;xfotfdf j[l4 x'g ;S5 eg] k|ltlqmof
lbPsf 5g\.
o;aLr eftn] cd]lsL ;]gfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL k|efljt lhNnfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn]
ck];g ;~rfng ulx]sf] If]qdf e|d0f ufPsf]df rf;f] fVg yfn]sf] 5. ljb]zL

297

298

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfnfO{ g]kfnsf ufpufp 3'Dg :jLs[lt lbPsf]df eftn] dg kfPsf] 5}g. o:tf
lqmofsnfkdf eftsf] ;'Iff rf;f] x]sf] k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv !* ut] a'waf

k"j{ ;xfos yL 8f= vu]Gb|axfb' >]i7n] :juL{o fhbDktLsf] ;Demgfdf tof
u]sf] kmf]6f] k|bz{gL gh x'g ;sfdf laGtL r9fOlbg dnfO{ cg'f]w ug'e{ Psf] 5.
;fy} Pp6f lstfa klg r9fpg dnfO{ eGg'ePsf] 5. kmf]6f] k|bz{gL jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o
;Dd]ng s]Gb|df cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5. k|bz{gL ;d'b\3f6g tyf gh ulaS;gsf
nflu hfx]L x'bf ;sfaf6 h]7 !& ut] !! ah] ;do aS;]sf] 5.
d]f] hfx]Lsf] csf]{ ljifo lyof], ;'vt{] sf] b]ptL aHo} dlGbsf] dd{t ;DaGwL.
;sfsf] ;'vt{] ;jfL x'b f b]ptL aHo} dlGb dd{t ug{ :yfgLo JolQmx?af6 cfu|x
ePsf] lyof]. o; ;DaGwdf cfh ;sfaf6 ;]gfsf] k|fljlws 6f]nL k7fOlbg] dd{t
u] dfq gk'Ug] x'b f df:6 Knfg agfpg] lgb]z
{ g ePsf] 5. ;fy} ;sfaf6 dlGb
lgdf{0f sld6L u7g u] s]xL sd bafaf6 lbg] gk'u sd :yfgLo afl;Gbfaf6
rGbf p7fP dlGb k'glg{df{0f u]kl5 Ifdfk"hf ug{ lgb]z
{ g aS;]sf] 5.
hfx]Lsf qmddf b]zsf] uDeL kll:ylt ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfaf]
klg 5nkmn eof]. o;} qmddf ;sf;u lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] eft e|d0fsf]
cj;df Tof] klg eftLo ;'Iff lgsfosf] ;xof]udf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6]sf]
ljifodf ljZn]if0f eof]. dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6]kl5 sf]Ofnfn] eftLo k|wfgdGqL;u
k'gM e]6\g'eof]. o;af6 dfcf]jfbLdf eftsf] k|efj x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5. eftn]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfL klg eg]sf] 5 dfcf]jfbL;u ;'dw' ;DaGw lj:tf klg
ulx]sf] 5. o:tf] bf]xf]f] rlqsf lj4 cd]lsf o'f]lkog o'lgogsf] bafj
cfpg ;Sg] x'bf eftn] sf\u|]; Pdfn]nfO{ fh;+:yfsf lj4 ptfg{ cg]s
k|of; ulx]sf] 5. o;} qmddf p;n] sf\u|];, Pdfn] dfcf]jfbL tLg} kIfnfO{
fh;+:yfsf lj4df ldnfpg jftfj0f tof u]sf] b]lvG5. To;}n] g]kfnn] klg
eftsf] of] u|fG8 l8hfOg lj4 0fgLlts lx;faeGbf klg s"6gLlts :taf6
k|ltlqmof lbg cfjZos 5 eGg] xfd|f] wf0ff ag]sf] 5.
nfdf] ;do;Dd dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 lkmN8df klrflnt ;}lgssf] cbnLabnL
x'g ;lsx]sf] 5}g. dlxgf};Dd Ps} :yfgdf xbf ;}lgs yfs]sf 5g\. To;}n]
;}lgs cbnLabnLsf nflu lkmN8 sdfG8af6 cg'f]w cfOx]sf] 5. jiff{tsf]
;do klg glhs cfOx]sf] x'bf o;af] ljrf x'g h?L 5. ;fy} ;]gfdf kfr
xhf baGbL yk x'g nfu]sfn] yk xltofsf] klg cfjZostf k5{. cfjZos
xltof s;L 5gf]6 ug]{ xltofsf] Joj:yf s;L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;d]t
;sf;u d]f] 5nkmn eof].
lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfosf] kfrjif]{ sfo{sfn ;dfKt eO;s]sf] 5. s]xL fhgLlts

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kf6L{n] o;}nfO{ lgGttf lbg'k5{ elgx]sf 5g\. t :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfd k|efjsfL
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;fy} o;nfO{ lgGttf lbbf k|zf;lgs vr{ a9\g] b]lvG5. clxnsf]
kll:yltdf k|zf;lgs vr{ 36fpg cfjZos 5. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ e\u ug]{
;DaGwdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg ;sfaf6 lgb]z
{ g aS;]sf] 5.
;+;b\sf] fHo Joj:yf ;ldltsf ;b:onfO{ j}zfv @@ ut]b]lv @$ ut];Dd
# gDa $ gDa jflxgLsf] e|d0f ufpg] ;]gfsf] of]hgf 5. To;df cfh
;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]sf] 5. e|d0fdf ;+nUg eP anflws[t yLn] To;sf] ;a}
k|aGw ldnfpg] egL tf]lsPsf] 5.
cfjlws zfxL kfZj{jtL{x? b'O{ jif{sf] ;]jf ;s] aflx hfbf ;sfaf6
bz{ge]6 aS;g] kDkf x]sf] 5. To; cg';f ;sfaf6 cfh cfjlws zfxL
kfZj{jtL{x?nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. To; cj;df ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
ltdLx?n] fd|f] sfd u]sf 5f}. bafaflx uP klg cfkm" vl6Psf] :yfgdf fd|f]
sfd u. bafsf] s'g} klg sfddf cfjZos k] kl5 af]nfpnf. aflx uP klg
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno, zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefusf] ;Dks{df x], s'g} h?L s'f
yfxf kfof} eg] va u. fhbafdf sfd u]sf lx;fan] ltdLx? aflx uPkl5
baflof eg] lrlgg] x'bf Psbd} ljrf k'ofP sfd ug"{. To:t} cfh g} gof
cfpg] cfjlws zfxL kfZj{jtL{x?n] ;sfdf bfd fVg] sfo{qmd lyof]. bfd fVg]
sfo{qmddf ;sfaf6 pgLx?nfO{ gcflQO{ cfk\mgf] sfd ug"{, ga'e]msf] s'f ;f]Wg",
ltdLx? cfcfk\mgf] ;\u7gaf6 5gf]6 eP cfPsf] x'bf lbPsf] lhDd]jfL fd|f];u
jxg ug"{ egL lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv @) ut] z'qmaf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn;u cfh kmf]gdf
kfdz{ eof]. cfh} pxfn] g]kfn cfPsf] cd]lsL ;}lgs ;xfotf l6d;u e]6\g]
sfo{qmd x]5. pxfn] d;u s]s] ljifodf s'f u? eg] ;f]Wg'eof]. d}n] eg],
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ xltof cfjZos k]sfn] cd]lsL xltof Pd!^ P6' ;xof]u
dfUg';\ . ;fy} cGo nlhl:6s ;kf]6s
{ f ;fdfg x]lnsK6 ;d]t ;xof]udf kfllbg
cg'f]w ug'e{ P fd|f] x'G5. d}n] s] klg eg] eg], cd]lsLn] xfd|f] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns
cj:yf ;fdls dxjsf] nf]s;
] gn] ubf{ x'g ;Sg] ;'Iff ;]G;]l6le6L a'lemlbg'k5{.
xfdLnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf, To;df klg tflnd s]Gb|sf k|lzIfsnfO{ dfq tflnd lbP
klg k'U5. pxfn] cfk"mn] s'g} ljb]zLnfO{ e]6\gc
' l3 bafnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg]
ug'x{ G' 5. ljb]zL;u s] s'f ug]{ eg] ;d]t ;f]Wg'xG' 5. s'g} klg jli7 ;}lgs
clws[tn] ljb]zLnfO{ e]6\gc
' l3 bafnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg] k|rng 5.
eft e|d0faf6 kms]{kl5 k"j{k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] lxhf] ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 ug'{eof]. bz{ge]6kl5 pxfn] cfk\mgf glhssf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{;u

299

300

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbL;usf] ;Dks{af] hfx] u], fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu cj; kfpm,

;sfaf6 ;xof]u kfpm eg], ;sfsf] cfufdL eft e|d0fcl3 fhgLlts
lgsf; x'g'k5{ eg], d'n'ssf] l:ylt Hofb} hl6n x'b} uPsf] 5, k|wfgdGqL b]pjf
cd]lsfaf6 kms]{kl5 fhgLlts lgsf; lbg pxfsf] fhLgfdf dfU5' fhLgfdf
glbP cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj dfkm{t x6fp5' eg] hfx] u] eg]sf] yfxf eof].
s]xL lbgcufl8 aLaL;Lsf] l6d dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g bf]nvf uPsf] lyof].
tLg lbg a:bf klg dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ x'g g;s]kl5 ;Dks{sf nflu :of6nfO6
kmf]g 5f8] cfPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;"o{gfy pkfWofon]
cWofudg ljefudf e|i6frf a9]sf] 5, s] ug]{ < eg] ;f]Wg'ePsf] 5 egL k|d'v
;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] dnfO{ eGg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL clxn] sdhf] x'b} uPsfn] zlQm ;~ro ug{ ljleGg dfWod dfkm{t
jftf{sf] s'f cufl8 a9fOx]sf 5g\. o; cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL;u x]sf xltofsf]
n]vfhf]vf geP;Dd jftf{ ug'{ x'b}g. To;}n] 5 jif{sf] hgo'4df ePsf] hgwgsf]
Iflt xfnsf] kll:ylt ljZn]if0f uL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfwjs'df g]kfn;u
fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod u] cufl8 a9\bf fd|f] x'G5 eg] dnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn]
;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5.
o'jf1L lxdfgL ;sfsf] 8]lneL c;fsf] cflvL cyjf ;fpgsf] klxnf]
;ftf x'g ;Sg] lrlsT;sx?n] atfPsf 5g\. lxdfgL ;sfsf] 8]lneL lqz"n
;bgdf ufpgsf lglDt cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg dxffhflwfhaf6 dnfO{ lgb]{zg
aS;]sf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv @$ ut] d\unaf

8f]6Ldf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ck];gkl5 Toxf lkmlnlkG;df ag]sf s]xL ;fdfg
e]l6Psf 5g\. o;af6 dfcf]jfbLsf] lkmlnlkG;sf ljb|f]xL ;d"x;u klg ;Dks{ x]sf]
x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 eGg] ;]gfsf] lkf]6{ 5. cfhsf] hfx]Ldf of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf
laGtL u].
dWoklZrd klZrd If]qdf ;]gfsf] ck];gdf dfcf]jfbLtkm{ lgs} Iflt ePsf]
5. dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x? eftlt knfog x'g] qmd a9]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] cGo
jfdkf6L{, dfgj clwsfjfbL ;\u7g s]xL jfd a'l4hLjLnfO{ ;d]t jftf{sf]
jftfj0f agfOlbg cfu|x u]sf] 5. eftn] sf\u|];, Pdfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
fhgLlts ;xdltdf cfpg bafj lbPsf] a'\lemG5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;sfn]
cfk\mgf] l:ylt dha't b]vfpg s]xL ;+j}wflgs ;'wf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] u]sf] hgwgsf] Iflt s;n] Aoxf]g]{ < ljBdfg fhgLlts cGof]nsf]
lhDd]jfL s;n] lng] < ;sfdf d}n] of] ljifo ;d]t hfx] u].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

fhwfgLsf] v'nfd~rdf ef]ln ;sfsf] ljf]wdf ;ft kf6L{n] ;j{bnLo cfd;ef

ug]{ sfo{qmd 5. cfd;efdf w]} dflg; cfpg f]Sg ;s] fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;'Iff
lgsfo bafsf] klg wf0ff 5. xfn ;sf, ;'Iff lgsfo fhbafsf
lj4 ;ft kf6L{ b]lvPsf 5g\. logLx? dfcf]jfbLsf] ;f b]pjf ;sfsf] ljf]wdf
lsg nfu]sf x'g\ < of] s'f ;fj{hlgs u] fhgLlts kf6L{sf] lgot hgtf;fd'
5n{\u kfg'{kg]{ ;'emfj ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfPsf] 5.

@)%( j}zfv @% ut] a'waf

k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] cfh ;]gfsf nflu gof xltof lsGg]
ljifodf ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. ;}lgs k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] ;d]t l;kmfl; cg';f
;]gfsf nflu cd]lsL Pd!^ P6' fOkmnsf l;lh a]lNhoddf lgld{t ldlgdL
PnPdhL vlb ug]{ lgwf] eof].
yL s[i0fgl;+x yfkf j}zfv @& ut]b]lv h]7 # ut];Dd >Ln\sfdf x'g] o'Pg
lk;lslk ;]ldgfdf efu lng hfg'x'g] ePsf] 5. pxfsf] ;fydf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf pkyL lzjfd vqL klg hfg nfUg'ePsf] 5. pxfx?sf]
xjfO{ l6s6 ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 pknAw ufOlbg] lgwf] eof].
;ft fhgLlts kf6L{sf] cfhsf] cfd;efdf sla !@ xhfsf] ;xeflutf
lyof]. w]}h;f] g]tfn] cfk\mgf] efif0fdf baf ;]gfdf dfq e kg{ gx'g] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ;+;bLo bnx?af6 g} pkfo lgsfNg'kg]{ s'f u]. dfcf]jfbLsf
tkm{af6 Od]n dfkm{t jftf{ o'4ljfdsf] va cfPsf] s'fnfO{ lnP s]xL g]tfn]
of] dfcf]jfbLsf] wf]sf lbg] k|of; xf], o;nfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ x'b}g, ;a}sf] k|of;
Pstfaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]lhg'k5{ eg]. g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf g]tf
ab|Lk|;fb d08nn] lxGbLdf af]Ng nfUbf x'l6 eof]. pxfnfO{ af]Ng lbOPg.
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt u8'nzdz] hafn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] clxn]sf] hl6n
kll:yltdf %% jif{d'lgsf e"tk"j{ ;}lgsnfO{ fli6o lgs'~hsf] 8'6Ldf k|of]u uL
lgoldt ;]gfnfO{ ck];gdf nufpbf fd|f] x'g] eg] ;Nnfx lbg'eof]. To:t} k"j{
k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn] f]Nkfsf] ufd If]qdf jflxgL :taf6 slDa
ck];g uL Toxf ltt ljt ePsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ t'Gt kqmfp u] s:68Ldf
fVg ;s] fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj lbg'eof].
kf]vfsf] km]jftfnglhs x]sf] cfk\mgf] lgjf;df k|xL pkLIfs wL]Gb| b]jfgn]
flt ;a} e\mofn9f]sf aGb u] k]:tf]naf6 sGr6df kmfo uL cfTdxTof u]sf]
va 5. b]jfgsf] zj laxfg ( ah] sf]7fdf km]nf k]sf] lyof]. cfTdxTof 3fo;L
sf0faf6 ePsf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg 5. k|flDes lkf]6{ cg';f, wL]Gb|sL >LdtL
pgL;u emu8f u] b'O{ lbgcl3 sf7df8f} kms]{sL lyOg\.
uf]vaxfb' u0f f]Nkfdf ck];gsf nflu klrfng ePsf] w]} ;do lalt;s]sf]

301

302

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

5. xfn} ufd 36gfn] hjfgx?sf] df]fn df c; k]sf] 5. To;}n] of] u0fnfO{

t'Gt} cGoq k7fpg cfjZos 5 egL h\uL c8\8faf6 ;'emfj cfPsf] 5.

@)%( h]7 ! ut] a'waf

:6f Go'hn] cfh laxfg & ah] k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] haf;u
lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ k|;f0f u]sf] lyof]. dnfO{ cfPsf] va cg';f cGtjf{tf{df :6f
Go'hn] u]sf k|Zg ;sffTds lyPgg\. p;n] g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf
nflu zflGt;]gfsf ?kdf sfo{t xbf fd|f] sfd u5{ eg] cfk\mg} b]zdf lsg fd|f]
ug{ g;s]sf] < xfn eftLo ;]gfsf lrkm g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf] a]nf g]kfnn] eftLo
;]gfsf] dbt lsg gdfu]sf] < h:tf k|Zg u]sf] lyof].
:6f Go'hsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf pxfn] eGg'ePsf] lyof], g]kfnsf] ;]gfn] fd|f]
sfd ulx]sf] 5. ;]gf ck];gdf cfpg'cufl8 @%#) lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbLsf
lhNnf hg;sf lyP. xfn s'g} klg lhNnfdf hg;sf 5}g. sla b'O{
xhf dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5. g]kfnL ;]gftkm{sf] Iflt !@% hgf dfq 5.
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLaf6 lgs} lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ s]xL xltof ;d]t hkmt u]sf] 5.
o;nfO{ gfd|f] kl0ffd eGg ldNb}g. g]kfnn] eft;u xftxltof aGbf]a:tLsf]
;fdfg dfu]sf] 5. Tof] g} 7"nf] ;xfotf x'g hfG5. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ eftdf lbg]
tflnd xltof lgoGq0f ug{ ;s] fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5. eftLo ;]gf xfnnfO{
cfjZos kb}{g.
cfh hfx]Lsf] cj;df d}n] of] ljifo ;sfdf laGtL u].

@)%( h]7 @ laxLaf

;sfaf6 cfh eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf kb\dgfegnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
dfgsf] vflt dxfyL bhf{sf] ;Ddfg:j?k v8\u k|bfg ulaS:of]. sf:sL a}7sdf
klxnf] k6s ljz]if sfo{qmd cfof]hgf uL ljb]zL fhb"tn] cf]xbfsf] k|df0fkq r9fpg]
;dff]xdf h:t} eftLo ;]gfWoIfnfO{ aUuL ;Ddfg ufbsf] klg Joj:yf ulof].
;dff]x lgs} eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg eof]. ;dff]xdf pkl:yt dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{
pkyL ets]z l;+xn] ;dff]xkl5 dnfO{ kmf]g u] >L % dxffhflwfh ;dff]xdf
;jfL eOaS;]kl5 eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfnfO{ ;nfdL lbg' pko'Qm ePg, ;dff]xdf
;sfsf] ;jfLkl5 eftLo ;]gfWoIfsf] cfudg klg zf]egLo ePg, To;af] klxn]
g} ljrf ug'k{ b{Yof], df}sf ldn] of] s'f d ;sfdf hfx] u5'{ eGg'eof].
d}n] pxfnfO{ fhb"tn] cf]xbfsf] k|df0fkq k]; ubf{ ;sf klxn] g} ;jfL
xf]OaS;G5, fhb"tnfO{ klg ;Ddfg ufbsf] ;nfdL ck{0f ug]{ k|rng ePsf] x'bf
eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfnfO{ klg lbbf s] kms k5{ , of] klxnf] ;dff]x xf], xfdLn]
;a} kIf ljrf u] cfof]hgf u]sf xf}, xh'n] ;sfdf hfx] u] x'G5 eg].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfsf] bfsf] ;talofl:yt 3 lxhf] flt dfcf]jfbLn]

cfqmd0f uL Wj:t agfP. pxfsf] 3df dfcf]jfbLn] klxn] klg cfqmd0f u]sf
lyP. o;}aLr afun', unsf]6sf sf\u|]; g]tf dfwj ad dNnsf] dfcf]jfbLn]
xTof u]sf 5g\.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ;"rgf cg';f lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, uf]ljGbfh
hf]zL d]zgfy kf08]aLr ;'hftf lgjf;df j}zfv @( ut] e]6 ePsf] 5.
sf]OfnfnfO{ lrlgof sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] rLg e|d0fsf] lgDtf] lbPsf] 5. t pxf
slxn] hfg], bf]wfdf x'g'x'G5.

@)%( h]7 # ut] z'qmaf

eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfn] g]kfn e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf JoQm u]sf ljrf s]xL
f]rs s]xL dxjk"0f{ 5g\. pxf cfh laxfg d':tfl:yt d'lQmgfy dlGbsf] bz{g
u] kf]vf # gDa jflxgLdf kms{g'eof]. d'lQmgfysf] bz{g k"hf ug{ kfPsf]df
pxf ;fx} v';L x'g'x'G5. Toxf k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf pxfsL >LdtL
l;Gw' f0ffn] k"hfsf qmddf eftLo ;]gfWoIfnfO{ 8]9 306f s'fpg'eP5. To;n]
ubf{ kf]vfdf cfof]hgf x'g] sfo{qmddf l9nfO x'g uP5. eftLo ;]gfWoIfn]
kf]vfdf cfof]lht ;dff]xdf ;xefuL;u dfkmL dfUg'k]5.
kf]vfaf6 sf7df8f} kms]{kl5 pxfn] pkyL afnfgGb zdf{;u s]xL ljifodf
5nkmn ug'{eP5. cfk\mgf] ;Ddfgdf fhbafdf ;DkGg ;dff]x eJo ePsf] egL
k|z+;f ub}{ pxfn] eGg'eP5, >L % dxffhflwfh xfnsf] g]kfnsf] kll:ylt
g]kfnL hgtfk|lt Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] kfP. ;fy} pxfn] ;sf ;dIf s]
eGg'ePsf] x]5 eg], clxn] eftkfls:tfgaLr ;DaGw Hofb} vfa eOx]sf] 5.
s'g} klg ;dodf o'4 x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5. g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;}Go
;fdu|Laf] ;dod} hfgsfL kfP xfdL pknAw ufpg tof 5f}. To:t} eftLo
;]gfn] k|of]u u]sf OG;f; fOkmn g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;S5. xfdL
Tof] klg lbg tof 5f}. ;~rfsf ;fdu|L, h'g eftdf pTkfbg x'b}gg\, ltgnfO{
:jefjtM xfdL lbg ;Sb}gf}. clxn] eftn] xftdf lnP kmfo ug{ ;lsg] gof
yd{n Od]h ljsf; u]sf] 5. Tof] klg xfdL lbg tof 5f}. g]kfndf h:t} eftLo
;]gf klg fhgLltaf6 6f9f 5. ;]gf ck];gdf x'bf ;~rf dfWod;u fd|f] ;DaGw
sfod u] cl3 a9\g'k5{.
kf]vfl:yt # gDa jflxgLeGbf cl3 pxfn] g]kfnuGhl:yt klZrd k[tgfsf]
klg e|d0f ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o; ;Gbe{df pxfn] # gDa jflxgLklt klZrd
k[tgfkltsf af]df klg pkyL afnfgGb zdf{;u f]rs l6Kk0fL ug'{ePsf] x]5. pxfn]
eGg'eP5, oL b'O{ sdfG8dWo] k[tgfklt pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfx ;d:o};d:ofn]
3]lPsf] kfP. jflxgLklt ;xfos yL k|sfzaxfb' a:g]t eg] ;d:ofljxLg km'n

303

304

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ckm PS;G; ePsf] JolQm kfP.

cfh a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ klg af]nfP ljleGg
ljifodf af]Ng nufOof]. ;a} ;'Iff k|d'vn] ljut 5 dlxgfdf dfcf]jfbL;usf] Gdf
pNn]vgLo ;kmntf ldn]sf] wf0ff k|:t't u]. ;fy} ;'Iff sfafxL f]Sg gx'g]
s'g} klg kf6L{sf g]tfn] ;'Iff lgsfosf] dgf]andf c; kg]{ uL s'g} cleJolQm
lbg gx'g] ljrf JoQm u]sf lyP. pgLx?sf] egfO lyof], ;\s6sfn nufpg]
of gnufpg] eGg] s'f fhgLlts ljifo xf]. ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ ;\s6sfndf sfd
ug{ :jefjtM ;lhnf] x'G5. jftf{sf] ;dodf klg dfcf]jfbLn] zlQm ;~rosf lglDt
cfk\mgf lqmofsnfk hfL fV5g\. fhgLlts :taf6 jftf{ u] x'G5. t zflGt
;Demf}tf geP;Dd ;'Iff sfafxL hfL fVg'k5{.
of] ljifo k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfhsf] bz{ge]6df ;sfdf
hfx] ug'e{ of]. ;f] cj;df fli6o ;'Iff klifb\n] k|xL P]g agfP ;sfaf6 nfu"
ufpg k|of; ufpg] ljifodf ;d]t >L % sf] ;sf;u 5nkmn ePsf] lyof].
h]7 ( ut] k|ltlglw;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zg af]nfpg dlGqklifb\n] lg0f{o u]sf]
5. 5 dlxgfcl3 nufOPsf] ;\s6sfnsf] ;do ;dfKt ePsfn] k'gM ;+;b\af6
;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ufpgsf nflu ;'Iff lgsfosf] ;'emfjdf dlGqklifb\n] of]
lg0f{o u]sf] xf].

@)%( h]7 % ut] cfOtaf

Pdfn]n] cfh ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ;DaGwdf ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{,
a'l4hLjL, kqsf;u cGtlqmof u]sf] 5. ;a}n] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug{
gx'g] ;'emfj lbPsf] va 5. ca pBf]uklt;u klg 5nkmn ug]{ qmfo{qmd 5.
;\s6sfn cg'df]bgsf af]df klg Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] bf]wf] gLlt
x]sf] b]lvG5. ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ lr9\ofpg grfx]sfn] pxf Psflt ;'Iff lgsfon]
fd|f] sfd u]sf] eGg'x'G5, t csf{lt ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ sfd ug{ ;\s6sfn
nufpg' gkg]{ pxfsf] wf0ff 5. jftf{sf] kxn hfL fVg'kg]{ t dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;lhn} ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] klg dxf;lrj g]kfnn] JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5.
cfh laxfg d]zgfy kf08]n] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u ;'hftf lgjf;df e]6
ug'{ePsf] 5. Toxf s] ljifodf s'f eof] eGg] rflx yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. To:t},
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfwjs'df g]kfnaLr e]63f6 lgs} a9]sf] 5. o;af6 s]
a'lemG5 eg] sf\u|];df lulhf ;d"xn] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg gug]{ ;Defjgf 5.
hn;|f]t fHodGqL gffo0f zdf{ kf}8]nsf kLP b]j]Gb| ;'j]bL dfcf]jfbLsf
3';k}l7of x'g\ eGg] ;'Iff lgsfosf] va 5.
sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] a}7s ef]ln a:b} 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug]{ ;DaGwdf kf6L{n] @$

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

306]df lnlvt :ki6Ls0f dfUg] ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqL eg] ;\s6sfn ;+;b\af6

cg'df]bg ufpg rfxg'x'G5. ;'Iff lgsfosf] klg ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg xf];\ eGg]
;'emfj 5. o; ljifodf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lgs} cK7ff] k]sf] b]lvG5. of] ;d:of
s;L 6fg]{ eg] b]pjfn] cfkm"lgs6sf g]tf;u 5nkmn ;' ug'{ePsf] 5. o;L
sf\u|];leq b'j} kIfaLr ;d:of k]sfn] 5'f5'} a}7s al;x]sf 5g\.
zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf cfhb]lv jflxgL ;Dd]ng tyf ;dGjofTds 5nkmn ;'
ePsf] 5. d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjsf x}l;otn] jflxgL ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP. ;Dd]ngdf
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] ck];gdf k|fKt ;kmntf c;kmntfaf] uDeL ljrfljdz{
eof]. ;a} If]qdf dfcf]jfbL sdhf] x'b} uPsf] ;a} jflxgLkltn] atfP. ljz]if u]
uf]nLu6\7f, vfBfGg ;}Go egf{ OToflbdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;d:of klx]sf] b]lvPsf]
5. ;'Iff kmf}htkm{ nlhl:6s ;kf]6{sf ;fdfgdf sdL ePsf] s'f klg eof].
;~rf pks0f, oftfoft OToflbsf] sdLaf] ;d]t jflxgLkltx?n] s'f fv]. s'g}
If]qdf t ;}lgs hgzlQmsf] klg sdL x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5. To:t}, lkmN8df vl6Psf
k|xLn] eQf kfOx]sf 5g\ t ;}lgsn] s'g} klg eQf kfPsf 5}gg\. To;}n]
;sfn] k|xLnfO{ pknAw ufPsf] eQf ;}lgs hjfgnfO{ klg pknAw ufpg'k5{
eGg]af] 5nkmn eof].
o; jif{sf] jiff{ofd rf8} ;' x'g nfu]sfn] nlhl:6s ;kf]6{sf ;fdfg
vfBfGgsf] hu]8f ug]]{ tofL clxn]b]lv x'g'kg]{ eg] ljleGg jflxgLkltn] wf0ff
fv]. $ gDa % gDasf jflxgLkltn] k[tgfaf6 ;xof]u kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f]
u]sf lyP.

@)%( h]7 ^ ut] ;f]daf

g]kfnL sf\u|];, s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] kf6L{df s'g}
5nkmn lg0f{o guL ;sfn] ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg ug{ k|ltlglw;efdf k];
u]sf] k|:tfj ax'dtff cg'df]bg gug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. k|:tfj cg'df]bg x'g'k5{
eGg] k|wfgdGqL kIfsf g]tfsf] c8fg sfod} 5. fdrGb| kf}8]n, v'daxfb' v8\sf,
lr~hLjL jfUn] 8f= fdz0f dxtn] lg0f{ok|lt gf]6 ckm l8;]G6 n]v]sf 5g\.
s[i0fk|;fb efO{ k|bLk luL a}7sdf cg'kl:yt x'g'x'GYof]. of] lg0f{o u] cfh}
g]tf dx]z cfrfo{ eft k|:yfg ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfsf] e|d0faf] s]xL hfgsfL
cfPsf] 5}g.
o; 36gfkl5 sf\u|];sf b'O{ u'6aLr ljjfb rs]{ hfg] b]lvG5. kf6L{
;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] g]t[Tjdf sf\u|];leq}af6 k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfnfO{ x6fpg] tofL eOx]sf] 5. sf]Ofnfsf] 0fgLlt a'em]kl5 k|wfgdGqL
b]pjfn] klg k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug]{ tofL ulxg'ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u]kl5 sf]Ofnf kIfn] t'Gt} cbfntdf d'2f

305

306

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

bfo ug]{ ;Defjgf 5. To;af6 ;+j}wflgs hl6ntf cfpg ;S5.

cfh} Pdfn]sf] :yfoL ;ldltn] ;d]t ;\s6sfn cg'df]bg gug]{ lg0f{o u]sf]
5. k|foM ;a} kf6L{ ;\s6sfnsf] ljkIfdf plePsf 5g\. o; sf0f ;\s6sfn
cg'df]bg ulof];\ egL ;DaGwL k|ltlglw;efdf k]; ulPsf] k|:tfj d\unafsf]
dlGqklifb\sf] a}7sn] lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5.
;'Iff lgsfox? dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] sfafxLdf klrfng eOx]sf] cj:yfdf
klg b]zdf fhgLlts cfly{s cGof]n JofKt 5, o; cj:yfdf bafsf] s]
e"ldsf x'G5 < eg] d}n] cfh ;sfdf cfk\mgf] lh1f;f hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ of] k|ltlglw;efdf sfd ug{ lgs} c;lhnf] eOx]sf] 5, cfk\mg}
kf6L{n] ;d]t sfd ug{ ;xof]u u]sf] 5}g, o; cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef
lj36g ug{ ;'emfj lbg'k5{ x's'd eof]. xfd|f] ljZn]if0f lyof] olb k|wfgdGqLn]
Psb'O{ lbgd} k|ltlglw;ef lj36g gug]{ xf] eg] pxfsf lj4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj
t'Gt} btf{ x'g]5. clg pxfn] :jtM ;Qf Tofu ug'{kg]{5. t;y{ k|ltlglw;ef
lj36g u] r'gfjsf] ldlt tf]Sg ;s] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ fhgLlts kmfObf x'g]5. ;fy}
;'Iff lgsfonfO{ ;d]t dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5.
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ ;sfaf6} ;'emfj aS;g fd|f] x'G5
egL hfx] u].

@)%( h]7 * ut] a'waf

sf\u|];leqsf] ljjfb tLj| b'O{ w'|jLo ?kdf a9] uPsf] 5. kf6L{ ljefhg
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvb} 5. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn]
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ kf6L{af6 lgisf;g ug]{ k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;ef
lj36g ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvb} cfPsf] 5. clxn]sf] fhgLlts kll:yltdf bafsf]
;lrj a}7sdf klg b]zsf] cj:yfaf] lgGt d"Nof\sg ljZn]if0f eOx]sf] 5.
ljleGg lgsfon] klg sf]Ofnfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ s'g} klg ;dodf kf6L{af6 lgisf;g
ug{ ;Sg] ;"rgf lbPsf 5g\. To;}n] cfh g} k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Ldf pxfsf]
fhgLlts eljio kf6L{df cfk\mgf] jr{:j sfod ug{sf lglDt ;+;b\sf] r'gfj cfkm}n]
;DkGg ufpg] uL k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl; ug{sf nflu ;sfaf6 hf]8
lbOaS;g'k5{ eGg] ;lrj a}7sn] lg0f{o uof].
cfhsf] hfx]Ldf ;sf k|wfgdGqLaLr w]} nfdf] fhgLlts cGtlqmof
eof]. ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ ;Nnfx aS:of]. cGttM
k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfsf] ;'emfj :jLsf ug'{eof]. ftsf] !) alh;s]sf] lyof].
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl;df k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug]{ 3f]if0ff -r'gfjsf] ldlt ;lxt_
xfdLn] tof uof}. Tof] 3f]if0ff ug{sf lglDt k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfdf l;kmfl; u]sf]
kq ;d]t bafd} n]lvof]. k|wfgdGqL vfnL n]6Kof8 lnP baf cfpg'ePsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lyof]. flt g} k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{noaf6 5fk ;d]t dufOof]. l;kmfl; u]sf]

kqdf k|wfgdGqLsf] x:tfIfkl5 ;sfaf6 flt !! ah] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
ulaS:of]. ]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf k|jfx uL k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] 3f]if0ff
eof]. ;sf k|wfgdGqL ca];Dd fhbafdf a:g'ePsf] lyof].
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] z'e ;fOtsf nflu bafsf] ;lrj a}7skl5
fhHof]ltifL;u ;d]t ;Nnfx ePsf] lyof]. Hof]ltifLsf] ;Nnfx cg';f klg
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] 3f]if0ff flt !! ah] ug'{k]sf] xf].

@)%( ;fn h]7 ( ut] laxLaf

uP flt k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ePsf] ;dfrfn] fhgLlts j[Qdf ;g;gL
dlRrPsf] 5. kf6L{ j[Qdf e"sDk cfPkl5sf] cj:yfem} b]lvPsf] 5. rqmk|;fb
af:tf]nf, uf]ljGbfh hf]zL Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn flt g} lulhfk|;fb
sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6\g dxffhuGh hfg'eP5. cfh} b]zdf ljsl;t fhgLlts
cj:yfaf] 5nkmn ug{ lulhf kIfsf] a}7s a:of]. sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
a}7s klxn] lulhf lgjf;, dxffhuGhdf To;kl5 kf6L{ sfof{nodf a:of].
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ sf\u|]; kf6L{af6 lgisf;g ug]{ lg0f{o eof].
sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s s[i0fk|;fb efO{ kmls{Pkl5 k'gM a:g] lgwf]
ePsf] 5.
otf k|wfgdGqL kIfsf g]tfx? fdrGb| kf}8]n, lr~hLjL jfUn], 8f= fdz0f
dxt v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;d]t cfkm"x?;u s'g} ;Nnfx guL k|ltlglw;ef
lj36g u]sf]df f]if k|s6 u]sf 5g\. sf\u|];sf] cGtkf6L{ G lgs} a9]sf] 5.
sf\u|];df s'g g]tf s'g kIf;u 5 eGg] klg cGof]n a9]sf] 5. laxfg} k|wfgdGqLn]
dlGqklifb\ a}7s 8fSg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] a}7sdf dGqLx?nfO{ la|lkm u] ;+;b\
lj36gsf] sf0f o;af6 x'g] kmfObfaf] cfZj:t kfg{ vf]Hg'eof].
Pdfn] :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7s klg cfh laxfg} a;]sf] 5. p;n] sf\u;
|] sf]
cGtkf6L{ Gn] ubf{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g x'g k'us
] fdf eT;{gf ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf]
5. ;fy} :jR5 lgikIf lgjf{rgsf nflu hf]8 lbP r'gfjdf efu lng] tyf ef]ln
;j{bnLo a}7s af]nfpg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5. Pdfn]sf] lg0f{odf k|ltlglw;ef lj36gdf
bafsf] if8\oGq x]sf] t o;nfO{ k|rfdf gNofpg] ;d]t elgPsf] 5. Pdfn]n]
af]nfPsf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf :jo+ pkl:yt x'g] a'lemPsf] 5.
fk|kfn] klg sf\u|];sf] cGts{nxn] ubf{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g x'g' b'ef{Uok"0f{
xf] eGb} jQmJo lgsfn]sf] 5. p;n] xfnnfO{ cfk\mgf] If]qLo clwj]zg :ylut ug]{
lg0f{o u]sf] 5.
dGqLx? cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofo, 8f= fdz0f dxt fh]Gb| v]nn] k|wfgdGqL;u
c;Gt'i6 x'b} fhLgfdf u]sf 5g\. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;a}

307

308

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dGqLnfO{ fhLgfdf ug{ tLg lbgsf] ;do lbP jQmJo lgsfNg'ePsf] 5. jQmJodf
k|hftGqdfly uDeL if8\oGq ePsf] eGb} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ kf6L{af6 lgnlDat ulPsf]
pNn]v 5 pxfnfO{ tLg lbgdf :ki6Ls0f lbg ;d]t elgPsf] 5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfwjs'df g]kfnaLr ;Dks{ a9]sf] 5. pxfx?n]
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gaf] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|ltlqmof a'e\mg vf]lhx]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.
sf\u|]; gkm'6f];\ eg] Ps yL sf\u|]; g]tfn] b'j} kIfnfO{ ;+oldt x'g cfu|x
ulx]sf 5g\.

@)%( h]7 !) ut] z'qmaf

d'n'ssf] fhgLlts tfkqmd cTolws ?kdf j[l4 eOx]sf] 5. cfh
;sfaf6 a]nfotL lrkm ckm bL l8km]G; :6fkm P8ldn ; dfOsn af]O;nfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. ;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ a]nfotL ;sfsf tkm{af6 zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ k|fKt eOx]sf] tflnd ;}lgs ;xfotfsf nflu wGojfb aS;]sf] 5.
;fy} cjsfzk|fKt e"tk"j{ la|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgsx?af6 dfcf]jfbLsf lj4df jQmJo
lbnfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;sfaf6 cfu|x ulaS;]sf] 5. dfOsn eft e|d0f
;s] g]kfn cfPsf x'bf dfcf]jfbLk|lt eftsf] s] wf0ff x]5 < egL ;sfaf6
lh1f;f flvaS:of].
bz{ge]6 aS;]sf]df ;sfdf ; dfOsn af]O;n] cfef k|s6 ug'{eof].
pxfn] a]nfot g]kfnL ;]gfaLr P]ltxfl;s tyf ;'vb ;DaGw x]sf]df v';L JoQm
ub}{ uf]vf{nL g]kfnLn] la|l6; ;]gfnfO{ k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;fxgf ug'{eof].
dfOsnn] eGg'eof], eftLo IffdGqL hh{ kmgf{lG8h;u g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLn] eftaf6
ultljlw ;~rfng ulx]sf] af] lh1f;f fVbf pxfn] To:tf] ultljlw ;~rfng
ug{ glbg] eftsf] gLlt x]sf] wf0ff JoQm ug'{eof]. pxfsf] yk egfO lyof],
eftkfls:tfgaLr ;DaGw uDeL x'b} uPsf] kfP. oL b'O{ b]zaLr s'g} klg
;do n8fO x'g ;Sg] b]v]sf] 5'. eftLo IffdGqLn] kfls:tfgL fi6klt kj]h
d';{kmnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] atfpg'eof]. s'g} ck|Toflzt 36gf 36] eft
s8f k|ltsf ug{ cfjZos k] ;Lldt xdnf ug{ ;d]t tof x]sf] yfxf
kfP. ;f] cj;df dfOsnn] g]kfnsf] ljBdfg kll:yltaf] cfk\mgf] wf0ff
fVb} 3f]lift r'gfj ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;'emfj lbg'eof]. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf]
ck];gdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ a]nfotsf] ;xof]u hfL xg] k|lta4tf klg
pxfn] JoQm ug'{eof]. tflnd cGo ;}lgs ;xfotf ;DaGwdf klg d a]nfot
;sf;u s'f u5'{, pxfn] eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] bft[ fi6x?sf] nG8gdf
x'g] g]kfn ljsf; ;Dd]ng lgs} kmnbfoL x'g] wf0ff ;d]t fVg'eof]. dfOsn
:jb]z kms{+bf ckmuflg:tfg hfg] Toxf sfo{t a]nfotL ;]gfnfO{ e]6\g]
sfo{qmd 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( h]7 !@ ut] cfOtaf

cfh dnfO{ lrlgof fhb"tn] nGrsf nflu af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn]
;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] ;dodf p7]sf ljifoaf] d;u lh1f;f fVg'eof].
;fy} d':tf ;'jfu9L hfg ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6 pknAw ufpg cg'f]w ug'{eof].
:ofk|'ma];L;'jf fhdfu{ ;DaGwL ljifodf hfgsfL lng pxfn] To; If]qsf] e|d0f
ug{ rfxg'ePsf] x]5. Toxfaf6 kms{+bf klZrdL k[tgf # gDa jflxgLsf] e|d0f
ug]{ ;d]t pxfsf] rfxgf x]5. o;} qmddf pxfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos
kg]{ zflGt;]gf ld;gsf nflu cfD8{ k;{gn Soflo rLgn] ;'ky d"Nodf lbg ;Sg]
k|:tfj fVg'eof].
zfxL lrlsT;s 8f= Zofdaxfb' kf08]n] ;sfsf] ut kLIf0fsf nflu a]nfot
k7fpg l;kmfl; ug'e{ Psf] 5. ut kLIf0f ;DaGwL lkf]6{ uf]Ko fVg s] ug]{ eg]
pxfn] d;u ;Nnfx dfUg'ePsf] 5. d}n] a]nfot k7fpg'kg]{ utsf] gd'gf ;sfsf]
gfdaf6 gk7fO{ cGo JolQmsf] gfddf k7fpbf lkf]6a{ f] uf]Kotf sfod x'g ;S5 eg].
To;kl5 xfdLaLr ;sfsf] ut d]f] gfdaf6 a]nfot k7fpg] ;Nnfx eof]. of] s'f
hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of]. o; cg'?k ;sfsf] ut a]nfot k7fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg ;sfsf ;lrj ;fuk|;fb ltldlN;gfnfO{ lhDdf lbOof].

@)%( h]7 !% ut] a'waf

cfhsf] bz{ge]6df ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7n] ;sfsf]
z'ehGdf]T;jdf ;z:q k|xLnfO{ k|bfg ulg] lje"if0fsf] ;\Vof a9fpg hfx]
ug'e{ of]. pxfn] ;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;j dgfpg ;z:qn] klg kfpg'kg]{ hfx] ub}{
;sfsf] ;jfLsf] a]nf sfs]8df ;z:qnfO{ klg e"ldsf aS;g laGtL ug'e{ of]. ;fy}
fhbafsf] ;'Iffdf ;z:qnfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jfL lbg'kg]{ ljifodf hfx] ug'e{ of].
k|To'Q ;sfaf6 ;}lgs ;lrj;u 5nkmn u] Joj:yf ug"{ x's'd eof].
;fy} df};'kmaf6 eftn] ;z:qnfO{ lbPsf xftxltof tyf aGbf]a:tL ;fdu|Lsf]
e'QmfgL s;L x'G5, ;z:qdf ;~rf k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf s] 5 < eg] lh1f;f
flvaS:of]. ;z:qsf] dfcf]jfbL;u ePsf 7"nf le8Gtsf 36gf cWoog uL
k|ltj]bg tof kfg{ ;d]t ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of].
cfh} ;sfaf6 fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{nfO{ bz{ge]6
aS:of]. To; cj;df pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfndf cd]lsLsf] rnv]n Hofb} a9]sf]
eGb} eftn] dfcf]jfbL sf8{ k|of]u ug{ vf]hs
] f] b]lvG5. o;} qmddf xfn eftsf]
;xof]uaf6 cfk\mgf] 0fgLlt fhgLlts kf6L{x? dfkm{t cl3 a9fpg dfcf]jfbL ;kmn
ePsf] 5. ;\s6sfn nufpg x'b g} , jftf{ff fhgLlts lgsf; x'gk' 5{ g]kfnnfO{
cGtf{li6o ;xof]u aGb ufpg'k5{ h:tf s'f dfcf]jfbLsf 0fgLlts ljifo x'g\. log}
s'f ca cGo kf6L{n] klg p7fpg yfn]sf 5g\. cGtf{li6o ;xof]u aGb ufpg'k5{

309

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

eg] pgLx?n] 3'dfpf] lsl;dn] cd]lsfnfO{ g]kfndf gcfpm eGg vf]hs

] f x'g\ .
Pdfn]n] zflGtk"0f{ lgjf{rgsf nflu dfcf]jfbLsf] ;xof]u dfu]sf] 5. ;xof]usf]
abnfdf lgjf{rgkl5 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u] eP klg fhgLlts lgsf; lgsfNg]
Pdfn]sf] k|:tfj x]sf] 5. Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] eg] cfk"mlgs6sf
s]xL JolQm;u Pdfn]nfO{ dfcf]jfbL h:t} bafaf6 klg vtf 5 eGg] ljrf
JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. r'gfjsf] ;dodf clxn]s} h:tf] fhgLlts ;dLs0f xg]
xf] eg] ;a} jfd kf6L{, lulhf sf\u|]; dfcf]jfbL ldnL b'O{ltxfO ax'dt NofP
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;d]t s'f p7]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL b]pjfkIfLo sf\u|];n] fli6o
k|hftGq kf6L{, ;b\efjgf kf6L{ h:tf ;fgf bnnfO{ ;d]6] r'gfjdf hfbf kmfObf x'g]
cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v zdf{sf] ljZn]if0f 5.
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ;DaGwL d'2f lng ;Sg] b]lvPsf]
5. ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf sltko GofofwLzn] bafaf6 s'g} klg GofofwLz;u ;Dks{
;dGjo gePsf] u'gf;f] u]sf 5g\. To;}n] bafaf6 s]xL GofofwLz;u ;DaGw
lj:tf ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 eGg] zdf{sf] ;'emfj 5.
>L % sf] ;sfn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cToGt Go"g ah]6 lbPsfn]
sfddf Hofb} afwf k]sf] 5. ;fy} >L % sf] ;sfn] cGo ;a} ;sfL ;]jfdf #@
jif{df cjsfz kfpg] lgod x6fO;s]sf] eP klg g]kfn k|xL cg';Gwfg ljefudf
dfq of] lgod xbf ;d:of k]sf] 5. To;}n] ljefusf] ah]6 a9fOof];\ pQm
k|fjwfg x6fOof];\ eGg] ljifo ;d]t b]jLfd zdf{n] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof].

@)%( h]7 !& ut] z'qmaf

dsfn' a]; SofDkaf6 cfh laxfg ;f9] & ah] n'Snfsf nflu p8]sf] x]lnsK6
;Dks{ljxLg ePsf] 5.
uP flt ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] axyjfdf dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfn a}\s s[lif ljsf;
a}\s n'6].
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gkl5 g]kfnsf] fhgLltn] la:tf} cs}{ df]8 lnOx]sf] 5.
b]pjf kIfwn] sf\u|];sf] ljz]if dxflwj]zg af]nfpg dxf;ldlt ;b:osf] x:tfIf
cleofg ;' u]sf 5g\.
fdrGb| kf}8]n ;lxt sf\u|];sf s]xL dWodfuL{ g]tfn] sf\u|]; Pstfdf hf]8
lbb} k|wfgdGqL kf6L{ ;efkltsf lqmofsnfk xfnnfO{ aGb ug'{kg]{ s'f p7fPsf
5g\. pgLx?n] kf6L{ km'6]df r'gfjdf sf\u|]; wfzfoL x'g] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\.
;fy} sf\u|]; Pstfsf nflu k|wfgdGqL b]pjfdflysf] sfafxL km's'jf ug'{kg]{ dfu
kf6L{ ;efklt ;dIf fv]sf 5g\. kf6L{ ;efklt lulhfk|;fbn] eg] o;af] rLg
e|d0fkl5 dfq lg0f{o lng] c8fg lnPsf 5g\. lulhfn] d rLg e|d0fdf hfg]
x'gfn] clxn] dxflwj]zg af]nfpg] k|:tfj gcfcf];\ eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. t dWodfuL{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

sf\u|]; g]tfn] rLg e|d0fcufl8 g} To;af] lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ eg]sf 5g\. @%#)
hlt k"j{;f+;bn] ;+;b\ lj36gsf lj4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo ug{ tofL
ulx]sf 5g\.
sf\u|]; g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfn] o'jfhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'ePsf]
5. clxn]sf] fhgLlts cj:yfdf o'jfhflwfhaf6 aS;]sf] of] bz{ge]6 lgs}
cy{k"0f{ 5. bz{ge]6sf cj;df w]} ljifodf s'f ePsf] 5. o'jfhflwfhaf6
;+;b\ lj36g ;DaGwdf dnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g, a'afaf6 klg o;f] ug{ cfjZos
lyPg, ;fob a'afn] klg kl5 dx;'; ulaS:of] xf]nf ls eg] af:tf]nf;u
s'f ulaS;]5. of] s'f kf; ;sfn] s]xL cfkmGt;u elgaS;]sf] 5.
dxffhflwfhaf6 rflnaS;]sf] sbdaf] o'jfhflwfhsf] o; lsl;dsf] l6Kk0fL
cfpg'n] kSs} klg kl5 uP bafnfO{ c;xh cj:yf l;h{gf x'g]5 eg] d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u].

@)%( h]7 @! ut] d\unaf/

dnfO{ kmf]g u] gffo0fl;+x k'gn] d gof kf6L{ agfpb} 5', kf6L{df e"tk"j{
;}lgs, hghflt cflbjf;Lsf ;fy} ;a} ju{nfO{ ;d]6\g sf]l;; u5'{ eGg'eof].
d}n] b]pjf sf\u|];df ghfg] < eg] lh1f;f fVbf pxfn] eGg'eof], b]pjf sdhf]
g]tf x'g'x'G5. v'daxfb' v8\sf, ljho uR5bf h:tf JolQm xfjL x'g] kf6L{n] s]
sfd ug{ ;Snf <
rLg e|d0fdf xg'ePsf lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ef]ln kms{g] sfo{qmd
5. sf\u|]; ;lxt ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ fli6o hgdf]rf{sf %& hgf ;f+;b
ldn] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ;DaGwL l6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo ug{ tofL
ulx]sf 5g\.
eftLo sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL_ sf dxf;lrj PaL aw{g g]tf d~h'n
cG;fL sf7df8f} cfP Pdfn] g]tf;u ;;Nnfx ulx]sf 5g\.

@)%( h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf

nG8gdf x'g] g]kfn ;xfotf ;d"xsf] a}7sdf efu lng k7fpg >L % sf]
;sfn] fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf 8f= z\sk|;fb zdf{, fli6o ;'Iff
klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn, kfi6 dGqfnosf
;x;lrj 1fgrGb| cfrfo{, k|f= >Lw vqL k|wfgdGqLkTgL 8f= cfh' b]pjf
;lDdlnt 6f]nL tof kf]sf] 5. a}7s a]nfotdf cfof]hgf ulPsfdf eftn]
c;Gt'li6 JoQm u]sf] 5. o;}aLr cfh ;sfaf6 a]nfot hfg] l6dnfO{ ;fd"lxs
bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. bz{ge]6sf cj;df a}7sdf s]s] s'f fVg] g]kfnsf]
fli6o lxt cg';f clxn]sf k|fyldstf s]s] x'g\ eg] ;sfaf6 ;a}nfO{ :ki6

311

312

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;]gf ;lxt ;'Iff kmf}h dfcf]jfbL cft\ssf lj4 klrfng
ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;xfotf ;d"xsf] a}7ssf] Pp6f Ph]G8fdf 5nkmndf ;xefuL
ufpg pkyL s6jfnnfO{ k7fpg nfluPsf] xf]. dfcf]jfbL cft\ssf lj4 n8\g]
qmddf s]s:tf] cK7ff] 5, bft[ lgsfoaf6 ;]gfnfO{ s]s:tf] ;xfotf cfjZos
5 eGg]af] s'f fVg ;]gfs} jli7 clws[t hfg' ;fGble{s klg x'G5. To;
cj;df a}7snfO{ k|efjsfL agfpg xfn g]kfnn] dfcf]jfbL lx+;faf6 ef]Ug'k]sf
ax'kIfLo ;d:ofaf] cl8of] leh'cN; dfWodaf6 pRr k|fyldstf;fy k|:t't ug]{
to eof]. 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] ljleGg ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't u] klg ;a}n] Pp6}
nIo agfpg'kg]{df ;sfn] hf]8 lbOaS:of]. dfcf]jfbLn] ljWj+; kf]sf] ef}lts
;+rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu a}7sdf ljz]if hf]8 lbP s'f fVg ;d]t ;sfn]
;''emfj aS:of].

@)%( h]7 @^ ut] cfOtaf

fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 fh;+:yfsf] bL3{sfnLg :yfloTjsf nflu ug{ cfjZos
ljleGg sfd lyP. To;sf nflu of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ klg lyof]. kll:yltjz
tLgrf dlxgfdf g} g]kfndf fh;+:yfsf] ;fj{hlgs Od]h fd|f] aGb} uOx]sf]
lyof]. of] cfzf ulPeGbf fd|f] cj:yf lyof]. o;} ;Gbe{df cfh d}n] ;sfdf
hfx] u], fh;+:yf ;a} b[li6n] :yfloTjtkm{ cl3 a9\b} 5. t bafdf h'g
b'3{6gf 36\of], Tof] g e"tf] g eljiolt lsl;dsf] 36gf xf]. To;}n] ;sf, ca d
d]f] sdhf]L eP klg geP klg fhbaf ;'Iffsf] lhDd]jfLsf] k|d'vsf lx;fan]
g}ltstfsf] cfwfdf fhLgfdf u5'{.
k|To'Qdf ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], of] kljfleqsf] 36gf lyof]. Tof] a]nf
ltdL s] ug{ ;SYof} < clg km]l ltd|f] sdhf]Lsf] s'f s;L p7\of] < To;}n]
ltdLn] fhLgfdf ug{'kb}{g.
;sfaf6 o:tf] x'sd' ePkl5 d}n] hfx] u], xfdL bafsf ;lrj cfcfk\mgf]
sfo{Jo:ttfn] ubf{ cGo s'g} ;f]rljrf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gf} . To;f] ePsfn]
xfdL Pp6f ;fgf] cgf}krfls 6f:s kmf];{ v8f uf}, h;n] uf]Ko ?kdf b]zsf]
l:ylt, kll:ylt ljZn]if0f ub}{ 0fgLlt tof kff];\. , ;sfdf lgoldt hfx]
uf];\.
;sfaf6 x's'd eof], x'G5. t sf]sf] fVg] < bIf ef];f ug{ ;lsg]
l6d x'g'kof]. d}n] d]f] lbdfudf ePsf tLg hgfsf] gfd ;sfdf hfx] u].
xfdL tLg hgf ldn] ;'jft u5f}{+ kl5 cfjZos k] cGo JolQmsf] gfd klg
hfx] u] ykf}nf egL laGtL u].
o;} ;Gbe{df xfdL tLg hgfsf] klxnf] a}7s cfh} a:of]. xfdLn] a]nfa]nfdf
e]6] kll:yltsf] d"Nof\sg ub}{ bafn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfaf] ;fgf] lkf]6{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

agfP ;sfdf r9fpg] lgwf] uof}. cfh} pQm sfo{6f]nLnfO{ ;sfaf6 ;fd"lxs
bz{ge]6 aS:of]. To; cj;df sfo{6f]nLn] u]sf] ljZn]if0fsf af]df ;fdfGo
5nkmn eof]. ;fy} casf lbgdf ug'{kg]{ sfdsf af]df ljrfljdz{ eof].
sfo{6f]nLn] u]sf] ljZn]if0fsf af] capk|fGt d}n] ;sfdf hfx] ug]{ eP.
sfo{6f]nLsf] klxnf] 6f:s casf] s]xL ;dokl5 36\g ;Sg] 36gf nG8gdf x'g]
g]kfn ;xfotf ;d"xsf] a}7sdf g]kfnn] p7fpg'kg]{ k|:tfjaf] u[xsfo{ ug]{ lgwf{lt
eof]. o;} uL, cfpbf] r'gfjdf bafn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf tyf pDd]bjfsf]
;dy{gaf] klg ;sf;u 5nkmn eof]. ca k|zf;g :jR5 k|efjsfL x'g'kg]{
eg] >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ lgb]{zg hfg'kg]{, r'gfjsf nflu 0fgLlt agfpg'kg]{,
;'Iff kmf}hnfO{ dha't agfpb} n}hfg'kg]{ f]hufLsf nflu sla Ps ca{ k}ofsf]
j}b]lzs f]huf sf]if v8f ug{ plrt x'g] h:tf s'f ;sfdf hfx] ulof].
pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 clxn]sf] cj:yfdf r'gfj x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g <
eg] ;f]lwaS:of]. ;fy} x's'd eof], k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fpg] ls gx6fpg] < sf\u|];
ljefhg eof] eg] s'g kIfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ < clxn]sf] cj:yf x]] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
g} sf\u|]; kf6L{df dbt ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 ls < >L % sf] ;sfsf ;lrjsf] ;jf
a9'jf s;L ug]{ < oL ljifodf klg sfd u. o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 g]kfndf
fhtGq sdhf] ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d:of a9]sf] kfOG5, To;}n] fhtGq sdhf]
5}g eGg] b]vfpg s]s] sfd ug'{knf{ < eg] lh1f;f JoQm ulaS;]sf] lyof].
xfn ;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf] tofL eOx]sf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6
xfdLnfO{ x's'd eof], eft e|d0fsf] nIo s] x'g ;S5 < Toxf s]s] s'f ug]{ <
o;af] klg tofL u.
5nkmnsf qmddf xfdLn] hfx] uof}, ;j{k|yd t g]kfneft b'O{ b]zaLrsf]
P]ltxfl;s ;DaGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpg]tkm{ ;sfsf] e|d0f nlIft x'g'k5{. ;fy}
xfn g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL cft\ssf lj4 ;'Iff kmf}h klrfng eOx]sf] cj:yfdf
xftxltof tyf cGo ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]usf nflu cg'f]w x'g'k5{. o;} uL,
v'nf ;Ldfsf sf0f eOx]sf] cft\s, ckfw t:sLsf] ;d:of lgfs0f ug{
;LdfnfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;lsg] k|:tfj eft;fd' fVg' ;fGble{s x'g]5.
o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 x's
' d' eof], clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;+jw} flgs c\ux?nfO{
cem dha't agfpg s;L sf]l;; ug]{ < To; ;DaGwdf 0fgLlt agfpg cfjZos
5. cfjZostf cg';f hf]sf]xL;u klg d}n] e]6\gk' g]{ x'G5. o;sf lglDt 3 lng]
ls < o;af] klg ljrf u.

@)%( h]7 @& ut] ;f]daf

eftLo fhb"tfjf;n] bafdf sfo{t JolQmx?sf] JolQmut ljj0f ;\
sng ug{ yfn]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. To; cg';f lrgzdz] yfkf ljZjljqmd

313

314

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zfxn] cfcfk\mgf] JolQmut ljj0f fhb"tfjf;df k7fO;s]sf] ;'bgk|;fb

kf]v]nn] k7fpg tofL ulx]sf] s'f cfPsf] 5. To;} qmddf dnfO{ ;lrj
ljZjljqmdn] eftLo fhb"tfjf;af6 h;f{asf] JolQmut ljj0f dfluPsf]
5, dnfO{ k7fOlbg" eGg'eof]. d}n] d]f] JolQmut ljj0f zfxL h\uL c8\
8f fhbafdf dfq xG5, d c? s;}nfO{ JolQmut ljj0f k7fplbg
elglbP. of] Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf]. o;sf lglDt d}n] k|d'v lghL ;lrj
;'bgk|;fb kf]v]nnfO{ ufnL ;d]t u]. pxfn] ljZjn] eGof] eg] xNsf ?kdf
lng'eof].
d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u].
;sf Psbd} l;fOaS:of]. afof]8f6f lsg k7fpg] < ;/sf/ q'm4
xf]OaS:of].
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k'gM eftdf e|d0fdf x'g'x'G5. o;} qmddf pxfn] gof
lbNnL;u ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ;DaGwL l6nfO{
k|efljt t'Nofpg cGtld cfb]z hfL ug{ ;xof]u ullbg dfu ug'{eP5.
pxfn] baf, ;]gf b]pjf ldn]sf 5g\ t dWofjlw r'gfj x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g,
;+j}wflgs ;\s6 cfpg] b]lvG5, olb r'gfj eP dnfO{ dbt ug'{kof] eg] ;xof]u
dfUg'eP5. eftLo kIfn] eg] b'j} sf\u|]; Ps eP ;+o'Qm ?kdf r'gfjdf hfg'k5{,
olb sf\u|]; ljefhg eof] eg] r'gfjdf jfdkGyLn] jr{:j sfod ug{ ;S5g\ eg]
;Nnfx lbP5.

@)%( h]7 #) ut] laxLaf

g]kfn cfpg nfu]sf] lrlgof ;}lgs k|ltlglwd08nsf] e|d0f xfnnfO{ f]lsPsf]
5. lrlgof fhb"t lrlgof ;}lgs ;xrfL g]kfnuGh uf]vf Aof]s
e|d0f u] kmls{Psf] va 5. cfh} lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ljf6gu uP
Pp6f sfo{qmddf !@ ;ohlt sf\u|]; sfo{stf{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] 5.
pxfn] eGg'eof], k|hftGqdfly vtf cfPsf] 5. To;}n] a[xt\ k|hftflGqs Pstf
cfjZos ePsf] 5. b]pjfn] ;+;b\ lj36g u] k|hftGqnfO{ pk]Iff u]sf 5g\.
xfn r'gfj x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g. b]pjfn] fhfaf6 tLg jif{;Dd k|wfgdGqL xg]
cfzLjf{b kfPsf 5g\. d}n] ;\s6sfn nfu" gug{ eg] t z]axfb'n] Psnf}6L
?kdf ;\s6sfn nufP.
uP flt ;Nofgdf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] sfafxLdf ;ft hgf l;kfxLsf] d[To'
ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLtkm{ klg 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] 5. %@ hgf dfcf]jfbLsf] zj km]nf
k]sf] 5. sDkgL sdfG8 d]h ;Ghf]u f0ff sfafxL 5f8] efu]sf] eGg] va
5. Pp6f nK6gn] clGtd a]nf;Dd sfafxL u]sf] eGg] s'f klg cfPsf] 5.
of]hgf fd|f];u gagfO{ sfafxL ulPsf] eGg] k|ltlqmof k|fKt ePsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( c;f # ut] ;f]daf

;sfsf] cfufdL eft e|d0fnfO{ dxj lbP h:tf] uL s]xL 3fOt] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
eftn] g]kfnuGhdf g]kfn k|xLnfO{ lhDdf nufPsf] 5. ;Ldf If]qdf ;'Iff s8f
kflPsf] eGg] s'f cfPsf] 5. eftLo u[xdGqL nfns[i0f cf8jf0fLn] n:sPtf]Ojf
h};Pdf]xDdb gfds pu|jfbL d'l:nd ;d"xn] g]kfndf lzlj vf]ns
] f 5g\ eGg]
cff]k nufPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;}aLr kfls:tfgL fi6klt kj]h d';{kmn] olb
kfls:tfg;u cf0fljs Ifdtf gePsf] eP eftn] kfls:tfgdfly xdnf ul;SYof]
eGg] ljrf JoQm ug'e{ Psf] 5. eftn] pxfsf] egfOsf] v08g u]sf] 5.
g]kfnL sf\u|]; kf6L{sf] cfGtls ljjfb pTsif{df k'u]sf] 5 kf6L{ b'O{ lrfdf
ljefhg ePsf] 5. b]pjf kIfn] kf6L{ ;efkltdf b]pjf, pk;efkltdf lr~hLjL
jfUn], dxfdGqLdf v'daxfb' v8\sf, ;xdxfdGqLdf ljho uR5bf ;lxt @*
hgfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt u7g u] cfh} g]kfnL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqs kf6L{ btf{
u]sf] 5.

@)%( c;f ^ ut] laxLaf

ltly cg';f fhbaf xTofsf08df :ju]{ ePsf fhf jL]Gb| fhkljfsf
cGo ;b:osf] jflif{s >f4 cfh lxGb" kDkf cg';f ljlwk"j{s ;DkGg eof].

@)%( c;f & ut] z'qmaf

sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfnfO{ cg'zf;g ;ldltn] u]sf] sfafxL cg'df]bg u]sf] 5. sf\u|];
;+:yfkg kIfn] dxf;ldlt k|ltlglwnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf b]pjflt gnfUg cfu|x
lgb]{zg u]sf] 5. b]pjfn] agfPsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf ;'zLn sf]Ofnf nufot
!@ ;b:on] lgjf{rg cfof]udf uP xfdL Tof] sfo{;ldltdf 5}gf} eg] hfgsfL
lbPsf 5g\.

@)%( c;f ( ut] cfOtafb]lv !$ ut] z'qmaf;Dd

;sfsf] klxnf] eft e|d0f ;DkGg eof].

@)%( c;f !& ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy
pkfWofonfO{ 1fg]Zjl:yt pxfs} lgjf;df e]6\g'ePsf] 5. ;fy} k|wfg GofofwLz
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofonfO{ klg e]6\g'ePsf] 5. sf]Ofnf;u ljZjgfyn] eGg'eP5, d
k|wfg GofofwLz ePsf] eP k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ullbGy]. s]zjk|;fbn] fhf
1fg]Gb|sf] h] x's'd cfp5, ToxL u5{g\. k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu rxnkxn

315

316

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

Hofb} a9]sf] 5. eftLo cd]lsg naL o;sf lglDt nfluk]sf 5g\. fk|kf
g]tf ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] klg cfh} ljZjgfy pkfWofonfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] 5.
;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf cj;df cjsfzk|fKt yL kmQ]axfb' lnDa"nfO{
dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ agfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ yk ug]{ s'f
eOx]sf] lyof]. To;sf lglDt cjsfzk|fKt w]}sf] ljj0f x]lPsf] lyof]. tLdWo]
hghflt ;dfj]zLsf] lx;faaf6 pxfsf] gfddf lg0f{o eof].
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf gof ;+rgf cg';f l;lelnog sd{rfLnfO{
x6fP ;}lgs g} fVg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof]. klxnf] r0fdf s]xL ;}lgs clws[t
sfhdf Nofpg'kg]{ lyof]. o; qmddf ;xfos yL uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa", dxf;]gfgL
g]kfne"if0f rGb ;]gfgL lxdf+z' v8\sfnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf Nofpg ;sfaf6
;xdlt aS:of].
a]nfotL sfo{jfxs fhb"tn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{,
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn ;}lgs ;dfrf
lgb]{zs -8LPdcfO{_ ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] x]5.
l8gdf a]nfotL ;}lgs ;xrfL s0f]{n dfs{ 8fp8n a]nfotL u'Ktr ;+:yf
PdcfO{% sf] kfdz{bftfsf ?kdf sfd ug]{ Ps JolQm ;d]t ;xefuL lyP. pQm
cj;df a]nfotL ;sfaf6 g]kfnsf] u'Ktr ;]jfnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;xof]u k|fKt
xf];\ eGg] cfu|xsf] k|To'Qdf of] ljifo csf]{ jif{b]lv sfo{qmddf fVg] ljz]if1
klg pknAw ufpg] hfgsfL ufOof].

@)%( c;f @) ut] laxLaf

sf\u|];sf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cfd;ef ug]{
l;nl;nfdf cfh g]kfnuGh k'Ug'ePsf] 5. Toxf pxfn] :yfgLo ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?nfO{ af]nfP ;'Iff cj:yfaf] hfgsfL lng'eof]. ;f] cj;df ;]gfsf]
k|ltlglw ;d]t af]nfOPsf] eP klg sf]xL uPg. ;a} If]qLo ;'Iff k|d'vn] ;'Iff
l:yltdf ;'wf cfPsf] dfcf]jfbL sdhf] x'b} uPsf] ljZn]if0f k|:t't u].
sf]Ofnfn] kf]vfdf klg o:t} k|ltlqmof kfPsf] lyP eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] ljut
!@ jif{ xfdLn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ Wofg glbPsfn] g} cfhsf] cj:yf
cfPsf] xf] eg] klg :jLsf ug'{eof].

@)%( c;f @% ut]b]lv ;fpg @ ut];Dd

;sfsf] rLgsf] fhsLo e|d0f ;DkGg eof].

@)%( ;fpg % ut] cfOtaf/

dxffhflwfhaf6 ev{} ;DkGg rLgsf] fhsLo e|d0fdf w]} s'f ePsf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

5g\. fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 lrlgofx?df x]sf] e|d x6]sf] 5. lrlgofx?n]

fh;+:yfk|ltsf] ;b\efjdf lgGttf x'g] ljZjf; lbnfPsf 5g\. pRr lrlgof
g]tfx? ;sf;usf] 5nkmnkl5 v';L ePsf 5g\. g]kfndf klg fhsLo e|d0fk|lt
;sffTds k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5.
a]Olhl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;ff cfof]lht :jfut ;dff]xdf rLgsf
k"j{fhb"t nLn] d;u s'f ub}{ eGg'eof], lrlgof hgtf g]kfnnfO{ xftxltofsf]
;xof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn 5g\. lsgeg] s]xL jif{cl3 g]kfnn] rLgaf6
xltof lsGbf eftn] !# dlxgf cfly{s gfsfaGbL nufPsf] lyof]. To;n] g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ Hofb} b'Mv eof]. dxffhflwfhsf] of] e|d0fkl5 lrlgof g]tf tyf
hgtf g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfk|lt ljZj:t ePsf 5g\. lrlgofx? ;sfsf] rLg e|d0f
l56l56f] eOxf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\. rLgdf labf dgfpgsf nflu w]} fd|f :yfg
5g\. ;sf labf dgfpg rLg ;jfL x'bf klg fd|f] x'G5. rLg g]kfnn] pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf ko{6gdf ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg uL lghL nufgLstf{nfO{ ;d]t cl3
a9fpg' pko'Qm x'G5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] pxfsf] rLg e|d0fsf cj;df g]kfndf ePsf] baf
xTofsf08 Pp6f 7"nf] if8\oGq xf] eg] lrlgofx?nfO{ eg]sf] a'lemof]. ;sfsf]
eft rLg e|d0fkl5 b'O{ b]zsf g]tf fhfsf] aLrdf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw :yflkt
ePsf] 5.

@)%( ;fpg ^ ut] ;f]daf/

dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf eftdf n's] a;]sf 5g\. g]kfn eftsf u'Ktr
lgsfon] ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfafxL cl3 a9fP pgLx?nfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;lsg]5 egL
bafdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. ;sfn] eft e|d0fsf cj;df o;af] eftLo
g]tfx?;u s'f ulaS;]sf] x]5. o; ljifodf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ va
uL sfof{Gjog ufpg" egL ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf] 5.
;sfsf] rLg e|d0fsf] cj;df pRr lrlgof g]tfx?;u 5nkmn x'bf rLgn]
:juL{o fhf jL]Gb|sf] ;Demgf:j?k g]kfndf jL]Gb| fhdfu{ agfOlbg] ljifodf s'f
ePsf] lyof]. of] fhdfu{ oxL :yfgdf agfpg] egL lglZrt of]hgf ag]sf] 5}g.
s'g} kxf8L lhNnfdf agfpgsf nflu kxn ug]{ s'f ePsf] xf]. ;sfsf] klg
jL]Gb| fhdfu{ agfpg] ljifodf lgs} lr lyof].
baf xTofsf08kl5 g]kfnsf] fh;+:yf cem} klg z\sfsf] 3]fdf x]sf] x'bf
yfONofG8df h:t} b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf f]on k|f]h]S6 ;~rfng u] hgtf;u
k|ToIf ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5. ;fy} Pp6f 6:6 agfP
hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{] k|of; eP pQm 6:6df
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 klg ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]5. g]kfndf f]on

317

318

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|f]h]S6 ;~rfng ug]{ 6:6 agfpg] d]f] k|:tfjnfO{ ;sfn] ;'lgaS:of] dfq.
s]xL k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g. u'8 cfOl8of dfq x's'd eof].

@)%( ;fpg !% ut] a'waf/

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf :jf:Yo kLIf0f ug]{ qmddf cfh
ljf6gu hfg'ePsf] 5. Toxf cfk\mgf] lgjf;df kf6L{ sfo{stf{x?;u s'f ub}{
sf]Ofnfn] eGg'eof], s]xL lbgcl3sf] bz{ge]6df d}n] jftf{ uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{
fhgLlts d"nwfdf Nofpg'k5{ eg] fhf;u s'f u]. fhfn] dfcf]jfbLsf]
ljifodf ulxlP ljrf ug{ ;Nnfx lbP. To; cg';f d}n] s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{
sf7df8f}df e]6]. t fhfn] dfcf]jfbL;u e]6]sf] rfPgg\ dnfO{ wf]sf lbP.
sf\u|];n] k'fgf] r'gfj lrx\g ?v gkfP d eofgs ;\3if{df pqG5' eg]
sfo{stf{nfO{ pT;flxt agfpb} sf]Ofnfn] eGg'eof], d k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yflkt
x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf 5'. o;f] ePdf dfq g]kfndf fhtGq k|hftGq xG5.
fhtGqsf] ljifodf sf]Ofnf v]dfaf6 kmskms ljrf cfPsf] 5.
Pdfn] g]tfx? etdf]xg clwsfL 8f= l8NnLfh vgfn;u cfh d]f]
s'fsfgL eof]. d}n] pxfx?nfO{ fh;+:yfaf] Pdfn]sf] wf0ff :ki6 ?kdf
;fj{hlgs x'g'kof] eg]. pxfx?n] fli6o Pstfsf] k|tLssf ?kdf xg] uL
fh;+:yfsf] e"ldsf x'g]5 eGg] Pdfn]sf] :ki6 wf0ff r'gfjcl3 ;fj{hlgs x'g]5,
t bafn] ;]gfnfO{ r'gfjdf lgikIf xg lgb]{zg lbg'k5{, olt ePdf Pdfn]n]
fhf ;]gfk|lt ;w} pTs[i6 Jojxf ug]{5, ;fy} clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f g}
sfd ug]{5 eg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof]. of] s'fnfO{ bafn] ;sffTds ?kdf
lnG5, d}n] eg].
lrlgof fhb"t ;sfsf] rLg e|d0fsf] cj;df pt} hfg'ePsf] lyof]. kms]{
cfPkl5 kmf]g u] rLg ;sfn] dnfO{ dxjk"0f{ ljifodf klg g]kfn;u s'f ug{
:jLs[lt lbPsf] 5 eg] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] bnfO{ nfdf :jtGq ltAat
cfGbf]ngsf] ultljlw g]kfndf a9]sf] x'bf To;nfO{ >L % sf] ;sfn] lgoGq0f
ug'{k5{ eGb} d':tfdf x]sf] ;]gfsf] pRr lzv tflnd s]Gb|df b'O{ hgf lrlgof
;}lgsnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg ;d]t cg'f]w ug'{eof].
of] s'f hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg" x''s'd eof].

@)%( ;fpg !& ut] z'qmaf/

k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] cfk\mgf] cjsfzkl5 ;d]t ;}lgs ;'Iff
kfpg hfx] ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfs} sfo{sfndf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs klrfng
ePsf] x'bf pxfsf] ;'Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg' plrt klg xf]. o; ;Gbe{df
;sfaf6 ;}lgs ;'Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg" x's'd eof]. ;fy} pxfn] ebf} @$

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ut] cjsfz kfpb} x'g'x'G5. To;cl3 ebf} !( ut] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.

cjsfz kfpg'eGbf Ps dlxgfcl3 ;fpg @$ ut]b]lv labfdf a:g'x'g] ePsf] 5.
ToxL lbg bafdf gjo'jfhflwfhsf] gfds0f ;dff]x cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5. ;f]
cj;df ;}lgs kf];fs g} nufP cfpg], df]6df k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] emG8f gfVg]
t $ tff fv] cfpg] klg dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. d}n] x'G5 eg].
dfcf]jfbLn] klg k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yflkt xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf 5g\ eg] ck'i6
va k|fKt ePsf] 5. k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yflkt ePg eg] sf7df8f} pkTosf nufot
f]Nkf, s'd, ;Nofg, hfhsf]6 cflb :yfgdf 7"nf] cfqmd0fsf] tofL ulx]sf]
eGg] klg va 5. k|f]kf]uG8f dRrfpg dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] s]xL dlxgfcl3
xfPsf] Pl;og PonfOG;sf] PdcfO{!& x]lnsK6 xfd|f] sAhfdf 5, To;nfO{
;]gfsf] \u nufP ;]gfsf] Aof]sdf 7"nf] xdnf ub}{ 5f} eGg] xNnf rnfPsf 5g\.
s'd Ko7fgaf6 of] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLsf l8NnLfd cf]nL ;'bz{g dNn of]uL gxlgfynfO{ e]6\g cfh
laxfg b]j3f6 uPsf] va 5. pgLx?n] pxfnfO{ dxffhflwfh dfcf]jfbLaLr
jftf{sf nflu dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ullbg cg'f]w u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%( ;fpg !( ut] cfOtaf/

cfhsf] d]f] hfx]Ldf o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k[y'nfwLz aS; x'g] ;dff]xsf nflu
;sfsf] ;do ldnfpg'kg]{ laGtL u].
d}n] hfx] u]sf cGo ljifo lyP M ;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 a}\s :yfkgf
ug{ ;s] eftLo tyf la|l6; ;]gfaf6 cjsfzk|fKt ;}lgsnfO{ lbOg] k]G;g ljt0f
Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5. xfn eftLo ;]gfn] ljleGg :yfgdf k]G;g SofDk :yfkgf
ug{ rfx]sf] 5. o;f] ubf{ fli6o ;'Iffdf vtf x'g ;S5. ;]gfsf] a}\s dfkm{t
k]G;g ljt0f ubf{ of] ;d:of klg x6\5. cfk\mgf] a}\s ePkl5 ;]gfsf] baGbL
a9\b} hfbf sNof0fsfL sfdsf nflu ah]6sf] cefj x'b}g. ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfddf, ljz]if uL ;8s lgdf{0fdf cTolws dfqfdf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ cfjZos
k5{. a}\ssf] sd lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ sfvfgfdf nufgL ubf{ cem
fd|f] x'G5.
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz ;lxtsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ u]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b ug]{ km};nf u]sf] 5.
o;af6 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf eftLo kIf kl5 k]sf] 5. ca
r'gfjsf nflu tofL ug'{k5{.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn oxL ;fpg @% ut]b]lv eft e|d0fdf hfg]
tofLdf x'g'x'G5. eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf g]kfn k|d'v Kof;L dxf;lrj
g]kfnaLr ut ;f]daf b'O{ 306f uf]Ko e]6jftf{ ePsf] 5.

319

320

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLnfO{ klg ljz]if kmf}h -h:t} e}jgfy u0f, 3
u'Nd_ ;x eQf lbg'k5{. ;fy} k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf sfhdf x]sf sd{rfLnfO{
klg fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf sfo{t sd{rfLnfO{ h:t} ljz]if eQfsf]
Joj:yf ug'{k5{.

@)%( ;fpg @# ut] laxLaf

;DklQ 5fglag ;DaGwL nD;fn cfof]un] ;]gfsf clws[tsf] ;DklQ ljj0f
dfu ulx]sf] 5. o; ljifodf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, Iff dGqfno
;]gfsf] k|f8 ljefusf k|ltlglw a;] 5nkmn ubf{ ;}lgsnfO{ xTof anfTsfsf
d'2f afx]s cGodf ;}lgs P]g nfu" x'g] x'bf ;DklQsf af]df klg ;]gfaf6} 5fglag
x'bf fd|f] x'g] lgisif{ lg:s]sf] 5. 5nkmnkl5 ;]gfsf clws[tsf] ;DklQ ljj0f
;\sng u] Iff dGqfno cGtu{t fVg] kl5 cfjZos kbf{ pko'Qm ;dodf
a'emfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg lgb]{zg ePsf] 5. ;]gfaf6 cjsfzk|fKt JolQmsf] ;DklQ
5fglag eg] cfof]un] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] haf ef]lnb]lv Ps dlxgf labfdf a:g'x'g]
ePsfn] cfh k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef x:tfGt0f eof]. anflws[t yL Kofh\u
yfkfnfO{ sfd' k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lhDd]jfL lbOPsf] 5.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 cfPsf] lkf]6{ cg';f eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf
sfpG;]n P; d]zn] ljleGg cfklQhgs s'f u]sf 5g\. pgn] eg]sf 5g\,
;}lgsn] dfcf]jfbL If]qdf n8\g] lr b]vfPsf 5}gg\. ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4nfO{
bafpg ;Sb}g. ;]gf lsg bafsf] cGtu{t x]sf] 5 < ;]gf ;sfsf] dftxtdf
x'g'k5{. sf]Ofnf ;sfnfO{ ;]gfn] xf]n]Ldf ;xof]u u]g. eft klg ula t
ljsl;t b]z xf]. t klg g]kfnnfO{ #% sf]8 k}of afasf] xftxltof tyf
;}lgs ;fdfg pknAw ufPsf 5f}. xftxltofsf] u'0f:tsf] ;DaGwdf u'gf;f]
cfpg' b'Mvb s'f xf]. ;]gfn] ck];g ug{ lsg cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff
ug'{kof] < dfcf]jfbLn] eftdf tflnd ulx]sf] tyf Pn6L6LO{sf JolQmn] g]kfnL
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ tflnd lbPsf] eGg] s'f lagfcfwf cfOx]sf] 5.

@)%( ;fpg @& ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] h;L klg lgjf{rg ufpg}k5{, gq d]f] cfTdxTof
;x x'G5, ;+o'Qm fi6;\3af6 zflGt;]gf NofP eP klg r'gfj ug}{k5{ eGg] ljrf
JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. ptf lulhf kIfn] eg] z]axfb' b]pjfn] u|fG8 l8hfOgsf]
uf]6L ag] k|hftGq ;dfKt ug]{ sf]l;; ulx]sf] cff]k nufOx]sf] 5. lulhf
kIf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g t klg sfg'gL ?kaf6 ?v r'gfj lrx\g xfdLn] g} kfpg'k5{
eGg] c8fgdf x]sf] a'lemG5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kfls:tfgL fhb"tn] cfk\mgf] labfO ;dff]xdf sfd' k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u

yfkf;u d g]kfnaf6 kf]NofG8 hfb} 5', Iff Jofkfsf] lx;fan] kf]NofG8 ;jf
fd|f] eP klg g]kfna;fO d]f] nflu w]} dxjk"0f{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x\of], d]f] clwsf+z
;do kfls:tfgsf lj4 x'g] lgfwf xNnfaf6 cfk\mgf] fi6nfO{ arfp ug{d} s]lGb|t
x\of], d]f] sfo{sfndf g]kfn kfls:tfgaLr fd|f] ;DaGw eP klg d}n] s'g}
pNn]vgLo sfd ug{ ;lsg eg] s'f ug'{ePsf] 5.
klZrd k[tgfklt pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfxn] s]xL ;}lgs clws[t;u yL
leS6Lzdz] haf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj x'g] kSsf eO;s]sf] 5, To;kl5 d ;]gfsf]
bf];|f] JolQm x'G5', pxfsf] sfof{jlw b'O{ jif{ eP klg Tof] w]} nfdf] ;do xf], b'O{
jif{leq h] klg x'g ;S5, x]lnsK6 b'3{6gf x'g ;S5, df]6 b'3{6gf x'g ;S5,
To;n] ;]gfdf 7"nf] kljt{g cfpg ;S5 eGg'eP5. ;fy} k[tgf sdfG8 u]sf]
JolQm dfq} k|wfg ;]gfklt x'g'k5{ ;d]t eGg'ePsf] x]5.
g]tfx?s} sf0faf6 pTkGg kll:yltsf sf0f g]kfndf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g.
o;aLr ljut !@ jif{df g]tfx?af6 ePsf sfdsf] n]vfhf]vf uL k|hftGqjfbLsf]
jf:tljs cg'xf pbf\u kfg'k{ 5{ egL ljz]if sfo{6f]nLsf ;fyLx?aLr cfh s'f
ePsf] 5. sfo{6f]nLsf] cfhsf] a}7sdf Pdfn] g]tfx?n] JolQmut s'fsfgLdf
fh;+:yfk|lt ;sffTds ljrf JoQm u] klg kf6L{ k\lQm, uf]i7L, tflnd, k|lzIf0f
ljleGg 5nkmndf u0ftGqs} s'f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\, o;af6 Pdfn]sf] bf]wf] gLlt k|:6
b]lvG5 eg] ;d]t 5nkmn eof]. ;fy} 8f]Nkf, ;fkm]au, lbkfon, rf}hxfL h:tf
kxf8L :yfgsf Pokf]6{ ;s];Dd rf8} ;~rfngdf Nofpg'kg]{ s'f klg eof].
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] cfh hfL u]sf] k|]; lj1lKtdf r'gfj x'g glbg] ebf}df
jftf{ geP ;z:q sfafxLdf pqg] pNn]v 5. b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLn]
b]pjfkIfLo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ sf\u|]; 5f8\g bafj lbPsf], g5f]8] lulhf kIfdf nfUg
eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;aLr dfcf]jfbL cft\s qf;sf sf0f klZrdL kxf8L
lhNnfsf o'jfx? eftlt knfog x'g] qmd a9]sf] 5. ufp3df j[4 afns
dfq e]l6g yfn]sf 5g\.

@)%( ;fpg #! ut] z'qmaf

lulhf kIfsf sf\u|]; sfo{stf{sf] e]nf ef]ln laxfg * ah] ;dfkg x'g] ePsf]
5. e]nfdf z}nhf cfrfo{ b]j]Gb| g]kfnLn] d]nldnfk tyf kf6L{ Pstfsf] kIfdf
wf0ff fv]sf] hubLzgl;+x s];Ln] b]pjf bafsf] rsf]{ ljf]w u]sf] va
cfPsf] 5.
eftsf kfi6dGqL h;jGt l;+xsf] cfufdL g]kfn e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6
cfh lgDg cg';f lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5 M
;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf cj;df ePsf lg0f{o ;xdlt sfof{Gjogaf] ljrf

321

322

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ljdz{ x'g'k5{.
eftLo kIfaf6 p7fOg ;Sg] ljifodf k"j{tofL ug{ cfjZos 5.
g]kfnsf] ;'Iff ;fy} If]qLo ;'Iff cjwf0ffaf] 5nkmn x'g'k5{.
o; a]nf g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofn] Psbd} hl6n df]8 lnb} 5. To;n]
eftdf kg{ ;Sg] c;sf af]df eftLo kIfnfO{ cjut ufpg' ;fGble{s
x'g]5.
g]kfndf r'gfjsf] tofL eOx]sf] 5. r'gfj x'g g;s] ;+j}wflgs ;\s6 cfpg
;Sg] ljZn]if0f ulPsf] 5. g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs ;\s6 pTkGg ePdf eftsf]
s] b[li6sf]0f xG5 < o;af] eftLo ljb]zdGqLsf] ljrf a'e\mg h?L 5.
ljleGg fli6o ;jfndf Pdfn]sf] gLlt :ki6 5}g. p;sf] }w rlq b]lvPsf]
5. o;n] g]kfneft ;DaGwdf s:tf] c; kfb{5 < g]kfneft ;DaGwdf
;d]t Pdfn]sf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6 5}g. o;nfO{ eftn] s;L x]lx]sf] 5 <
o;af]df ;d]t eftLo kIfaf6 hfgsfL lng' ;fGble{s x'g]5.

@)%( ebf} # ut] ;f]daf

eftsf] u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'v ljqmd ;'b pkk|d'v h]s] l;Gxf Ps
;ftfsf] 5'L ldnfP z'qmaf sf7df8f} cfPsf 5g\. e|d0fsf] p2]Zoaf] :ki6
hfgsfL cfPsf] 5}g. k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f pgLx? zlgaf kz'kltgfy bz{g ug{
uP. pgLx?n] g]kfnL ;dsIfLnfO{ kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ udL{ 5Ng sf7df8f}
cfPsf] atfPsf 5g\. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{;usf] e]63f6df
ljleGg lh1f;f fv]sf 5g\. h:t} M clxn]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf r'gfj x'g ;S5
ls ;Sb}g < r'gfj ufpg s] ug'{k5{ < fHo kIfaf6 o'4ljfd u] s] x'G5 <
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < ;\s6sfnsf af]df s] x'G5 <
pgLx?sf] lh1f;fdf b]jLfd zdf{n] eGg'ePsf] 5, dfcf]jfbLsf] wf0ff jt{dfg
;+ljwfg fh;+:yfk|lt gsffTds x]sf] 5. To;}n] jftf{sf nflu pgLx?n]
xltof a'emfpg'kg]{ ;t{ >L % sf] ;sfn] fv]sf] 5. ToxL df}sfdf pxfn]
csf k|d'vnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof], dfcf]jfbLsf af]df xfn eftn] ckgfPsf] gLlt s]
xf] < sf\u|]; Pdfn]sf g]tfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u eftdf e]6jftf{ ulx]sf 5g\.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;d]t gof lbNnLl:yt cGtf{li6o ljdfg:ynglhs} fsf
sf]nf]gLdf dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]6]sf] ;"rgf 5. of] s;L ;Dej eof] < zdf{sf]
lh1f;fkl5 pgLx?n] o;af] cgle1tf k|s6 u]. xfdL kQf nufP g]kfnnfO{
va u5f}{+ eg].
;f] cj;df g]kfndf r'gfj eP lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] alxisf ug{ ;Sg]
l:ylt 5, xfn dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] cfqmd0f k|wfgdGqL kIftkm{ nlIft u]sf 5g\
eg] klg zdf{n] pgLx?nfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

eftdf dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ lbOPsf] dfg;Ddfg dxjaf6 Pdfn] Hofb}

pT;fxL ePsf] 5. eftsf] s'g} ;dff]xdf pxfnfO{ g]kfnsf] efjL k|wfgdGqLsf
?kdf ;d]t ;Daf]wg ulPsf] lyof]. of] s'f pNn]v ub}{ dfw g]kfnnfO{ ;a}
eftLo g]tf;u e]6 ufOPsf] af]df tkfO{+x?sf] s] wf0ff 5 < eg] klg zdf{n]
csf pRr clwsfLonfO{ ;f]Wg'eof].

@)%( ebf} % ut] a'waf

oxL ebf} ! ut]b]lv k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ ;}lgsLs0f ul/Psf] 5.
l;len sd{rfL x6fO{ ltgsf 7fpdf ;}lgs sd{rfL NofOPsf] 5.
ut cfOtaf xfd|f] ljz]if sfo{6f]nLsf] ldl6 eof]. To;af] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf
d}n] ;lj:tf ;sfdf laGtL u] . Tof] a}7sdf xfnnfO{ sf\u;
|] sf] ?v lrx\g s'g}
klg kIfnfO{ glbg] lg0f{o ulPsf] 5. kf6L{x?s} sf0f r'gfj gx'g] jftfj0f aGb}
uPsf] 5. To;nfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ulfVg'kb{5. To;} cg';fsf] tofL
ug'k{ 5{. ;s];Dd :jb]zd} f]hufLsf] cj; l;h{gf ug{ f]hufLsf nflu ljb]z
hfg rfxg]sf nflu k|:tfljt j}bl] zs f]huf sf]if ;s];Dd rf8} :yfkgf ug{ ;'emfj
lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5. To; cg';f ;sfdf ljlwjt\ hfx] ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] 5.
ljZj lxGb" dxf;\3n] ;]gfsf Aof]sdf IffaGwg ug{ rfx]sf] 5. of]
k|tLsfTds sfo{ x'g]5 o;af6 fd|} k|efj kg]{5. dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ets]z
l;+xn] k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] of] s'f d}n] cfh ;sfdf hfx] u].
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] a}7sn] ebf} !& ut]b]lv tLg dlxgfsf nflu d'n'sdf
k'gM ;\s6sfn nufpg ;sfdf l;kmfl; u]sf] 5. ;\s6sfn nufpbf
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] ck];gdf ;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] ;]gfsf] ;'emfj lyof]. ;]gfn]
;sf;u ;Nnfx u] g} Tof] ;'emfj k|:t't u]sf] lyof].

@)%( ebf} !) ut] ;f]daf

s]xL g]tf cfP b]zsf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf] d;u 5nkmn u]sf 5g\. Pdfn]sf
sdn rf}nfufO{+n] ljleGg s'g} klg xfntdf lgjf{rg ufpg' x'b}g, ;+j}wflgs ?kaf6
clxn]sf g]tfnfO{ tx nufP dfq r'gfj ufpg'k5{, Pdfn] eftk:t eO;s]sf]
5, dfn]af6 k'gM Pdfn]df cfPsfnfO{ a]Un} ?kn] x]g]{ ulPsf] 5 eGg'eof].
sf\u|];sf k"j{;f+;b s[i0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] egfO lyof], b]zsf] l:ylt ;DxfNg g;lsg]
eO;Sof]. ;a}n] fhfaf6 lgsf;sf] ck]Iff u]sf 5g\. ;do Hofb} u'lh|;Sof].
t'Gt} cu|ufdL ;f]rljrf x'g'k5{.
cfh} kqsf ljhos'df kf08];u klg d]f] 6]lnkmf]gdf s'f eof]. pxfn] klg
d'n'ssf] l:ylt cToGt} lalu|P uPsf] egL lrGtf JoQm ug'{eof]. kf08]n] eGg'eof],
r'gfj x'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvb}g. r'gfjkl5sf] l:ylt klg oxL xf]. lsgeg] g]tfx?

323

324

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

log} x'g\. To;}n] r'gfj eP klg geP klg d'n'ssf] l:ylt oxL g} xg] xf].
pxfn] cfkm"n] Pp6f :jtGq sDkgL vf]n] 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ nfu]sf]
hfgsfL lbg'eof].
;sf;usf] bz{ge]6df s]xL ljifodf s'f eP. ;]gfsf nflu xltof
cd]lsL o'f]k]nL b]zaf6 vlb ubf{ ljleGg afwfc8rg cfpg ;Sg] x'bf blIf0f
sf]lof Ohfonaf6 vlb ug'{ fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] l8\s u]sf] a]nf k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf
d}n] agfPsf] k|wfg ;]gfklt xf], d}n] h] eg] klg p;n] ;a} s'f dfG5 eGg'ePsf]
va 5.
xfnsf] kll:yltdf k|wfgdGqLsf] k|:tfljt a]lNhod blIf0f clk|msfsf] e|d0f
a]df};dsf] afhf x'g] ePsfn] To;nfO{ f]Sg cfjZos 5.
;DdfggLo nfdf kf;f z]kf{sf 5f]f 6]G8L z]kf{, hf] Pdfn]sf] e|ft[ ;\u7g
cg]f:jljo'af6 c:sn SofDk;df ;efklt 5g\, pgL clvn -qmflGtsfL_ sf
;efklt b]j]Gb| kfh'nLn] ufos k|jL0f u'sf] b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' ePsf] ;DaGwdf
Hofb} pu| lx;fan] bafk|lt cg]s nf~5gf nufpg] u]sf 5g\.

@)%( ebf} !# ut] laxLaf

cfh hfx]Lsf qmddf ;sf;u fhbaf ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf 5nkmn
eof]. xfnsf] cj:yf cToGt} vtgfs ;+j]bgzLn ePsfn] g]kfn k|xLnfO{
fhbaf jlklsf 3 ltgdf a:g] 8]fjfnsf] nut fVg nufpg] lg0f{o eof].
of] Onfsfdf gof cfpg] 8]fjfnsf] lj:t[t hfgsfL fv] dfq a:g lbg] lgod
ljkLt agfPsf 3nfO{ sfafxL ug]{af] k|d'v ;lrj dfkm{t k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL
ufpg] to eof].
;sfaf6 dnfO{ >L % dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+If0f sf]ifsf] a}7ssf nflu o'jfhflwfh
;sfsf] d':tf e|d0f c;f]h & b]lv ( ut];Ddsf nflu ldnfpg lgb]{zg
aS;]sf] 5. ;fy} ;sfaf6 gof k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfsf] zky u|x0f
bHof{gL lrx\g k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd ebf} @$ ut] ldnfpg x's'd eof]. pxfnfO{
dfu{lgb]{zg lbg] ljifox? tof ug{ klg ;sfaf6 dnfO{ lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5.
>L % k[YjLgffo0f zfxsf] lbJo pkb]zsf] k':ts ;a} Aof]ssf hjfgnfO{ ljt0f
ug{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] s'f ePsf] 5.

@)%( ebf} !( ut] a'waf

cfhsf] hfx]Ldf vf;} gof ljifo lyPgg\. b]zsf] kll:ylt hl6n aGb}
uOx]sf] af]df ;sf;u 5nkmn eof].
o'jfhflwfh kf; ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd aemfL fhf ljgf]bljqmd

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

l;+x;u k]G6jn fOkmnsf] sf]6];g ;lxt k|:tfj dfu ulPsf] 5. pQm fOkmn
rnfpg] tflndsf nflu b'O{ hgf ;}lgs clws[t xs k7fpg ;lsg] k|:tfjdf
pNn]v 5. xsaf6 k]G6jn fOkmn lsg] ;}lgs lzIffno zfxL Ifs ;}lgs
k|xLdf tflndsf nflu k|of]u ug{ lbg] o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] OR5f 5. of]
xltofaf] ;a} s'f a'em\bf d"Nosf lx;fan] klg ;]gfsf nflu pko'Qm gePsf] d}n]
b]v]sf] 5'. ;f]xL cg';f xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;]gfn] of] xltof lsGg ;Sb}g ls eg]
;sfdf hfx] ubf{ o'jfhflwfhaf6 bafsf] ah]6n] lsGg] x's'd eof].
To;kl5 d}n] of] xltofdf @%#) nfv k}of cgfjZos vr{ x'G5 egL
dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. t dxffhflwfhaf6 o'jfhflwfhn] ljgf]bnfO{
;xof]u ug{sf nflu eg]sf] xf]nf, lemsfOlbg" x's'd aS:of]. o;L bafdf b'O{
xhf yfg k]G6jn fOkmn lemsfpg] s'f to eof]. o;sf nflu rflxg] sd
k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL sfof{non] k|d'v ;lrj dfkm{t >L % sf] ;sf;u
dfu ug]{ s'f ePsf] x]5.
xfn ;]gfdf x]lnsK6 5, kfOn6 5}g uf8L 5g\, 8fOe 5}gg\ o'lg6 5,
clkm; 5}gg\ l;kfxL 5g\, fOkmn 5}g. d}n] of] l:ylt ;sfdf ;f]em} hfx]
u]. df};'kmaf6 ;'lgaS:of] dfq. To;kl5 fhbafsf] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
:yflkt ck];g daf6 5'} j]a;fO6 ;~rfng ug{ ;sfdf hfx] u]. j]a;fO6
;+jfb ;lrjfnosf] ;xof]udf ck];g ;]nn] ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. ;fy} ;]nn]
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k|fKt x'g] ;a} ;"rgf ljZn]if0f uL b}lgs k|ltj]bg tof uL
;sfdf hfx] ug{] ;d]t to eof].
of] ;]n, d ;}lgs ;lrj ePkl5, ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf klxnf] k6s :yfkgf
ulPsf] xf]. ;]nn]] ;]gf, k|xL, ;z:q tyf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 k|fKt
k|ltj]bg, ;sfdf cfpg] laGtLkqx?, ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tfaf6 k|fKt x'g]
;"rgf klqsfdf k|sflzt x'g] va ;d]tsf cfwfdf x]s lbg k|ltj]bg tof
kfL ;sfdf hfx] ug]{ Joj:yf ulPsf] 5.
hd{g sDkgLn] Prs]n] hL#^ fOkmn a]Rg PS;kf]6{ nfO;]G; k|fKt ug{
g;s]sf] sf0f b]vfpb} ;]gfnfO{ xltof laqmL ug{ u]sf] ;Demf}tf cGTo u]sf]
5. of] l:yltdf xltof lsGg cGo ljsNksf af]df s] ug]{ eg] ;sfdf
hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ;]gfnfO{ cGo ljsNk vf]hL ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] x's'd eof].
xltof lgdf{tf of] sDkgL la|l6; Pf]:k];n] lslg;s]sf] 5. Pf]:k];n] g]6f]
u7aGwgsf b]z afx]snfO{ xltof laqmL gug]{ gLlt lnPsf] eGg] s'f cfPsf] 5.
;fy} eftn] g]kfnnfO{ OG;f; fOkmn a]Rg Hofb} k|of; ulx]sf] x'bf p;n]
Prs] fOkmn g]kfnnfO{ ga]Rg a]nfotdfly ck|ToIf bafj lbPsf] x'g ;Sg] ljleGg
cfwfx? klg 5g\.
fli6o ;efdf ;sfaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b bLKtk|sfz zfxsf] cfh Ps

325

326

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

fli6o b}lgsdf k|sflzt n]v Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn 5. o; ljifodf 5nkmn ug{

k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] dnfO{ pxfsf] sfof{nodf af]nfpg'eof]. zfxn]
ljutdf ;f+;bsf ?kdf u]sf lqmofsnfksf af]df ;d]t xfdL b'O{n] ;dLIff uof}.
pxfnfO{ ;f+;b x]sf a]nf rLg cWoog s]Gb|sf] k|ltlglwd08nsf] ;b:osf ?kdf
rLg e|d0fdf ghfg ;Nnfx lbOPsf] lyof]. t pxf hfg'eof]. To:t}, fli6o
;efsf] pkfWoIfsf] r'gfjdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] ;sf;u dgf]gLt
;f+;bsf] dtsf nflu laGtL ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;f]xL adf]lhd ;sfaf6 k|d'v
;lrj dfkm{t fli6o ;efdf bafaf6 dgf]gLt ;f+;bnfO{ pkfWoIfsf pDd]bjf
fdk|Lt kf;jfgnfO{ dt lbg x's'd aS;]sf] lyof]. kf;jfg blnt ju{sf ;f+;b
;d]t ePsf] x'gfn] ;sfaf6 ;a} dgf]gLt ;f+;bn] pxfnfO{ lgjf{lrt ufpg dt
xfNg" eg] lgb]{zg aS;]]sf] lyof]. of] s'f ;f+;b zfxnfO{ ;d]t fd|f];u hfgsfL
ufpbfufpb} klg pxf fli6o ;efsf] pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rgdf t6:y a:g'eof]. oL
36gfx? cfh} k|sflzt pxfsf] ;+j]bgzLn n]vsf af]df ljrf ubf{ pxfnfO{
dgf]gLt ;f+;bdf flvxbf bafdfly emg} ;d:of cfOnfUg ;Sg] b]lvof]. To;}n]
pxfsf] fhLgfdf dfUg] xfdL b'O{ hgfn] lgwf] uof}. o; ljifosf af]df k|d'v
;lrjn] ;sfdf 6]lnkmf]gaf6 hfx] ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 cfh} fhLgfdf lbg
nufpg" x's'd eof].
To;kl5 k|d'v ;lrjn] ;f+;b zfxnfO{ h?L sfdsf nflu eg] bafdf
af]nfpg'eof]. pxf cfpg'cl3 pxfsf] fhLgfdf xfdL cfkm}n] 8fkm\6 agfP fVof}.
s]xL ;dokl5 pxf cfOk'Ug'eof]. pxfnfO{ e]6\g k|d'v ;lrj d cfuGt's
sIfdf uof}. pxf;u ;fdfGo 5nkmnkl5 fhLgfdf lbg cfu|x ulof]. pxfn]
d fhLgfdf lbG5' eGg'eof]. k|d'v ;lrjn] klxn] tof kf]sf] 8fk\m6 pxfnfO{
lbg'eof]. To;}df t'Gt} b:tvt uL pxf aflx lg:sg'eof]. xfdL klg cfcfkm\gf]
sfof{notkm{ nfUof}.

@)%( ebf} @! ut] z'qmaf

lgjf{rg cfof]udf lgjf{rgsf] ;'Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf cfh 5nkmn eof].
5nkmndf Ps} lbg lgjf{rg ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] kfr5 r0fdf ug]{ s'f p7\of].
;a} ;'Iff k|d'vn] slt r0fdf r'gfj ufpg]eGbf klg r'gfj x'g ;Sg], g;Sg]
l:yltaf] d"Nof\sg ug'{kg]{ wf0ff fv].
5nkmndf sfd' k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] eGg'eof], ;'Iff klifb\sf]
lg0f{o adf]lhd ;]gf d\l;;Dddf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgMz:qLs0f ug]{ cleofgdf nfu]sf]
5. o;aLr r'gfjdf ;]gfnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kf:t ug]{ cleofg f]lsg
;S5. To;af6 pTkGg x'g] kll:yltsf] lhDd]jf ;]gfnfO{ agfpg ldNg]5}g.
lgjf{rg cfof]usf kbflwsfL ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] slt r0fdf lgjf{rg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ug]{ eg] sf7df8f}df lgrf]8 lgsfNg'eGbf lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx? :jo+n] ljleGg lhNnfdf
uP jf:tljs l:yltsf] d"Nof\sg u] fd|f] x'g] ;Nnfx ;d]t pxfn] lbg'eof].
;'Iff kmf}hn] dtbfg s]Gb|sf] t ;'Iff u5{, t dtbfgcl3 kl5 pDd]bjf
tyf dtbftfsf] ;'Iff ug{ sl7g x'G5 eGg] s'f ;d]t ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?n]
5nkmndf fv]sf lyP. pgLx?n] baf;u ;Nnfx u] g} oL s'f cfof]u;fd'
fv]sf lyP.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{sf] Ko'7fg, bfvf Sjf8Ll:yt
3df ebf} !( ut] flt dfcf]jfbLn] ad lj:kmf]6 ufO{ cfuf] ;d]t nufOlbPsf 5g\.
pxfsf] 3 k"} gi6 ePsf] 5.
fli6o Pstf klifb\n] cfh sf7df8f}df cfof]hgf u]sf] h'n'; cfd;efdf
sla Ps xhfsf] hg;xeflutf x\of]. v'nfd~rdf cfof]lht cfd;efdf jQmfx?n]
ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ljf]wdf ;lqmo fh;+:yfsf] kIfdf rsf]{ efif0f u].
lbNnL k|xLn] dfcf]jfbL kIfw clvn g]kfn Pstf ;dfhsf cWoIf jfdb]j
If]qLnfO{ lxhf] kqmfp u]sf] 5. pgnfO{ ;'k'b{uL ug]{ ljifodf s'f eOx]sfn] xfn
o; 36gfnfO{ uf]Ko flvPsf] 5.

@)%( ebf} @$ ut] ;f]daf

uP flt dfcf]jfbLn] l;Gw'nLsf] ledfgl:yt k|xL sfof{nodf cfqmd0f uL
$( hgf k|xLsf] xTof u]sf] b'Mvb va cfPsf] 5. Toxf pgLx?n] ;a} xltof
n'6]sf 5g\. To:t} c3f{vfrLsf] ;lGwvs{df klg dfcf]jfbLn] xdnf u]sf 5g\.
laxfg;Dd bf]xf]f] kmfol eOx]sfn] 36gfsf] lj:t[t ljj0f cfO;s]sf] 5}g.
d'n's dfcf]jfbL cft\ssf lj4 nl8x]sf] a]nf kf] eftn] >L % sf]
;sfnfO{ ljleGg k|:tfj fv]sf] 5. k|:tfjdf a'6jndf k]G;g SofDk vf]Ng
jLuGhdf sG;'n sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ :jLs[lt dfluPsf] 5. ;fy} eftLo
fhb"tfjf;df cfw'lgs xltof ;lxtsf $) hjfg eftLo ;'IffsdL{ fVg ;xdlt
dfu ulPsf] 5. eftn] >L % sf] ;sfsf ljleGg txdf o;cl3 klg
k6sk6s o:tf] k|:tfj fVt} cfPsf] xf]. o; k6s p;n] dxffhflwfh ;dIf
klg of] dfu fv]sf] 5. :juL{o dxffhflwfhsf kfnfdf klg o:tf] k|:tfj
cfPsf] lyof]. t df};'kmaf6 o;nfO{ ;xh 9\un] 6flaS;]sf] lyof]. xfn
dxffhflwfhsf] sfo{sfn ;' ePsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 ToxL k|:tfj km]l cfPsf]
xf]. g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf :jtGq lxtnfO{ ljrf ubf{ eftLo k|:tfj g]kfnsf]
fli6o lxtdf 5}g eg] d}n] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. df};'kmaf6 of] k|:tfj
>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ lhDdf nufOb]pm x's'd eof].
eftl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkfn] cfh d;u s'f
ug'{eof]. g]kfneft ;DaGw b'O{ b]zaLr a9]sf] tgfjaf] 5nkmn eof]. g]kfnn]

327

328

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lsGg nfu]sf] xltofsf] ljifodf lgs} uDeL s'f eof]. g]kfnn] ;]gfsf] cfjZostf
cg';f ljleGg b]zaf6 xltof Nofpg sf]l;; u]sf]df eftn] a9\t} rf;f] fv]sf]
5. fhb"t yfkfsf] egfO lyof], g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLn] 5f]6f]5f]6f] ;dosf] cGtfndf
eft e|d0f ulxg'ePsf] 5. of] cy{k"0f{ x'g ;S5. k|wfgdGqL eftLo g]tfaLr
JolQmut tjdf a'6jn nufot b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf eftLo k]G;g SofDk :yfkgf
ug]{, jLuGhdf sG;'n sfof{no v8f ug]{, eftLo fhb"tfjf;df eftLo ;'Iff
an fVg] g]kfnn] lsGg nfu]sf] xltof eftaf6} lsGg'kg]{ nufotsf ljifodf
uf]Ko ;Demf}tf ePsf] x'g ;S5. g]kfnn] cGo b]zaf6 xltof NofPsf] eftn] dg
kfPsf] 5}g. g]kfnnfO{ ;d:of kbf{ xfdLn] xltof pknAw ufpg'kg]{ t c?
a]nf o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] xfdLnfO{ jf:tf gug]{ eg] eftn] lrQ b'vfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] s'g} k|lta4tf k"f u]gg\ eg] eftLo kbflwsfLn]
eg] klg o;aLr k|wfgdGqLsf] eft;u lgs} lxdlrd a9]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t pxfn]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
8f= yfkfsf s'f ;'gk] l5 d}n] cGo ljifo;u} xltofsf af]df klg k|:6 kf] .
d}n] eg], ;]gfsf] k|fljlws 6f]nLn] cGo b]zsf xltofsf] ;fy;fy} eftdf ag]sf]
OG;f; fOkmnsf] klg kLIf0f u]sf] lyof]. ljleGg b]zaf6 lemsfOPsf rfkfr
lsl;dsf xltofdWo] eftLo xltof s'g} klg lx;fan] ekbf]{ b]lvPg. ;]gf;u
ePsf k'fgf xltof kljt{g u] p;nfO{ gof xltofn] ;';lHht ug{k' g]5
{ .
fOkmn a]l;s OGkm]G6L j]kg ePsfn] Ps kN6 k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ abNg
csf]{ @%#) jif{ nfUg ;S5. To;f] x'b f ;]gfn] lng] gof fOkmn xltof ekbf]{
cfw'lgssf ;fy} fd|f] tyf alnof] x'g' cfjZos 5. To;}n] eftLo xltofnfO{ ;]gfsf]
k|fljlws 6f]nLn] cdfGo 3f]lift u]sf] xf]. eftLo ;]gfdf ;d]t OG;f; fOkmnsf
af]df ljleGg ;dodf Jofks c;Gt'li6 ljleGg l;sfot cfpg] u]sf] 5. Pp6f
fOkmnsf af]df eft h:tf] 7"nf] b]zn] o:tf] x\ufdf ug'{ pko'Qm xf]Og. rLg klg
xfd|f] l5d]sL d'ns
' xf]. t p;n] o;af] s'g} rf;f] g} fv]sf] 5}g. g]kfn ;fgf] b]z
ePs}n] ;a} ljifodf eft;u sG;N6 ug'k{ g]{ xf] ls s] xf], a'em\ g ;lsPg
8f= yfkf eftsf nflu g]kfnL fhb"t ePsfn] g]kfnn] eftLo xltof g}
lsGg'k5{ eg] pxfdfly s"6gLlts lx;fan] bafj k]sf] x'g ;S5. pxfn] d;u
s'f ug'{sf] cfzo klg oxL x'g ;S5.

@)%( ebf} @% ut] d\unaf

g]kfnsf nflu k"j{ lrlgof fhb"t nL s]xL lrlgof JofkfLsf] k|ltlglwd08n
lnP g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] dnfO{ e]6] g]kfndf lrlgof nufgLsf
;Defjgf nufot ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{eof]. o;} qmddf pxfn] zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if lrlgof kIfsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf g]kfndf sdl;{on a}\s

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

vf]Ng] k|:tfj fVg'eof]. g]kfnn] rLgaf6 xltof lsGbf eftn] ljf]w ug]{ x'bf
g]kfnd} xltof lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf lgdf{0f lsg gug]{ < eGb} pxfn]
g]kfnd} xltof sfvfgf vf]Ng ;'emfj lbg'eof]. k"j{fhb"t nLn] g]kfn fi6
a}\ssf ueg{ 8f= ltns fjn;u ;d]t e]6L g]kfndf lrlgof nufgL ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug'{eP5. 8f= fjn;u lrlgof d'b|f g]kfndf dfGo ufpg] af] 5nkmn
ePsf] klg nLn] dnfO{ atfpg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], lrlgof ko{6s leofpg]
xf] eg] g]kfnn] lrlgof d'b|fnfO{ dfGotf lbg}k5{. pxfn] JoQm u]sf s'f d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u].
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] cfh Ps ;dff]xdf >L % sf] ;sfsf]
gLlt ljkLt xfnsf] cj:yfdf r'gfj x'g g;Sg] eGg'ePsf] 5. o; cj:yfdf
dlGqklifb\ k'gu{7g ug{ pko'Qm x'g] ;d]t pxfsf] egfO 5. pxfn] s]xL lbgcl3
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfPsfn] pxfsf egfOsf] dxj x'G5.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] l8kf6{d]G6 ckm lk;lslksf ;}lgs ;Nnfxsf pkyL
lrqaxfb' u' cfk\mgL cfdfsf] lgwg ePsfn] cfh sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5.
pQm kbdf pxfsf] ;dofjlw ;lsg nfu]sf] 5. pxfnfO{ ;f]xL kbdf lgGttfsf
nflu k|of; ug{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5.

@)%( ebf} @^ ut] a'waf

k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLn]
;]gfsf o'lg6df 7"nf] cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] egfO e"m6f] ;flat ePsf] 5 eg]
dfcf]jfbL g]tf wd]{Gb| af:tf]nf s~rg n] bfaL u]sf 5g\. eftn] cfk\mgf] ljf]w
ug]{ dfcf]jfbL g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ dfq g]kfndf ;'k'b{uL u]sf] Ps cWoogn]
b]vfPsf] 5.
kfls:tfgL u'Ktr ;+:yf cfO{P;cfO{n] g]kfndf eftljf]wL ultljlw a9fPsf]
eftsf] cff]k 5. xfn;Dd dfcf]jfbL cfO{P;cfO{aLr s'g} klg ;DaGw
ePsf] b]lvb}g. pxfsf] yk egfO lyof], dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gfsf] cfqmfds
sfafxL x'g h?L 5. g]kfn k|xL;u ePsf xltof y|Lg6y|L w]} k'fgf 5g\
ltgdf klg $) k|ltzt dfq sfd nfUg] 5g\. To;}n] k|xLnfO{ xltofsf] 7"nf]
;d:of 5. k|xLsf] ;\u7g k|d'vnfO{ sd ;] sd lhNnfsf k|xL clws[tnfO{
;jf a9'jf ug]{ clwsf k|fKt x'g'k5{. o;f] eP lhNnfsf k|xL k|d'v
;\u7gk|lt akmfbf x'Gy] fhgLltaf6 6f9f x'Gy].
k|xLsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu a]nfotL cGtf{li6o ljsf; lgof]u -8LPkmcfO{8L_
n] @) nfv kfpG8 lbg] k|:tfj u]sf] hfgsfL lbb} dxflgLIfs hafn]
>L % sf] ;sfsf cGo lgsfo ;x k|xLdf klg #@ jif]{ ;]jf cjlw x6fpgsf
nflu ;sfdf laGtL ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] k|xLnfO{ klg zfxL g]kfn k|xL

329

330

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

gfds0f ug{ k|:tfj ug'{eof]. of] k|:tfj ;'g] ;sf xfl;aS:of]. ;sfaf6
x's'd eof], of] ljifo P]gsfg'g;u ;DalGwt ePsfn] >L % sf] ;sfn] g} P]g
;+zf]wg uL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5. ;fy}, pxfnfO{ lgb]{zg aS;g]
qmddf sflQsdf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g eg] ;DalGwt lgsfo 7fpdf ;'emfj b]pm
x's'd eof].

@)%( ebf} @& ut] laxLaf

r'gfjsf af]df cfh lgjf{rg cfof]udf a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ af]nfOPsf] lyof]. 5nkmnsf qmddf k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz]
hafn] sflQsdf lgjf{rg x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] r}tj}zfvlt ;fg'{k5{ eGg] wf0ff
JoQm ug'{eof]. of] cleJolQmk|lt g]tfx?n] k|xL dxflgLIfsaf6 cjsfz kfPkl5
k|bLkzdz] bafsf k|jQmf aGg] eP eg] l6Kk0fL u].
sf\u|]; g]tf tyf aLkL sf]Ofnfsf k'q k|sfz sf]Ofnfn] cfh laxfg
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u xfnsf] kll:yltsf af]df 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn]
lulhf k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfaLr dWo:ystf{ aGg] k|:tfj fv]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. xfn cfkm\g} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ ;'Iff k|d'vx?n] ;d]t r'gfj x'g g;Sg]
eGg] cleJolQm lbg yfn]kl5 k|wfgdGqL b]pjf s]xL ljrlnt x'g'ePsf] 5. cfh
laxfg pxf s;}nfO{ yfxf glbO{ lagf;'Iff lghL df]6 r9] aflx lg:s]sf] va
5. pxf sdnfbLl:yt cd]lsL fhb"tsf] lgjf; To;kl5 k|sfz sf]Ofnfsf]
lgjf; hfg'ePsf] va 5.

@)%( ebf} #! ut] ;f]daf

xfnsf] kll:yltsf af]df ljrfljdz{sf nflu ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf
g]tfaLr cgf}krfls e]63f6 eOx]sf] 5. !) bnsf] efiff ljZn]if0f ubf{ pgLx?n]
cu|ufdL kljt{g eGg] zAb k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\, h'g dfcf]jfbLn] k|of]u ug]{
zAb xf].
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfsf] ljf]w ub}{ cfof]lht g]kfn aGbsf aLr cfh
:gfts txsf] kLIff lgaf{w ;~rfng ePsf] 5.
k|sfz sf]Ofnf cfh 5f]L dgLiffnfO{ e]6\g d'DaO{ hfg'ePsf] 5. pxfn]
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf z]axfb' b]pjfaLr dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sfn]
oxL cj;df eftLo g]tfnfO{ e]6\g] ;Defjgf klg 5.
cf;Gg r'gfj x'g g;Sg] cj:yfsf af]df ;a} fhgLlts bnnfO{ cjut 5.
t s;}n] klg v'n] eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\. dfcf]jfbL ;lxt ;a} bn bafsf lj4
uPsf] b]lvG5. ;~rf dfWodx? klg bafsf] ljf]wdf g} x]sf b]lvG5g\.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfh >L % af6 dgf]gLt ;f+;b

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

d]zgfy kf08]nfO{ e]6\g'eof]. e]6df pxfn] ;sf;u bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf] 5',

sf\u|];sf] r'gfj lrx\gsf] km};nf gug{ fhfnfO{ va ullbg';\ eGg'eP5.
lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfh sf\u|];sf] r'gfj lrx\g ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ tofL
ulx]sf] lyof].
cfh} ;sf;u a]nfotL la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hsf s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 hgn ;
zfd sfcf]gn] bz{ge]6 ug'{eof]. To; cj;df pxfn] a]nfotL ;]gfsf] uf]vf{
;}Go etL{df e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;\u7g -u];f]_ n] cjf]w k'ofOx]sf] atfpg'eof].
;fy} u];f]n] e"tk"j{ uf]vf{;u rGbf p7fP g]kfnsf jfdkGyLnfO{ nufgL ulx]sf]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. u];f]sf cWoIf sDo'lg:6 g]tf ;LkL d}gfnLaLr fd|f]
;DaGw x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfn] eGg'eof], u];f]n] e"k" uf]vf{;u p7fPsf] rGbf sd
lgs} 7"nf] 5. t Tof] sdsf] s'g} kfblz{tf 5}g. pxfn] cfk"mkl5 la|l6;
uf]vf{hsf] gof s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 xfn f]on ldN6L Ps]8]dL -:ofG8x:6{_ sf sdfG8]G6
n]k\ml6g]G6 hgn 6fph 8]n x'g] hfgsfL klg ufpg'ePsf] lyof].
;sfaf6 sfcf]gnfO{ zfxL g]kfn ;]gfnfO{ a]nfotL ;sf, ;]gf tyf tkfO{+sf]
tkm{af6 ePsf] ;xof]uk|lt wGojfb 5 x's'd eof]. ;fy} fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu
;]gfsf] u'Ktr ljefunfO{ dha't agfpg ;xof]u ug{ cg'f]w ulaS:of].

@)%( c;f]h ! ut] d\unaf

dl08vf6fdf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfsL 5f]L ;'hftfsf] 3
5. sf]Ofnf clt uf]Ko ljifodf ljrfljdz{ ug'{kof] eg] ls ljf6gu hfg'x'G5
ls ;'hftfsf] 3. cfh ;'hftfsf] 3df sf]Ofnf kIfsf g]tf ;f+;bx?sf]
a}7s a:of]. a}7sn] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfdfly ulPsf] sfafxL lkmtf{
gug]{ t pxfsf] kIfdf nfu]sf dGqL ;f+;bx?nfO{ kf6L{ Pstfsf] cfx\jfg u]
af]nfpg] lg0f{o uof]. a}7sdf sf]Ofnfn] eGg'eof], fhfn] b]pjfnfO{ dfWod agfP
k|hftGqsf lj4 if8\oGq ub}{ 5g\. b]pjf ca s'g} klg kf6L{sf] gePsfn] csf]{
JolQmnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg dfu uf}. k|hftGqsf lj4 if8\oGq ulPsf] xf]Og
eg] fhfn] sf\u|];sf] l;kmfl;df gof k|wfgdGqL agfpg] k|:tfj :jLsf ug\. d
klg bafnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tof 5'. olb fhfn] dnfO{ ;xof]u u]gg\ eg] d}n]
klg bafnfO{ 7Ls kfg{ hfg]sf] 5'.
u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 dfluxg'ePsf] 5. k6sk6s
dfUbf klg bz{ge]6sf] ;do gldn]kl5 pxf bafnfO{ d}n] ;xof]u u], bafsf]
kl5 nfu] t clxn] wf]sf kfP, a u[xdGqLaf6 fhLgfdf uL csf]{ ;d"x agfP
u0ftGqsf] cleofgdf nfU5' eg] lx8\g yfn]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ptf, k|wfgdGqL
b]pjfsf] klg dxffhflwfhk|lt u'gf;f] 5. pxf cfkm"glhssf g]tfx?;u eGg'x'bf]
x]5, fhfn] r'gfj lrx\g -?v_ lbnfPgg\. k|ltlglw;ef e\u ubf{ r'gfj lrx\g

331

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lbnfp5' eg]sf lyP. r'gfj lrx\g dnfO{ glbP klg sDtLdf lk|mh ullbPsf] eP
fd|f] x'GYof]. fhfn] wf]sf lbP. d}n] bafn] eg]sf] ;a} u] t bafn] d]f]
Pp6f s'f klg dfg]g. fhfn] of] cj:yfdf k'ofP klg xfdL Psh'6 x'g'k5{.
clxn] dlGqklifb\ lj:tf ug]{ s'flt gnfuf}. emg} wf]sf x'g ;S5. sf\u|];sf]
r'gfj lrx\gsf] km};nfk|lt w]}ltaf6 cfnf]rgf eOx]sf] 5. r'gfj lrx\g ?v
k|wfgdGqLsf] kf6L{nfO{ lbg ;s]df pxfnfO{ s]xL fxt x'G5 eGg] xfd|f] ;'emfj lyof].
t To;f] ePg. b]pjflgs6 g]tfx? k|bLk luL ztl;+x e08fL cbfnt hfg]
s'f eOx]sf] a'lemG5. t s] ljifodf xf] Tof] :ki6 ePsf] 5}g. ;fob lgjf{rg
lrx\gsf] ljifonfO{ lnP x'g ;S5.
cjsfzk|fKt k|wfg ;]gfklt k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ ;sfaf6 pkxf:j?k
df]6 lbg] rng 5. To; cg';f xfn} cjsfzk|fKt k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]
hafnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] df]6 lng] xf] eg] f]Hg, Sof6nu k7fpg va
ePsf] 5.
k"j{u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] of] lgjf{rg sf\u|];nfO{ km'6fpg] bafsf]
rfnafhL gf6s xf] eGg'ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] bafsf] r'gfj gufpg] if8\oGq
5 eGg] u]sf 5g\. Pdfn]n] klg cfk\mgf] ;s{ndf bafsf] r'gfj ufpg] of]hgf
g} 5}g eGg] u]sf] dnfO{ va cfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLlgs6 ljBfyL{ ;\u7g clvn -qmflGtsfL_ n] cfh !# ;"qLo dfu
fvL cfGbf]ngdf pqg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5.
>L % sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 lgjf{rg cfof]usf kbflwsfLnfO{ lhNnf e|d0f
ug{ cg'f]w ubf{ vf;} rf;f] gb]vfPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
ut flt Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] sf]6]Zjl:yt lgjf;df kfls{
u] fv]sf] lhksf] Sof;]6 rf]L ePsf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
oL ;a} ljifo d}n] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u].

@)%( c;f]h ^ ut] cfOtaf

ut ;ftf vf;} pNn]vgLo s'g} 36gf ePg. t fhgLlts ultljlw leqleq}
e';df nfu]sf] cfuf] h:t} a9] uPsf] 5. dnfO{ b]zdf l5} s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
fhgLlts kljt{g x'g ;S5 eGg] k"j{hfgsfL 5b} 5. emG8} Ps ;ftfcl3
;sfaf6 dnfO{ ljz]if 6f:s aS;]sf] 5. To; cGtu{t b]zdf fhgLlts tyf
;+j}wflgs ;\s6 cfP s;L kf nufpg] eg] of]hgf agfOx]sf] 5'. of] s'f
s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g. cToGt uf]Ko 9\uaf6 ulx]sf] 5'.
lrlgof fhb"tn] a]nfotsf] ;'emfj cg';f aGg nfu]sf] l;len ldln6L
SofDk]g Knfgsf] ;DaGwdf z\sf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5.
dnfO{ sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] e]6\g vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. s]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ljifodf s'f ug]{ eGg] rflx s]xL va 5}g. pxf h:tf] JolQmn] e]6\g vf]h]kl5
kSs} klg s'g} g s'g} Ph]G8f t xf]nf. of] s'f d}n] dxffhflwfhnfO{ hfx]
ug'{kg]{ x'G5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 gkfPsf] w]} eO;s]sf] lyof].
t cfh ;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ ;do aS;]sf] 5. ;sf k|wfgdGqLaLr clns
v6k6 ePsf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] bz{ge]6df s] s'f ug]{ eg]
;fyLx?;u ljrfljdz{ ubf{ s] eGg'ePsf] x]5 eg], l9n} eP klg cfh bz{ge]6
kfpb} 5'. b'O{ s'f :ki6 ?kdf fV5'. Ps, ;lsaS;G5 eg] k"} lnP x'G5, xfdL
h]ndf a;] ;xof]u u5f}+{ . b'O,{ olb k|hftflGqs 9\uaf6 cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] d]f]
g]t[Tjdf ;j{bnLo ;sf agfP ;a} ldn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ qm; ug'k{ 5{. ;a}nfO{
cGof]ndf fv] bafn] s] kfp5 < lulhfnfO{ ;f]Wg';\, pgL s] rfxG5g\ < ;a}nfO{
eftn] v]nfPsf] 5.
To;} a]nf k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] eGg'eP5, @)$^ ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs pknlAw
arf];\ of garf];\, dnfO{ s'g} ;f]sf 5}g. Pp6f kf6L{leq t ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f
5}g eg] oL ;ff kf6L{nfO{ s;L ljZjf;df lng ;lsPnf < r'gfj geP fhfsf]
xftdf zlQm hfG5. To;kl5 ls ;Demf}tf x'G5 ls jfkfsf] n8fO rN5.
k|wfgdGqLkTgL 8f= cfh' b]pjfn] ut c;f]h $ ut] k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfnfO{ l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] x]5. o; ljifodf lj:t[t a'e\mg
;]gfnfO{ va ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL b]pjf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbaLr klg s'f ePsf]
5. b]pjfn] rGb;u s] eGg'eP5 eg], dnfO{ fhfn] wf]sf lbP d}n] klg hfg]sf]
5'. fhfsf] ljifodf d klg s]xL s'f ;fj{hlgs ullbG5'. ;a}n] :jLsf ug{
;Sg] k|wfgdGqLsf] pDd]bjf d g} xf]. r'gfj eP klg geP klg k|wfgdGqLsf] csf]{
ljsNk 5}g.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{nfO{ ;sfaf6 cfh} ;f9] %
ah] bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. o;kl5 nuQ} ;f9] ^ ah] k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u
yfkfnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. pQm bz{ge]6df d ga;]sfn] s] ljifodf s'f eof],
dnfO{ yfxf ePg.
;sfdf cfh} d]f] klg hfx]L eof]. b]zsf] fhgLlts cj:yfaf] hfx]
ul;s] d}n] ;sfnfO{ yk s] s'f klg laGtL u] eg], ;sf w]} Jo:t
eOaS:of]. w]} wk]8Lsf sf0f ;sfsf] ufydf k|lts"n c; kg{ ;S5. To;f]
x'bf ;sfaf6 s]xL lbg k"f cffd ulaS;g'k5{. cfhsf] hfx]Ldf ck];g
;DaGwL ljifodf ;a} ;'Iff lgsfox?n] ;]gf;u ;Nnfx ug'{kg]{ s'f to ePsf] 5.
ck];g ;DaGwL s'g} ljifo aflx Nofpg'kbf{ ;]gf;u ;Nnfx ug{ ;sfaf6 x's'd
aS;]sf] 5. ;fy}, ck];g ;DaGwL ljifodf s] eOx]sf] 5 eg] ;]gfn] ;a} g]kfnL

333

334

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

fhb"tfjf;df x]sf ;}lgs ;xrfLnfO{ hfgsfL ufOxg] klg lgb]{zg aS;]sf]

5. cfh} c;f]h !^ ut] ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ l8g;lxtsf] ;fd"lxs
bz{ge]6 aS;g] sfo{qmd to eof].
la|l6; ;sfsf tkm{af6 Iff;lrj dbgs'df cof{n, fli6o ;'Iff klifb\
sf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn ;]gfsf] 8LPdcfO{ ;xfos yL
lbnLk fodfemLnfO{ cS6'a ! b]lv $ ;Dd a]nfot e|d0fsf] lgDtf lyof]. of]
dlGqklifb\af6 kflt x'g'cl3 ;sfdf hfx] x'g] ljifo xf]. ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt
aS;]kl5 dfq of] k|:tfj dlGqklifb\df hfg] u]sf] 5. o;af] ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt
aS;]sf] 5.

@)%( c;f]h & ut] ;f]daf

lgjf{rg cfof]udf fhgLlts bnx?sf] cfh a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf
lgjf{rgdf ;'Iff l:yltaf] bnx?n] cg]s lh1f;f fv]. u[xdGqL v'daxfb'
v8\sfn] pgLx?nfO{ ;'Iff l:yltaf] cfZj:t kfg{ g;s]kl5 a}7s lagflgisif{
;lsPsf] lyof]. a}7sdf 5 k|d'v fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwn] efu lnPsf lyP.
a}7ssf ljifodf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm cRo'tgffo0f fhe08fLaf6 klg hfgsfL
cfPsf] lyof].
cfh} ;' ePsf] Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7sdf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn]
fhgLlts k|ltj]bg k]; ug'{ePsf] 5. a}7sn] ug]{ lg0f{oaf] dnfO{ klxn] g}
hfgsfL cfO;s]sf] 5. Pdfn] b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjdf k'gu{7g x'g] ;sfdf ;xefuL
x'g] k|of;df 5.

@)%( c;f]h ( ut] a'waf

fhgLlts ultljlw tLj| ?kdf cl3 al9x]sf] a]nf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf
k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{;u d]f] lgoldt ;Dks{ eOx]sf] 5. pxfsf] ljZn]if0f 5, ljkIfL
bnx? dfcf]jfbLsf] hfndf km:b} 5g\. ;"oa{ xfb' yfkf nf]sG] b|axfb' rGb
cfcfk\mg} 9\un] k|rf ub}{ lxl8x]sf 5g\. pgLx? b]pjfnfO{ x6fP cfkm} k|wfgdGqL
x'g] bfpdf 5g\. wff !@& af6 ;sf u7g ubf{ klg clxn]sf] fhgLlts ;\s6sf]
lgsf; fhgLlts kf6L{ gfuls ;dfhaf6} x'gk' 5{. dxffhflwfhaf6 wff !@&
sf] k|of]u ug]{ t ;sfsf] g]tT[ j fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfn] g} lnPsf] x'gk' 5{.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] clxn]sf] fhgLlts ;d:ofaf6 s;L kf
kfpg] eg] af6f] vf]lhxg'ePsf] 5. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn]
cfh Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwj g]kfnsf] 3 uP ljsl;t fhgLltsf af]df 5nkmn
ug'{ePsf] 5. cfh} pxfn] fk|kf cWoIf ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ ;d]t e]6\g'ePsf] 5.
Toxf s] s'f eof], yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( c;f]h !) ut] laxLaf

c;f]h & ut] ;' ePsf] Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s cfh ;lsof]. a}7sn]
jt{dfg cj:yfdf r'gfj ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] lgisif{ lgsfNb} ;+jw} flgs ljsNksf nflu
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;j{bnLo ;sfdf ;xefuL x'g] lg0f{o u]sf]
5. ;+ljwfgsf] wff !@& sf] afwfc8rg km'sfp clwsf cg';f ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf
ubf{ k|ltudg x'g ;Sg] vtf x]sf] eGb} Pdfn] o;sf] ljkIfdf plePsf] 5.

@)%( c;f]h !@ ut] zlgaf

;'Iffsf] sf0f b]vfP fhgLlts bnx?n] lgjf{rg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] wf0ff
;fj{hlgs ulx]sf 5g\. o;}aLr, lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;'Iff lgsfosf] l;kmfl;df
dWofjlw lgjf{rg 5 r0fdf ug{ lgjf{rg sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u]sf] 5. sfo{qmd
cg';f sflQs @& ut] lgjf{rg k|lqmof ;' eO{ k'; @^ ut] dtbfg ;DkGg ug]{
sfo{qmd 5.

@)%( c;f]h !# ut] cfOtaf

eftsf nflu g]kfnsf fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkf sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] g} af]nfP cfPsf] xf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5. pxf cfPkl5 k|wfgdGqLn]
wff !@& nfu" ug'{cl3 wff !!% nfu" x'g'kg]{ s'f ug{ yfNg'ePsf] 5. wff !!%
sf s]xL k|fjwfg lgnDag u] dfq wff !@& lqmofzLn x'g ;S5 eGg] pxfsf]
lhls 5.
k|d'v ;ft fhgLlts bnsf] cfh a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sn] d'n'sdf ljBdfg
hl6n kll:yltdf r'gfj x'g g;Sg] 7x u]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf
cfof]hgf ulPsf] ;f] a}7sdf ;j{bnLo ;xdltsf cfwfdf sflQs @& ut] 3f]lift
lgjf{rgsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] 5. b]zdf ;'Iff Joj:yf sdhf]
x]sf sf0f r'gfj x'g g;Sg] 7x ub}{ pko'Qm lgsf; vf]Hg k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfnfO{ lhDdf lbPsf] 5. b]pjf k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkGffsf] ljkIfdf x'g'x'G5.
Tof] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] dfu xf], h;sf] ljkIfdf Pdfn] klg plePsf] 5.
To;}n] k|wfgdGqL r'gfj k ;fg]{ kIfdf x'g'x'G5.

@)%( c;f]h !$ ut] ;f]daf

kf6L{x?sf] lxhf]sf] lg0f{okl5 cfh dxffhflwfhaf6 sf\u|];sf ;efklt
lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. cfh klg pxfx?aLr s'f ldn]g
h:tf] b]lvG5. lulhf kfP cfkm" geP klg cfk\mgf] kf6L{sf] o'jf k':tfsf] g]tfnfO{
k|wfgdGqL agfP k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ kIfdf x'g'x'G5. t ;sfaf6 of]
s'f dflgaS;]sf] 5}g.

335

336

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|df sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf] fli6o e]nf

;DkGg eof]. emG8} ;ftcf7 ;o g]tfsfo{stf{sf] pkl:ylt lyof]. sf\u|];
k|hftflGqsnfO{ cfh} lgjf{rg cfof]un] snz lrx\g k|bfg u]sf] 5.
dlGqklifb\sf] cfh a;]sf] a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] ;j{bnLo
fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwfdf r'gfj kl5 ;fg{ k|:tfj fVg'eof]. s]xL dGqLn]
To;sf] ljf]w u]. ;'Iffsf sf0f r'gfj ;fg]{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ts{k|lt u[xdGqL
v8\sfn] tLj| c;Gtf]if c;xdlt k|s6 ug'{eof]. pxfn];'Iff lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u
k|fKt ePdf r'gfj tf]lsPsf] ldltdf ;DkGg x'g ;Sg] c8fg fVg'ePsf] lyof].

@)%( c;f]h !^ ut] a'waf

g]kfnsf] tn fhgLlts cj:yf, cl:ytf cGof]naLr g]kfnsf nflu
k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhg cs:dft\ sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. g]kfn cfpg]
pxfsf] k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd lyPg. cfpgf;fy pxfn] ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf
g]tf;u e]63f6 ;' ug'{ePsf] 5. k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f clxn]sf] cGof]ndf k|wfgdGqL
z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ x6fP ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] nIodf pxfsf]
e|d0f s]lGb|t 5.
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf dGqL, fHodGqL ;f+;b ;lxt @% hgfsf] ;d"xn]
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ e]6L r'gfjsf] ldlt g;fg{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5.
xf]6n ofs PG8 otLdf u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf pxfsf lgs6:y
;f+;bx?aLr tLg 306f nfdf] uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] 5. To; e]nfn] klg r'gfj
;fg{ gx'g] ;j{bnLo ;sf u7g ug{ gx'g] c8fg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf fVg] lg0f{o
u]sf] 5.
cfh dxffhflwfhaf6 Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ bz{ge]6
aS:of].
;sfaf6 ;fem ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ l8g aS;]sf] lyof].
l8gdf b]zsf] ;d;fdlos ljifodf afx]s efjL of]hgfaf] s]xL s'f ePg.

@)%( c;f]h !& ut] laxLaf

k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhg ofs PG8 otL xf]6ndf a:g'ePsf] 5. pxfn]
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf, ;"o{axfb' yfkf c? klg w]} g]tf;u kfn}kfnf] e]6
ulxg'ePsf] 5. s;}nfO{ nGrdf af]nfpg'ePsf] 5 eg] s;}nfO{ l8gdf. pxf
Psbd} Jo:t x'g'x'G5. u'Ktr lkf]6{ cg';f fhgsf] ld;g sf\u|];nfO{ Ps
ufpg] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf ufpg] klg xf].
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] nuftf k|bLk luL 8f= k|sfzz0f dxt;u
e]6 ulxg'ePsf] 5. pxfx?aLr r'gfjnfO{ kl5 ;fg{] ljifodf uf]Ko 5nkmn

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ePsf] x'g ;S5.

g]kfnL sf\u|]; -lulhf kIf_ n] b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjdf x]sf] ;sfdf ;fd]n gx'g]
k"j{wf0ffdf k'glj{rf ug]{ ;f]rfO agfPsf] eGg] s'f cfPsf] 5.
dlGqklifb\sf] cfh a;]sf] cfsl:ds a}7sn] zflGt;'Iffsf sf0f lgjf{rg
x'g g;Sg] 7x u]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] sflQs @& ut] 3f]lift r'gfj x'g
g;Sg] eGb} r'gfjsf] ;do Ps jif{eGbf kl5 ;fg{ k|:tfj k]; ug'{eof]. dlGqklifb\
n] pxfsf] k|:tfj cg';f g} >L % dxffhflwfh ;dIf l;kmfl; ug]{ lg0f{o u]
klg of] ;j{;Ddltaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o xf]Og -s]xL jli7 dGqLn] k|wfgdGqLsf] k|:tfjsf]
ljf]w u]sf 5g\_. o;sf nflu cfh dlGqklifb\sf] a}7s b'O{ k6s a;]sf] lyof].
a}7sn] g]kfn clwfHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wff !@& k|of]u uL sflQs @& ut]sf]
r'gfj @)^) ;fn d\l; # ut] ;fg{ >L % df l;kmfl; ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] xf].
dlGqklifb\sf] lg0f{o tTsfn} bafdf cfOxfNof].
ljkIfL bnsf g]tf tyf ;+ljwfgljb\x?n] r'gfj kl5 ;fg{ dlGqklifb\n] u]sf]
l;kmfl; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf ljkLt ePsf] k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\. of] l;kmfl;
k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Qf nDAofpg] v]n xf] eGg] pgLx?sf] l6Kk0fL 5.
k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] r'gfj Ps jif{eGbf kl5 ;fg]{ l;kmfl; u]kl5
dxffhflwfhaf6 ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf, ;+jw} flgs c\usf k|dv
' tyf
a'l4hLjL;u 5nkmn k|fDe ulaS;]sf] 5. o; qmddf df};k' maf6 ;efd'v tffgfy
fgfef6, fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g, fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldltsf
;efklt 8f= s]zh\u fodfemL, sf\u;
|] ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn, fk|kf cWoIf ;"oa{ xfb' yfkf, ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf sfo{jfxs
cWoIf ab|Lk|;fb d08n, g]dlskf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5], cGo fhgLlts bnsf
g]tfx?, k"jk{ |wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6, nf]sG] b|axfb' rGb dLrdfgl;+x >]i7nfO{
5'f5'} bz{ge]6 aS;L k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl; ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ulaS:of].
cfh} ;sf blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'ns
' df ;Dkbf ;+If0f tyf ko{6g jf:t'snf
;Dd]ngsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ug{ jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb| ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof].
lgjf{rg kl5 ;fg]{ dlGqklifb\sf] lg0f{o fhbafdf cfPkl5 d}n] cfh ;a}
;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ clxn]sf] tn fhgLlts cj:yfaf] tkfO{+x?nfO{
yfx} 5, o:tf] a]nf ;sfaf6 s'g} g s'g} sbd rflnaS;g] ;Defjgf 5, ;'Iffsf]
t}gfyL fd|f] ug{ :6fG8afO{ xg'xf]nf, ;a}nfO{ ef]ln laxfg ;f9] !! ah] ;sfaf6
bz{ge]6 aS;g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5 eg] va u].
;sf lgs} ca];Dd clkm;df xf]OaS;]sfn] xfdL klg flt;Dd} sfof{nodf
a:of}. ;+j}wflgs pkfo s] x'g ;S5 eg] xfdL ;lrjx?aLr ljleGg ljsNksf
af]df ljrfljdz{ eof]. dxffhflwfhsf ;fd' xfn b'O{ j6f ljsNk 5g\. Pp6f,
k|wfgdGqLn] l;kmfl; u] cg';f r'gfj kl5 ;fg]{ csf]{, k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fP

337

338

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

6]s cf]e ug]{. 6]s cf]e ug]{ eP slt;Ddsf nflu ug]{ s;L ug]{ eGg]
ljifodf nfdf] 5nkmn rNof]. 6]s cf]e ubf{ fhgLlts kf6L{ Psflt dfcf]jfbL
csf{lt x'G5g\. o:tf] cj:yfdf fhgLlts kf6L{ dfcf]jfbL;u 5'f5'} l8n
ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g < olb fhgLlts bn dfcf]jfbL ldn] eg] Tolt a]nf
s] ug]{ < o:tf k|Zgx?af] ljZn]if0f ubf{ clxn] olt hf]lvdk"0f{ lg0f{o lng 7Ls
x'b}g eGg] s'f cfof].
To;sf] nuQ} 5nkmnn] csf]{ df]8 lnof]. k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wff
%# sf] $ adf]lhd wff !@& sf] k|of]u ug]{ eg] l;kmfl; ug'{ePsf] 5. r'gfj
ug{ g;Sg] ePkl5 pxfn] fhLgfdf ug'{kb{Yof]. fhLgfdf klg gug]{, r'gfj klg
gufpg] h;L eP klg k|wfgdGqLdf cfkm} al;xg] dgl:yltdf b]lvg'ePsf] 5
b]pjf. ToxL eP dxffhflwfhnfO{ klg cK7ff] k]sf] 5. o:tf] a]nf bafn]
Pp6f glh :yfkgf u] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ 5f]l8lbg] ls eGg] klg s'f cfof].
cGttM k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ x6fpg'kg]{ lgwf] eof].
;+j}wflgs lQmtfsf a]nf k|of]u ug{ wff !@& sf] Joj:yf ePsf] eg]
o;cl3 g} JofVof eO;s]sf] 5. To;}n] of] wff cfslif{t u] cufl8 a9\g'k5{
eGg]df xfdLaLr Psdt eof]. ;sfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ avf{:t u] zfxL 3f]if0ff
dfkm{t s]xL ;dosf nflu cfkm}n] sfo{sfl0fL clwsf lng] tTsfn} wff !@& s}
k|of]u uL csf]{ fhgLlts ljsNk vf]Hg] eg] lg0f{o ulof]. of] bafsf kfFr
hgf dxjk"0f{ ;lrjsf] lg0f{o lyof]. o:tf] lg0f{o ug]{x? k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm
dxh{g, ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08], lghL ;lrj ;'bg kf]v]n, ;fu/k|;fb
lnldlN;gf ;}lgs ;lrj cyf{t\ d lyof}. of] lg0f{okl5 xfdLn] clxn] ;+ljwfgsf]
wff !@& k|of]u ug]{, k|wfgdGqL avf{:t ug]{ r'gfj klg xfnnfO{ :ylut ug]{
t To;kl5 tTsfn} k'gM ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof ;' ug{ ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6nfO{
k|wfgdGqL agfpg] eg] dxffhflwfhnfO{ ;Nnfx lbof}. o;f] ubf{ lj3l6t
k|ltlglw;efnfO{ g} lgGttf lbP h:tf] klg x'g]5 eGg] xfd|f] ts{ lyof].

@)%( c;f]h !* ut] z'qmaf

ljut s]xL ;ftfcl3b]lv fhgLlts 36gfqmdn] d'n's cGof]nu|:t lbzfxLg
aGb} uOx]sf] lyof]. ;fob o;} sf0f dxffhflwfhdf s]xL ug]{ df}sf oxL xf] eGg]
;fx; cfof] xf]nf. d'n'snfO{ Pp6f ;Gb]z lbg] uL cufl8 a9\g] pko'Qm df}sf oxL
xf] eGg] 7flgaS:of] xf]nf. sdhf] zflGt;'Iff, r'gfj x'g g;Sg] l:ylt, kf6L{leq
rsf]{ lvrftfgL kf6L{kf6L{aLrsf] Gn] d'n's Roflkb} uPsf] cj:yfdf bafsf]
e"ldsf x'g}k5{, dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofnfO{ d cfkm} l8n u5'{ eg] ;sfaf6 hf]lvd
p7fpg] lg0f{o ulaS:of] xf]nf.
;sfsf] rfxgf t fhf bnx? ldNg] clg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ PSNofpg] g}

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lyof]. To;sf lglDt ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] uL ;+o'Qm ;sf agfpg] ;f]rfO klg
lyof]. t k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] Totflt a9\g lbg'ePg. pxfn] Ifdtf klg b]vfpg
;Sg'ePg. k|wfgdGqL h] ug{ vf]Hg'x'G5, ljkmn x'g'x'G5. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ uL
zflGt k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg'x'Gg. g r'gfj ufpg cf6 ug'{x'G5. r'gfj
Ps jif{ kl5 ;fg]{ lg0f{o ug'{ePsf] 5. h;L klg cfkm" ;Qfdf xg] dfq of]hgf
5 pxfsf]. o;L k|wfgdGqLn] h]h] u] klg bafn] ;fy lbg' x'Gg eGg] lgisif{
dxffhflwfhn] lgsflnaS:of]. 3f]lift ldltdf r'gfj ufpg] cf6 ug'{eof] eg]
;fy lbg] gq eg] pxfnfO{ x6fP pko'Qm ;j{bnLo ;xdltsf cfwfdf gof
k|wfgdGqLsf] rog ug]{ dgl:yltdf dxffhflwfh k'luaS;]sf] lyof]. ToxL cg';f
leqL ?kdf d emG8} tLg ;ftfcl3b]lv ;sfsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd uf]Ko ?kn] sfd
ulx]sf] lyP. l6d ;fgf] lyof].
;sfaf6 cfh klg ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf a'l4hLjLnfO{ bz{ge]6
aS; eof]. ;fy} laxfg ;f9] !! ah] ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ bz{ge]6
aS:of]. ;f] cj;df df};'kmaf6 pxfx?nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf hfgsfL tyf lgb]{zg
aS;]sf] lyof].
;sfaf6 cfh g} s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sbd rfNg pko'Qm 5 eGg]
Hof]ltifLx?sf] fo lyof]. pgLx?n] u|x, gIfq ;a} x]] flt !) ah]kl5 3f]if0ff
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP. To; cg';f !) ah] $% ldg]6sf]
;fOt lg:s]sf] lyof].
xfdL kfF hgf ;lrjx?n] ldn] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] d:of}bf tof uof}.
, ;sfdf ;fd"lxs hfx]Lsf nflu uof}. d:of}bfdf x]sf k|To]s zAbsf]
n]vfhf]vf eof] kldfh{g klg. k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ s] cff]k nufpg] eGg]af]
zAb vf]Hg lgs} s;t ug'{kof]. d'VotM pxfn] cfkm}n] r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff
u] cfkm}n] r'gfj ufpg g;Sg] egL r'gfjsf] ldlt Ps jif{ kl5 ;fg'{ePsf]
lyof]. To;nfO{ JoQm ug{ s] eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] qmddf ;lrjx?n] w]} zAb
lgsfNg'eof]. d}n] r'gfj ufpg g;Sg] c;Ifd zAb k|of]u ubf{ 7Ls x'G5 xf]nf
eg]. s;}n] of] zAbsf] ljf]w ug'{eof] eg] s;}n] ;dy{g. cGttM ;sfaf6
oxL zAb 7Ls x'G5 x's'd eof]. o;L k|wfgdGqLsf nflu c;Ifd zAb fvL
zfxL 3f]if0ff tof eof].
flt !)M$% ah] ;sfaf6 zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{
kbd'Qm ulaS;L dlGqklifb\ ;d]t lj36g ulaS:of]. csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf
nflu sfo{sfl0fL clwsf df};'km :jo+n] u|x0f ulaS:of]. sflQs @& ut]sf] r'gfj
klg :ylut ulaS:of]. ;fy} df};'kmaf6 ;sfsf] g]t[Tjsf nflu cfdlgjf{rgdf
pDd]bjf gx'g] tyf :jR5 5lj ePsf JolQmsf] gfd l;kmfl; ug{ ;Dk"0f{ fhgLlts
bnx?;u cfu|x ulaS:of].

339

340

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( c;f]h !( ut] zlgaf

;sfsf] zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5 ljleGg lsl;dsf k|ltlqmof cfOx]sf 5g\. b]zsf
ljleGg :yfgdf zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] ;dy{g ub}{ sxL ljf]wdf klg ofnL lg:s]sf
5g\. xfdLn] cg'dfg u]hlt ljf]wdf fhgLlts k|ltlqmof cfPg. fd|} eof].
zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5 fhgLlts kf6L{x? cfcfk\mgf] 0fgLlt agfpg Jo:t x'g yfn]sf
5g\. t pgLx? klg cfcfkm}df xfOx]sf 5g\. Ps lsl;dsf] cGof]n 8qf;
klg 5 pgLx?df.
cfh} lbp;f] ! ah] z]axfb' b]pjf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;af6 a"9fgLns07l:yt
cfk\mgf] lgjf; ;g'{eof].
;'Iff k|d'vx?n] cfcfk\mgf] dftxtsf ;a} lgsfo dfkm{t b]zesf] ;'Iff
l:yltsf] k|ToIf lgufgL ulx]sf 5g\. sxLst} klg ;'Iffdf tTsfn} s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] vtf cfpg] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5}g eGg] pgLx?sf] lkf]6{ 5. cfh
zlgaf eP klg ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf jli7 clws[tx?n] c? lbgs} h:tf] uL
cfk\mgf] 8'6L ;Dxfn]sf 5g\. b]zsf] ;'Iff Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ cfh lbp;f] #
ah] zfxL h\uL c8\8f, eb|sfnLdf ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?sf] a}7s a:of].
;'Iff lgsfox?nfO{ d}n] ljz]if uL pkTosfsf] ;'Iff k|aGw fd|f];u ug]{ eg]
lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5'. ToxL cg';f a}7sn] lj:t[t of]hgf agfP ;'Iff Joj:yf
ldnfpg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5.
w]}n] dnfO{ kmf]g u] of] pko'Qm sbd xf], o;af6 hgtfsf] df}lns
xsdfly s'g} klg lsl;dsf] c;'ljwf k]sf] 5}g eg] k|ltlqmof lbOx]sf 5g\.
b]zsf] fhgLlts cGof]n c:tJo:ttfnfO{ cGTo ug{ of] fd|f] sbd xf] eGg]
w]}sf] egfO 5.
fli6o ;efsf pkfWoIf fdk|Lt kf;jfg cfh} pkTosfaflx hfg nfu]sf
x]5g\. pgnfO{ ;'IffsdL{n] yfgsf]6af6 kmsf{OlbP5g\.
Pdfn]n] cfk\mgf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aNv'df ckfx\g % ah] ;a} fhgLlts
kf6L{sf] a}7s af]nfPsf] lyof]. a}7sdf avf{:tLdf k]sf k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf
;b\efjgf kf6L{sf g]tf dfq hfg'ePsf] 5. c? s'g} kf6L{ uPgg\. b]pjfnfO{
cfdGq0f ulPsf sf0f a}7sdf sf\u|];n] efu glnPsf] xf].
cfh zlgafsf] lbg klg bafsf xfdL kfr hgf ;lrj sfof{no uof}.
;sf klg ;jfL eO{ lbge sfddf Jo:t xf]OaS;]sf] 5. lbge w]} g} sfd
eP. ;sfaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{ fhgLlts k|mG6, dnfO{ Iff
u[x, ;+jfb ;lrj df]xgaxfb' kf08]nfO{ ;~rf ;lrj ;'bgk|;fb kf]v]n
;fuk|;fb ltldlN;gfnfO{ ;fdflhs If]q lhDdf lnP sfd ug"{ eg] x's'd eof].
To; cg';f xfdL ;a}n] cfcfk\mgf] of]hgf agfof}. ;fy} ;~rf ;DaGwL sfd ug{
;lhnf] xf];\ eg] ldl8of x\ofG8ln ;]n u7g ug]{ lg0f{o eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;sfaf6 ;'zf;g e|i6frf lgoGq0fdf tTsfn} sfd yfNg x's'd aS;]sf]

5. ;fy} hgtfnfO{ fxt k'Ug] s]xL sfd klg ug'{k5{, hgtfsf] b}lgs sxf s]
dfu x'G5 tTsfn} ;]jf k'ofpg] sfd xf];\ eg] ;lbR5f flvaS;]sf] 5. 8f]Nkfsf]
Pokf]6{ b'O{ jif{b]lv aGb ePsfn] To; If]qsf dflg;nfO{ lgs} c;'ljwf ePsf]
lyof]. To;nfO{ t'Gt rfn" ug{ ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf] 5. vfBfGg cefjsf
sf0f s0ff{nLdf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;d:of gxf];\ eg] klg rf;f] flvaS;]sf]
5. aGb ePsf cGo Pokf]6{ klg ;~rfng ug{ ;]gfnfO{ lhDd]jfL lbg] lg0f{o
eof].

@)%( c;f]h @) ut] cfOtaf

>L % dxffhflwfhaf6 ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tf;u :jR5 ;sf
u7g ug{ kfdz{ ulaS;]sf] 5. cfh ;sfaf6 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn, fk|kf cWoIf ;"o{axfb' yfkf, g]kfn
;b\efjgf kf6L{sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf ab|Lk|;fb d08n, g]dlskf cWoIf gffo0fdfg
lah'S5];u kfdz{ ulaS:of].
u[x dGqfnoaf6 ;a} dGqLnfO{ dGqL lgjf; cfkm"n] k|of]u u]sf] ;jfL
;fwg 5f]8\g lgb]{zg uof]. u[x;lrj 6LsfbQ lgf}nfn] dfcf]jfbLaf6 vtf ePsf
g]tfnfO{ ;'Iffsf] k|aGw ug'{eof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb
efO{sf] df]6 lkmtf{ lng k|xLx? k'u]5g\. pxfnfO{ df]6 k|of]u ug{ lbO g} xg]
eg] tTsfn cfb]z eof].
;sfL tyf cw{;sfL lgsfodf ePsf ljleGg fhgLlts lgo'lQm ab ug]{
lg0f{o ePsf] 5. o;nfO{ tTsfn} sfof{Gjog ug{ ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf] 5.
b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' -h:tf] M bfn, rfdn, lrgL k]6f]lnod kbfy{_ sf]
d"No 36fP cfd hgtfnfO{ s;L fxt pknAw ufpg ;lsG5 eg] ;'emfj lbg
sfo{6f]nL agfpg] to eof]. o; afx]s fhgLlts Joj:yfnfO{ tTsfn} s;L Pp6f
6fsdf NofP bnx?nfO{ ;Qf ;'Dkg] eGg]af] klg 5nkmn eof].
;sfaf6 cfh clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v ;"o{gfy
pkfWofonfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of]. ca e|i6frf lgoGq0f ;DaGwL w]} sfdsf] yfngL
x'g ;S5. s]xL e|i6 g]tfdfly 5fglag klg x'g ;S5.

@)%( c;f]h @! ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfof]hgf u]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sn]
bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf fhgLlts lgsf; vf]Hg >L % dxffhflwfh ;dIf
cfu|x ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. a}7sdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn, fk|kf
cWoIf ;"o{axfb' yfkf, hgdf]rf{ cWoIf clds z]rgsf] ;xeflutf lyof]. ;fy}

341

342

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

bnx?n] ;sfsf] ;fd"lxs bz{ge]6sf] k|of; u]sf 5g\. o;}aLr, Pdfn]n]

;j{bnLo a}7ssf] lg0f{oeGbf 5'} wf0ff ;fj{hlgs uL ;+ljwfgsf] wff !@*
cGtu{t u7g x'g] ;sfdf dfq ;xefuL x'g] Tof] afx]ssf] ;sfdf ;xefuL
gx'g] atfPsf] 5.
b]zdf gof fhgLlts 36gfqmd ljsl;t ePsf a]nf g]kfnsf nflu eftsf
sfo{jfxs fhb"tn] cfh Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ e]6]sf 5g\.
e]6df clxn]sf] fhgLlts 36gfqmdsf af]df 5nkmn ePsf] x'g ;S5. olt a]nf
g]kfnsf nflu eftLo fhb"tsf] lgo'lQm ePsf] 5}g.
u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf clws[t O; vfgnfO{ dGqfnodf af]nfP rf]Lsf
uf8Lx?af] 5fglag ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf] 5.
Iff;lrj dbgs'df cof{n fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd zdf{
s]xL lbgcl3 a]nfot e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] lyof]. b]zdf oqf] 36gf x'bf pxfx?
sfo{qmd 5f8] eP klg tTsfn :jb]z kms{gk' g]{ lyof]. t pxfx? sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5
klg ;Lw} g]kfn kms{ge' Pg. k]l; 3'Dg hfg'eP5. cfh dfq cfOk'Ug'eof]. d}n]
pxfx?nfO{ cfh} :ki6Ls0f ;f]ws
] f] 5'. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefudf @)$& ;fnb]lv
fhgLlts g]tfsf] 7f8f] cfb]zn] lgo'Qm ePsf u'Ktrsf] gfdfjnL dfu u]sf] 5'.
fhgLlts etL{ s]Gb| ag]s} sf0f pQm ljefu sdhf] ePsf] xf].

@)%( c;f]h @@ ut] d\unaf

Pdfn]sf ljleGg e|ft[ ;\u7gn] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] ljf]w ub}{ sf7df8f}df h'n';
k|bz{g u]sf 5g\. h'n';df kfr;ft ;osf] ;xeflutf lyof]. hgtfsf] clwsf
vf]:g kfOb}g, lg\s'ztf rflxb}g, ;a} lsl;dsf] clwgfosjfb d'bf{jfb nufotsf
gff nufOPsf] lyof].
dGqL aGg kfpm eg] ljleGg fhgLlts g]tf tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf JolQmn]
;sfdf laGtLkq r9fpg yfn]sf 5g\. fhgLlts g]tf ;lxt sltkon]
dnfO{ kmf]g u] dGqLsf nflu l;kmfl; ullbg cg'f]w u]sf 5g\. k"j{ k|wfg
;]gfkltx?dWo]af6 eg] dnfO{ s;}sf] klg kmf]g cfPsf] 5}g. o;af] ;sfdf
hfx] ubf{ :jfyL{x? dfq x's'd eof]. c;f]h !* ut]sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffaf] k"j{
k|wfg ;]gfkltx?sf] k|ltlqmof s]xL yfxf 5}g. k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfsx?n] eg]
dnfO{ kmf]g u] clxn]sf] sbd pko'Qm 5 eGb} ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbP. k"j{ k|xL
dxflgLIfsx? x]daxfb' l;+x, df]tLnfn af]xfn] cfjZos k] ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ tof x]sf] atfpg'eof]. ;fy} ;]gfsf s]xL k"j{hg]{nn] klg kmf]g u].
;Nofg, f]Nkf jLuGhdf zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] ;dy{gdf h'n'; lgl:sPsf 5g\.
sf7df8f}df ljf]w ;dy{g b'j} yLsf h'n'; lg:sg] qmd rlnx]sf] 5. lkf]6{
cg';f ljf]wsf] h'n'; Tolt k|efjsfL 5}g.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( c;f]h @# ut] a'waf

;sfsf] zfxL 3f]if0ff ePsf] klg kfr lbg eO;s]sf] 5. t gof ;sf
aGg] s'g} nIf0f b]lvb}g.
la|l6; fhb"t s]Oy An'dlkmN8n] dxffhflwfhn] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{
glr9\ofO{ pgLx?sf] ;fy lnP cl3 a9\gk' 5{, rfkfr lbgdf g} ;+jw} flgs lQmtf
d]l6g'k5{ fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 d'ns
' cl3 a9\gk' 5{ eg] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;sfsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{
fhgLlts dfGotf k|fKt x'g'k5{, To;L cufl8 a9] dfq fd|f] x'G5, dfcf]jfbL;u
n8fO hfL ePsfn] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ljZjf;df lng}k5{, clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
sLlt{lglw lji6 nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb h:tf] zfnLg JolQmTjnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg
x'Gg, km]l klg z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;]gfsf]
kLP;cf]hsf] fo 5 eg] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. o; k|sf ;]gfsf] ;dy{g b]pjfnfO{
g} b]lvG5. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u].
of] fhgLlts cGof]nsf aLr ;"oa{ xfb' yfkf klg s]xL cj; cfOxfN5 ls
eg] cfzfjfbL ePsf] s'f cfPsf] 5. ;f]xL cg';f pxf bf}8w"kdf klg x'gx' G' 5.
lgjt{dfg u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfnfO{ cfh} clVtofn] k'hL{ sf6]sf] 5.
pxf cfk\mgf sfo{stf{;u eGb} x'g'x'G5, clxn] ;zQm k|ltf]wdf hfg] cj:yf 5}g.
;a} uNtL k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf] xf]. z]axfb'hL a]lNhodaf6 kms]{nuQ} fhLgfdf
dfluPsf] x]5. Tof] a]nf yfxf kfPsf] eP s]xL ug{ ;lsGYof]. d h'g;'s} xfntdf
klg r'gfj ufpg] kIfdf lyP. t ca h]n kg]{ eOof]. ;fob b;}e y'G5 xf]nf.
of] a]nf sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zL eg] b\u kg'{ePsf] lkf]6{ u'Ktraf6 cfPsf]
5. pxfn] cfk\mgf sfo{stf{;u xf:b} z]axfb' v'daxfb'n] cfkm"nfO{ chDaL
eGg] ub{y], of] xfnt eof] eGg'ePsf] x]5. t pxfn] cfkm}nfO{ klg kq sfl6b}
5 eGg] cg'dfg;Dd klg ug'{ePsf] 5}g xf]nf.
dnfO{ k"j{yL s[i0fgl;+x yfkfn] kmf]g u] cfh d Sofgf8faf6 kms]{+,
;sfaf6 p7fOaS;]sf] sbd Psbd} plrt 5, d h'g;'s} sfdsf nflu tof
5' eGg'eof].
8f]Nkfaf6 lgjf{lrt Pdfn] ;f+;b gaxfb' a"9fn] kmf]g u] ;sfsf]
;dy{gdf jQmJo lgsfNb} 5' eGg'eof].
cfh} k"j{k|wfgdGqL t'n;L luL nfdf] ;dokl5 sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug'ePsf] 5.
lsg cfpg'ePsf] eGg]af] dnfO{ s]xL hfgsfL cfPsf] 5}g.
Pdfn]n] fk|kf g]tf nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ fhfn] k|wfgdGqL agfP cfk\mgf]
bnsf] ;dy{g xg] wf0ff ;fj{hlgs u]sf] 5. rGb ;n :jR5 JolQmTjsf
;fy} eft rLg b'j} b]z;u ;'dw' ;DaGw sfod fv] cufl8 a9\g ;Sg]
dflgg'x'G5. cfhsf ldlt;Dd bnx?n] Ps eP k|wfgdGqLsf] ;femf pDd]bjf of]

343

344

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

xf] egL bafnfO{ gfd lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\. ;sfn] ljleGg g]tf;usf] 5nkmn
kfdz{nfO{ lgGttf lbOaS;]sf] 5.
o;aLr bafdf ;lrj a}7s w]} k6s a;]]sf] 5. slxn] ;sf;u t
slxn] ;lrjx?sf] dfq. k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] c;f]h !* ut]b]lv
g} dnfO{ h;f{a, Ps ;ftf;Dd zflGt;'Iff sfod xf];\, s'g} klg cfkflws
ck|Toflzt 36gf ;d]t gxf];\, Ps ;ftfel h;L eP klg yfldlbg'kof]
elgxg'ePsf] 5.
jt{dfg fhgLlts cj:yfaf6 lbSs dfg] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cffd ug{
ef]ln laxfg} ljf6gu hfg] egL va cfPsf] 5. sf]Ofnf cffd ug{ eg]
ljf6gu hfg] t Toxf eftLo u'Ktrx?nfO{ e]6\g] u]sfn] pxfsf] e|d0fsf]
dlg6 ug{ lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
;sf cfh Ps ftsf nflu uf]vf ;jfL xf]OaS:of]. To;cl3 bafsf
;lrjx?nfO{ af]nfOaS:of] ljleGg fhgLlts tyf ;+j}wflgs hl6ntfaf] ljZn]if0f
ub}{ 5nkmn ulaS:of].
clxn] k|wfgdGqL gePsfn] b]zdf ljz]if cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5. ;+ljwfg
cg';f ;efd'v x'g'x'G5. To;}n] pxfnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL agfpg xfdL ;lrjx?n]
dxffhflwfh ;dIf k|:tfj uof}. pxfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfP fhgLlts kf6L{;u
jftf{ uL dlGqklifb\ u7gsf] lhDdf lbpm pxfn] pko'Qm l6d agfpg ;Sg'ePg
eg] ;sfaf6 s]xL gfd aS;] alnof] dlGqklifb\ u7gsf nflu ;xof]u uf} eGg]
;a} ;lrjsf] ;'emfj x\of].
;sfsf] ;efd'v;u s] s'f ePsf] lyof], Tof] xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyPg. ;fy},
;sfsf] o'jfhflwfh fhkljfsf ;b:ox?;u s] s'f ePsf] lyof], Tof]
klg xfdLnfO{ hfgsfL x'g] ljifo ePg. xfd|f] k|:tfjdf ;sfaf6 ;efd'vaf6
kf nfUnf < x's'd eof]. t 5nkmndf pkl:yt o'jfhflwfhaf6 tffgfy
fgfef6sf] gfddf s8f cfklQ hgfOaS:of]. cln Pu|]l;e eP gf], gf] eGg] x's'd
eof]. xfdL 5Ss kof}. o;cl3 klg d}n] s'g} k|:tfj ubf{ o'jfhflwfhaf6 7f8}
c:jLsf ulaS;GYof]. cfh klg d}n] oxL dx;'; u].
o;L ;efd'vsf] gfd c:jLs[t eof]. ;sfaf6 oxL a}7sdf sLlt{lglw
lji6nfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf nflu k|:tfj ulaS:of]. xfdL ;a} ;lrjn] Ps:jdf
k|:tfjsf] ljf]w uof}. xfdLn] eGof}, ;sf, pxf zfnLg x'g'x'G5 enfbdL
klg. t pxfsf] Tof] enfbdLkg clxn] sfd nfUb}g. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pxf
pko'Qm JolQm xf]Og. ljutsf b'O{ r'gfjsf] kl0ffd x]bf{ klg pxf pko'Qm x'g'x'Gg
eGg] xfd|f] ts{ lyof]. pxfsf] s'g} fhgLlts cfwf lyPg, g t slxNo} r'gfj
lhTg'ePsf] lyof]. o;}aLr d}n] eg], cfh ;sf Ps ftsf] nflu uf]vf ;jfL
xf]OaS;b} 5. k|wfgdGqLsf af]df clxn] g} lsg lg0f{o ug]{ < ;sf v'nf ljrf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lnP ;jfL xf];\. ;sfsf] lkmtL{ ;jfLkl5 k|wfgdGqLsf af]df lg0f{o uf}nf.
;sfaf6 d]f s'fdf ;xdlt hgfOaS:of]. clg uf]vf ;jfL eof].

@)%( c;f]h @$ ut] laxLaf

of] ;ftfe g} ;sfaf6 ;a} fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ 5'f5'6} bz{ge]6
aS;]sf] 5. t s'g} klg 7f]; lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g. fhgLlt cGof]nu|:t 5. ;a}
bn;u gfd dfluaS;]sf] 5, k|wfgdGqLsf]. s;}n] klg k|wfgdGqLsf] pko'Qm JolQm
oxL xf] eg] gfd k7fpb}gg\. leq a}7sdf Pp6f s'f x'G5, aflx cfPkl5 cs}{.
Pp6} gfddf s;}sf] klg ;xdlt ag]sf] 5}g. a kf6L{x? nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbsf]
gfdsf] glhs k'u]sf 5g\. Pdfn]n] nf]s]Gb|nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ lg0f{o g} ul;s]sf]
5. ;s] cfkm" x'g], geP nf]s]Gb| 7Ls eGg] lx;fan] Pdfn]sf] lg0f{o cfPsf] 5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] klg cfkm} k|wfgdGqL x'g] OR5f 5.
;sfsf] bz{ge]6df cfP dfwjs'df g]kfn lulhf k|wfgdGqL x'g' x'Gg eGg],
sf]Ofnf cfP ;sf, dfwj g]kfnnfO{ s'g} xfntdf k|wfgdGqL agfpg' x'Gg, of]
dfG5]af6 ;sfnfO{ wf]sf x'G5 eGg]. clg ;"o{axfb' yfkf cfP pgLx? b'j}
x'Gg eGg]. o:t}o:t} s'f dfq eOx]sf] 5. a dfwj g]kfnn] rflx ;sf;usf]
bz{ge]6df nf]s]Gb|sf] gfddf ;xdlt hgfpg'ePsf] 5.
;sfaf6 uf]vfdf Ps ft latfOaS;] cfh sf7df8f} lkmtL{ ;jfL ePkl5
xfdL ;lrjx?nfO{ af]nfOaS:of]. ef]ln k|wfgdGqL 3f]if0ff ug}k{ g]5
{ . a}7sdf
nf]sG] b|axfb' rGbsf] gfd k|:tfj eof]. pxfnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL agfpg] ;xdlt eof].
dGqL agfpg pxfnfO{ lbg] gfdx? klg to eof]. rGbnfO{ cfk\mgf] dlGqd08nsf]
l6d agfpg cfk\mgf ;xof]uLnfO{ dlGqd08ndf ;dfj]z ug{ ;d]t glbOg] eof].

@)%( c;f]h @% ut] z'qmaf

u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnL hgs a:g]tn] nG8gaf6 dnfO{ kmf]g uL ;sfaf6
Pp6f k]k dfluaS;]sf] lyof], k]k tof 5, d csf]{ z'qmaf cfpb} 5', bz{ge]6sf
nflu ;do ldnfOlbg'x'G5 ls < eg] cg'f]w ug'{eof].
cfh laxfg ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf 3df lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf dfwjs'df
g]kfn ;d]t tLg hgf a;] 0fgLlt agfPsf] va 5. Toxf jt{dfg fhgLltaf]
5nkmn ePsf] sf]Ofnfn] dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf nflu k|:tfj u]sf]
eGg] ck'i6 va 5. pxfx?aLr k|wfgdGqL 5 fhgLlts bnaf6} lgo'Qm x'g'kg]{,
gq b;}kl5 cfGbf]ng ug]{ ;xdlt ag]sf] 5.
uf]vf lhNnfsf pQL efudf dfcf]jfbLsf] k|lzIf0f rlnx]sf] va 5.
k|lzIf0fdf pgLx? eGbf x]5g\, fhfn] zlQm xftdf lng of] sbd rfn]sf] xf].
o;af6 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kmfObf x'g]5. ;a};u ldn] fhfsf lj4 pu| eP cufl8

345

346

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

a9\g of] sbdaf6 ;lhnf] x'g] eof]. fi6sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] cufl8
a9]sf] eGg] fhfn] e|i6frfLnfO{ sfafxL u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\, x]g'{k5{. To;kl5 dfq
fhfk|lt nrs b]vfpg] of fhfsf lj4 ;zQm x'g] eGg] lg0f{o x'G5.
eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf] d'vkqsf ;Dkfbs z]iffb|Ln] eg]sf 5g\, fhfsf]
sbdnfO{ aLh]kLn] ;dy{g u]sf] 5. t k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQmdf l9nfO eP jfdkGyLn]
v]Ng] cj; kfp5g\. To;}n] k|wfgdGqL rf8} lgo'Qm ubf{ fd|f] x'G5. pgn] cfk"m
g]kfnsf nflu fhb"t x'g] s'f klg jfdkGyLs} ljf]wsf sf0f f]lsPsf] egL
k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\.
lxhf] flt sf7df8f}, gofahfl:yt xf]6n uf8]{gdf a;]sf] ;fgf !) kf6L{sf]
a}7sn] ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 7"nf kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ dfq ;sfdf ;fd]n ufP
To;sf] ;zQm ljf]w ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. ;a} bnsf :jR5 5lj ePsf
JolQmnfO{ ;sfdf ;dfj]z ufO{ e|i6frfLnfO{ sfafxL u] cfk"mx?n] ;dy{g ug]{
klg !) kf6L{n] lg0f{o u]sf 5g\. o;}aLr g]skf -dfn]_ n] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] ljf]w
u]sf] 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm ulaS:of].
pxfsf] dlGqklifb\df ;fd]n w]} dGqLx? ;sf cfkm}n] 5flgaS;]sf] xf]. s]xL
dGqL k|d'v ;lrj kz'kltn] 5fg]sf JolQm 5g\. u[xdGqL wd{axfb' yfkf zbrGb|
zfxn] k|:tfljt u]sf] gfd xf]. ;sfaf6 o;f] gu]sf] eP x'GYof] ls eGg]
dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] s]xL kf6L{sf dfG5] klg fVg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf], t
kfpg'ePg. o;L pxf n]d 8u k|wfgdGqL h:tf] aGg'eof].
dlGqklifb\sf] gfdfjnL sfo{ ljefhg
k|wfgdGqL M nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb
pkk|wfgdGqL M ab|Lk|;fb d08n
dGqLx? M
8f= ab|Lk|;fb >]i7, cy{ lzIff
g]Gb|ljqmd zfx, kfi6
wd{axfb' yfkf, u[x sfg'g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
uf]]axfb' vkf\uL, dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f, :jf:Yo
fHodGqLx? M
cg'fwf sf]Ofnf
uf]kfn blxt

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( sflQs ! ut] z'qmaf

;dfhsf ljleGg If]qaf6 ;sfsf] sbdsf] ;fxgf ub}{ kmf]g laGtLkq
cfpg] qmd hfL 5. sltkon] laGtLkq k7fP k'gu{7g x'g] dlGqd08ndf cfk\mgf]
If]qaf6 s;}nfO{ ;fd]n u] pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\. kqsf sgsdl0f
bLlIftn] cfkm"nfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf dGqLsf] lhDd]jfL lbP b]zL tyf ljb]zL
;~rf dfWodnfO{ fd|f];u klrfng u] ;sfsf] sbddf ;dy{g h'6fpg ;S5'
eGg] laGtLkq xfNg'ePsf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5. rnlrq lgdf{tf p4j kf}8]nn]
cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] ;sfsf] sbd dlGqklifb\ u7gsf] pBf]uL, JofkfL
snfsfn] :jfut u]sf] atfpg'ePsf] 5. To:t}, b'aO{df sfo{t l;lgo SofK6]g
k|r08h\u zfxn] kmf]g u] d sf7df8f} cfPsf] 5', sflQs !!!@ ut];Dd oxL
a:5', cg's"n eP ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf] 5' eGg'eof].
cfh} k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'' rGbn] jL]Gb| c:ktfn uP dfcf]jfbLsf]
cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] ePsf ;}lgs hjfgnfO{ e]6\g'eof].
fhkljfsf ;b:ox?n] sfo{qmdsf] ;d'b\3f6g ug]{ sfddf dfq cfkm"nfO{
;Lldt guL hgdfg;df k|efj kfg]{ ;fdflhs sfo{df klg ;lqmo x'bf fd|f] x'G5.
hgtfsf sfddf rGbf p7fpg ;xof]u ubf{ klg pko'Qm x'g]5. yfONofG8sf]
fhkljfsf ;b:o h:t} ;fdflhs If]qdf ;lqmo eO{ hgtfsf] dg 5'g] sfo{ u]
fh;+:yfk|lt dflg;sf] cf:yf a9\g hfG5 eg] ljleGg ;+:yfdf sfo{t cg'ejL
JolQmx?n] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.
bf]nvfsf] lhL ;8sdf l;f]6{ vf]n] a;]sf ;]gfsf k"j{d]h df]xg vqLsf]
uP flt dfcf]jfbLn] xTof u]sf 5g\.
ca clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] e|i6frf ;DaGwL 7"nf d'2fnfO{
b'|t ultdf cufl8 a9fpg'k5{. e|i6frf ug]{ lhDd]jf kbflwsfLsf] ;DklQ hkmt
ug'{kg]{ pgLx?nfO{ s8f sfafxL ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj k|an ?kdf cfPsf] 5. e|i6 egL
lrlgPsf abgfdL sdfPsf pRr ;sfL kbflwsfLnfO{ sfafxLsf] l;nl;nfdf
cltlQm ;d"xdf n}hfg'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj 5. o; ;Gbe{df ;lrjx? nf]sdfgl;+x
sfsL{, lbg]zrGb| Kofs']n, 6LsfbQ lgf}nf nufotsf] gfd cufl8 cfPsf] 5.
fhbafdf ;sfaf6 cfh ;'Iff k|d'vx?nfO{ k|fOe]6 l8g aS:of].
l8gdf k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf, ;z:q k|xL ansf dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg
>]i7, k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf, fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v
b]jLfd zdf{ x'g'x'GYof]. bafaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g d ;xefuL
eof}. l8gdf o'jfhflwfhsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof]. ;f] cj;df c;f]h !*
ut]kl5sf] fhgLlts kll:yltsf] d"Nof\sg x'g'sf ;fy} lgs6 eljiodf ug'{kg]{
sfdaf] 5nkmn eof]. dlGqklifb\df ;s];Dd 7"nf kf6L{nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ k|of;
ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj cfof]. k|zf;gnfO{ fhgLltaf6 d'Qm uL k|d'v lhNnf clwsfLnfO{

347

348

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfd ug{sf nflu 6D;{ ckm ]km]G; tof kfllbg] s'f to eof]. k|zf;g
;]jfd'vL agfP hgtfsf] b}lgs sfdsfafxL l56f]5ltf] 9\un] ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{
s'f eof]. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrflnt ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ ;a} kIfaf6
;xof]u x'g'kg]{ af]df ljrfljdz{ eof]. >L % sf] ;sfn] e|i6frf lgd"{n ug]{,
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ d"nwfdf Nofpg], ;+;b\jfbL bnnfO{ fhgLlts 9\un]
pkof]u ug]{ gLlt lng] s'f klg eof]. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfb]zaf6 ;d]t sfd
lng ;lsg] x'bf pko'Qm cfb]z hfL uL l56l56f] sfd ufpg'kg]{ ;'emfj ;'Iff
k|d'vx?af6 cfof]. b]ze ;dGjo uL u'Ktr ;]jf clej[l4 ug]{ klg a}7sdf
to eof]. ;sfaf6 b]zsf] sdhf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ljrf uL ;a} If]qdf
ldtJolotf ckgfpg x''s'd eof].
sf\u|];sf g]tf tyf k"j{u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] cfk\mgf sfo{stf{dfem
g]kfn dfldnfdf eftsf] e"ldsf bf]xf]f] 5, fhfn] eftsf] ;xfotfn] g} c;f]h
!* sf] sbd rfn]sf x'g\, dfcf]jfbL klg eftn] rnfPsf] sf8{ xf], cGTodf eftn]
k|hftflGqs zlQmnfO{ g} ;fy lbG5 eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ptf Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j
uf}tdn] clxn]sf] ;d:of g]tfx?s} sf0f cfPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ;dfwfg klg
fhgLlts tjaf6} vf]lhg'k5{, u[xdGqLdf fhgLlts k[i7e"ld ePsf] t6:y JolQm
eP fhgLlts bn;u sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] eGg'ePsf] 5. Pdfn] dxf;lrj
dfwjs'df g]kfnn] eg] Pdfn] ;sfdf hfb}g eGb} cem} klg >L % af6 ;'wf x'g
;S5, t fhfnfO{ Oltxf;df ;+ljwfg ldr]sf] bfu cjZo g} nfUg]5 eGg] l6Kk0fL
ug'{ePsf] 5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf r'gfjeGbf klg dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g'
h?L 5 eGg] pxfsf] wf0ff 5.
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnn] nG8g :s'n
ckm Osf]gldS;, ]l8of] g]bNofG8;\ 6LeL Rofgn nG8gsf k|ltlglwn] d;u e]6
ug{ vf]hs
] f 5g\, To:t} cd]lsfsf ;xfos ljb]zdGqL lqml:6gf f]Ssfn] k|wfg
;]gfklt d;u e]6g\ vf]Hg'ePsf] 5, s] uf} < eg] dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]. pQm s'f d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u] . ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]kl5 t'Gt} pxfnfO{ hfgsfL ufP.
k"j{ yL s[i0fgffo0fl;+x yfkf tyf pkyL 3'rGb|axfb' l;+xn] ;sfsf]
sbdsf] :jfut ub}{ h'g;'s} :yfgaf6 klg ;xof]u ug]{ jrg lbg'ePsf] 5. t
crDdsf] s'f, s'g} klg k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] clxn];Dd d;u ;Dks{ u]sf 5}gg\.

@)%( sflQs ^ ut] a'waf

Pdfn] :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] pkk|wfgdGqL tyf u[xdGqLsf]
kb kfP jt{dfg ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g] atfpg'ePsf] va 5. Pdfn] ;sfdf
uP dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jftf{af6 jftf{af6 geP zlQmaf6 vf]lhg]
cf]nLsf] egfO 5. t clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;sfaf6 u[x, Iff, kfi6 cy{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dGqfno cfk\mg} ljZjf;kfqnfO{ lbg] gLlt agfOaS;]sf] 5. olb dfcf]jfbLnfO{

zflGtjftf{df Nofpg ;lsof] eg] Pdfn] tyf sf\u|]; ;sfaflx xbf klg kms
kb}{g. dfcf]jfbL zflGtjftf{df gcfPsf] l:yltdf eg] pm;u l;4fGttM n8\g ;Sg]
zlQm Pdfn] g} x'G5 eGg] s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL
nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf cfpg ;xdt ufpg cfjZos k]
sf\u|]; sf8{ k|of]u ug{ ;d]t lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5. sf\u|]; Pdfn]sf s]xL jli7
g]tf;u d]f] lgoldt ;Dks{ eOx]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of clxn] b]zsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf]. ;a} bnx?n] kf6L{ut
;f]reGbf dfly p7] fli6o b[li6sf]0fn] ljrf uL o;sf] :yfoL ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{
eGg] d]f] wf0ff 5. d}n] cfk\mgf] ;Dks{df ePsf sf\u|]; Pdfn]sf k|d'v g]tf;u
o;} cg';f s'f ulx]sf] 5'. pgLx? ;Qfdf cfpg nfnflot ePsf sf0f d]f]
ljrf;u ;xdt klg b]lvG5g\.

@)%( sflQs & ut] laxLaf

d]f fhgLlts ;Dks{ JolQm n] xfn} fhbafsf k"j{ d'Vo zfxL kfZj{jtL{
pkyL tffaxfb' yfkfnfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] x]5. To; a]nf yfkfn] eGg'eP5, b]z
cToGt} hl6n cj:yfdf 5. d}n] hlxn] klg eftLo k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nosf s]xL
JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] cg's"n agfP fVg] u]sf] lyP. To;n] ubf{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf]
lyof]. xfn To:tf] ePsf] h:tf] nfUb}g. ;sfaf6 af]nfPdf d hlt a]nf klg
;Nnfx lbg tof 5'. gaf]nfP s] ug]{ < pxfn] cfk"m cfpbf] cfOtaf eft hfg]
Totfaf6 kms]{kl5 kmfu'gdf cd]lsf hfg] klg atfpg'eP5. yfkfn] lxhf]cfh
c;'lIft dx;'; ug{ yfNg'ePsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
k"j{GofofwLz tyf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf lgdf{tf nId0fk|;fb cof{nn]
cfkm"lgs6sf JolQm;u xfdLn] ls fhfsf] bf;Tj :jLsf ug'{kof], ls t dfcf]jfbLsf]
bf;Tj :jLsf ug'{k5{, of]eGbf fd|f] t l;lSsd x'g' g} a]; eg] s'f ug'{ePsf]
va cfPsf] 5.
g]kfnl:yt cd]lsL ;}lgs ;xrfLn] ;]gfsf] 8LPdcfO{nfO{ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6
xltof Nofpbf eftn] cf]e k\mnfO6 ug{ glbg] ;Defjgf 5. To;}n] >L %
sf] ;sfn] cd]lsfaf6 cfpg] xltofnfO{ lgaf{w cfpg lbg klxn] g} eftLo
;sf;u s'f ldnfpg'k5{ eg] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.
k"j{;f+;b gffo0fl;+x k'gn] ut sflQs @ ut] a]nfotL ;]gfsf hgn ;
zfd sfcf]gsf] ;Ddfgdf lbPsf] l8gdf cd]lsL a]nfotL fhb"tn] ;sfsf]
sbdk|lt ;dy{g hgfPsf 5g\. ;fy} pgLx?n] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ;fydf lnP
;xsfo{ ug{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\. l8gdf 8LPkmcfO{8Lsf g]kfn k|d'vn] ;'Iff
kmf}haf6 x'g] dfgj clwsf xggsf 36gfk|lt ljf]w hgfP. o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8

349

350

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cjwf0ffn] sfo{If]qdf k|efjsfL ;dGjofTds 9\un] sfd ulx]sf] 5}g eGg]

cleJolQm klg cfPsf] 5.

@)%( sflQs * ut] z'qmaf

hfgsfLdf cfP cg';f sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tfx? v'daxfb' v8\sf
ljho uR5bfaLr cfh laxfg uf]Ko 5nkmn eof]. To;kl5 v8\sf ;"o{axfb'
yfkfnfO{ e]6\g hfg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] cfh} a]n'sf * ah] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'
rGbnfO{ e]6\g] to ePsf] 5.

@)%( sflQs !) ut] cfOtaf

k"j{u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] d;u e]6\g vf]h]sf] lgs} ePsf] lyof]. cfh
e]6 eof]. e]6df pxfn] lj:tfk"j{s cfk\mgf s'f fVg'eof]. v8\sfn] eGg'eof],
clVtofn] h'g ljifodf cff]k nufP d;u aofg lnof], Tof] dlGqklifb\sf] lg0f{o
cg';f g} x'g] s'f xf]. clVtofdf Pdfn]sf] 3';k}7 ePsfn] dfwj g]kfnn] dnfO{
km;fpg vf]h]sf x'g\. lsgeg] Pdfn] km'6fpg d]f] e"ldsf lyof] eGg] pxfx?sf]
a'emfO 5. d}n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 dfu]sf] w]} eof], kfPsf] 5}g. klxn]klxn]sf
bz{ge]6df d}n] JolQmut s'f hfx] u]s} 5}g. b]zsf] s'f dfq hfx] u]sf]
5'. ca bz{ge]6 kfPdf ;a} s'f hfx] u5'{. bz{ge]6sf nflu h;f{an] k|of;
ullbg'kof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf af}nfP lx8\b} 5g\.
s] s'f ulx]sf 5g\ eGg] pgL :jo+nfO{ yfxf 5}g. pgsf af]df dnfO{ fd|L
yfxf 5. z]axfb' b]pjfn] xfdLnfO{ cGwsfdf fv]. xfdLn] fhLgfdf lbg]
;Nnfx lbPsf lyof}. dlGqklifb\ ;fgf] agfpg klg d}n] afDaf ;Nnfx lbP.
t klg dfg]gg\. b]pjf cfkm" klg 8'a] xfdLnfO{ klg 8'afP. s'fsfgLsf
qmddf k"j{u[xdGqL v8\sfn] eGg'eof], g]kfn k|xLleq P;kL, P;P;kL :t;Dd
klg dfcf]jfbLsf] 3';k}7 5. 8LcfO{hL fh]Gb|axfb' l;+x afx]s c? ;a} jli7
clws[t cof]Uo 5g\. d}n] cfO{hLkLsf] ;]jf cjlw a9fpg] k|:tfj kf; ulg.
To;}n] cfO{hLkL k|bLkzdz] haf d]f lj4 s'f u] lxl8x]sf 5g\. 8LcfO{hL
zfbfk|;fb kfh'nLnfO{ k|of]u u] cfO{hLkLn] Pdfn] g]tf s]kL cf]nL;u d]f]
rlq xTof ug]{ k|of; u]sf 5g\. pxfn] cfk"mdfly clVtofn] cgfjZos ?kdf
e|i6frfsf] cff]k nufP d'2f rnfPsf] To;sf k5fl8 Pdfn] tyf sf\u|];s} s]xL
;fyLsf] e"ldsf x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ eGg'eof], h;f{a, of] d]f] fhgLlt ;dfKt ug]{
hfn;fhL xf]. tkfO{+ clVtof ;DaGwL ljifo ;d]t x]g'{x'G5 eGg] yfxf kfP. dnfO{
;xof]u ug'{kof]. pxfsf s'f ;'g] d crDddf k] eg], dGqLHo", o;af] s;n]
tkfO{+nfO{ unt ;"rgf lbof] < clVtof ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsfn] o; ;DaGwdf
k|d'v ;lrjfnonfO{ dfq hfgsfL x'G5. dnfO{ zflGt;'Iff afx]s cGo ljifodf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

s]xL klg yfxf x'b}g. To;}n] k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g;u s'f ug'{ plrt
xf]nf. t pxfn] d]f] s'fdf ljZjf; u]sf] h:tf] nfu]g.
v8\sfk|lt d]f] ;b\efj g} lyof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ bz{ge]6sf nflu cyjf cGo s'g}
klg ;xof]u ug]{ jrg lbP. ;fy} cfO{hLkLn] cfk\mgf] kbfjlw a9fpg] ;Gbe{df cfkm}n
]
;sfdf hfx] u]sf] s'f klg d}n] hfgsfL ufP. pxfnfO{ d}n] klxnf] k6s
8LcfO{hL czf]s >]i7sf] eLd;]guf]nfl:yt 3df e]6s
] f] lyP. Tof] e]6af] d cfh
klg ;DemG5'. To; a]nf pxfn] d;u Pdfn] kf6L{ km'6fpbf cfk"mn] % sf]8 k}of vr{
u]sf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof]. cfh eg] pxf dnfO{ e]6g\ d]f] 3d} cfpg'ePsf] lyof].
cfh} 8LcfO{hL fh]Gb|axfb' l;+xn] dnfO{ e]6] cfO{hLkL k|bLkzdz] hafsf
af]df s]xL s'f ug'{eof]. l;+xsf cg';f, klxn] #) jif]{ ;]jf cjlw x6fpg'k5{
eGbf cfO{hLkL :jo+n] dfGg'ePg. To;} sf0f b'O{rf hgf fd|f clws[tn]
cjsfz kfP. xfn cfP pxf cfkm\g} kbfjlw a9fpg #) jif]{ k|fjwfg x6fpg
vf]lhxg'ePsf] 5. o;n] pxfsf] :jfyL{kg }w rlq emNsG5. pxfn] oxL
ljifodf cfkm"lgs6sf k|xL clwstnfO{ k|xL ;\u7gsf lj4 cbfntdf d'2f
xfNg klg nufpg'eof]. cfO{hLkL;fan] tTsfnLg u[xdGqL v'daxfb'nfO{ cfk\mgf]
kbfjlw a9fOlbP # sf]8 k}of lbG5' eGg'ePsf] lyof]. t dGqLn] ;]jf cjlw
a9fpg dfg]gg\. cfO{hLkLn] 8LcfO{hL z]axfb' zfxnfO{ k|xLsf] ;fdfg vlb ug]{
ljefudf fv] k|z:t sdfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] zfxnfO{ cfk\mgf ;;'f 6]saxfb'
fodfemLsf] gfddf k|lti7fg vf]Ng] lhDdf lbg'ePsf] 5.
Pdfn] g]tf sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{n
+ ] d]f] 3df cfP sla b'O{ 306f d;u v'n]
s'f ug'e{ of]. pxfn] Pdfn] kf6L{kl| t lgs} ljt[i0ff b]vfpb} Pdfn]sf ljs[lt cfDbfgLsf
;|ft] af] v'nf;f ug'e{ of]. vf; uL @)%! ;fndf Pdfn]sf] cNkdtsf] ;sf x'b\ f
k|wfgdGqLsf] hfgsfLlagf cj}w tyf 3[l0ft sfo{ uL sf]8f} k}of p7fPsf] ljifodf
lj:t[t hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], jfdb]j uf}tdn] u[xdGqL x'b f hfoh
gfhfoh tjn] k};f p7fPsf] eP klg ;a} k};f kf6L{nfO{ a'emfPsf 5g\. cfk"mn]
Ps k};f fv]sf 5}gg\. jfdb]jsf] k|jl[ Q hf]uLsf] h:tf] 5. k};f kfof] vr{ uof],
c?nfO{ lbof], ;Sof]. ef]lnsf nflu eg] ;f]Rt}gg\. pgnfO{ bafn] pkof]u ubf{
fd|f] x'g5
] . rf}nfufO{n
+ ] eGg'eof], xfdL dfn]af6 Pdfn]df uP PsLs[t eP klg Pdfn]
kIfwn] cem;Dd ljZjf; u]sf 5}gg\. xfdLdfly bafk:t eGg] cff]k nfUg]
u]sf] 5. dfn] 5'lPsf] rf jif{df Pdfn] kf6L{ k"} eftd'vL eO;s]sf] x]5. O{Zj
kf]v]n Hofb} w"t{ dfwjs'df g]kfn;u cToGt lgs6 5g\. kf]v]nsf] sd{rfL
ju{df klg ks8 5. pgL dfwjs'df g]kfnsf nflu k};f hDdf ug]{ dfWod ag]sf
5g\. cfly{s ljifodf dfwjs'df g]kfn, o'jfh 1jfnL, etdf]xg clwsfL O{Zj
kf]v]n Ps 5g\. ;\u7gsf lx;fan] fwfs[i0f d}gfnL, ;lndldof cG;fL cfk"m
Pdfn]df x] klg kf6L{kl| t tLg} hgfsf] k"0f{ ljt[i0ff eO;s]sf] tLg} hgf Pdfn]af6

351

352

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

aflxlg] ;Defjgf x]sf] klg s'fsfgLsf qmddf rf}nfufO{n

+ ] :ki6 kfg'e{ of].
pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] ;f]w], tkfO{+ Pdfn] 5f]8] cyjf kf6L{n] lgisf;g
u]df ;sfaf6 rflnaS;]sf] sbdnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 ls x'Gg < pxfn] ;dof]u
ug]{ cfzo JoQm ub}{ eGg'eof], clxn]sf] cj:yfdf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{cufl8 r'gfj x'g
;Sb}g. o;aLr Pp6f fi6jfbL k|ultzLn kf6L{ agfpg h?L 5. of] kf6L{df
sDo'lg:6sf] s'g} cfef; cfpg' x'b}g. hgtf;u k|ToIf ;DaGw x'g ;Sg] dGqfno
kfP ;xof]usf af]df d ljrf ug{ ;S5'.
d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], fh;+:yfsf] lxt rfxg] JolQmx? ;a} kf6L{af6 s'g} g s'g}
lsl;dn] lht] cfpg' h?L 5. ;fy}, tkfO{+n] eg] h:t} Pp6f ;zQm, k|efjzfnL
hgfwf ePsf] fi6jfbL kf6L{sf] vfrf] 5. o;df cfa4 x'g] g]tf bafd'vL
geP hgtfk|lt pQbfoL hgd'vL x'g'k5{. :yfgLo lgsfodf ljleGg kIfsf
:yfgLo JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm u] 7"nf kf6L{ sdhf] x'g] bftf fi6n] ;Gtf]if dfGg]
b]lvG5. b'O{ 7"nf kf6L{ sf\u|]; Pdfn]k|lt c;Gt'i6 g]tfx? lgs} b]lvG5g\.
To;}n] t];|f] hgkIfLo kf6L{sf] vfrf] 5.

@)%( sflQs !! ut] ;f]daf

lxhf] flt !! ah] dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f uL cf]vn9'\ufsf] Dhf6f Pokf]6{
kf]:6df t}gfy ;x;]gfgL lbg]z yfkfsf] xTof u]sf] 5. c? 5;ft hgf ;}lgs
3fOt] ePsf 5g\. dbt ug{ uPsf] l6d PDa';df k]sf] 5 gf} hgf 3fOt] ePsf
5g\. sf7df8f}af6 flt g} Toxf x]lnsK6 k'u]sf] lyof] t cjt0f ug{ g;s]
s]xL kmfol uL kmSof]{. dfcf]jfbLtkm{ !^ hgfsf] nf; k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] ;ft
yfg y|Lg6y|L fOkmn km]nf k]sf] 5. lj:t[t ljj0f cfpg afsL 5. ;w} p:t}
lsl;dsf 36gfqmd bf]xf]lOx]sfn] ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] 0fgLlt k'gfjnf]sg ug'{ lgtfGt
cfjZos 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb;u ;'Iff ;DaGwL 5nkmn
ug]{ ef]ln Dhf6f uP 36gfaf] cWoog ug]{ sfo{qmd 5.

@)%( sflQs !# ut] a'waf

xfn} kbf]Gglt ePsf ;xfos yLx? kjgh\u yfkf, tf]0fh\uaxfb' l;+x,
5ljnfn v8\sf, pkyLx? lbnLk sfsL{, cf]daxfb' k'g yL ;bLkaxfb' zfxn]
cfh ;sfdf bfd fVg'eof]. ;sfaf6 ;a}nfO{ 5'f5'} bz{ge]6 aS:of].
pxfx? ;a}nfO{ ;sfaf6 xfnsf] fhgLlts cl:ytf dfcf]jfbL Gsf sf0f
l;lh{t ;d:ofn] ubf{ b]z hl6n cj:yfdf 5, o:tf] a]nf ;]gfsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{
x'G5, To;df klg pRr txdf x]sf ltdLx? h:tf ;}lgs clws[taf6 d}n] w]}
ck]Iff fv]sf] 5' x's'd eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

bz{ge]6sf cj;df yL ;bLkaxfb' zfxn] bafnfO{ sf] Plof dfg]

sf7df8f} pkTosfsf lglDt l l;:6d sf] ;'Iff k|aGw ubf{ fd|f] x'g] k|:tfj
hfx] ug'{eof]. pxf g]kfnuGhdf :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] l8lehgsf] sdfG8 ;Dxfn]
ev{} kms{g'ePsf] xf]. ;sfaf6 ltdLnfO{ lkmN8sf ;d:ofaf] fd|f];u hfgsfL
ePsf] 5, tL ;d:of lgjf0f ug{ ;]gfdf ePsf ;a} lsl;dsf sdLsdhf]L ;'wf
u] cl3 a9 eg] lgb]{zg aS:of].
pkyL lbnLk sfsL{n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgaf] gofgof ;'emfj hfx]
ug'{eof]. ;'emfjk|lt ;sfaf6 ;sffTds k|ltlqmof JoQm ulaS;L o;nfO{
kLP;cf]h a}7sdf fVg" x's'd eof]. pkyL cf]daxfb' k'gn] ;]gf dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 ck];gNnL vl6Psf] x'bf ljz]if uL dWoklZrdsf s'd, f]Nkfh:tf :yfgdf
t}gfy ePsf u0f u'NdnfO{ cbnLabnL ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 egL ;sf
;dIf ;'emfj fVg'ePsf] lyof].
;xfos yL kjgh\u yfkfn] dfcf]jfbL ca ;xL u'lNnf o'4df hfg ;Sg]
b]lvG5, To; cj:yfdf ;]gfn] sfafxL a9fpg c;lhnf] x'g ;S5, o; l:yltdf
>L % sf] ;sfaf6 ;a}n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf;+lxtf hfL eP ;'Iff lgsfonfO{
sfd ug{ ;xh x'g] lyof], cfrf;+lxtf eP eljiodf ;d]t dfgj clwsfjfbLaf6
aRg ;lsg] cj:yf xG5 egL hfx] ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 ltd|f] of] fd|f] s'f xf],
o;nfO{ k|wfgdGqL;dIf k|:t't ullbG5' x's'd eof].
;xfos yL tf]0fh\uaxfb' l;+xn] ljz]if 6f]nL agfP dfcf]jfbL;u uf]Ko
?kdf jftf{ u] fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj lbg'eof]. To:t}, ;xfos yL 5ljnfn
v8\sfn] ;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] cj:yfaf] hfx] ug'{eof].
sfo{qmdkl5 ;sfaf6 d;u s]xL ;do 5nkmn ulaS:of]. kbf]Ggltk|fKt
hg]{nx?af6 hfx] ePsf ljifo ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg ePsf ljifodf ;fdfGo ljrf
ljdz{ eof]. ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], dlGqd08nsf] k"0f{tfkl5 >L % sf] ;sfn]
ug'{kg]{ sfd k|fyldstfsf] cfwfdf lgwf{0f uL hgtfnfO{ fxt k'Ug] sfo{qmd
tTsfn nfu" ug{ dlGqklifb\nfO{ ;'emfj lbg'k5{. k|wfgdGqL rGbn] s'g} klg Pp6f
7"nf] kf6L{nfO{ ;sfdf ;fd]n ufpg k|oTg ulx]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ;sfaf6
x's'd eof], t ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g] kf6L{ bafsf] 6D;{ PG8 slG8;gdf ;xefuL
x'g'k5{ g ls p;sf] dfGotfsf] cfwfdf. ;fy} ltxfkl5 >L % sf] ;sf ;lqmo
?kn] fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf cGo sfo{df cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ wf0ff ;sfaf6
flvaS:of].

@)%( sflQs !% ut] z'qmaf

cfh vf;} dxjk"0f{ sfd s]xL klg ePg. lgoldt e]63f6 sfof{nosf]
sfd dfq eof]. sdn rf}nfufO{+n] bz{ge]6 kfPkl5 cfh d;u ;Dks{ u]

353

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sf;u ePsf s'faf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d}n] ;sfdf

cfk\mgf] JolQmut ljsNk tyf ;sfaf6 p7fOaS;g'kg]{ sbdsf af]df hfx]
u]. d b]z hgtfsf nflu fli6otf arfpg h'g;'s} Tofu ug{ tof
x]sf] laGtL u]. ;fy} clxn]sf] klj]zdf cd]lsf a]nfot h:tf ldqfi6sf]
ljZjf; k|fKt ug'{k5{ ;xof]u lng'k5{ eg] laGtL u]. g]kfndf a9]sf] eftLo
x:tIf]ksf af]df pgLx?nfO{ hfgsfL ufpg h?L 5 eg] hfx] u].
clxn] g]kfndf l;lSsdsf] h:tf] cj:yf ljsl;t x'b} 5. To;}n] xfnsf d'Vo
fhgLlts kf6L{eGbf cnu fi6\jfbL k|ultzLn kf6L{sf] vfrf] 5. jt{dfg
fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] ;fy geP klg b]z cfk\mgf] ultdf cufl8 a9\gk' 5{. clxn]sf]
cj:yfdf ;sfaf6 Olgl;ol6e cfk\mgf] xftdf lng' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 eg] laGtL
u]. bz{ge]6sf cj;df ;sfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ s]xL lgb]{zg aS;]sf] klg pxfn]
hfgsfL lbg'eof].

@)%( sflQs !& cfOtaf

eftLo fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t csf Ps JolQmn] 8f= afa'fd efO{ eftdf
kqmfp k]sf] eGg] ck'i6 ;dfrf bafaf6} k|fof]lht xf] eGg] xNnf rnfPsf 5g\.
o;sf] lgot eftnfO{ abgfd ug]{ xf] eGg] pgsf] egfO x]5. pgsf cg';f
bafdf sfo{t s'g} vf; JolQm;u eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf] ;Dks{ 5. ;fy}
bafsf] s'g} jli7 kbflwsfLsf] 6]lnkmf]g 6\ofk ug]{ ulPsf] 5.
cd]lsf g]kfndf l56f] 5ltf] 9\un] sfd xf];\, e|i6frf lgoGq0f, ;'zf;g
cflbdf ;'wf xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 egL va cfPsf] 5.
kfls:tfgL ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] b]zdf ;~rfng u]sf ljleGg sNof0fsfL cfof]hgf
tyf sf];{ lgLIf0f ug{ ;]gfaf6 Pp6f 6f]nLnfO{ cfdGq0f ulPsf] 5. d}n] of] s'f
;sfdf hfx] u].
b]zdf ;sf gePsf] cj:yfdf ut c;f]h @) ut] u[x;lrjn] cy{ dGqfnosf
;x;lrj k|df]b sfsL{ dfkm{t xfn sfg'g dGqfnosf pk;lrjnfO{ y'Gg nufPsf
x]5g\. tL pk;lrj To; a]nf cy{ dGqfnodf sfo{t lyP. pgnfO{ dfcf]jfbL
ePsf] cff]k nufP y'lgPsf] x]5. o; ;DaGwdf s'f a'e\mbf pk;lrjn] cy{
dGqfnodf x'g] e|i6frfsf ;DaGwdf tLvf] k|ltlqmof lbg] u]sfn] pgnfO{ em"6f]
cff]k nufO{ y'Gg nufPsf x]5g\. ;sfdf of] ljifo hfx] x'bf t'Gt a'em]
sfafxL ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of].
Pdfn] ;sfdf ;xefuL x'g tof 5 eGg] egfO cfPsf] 5. t u[x dGqfno
s'g} klg xfntdf Pdfn]nfO{ lbg' x'b}g eGg] s'f klg ;u;u} cfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] dfcf]jfbL ;Dks{;"q;u jftf{ ;DaGwL s'f rlnx]sfn] ;]gfn]
ulx]sf ck];g ltxfdf sd ug{ To; ;DaGwL ;dfrf glbg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
aadxnl:yt llelh6]8 df cfh f0ffx?sf] j+zfjnL ljdf]rg sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof]. pQm cj;df af]Ng] s]xL f0ffn] cfkm"x? ;fdfGo g]kfnLeGbf
w]} pRr ju{sf] eGg] efj JoQm u]. tTsfnLg eftdf c\u|]hsf] h:tf] g]kfndf
cfk\mgf] a]Un} ljlzi6 ju{ x]sf] eGg] pgLx?sf] cfzo lyof].
fh:j u:tL ;DaGwL ;]gfsf] 6f]nLsf] cjlw ut c;fdf 5 dlxgf a9fOPsf]
lyof]. Tof] cjlw cfufdL d\l; !) ut] ;dfKt x'G5. To;nfO{ of] cfly{s jif{sf]
cGTo;Dd k'gM yk ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5. ;fy}, eG;f u:tLdf vl6Psf] ;]gfsf] 6f]nLsf] cjlw
klg k'; d;fGt;Dd dfq x]sf] 5. oL ljifodf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'k5{
eg] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u] . zfxL h\uL c8\8fn] o;af] rf;f] flvx]sf] 5.

@)%( sflQs @! ut] laxLaf

cfh k|wfgdGqL rGbn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ ;'hftf
sf]Ofnfsf] 3, dl08vf6fdf e]6\g'eof]. pQm cj;df k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfdf
;xefuL x'g sf]OfnfnfO{ cg'f]w ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] sf]OfnfnfO{ eGg'eof],
tkfO{+sf] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] x6nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;d]t :yflkt
ePsf] eGg] ;'lgPsf] 5. To;}n] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf nflu ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u
ullbg'x'g cg'f]w ub{5'.
k|wfgdGqL rGbsf lgs6 JolQmsf] egfO cg';f d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ljdn
sf]Ofnfn] >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u gu]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5.

@)%( sflQs @# ut] zlgaf

lbp;f] !@ ah]b]lv lg:s]sf] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;\3 k|hftflGqssf] h'n';
j;Gtk'df k'u] ;efdf kl0ft eof]. h'n';df sla ;ft ;osf] ;xeflutf x]sf]
eGg] lkf]6{ 5. ;efdf sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf k|sfzdfg l;+xn] af]Ng'ePsf]
lyof]. To:t} Pdfn]sf] k|hftflGqs fli6o o'jf ;\3sf] h'n'; ef]6flx6Ldf k'u]
;efdf kl0ft eof]. h'n';df sla kfr ;osf] ;xeflutf lyof]. ;efnfO{ Pdfn]
g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof].
cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;df ;'Iff ;'kefOh kbdf sfo{t k|sfz uf}tdnfO{ cfh}
;f9] # ah]lt a'4gudf dfcf]jfbLn] xTof u]. s]xL dlxgfcl3 klg ln\sg
:s'ndf sfo{t ljejgsf d]z tfd|fsfsf] xTof ePsf] lyof]. oL 36gfdfly
s]xL lbgotf cd]lsfsf] PkmaLcfO{sf] l6dn] cg';Gwfg ulx]sf] 5 eGg] va
cfPsf] 5.
sf7df8f}sf k"j{d]o s]zj :yflkt cfh d]f] 3df cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pQm
cj;df d}n] ;sfdf ;xefuL eP ;xof]u ullbg'kof] eGbf pxfn] eGg'eof],

355

356

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

d ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g ;lSbg. t dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ljifodf d]f
s]xL of]hgf 5g\. Tof] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] b]zdf zflGt cfpg ;S5. ;fy} pxfn]
dGqLeGbf sf7df8f}sf] d]o ag] ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ OR5f JoQm ug'{eof]. cfh}
sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{+n] Pdfn] klTofu u]sf] va cfof].

@)%( sflQs @$ ut] cfOtaf

jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf sfo{t ;]gfgL 8f= fhLj zfxL tLg dlxgfsf]
P6\ofrd]G6 sf nflu nG8g hfg'ePsf] lyof]. t Ps jif{;Dd lagfva ToxL
a:g'eof]. Ps jif{kl5 clxn] cfP Pd8L cWoogsf nflu tLg jif{sf] labf
dfUg'ePsf] 5. of] ljifo ;sfdf hfx] x'bf lgod k'ofP ldnfOlbg" x''s'd
eof]. 8f= fhLj zfxHofbL k"hfsf >Ldfg\ x'g'x'G5.
d}n] o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] tflndsf nflu ;a} tofL eO;s]sf] 5,
slxn]b]lv ;' ug]{ < eg] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 kf;nfO{ g} ;f]w]
ldnfpg" x's'd eof]. o'jfhflwfhsf nflu ;]gfsf] cf7xKt] a]l;s tflndsf]
Joj:yf bafleq} zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf ldnfOPsf] 5.
cfufdL d\l; ! @ ut] h\uL c8\8fdf k[tgf jflxgLkltsf] ;Dd]ng
cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5. pQm cj;df xfnsf] ;'Iff l:yltaf] ljZn]if0f 5nkmn
x'g]5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] oxL ;f]daf ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg] ;Defjgf 5
eGg'ePsf] x]5. pxfn] fhfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] rrf{ lgs} klxn]b]lv rlnx]sf]
lyof]. pxfn] ;sf;u s'f ldn] 8f= fdz0f dxt, cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofo
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfsf] gfd dGqLsf nflu l;kmfl; u5'{ eGg'ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb Pdfn] g]tf s]kL cf]nLaLr Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf
;xefuL ufpg s'fsfgL eOx]sf] 5. t s'f ldn]sf] 5}g. o;df fk|kf g]tf
bLks af]xf zbrGb| zfxn] dWo:ytf ulx]sf] eGg] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Dks{;|f]t dfkm{t jftf{sf] k"j{;t{sf ?kdf ljleGg
k|:tfj k7fPsf] 5. To;df dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ulPsf] cft\ssfL zAb
lkmtf{ lng], jftf{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs cfx\jfg ug]{, y'gfdf x]sf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf]
;"rL ;fj{hlgs ug]{ h:tf s'f 5g\.
;sfaf6 jftf{af] ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?sf] wf0ff s] 5, a'e\mg" x's'd
aS;]sf] lyof]. o; ;DaGwdf ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?af6 cfPsf ;'emfj o;
k|sf 5g\ M
!= jftf{sf nflu cfx\jfg u] x'G5.
@= dfcf]jfbLn] ;Dk"0f{ cft\sjfbL lqmofsnfk -rGbf ;\sng, xftxltof
cf];fk;f, hg;ef, hgsfafxL ;}Go etL{ nufot_ aGb ug'{k5{.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

#= fh;+:yfsf lj4 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cleJolQm k|xf x'g' x'b}g.

$= >L % sf] ;sfn] ;bfzotf b]vfpg'k5{.
%= aGbLsf] l:ylt b'j}ltaf6 ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{.
^= ;'Iff kmf}hn] zflGt;'Iffsf nflu lgoldt sfafxL hfL fVg]5. t
dfcf]jfbLk|lt nlIft xg]5}g.
&= ;sfn] ;'Iff c\usf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] vlb k|lqmof hfL
fVg]5.
oL ;'emfj d}n] cfh ;sfdf hfx] u]. To;kl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
dfcf]jfbLn] kll:ylt k|lts"n x'bf klg ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ cfOx]sf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? k|wfgdGqL rGb, lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf nufot, sf\u|];, Pdfn],
g]]dlskf ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf g]tfx?;u afDaf ;Dks{df xg] u]sf
5g\. To;f] x'bf xfn ckgfOPsf] 0fgLlt hfL fVg] -No back tracking_.
;fy} ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbLk|lt nlIft sfafxL hfL fVg cem ;s];Dd cfqmfds
9\un] cl3 a9\g lgb]{zg aS:of]. o;} uL, clVtofn] ;' u]sf] sfafxL fd|L
;~rfng ug{ ;DklQ 5fglag cfof]usf] sfafxL ;d]t cufl8 a9fpg kz'kltnfO{
eg]sf] 5' x's'd eof]. cGTodf ;sfaf6 ;]gfn] :sfO{ 6s Pd@* hxfhsf]
pks0f vlb ubf{ clgoldttf ePsf] eGg] l;sfot cfPsf] 5, o; ljifodf klg
s] ePsf] xf] a'em] dnfO{ dnfO{ va u egL lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)%( sflQs @* ut] laxLaf

lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] bafaf6 ;DejtM cfh bz{ge]6sf nflu va
cfp5, To;df s] s'f ug]{ < egL s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf s]xL ;b:o;u 5nkmn
ug'{ePsf] a'lemof]. 5nkmnsf qmddf ;sfaf6 rflnPsf] c;f]h !* @% ut]sf]
sbd ;+ljwfg cg'?k ePg, clxn]sf] lgsf; eg]sf] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf g} xf] eGg]
s'f hfx] ug]{ to eof].
Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] xfn} ;sf;usf] bz{ge]6kl5 cfk\mgf lgs6sf
JolQm;u lgDg s'f eGg] u]sf] va k|fKt ePsf] 5 M
!= ;sfaf6 xfnsf] fhgLlts klj]zsf af]df ;a} s'f :ki6;u x's'd
eof]. t bz{ge]6df ePsf ;a} s'f eGg ldNb}g.
@= 5 kf6L{]sf] ;xdlt cg';f sfd eP ;d:ofsf] lgsf; lgsfNg ;lhnf]
x'G5.
#= xfnsf] fhgLlts l:ylt ljZn]if0f u] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo hfx]
u]. ;sf;u ;sffTds s'f eof]. ;xdlt cg'?k sfd ePg eg]
;a}nfO{ a]kmfObf x'G5.
cfh} jLGb|gfy zdf{n] cfk\mgf] lgjf;df s]xL kqsf af]nfP fk|kfsf]

357

358

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dxflwj]zgdf kf6L{ cWoIfsf nflu cfk\mgf] pDd]bjfLsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{eof].

cfh laxfg bf]nvfsf] d'9]glhs nfs'] 8f8fdf ;'Iff kmf}hnfO{ nIo uL
dfcf]jfbLn] ufPsf] lj:kmf]6df ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] a; k]sf] 5. 36gf:ynaf6
k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f !^ hgf 3fOt] ePsf] k|flDes lkf]6{ 5. 3fOt]nfO{ ;]gfsf]
x]lnsK6af6 sf7df8f} NofOPsf] 5.
k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f sflQs !@ ut] sf\u|]; g]tf s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf
Pdfn]sf 3'hL kGtn] eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf 8L;LPd czf]s s'dfnfO{ e]6]. e]6df
dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 s[i0f dxh{g klg ;+nUg lyP. oxL e]6df sf\u|];, Pdfn]
dfcf]jfbLaLr k|flDes jftf{ ePsf] lyof]. ;f] jftf{sf] qmd hfL fVg] ;xdlt
ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] cfk\mgf ;Dks{JolQm dfwjk|;fb dx7\7f
dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL g]tf xlaf]n uh']nnfO{ e]6]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. To; qmddf
baf;u s'f ldn] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ cGtld ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g] s'f ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] jftf{sf nflu ;+o'Qm fi6;\3 o'f]lkog o'lgog;u kqrf
u]sf] ;d]t uh']nn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufPsf lyP.
o;}aLr, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ a]lNhoddf x]sf g]kfnLaf6 7"nf] sd rGbf cfpg]
u]sf] s'f v'ns
] f] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn eftsf] uf]vk'df 5.
t uf]vk'sf] s'g 7fpdf eGg] yfxf 5}g. ;'Iff lgsfon] pgLx?sf] sfof{no kQf
nufpg sf]l;; ulx]sf 5g\. To;sf lglDt dfG5]x? klrfng ulPsf] 5.

@)%( ;fn d\l; ! ut] cfOtaf

;'Iffsf] ljBdfg l:yltdf If]qLo k|zf;ssf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ x'gk' 5{. t
pgLx?af6 k|efjsfL sfd x'g ;lsx]sf] 5}g eg] w]l} taf6 u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5.
To;n] ubf{ k|To]s c~rndf c~rn k|zf;s of clwsf;DkGg bf}8fxf 6f]nL lgo'Qm
ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ljrf cfOx]sf] 5. To:tf] 6f]nLdf ;a} If]q -h:t} M ;]gf, k|xL,
lghfdtL Gofo If]q_ sf k"j{ jli7 clws[tnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;'emfj 5.
>L % sf] ;sfsf] sfd Hofb} ;':t lkmtnf] b]lvPsfn] t'Gt dlGqklifb\
lj:tf uL k|efjzfnL fxt sfo{qmd Nofpg lgb]{zg ePsf] 5. k|zf;gnfO{
l56f]5ltf] agfpg ldtJolotf ckgfpg k|zf;g ;'wf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg cg';f
dGqfnosf] ;\Vof 36fP !* agfpg'kg]{ ;'emfj 5. ;sfsf] c;f]h !* ut]sf]
sbdkl5 ;a}eGbf k|efjsfL k|xL k|zf;g x'g'k5{. To;sf nflu k|zf;g oGq
k|efjsfL r':t x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5. o;}aLr, d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ljdnk|;fb
sf]Ofnf s]xL pRr k|zf;saf6 >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ fd|f] ;xof]u ePg eGg]
l;sfot cfOx]sf] 5. To;}n] d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ fhb"t agfP k7fP pko'Qm
x'g] wf0ff klg b]vf k]sf] 5. xfn Iff;lrjsf] e"ldsf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5 t

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

u[x;lrjnfO{ Psb'O{ dlxgf x]g{'k5{ eg] ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;'emfj cfPsf] 5.

h'Dnfsf] ;bd'sfddf sflQs @* ut] flt dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f eof]. t ;]gfn]
To;nfO{ ljkmn t'NofOlbof]. To;nfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;]gfsf] 7"nf] ;kmntf eGg
yfNg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] lgs} pT;fxsf ;fy o;sf] qm]l86 lng] sf]l;; ug'{eof].
cfqmd0fkl5sf] ePsf] kmnf]ck ck];gdf Ps ;ohlt dfcf]jfbL xtfxt ePsf
5g\ b'O{ af]f g]kfnL k}of ;d]t ;]gfn] km]nf kf]sf] 5. d}n] kfPsf] va
cg';f k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] bfaL lkmN8sf] oyfy{ d]n vfg] lsl;dsf] 5}g. pQm
cfqmd0fdf h'Dnfsf w]}h;f] ;sfL sfof{no Wj:t ePsf 5g\. o; ;Gbe{df d}n]
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;f]w], ;]gfsf] lhDd]jfL cfk\mgf] Aof]s dfq arfpg] xf] jf k"f
;bd'sfdsf] ;'Iff ug]{ xf] < h'Dnfdf t ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] Aof]ssf] dfq ;'Iff u]sf]
b]lvof]. o;nfO{ s;L ;]gfsf] ;kmntf eGg ldN5 < d]f s'f ;'g] pxf lgs}
l;fpg'eof]. of] s'f pxf hfx]Ldf cfPsf] a]nf ;sfs} ;fd'Gg] ePsf] xf].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf sfpG;]n
Kof;Ln] cfh e]6]. pxfx?aLr Ps 306f uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf]
5. Kof;L g]kfndf eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'v x'g. of] e]6kl5 sf]Ofnf
uf]ljGbfh hf]zLnfO{ lnP Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ e]6\g sf]6]Zj
hfg'ePsf] lyof]. Toxf sf]Ofnfn] g]kfnnfO{ Pdfn] s'g} klg xfntdf jt{dfg
;sfdf hfg x'b}g eGg] ljrf fVg'ePsf] lyof]. lxh} sf]Ofnfn] k"j{k|wfgdGqL
;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ klg e]6\g'ePsf] 5. t s] s'f eof], yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
kfi6dGqL g]Gb|ljqmd zfx e'6fgL z0ffyL{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ e'6fg
hfg] sfo{qmd 5. To;cl3 k"j{kfi6dGqLnfO{ e]6\g] qmddf pxfn] dfwjs'df
g]kfnnfO{ klg e]6\g'eof]. To; cj;df Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg]
ljifodf ;d]t ;fdfGo s'f ePsf] s'f ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)%( d\l; $ ut] a'waf

;sfsf] bz{ge]6kl5 ef}lts tyf of]hgf dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] d;u
6]lnkmf]gdf s'f ug'e{ of]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d}n] ;sf;u ljb]zL fhb"tfjf; tyf
bft[ ;+:yfnfO{ nla u] ;sfaf6 rflnaS;]sf] sbdsf] :jfut tyf ;dy{g ug{
nufp5,' ;sfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;xof]u lng sf]l;; u5',{ ;fy} cfk\mgf]
kf6L{sf] fhgLlts sfo{qmd b]zJofkL ?kdf ;~rfng u5'{ eg] hfx] u]. o;}
qmddf ;sfaf6 d]f] dGqfnosf] sfd sd{rfLaf] lh1f;f flvaS:of]. ljz]if
u] ;lrjsf] sfdsfafxL ;xof]uaf] lr flvaS;]sf] lyof]. d}n] ;lrj
dGqfnosf sd{rfLaf6 ;xof]u kfpg ;S5' eg] hfx] u] . ;sfaf6 klg ;lrj
7Ls} x'gk' 5{, cfk\mgf] sfo{qmddf ljZjf;df lnP k|of]u ug{' 7Ls xf]nf x'sd' eof].
lrlgof fhb"t p of] sn] lxhf] dnfO{ l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof].

359

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

To; a]nf pxfn] g]kfndf xfl;n u]sf] cfk\mgf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'eof]. cfk"mnfO{ rLg
;sfn] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt x'g'cl3 g} cGo b]zdf fhb"t agfP k7fpg
nfu]sf] ;d]t dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ jftf{ x'G5 of x'b}g,
;]gfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5 of ;Sb}g eGg] pxfsf] lh1f;f lyof].
pxfn] ;]gfnfO{ rLgaf6 nlhl:6S; pknAw ufpg] cfZjf;g lbg'eof].
d}n] klg pxfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] ;}lgs sfafxLaf] cjut ufP.
;]gfsf nflu cfjZos nlhl:6S; hgzlQm Hofb} sd ePsf] klg d}n]
hfgsfL ufP.
To;kl5 fhb"tn] b]zsf] fhgLlts cj:yfsf af]df l6Kk0fL ug'{eof]. pxfn]
eGg'eof], g]kfnL hgtf fh;+:yfk|lt cf:yf fV5g\ ;fy klg lbG5g\. t b]zdf
zflGt axfnL ug'{ lgs} h?L 5. clxn] fhgLlts kf6L{ hgtfdf hfg ;Sg] l:ylt
5}g. ;sfaf6 d;u ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gfsf nflu rLgn] PkL;L -cfD8{
k;{gn Soflo_ pknAw ufpg ;S5 ls eg] lh1f;f flvaS;]sf] lyof].
d}n] xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnd} PkL;L cfjZos x]sf] dx;'; u]sf] 5'
eg]. ;sfaf6 fi6;\3sf] se geP eftaf6 cjf]w x'g ;S5 x's'd eof].
To;kl5 pxfn] cfk"m s]xL lbgleq} labf dgfpg rLg hfg] hfgsfL lbb} eGg'eof],
d]L >LdtL hfkfgdf ePsfn] d Toxf klg hfG5'. a]Olhaf6 kms]{ cfPkl5
g]kfndf d]f] sfo{sfn ;dfKt x'G5. Tolt a]nf :jb]z kms{gc
' l3 d ;sf;u
km]l bz{ge]6 dfU5'. To; a]nf;Dd rLgdf kf6L{sf] g]tT[ j kljt{g eO{ ;sf ;d]t
kljt{g x'g] ePsfn] gof g]tT[ jnfO{ ;sfaf6 ;Gb]z k7fpg' pko'Qm xf]nf. cGTodf
pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfnL ;LdfIf]qdf ltAatLx?n] lrlgof k|xLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] efu]
g]kfn cfO{ rLgljf]wL ultljlw ug]{ ulx]sf 5g\. To:tf JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf
o'PgPr;Lcfsf kbflwsfLn] z0ffyL{sf] bhf{ lbg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5. of] 7Ls
xf]Og. o;n] rLg g]kfnaLrsf] ;DaGwdf gfd|f] c; kg]{ x'bf To:tf JolQmnfO{
ckfwLsf ?kdf btf{ uL rLgnfO{ ;'k'b{uL ug'{k5{.
zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf xfn} ;DkGg ;'Iff ;dGjofTds a}7sdf lkmN8
sdfG8x?n] cfk\mgf] If]qsf] ck];gn ultljlw To;sf sdLsdhf]Laf] ljj0f
k]; u]. ljut 5 dlxgfdf ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf xfl;n u]sf] s'f klg pgLx?n]
k|:t't u]. sdfG8x?sf] egfO lyof], xfn ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] k|lqmof cg'?k
sfd eOx]sf] x'bf ljz]if u] ;}lgs ;fdu|L cfoft ubf{ w]} ;do nfUg] u]sf] 5
h;af6 cfjZos ;fdfg pknAw ufpg cK7ff] klx]sf] 5. ck];gsf] a]nf
;}lgs hjfgn] k|of]u ug]{ nQfsk8f tyf a'6 OToflb tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf rf8}
kmf6\g] u]sfn] ;d:of emg\ rsf]{ ag]sf] 5. sltko cj:yfdf t hjfgn] cfk\mg}
k};faf6 ;d]t a'6 vlb ug'{k]sf] 5. o;df ljrf k'ofpg lgtfGt cfjZos
5. a}7sdf ;]gfnfO{ ck];g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL agfP

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ lbg] tofL eOx]sf] ;d]t hfgsfL ufOof]. dfcf]jfbLsf
lj4 sfafxLdf 3fOt] x'g] ;}lgssf] ;\Vof nuftf al9x]sf] 5. pgLx?sf]
pkrfsf nflu jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf kof{Kt :yfg 5}g. o:tf] a]nf sf]8f}sf]
nufgLdf agfOPsf] ;}lgs Do'lhod ejg vfnL 5. Tof] ejg ;}lgs c:ktfnsf]
glhs klg ePsfn] To;nfO{ cf]kL8L Koffd]l8S; s]Gb|sf ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ ;'emfj
a}7sdf cfPsf] lyof]. tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] >L % sf]
;sfaf6 Do'lhod agfpg a]Un} sd lgsf;f x'g] eGg'ePsf] lyof]. t ;sfn]
s'g} klg sd lbPg ;]gfsf ljleGg zLif{sdf cfPsf] ah]6 s6fP Do'lhod ejg
lgdf{0f ulPsf] lyof].
;f] cj;df gjlgo'Qm dGqLx?nfO{ fli6o ;'Iff gLlt, fli6o ;'Iff klifb\
;}lgs ck];gsf af]df ;]gfn] ljz]if la|lkm ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] ;d]t ;'emfj cfof].
;fy} a]nfotL ;}lgs lj1af6 tof ePsf] l;len ldln6L fli6o cleofgaf]
dlGqklifb\df hfgsfL ufpg] tofL eOx]sf] hfgsfL ufOof].
a}7sdf k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] sf7df8f}df sfo{t clws[tnfO{
t'Gt} lhNnfdf k7fP lkmN8df nfdf] ;do a;]sf clws[tnfO{ sf7df8f} ;jf ug]{
atfpg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] cfufdL df3b]lv nlhl:6ssf] ;d:of s]xL xb;Dd sd
x'g] csf]{ 5 dlxgfdf cem ;'wf cfpg]af] cfZj:t kfg'{eof].

@)%( d\l; % ut] laxLaf

yfONofG8sf] fhwfgL a}\ssdf cfof]lht Pl;ofsf k|d'v fhgLlts bnsf]
;Dd]ngdf efu lng sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf g]tf
;fuzdz] haf, sf\u|]; g]tf ;'zLn sf]Ofnf, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfn g]tf eLd fjn cfh To;tkm{ k|:yfg ug'{eof]. sf\u|]; k|hftflGqsn]
b]pjf a}\ssaf6 kms]{kl5 ljBdfg fhgLlts ;\s6df s;L cufl8 a9\g]
eg] 0fgLlt to ug{ sf7df8f}df fli6o sfo{stf{ e]nf cfof]hgf ug]{ ePsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;+:yfkg kIfn] klg rf8} dxf;ldltsf] a}7s af]nfpg] tofL ulx]sf] 5.
o;}aLr, sf\u|]; dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?aLr cfGbf]ngnfO{ gof 9\un] cl3 a9fpg
dfcf]jfbLsf] ;dy{g ;xof]u lng] ljifodf uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dfn]sf] cu'jfOdf kfr jfd kf6L{n] ;j{bnLo ;Dd]ng ug{ nfu]sf 5g\.
To;kl5 j}wflgs cfGbf]ng ug]{ s'f k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5.
oL ljifodf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLn] klg dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{;|f]t
dfkm{t jftf{sf] k|of; ulx]sf] hfgsfL ufOaS:of]. ;fy}, cfpbf] df3df ;DkGg
x'g nfu]sf] >L % clwfhs'dfL k|]0ffsf] z'eljjfxsf ;DaGwdf ;]gfaf6 ug'{kg]{ sfd
cl3 a9fpg x's'd eof]. d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt ;DalGwt kbflwsfL;u 5nkmn
uL of]hgf tof kfL hfx] u5'{ egL laGtL u].

361

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( d\l; * ut] cfOtaf

;]gfdf la|u]l8oeGbf dfly a9'jf x'gnfO{ g];gn l8km]G; sn]h -Pg8L;L_
eft, a\unfb]z, kfls:tfg, jf sn]h cd]lsf, f]on sn]h ckm l8km]G;
:6l8h -cf;L8LP;_ a]nfot jf g];gn l8km]G; o'lgel;{6L -Pg8Lo'_ rLgdf
Psjif]{ pRr sf];{ ug]{ k|rng 5. o;af] s'g} lnlvt lgod geP klg ;]gfsf
pRr clws[tnfO{ kbf]Ggltsf nflu of] sf];{ cfjZos 5 eg] k7fpg] ulPsf] 5.
clxn];Dd bafdf sfo{t pRr ;}lgs clws[t s;}n] klg of] sf];{ u]sf 5}gg\.
cab]lv bafdf sfo{t ;]gfsf pRr clws[tnfO{ klg of] sf];{ ufpg' cfjZos
5 eGg] gLlt cfh kf; eof]. xfdL s;}n] klg of] sf];{ ug]{ cj; kfPgf}. clxn]
bafdf sfo{t ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnf of] sf];{sf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm
jli7 x'g'x'G5. pkyLdf kbf]Gglt x'g'cl3 g} pxfnfO{ of] sf];{ ufpg' clgjfo{
x'G5. of] ljrf u] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u], ;sfaf6 6LsfnfO{ kbf]Gglt lbP
;}lgs ;lrj agfpg] ljrf flvaS;]sf] 5 eg] pxfnfO{ pQm tflnddf k7fpg]
;do ePsf] 5. To;sf nflu a]nfot jf cd]lsfaf6 csf]{ jif{sf] Pg8L;L of
;f];xsf] sf];{sf nflu l;6 dufpg] ;do ePsf] x'bf lgb]{zg kfpm.
d]f] of] hfx]L ;sfn] s'f ;'gL dfq aS:of], s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g.
of] ljifo d}n] o;cl3 klg kfr5 k6s hfx] ul;s]sf] x'. w]} k6ssf] hfx]L
ePsfn] xf]nf, cfh clns a]kl5 ;sfaf6 l;6 dufOlbg" x's'd eof].
To;kl5 d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ of] s'f hfgsfL ufP. pxfn] ;]gfnfO{ pknAw
x'g] sf]6fdf yk u] dufpg] cfZjf;g lbg'eof]. 6Lsf h;f{asf] OR5f cg';f
a]nfotaf6 cf;L8LP; sf];{sf] l;6 dufpg] k|of; ;' eof]. pQm l;6sf nflu
ljleGg ;dodf JolQmut ?kd} klg d}n] a]nfotL ;}lgs ;xrfL, fhb"t a]nfotL
ljz]ifb"t ; h]k|mL h]D;;u klg cg'f]w ub}{ cfPsf] 5'. o;sf nflu dGqL
gffo0fl;+x k'gn] klg k|of; ulxg'ePsf] 5. t of] jif{ a]nfotn] l;6 pknAw
ufpg g;Sg] hfgsfL ufof]. To; kl5 cd]lsfsf nflu k|of; ;' eof].
cd]lsfn] klg tTsfn} yk l;6 pknAw ufpg g;Sg] hfgsfL lbof].
-gf]6 M 6Lsf h;f{anfO{ Pg8L;L of ;f];xsf] sf];{df k7fpg] k|lqmof
rlnx]sf a]nf d}n] @)^) sflQs @! ut] fhLgfdf ug'{kof]. d]f] cjsfzkZrft\
a]nfotn] klxn] k|of; eOx]sf] l;6 pknAw ufpg] eof]. o;L 6Lsf h;f{a
pQm sf];{ ug{ a]nfot hfg'x'g] eof]. d}n] cjsfz lnPkl5 tTsfn s;}nfO{ ;}lgs
;lrj lgo'Qm ulPg. bafdf nfdf] ;do;Dd zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf sfd
uL ;sf;u lgs6 x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfpg] rng lyof]. ;}lgs
;lrj kb vfnL x]sf] cj:yfdf d'Vo zfxL kfZj{jtL{ 6Lsf h;f{anfO{ pQm sf];{df
k7fpg' plrt x'GYof] of x'b}gYof] < ;fy} 6Lsf h;f{an] klg sfd 5f]8] sf];{df
hfg 7Ls x'GYof] ls x'b}gYof] < of] ljifo ;f]rgLo lyof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf pxfnfO{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k7fpg] of gk7fpg] eGg] s'f ;sfsf] OR5f lg0f{osf] ljifo lyof]. t pxf
a]nfot hfg'eof]. sf];{ ubf{ub}{ @)^! c;f @# ut] ;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf
lbg pkyLdf kbf]Gglt x'g klg ;kmn x'g'eof]. wdnf sf];{df uPkl5 h\uL
c8\8fsf lgLIf0fflws[t pkyLdf uh]Gb| lnDa"nfO{ kbf]Gglt uL sfd' ;}lgs ;lrj
agfOof]. ;sfn] s] ;f]r] pxfnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfOaS:of], Tof] t ;sf
:jo+nfO{ dfq yfxf x'g] s'f xf], t zfxL h\uL c8\8faf6 o;af] ;sffTds
wf0ff cfPg eGg] ;'lgPsf] lyof]. 6Lsf h;f{a sf];{ ;s] kms]{kl5 klg d'Vo
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ kbd} xg'eof]. @)^# ;fn j}zfv ! ut] pxfnfO{ s'g} lhDd]jfLlagf
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;jf ulof]. cfGbf]ngkl5sf] ;sfn] @)^# d\l;df sfd'
;}lgs ;lrj uh]Gb| lnDa"nfO{ ;}lgs d'Vofnodf t'Gt xflh x'g lgb]{zg lbPkl5
pxfsf] lQm :yfgdf 6Lsf h;f{a lgo'Qm x'g'eof]. To; a]nf;Dd ;}lgs ;lrjfno
sfd, st{Jo clwsfaf6 lgliqmok|foM eO;s]sf] lyof]. @)^# k'; !$ ut] pkyL
lnDa" tLgjif]{ sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 yKg ;lsg] b'O{jif]{ kbfjlw ;sfn] yk]g.
pxfn] cjsfz kfpg'eof]. To:t}, pkyL 6Lsf wdnfsf] klg @)^$ c;f @# ut]
tLgjif]{ kbfjlw k"f ePkl5 ;sfn] yKg ldNg] b'O{jif]{ kbfjlw yk]g pxf klg
cjsfzdf kg'{eof]._
cfh laxfg a'6jnglhs dx]Gb| fhdfu{sf] ;'Iff r]skf]:6df hfr ug]{
l;nl;nfdf ;'IffsdL{af6 lrlgof af}4 leIf'nfO{ ckdflgt ulPsf] eGg] s'f cfPsf]
5. pQm 36gfaf] lj:t[t ?kdf a'em] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lrlgof fhb"t;u s'f
ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] egL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. o;} cg';f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
klg va u].
s]xL lbgcufl8 ePsf] k|xL gfoa dxflgLIfs -8LcfO{hL_ sf] ;jfdf k|lqmof
ldn]g eGg] u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5. To; ljifodf bafsf] ;lrj a}7sdf s'f x'bf
d}n] o;nfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{ eGg] ljrf JoQm u]sf] lyP. of] s'f s;n], s]s;L
;sfdf k'ofof], yfxf 5}g. cfh ;sfaf6 dnfO{ kmf]g u] ljj]s, ltdLn]
8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf ;DaGwdf s] s'f u]sf] < x's'd eof]. d}n] 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf
dlGqklifb\af6 dfq x'g] k|rng 5, ljefuLo dGqLaf6 x'g ;Sb}g, of] k|lqmof
gldn]sf] xf] dfq eg]sf] x' egL laGtL u].
To;kl5 ;sfaf6 of] d}n] u]sf] lg0f{o xf], ltdL r'k nfu x''s'd eof].
slxn]sfxL ;TotYo s'f ubf{ klg gfd|f] x'g] x]5. o;af] a'em\b} hfbf
kl5 yfxf eof] k|lqmof ljkLt 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf zbrGb| zfxn] u[xdGqLnfO{
eg] ldnfPsf x]5g\. k|xL ;\u7gleq ;fwf0ftof sf7df8f} pkTosfsf]
8LcfO{hL pkTosfaflx If]q sdfG8 u]sf] jli7 JolQmnfO{ lbg] rng 5. o;
k6s pkTosfdf lgo'Qm ulPsf 8LcfO{hL xfn} dfq a9'jf ePsf x'g\. o;n]
ubf{ k|xLsf jli7 clws[tdf s]xL c;Gt'li6 k}bf ePsf] 5. d}n] k|lqmofsf]

363

364

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s'f p7fpbf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g zbrGb| zfxn] ;}lgs ;lrjn]
>L % sf] ;sfn] u]sf] lg0f{odf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL u] eg] ;sfdf hfx] u]5g\.
d}n] 8LcfO{hLsf] ;jf ljefuLo dGqLn] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ dfq eg]sf] lyP. Tof] lans'n}
;xL s'f lyof]. kl5 pQm ;jfnfO{ sfh eg] ;RofOof]. t d}n] fd|} ufnL
vfO;s]sf] lyP.
eftLo fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t 8]k'6L lrkm ckm ld;g czf]s s'dfn] dnfO{
hxf e]6] klg cfk\mgf] 3df l8gsf nflu lgdGq0ff ug'{x'GYof]. s]xL lbgcufl8
6]lnkmf]g u] d lgdGq0ff kq k7fp5', zlgaf a]n'sf l8gsf nflu >LdtL ;lxt
d]f] 3df cfpg'xf];\ egL cg'f]w ug'{eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ d]L >LdtL Tof] lbg
sf7df8f}df x'Ggg\, To;f] x'bf tkfO{+ g} d]f] lgdGq0ffdf l8gsf nflu ;f\lu|nf
xf]6ndf cfpg'xf];\ egL cg'f]w u]. pxfn] d]f] k|:tfj :jLsf ug'{eof].
l8gsf cj;df pxfn] g]kfndf cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn ;lsPsf] hd{gL ;jf
ePsf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] g]kfneft ;DaGwsf af]df ;d]t s'f
ug'{eof]. To; k|;\udf e'6fgsf] hn;|f]tdf eftn] nufgL u]sf] To;af6
e'6fgsf] cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfn] To:t} df]8n g]kfndf lsg nfu"
x'g g;Sg] < eg] k|Zg ug'{eof].
k|To'Qdf d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], sf]zL, u08sL, dxfsfnL h:tf of]hgfdf
g]kfnnfO{ x'g'kg]{ kmfObf pknAw gePsf] eGg] g]kfnL hgdfg;df k|efj 5.
To;}n] ca ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfdfly fd|L ljrf k'ofOg'k5{ eGg] g]kfnsf]
;f]rfO xG5. 7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; b'j} b]znfO{ plrt kmfObf
x'g] uL ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5. o;af6 eftsf w]} hg;\Vof ePsf
t'ngfTds ?kn] a9L ulaL x]sf If]q pQk|b]z laxfsf ;du| hgtfsf]
pTyfg x'g ;S5.
pxfn] s]xL lj:t[t k|fljlws ljj0f ts{;lxt g]kfnnfO{ 3f6f gk]sf]
lhls ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], eftn] pbf efjn] g} g]kfnsf] pGglt
k|ult rfx]sf] 5. t g]kfndf ljleGg ;do ;Gbe{df afDaf eftljf]wL
ultljlw x'g] u]sf] 5. kqklqsfdf ;d]t o:t} s'f dxjsf ;fy cfpg] u]sf]df
dnfO{ b'Mv nfu]sf] 5. To;kl5 d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], eft 7"nf] fi6 xf]. cfly{s
tyf ;fdls lx;fan] klg dxjk"0f{ d'n's xf]. To;}n] cfk\mgf ;fgf l5d]sL;u
p;n] 7"nf] lbn fv] Jojxf ug'{k5{. g]kfnL hgtfdf g]kfnk|lt eftsf] Jojxf
x]kfxf 5 pm cfk"mnfO{ 7"nf] bfO h:tf] 7fg] x:tIf]k u5{ eGg] dfgl;stf 5.
lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf0f k'fgf] ;'Iff cjwf0ff kljt{g eO;s]sf] 5.
g]kfn eftsf] ;'Iff ljifonfO{ lnP uDeL 5. t g]kfnn] klg cfk\mgf] fli6o
lxt ;+If0f ug'{k5{. g]kfnn] fli6o lxtsf] s'f ubf{ eftljf]wL eGg] k|Zg lsg
p7fOG5 < o;df eftn] ljz]if Wofg lbg h?L 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( d\l; !! ut] a'waf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ ult lbg tNnf] txsf
sfo{stf{nfO{ klrfng ug'{kof] eg] sDo'lg:6 g]tfx? dfwjs'df g]kfn clds
z]rg;u cg'f]w ug'{x'bf] x]5. To;af] g]kfnn] ;sffTds hjfkm lbP klg
z]rgn] o; ljifodf JolQmut ?kaf6 x'b}g, rf kf6L{aLr ;xsfo{ u] cufl8
a9\g'k5{ eg] ;'emfj lbg'eP5. To;kl5 sf]Ofnfn] z]rgnfO{ s]xL lbgd} rf
kf6L{sf] ;+o'Qm a}7s af]nfpg] egL cfZj:t kfg{'ePsf] 5. ;fy} pxfn] g]kfn ;b\
efjgf kf6L{af6 lgisfl;t ;f+;b x[bo]z lqkf7LnfO{ kmf]g u] ;xfg'e"lt k|s6
ug'{ePsf] 5.
;]gfn] tof kf]sf] l;len ldln6L cleofg sfo{qmd xfn s]xL lhNnfdf
sfof{Gjog eOx]sf] cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd -cfO{P;8LkL_ af] fli6o
;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfno tyf dlGqklifb\nfO{ la|lkm ug]{ of]hgf ldnfpg'kg]{ egL
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] hfx]L k7fpg'ePsf] 5.
;}lgs ;lrjfnon] fhbafsf] 5'} j]a;fO6 tof kf]sf] 5. ca s]xL
;fdu|L yk] To;nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 egL hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 ;+jfb
;lrjfno;u ;dGjo uL ;~rfng k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg" x's'd eof].

@)%( d\l; !@ ut] laxLaf

sdn rf}nfufO{+n] cfh dnfO{ e]6] eGg'eof], d dGqL ePkl5 fd]5fksf
dfcf]jfbLn] wDSofP eg] w]} sfo{stf{n] d;u ;Dks{ u]. Pdfn]sf] pRr tx;u klg
d]f] ;+jfb eOx]sf] 5. xfdLn] fhgLlts txdf klg sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg'k5{.
:yfgLo lgsfodf kbflwsfL lgo'Qm u] ;sfnfO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5. xfn
fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngaf6 s'g} vtf 5}g.
cfh} dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] klg fhgLlts sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg ;'emfj
lbg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{n] DofUbL, afun', lrtjg, kj{t
lhNnfdf cfd;ef cfof]hgf u]sf] 5. d}n] tL ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ hfg] sfo{qmd
agfPsf] 5'. xfnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gsf af]df hgtfnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg
h?L 5. clxn]sf] kll:yltdf fhgLlts kf6L{;u G guL ;xsfo{sf nflu
kxn ug'{ plrt x'G5. ldqfi6 bft[ ;+:yfnfO{ b]zsf] ljBdfg hl6n fhgLlts
cj:yfaf] cjut ufP ljZjf;df lng'k5{.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] alb{ofsf] fhfk'df ;+o'Qm ;'Iff a]; t}gfy ug{ nfu]sf] af]df
hfx]Lsf nflu dnfO{ va ug'{eof]. ;}lgs clws[t >LdtL ;\3n] pQm :yfgdf
;]gfsf lj:yflkt kljf yf? ;d'bfosf ;fy} dfcf]jfbLkLl8tnfO{ ;d]t cfpbf]
zlgaf fxt ljt0f ug]{ sfo{qmd fv]sf] 5.
cfh ;sfaf6 cfufdL k'; ! ut]b]lv !% ut]sf aLrdf s]xL lbg k"jL{

365

366

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

g]kfnsf] cgf}krfls e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd ldnfpm, ;fy} cGo ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 klg
s]xL ;'emfj eP dfu x'sd' eof].

@)%( d\l; !# ut] z'qmaf

;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] cfx\jfgdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ vl6g] u0fnfO{ jL]Gb| zflGt;]gf
tflnd s]Gb|, kfrvfndf tflnd k"f u]kl5 ld;gdf hfg'cl3 dxffhflwfhaf6
;Gb]z aS;g] kDkf 5. ;do ldn] ;sf :jo+ kfrvfn ;jfL xf]OaS;L
la|lkm ;'Gg] 8]df]G:6];g gh x'g] ;d]t k|rng 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf tflnd
;s] s]xL lbgkl5 ld;gdf hfg nfu]sf] ;}lgs 8km\kmfnfO{ ;flas adf]lhd
;sfaf6 ;Gb]z aS;g cg's"n eP ;jfL x'g hfx]L ullbg" egL k|wfg
;]gfkltn] dnfO{ cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o;af] hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 o;df
s]xL kljt{g ug{ ;lsb}g < x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;Gb]zsf] ;f ;Daf]wg g} ubf{
s] x'G5 < egL lh1f;f flvaS:of]. d}n] of] klxnf] yfngL x'G5, o;sf] cjZo
klg ;sffTds k|efj k5{, ;Daf]wg aS;g] xf] eg] xfdL To;} cg';f tofL u5f}{+
egL laGtL uF]. o;} qmddf d}n] Pp6f d:of}bf tof kf]sf] lyP. ;+jfb ;lrj
df]xgaxfb' kf08]n] klg d:of}bf tof kfg'{ePsf] lyof]. ;lrj a}7sn] b'j}nfO{
ldnfP clGtd ?k lbPkl5 ;sfdf hfx] uof}. ;sfnfO{ 7Ls nfUof].
k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f cfh kfrvfndf ;sfaf6 la|lkm ;'lgaS:of]
;]gfsf] 8]df]G:6];g gh eof]. nGrkl5 ;Daf]wgsf] sfo{qmd flvPsf] lyof].
;sfsf] ;Daf]wgkl5 of] cToGt} k|]0ffbfoL ePsf] k|flDes k|ltlqmof cfof].
g]kfnsf nflu eftsf k"j{fhb"t s]eL fhg sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5.
pxfn] of] lgtfGt lghL e|d0f xf], ;do ldn] k'fgf ;fyL s]xL fhgLlt1;u
e]63f6 u5'{ eGg'ePsf] 5.
;sfaf6 ;]gfn] kqmfp u]sf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x? cf]d zdf{, uf]ljGb
cfrfo{ rGb|dfg >]i7nfO{ 5f]8\g ldNg] eP 5f]l8lbg" x's'd eof]. pgLx?sf]
lxfOsf nflu kz'klteQm dxh{gn] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf] x]5. ;]gfdf a'e\mbf
zdf{nfO{ yk cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ c? b'O{ hgfnfO{ Psb'O{ lbgdf g} 5f8\g ;lsg]
hfgsfL cfof].

@)%( d\l; !% ut] cfOtaf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g;u kmf]gdf s'f x'bf pxfsf] g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{ n]
clwfHoJofkL ;\u7g lj:tf ug{ ;a} If]qdf eJo cfd;ef ug]{ d\l; @& ut]
sf7df8f}sf] v'nfd~rdf s]Gb|Lo cfd;ef ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
jLuGhsf k"j{d]o ljdnk|;fb >Ljf:tj sf7df8f} cfPsf] df}sf kf] dnfO{
e]6\g cfpg'eof]. pxfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. >Ljf:tjn] pQk|b]z

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

laxfsf fhgLlts g]tf, ;f+;b tyf tyf a'l4hLjL kqsf;u ;DaGw lj:tf
u] fd|f] x'g] ;Nnfx lbg'eof]. pgLx?nfO{ sf7df8f} lgDtf uL kz'kltgfysf] bz{g
ufpg'sf ;fy} ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ufpg ;s] ;sffTds jftfj0f aGg]5 eGg]
pxfsf] ;'emfj lyof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], ;sfsf] sbdkl5 fhgLlts sfo{qmd
ufp lhNnf txdf k'ofpg ;lsPg. ;LdfjtL{ If]qaf6 k|sflzt x'g] eftLo
kqklqsfdf ;d]t ;sfsf] sbdsf] kIfdf n]vrgf k|sflzt ug{ ;s] fd|f] x'g]
lyof]. sf7df8f}sf s]xL kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf d'fL uf}td, o'jfh uf}td,
cho kL gfy, dx]Zj zdf{sf n]vx? dnfO{ k7fOlbP lxGbLdf cg'jfb u] eftdf
k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] lyP. >Ljf:tjn] e|i6frf lgoGq0f x'g g;s]sf]
k|;\u p7fpb} eGg'eof], fh:j u:tLdf uPsf] ;]gf klg cg}lts lqmofsnfkdf
km;]sf] 5. eG;fsf] ldn]dtf]df Pp6} k|tLtkqaf6 tLgrf k6s ;fdfg cfoft
eOx]sf] 5. yfgsf]6sf] r]skf]:6df ;SsnL k|tLtkq k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfP
o:tf] sfo{ f]syfd x'g ;S5. To;} uL pxfn] b]zsf] fhgLlts l:yltsf af]df
cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpb} dnfO{ eGg'eof], r'gfj x'g] jftfj0f ag] ;sfaf6
cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt eP d klg r'gfj n8\5'. :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] klg ;xof]u
rflxG5. dnfO{ ;a} fhgLlts bnn] cfcfk\mgf] kf6L{df cfpg cfu|x u]sf 5g\.
;"o{axfb' yfkf fk|kfdf x];Dd d Tof] kf6L{df ;dfj]z x'Gg. fi6jfbL ljrf ePsf
JolQmn] tfO{df cfof]lht cfd;efdf uO{ dGtJo JoQm ug'{k5{.

@)%( d\l; !^ ut] ;f]daf

k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] haf ;]jfaf6 cjsfzsf] l;nl;nfdf cfhb]lv
labf a:g'eof]. pxfn] k|xLdf nfu" ePsf] #@ jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw x6fP k|xL
dxflgLIfssf] rfjif]{ sfo{sfn k"f ug{ Hofb} k|oTg ug'{ePsf] lyof]. s]xL
lbgcufl8 zlgaf ;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ af]nfOaS;]sf] x]5. To; lbg pxfn]
;sf;u tLgrf 306f bafsf] uf8]{gdf latfpg'eP5. To; cj;df klg pQm
lgod x6fP cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn k"f ug{ Hofb} k|of; ug'{ePsf] x]5. ;sfaf6
klg cfZjf;g aS;]sf] x]5. bz{ge]6kl5 pxf k|;Gg x'g'x'GYof]. t kl5 s]
sf0fn] ubf{ xf], of] lgod x6]g pxf cjsfzdf kg'{eof]. d]f] hfgsfLdf cfP
cg';f pxfnfO{ Dofgdfsf nflu fhb"t agfpg] ;sfsf] dg;fo x]sf] 5.
-gf]6 M ;DklQ 5fglag cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg cg';f cfk"m;u b]lvPsf] ;DklQsf]
;|f]t v'nfpg k|bLkzdz] hafn] ;Sg'ePg. kmn:j?k clVtofsf] 5fglagsf]
bfofdf kg'{eof]. o;sf sf0f pxf fhb"t x'gaf6 klg jl~rt x'g'eof]._
xfn} hfL ePsf] fhkljf vr{ cWofb]z ;DaGwdf gsffTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL
eOx]sf] 5. d]f] ljrfdf klg of] sfo{ ;do;fk]If ePg. fhbafsf] vr{ lsg
olt w]} a9fpg'kof] eGg] hgtfsf] u'gf;f] 5. o;n] fh;+:yfk|lt ;sffTds

367

368

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;Gb]z ghfg] ePsfn] o;df ljrf ug'{kg]{ x'G5. d}n] of] s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6
clxn] w]} a9]sf] 5}g, w]} jif{kl5 a9fPsf] xf] eGg] hjfkm lbOaS:of]. t}klg d}n]
;sf, b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt olt gfh's x]sf] cj:yfdf bafn] k};fsf] rfxgf
fV5 eGg] b]lvg' ePg eg]. d}n] o;f] eGbf ;sfsf] cg'xfdf uDeLtf b]v].
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn eftsf] k6gfaf6 cfh jLuGh cfOk'Ug'ePsf]
va 5. pxfn] :yfgLo dsfn' xf]6ndf sfo{stf{;u e]6 ulxg'ePsf] 5.
k6gfdf pxfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u e]6 u]sf] a'lemG5.
sf\u;
]| g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k"jk{ d| v
' xlafa'
rf}wLnfO{ kmf]g u] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf x'G5 h:tf] 5, xfdLnfO{ ax'dt rflxG5,
To;}n] tkfO{;
+ u lgs6 ;f+;b fdhgd pdfsfGtnfO{ xfd|f] kIfdf Nofpg kxn
ullbg'kof] eg] cg'f]w ug'e{ P5. of] s'f dnfO{ rf}wLn] hfgsfL lbg'ePsf] xf].
s'g} c1ft JolQmn] lqe'jg cGtf{li6o ljdfg:yndf kmf]g uL a'4 Posf]
hxfhdf ad fv]sf] eg]sfn] ;'IffsdL{ klrfng uL pQm sDkgLsf ;a} hxfhsf]
;'Iff hfr ulof]. t s]xL km]nf k]g.

@)%( d\l; !& ut] d\unaf

fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn
a]nfotsf] Iff dGqfnosf] lgdGq0ffdf To;tkm{ hfg nfUg'ePsf] 5. a]nfot
e|d0fsf cj;df c;f]h !* sf] sbdnfO{ ;dy{g h'6fpg kxn ug{ pQm sbd
rfNg'k]sf] sf0f tyf p2]Zosf af]df lgDg a'bfx? cg';f s'f ug{ ;sfaf6
pxfnfO{ lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5. a'bfx? o; k|sf 5g\ M
!= dfcf]jfbL xTof lx+;fsf sf0f b]zsf] ;'Iff l:ylt vfa x'g'.
@= fhgLlts bnsf ;sfx?n] b]zdf ;'Iff ;'zf;g lbg g;Sg'.
#= fhgLlts k|zf;lgs If]qdf e|i6frfsf] Jofkstf.
$= s]xL fhgLlts g]tfn] e|i6frf u] sdfPsf] k};fn] kf6L{leq dflkmof
lsl;dsf] u'6 pku'6 ;~rfng u]sf].
%= g]kfn k|xLnfO{ fhgLtLs0f u]sf].
^= zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k"} pk]Iff u]sf].
&= kf6L{kf6L{aLr Pp6} kf6L{leq klg rsf]{ G x]sf] fhgLlt1n] fhgLltnfO{
pBf]u tyf Jofkfsf ?kdf k|of]u u]sf].
*= bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;xof]usf] b'kof]u u]sf].
(= k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm\g} kbsf] ;'Iffsf nflu k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u]sf].
!)= dxffhflwfhaf6 hgtf b]zsf nflu of] sbd rflnaS;]sf].
!!= ca dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df NofP zflGt :yfkgfsf] k|of; ulg].
!@= ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg h'6fpg hgzlQm a9fpg sf]l;; ulg].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

!#= dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df Nofpgsf lglDt ;]gfnfO{ 7"n7"nf ;}lgs sfafxL ug{
;lhnf] x'g].
!$= hgtfsf] dgdf x]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] 8qf; x6fpg k|of; ulg].
!%= a]nfot nufot klZrdf d'ns
' n] e'6fgL z0ffyL{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ dfcf]jfbL
xToflx+;faf] ;sffTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ eftnfO{ bafj lbg'kg]{ .
log} a'bfnfO{ cfwf dfgL sfo{kq tof u] pkyL s6jfnn] a]nfotL
kbflwsfL;u g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] fhgLlts kll:yltaf] 5nkmn ug'{x'g]5. ;fy}
;sfsf] c;f]h !* sf] sbdsf] arfp ug'{x'g]5.
cfh} 8f= ;Gb's ?OtnfO{ ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 aS:of]. cfvf pkrfsf
If]qdf pxfn] k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, ljb]zdf ;d]t Voflt x]sf]
5. ;sfsf] bz{ge]6kl5 d]f] klg pxf;u s'f eof]. pxfn] dfcf]jfbLx?
ltnu\uf cfvf c:ktfndf pkrf ug{ cfpg] u]sf 5g\, t ljut tLg ;ftfb]lv
cfPsf 5}gg\, d}n] pgLx?;u ltdLx?n] ckgfPsf] xToflx+;fsf] gLlt 7Ls ePg
eGg] u]sf] 5' eGg'eof].
Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] dlGqklifb\ cf7b; lbg l9nf lj:tf ug'{kb{Yof],
rf8f] ulPsfn] Pdfn] ;sfdf hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x]g eGg'ePsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] eft e|d0f cfufdL k'; # ut]b]lv ( ut];Ddsf nflu
lgwf{0f ePsf] 5. Gsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnnfO{ s]s:tf] ;}lgs ;xfotf
cfjZos k5{, e|d0fdf s]s] s'f ug]{ eGg] ljifodf tofL uL ;sfdf hfx]Lsf
nflu tTsfn sfd ;' x'g'k5{ egL d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u].
Pdfn] g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnL dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] Pdfn]sf]
gLltk|lt c;xdlt hgfpb} cfk"mn] Pdfn] 5f]8\g ;Sg] atfpg'eof]. nfdf] fhgLlts
ljZn]if0f ub}{ d}gfnLn] eGg'eof], ca Pdfn] sf\u|]; afx]ssf] t];|f] 7"nf] fli6o
kf6L{sf] vfrf] 5. Pdfn] sf\u|];df x]sf t fi6k|lt rf;f] fVg] JolQm w]}
5g\. pgLx?nfO{ ;d]6\g klg gof t];|f] wfsf] vfrf] b]lvPsf] 5. fh]Zj
b]jsf]6f h:tf JolQmsf] sf]7] fhgLltaf6 o:tf] kf6L{ rNg ;Sb}g. kf6L{ ;~rfng
ug{ hgtfdf cfwflt hgtfn] ljZjf; ug]{ g]tf rflxG5.

@)%( d\l; !* ut] a'waf

k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] cfh ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'eof].
pxf k|xLsf] #@ jif{] k|fjwfgsf sf0f cfk\mgf] kbfjlw emG8} b'O{ jif{ afsL xb}
;]jfaf6 cjsfz kfpb} x'g'x'G5.
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;]gfgL dx]z rGbn] 8\o'6L ;s] sfnLdf6Ll:yt lgjf; kms{+bf
cfk\mgf] ;fydf x]sf] k]:tf]n xfpg'eP5. vf]htnf;sf ;a} pkfoaf6 klg pQm
xltof km]nf kg{ ;s]g. ;}lgs clws[t, To;df klg fhfsf] P8L;L h:tf] JolQmn]

369

370

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

To;L xltof xfpg' 7"nf] sdhf]L xf]. o:tf ljifodf ;}lgs lgod cg';f
sfafxL ug'{kg]{ x'G5. pxfnfO{ avf{:t uL xltof lsGbf nfUg] sd c;'npk
ug'{kg]{ x'g hfG5. o; ;DaGwdf pxfnfO{ sf]6{ ckm OGSjfoL sf]6{ df;{n
uL cjsfz lbg' plrt x'G5 egL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 dx]znfO{
xltofsf] k};f ltfpg] tLg jif{ kbf]Gglt f]Ssf ug]{ tyf Ps jif{;Dd bafleq
dfq 8\o'6L ug{ lbg] ;hfo ug"{ x's'd eof]. d]f] ljrfdf o;n] bafdf sfo{t
;}lgs clws[tn] h] uNtL ubf{ klg x'G5 eGg] cfef; lbPsf] 5.
-gf]6 M s]xL ;dokl5 dx]z rGb kbaf6 fhLgfdf lbO{ cd]lsflt knfog
x'g'eP5._

@)%( d\l; !( ut] laxLaf

Pdfn] g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] cfh dnfO{ k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg" eg]sf] w]} eof], clxn];Dd ldn]g, tkfO{+n] k|of;
ullbg'kof] eGg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] cfk\mgf] fhgLlts ljZn]if0f k|:t't ub}{ eGg'eof],
xfnsf] kll:yltdf dxffhflwfhaf6 5f]6f] cjlw nfdf] cjlw, ;fy} b"ufdL
;f]r fv] sfd ug'{k5{. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df NofP r'gfj ug]{ jftfj0f agfpg
;Sg'k5{. xfnsf] dlGqklifb\n] fhgLlts p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g. oyfl:ylt
x] cfGbf]ng x'G5. s;n] g]t[Tj ug]{ jf ;fd"lxs g]t[Tjdf hfg] eGg] lg0f{o
bnx?af6 rf8} cfp5 xf]nf. jt{dfg ;sfaf6 eftk|lt ;xfg'e"lt fVg] kIfnfO{
kfvf nufpg] sfd eOx]sf] b]lvG5. To;}n] eftsf] ;xof]udf g]kfndf ;+o'Qm
cfGbf]ng x'g ;S5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ dfOg; ug'{ x'b}g.
lsgeg] kf6L{;u k|lta4 sfo{stf{ dtbftf 5g\. 5f]6f] ;dodf fhgLlts bn
dfcf]jfbL;u klg ;xsfo{ u] r'gfjsf] jftfj0f agfpg' plrt x'G5. nfdf]
cjlwsf] ljrf ug]{ xf] eg] fd|f] l6d agfP fhgLlts sfo{qmd;fy hgtfdfem
hfg' pko'Qm x'G5.
d}gfnL;u ePsf] s'fsfgL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 kz'kltnfO{
dnfO{ ;Demfpg" eg, d fwfs[i0fnfO{ e]6\5' x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 lgb]{zg
aS:of], xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfGbf]ng ubf{ s;nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 < cfGbf]ngn]
fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ sxf k'ofp5 < kf6L{x?n] klg cfk\mgf] cl:tTj sxf 5
egL ljrf ug'{k5{. fli6o lxtsf ;jfndf ljrf ug]{ ls gug]{ < clxn] b]zsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of dfcf]jfbL cft\s xf] ls xf]Og < h\unaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf]
lx+;f ;8sdf fhgLlts kf6L{sf] cfGbf]ngn] hgtfnfO{ fxt lbG5 < dfcf]jfbL
fhgLlts bn ;a}n] hgtfsf nflu sfd u]sf] eGg] u]sf 5g\, t hgtfn]
b'Mv kfPsf] pgLx?n] lsg ljrf gug]{ < ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ eP lgjf{rgdf
x'g] ljs[lt tyf ljb]zL k};fsf] Jofks rnv]nnfO{ s;L f]Sg] < To;af6 lg:sg]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kl0ffd cfk\mgf] kIfdf gcfP kf6L{x?nfO{ dfGo x'g] ls gx'g] < dfcf]jfbL h:t} cGo
;d"xn] klg xftxltof p7fP s] x'G5 < fhgLlt1;u 5nkmn ubf{ oL ljifodf
Wofg lbg".
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u cfh kmf]gdf s'f x'bf pxfn] eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0f
h\uL c8\8fdf cfk"mnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], fhb"tn]
xfnsf] kll:yltdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ;fxgf ug'{eof]. eftaf6
cfpg] ;}lgs ;xfotf hfL xg] a9fpg] klg cfZjf;g lbg'eof]. o;af6
eftsf] b[li6sf]0fdf s]xL kljt{g cfPsf] xf] ls eGg] dnfO{ nfUof]. ;du|df
fhb"t Hofb} ;sffTds b]lvg'eof]. eftLo fhb"tn] cfpbf] cfOtaf cfk"mnfO{
l8gdf af]nfPsf] s'f klg k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof],
l8gdf cem lj:t[t ?kdf 5nkmn uL eftLo wf0ff fd|L a'e\mg ;lsG5.
8f= b'dg yfkfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] kb\dTg t'nfwn] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{
;DaGwL s]xL s'f ug'{ 5, dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj;u e]6fOlbg'kof] eg]sf] hfgsfL
lbg'eof]. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. zlgaf laxfg a|]skmf:6df t'nfw;u
e]6\g] lgwf] eof].

@)%( d\l; @) ut] z'qmaf

eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf bf];|f] d'Vo JolQm h]s] l;Gxf sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf]
5. pxfn] o;nfO{ lgtfGt JolQmut e|d0f eGg'ePsf] x]5. t sf7df8f}df
cfk\mgf] ;Dks{sf JolQmx?;u uDeL ljifox?df lj:t[t hfgsfL lng'ePsf] 5,
h:t} M xfnsf] kll:yltdf fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] rnfPsf] ljf]w sfo{qmd rs{g
;S5 ls ;Sb}g < fhgLlts kf6L{x? ldNg ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ < olb ldn]
s;sf] g]t[Tjdf ldNg ;S5g\ < Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL Pdfn]d} a:5g\ ls kf6L{
5f]8\5g\ < dfcf]jfbLn] ;sf;usf] jftf{ ;DaGwdf s:tf] b[li6sf]0f fv]sf 5g\ <
fhgLlts kf6L{x? dfcf]jfbLaLr sfo{ut Pstf x'G5 ls x'b}g < cflb. klxn]
klro geP klg pxfn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy kf08]nfO{ e]6]sf] hfgsfL
cfPsf] 5. pxfx?aLr nfdf] s'f ePsf] a'lemof]. t s] s'f eof] eGg] rflx
yfxf x'g ;s]g.
h]s] l;Gxfn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{nfO{ klg e]6\g'eof].
To; cj;df pxfn] xfnsf k|wfg ;]gfklt cfO{hLkL s:tf 5g\, dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{ eP fhf dfcf]jfbLsf Ph]G8f s]s] x'g ;S5g\, baf kf6L{x?sf] b"L
36\g]a9\g] s] x'g ;S5 < cflb lh1f;f fVg'eP5. fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu;u
x]sf] dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa dfUg'eP5. ;fy} clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
;"o{axfb' yfkf jf jLGb|gfy zdf{n] ;sfsf] g]t[Tj u] bafnfO{ fd|f] x'G5
eGg] ;Nnfx lbg'eP5. o;} qmddf pxfn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ eft

371

372

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;sfaf6 ;xof]u:j?k k|fKt x'g] 6]lnkmf]g 6\oflk l;:6d cfufdL hgjLdf

pknAw ufpg] klg atfpg'eP5. dnfO{ b]jLfdhLn] hfgsfL ufP cg';f d}n]
oL s'f ;sfnfO{ hfx] u].

@)%( d\l; @! ut] zlgaf

klxn] to ulP cg';f cfh laxfg ;f9] * ah] xf]6n ;f\lu|nfdf kb\
dTg t'nfw;u e]6 eof]. e]6df 8]gdfs{sf sfo{jfxs fhb"t, 8f= b'dg yfkf,
8]gdfs{sf] fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t zb efO{ ;d]t pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof]. pQm
cj;df t'nfwn] eGg'eof], l:j6hNofG8sf] ;]G6/ km/ x\o'dg 8fOnu -Pr8L;L_
n] g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt ljut tLg jif{b]lv k|of; ulx]sf]
5. o; ;+:yfnfO{ o'f]ksf y'k|} fi6af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt 5 ;a}h;f] b]zsf
ljz]if1 o;df sfo{t 5g\. xfn o;n] dfcf]jfbL ;sfL jftf{6f]nL agfP
tTsfn jftf{ k|fDe ufpg] k|:tfj NofPsf] 5. jftf{ uf]Ko ?kaf6 u] ;xdltglhs
k'u]kl5 dfq k|];nfO{ hfgsfL ufpg' pko'Qm x'G5. t g]kfndf jftf{ ubf{ k|];af6
uf]Ko fVg ;lsb}g. To;}n] ;sfL kIfaf6 b'O{ hgf, dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 b'O{ hgf
dWo:ystf{ jf ;xhstf{af6 b'O{ hgfsf] l6d agfP uf]Ko ?kdf h]g]ef uO{ jftf{
cl3 a9fpg'k5{. jftf{df hlt ;do nfu] klg ;a} ljifo cfwfe"t ?kdf 6'\UofP
g]kfn kmsL{ clGtd lg0ff{os jftf{ u]df ;kmn x'g ;lsG5. o;sf] ;a} cfly{s
Jooef Pr8L;Ln] jxg ug]{5. jftf{6f]nLnfO{ h]g]ef k'ofpg Pr8L;Ln] g} k|fOe]6
h]6sf] Joj:yf ug]{ 5. ;fy} jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:onfO{ g]kfn;u ;Dks{ ug{ uf]Ko
tjaf6 cTofw'lgs ;~rf ;'ljwf klg pknAw ufpg]5. of] k|:tfj lgs} pkof]uL
x'g] x'gfn] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOlbg'kof] eGg]
t'nfwsf] cg'f]w lyof]. t'nfwn] o;af] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb;u s'f
eOx]sf] pxfn] o;nfO{ ;sffTds ?kdf lng'ePsf] klg dnfO{ atfpg'eof].
fhbafaf6 ;d]t o;df ;xdlt eP dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgdf
dbt x'g]5 eGg] pxfsf] egfO lyof]. ;sfL kIf;u ;dGjo u] k|fOe]6 ljdfg
Nofpg] ;xdlt lbnfpg dfcf]jfbLsf b'O{ hgf g]tfnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf kf;kf]6{sf]
Joj:yf ldnfOlbg klg pxfn] d;u ;xof]u dfUg'ePsf] 5.

@)%( d\l; @@ ut] cfOtaf

>d tyf oftfoftdGqL sdn rf}nfufO{+n] cfh d;usf] e]6df lxhf] bafdf
ePsf] hnkfg ;dff]x ;s] 3 kms]{sf] !% ldg]6kl5 lxdfnog 6fOD;sf] kqsfn]
kmf]g u] hnkfg ;dff]xdf s]s] eof] eg] ;f]Wbf d em;\u eP, of] dnfO{
7Ls nfu]g, s;L To:tf] eof], o;af] tkfO{+x? ;r]t x'g'k5{ eg] dnfO{ ;'d}
;'emfj lbg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

pxfsf] yk egfO lyof], ;sf ag]sf] sla b'O{ dlxgf eO;Sof]. t o;

cjlwdf cfzf ulP cg';f sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. d fhgLlts tjn] cufl8
al9x]sf] 5'. Pdfn]sf w]} g]tfn] d;u ;Dks{ ulxg'ePsf] 5. ltgdf fh]Gb|
>]i7, lht]Gb| b]j, ;LtfgGbg fo, l;l4nfn l;+x h:tf JolQm x'g'x'G5. To:t}
jfdb]j uf}tdn] klg d t df]afOn klg fVg ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}g, ;Sg'x'G5 eg] s]xL
cfly{s dbt ug'{;\ eg] kmf]g ug'{eof]. s]xL cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw eP fhgLlts
lqmofsnfk lhNnf :t;Dd k'ofpg ;lsG5. :yfgLo lgsfodf kbflwsfL t'Gt}
lgo'Qm ubf{ fd|f] kl0ffd cfpg]5. JolQmut cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf sf0f gffo0fl;+x
k'gn] k|efjsfL sfd ulxg'ePsf] 5. fwfs[i0f d}gfnL :jfyL{ efjgf fv]
k|wfgdGqL x'g] cfzf ug'{x'G5.

@)%( d\l; @# ut] ;f]daf

cl:t zlgaf kb\dTg t'nfw;u ePsf ;a} s'f d}n] cfh ;sf ;dIf
;lj:tf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqLn] klg of] s'f d;u u]sf 5g\,
kb\dTgnfO{ k|wfgdGqL;u} ;Dks{ fv] sfd ug{ elglbg", ltdL o;af] s]xL ;do
r'k nfu] a; x's'd eof]. ;sfsf] k|ltlqmof lyof], dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ ePsf
kb\dTg t'nfw h:tf JolQmn] s]xL ;f]Rg'k5{. dfcf]jfbLsf] ljb|f]x b]z hgtfsf]
nflu xf] eGg] xf] eg] pgLx?sf] lqmofsnfkn] To:tf] b]vfpb}g. ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfj x'g] eP ljb]zL k};f ljb]zL x:tIf]kn] To;sf] kl0ffd s:tf] x'G5 <
dfcf]jfbL h:t} csf]{ ;d"xn] xltof p7fP Tolt a]nf s] ug]{ < b]zsf] cj:yf
s:tf] xf]nf < o:tf s'fdf k|a'4 JolQmn] ljrf ug]{ ls gug]{ <
o;} ;Gbe{df ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], 8]lg;x?n] g]kfnsf] xfnsf] hl6ntfnfO{
s;L d"Nof\sg u]sf 5g\ < g]kfndf zflGtjftf{ x'g] eof] To;df ljb]zL
;xof]u x'g] eof] eg] eftsf] s] b[li6sf]0f xG5 < bft[ ;+:yf tyf fi6n] clxn]
yf]} ;xof]u u] ;dfwfg x'g] ;d:of !) jif{kl5 a9] ljsfn x'G5. To; a]nf
To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]usf] flz lgs} a9L vr{ x'G5. o:tf s'fx?sf af]df
ljb]zLx?n] g} ;f]Rg cfjZos 5. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ pgLx?n] ;'Iff
;+oGqnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{ plrt x'G5.
o;kl5 d}n] ;sf ;dIf h\uL c8\8fsf kLP;cf]h -lk|lG;kn :6fkm
clkm;_ nfO{ k|fOe]6 l8g aS;] ljrf cfbfgk|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx?nfO{
cfk\mgf] sfddf tbfstf;fy t}gfy xg lgb]{zg aS;bf fd|f] x'g] ;Nnfx lbP.
;fy}, d}n] ;'g]sf s]xL u'gf;fsf af]df hfx] ub}{ eg], zbrGb| zfxsf lqmofsnfk
Hofb} pR5[\vn ePsf] u'gf;f cfPsf 5g\. bafn] ah]6 a9fPsf] df]6 lsGg
;sf;u ah]]6 dfu u]sf] ljifodf klg lgs} gsffTds l6Kk0fL cfOx]sf 5g\.
d]f] ljrfdf b]zsf] sdhf] cfly{s cj:yf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xdf ;'Iff ;+oGq

373

374

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

klrfng eOx]sf] l:yltdf fhbafn] >L % sf] ;sf;u w]} ah]6 dfu ug'{
fd|f] x'b}g. o;df ljrf x'g'k5{.

@)%( d\l; @$ ut] d\unaf

cfh laxfg} sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf a;]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7sdf lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf, ;'zLn sf]Ofnf, uf]ljGbfh hf]zL, rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf, dfwjs'df g]kfn,
;'jf; g]Djf, ;"o{axfb' yfkf, gffo0fdfg lah'S5], k|]d ;'jfn, d'lQm d08n cflb
g]tfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] va cfPsf] 5. 5nkmn cfGbf]ng s;L ;' ug]{
s;L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t lyof].
k"j{ lrlgof fhb"t nL s]xL nufgLstf{ tyf JofkfLsf] k|ltlglwd08nsf
;fy sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo If]qsf ljleGg JolQm;u
cGtlqmof ug'{ePsf] 5. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfklt dnfO{ e]6] ;'Iff c\unfO{
cfjZos kg]{ ;}lgs pks0f tyf ;;fdu|L g]kfnd} pTkfbg ug{] ljifodf 5nkmn
ug'{eof]. ;fy} ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if;u ldn] g]kfndf gof sdl;{on a}\s
vf]Ng ;lsg] af]df klg 5nkmn eof].

@)%( d\l; @& ut] z'qmaf

;sfaf6 lxhf] k"j{k|wfgdGqL tyf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] lyof]. cfh ;sfaf6 sf]Ofnf;usf] e]63f6 ;f}xfb{k"0f{ gePsf]
hfgsfL ufOaS:of]. xfnsf] kll:yltdf sf\u|];sf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6 b]lvb}g
eGb} ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], clxn] fh;+:yfn] tLg j6f ljifodf s'g} klg lx;fan]
;Demf}tf ub}{g M klxnf] zflGt;'Iff, bf];|f] r'gfj t];|f] fli6otf. dfcf]jfbLnfO{
>Ln\sfsf] Pn6L6LO{n] klg tflnd lbPsf] eGg] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. To;}n] xfd|f
;'Iff c\unfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ullbg'k5{.
k|xLdf x]sf ljs[ltnfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{. sf]Ofnf;u log} ljifodf s'f eof].
dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6kl5 sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6sf sf\u|]; g]tf;u
eGg'ePsf] 5, d}n] fhf;u xfnsf] kll:yltaf] 5nkmn u]. bnLo fhgLlt kl5
kg{ nfu]sf] 5. o;n] b]znfO{ kmfObf ub}{g. xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;j{bnLo lsl;dn]
sfd ug'{k5{. fhf lgs} cndndf k] h:tf] nfUof]. fhfn] h'g p2]Zoaf6 sbd
rfn], Tof] p2]Zo k"f x'g]jfnf 5}g. sf\u|];n] g]t[Tj lnP dfq dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf]
klg ;dfwfg x'g ;S5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] cfh klg d;u s]xL s'f ug'{eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], xfdL sf\u|];;u hfg vf]h]sf xf]Ogf}, xfd|f] hg;dy{g b]v] g}
sf\u|]; cflQP ;j{bnLo a}7s af]nfPsf] xf]. r'gfj ;DkGg ufpg wff !@*
adf]lhd Pdfn]n] g} ;sfsf] g]t[Tj kfpg'k5{.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kf]vfdf x'g nfu]sf] fk|kf dxflwj]zgsf ;Gbe{df sdn yfkfn] cfk\mgf

sfo{stf{;u eGg'ePsf] 5, k~rfotsf] #) jif{df gePsf] e|i6frf ljut !@ jif{df
eof]. 7"nf kf6L{x?n] k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ !) xhf C0fef af]sfPsf 5g\. 7"nf
k|hftflGqs kf6L{ xf} eGg]x?n] cfTdfnf]rgf ug'{k5{. fk|kf ;efkltsf] r'gfjdf
8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL jLGb|gfy zdf{n] ;xsfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] kz'kltzdz]nfO{
6Ss x'g ;S5.

@)%( k'; @ ut] ;f]daf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cfh ljf6gu hfg'ePsf] 5.
pxfsf] ;fydf fdrGb| kf}8]n klg x'g'x'G5. xfn} ;DkGg ;sfsf] k"jL{ If]qsf]
e|d0fnfO{ sf]Ofnf sf\u|];sf sfo{stf{n] r'gf}tLsf ?kdf lnPsf] eGg] a'lemof].
sf]Ofnfn] kf6L{ sfo{stf{;u eGg'eP5, s]xL ;docufl8sf] bz{ge]6df fhfn]
cfk\mgf] e|d0fsf af]df s'f p7fPgg\. o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] hg;dy{g cfk"m;u
5 egL 3dG8 u] fhf pT;flxt x'g ;S5g\. o;} qmddf sf]Ofnfn] k"j{sf
ljleGg 7fpdf cfd;ef cfof]hgf u] d}n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg';\ egL
:yfgLo g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5.
pQm e|d0fsf] cj;df kf}8]nn] xfn b]zsf] d"n cfjZostf eg]sf] ;+;b\
k'gM:yfkgf g} xf], o;f] u] dfq dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ uL ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{
;lsG5, jt{dfg cj:yfdf xfdL ;sfdf hfb}gf} eg] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] 5.
sf7df8f}df Pdfn]n] u]sf] cfd;efdf sla !) xhfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf]
a'lemof]. cfd;efsf nflu kf6L{n] Pdfn]n] k|z:t k};f vr{ uL fhwfgLaflxaf6
a;sf a; sfo{stf{ NofPsf] x]5.
;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 uPsf] cfOtaf b'O{ lbgsf nflu
eft uP kms{g'eP5. eftn] ;z:qnfO{ pknAw ufpg] xftxltof tyf ljleGg
lsl;dsf ;fdu|L lgLIf0f ug{ af]nfPsf] lyof] eg] pxfn] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof].
eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf] cfu|xsf] edf pxf eft hfg'ePsf] x]5. of] s'f fli6o
b[li6sf]0fn] k|lqmof;\ut lyPg. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;r]t ufpb} eg], Pp6f dxjk"0f{
;'Iff lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] lx;fan] tkfO{+ ;dsIfLsf] lgdGq0ffdf dfq, Tof] klg
>L % sf] ;sfaf6 lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq ljb]z hfg' plrt x'G5. o;L ;fwf0f
JolQm h:tf] eP ;sfL sfd ug{ eft hfg' of] kbsf] JolQmnfO{ ;'xfpg] s'f
xf]Og. pxfn] klg cfk\mgf tkm{af6 cf]en's ePsf] dx;'; ug'{eof]. , eljiodf
k|lqmof;\ut tlsfn] sfd ug]{ atfpg'eof].

@)%( k'; # ut] d\unaf

lxhf] flt fk|kf g]tf bLks af]xfn] Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{

375

376

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

e]6] sla Ps 306f 5nkmn u]sf] va 5. To; cj;df Pdfn]nfO{ ;sfdf

;fd]n x'g :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgo'lQm uL r'gfj ufP jt{dfg kll:yltaf6
b]znfO{ lgsf; lbnfpg cfu|x ulPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh d]f] hfx]Lsf] lbg. d}n] xfnsf] kll:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ub}}{ ;'Iff
k|d'vx?n] fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf ;Daf]wg x'g] uL JolQmut
tyf bnLo :jfy{af6 dfly p7] ;a}n] ;xsfo{ uL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf h'6f}
egL cfx\jfg ubf{ fd|f] x'G5, o;n] zflGtk"0f{ lgjf{rgsf] jftfj0f agfpg ;xof]u
k'ofp5 egL hfx] u].
;sfaf6 ;'Iff k|d'vx?;u 5nkmn uL s] ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 ljrf u
x's'd eof].
ut c;f]hsf] clGtd ;ftf dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{n] eftsf]
kfi6 dGqfnosf] ;fpy Pl;og l8lehgsf clwsfL;u cgf}krfls jftf{ u]sf]
k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5. pQm cj;df dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu
eftsf] ;xof]u vf]h]sf] lyof] eg] eftLo kbflwsfLn] dfcf]jfbLn] ljz]if u]
eftn] agfPsf ef}lts ;+rgf Wj:t kf]sf] s'f p7fPsf lyP. To;sf] hjfkmdf
8f= efO{n] eftn] lgdf{0f u]sf ;+rgf dfcf]jfbLn] gi6 gu]sf], dfcf]jfbLk|lt
e]befj ug]{ d'n'sn] agfPsf ;+rgfnfO{ nlIft ulPsf] :ki6Ls0f lbg'ePsf]
lyof]. ;fy} pxfn] eft;u ;xsfo{sf] s'f klg ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o;af6 eftn]
Psflt g]kfnnfO{ s]xL xltof lbP ;xof]u u] h:tf] csf{lt leqleq}
dfcf]jfbL;u klg ;xsfo{ ulx]sf] a'em\g ;lsG5. eftn] o;} uL Pdfn]nfO{ klg
;xof]u ulx]sf] 5. ;a} s'f ljrf ubf{ kl5 uP g]skf Pdfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
ldnfP u0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ g]kfnnfO{ l;lSsd jf e'6fgsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnnfO{
k'ofpg] eftsf] of]hgf x]sf] b]lvG5.
cfh dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL h?L s'f 5, ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 kfpm eGg'eof]. d}n] tTsfn} of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] uL bz{ge]6
ldnfP. k'gn cfk"m dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u ;Dks{ u] zflGtjftf{sf] k|of;df nfu]sf]
dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. of] s'f xfdLdf ;Lldt x'g'k5{ klg eGg'eof].
sf\u|];sf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] emfkfdf cfof]lht cfd;efdf
;]gfsf lj4 s8f efif0f ug'{ePsf] 5. o;af] ;]gfn] s'g ?kdf k|ltlqmof JoQm
ug'{kg]{ xf], ljrf ug'{k5{.

@)%( k'; $ ut]

lxhf] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] k|fWofks uLtfeQm hf]zLnfO{ k'; #
ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] uL cfk\mgf] k|d'v ;Nnfxsfdf lgo'Qm ug'{eof].
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] eft e|d0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ag]sf] 5. t lsg hfg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

nfu]sf], s;sf] lgdGq0ffdf hfg nfu]sf] eGg]af] s]xL atfOPsf] 5}g. k|fKt ;"rgf
cg';f pxf cfk\mg} s'g} gft]bfsf] ljjfxdf eft hfg nfUg'ePsf] xf]. t
pxf k6sk6s b]zsf] k|wfgdGqL eO;s]sf] JolQm ePsfn] ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ s]xL
cfwfe"t s'fdf :ki6 x'g cfjZos x'G5. vf; uL e|d0fsf] p2]Zo e]6\g]
JolQmsf af]df b]znfO{ hfgsfL x'g}k5{. JolQmut s'f h] eP klg fli6o dfldnf
fi6lxtsf ljifodf s] s'f af]Ng] eGg] klxn] g} to x'g ;s] fd|f] x'G5.
;sfaf6 k'; !( ut]bl] v @! ut];Dd k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] e|d0f ug]{ ;f]
cj;df !( ut] gfuls clegGbg ;dff]xdf ;ls xf]OaS;g] sfo{qmd to eof].
;'Iff Joj:yf nufot ;Dk"0f{ tofL k'; !% ut]leq ldnfO;Sg'kg]{ s'f d}n] ;DalGwt
;a}nfO{ hfgsfL ufP. gfuls clegGbgkl5 ;f]xL lbg a8fdxffgL ;sf
ljf6gu Pokf]6a{ f6 fhwfgL kms{g] sfo{qmd ldnfpg ;sfaf6 x'sd' aS:of].

@)%( k'; * ut] ;f]daf

;]gfn] a]lNhodaf6 vlb u]sf] ldlgdL nfO6 d]l;gug af]s] g]kfn cfpb}
u]sf] xjfO{hxfh cha}hfgdf cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f u]sf] 5. eftn] cfk\mgf]
cfsfz k|of]u u] p8fg cg'dlt glbPkl5 hxfh cha}hfgdf c8\lsPsf] xf].
gof lbNnLl:yt a]lNhodsf] fhb"tfjf; xltof lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLn] cg'dlt
lng] k|of; ulx]sf 5g\. Psb'O{ lbgleq xjfO{hxfh sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug]
;Defjgf 5.
eftLo fhb"tsf] df]6 cfh laxfg} Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf]
sf]6]Zjl:yt 3df b]lvPsf] 5. laxfg} g]kfn fhb"taLr uf]Ko jftf{ ePsf] 5.
pQm cj;df Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdsf] klg pkl:ylt lyof]. g]kfnsf] lgjf;df
flvPsf] ;le{n]G;n] eftLo fhb"tnfO{ lrGg ;s]g5.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL g]tf;u
e]63f6sf nflu Psb'O{ lbg sf7df8f}aflx hfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 egL hfgsfL
ufpg'eof]. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;fob k|wfgdGqLn] pxfnfO{
labf lbg'eof].
u[xdGqL wd{axfb' yfkf ;sfsf] k"j{ If]qsf] e|d0f ;DaGwL ;'Iff Joj:yf
gfuls clegGbgsf] tofLsf] lgLIf0f ug{ fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' , ;z:q
g]kfn k|xLsf k|dv
' tyf u[x;lrj ;lxt cfh ljf6gu hfg'ePsf] 5.

@)%( k'; ( ut] d\unaf

gof lbNnLaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] eftLo g]tf
cfO{s] u'hfn, hh{ kmgf{lG8h, zLnf bLlIft cflbsf ;fy} s]xL kqsf tyf
k|fWofks;u e]6\g'ePsf] 5. pxfn] cfk\mgL elthfsL 5f]Lsf] ljjfxdf uf]Ko ?kn]
dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{nfO{ klg e]6]sf] va 5. o;cl3 ut j}zfvdf

377

378

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sf]Ofnfn] eftLo k|xLsf] ;'Iff ;xof]udf lbNnLd} dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08 8f=
efO{nfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] lyof].
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf lgLIfs k|bLk yfkfnfO{ cfh laxfg nlntk'sf]
5DkLl:yt 3af6 sfof{no uOx]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u].
bafdf sfo{t ;'IffsdL{nfO{ kmfol k|flS6;sf nflu xsaf6 lemsfOPsf]
k]G6jn ug cfh cfOk'u]sf] 5. cfPsf xltof ;}lgs k|xLnfO{ a'emfpg] cfb]z
ePsf] 5. pQm ug vlb ug]{ lg0f{o x'g nfUbf g} of] vf;} pkof]uL x'g g;Sg]
hfgsfL kfP d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]sf] lyP.
;sfsf] k"j{ If]qsf] e|d0f gfuls clegGbgsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efljt ug]{
p2]Zon] dfcf]jfbLn] k'; !( @) ut] d]rLsf]zL aGb ug]{ sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs
u]sf] 5.

@)%( k'; !! ut] laxLaf

bafdf sfo{t ;lrjx?sf] ;fd"lxs hfx]Lsf a]nf cfh :yfgLo
lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo 5nkmn eof]. ;sfaf6 cfpbf] df3 * ut]
clwfhs'dfLsf] z'eljjfx ;DkGg ePkl5 qmlds ?kaf6 :yfgLo lgsfosf] r'gfj
;' u] Pdfn]sf] dxflwj]zgcufl8 ;DkGg eO;Sg] uL tofL ug{ x's'd aS:of].
pQm cj;df ljf6gusf] gfuls clegGbg ;dff]xdf ;sfaf6 ;Daf]wg
ulaS;g] klg to eof]. ;sfsf] csf]{ e|d0f gfuls clegGbg ;'b"klZrddf
ldnfpg] lg0f{o eof].
;fd"lxs hfx]Ldf eftsf] g]kfn ;DaGwL 0fgLlts p2]Zosf af]df klg s]xL
5nkmn eof]. ;sfaf6 eftn] g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf ljb]zLsf] dWo:ytf
rfxb}g x's'd eof].

@)%( k'; !@ ut] z'qmaf

;]gfn] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6 a}\s :yfkgfsf nflu u]sf] k|:tfjsf
;Gbe{df cy{ dGqfnon] To; ;DaGwL lgod k7fPsf] 5. lgoddf g]kfnL a}\sdf
ljb]zL nufgL ^& k|ltzt, %) k|ltzt jf @) k|ltzt x'g ;S5 elgPsf] 5. pQm
a}\sdf @) k|ltzt ljb]zL nufgL, #) k|ltzt ;j{;fwf0fsf nflu ;]o afsL
%) k|ltztdWo] #) k|ltzt ;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]if, !) k|ltzt ;]gfsf axfnjfnf
e"tk"j{ ;}lgs, % k|ltzt g]kfn k|xLsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if % k|ltzt ;z:q
k|xLsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 nufgL ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] d]f] fo lyof].
k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;Nnfx ubf{ pxfn] ;sffTds k|ltlqmof lbg'eof]. ;fy} k|xL
;z:qsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 cfjZos sd pknAw x'g ;S5 of ;Sb}g <
egL k|Zg fVg'eof]. oxL k|:tfj d}n] dxffhflwfhdf klg hfx] u]. ;sfaf6

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;d]t d]f] k|:tfjk|lt ;sffTds k|ltlqmof hgfOaS:of]. ;fy} df};'kmaf6 sd{rfL

;~ro sf]ifnfO{ ;d]t s]xL k|ltzt ;]o lbP fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj aS:of].
-gf]6 M of] of]hgfdf b]zLljb]zL a}\sdf sfo{t JolQmx?n] ljleGg c8rg
v8f u]. g]kfn fi6 a}\snfO{ k|nf]egdf kfL pQm k|:tfljt a}\s slxNo} v'Ng
lbOPg. of] a}\s cfPkl5 g]kfnsf c;\Vo kmfOgflG;on OlG:6Ro'6x?nfO{
;}lgs sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sd pknAw gxf]nf cK7ff]df knf{g\ eGg] 8n]
;d]t b]zLljb]zL zlQmx?nfO{ u'xf] o:tf] if8\oGq lrPsf] x'g ;S5. ;]gfn]
a}\s vf]Ng] w]} jif{b]lvsf] of]hgf lyof]. o;af6 ;'Iff If]qdf sfo{t JolQmnfO{
;xof]u k'Ug] sNof0fsfL sfo{x? -h:t} M :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfjf; cflb_ sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof]. ;sfn] ug'{kg]{ of] sfd p;n] ug{ g;lsx]sf]
cj:yfdf ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] pkof]uaf6 ug{ vf]Hbf ;d]t s]xL pkfo
lg:s]g. ljleGg If]qaf6 ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ePg eg] s'f
p7]sf] 5. ;]gfn] a}\s vf]Ng kfPsf] eP sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] klg fd|f];u
Joj:yfkg x'g] lyof]._
k"j{ If]qaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f dfcf]jfbLsf] gfddf sf\u;
|] Pdfn]sf
sfo{stf{n] !( ut]sf] gfuls clegGbgdf efu glng" egL ;j{;fwf0fsf 33
uO{ wDsL lbg yfn]sf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLn] t k"j{ If]qsf] aGb g} cfx\jfg u]sf] 5.

@)%( k'; !^ ut] d\unaf

l;lnu'8Ldf kqmfp k]sf dfcf]jfbLsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o rt'dfgl;+x fhj+zL
;lxt s]xL sfo{stf{nfO{ ;'IffsdL{n] emfkf NofPsf 5g\.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] sf7df8f}aflx dfcf]jfbLsf zLif{ g]tf;u uf]Ko jftf{
u] cfPkl5 lgs} pT;flxt eP d;u s'f ug'{eof]. pxfn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf
nflu tTsfn ;do ldnfpg cfu|x ug'{eof]. d}n] t'Gt} ;sfnfO{ of] s'f hfx]
u] bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldNof]. ;f] cj;df d klg pkl:yt lyP.
bz{ge]6df dGqL k'gn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u ePsf s'f ;sfdf ;lj:tf hfx]
ug'{eof]. dfcf]jfbL ;+j}wflgs fhtGqnfO{ k"f dfg;Ddfg lbg @)$& ;fnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfk|lt k|lta4tf hgfpg ;xdt ePsf] dGqL k'gn] atfpg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf af]df ;d]t k'glj{rf ug{ ;lsg] atfpb} ax'bnLo
k|hftflGqs Joj:yf dfGg] ljifodf klg kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6Laf6 lg0f{o eO;s]sf]
hfgsfL dGqL k'gnfO{ ufPsf x]5g\. jftf{sf lglDt fhbafaf6 lnlvt
k|:tfj cfP ;a}eGbf fd|f] x'g] To;f] ug{ c;lhnf] eP k|wfgdGqLn] cf}krfls
lr7L k7fP klg dfGo x'g] s'f ;d]t dfcf]jfbLn] :ki6 kf]5g\. hfx]Lsf qmddf
dGqL k'gn] dfcf]jfbLn] eg]sf yk s'f o;L p4[t ug'{eof], k|wfgdGqLn] jftf{6f]nL
u7g ubf{ klg x'G5. xfn;Ddsf] k|lqmofdf xfdL ;Gt'i6 5f}. xfdL jftf{sf nflu

379

380

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

uDeL ?kdf tof 5f}. fhfaf6 of] ;bfzotf k|:t't xf]nf eg] xfdLn] cf;
u]sf lyPgf}. fhfsf] zflGtjftf{k|ltsf] rfxgfnfO{ xfdL cfb u5f}{+. fhbaf
>L % sf] ;sf;u jftf{ ug{ xdLn] h'gh'g ;Dks{;|f]t klrfng u]sf lyof}, ca
tL ;a}nfO{ aGb uL dGqL k'g dfkm{t jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg rfxG5f}.
dfcf]jfbLsf s'f ;'g] ;sf klg uDeL eOaS:of]. cfkm"n] hlt;Sbf]
rf8f] jftf{af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg rfx]sf] s'f x's'd eof]. ;sfaf6 dGqL
k'gnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ hfL fv t pgLx?sf egfOk|lt k"f ljZjf; ug{
;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g eGg]af] ljrf u egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. df};'kmsf] egfO
lyof] fhbafn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{ ;DaGwL s'g} klg lnlvt kq lbg ;Sb}g.
To;}n] >L % sf] ;sf jf k|wfgdGqLaf6 jftf{ ;DaGwL k|:tfj cufl8 a9fpg'k5{.
a oL ;a} ljifodf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ s;L hfgsfL lbg] <
To;kl5 d}n] laGtL u], ;sf, d uP k|wfgdGqL;u s]xL s'f fV5'.
k|wfgdGqL ;xdt x'g'eP dGqL k'gnfO{ af]nfP o; ljifodf lj:t[t ?kdf s'f
u5'{. d}n] eg] cg';f ug{ ;sfaf6 ;xdlt lbOaS:of].
;f] cj;df dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg sfg'gL k|lqmof s;L
ldnfpg] eGg] k|Zg p7\of]. sfg'gL Joj:yf s;L ldnfpg] < dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
fHo ;lqmo 5 ;'Iff kmf}h nl8x]sf 5g\. jftf{sf] kxnaf] dxffhflwfh,
k'g d afx]s csf]{ JolQmnfO{ s'g} hfgsfL 5}g. s'f clt uf]Ko fVg' 5.
ljifo fhgLlt;u hf]l8Psf] 5. To;}n] p; cleofgdf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm
dxh{gnfO{ klg ;fd]n ufpg] s'f to eof]. clg pxfnfO{ af]nfP nfdf] ;dob]lv
eOx]sf] jftf{ k|of;sf ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ hfgsfL ufOof].
tTsfn} d k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ e]6\g k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f
uP. pxfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{sf af]df hfgsfL ufP. jftf{sf af]df
lj:t[t 5nkmn ug]{ xf] eg] d clxn] g} dGqL k'gnfO{ af]nfp5' eg]. pxfn] ;xdlt
hgfPkl5 d}n] dGqL k'gnfO{ Toxf af]nfP. xfdL tLg hgfaLr lj:t[t 5nkmn
ePkl5 k|wfgdGqLaf6 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{sf nflu cfx\jfg ulPsf] kq dGqL
k'gnfO{ jftf{sf nflu v6fOPsf] lr7L ToxL 8fkm\6 eof]. kq tof ePkl5 d}n]
;sfdf 6]lnkmf]gaf6} hfx] u]. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg ljlwjt\ jftf{6f]nL u7g u]
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cflwsfls kq n]Vg'kg]{ va k7fof}.
ToxL a]nf sdn yfkf zbrGb| zfx k|wfgdGqL lgjf;s} csf]{ sf]7fdf
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ klv{x]sf x]5g\. h]ge] fl:yt x\od' g 8fOnu ;]G6df zflGtjftf{ ufpg]
h'g k|of; kb\dTg t'nfw dfkm{t eOx]sf] lyof], To;} qmddf pxfx? b'O{ hgfnfO{ >L
% sf] ;sfsf tkm{af6 h]ge] f k7fpg l7Ss kflPsf] x]5. dGqL k'gsf] dfWodaf6
jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ ;' ePkl5 pQm of]hgf :ylut x'g k'Uof].
-gf]6 M d ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{ k|lqmofdf ;fd]n ePsf] s'f ha zbrGb|

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

zfxnfO{ yfxf eof], pxfx?sf] of]hgf klg t'lxg k'Uof]. pxfn] cfk\mgf] pk]Iff ulPsf]
klg dx;'; ug'e{ of] xf]nf. To;kl5 la:tf} d]f lj4 if8\oGqdf ;fd]n x'ge' of]. d]f]
fhLgfdf k|s0fdf pxfsf] klg 7"nf] xft x]sf] x'g ;S5 eGg] nfU5. d}n] fhLgfdf
u]kl5 @)^) ;fn sflQs @^ ut] a'waf 36gf ljrf ;fKtflxsdf ljj]z zfx
lsg lgsflnP < eGg] zLif{sdf kqsf alatf a:g]tsf] gfddf h'g ;dfrf 5flkof],
d]f] hfgsfL cg';f Tof] zbrGb| zfxn] n]v] k7fpg'ePsf] lyof]._

@)%( k'; !* ut] laxLaf

sf\u|]; ;efklt tyf k"j{k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;nf{xLsf] dn\
ujfdf cfof]lht cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'eof], ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf eP dfq
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5. z'qmaf cfof] ls d em:sG5', lsgeg] fhbaf
xTofsf08, ;+;b\ lj36g dlGqd08n u7g z'qmaf g} ePsf] 5. ef]lnsf] gfuls
clegGbg klg z'qmaf g} cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5. fhfn] hgtfnfO{ pk]Iff ug{
ldNb}g. xfdL hgtfsf 5f]f ePsfn] hgtfdf hfG5f}. fhfnfO{ hgtfn] gdfg]df
s] ug]{ < ;]gf bafnfO{ ;+;b\sf] cwLgdf fVg'k5{. ljb]zLn] dnfO{ tkfO{+
fhfsf aLrdf s] emu8f xf] eg] ;f]W5g\. d}n] eGg] u]sf] 5' d]f] fhfsf
aLrdf s'g} emu8f 5}g, emu8f fhf hgtfsf aLrdf 5, hgtfsf] clwsf fhfn]
lng' x'b}g eGg] u]sf] 5'. fhfn] k'g?TyfgjfbLnfO{ ;3fpg' fd|f] xf]Og.
cfh ;sfsf] ;jfL O6xLl:yt k"jL{ k[tgfdf eof]. pQm cj;df k|wfg
;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf sfd' k"jL{ k[tgfklt k|bLkk|tfk ad dNnn] k"j{ If]qsf]
;'Iff cj:yf tyf dfcf]jfbL;usf] ck];gn ultljlwaf] hfx] ug'{eof]. ;fy}, ;a}
lhNnfdf fhgLlts bnsf] ultljlw z"Go x]sfn] dfcf]jfbL rnv]n lgs} a9]sf]
ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof].

@)%( k'; !( ut] z'qmaf

ljf6gudf cfof]lht eJo ;dff]xaLr cfh >L % dxffhflwfh ;sfnfO{
k"jf{~rnjf;L hgtfsf tkm{af6 gfuls clegGbg r9fOof]. pQm cj;df
;sfaf6 ;Daf]wg aS:of]. ;sfsf] ;Daf]wgnfO{ k|foM ;a}n] ;Gt'lnt tyf
;sffTds atfP. clwsf+zn] ;a} If]qnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf lgs} ;sffTds x]sf]
l6Kk0fL u]. sltkon] ;+j}wflgs fhfsf] h:tf] geP ;lqmo fhfsf] h:tf] eg].
To:t} s;}n] ;Daf]wg fd|f] eP klg xfnsf] ;d:ofaf6 lgsf; lbg] s'g} klg ljrf
sfo{qmd gcfPsf] eGg] l6Kk0fL u]. To:t} ck|ToIf tyf Jo\UofTds ?kaf6
bnx?nfO{ k|xf ulPsf] h:tf] 5 eGg] k|ltlqmof klg ;'lgof]. dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{
ug]{ s'f ;sffTds 5, o;af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] cfef; kfOG5 eGg]
cleJolQm ljleGg kIfaf6 cfof]. ;fy}, bnnfO{ Jo\Uo ubf{ tfnL ahfpg]x? Toxf

381

382

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|fof]lht tlsfn] nluPsf x'g\ eGg] klg ;'lgof]. d}n] kfPsf oL ;a} k|ltlqmof
;fem k"jL{ k[tgf, O6xLdf ;sfdf hfx] u], hxf e|d0fsf] d'sfd lyof].
;sfn] e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf k"j{ If]qsf ljleGg dxfg'efj;u 5'f5'} ;fd"lxs
klg e]63f6 ulaS:of]. ;fy} ljleGg :yfgdf ;jfL xf]OaS:of].
clegGbg sfo{qmdsf] ;fem k[tgf d'Vofnodf :jfut ;dff]x tyf flqef]hsf]
cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof]. sfo{qmddf k"j{ If]qsf fhgLlts g]tfx?, ;dfhsf
cu'jfx?, ;fy} k|wfgdGqL, k"j{ If]qaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ dGqL tyf fli6o ;efsf
;f+;b pRrkb:y sd{rfLx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof]. pQm cj;df k"jL{ k[tgfn]
tof kf]sf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd k|:t't ulof]. ;sfaf6 sfo{qmd v'a
lrk"j{s gh eof]. cfuGt's, kfx'gfx? kms]{kl5 ;sf klg Hofb} dfOnf] dfg]
gflraS:of]. pkk|wfgdGqL ab|Lk|;fb d08nn] cTolws S;L vfP cfkm"n] dfOnf]
uL c?nfO{ klg w]} dfOnf] ufOxg'ePsf] lyof].

@)%( k'; @% ut] laxLaf

gjo'jfh x[bo]Gb|sf] z'ecGgk|fzgsf] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f} u0f]z:yfgsf]
ofqf fd|f];u ;DkGg eof]. ;8sdf pleP y'k|} hgtfn] ofqf x]]sf lyP.
pgLx?n] w]} pT;'stf b]vfPsf] kfOof]. o;af6 fh;+:yfk|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf
ljZjf; a9\bf] 5 eGg] b]lvG5. xfnsf] hl6n cj:yf dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofaf6 u|:t
ag]sf] fhwfgLdf o:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;dff]x lgaf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ufpg ;s]sf]df
;'IffsdL{nfO{ :ofaf;L lbg}k5{.

@)%( k'; @^ ut] z'qmaf

;fem To:t} ^ ah]lt dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] l;fPsf] dgl:yltdf dnfO{
kmf]g ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d]f] ;Dks{df x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] cfh dnfO{
kmf]g u] dGqL d]zgfy kf08]n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lr7L n]v] jftf{sf af]df va
k7fPsf] hfgsfL lbP. dGqL kf08]n] n]v]sf] lr7Ldf klxn] tkfO{+x?n] jftf{ k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpg d;u s'f ug'{ePsf] lyof], To;} cg';f d}n] w]} s'f ldnfPsf] 5',
t clxn] aLrdf dGqL k'gsf] s'f s;L cfof], pxfn] s'f ldnfpg ;Sg'x'Gg,
To;}n] dGqL k'g;usf] ;Dks{ aGb u] d}n] ;' u]sf] k|lqmofnfO{ lgGttf
lbg'k5{ elgPsf] x]5.
dGqL k'gn] of] s;L eof] eg] dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]. jf:tjd} of] 36gf uDeL
lyof]. ;sf, d, dGqL k'g, k|wfgdGqL k|d'v ;lrj afx]s s;}nfO{ yfxf gePsf]
clt uf]Ko s'f s;L aflx cfof] egL uDeL eP ;f]r]. ;a} s'f ljrf ubf{
kSs} klg k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] g} dGqL kf08]nfO{ eg]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg]
lgisif{df k'u]. kz'kltsf ;Nnfxsf d]zgfy x'g\ eGg] aflx h'g rrf{ lyof], Tof]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

o; 36gfaf6 k'li6 x'g k'u]sf] 5.

dGqL k'gsf] u'gf;f] ;'g]kl5 d}n] eg], tkfO{+nfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 lnlvt kq
lbO;lsPsf] x'gfn] aftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg tkfO{+ g} >L % sf] ;sfsf]
cflwsfls JolQm x'g'x'G5. dGqL kf08]n] eGb}df cGoyf x'g ;Sb}g. To;}n] tkfO{+
cfk\mgf] lx;fan] sfd u] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg'xf];. cGo s]xL s'f
ug'{kg]{ eP 5nkmn uf}nf.
d}n] of] s'f dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 kz'kltn] To:tf] ug{
gx'g] xf], d s'f uf}nf, d]zgfysf] :jefj g} To:t} xf] x's'd eof].
-gf]6 M fh;+:yf clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug'df kz'klteQm dxh{g d]zgfy
kf08] nufotsf JolQmx?sf o:t}o:t} lqmofsnfksf] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf x]sf] d
b]Vb5'._
hgwf0ff ;fKtflxsdf lxhf] k|sflzt ;dfrf cg';f k|efszdz] hafn]
k|tfk elgg] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ dfkm{t klg jftf{sf] k|of; ulxg'ePsf] 5. o;af]
k|Zg ubf{ dfcf]jfbL xfOsdfgn] dGqL k'gnfO{ k|tfk eGg] JolQm c;nL eP klg jftf{sf
af]df kf6L{n] p;nfO{ s'g} klg hfgsfL jf lhDd]jfL lbPsf] 5}g eg]5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], k|wfgdGqLn]
dnfO{ kmf]g uL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? s[i0fWjh v8\sf
tyf ]vf zdf{nfO{ dfgj clwsfjfbL ;'bLk kf7s;u e]6fOlbg'kof] eGg'eof].
d}n] pgLx?nfO{ kqmfp ulPsf] s'f xfn;Dd ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g, dfgj
clwsfjfbLnfO{ e]6fPkl5 a9L bafj cfpg ;S5, To;}n] e]6fpg cK7ff] k5{
eg] hfgsfL lbP. d]f] ljrfdf klxn] s[i0fWjh ]vf;u ck|ToIf tjdf s'f
ug]{ pgLx?af6 dxffhflwfhk|lt ;sffTds ljrf cfP dfq ltgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
uL dfgj clwsfjfbL;u e]6fpbf 7Ls xf]nf. d}n] oL s'f ;sfdf tTsfn
hfx] u].
a8fdxffgL ;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj;df g]kfn k|xLn] w]} jif{b]lv
lal6 b ll66 sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf] 5. pQm cj;df ;}lgs clws[t >LdtL
;\3n] klg 6'l8v]ndf dfOnf] d]nfsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ u]sf] 5. ;'IffsdL{x?
dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ klrfng eOx]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf o; kfln s] ug]{
egL ;'Iff k|d'vx?n] d;u kfdz{ u]. d}n] oL sfo{qmd ubf{ w]} ;'IffsdL{ w]}
lbg;Dd Jo:t x'g] x'bf o; k6s gug]{ ls eGg] ljrf JoQm u]. To;} cg';f
;sfdf klg hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 d]f] k|:tfjdf ;xdlt aS:of].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k"j{sf ljleGg lhNnfsf] e|d0f k"f
uL cfh sf7df8f} kms{g'eof]. pxfn] kqsfx?;u k'fg} s'f bf]xf]ofpg'eof].
;fy}, a]lNhod cd]lsfaf6 cfPsf xltofn] fhfnfO{ emg} lg\s'z aGg ;3fp
k'ofpg] ljrf JoQm ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], clxn] ;+;b\ klg gePsf]

383

384

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cj:yfdf ;]gfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ s;}n] ;Sb}g. of] s'g} klg clwsf g} gePsf]
;sfn] ;j{bnLo a}7s af]nfpg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g.

@)%( k'; @& zlgaf

dfgj clwsfjfbL dNn s] ;'Gb, ;'bLk kf7s l;Gw'gfy Kofs']nn] dfcf]jfbL
g]tf;u e]6]sf] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5. e]6kl5 jftf{sf] kxn ug{ dfcf]jfbLsf]
ljrfwff eg] pxfx?n] 5a'b] k|:tfj ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn]
o;nfO{ dxj glbPsf] s'g} k||ltlqmof ;d]t glbg] a'lemof]. ;DejtM pxfx?sf]
e]63f6 lhNnf:tLo jf Tof]eGbf klg tNnf] :tsf sfo{stf{;u ePsf] x'g'k5{.
dfcf]jfbLsf] ljrfwff eg] pxfx?n] ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5 a'bf o; k|sf 5g\ M
!= fhfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] clwsf k|of]u ug{ x'b}g. fhgLlts kf6L{n]
g} ;Qf ;~rfng ug'{k5{.
@= fhfnfO{ a]nfot hfkfgsf] h:tf] uldfdo ;+:yf agfpg'k5{.
#= ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj of ;+ljwfg k'gn]{vg ug'{k5{ eGg] ;a}sf] wf0ff
;fj{hlgs ePs} 5. fhbafn] ;d]t ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ vf]h]sf]
b]lvG5. To;}n] xfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf s]xL s'f, h:t} M ;+j}wflgs
fhtGq, fv] klg ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg ;lsG5.
$= zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf ;+;b\sf] dftxtdf x'g'k5{.
%= hg;]gfnfO{ ;]gf jf g]kfn k|xLdf;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5. lsgeg] @))&
;fndf klg hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ uflePs} xf].
^= Ps ;ftfleq dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s'g} ;sffTds kxn geP
dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfnfO{ bafj lbg] p2]Zon] 7"nf] cfqmd0f ug{ ;S5.

@)%( k'; @* ut] cfOtaf

g]kfnl:yt zfxL 8]lg; fhb"tn] dfcf]jfbL;u zflGtjftf{ k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf
dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.

@)%( k'; #) ut] d\unaf

sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] cGo kf6L{x?;u ;xsfo{
uL cfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. fhfsf] k"jf{~rnsf] clegGbg bafsf] km'6fpm
fh u gLlt cg';f ePsf] xf], To;}n] ;a} k|hftflGqs zlQm Ps x'g'k5{ eGg]
klg a}7ssf] lg0f{o x]sf] 5.
;'Iff lgsfoaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL cg';f sf\u|];, Pdfn] ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf
g]tfx?n] cfk;df 5nkmn uL ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ng ug]{ dfgl;stf agfPsf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbLn] pgLx?af6 cfGbf]ng ufpg rfx]sf] cfGbf]ngdf ck|ToIf ;xof]u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k'ofpg] cfZjf;g lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], k|wfgdGqLn] sfo{Jo:ttfn]
xf] jf cGo s'g} sf0fn], dfcf]jfbLn] k7fPsf] k|:tfjsf] hjfkm lbg'ePsf] 5}g.
dfcf]jfbLn] cfufdL df3 !)!@ ut];Dd r'k nfu] a:g] atfPsf 5g\. Tolt
a]nf;Dd klg jftf{sf] jftfj0f gag] uDeL sfafxL cufl8 a9fpg] To;df
afun', Ko'7fg u'NdL lhNnfnfO{ lg;fgf agfpg] klg a'em]sf] 5'.
dGqL k'gn] eg]sf s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbL;usf]
jftf{af] s] k|ult eOx]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u x's'd eof].

@)%( df3 @ ut] laxLaf

k"j{u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf e}xjf;Dd lghL df]6df uP Toxfaf6 ]ndf
lbNnLtkm{ k|:yfg u]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. pxfn] lbNnLdf :jf:Yo kLIf0f ug]{
s]xL eftLo g]tf;u e]6 ug]{ a'lemPsf] 5. v8\sfn] cfk"m tflvdf 5'6]kl5
z]axfb' b]pjfn] jf:tf gu]sf] t lulhfn] t'Gt ;Dks{ u]sf] x'gfn] lgs6
eljiod} sf\u|];sf] ;+:yfkglt} nfUg] wf0ff ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] 5.
rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf, gxl cfrfo{ ;lxt kfr5 hgf sf\u|]; g]tfx?n]
5nkmn uL sf\u|]; PsLs0f cleofg rnfpg nfu]sf] a'lemof]. ;f]xL 5nkmndf
af:tf]nfn] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] 5f]LnfO{ g]t[Tj x:tfGt0f ug{ vf]h] PsLs0fsf]
afws pxf :jo+ ePsf] ljrf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. ;fy} pxfn] eftn] sf]Ofnfsf]
g]t[Tjsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{5}g, eftn] klxn] fhfnfO{ ;dy{g u]sf] lyof],
ca Tof] klg unf{ h:tf] 5}g eg]sf] ;d]t u'Ktr lgsfoaf6 lkf]6{ cfPsf] 5.
hd{g fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t s]xL hd{g gfulsn] tfO{df gfudl0f vf]Hg
lgs} 7"nf] sd nufgL ulx]sf 5g\. o; qmddf Pp6f gfudl0f hd{g k'ofO{
g} ;s]. pQm gfudl0f af6 k|fKt ePsf] sd efuaG8f ug]{ qmddf aff k;f{sf
s]xL JolQmx?aLr emu8f ;d]t ePsf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5. gfudl0f sf] Jofkfdf
sld;gdf sfd ug]{ Ps hgf tfO{sf] JolQmn] dsxf cfP cfkm" 7luPsf] klg atfPsf]
lyof]. oBlk gfudl0f x'G5 ls x'bg} cfh;Dd dnfO{ s'g} hfgsfL 5}g.
s]xL lbgd} nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb ;sfsf] ;o lbg k"f x'b} 5. pQm cj;df
of] ;sfsf] ;o lbg s;L JotLt eof] eg] tLvf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL cfpg] x'gfn] o;
ljifodf ;dod} ljrf x'g'k5{. clxn];Dd s]xL lhNnfdf ;sfn] k|d'v lhNnf
clwsfL v6fpg g;s]sf] x'bf lhNnfdf ;sfsf] k|Tofe"lt g} 5}g eGg] u'gf;f]
w]}ltaf6 cfPsf] 5.

@)%( df3 # ut] z'qmaf

of]uL gxlgfy uf]vf k'Ug'ePsf] x]5. cfh pxfn] dnfO{ Toxfaf6 kmf]g

385

386

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u] dxffhflwfhnfO{ ;a} If]qsf hgtfdfem k'ofpg ;Nnfx lbg'eof]. klxn]

klxn]sf e]6df klg pxfn] o:t} ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfsf] ;Nnfx d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 of]uLnfO{ wGojfb elgb]pm x's'd eof].
sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] s]xL dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. o;}
uL ;a} ;'Iff lgsfo ;+;b\ cGtu{t xg'k5{, >L % sf] kbjL fhf, fgL
o'jfhflwfhdf dfq ;Lldt x'g'k5{, ;+;b\ gePsf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfo
kbflwsfLsf] r'gfj ufpg] s'f Pp6f gf}6\sL dfq xf], To;sf] s'g} k|of]hg 5}g,
* ut] ;j{bnLo a}7s af]nfpg'k5{ eGg] ;d]t sf\u|];n] lg0f{o u]sf] 5.

@)%( df3 ^ ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL nf]sG] b|axfb' rGbn] lxhf] flt dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof],
l:j6hNofG8sf] x\od' g 8fOnu ;]G6 -Pr8L;L_ n] Kn]g NofP jftf{sf nflu
s]xL JolQmx? h]ge] f n}hfg vf]hs
] f] 5. pgLx?n] jftf{ k|lqmof rf8} cufl8
a9fpg vf]h
] s
] f 5g\. ut k'; !^ ut] dfq dGqL k'g dfkm{t g]kfnd} jftf{
k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg k|wfgdGqL :jo+n] kq n]lv;s]sf] cj:yfdf pxfsf] s'fn]
d 5Ss k]. clg o; ;DaGwdf t'Gt} dGqL k'g;u s'f ug]{ :jL; k|:tfj
sfof{Gjogsf af]df s]xL ;dokl5 hfgsfL lbg] ;'emfj lbP. To;kl5 dGqL k'g;u
dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ ;DaGwdf s] eOx]sf] 5 < eg] ;f]w] . k'gn] k|wfgdGqLn]
dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfjsf] hjfkm lbg l9nfO ulxg'ePsf] 5, o;}n] s'f cufl8 a9]sf]
5}g eGg'eof]. pxfsf] s'f d}n] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof],
k'g s] ulx]sf 5g\ < k|wfgdGqLn] :jL; k|:tfjlt cufl8 a9\g] xf] ls eg] ;f]ws
] f
5g\. olb @$ 306fleq k'gn] s'f cufl8 a9fpg ;s]gg\ eg] pgsf] ljZj;gLotfdf
c; kg{ ;S5. ls t pgn] s'f cufl8 a9fpg'kof], geP 5f]8\gk' of].
d}n] of] s'f tTsfn} dGqL k'gnfO{ hfgsfL lbP. k|wfgdGqL, tkfO{+ d a;]
cfh} o;af] 6'\uf] nufcf} egL k|:tfj u]. pxfn] klg k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u]
dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg] atfpg'eof]. cfh} a]n'sf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf
k|wfgdGqL;u xfd|f] uf]Ko a}7s eof]. a}7sdf dfcf]jfbL k|:tfjnfO{ ;sffTds
?kaf6 t'Gt hjfkm lbg] pgLx?;u klg t'Gt} hjfkm dfUg] to eof]. ;fy}
:jL; k|:tfjnfO{ s]xL lbgsf nflu yftL fVg] klg xfdLn] lg0f{o uof}.
k'gn] eg] cg';f cd]lsL a]nfotL fhb"tn] klg dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf
;DaGwdf pxf;u 6]lnkmf]gdf s'f ulx]sf 5g\. eftLo fhb"tn] ;d]t
kmf]g u] o;sf lglDt h'g;'s} ;xof]u ug]{ jrg lbPsf 5g\. ;fy}, eftLo
fhb"tn] olb dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ x'g ;Sg] xf] eg] To; l;nl;nfdf cfk"mn]
g]kfnsf fhgLlts kf6L{;u klg s'f ug{ ;Sg] hfgsfL lbPsf] klg k'gn]
atfpg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cd]lsL ;]gfsf]
tflnd ;d"x g]kfn cfPsf] k|mL ltAat ultljlw a9]sf] ;Gbe{df lrlgofx?n] cfklQ
JoQm u]sf 5g\. jf:tjdf eftLo tyf lrlgof b'j} kIfnfO{ ;fg} eP klg cd]lsL
;]gfsf] g]kfndf pkl:ylt cdfGo 5.
k"j{u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] ;Dks{JolQm dfkm{t dnfO{ ;f]wL k7fpg'ePsf]
5, d}n] bafnfO{ ;xof]u u]s} lyP. t}klg clVtofn] dnfO{ y'g] d'2f rnfpg
rfhf]kfhf] ldnfPsf] eGg] ;'Gb} 5'. d}n] lbNnLdf cfk\mgf] lnesf] pkrf ug]{
of]hgf agfPsf] lyP. olb clVtofn] sfafxL ug]{ xf] eg] d}n] ot}lt pkrf
ug'{knf{ < d s] u < d}n] ;f]xL JolQm dfkm{t clVtofsf] ljifodf dnfO{ hfgsfL
x'b}g, of] k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] sfo{If]qdf k5{, clVtofsf s' ;}lgs ;lrjfnon]
x]5{ eg] s;}n] dGqLHo"nfO{ eg]sf] 5 eg] Tof] lans'n} unt xf] eGg] va k7fP.
oxL s'f d}n] pxfnfO{ klxn] klg :ki6 kf]sf] lyP.

@)%( df3 !@ ut] cfOtaf

;bfem} cfh klg d laxfg lx8]} clkm; hfg] tofLdf lyP. d]]f] df]afOndf
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{sf] kmf]g cfof]. Psbd} cflQP
pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{a, s[i0fdf]xg ;fanfO{ t dfcf]jfbLn] l;WofP5g\. pxfnfO{
dlg{ jfsdf ghfg" eg] elgPsf] xf], t dfGg'ePg. cfh laxfg sla ;f9] ;ft
ah] dlg{ jfsdf uPsf] a]nf s[i0fdf]xg ;fa, Dof8d g'8'k >]i7 c\uIfs ;"o{
]UdL tLg hgfnfO{ nlntk'sf] afu8f]ndf kmfo u]5g\. pxfsf] s'f ;'g] d
:tAw eP. ;'df t dnfO{ kofpg} d'l:sn kof]. t klg Psfw 7fpdf kmf]g
uL o;af] olsg u]. kofpg s} nfUof].
fli6o cg';Gwfg k|d'v cGo lgsfosf] ;"rgfsf cfwfdf d}n] tTsfn of]
36gfsf af]df dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. lj:t[t ?kdf a'em] yk s'f kl5
hfx] u5'{ eg]. ;z:q k|xL ansf ;+:yfks dxflgLIfssf] xTof ePkl5 tTsfn}
ca s] ug]{ eGg] k|Zg v8f eof]. ;z:qsf] k|d'vsf] lhDd]jfL ca s;nfO{ ;'Dkg]
eg] ljrf ubf{ Tof] kbdf ;]gfaf6 k7fpbf pko'Qm x'G5 eg] h:tf] nfUof]. u[x
dGqfno cGtu{t 8fO]S6 hgn ckm k'ln; kb l;h{gf uL k|xL ;z:qnfO{
To; cGtu{t fVg klg plrt x'G5 ls eGg] klg ;f]r]. cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] cfkm"
cfO{hLkL 5bf ;d]t o:t} ug{ rfxg'ePsf] lyof].
s[i0fdf]xgsf] xTofnfO{ lnP cfh laxfg} dlGqklifb\sf] cfsl:ds a}7s
a;]sf] 5. ;'Iff k|d'vx?sf] klg a}7s a;]sf] 5. pxfsf 5f]Lx? g]kfnaflx
x]sf x'bf bfx;+:sf ef]ln dfq ulg] ePsf] 5. dxffhflwfhaf6 zf]s ;Gb]z
k7fpg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5.
cfh} lzIffdGqL b]jLk|;fb cf]emfnfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nL xfg] eGg] xNnf

387

388

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cfof]. t kl5 a'e\mbf To; lsl;dsf] s'g} klg 36gf ePsf] x]g5.
k|wfgdGqL nf]sG] b|axfb' rGbn] dnfO{ kmf]g uL ;fem k|wfgdGqL lgjf;,
afn'jf6fdf af]nfpg'eof]. pxfn] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ klg af]nfpg'ePsf] x]5.
d ;sfnfO{ hfx] uL ;dod} k|wfgdGqL lgjf; k'u] . jftf{sf] k|lqmof hfL x]sf
a]nf dfcf]jfbLn] ;z:q k|xL k|dv
' sf] xTof u]sfn] k|wfgdGqL :tAw b]lvg'xG' Yof].
pxfn] o;af6 zflGtjftf{ k|efljt x'g ;Sg] s'f klg ug'e{ of]. 5nkmndf dGqL
k'gn] dfcf]jfbL;u eOx]sf] ;+jfbsf af]df cjut ufpg'eof]. To; qmddf b'j}
kIfaf6 o'4ljfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;sffTds ;f]rfO eOx]sf] cj:yfdf ;z:q k|xL
k|dv
' sf] sfotfk"js
{ xTof x'g' b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gf xf] eGg] xfdLn] 7x uof}. o;af]
dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj ;dIf s8f zAbdf ljf]w JoQm ug]{ lgwf] eof]. t o; 36gfaf6
jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ ljrlnt x'g glbg >L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbL b'j} kIfn] k|of;
hfL fVg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 eGg] gLlt klg xfdLn] to uof}. jftf{sf] jftfj0f
agfpg >L % sf] ;sfn] tLg ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;xdlt eof]. klxnf],
o;cl3sf] ;sfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nufPsf] cft\ssfLsf] laNnf x6fpg] bf];|f,]
dfcf]jfbLdfly hfL ]8sg{ gf]l6; x6fpg] t];|f,] dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf] 6fpsfsf] d"No
;DaGwL lg0f{o vf]h ug]{ . clxn] dfcf]jfbLsf tfTsflns dfu klg log} x'g\. ;fy},
jftf{ k|of;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg dGqL k'gnfO{ ;+of]hs tf]s] dfcf]jfbL;u kqfrf
ug]{ klg xfdLaLr ;xdlt eof]. o;} cg';f >L % sf] ;sfn] lg0f{o ug]5
{ .
k|wfgdGqL, dGqL k'g d]f aLr ePsf] ;xdlt d}n] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;af6 kms{gf;fy
dxffhflwfhnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 7Ls 5 eGg] k|ltlqmofsf
;fy dfcf]jfbLnfO{ n]lvg] kqsf] Aoxf]f b]vfpg" x'sd' eof]. d}n] lr7Lsf] 8fk\m6
ef]ln hfx] u5'{ egL laGtL u].

@)%( df3 !# ut] ;f]daf

laxfg} dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g uL k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm"nfO{ afn'jf6f
af]nfPsf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pxf ;dod} afn'jf6f k'Ug'eP5. dGqL k'gn] cfkm"nfO{
dfq af]nfPsf] xf]nf eGg] ;f]Rg'ePsf] x]5, t Toxf dGqL d]zgfy kf08] klxn]b]lv
g} pkl:yt x'g'x'bf] x]5. k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL kf08]nfO{ dfcf]jfbL;u ePsf] jftf{
k|of;, pknlAw eOx]sf sfdaf] ;lj:tf hfgsfL ufpg'eP5. To;kl5
pxfx? tLg hgfaLr jftf{ ;DaGwdf ePsf k|of; dfcf]jfbL;u cfbfgk|bfg ePsf
sfuhkqsf af]df lj:t[t 5nkmn eP5. cGTodf o; k|lqmofnfO{ dlGqklifb\af6
kf; ufpg] To;cl3 k|wfgdGqLn] ;a} ;'Iff k|d'v;u ;Nnfx lng] to eP5.
5nkmnnuQ} dGqL k'gn] oL s'f dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To;} cg';f d}n]
dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u]. ;fy} ;'Iff k|d'vx?nfO{ klg 6]lnkmf]gdf ;Dks{ uL
cjut ufP. jftf{ cufl8 a9fpg xfdL ;a}n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eg];a} ;'Iff

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|d'vx?nfO{ :ki6 kf].

Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs''df g]kfnnfO{ pxfs} lgjf;df lbp;f] fli6o ;efsf
cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g tyf a]n'sL fk|kf cWoIf kz'kltzdz] haf sf\u|];
k|hftflGqs sf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf 5'f5'} e]6\g uPsf] va 5. Toxf s]
s'f eof] eGg]af] s]xL hfgsfL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
g]kfnl:yt la|l6; ;}lgs ;xrfLn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf
;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ kmf]g u] jftf{sf af]df lh1f;f
fVg'eP5. ;}lgs ;xrfLn] >L % sf] ;sfsf k|jQmf d]zgfy kf08]n] la|l6;
fhb"tfjf;;u G Joj:yfkg s;L ug]{, jftf{df s;L hfg], jftf{ Joj:yfkgaf]
s;L cufl8 a9\bf pko'Qm xf]nf eg] ;Nnfx dfUg'ePsf] 5, s] dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{
x'b} 5 < egL ;f]w]sf] s6jfnn] va ug'{eof].
of] s'f ;'g]kl5 dnfO{ c;lhnf] nfUof]. cToGt} uf]Ko tjn] dxffhflwfh,
k|wfgdGqL, dGqL k'g d]f] dfq hfgsfLdf x] jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 al9x]sf]
lyof]. o;}aLr k|d'v ;lrj dGqL kf08]nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ k|lqmofsf
af]df hfgsfL x'g k'Uof]. To;kl5 of] k|lqmof dGqL kf08]n] g} cl3 a9fPsf]
h:tf] u] ljleGg ;|f]taf6 s'f cfpg yfNof]. of] ;a s;L lsg eOx]sf]
5 eg] d lhNn k]sf] 5'. d}n] o; ljifodf dxffhflwfhnfO{ hfx] u]. t
;sfaf6 s'g} k|ltlqmof aS;]g.

@)%( df3 !$ ut] d\unaf

cfh laxfg k|wfgdGqLn] k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ dGqL gffo0fl;+x
k'gsf] kxndf dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{sf] k|of; eOx]sf] cjut ufpg'eP5. ;fy} jftf{
cjlwe o'4ljfd ug{ lgb]{zg lbg'eP5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dfcf]jfbLk|lt nlIft
s'g} klg ;'Iff sfafxL gulg] t ;]gfn] ug]{ l6gsf sfd, tflnd tyf pks0f
vlb h:tf sfd f]lsg gx'g] k|:tfj ug'{eP5. o;df k|wfgdGqLn] ;xdlt
hgfpg'eP5.
a]n'sf k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL k'gnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eP5, dfcf]jfbLaf6 Pp6f
lr7L dufpg'knf{. lr7Ldf jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbLsf] b[li6sf]0f s] xf], s]s] s'fdf
dfcf]jfbL jftf{ ug{ rfxG5g\, jftf{sf nflu slt cjlw nfUnf h:tf s'f pNn]v
x'g hL 5. k|wfgdGqLsf] s'f ;'g] dGqL k'g 5Ss kg'{eP5. clg pxfn]
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ s] eg] s8f hjfkm lbg'eP5 eg], jftf{ ;DaGwL ;a} k|lqmof
ldln;s]sf] 5. To;} cg';f w]} s'f cufl8 klg al9;s]sf] 5. clxn] aLrdf
of] s'f sxfaf6 cfof] < jftf{ ;' ug{ o;} klg l9nf eO;s]sf] 5. klxn] ;DkGg
eO;s]sf k|lqmof bf]xf]ofP cem l9nfO ug]{ xf] eg] d of] sfddf ;+nUg x'g
rfxGg. tkfO{+n] cfk\mgf] lx;fadf sfd nufpg'xf]nf. of] s'f dGqL k'gn] kmf]g

389

390

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof]. dGqL kf08]n] cfk\mgf] ;Dks{;|f]t dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL

g]t[Tj;u dGqL k'gsf] dfWodaf6 xf]Og, d dfkm{t jftf{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf];\ eg]sf]
t klxn] g} yfxf kfOPs} xf]. pxfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;d]t ToxL af6f]df 8f]ofpg]
k|of; u]sf] cfh yfxf eof].

@)%( df3 !% ut] a'waf

lxhf] flt dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g;u ePsf s'f d}n] cfh ;sfdf hfx]
u]. ;fy} cufl8 al9;s]sf] jftf{ k|lqmof o;L aLrdf f]Sg' x'b}g, dGqL k'gnfO{ g}
t'Gt jftf{sf] k|of; cufl8 a9fpg lgb]{zg aS;g' plrt x'g]5 eg] ;sfdf cfk\
mgf] wf0ff cjut ufP. ;sfaf6 hfL jftf{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg k|wfgdGqL
dGqL k'gnfO{ va ullbg" x''s'd eof]. ;f]xL adf]lhd d}n] pxfx?nfO{ hfL
zflGtjftf{sf] k|lqmof t'Gt cl3 a9fpg va u].
cfh} fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n] kmf]g u] eftLo
u'Ktr ;+:yf csf k|d'v pkk|d'vn] oxL km]a|'cL !% b]lv @% ;Dd g]kfnsf]
e|d0f uL d'lQmgfysf] bz{g ug{ rfx]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. pgLx?n] b]jLfdhL;u
cf}krfls ?kdf lgdGq0ff k7fOlbg cfu|x klg u]sf x]5g\. o;af] hfx] ubf{
;sfaf6 x'G5, pgLx?nfO{ af]nfpg nufOlbg" x''s'd eof].
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfsf] cfh lgoldt hfx]L lyof]. To; cj;df
dfcf]jfbL;u x'g nfu]sf] jftf{ ;DaGwdf ;sf;u pxfsf] 5nkmn eof]. cfh flt
!) ah]b]lv nfu" x'g] u] dfcf]jfbLn] o'4ljfd ug]{ ePsf 5g\. >L % sf] ;sfsf
tkm{af6 klg ;f]xL cg'?k jQmJo k|sflzt ug{ tofL eOx]sf] 5. hfx]Ldf
o'4ljfdkZrft\ ;]gfn] ug'{kg]{ tflnd, egf{ tyf ;]gfdf hfL cfw'lgsLs0fsf] sfo{
oyfjt\ hfL fVg] s'fdf ;xdlt eof]. ;fy} ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs
sfafxL aGb u] klg pRr ;ts{tf eg] sfod} fVg] lg0f{o eof].

@)%( df3 !^ ut] laxLaf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ x]lnsK6af6 fhbafdf NofO{
dxffhflwfh;u e]6fPsf] eGg] ;dfrf cfh Ps b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf]
5. va lgtfGt unt, e|fds skf]nslNkt xf]. Tof] va Ps hgf dGqLn]
n]Vg nufPsf] eGg] a'lemg cfPsf] 5. tL dGqL d]zgfy kf08] x'g\ eGg] klg
a'lemPsf] 5.
dxffhflwfhaf6 dnfO{ o'4ljfd ;' eO;s]sf] zflGtjftf{ hfL ;' x'g
nfu]sf] x'bf ca dGqL k'gn] k|];;u w]} ;Dks{ ug'{ x'b}g, pgnfO{ ;fy} ;a} kIfsf]
ljrf u] dfq cufl8 a9\g" s'g} ljifodf ljrfljdz{ ug'{k] t'Gt va ug"{
eg] elglbg" x''s'd eof]. o;} cg';f d}n] dGqL k'gnfO{ hfgsfL ufP.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

e"tk"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs cRo'ts[i0f v]nn] cfk"m k|xL dxflgLIfs x'bf s]xL
kqsfnfO{ k] f]n df fv]sf] s'f v'Nndv'Nnf atfpg yfNg'ePsf] 5. tLdWo]
6Lsffd fO{nfO{ fd|f] k|]; lslglbPsf] % k}ofdf 5kfO x'g] 8fOe nfO;]G; @%
k}ofdf 6Lsffdsf] k|];af6 dfq} lsGg] uL lgod agfOlbPsf] klg pxfsf] egfO
5. o;}aLr, 6Lsffdsf] klqsfnfO{ pxfn] fhbafsf lj4df ;dfrf n]vfpg
k|of]u ug]{ u]sf] ;d]t va cfPsf] 5.

@)%( df3 !& ut] z'qmaf

o'4ljfd ePsf]df fhgLlts kf6L{x?af6 ljleGg k|ltlqmof cfPsf 5g\.
w]}h;f] kf6L{n] z\sfpkz\sfsf] b[li6 lnP tTsfn k|ltlqmof glbO{ kv{ x]
sf] 0fgLlt lnPsf 5g\. s]xLn] d'n'sdf zflGt axfnL x'g' ;sffTds xf] eGg]
egfO fv]sf 5g\. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] jftf{nfO{ gf6ssf]
?k sf] ?ksf] ;+1f lbb} of] u|fG8 l8hfOg cGtu{t ePsf] xf] eGg] k|ltlqmof
JoQm u]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5. hgtfsf] k|ltlqmof eg] Psbd} ;sffTds 5. s]xL
a'l4hLjL ;'Iff lgsfon] klg of] jftf{ klxnf] jftf{ h:tf] x'g' x'b}g, jftf{6f]nLn]
7"n} u[xsfo{ ;lxt k|:t't x'g'k5{, zflGtk"0f{ cfd;ef ug]{ eg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
pgLx?sf] lqmofsnfk ug{ lbg' x'b}g, k"j{tofL tyf cfk;L n]gb]glagf o'4aGbL
5f]8\g x'b}g eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\.
;+jfb ;lrjfnodf sfo{t ;xfos ;lrj bfgbf; >]i7n] g]kfn ;dfrf
kqdf ;d]t sfd ug]{ u]sf] tYo v'Ng cfof]. To;df fhbaf ;DaGwL leqL va
klg pxfn] g} k|jfx ug]{ u]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5. To:t}, hgcf:yf ;fKtflxsdf
;d]t bafsf lgtfGt lghL ljifo pxfn] g} k'ofpg] u]sf] hfgsfL x'g cfof].
o:tf] cj:yfdf pxfnfO{ ;+jfb ;lrjfnodf fVg plrt x'b}g. o;af] s] ug]{
eg] ;sfdf hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL;u kfdz{ u]
plrt sfafxL ug"{ egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. clg fhbaf kbflwsfL sfof{noaf6
pxfsf] fhLgfdf dfluof].
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] jftf{ ;DaGwdf ;3fpg uf]Ko ?kdf Pp6f l6d
agfpg vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. To;df sfg'gL, s"6gLlts, ;'Iff ;DaGwL fhgLlts
kfdz{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1 ;lDdlnt ug]{ pxfsf] of]hgf lyof].
dxffhflwfhaf6 To:tf] l6d uf]Ko ?kdf agfpg'eGbf ;fj{hlgs ?kd} s'g}
sfof{no cGtu{t fVbf fd|f] x'g] ;Nnfx lbOaS:of]. To;} cg';f ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfno cGtu{t xg] uL ljz]if sfo{bn aGof]. sfo{bndf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf, >L % sf] ;sfsf k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj s0f{Wjh clwsfL, k"j{
k|xL dxflgLIfs w|'jaxfb' k|wfg, k|fWofks 8f= df]xgk|;fb nf]xgL clwjQmf
afns[i0f g]pkfg]nfO{ lgo'Qm ulof]. zflGtjftf{ ;DaGwdf ;sfL 0fgLlt s:tf]

391

392

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

x'g'k5{, dfcf]jfbL;u s]s] ljifodf s'f ug]{ xf], dfcf]jfbL;u ePsf ;dembfLnfO{
s;L sfof{Gjog ug]{ h:tf ljifodf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg' sfo{bnsf] d'Vo
lhDd]jfL xf].
cfhsf] hfx]Ldf o'4ljfdkl5 ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLltsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
eof]. ;f] cj;df ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], dfcf]jfbLsf] sDo'lg:6 ljrfwff
PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf cfP nfu" x'g ;Sb}g. To;sf gfddf g]kfnLg]kfnL cfk;df
n8] b]]zsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf :jtGqtfdf uDeL cfr cfpg ;S5. To;af] ;dod}
uDeLtfk"j{s ljrf x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbLn] ;d]t ;a} g]kfnLsf] cfTd;Ddfg, zflGt
JolQmut ;'Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{k5{. oL ljifodf ;sfL jftf{6f]nLnfO{ k"0f{
?kdf hfgsfL x'g'k5{. klxnf] jftf{sf sdLsdhf]L o; kfln bf]xf]lg lbg'
x'b}g. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;a} ultljlwsf af]df fd|f];u hfgsfL fVg'k5{.
To;sf nflu ;'Iff lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xof]u lng'k5{. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox?sf ultljlw s'g} xfntdf b]zsf] sfg'g ljkLt x'g lbg' x'b}g. ;sfL
jftf{6f]nLn] Hofb} ljrf u] cfk\mgf] Ph]G8f tof kfg{'k5{. jftf{ ubf{ k|fyldstfsf
cfwf to ug'{k5{. ;'df dfgjLo ljifo, To;kl5 o'4ljfd ;DaGwL ljifo
cflvLdf dfq fhgLlts ljifodf s'f p7fpbf plrt x'G5. k|];;u ;Dks{
ubf{ d'Vo Ph]G8feGbf ;fwf0f dfgjLo ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|:t't
ug'{k5{. ljb]zdf x]sf xfd|f zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t sf7df8f}l:yt ljb]zL
fhb"tnfO{ klg jftf{sf af]df cfjZostf cg';f hfgsfL ufpg'k5{. ;fy}
;sfaf6 jftf{ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ 0fgLlts p2]Zosf af]df cfkm}n] k|wfgdGqL;u
s'f ug]{ x's'd eof].

@)%( df3 !( ut] cfOtaf

dfcf]jfbLn] 8f= afa'fd efO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf kfr ;b:oLo jftf{6f]nL u7g
u]sf] lg0f{o cfh ;fj{hlgs u]sf] 5. jftf{6f]nLsf cGo ;b:odf fdaxfb'
yfkf, b]j u', s[i0faxfb' dxf dft[sfk|;fb ofbj 5g\. jftf{6f]nLsf] gfd
;fj{hlgs ug'{k"j{ dfcf]jfbLn] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ s'g} hfgsfL ufPgg\.
k'gn] o; ;DaGwdf dfcf]jfbL 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= efO{;u c;Gt'li6 k|s6
ug'{ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] Psnf}6L lg0f{oaf6 k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb
klg gfd|L l;fpg'ePsf] 5. b'j} kIfaLr cfk;L ;xdltdf jftf{6f]nLsf] gfd
;fj{hlgs ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] lyof]. To; ljkLt dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nL;u
s'g} 5nkmn jf ;dGjo guL cfk\mgf] jftf{6f]nLsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs u]sf] xf].
o;} sf0f k|wfgdGqLn] of] ;dfrfnfO{ ;sfL ;~rf dfWodn] k"} a]jf:tf ug{
lgb]{zg lbg'eof]. of] 36gfnfO{ lnP k|wfgdGqLsf] cfk\mg} kf6L{ fk|kfdf klg ljf]w
ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|wfgdGqLn] pkk|wfgdGqL ab|Lk|;fb d08nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf rf8} jftf{6f]nL

u7g ug]{ hfgsfL cfk\mgf lgs6:y JolQmnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] zflGtjftf{
;DaGwdf fi6sf] gfddf ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;d]t ljrf ug'{ePsf] 5. ;Daf]wgdf
dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{6f]nL ;fj{hlgs u]sf] s'f >L % sf] ;sfsf] hfgsfLdf
cfO;s]sf] 5, ;sfn] klg u[xsfo{ ulx]sfn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf
af]df pko'Qm ;dodf hfgsfL ufOg] 5 egL pNn]v ubf{ plrt x'g] ;Nnfx
lbOPsf] 5.
dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dfgjLo ;xfotfsf nflu s]xL of]hgfdf
cfjZos kg]{ sdsf nflu ljb]zL bft[ ;+:yf;u e]6\g] ljrf u]sf] hfgsfL
ufpg'eof]. d}n] o;af] ;sfdf hfx] u] kl5 va u5'{ eg]. ljleGg
u};sfL ;+:yfn] >L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g] zflGtjftf{af] ;sffTds
k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\. ;fy} s'g} klg xfntdf b]zdf zflGt axfnL x'g}k5{ eGg]
cfzo JoQm u]sf 5g\.

@)%( df3 @) ut] ;f]daf

hgsk'df x'g] ;ftf} dxflwj]zgdf Pdfn]n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL
Ph]G8f kf; ub}{ 5 egL Pdfn] ;|f]tn] va NofPsf] 5. Tof] x'g glbg bafn]
e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ b]lvG5. xfn} dxffhflwfhaf6 Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfnnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] 5. bz{ge]6kl5 g]kfnn] hgsk' dxflwj]zgkl5
;sf kljt{g cyjf ;sfdf Pdfn]sf] ;Ddfghgs ;xeflutf x'g ;Sg] egL
cfk\mgf lgs6sf JolQmnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] 5.
g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5] -f]lxt_ n] kf6L{sf]
k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf zflGtjftf{nfO{ lnP cfklQhgs s'f af]n]sf] s'f u'Ktr lkf]6{
cfPsf] 5. To; cg';f pxfn] eGg'ePsf] 5, clxn]sf] jftf{ ;]gfsf kdflwklt
fhfs} kxndf x'g nfu]sf] xf]. b'j} kIf;u ;]gf ePsfn] jftf{sf] 6sfjdf hf]
r'S5, pm xf5{. k|r08 afa'fdsf] xTof x'g] w]} ;Defjgf 5. jftf{df eftnfO{
gf]S;fg x'g] s'f cfof] eg] eftn] pgLx?nfO{ ls ;'k'{buL u5{ ls t xTof g}
ullbG5.
;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr jftf{sf] dWo:ytf ulx]sf wgLfd -8Lcf_ nfld5fg]n]
hgsk' uP Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u 5nkmn u]sf 5g\. nfld5fg]
lsg, s;L Toxf k'u] < lsg crfgs dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ e]6]sf] xf] < o;af]
:ki6 x'g'k5{.

@)%( df3 @! ut] d\unaf

;sfaf6 cfh la|l6; fhb"t s]Oy An'dlkmN8 a]nfotL cGtf{li6o

393

394

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] 8LPkmcfO{8Lsf g]kfn k|d'vnfO{ ;+o'Qm bz{ge]6 aS:of].

;f] cj;df 5nkmn ePsf ljifosf af]df ;sfaf6 dnfO{ kl5 hfgsfL
ufOaS:of]. fhb"tn] dfcf]jfbL xTof lx+;fsf sf0f g]kfndf v:sbf] zflGt
;'Iff, dfgj clwsf pNn\3gsf 36gf k|hftGqk|lt a]nfot ;sfsf] pRr
rf;f] x]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eP5. ;fy}, cfjZos k] ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{sf
nflu a]nfot ;sfn] ljz]if1x? pknAw ufpg ;Sg] hfgsfL ufpg'eP5.
jftf{df Psn] csf{nfO{ cff]kk|Toff]k guL k'fgf s'f gp7fO{ cufl8 a9] fd|f]
x'g] wf0ff ;d]t hfx] ug'{eP5. fhb"tn] ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ a]nfot ;sfn]
lbb} cfPsf] ;xof]u hfL xg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eP5. o;} uL, nfdf] ;dob]lv
a]nfot g]kfnaLr ;b\efjk"0f{ ;DaGw x]sf] a]nfotn] g]kfnnfO{ ;w} pRr
;Ddfg ulx]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ljZj ;d'bfon] g]kfnsf nflu v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfdf
a]nfotn] ;++of]hssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] OR5f fv]sf] hfx] ug'{eP5. fhb"tsf
cleJolQmaf6 g]kfnsf] ;d:of ;DaGwdf a]nfotn] ulxf] clelr hfgsfL
fv]sf] cjut eof].
dxffhflwfhaf6 a]nfotL fhb"t 8LPkmcfO{8Lsf k|d'vnfO{ a]nfot
;sfaf6 ;'Iff lgsfonfO{ k|fKt ;xfotfk|lt ;fxgf JoQm ulaS;b} wGojfb
aS;]5. ;sfaf6 x's'd eP5, dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{df ;fjwfgLk"js{ cfzfjfbL
x'g' a]; xf]nf. ;'d} fhgLlts Ph]G8faf6 jftf{ yfngL ubf{ cufl8 a9\g
c;lhnf] x'G5. cfk;L ljZjf; clej[l4 ug{ dfgjLo ljifo cGo cfwfe"t
s'fnfO{ klxn] ;Daf]wg ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 xf]nf. dfcf]jfbLn] u7g u]sf] jftf{6f]nL
x]bf{ pgLx? uDeL eP jftf{df cfPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5. To;}n] ;sfL jftf{6f]nL
klg k"0f{ tofLsf ;fy cfzfjfbL eP jftf{df k|:t't x''G5. o; cj:yfdf ljb]zL
ldqfi6x?n] klg jftf{nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ hL x'G5 ;xof]u
hfL xg'k5{. fhfn] s'g} klg kIf jf ljkIfdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ldNb}g.
To;}n] jt{dfg ;sfdf fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;xeflutf xf];\ eGg] xfdL rfxG5f}.
g]kfndf k|hftGq lbuf] x'gsf nflu b]z alnof] x'g h?L 5. of] s'f ldqfi6x?n]
klg a'lemlbg'k5{. zflGtlagf ljsf; ;Dej 5}g. jftf{ ;sffTds 9\un]
6'\UofP dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] lgMz:qLs0f hlt rf8f] x'G5, Tolt g} rf8f] r'gfjsf]
jftfj0f aG5. zflGtsf] jftfj0f ag] cfGtls PsLs[t ljsf; tyf ;'Iff
sfo{qmd nfu" x'g]5.
zflGtjftf{sf] ;Gbe{df d k|ToIf of ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg ePsf] x'gfn]
;sfaf6 oL s'f d;u ;]o ulaS;]sf] xf]. zflGtjftf{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ s;L
;xh k|efjsfL agfpg ;lsG5 eg] ;sfaf6 ljleGg JolQm;u fo;Nnfx
lng] sfd eOx]sf] 5. To; cg';f k|fKt ;'emfj k|wfgdGqL, ;sfL jftf{6f]nL
To;nfO{ ;3fpg u7g ulPsf] ljz]if sfo{bnnfO{ lbOaS;G5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( df3 @@ ut] a'waf

la|l6; fhb"t An'dlkmN8n] dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6af6 d lgs} k|efljt
eP, ;sf clxn]sf] kll:yltaf] Hofb} hfgsf xf]OaS;bf] x]5, zflGtjftf{nfO{
;kmn kf] eljiodf s] s] ug'{k5{ eGg] s'fdf klg df};'km :ki6 ePsf] d}n] kfP,
To;}n] a]nfot df};'km;u k"0f{ ;xdt 5 eg] s]xL klZrdf s"6gLlt1;u ljrf
JoQm ug'{ePsf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.
:jtGq jfdkGyL g]tf kb\dTg t'nfwn] clxn]sf] jftf{ fhfsf] ;xdlt
:jLs[ltdf ePsf] xf], To;} cg';f o'4ljfd ePsf] xf], fhbaf;u kx'r gePsf
sf0f d}n] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfOg eGg] ug'{ePsf] 5.
k|xL dxflgLIfs ZofdeQm yfkfn] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf eGg'ePsf] 5, k|xL
;\u7g $* jif{ k"f eof]. @)$& ;fnkl5 ;\u7gdf ljlweGbf JolQm xfjL x'g
k'Uof]. To;dfly @)%@ ;fnkl5 k|xLn] cfk\mgf] sfd hgn k'lnl; eGbf aflx
uP dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ klrfng x'g'k]sf] 5. o; cjlwdf (^^ k|xLn]
Hofg u'dfO;s], Ps xhf ##( hgf uDeL 3fOt] ePsf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
ck];gdf klrfng x'g'cl3 clwfHoe Ps xhf ^)) k|xL kf]:6 x]sf]df xfn
Tof] ;\Vof &)) df em]sf] 5. To;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ;a} lsl;dsf] ckfw a9\g
uPsf] 5. ;z:q k|xL an u7g ePkl5 k|xLsf] ssgL tflnd s]Gb|, 8f8fkfv
tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ x:tfGt0f u]sf] x'gfn] g]kfn k|xLnfO{ tflnddf ;d:of ePsf]
5. ah]6sf] sdLn] sfd ug{ c;lhnf] x'b} uPsf] 5. k|xL ljsf; of]hgfsf
lglDt 8LPkmcfO{8L;u cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu jftf{ eOx]sf] 5.
o; kfln x'g] OG6kf]nsf] r'gfjdf Pl;of If]qsf b'O{ l;6dWo] Ps l;6df g]kfnn]
pDd]bjfL lbg] k|of; ulx]sf] 5.
;sfaf6 k|xLdf eOx]sf] fhgLtLs0fnfO{ x6fpg ;s];Dd sf]l;; ug"{
x's'd eof]. To:t} df};'kmaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of], k|xLnfO{ lkk'n k|m]G8\nL agfP
sfd ug'{k5{. jli7 k|xL clws[tx? s'g kf6L{sf g]tf;u Hofbf ;Dks{df 5g\,
To;sf] lgSof]{n u. >L % sf] ;sf;u ah]6 dfUbf k|fyldstf lgwf{0f u]
cTofjZos ;fdfg lsGg Wofg lbg'k5{. d klg k|wfgdGqL;u s'f uf}nf.
dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf 3fOt] k|xLsf] pkrfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{. pgLx?sf]
hLjgk|lt k|xL ;sf ;+j]bgzLn x'g}k5{. o; qmddf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sdL
sdhf]L x'g lbg' ePg.
cfh} ;fem k|wfgdGqL nf]]s]Gb|axfb' rGb, dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ ;sfaf6 k|fOe]6 l8g aS:of]. pQm cj;df dfcf]jfbL;u
eOx]sf] jftf{, jftf{df p7\g ;Sg] ljifo tyf ;'Iff lgsfosf cjwf0ffsf af]df
lj:t[t 5nkmn eof]. l8gdf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g d]f] klg
;xeflutf lyof].

395

396

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( df3 @^ ut] cfOtaf

dfcf]jfbLaf6 hfL k|;
] jQmJo jftf{sf] k|lqmof cufl8 al9x]sf] kll:yltdf
Hofb} s8f cfklQhgs 5. ;fob o;af] dfcf]jfbLs} jftf{6f]nLnfO{ klg hfgsfL
lyPg. dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] jQmJosf af]df jftf{6f]nL;u cfklQ hgfpg'eof].
eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0fn] Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u pxfs}
lgjf; sf]6]Zjdf sla Ps 306f uf]Ko e]6jftf{ ug'{eof]. e]6jftf{sf af]df lj:t[t
?kdf hfgsfL lng sf]l;; ug"{ eg] d}n] ;'Iff lgsfox?nfO{ va u]sf]
5'. k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f of] e]6kl5 sf\u|]; Pdfn]n] ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{sf]
ljf]wdf ;+o'Qm b[li6sf]0f agfpg] ePsf 5g\.

@)%( df3 @& ut] ;f]daf

k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs
pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ kmf]g u] la|l6; fhb"tfjf;df cfof]lht G
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL la|lkmdf k7fpg s]xL pRr clws[tsf] gfd l;kmfl; ug"{
eGg'eP5. of] s'f s6jfnn] dnfO{ kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufPkl5 d}n] pxfnfO{ ;'Iff
klifb\d} sfo{t s]xL clws[t 5fg] k7fP x'G5 eg].
g]kfnl:yt lrlgof fhb"tn] dxffhflwfhsf lghL ;lrj ;fuk|;fb
ltldlN;gfnfO{ kmf]g u] clwfhs'dfL k|]0ff s'df fhaxfb' l;+xnfO{ l8gsf
nflu cfdGq0f ug'{ePsf] x]5. of] s'f hfx] eP ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]kl5
pxfx? lrlgof fhb"tsf] lgjf;df l8gdf hfg] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5.

@)%( df3 @* ut] d\unaf

g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{n] ef]ln ;j{bnLo a}7s cfof]hgf ug{ vf]h]sf]
va cFPsf] 5. o;aLr, k|wfgdGqLn] klg ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tf;u e]6\g] k|of;
ulxg'ePsf] 5.
Pdfn]n] ;+o'Qm jfdkGyL sfo{ut Pstf ug]{ sf]l;; ulx]sf] yfxf ePsf]
5. To;df g]skf Pstf s]Gb|n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljifonfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP cufl8
hfg pko'Qm x'g] k|:tfj fv]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] sf\u|]; ;efklt
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn g]dlskf cWoIf
gffo0fdfg lah'S5]nfO{ kmf]g u] bafsf lj4 ;+o'Qm df]rf{ agfpg'k5{ eGg]
k|:tfj fv]sf] lkf]6{ cfPsf] 5.

@)%( df3 @( ut] a'waf

cfhsf] hfx]Ldf cGo ljifosf cltlQm cfk\mg} af]df ;sfnfO{ hfx]
u]. d}n] eg], d]f] pkyLsf] kfr jif{sf] sfo{cjlw cfpbf] r}t d;fGtdf k"f x'b}

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

5. fhbafsf] lgod cg';f d}n] r}t ! ut]b]lv Ps dlxgf labf a:g'k5{.

;sfaf6 dnfO{ kbf]Gglt aS;g] xf] eg] s]xL kms kb}{g. t kbf]Gglt gaS;g]
xf] eg] d}n] sfd ug]{ ;do kmfu'g Ps dlxgf dfq afsL 5. pQm cjlwdf s;nfO{
d]f] sfo{ a'emfpg'kg]{ xf], o;af] ;sfaf6 rf8} lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5. d]f] s'fdf
;sfaf6 s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g.
ut jif{ g]kfnLdf k|sflzt ePsf] fHoff]x0fsf] Ps jif{ k':ts ;sfsf]
bf];|f] jif{sf s]xL dxjk"0f{ k|;\ux? ;dfj]z u] c\u|]hLdf k|sflzt ug]{ tofL
eOx]sf] 5. c\u|]hL ;+:s0f z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj; kf] k|sflzt ulg nfu]sf]
d}n] ;sfdf laGtL u].
cfpbf] zlgaf ;]gfaf6 cfGtls PsLs[t ;'Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf cGtu{t
uf]vf lhNnfdf lgdf{0f ePsf] a]nL la|h k|wfgdGqLn] ;d'b\3f6g ug]{ sfo{qmd to
ePsf] egL k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ va ug'{eof].

@)%( kmfu'g ! ut] laxLaf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd
efO{;u jftf{df p7fpg] d'Vod'Vo ljifodf cgf}krfls 5nkmn ePsf] hfgsfL
ufpg'eof]. dGqL k'gsf cg';f jftf{k|lt efO{sf] ;sffTds wf0ff x]sf] 5.
efO{n] fhgLlts bn;u klg ;fdfGo 5nkmn u] pgLx?nfO{ klg 7Ls 7fpdf
fVg'k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx ;d]t lbg'ePsf] 5. kf6L{x?af6 vf;} pknlAwd"ns ljrf
cfpg] xf]Og, lsgeg] logLx?sf ;~rfngstf{ c? g} 5g\ eGg] klg efO{sf]
ljZn]if0f x]5. dGqL k'gn] efO{;usf] 5nkmnkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? jftf{k|lt
lgs} uDeL 5g\, xfdLn] o;nfO{ cj;sf ?kdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf
agfpg'ePsf] 5.
fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f ;sffTds
gePsf]df ljb]zL fi6x? ;Gt'i6 5}gg\.

@)%( kmfu'g @ ut] z'qmaf

k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] kmf]g u] cfufdL ;}lgs lbj; -dxflzjflq_
eGbf b'O{ lbgcl3 ;a} k[tgfklt jflxgLkltnfO{ sf7df8f} af]nfP clxn]sf]
kll:yltsf af]df a'em\g] tyf lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{qmd fv]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof].
pxfn] k|wfg ;]gfklt lgjf;, zlzejgdf cfufdL !^ ut] z'qmaf flqef]hsf]
cfof]hgf uL ;sfnfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ePsf] 5. dnfO{ klg lgDtf ug'{ePsf]
5. flqef]hdf cfdlGqt JolQmx?sf] gfdfjnL dufpg", ;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd
aS;]sf] 5.
bafsf ;lrjx?sf] ;fd"lxs hfx]Lsf a]nf ;sfaf6 >L % sf] ;sf

397

398

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbLaLr x'g nfu]sf] jftf{sf] ;Gbe{af] lj:t[t hfgsfL ufOaS:of].

df};'kmaf6 jftf{df dfgjLo ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf;fy cufl8 a9fpg cfcfk\mgf]
;lrjfnon] ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsfL ufpg] ;dGjo ug]{ egL lgb]{zg
aS:of]. e|i6frfL tyf ;fj{hlgs kb wf0f u]sf g]tfx?sf] ;DklQ 5fglag ug{
JolQmut kmfOn tof kfL cfjZos k] k|of]udf Nofpg tofL xfntdf fVg k|d'v
;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{ x's'd eof].

@)%( kmfu'g % ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbLn] v6fPsf] jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?nfO{ dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn]
?kGb]xLsf] e}xjfaf6 sf7df8f} Nofpg'eof]. To;df dfcf]jfbLsf s[i0faxfb' dxf,
bLgfgfy zdf{ nufot x]sf 5g\. 8f= efO{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ xtf gug]{ t
;Dks{df a:g] s'f klg to ePsf] 5.

@)%( kmfu'g * ut] laxLaf

>L % zfxHofbL zLtfidfsf] :joDj cfh ;DkGg eof]. :joDa :yn
dxffhuGhl:yt hLjgs'~hdf ;sfx? ;d]t ;jfL eof]. pbL{ ePsfn] d klg
pQm :joDjdf ;xefuL eP.
jftf{nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ag]sf] lj1 ;d"xn] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ e]6]
cfh;Dd ePsf ultljlwsf af]df hfgsfL lng'sf ;fy} cfjZos sfuhft ;d]t
lnPsf] 5. pQm ;d"xsf nflu fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf sfof{no tof
kf] dxf;]gfgL anb]jfh dxtnfO{ sfof{no ;~rfng ug{ tf]lsPsf] 5. ;d"xsf
tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] ;lrjfno jftf{6f]nL;u ;Dks{ ug{ dxtnfO{ g} ;Dks{
clws[tsf ?kdf fVg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5.
dGqL sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{+n] cfh kmf]g u] eGg'eof], Pdfn]nfO{ k'gM
km'6fpg' h?L 5. jfdb]j uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL kf6L{;u c;Gt'i6 Hofb}
lgfz x'g'x'G5. pxfx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. jfdb]jnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;d]t
cfk\mgf] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfdf Nofpg vf]lhx]sf] 5. xfdLn] s'g} klg xfntdf
pxfnfO{ cfk\mgf] kIfdf fVg'k5{. To;sf nflu pxf tof klg x'g'x'G5. Pdfn]sf
jli7 g]tf pko'Qm cj;sf] kvf{Odf 5g\. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;s];Dd rf8}
klrfng ug'{k5{. ltgdf kbflwsfL gePsfn] ljb]zL bft[ ;+:yfx? ;xof]u ug{
lxrlsrfOx]sf 5g\. lzIffdGqL b]jLk|;fb cf]emfn] dlGqklifb\sf ;a} lg0f{o Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ lkf]l6{ ulxg'ePsf] 5.
cfh k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] ;'hftf sf]Ofnfsf] dl08vf6fl:yt
3df sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6\g'eof]. e]6df s]s] s'f
eof] eGg]af] hfgsfL x'g ;s]g. ;fob ;sfsf] bz{ge]6df k|wfgdGqLn]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lj:t[t tjdf hfx] ug'{xf]nf. k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?

8f= afa'fd efO{, s[i0faxfb' dxf bLgfgfy zdf{n] e]6]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
To:t}, fk|kf cWoIf kz'kltzdz] haf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{
e]6\g sf]6]Zjl:yt pxfsf] lgjf;df k'Ug'ePsf] 5. e]6jftf{ ;d;fdlos fhgLlts
kll:yltdf s]lGb|t ePsf] g]kfnlgs6 ;|f]tn] atfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] of] jftf{nfO{ ;sffTds kl0ffdd'vL agfpg'kg]{ kf6L{sf]
7x x]sf] cfjZos k] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf k|ltlglwnfO{ dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsfdf
fVg ;lsg] wf0ff ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\. To;} uL pgLx?n] xfnsf] fli6o
tyf cGtf{li6o kll:yltdf fh;+:yfnfO{ dfOg; ug{ g;lsg] lgisif{ ;d]t
;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\. fhfn] ;+ljwfg;ef gdfg] s] x'G5 < eGg] :jtGq a'l4hLjL
tyf gfuls ;dfhsf cu'jfx?sf] k|Zgdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] ;+ljwfgdf Jofks
;+zf]wg u] fhfsf] clwsf s6f}tL ug{ ;lsG5, ;]gf ;+;b\ cGtu{t x'g'k5{,
;+ljwfg;efsf nflu ;a} kf6L{nfO{ ;xdltdf Nofpg] k|of; ulx]sf 5f}, ;a} kf6L{
;lDdlnt uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngn] g} ;a} ljifosf af]df lgwf{0f ug]{5, cfjZos k]
pkjftf{6f]nL u7g u] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL;u cgf}krfls kfdz{ hfL flvg]5
egL kf6L{sf] wf0ff ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbLsf oL wf0ff ljZn]if0f u] d}n] of] eftsf] u]d Knfg x'g ;S5
eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5'. hjfxnfn g]x? ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks 8f= P;8L
d'lgn] s]xL lbgcl3 g]kfn cfP dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? 8f= afa'fd efO{ s[i0faxfb'
dxf;u sf7df8f}sf] gof jfg]Zjl:yt xf]6n Pe]:6df nfdf] enfs';fL u]sf
lyP. k|fKt ;"rgfx? 36gfqmd ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] dfcf]jfbLn] h]h]
eg] pgLx? Tof] eftLo ;f]rfO cg';fsf k|:tfj lnP cufl8 cfOx]sf 5g\.
x'g klg dfcf]jfbL PSsfl; cToGt} nlrnf] b]lvPsf 5g\.

@)%( kmfu'g ( ut] z'qmaf

fhbafsf ;lrjx?sf] ;+oQ' m hfx]Ldf b]zsf] ljsl;t fhgLlts
36gfqmdsf af]df lj:t[t ?kdf 5nkmn eof]. To; a]nf ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof],
xfd|f] jftf{6f]nLn] jftf{ ;DaGwL cfrf;+lxtf kmfu'gsf] cGTo;Dddf tof ul;Sg'k5{.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLnfO{ k7fpg'cl3 To;af] bafnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg' fd|f] x'G5.
jftf{ k|lqmof rlnxbf ;'Iff lgsfon] ulx]sf] ;'Iff 8\o6' L klg s'g} klg xfntdf
sd ug'{ x'bg} ;]gfnfO{ tofL xfntdf fVg'k5{. ;fy} ;sfaf6 cfufdL eft
e|d0fsf ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] ePsfn] ;a} ;lrjfnon] x\jfO6 k]k tof
kfg"{ klg x'sd' eof].
pQm cj;df d}n] hut uf}rgn] ljleGg kqklqsfdf tyf s'fsfgLsf]
l;nl;nfdf d]f] dGqL x'g] kSsf lyof], fhfsf] ;}lgs ;lrj ljj]s zfxn] gffo0fl;+x

399

400

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k'g;u k};f vfP p;nfO{ dGqL agfof] eGb} lx8\g] u]sf] ;sfdf hfx] u]. of]
s'f ;'g]kl5 ;lrjx? xf;]. ;sfn] s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g.

@)%( kmfu'g !@ ut] ;f]daf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] xfn;Dd ePsf cgf}krfls jftf{x? ;sffTds
lbzflt pGd'v eOx]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbL
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o;u ;dembfL tyf JolQmut ;DaGw ljsl;t x'b} uPsf] 5.
jftf{sf qmddf pgLx? tofL u] uDeL ?kn] k|:t't x'g] u]sf 5g\. ;sfL
kIfaf6 jftf{6f]nL u7gsf] l9nfO ePsf] pgLx?nfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g. fhgLlts
kf6L{x?n] jftf{nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;xof]u u]sf 5}gg\. dfcf]jfbL g]tfn]
jftf{sf] jftfj0f fd|f] x'b} uPsfn] xfdL fhf;u klg e]6\g rfxG5f} eGg]
u]sf] pxfn] ;'gfpg'eof]. To:tf] a]nf dGqL k'gn] jftf{ ;sffTds 9\un]
cufl8 al9xf];\, To;kl5 t bz{ge]6 eOxfN5 lg eGg] ug'{ePsf] x]5. olb
tkfO{+x?nfO{ bafsf] s;};u e]6 ug]{ OR5f 5 eg] d ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ e]6fpg]
k|of; u5'{ eg]sf] klg pxfn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. dGqLsf] k'gsf] egfO
lyof], tkfO{+n] kfPsf dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? d}n] klg yfxf kfpg ;s] fd|f]
x'g] lyof].
dGqL k'gsf s'f d}n] ;sfdf ;lj:tf hfx] u]. dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL s]xL
dxjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|fKt eP dGqL k'gnfO{ klg hfgsfL ufO{ lbg", ;sfaf6 x's'd
eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] d;u s] s'f ug{ vf]h]sf x'g\, To;af]
ltdL pko'Qm ;do ldnfP e]6 s'f a'em x's'd eof].
eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf 8]k'6L lrkm ckm ld;g czf]s s'dfn] dnfO{ e]6\g
vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. of] s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 e]6] x'G5 x's'd eof].
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] kmf]g u] Iff;lrj dbgk|;fb cof{nsf]
g]t[Tjdf ;}lgs k|ltlglwd08n rLg e|d0fdf hfg] sfo{qmd 5, pxfn] k|ltlglwd08ndf
;xfos yL 8Dal;+x u'nfO{ fVg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5 egL va ug'{eof].
dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfaLr s'f
ePsf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5. s] s'f eof], yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
Pdfn] kf6L{ sfof{no, aNv'df a;]sf] gf} jfd kf6L{sf] a}7sdf dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx? s[i0faxfb' dxf bLgfgfy zdf{ ;xefuL ePsf 5g\. a}7sdf dfcf]jfbL
g]tfn] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng cGtld ;+;b\ :yfkgfsf] kIfdf nfUg ;a} bnnfO{ cfu|x
u]. dfn] dxf;lrj ;LkL d}gfnLn] eg] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng s]sf nflu s;n]
af]nfpg], kf6L{x?n] af]nfpg] xf] ls < eGg] k|Zg cl3 ;fg'{eP5. pxfsf cg';f
xfn uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng fhfn] afx]s c?n] af]nfpg g;Sg] cj:yf 5. s] fhfn]
uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng af]nfpnfg\ < eg] klg pxfn] k|Zg ug'{eP5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( kmfu'g !$ ut] a'waf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]g u] cfh eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0fn] nGrdf
af]nfPsf 5g\, s'g} dxjk"0f{ s'fsfgL eof] eg] d kl5 eg'nf eGg'eof].
pRr kbflwsfL tyf fhgLlt1x?sf] ;DklQ 5fglag ug{ ul7t nD;fn
cfof]un] ;]gfsf clws[tsf] ;DklQ ljj0f ;]gfn] g} lnP fVg] lg0f{o u]sf]
5. ;f] ljj0f nD;fn cfof]un] cWoog ug]{ To; ;DaGwL ;TotYo ;fj{hlgs
ug'{cl3 bafdf hfx] ug{ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of].
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] cfhsf] hfx]Ldf ;]gfsf] f;g :s]ndf s]xL
;'wf ug{ k|:tfj ug'{eof]. k|To'Qdf ;sfaf6 dnfO{ k|d'v ;lrj kz'kltnfO{ eg]
k|wfgdGqL;u s'f uL ldnfpg" x's'd eof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt yfkfn] clt ljlzi6
JolQmsf] xjfO{ p8fgsf nflu eLeLcfO{kL ljdf x]sf ;'k k'df x]lnsK6 k'fgf]
k|ljlwsf ePsf] x'bf gof k|ljlwsf x]lnsK6 -h:t} M PaL!#( tyf Pro'O{jfO{@_
sf af]df cWoog ug]{ k|:tfj klg fVg'ePsf] lyof]. ;fy} pxfn] kmfu'g @^ @&
ut] k"j{sf Aof]s lgLIf0f ug{ hfg nfu]sf] hfx] ug'{eof].

@)%( kmfu'g !^ ut] z'qmaf

h\uL c8\8f, eb|sfnLl:yt lqe'jg cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf ;]gfsf k[tgf tyf
jflxgLkltsf] ;dGjofTds a}7s cfh ;DkGg eof]. a}7sdf d klg ;xefuL eP.
pQm cj;df jflxgLklt tyf k[tgfkltx?n] cfcfk\mgf] Aof]sdf k'fg} ;d:of
clxn];Dd klg yftL x]sf] s'f bf]xf]ofP. w]h
} ;f] u0f tyf u'Nddf clws[tx?sf]
sdL x]sf] klg hfgsfL ufP. ;}lgs ck];gsf] bafjdf k] g} dfcf]jfbL jftf{df
cfPsf] pgLx?sf] ts{ lyof]. o;nfO{ ;]gfsf] ck];gn ;S;]; sf ?kdf pgLx?n]
JofVof u]. ;]gfn] k|efjsfL e"ldsf lgjf{x gu]sf] eP dfcf]jfbLn] w]} klxn] g} ;Qf
lnO;Sy] eGg] klg s]xL clws[tsf] wf0ff lyof]. jf:tjdf of] wf0ff ;xL xf].
a}7s eOx]s} ;dodf d]f] df]afOndf ;sfsf P8L;L dxf;]gfgL ljgf]h
a:Goftsf] kmf]g cfof]. pxfn] zfxL h\uL c8\8faf6 yL pkyLsf] 8f]l;o
-JolQmut tyf sfo{ut ljj0f ;DaGwL kmfOn_ tTsfn} dufpg ;sfaf6 x's'd
ePsf] atfpg'eof]. k|wfg ;]gfklt ToxL ;dff]xdf ePsfn] d}n] pxfnfO{ of] s'f
tTsfn} ;'gfP. pxfn] klg tTsfn} cfk\mgf ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ eg] cfjZos kmfOn
dufpg'eof]. d}n] tL kmfOn ;sfdf hfx] ug{ P8L;L clkm;df k7fOlbP.

@)%( kmfu'g !* ut] cfOtaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLdf s]xL ;d:of b]vf k]sf] ;\s]t ldn]sf] 5. s[i0faxfb'
dxf bLgfgfy zdf{n] fd|f];u sfd gu]sf], ;fy} ljleGg kIfaf6 k|efljt ePsf]

401

402

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

h:tf] b]lvG5, 8f= afa'fd efO{sf] lgot klg :ki6 b]lvb}g egL jftf{6f]nLsf
csf{ ;b:o fdaxfb' yfkf afbn n] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g;u v'nf;f ug'{eP5.
of] s'f dnfO{ tTsfn} dGqL k'gn] kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
sflGtk' b}lgsdf cfh k|sflzt ;dfrfn] jftf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{sf] ;f xflg
k'ofpg ;S5. of] klg ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy kf08]sf] 5nsk6 xf] eGg] dGqL
k'gsf] bfaL 5. sflGtk'sf kqsf u'0ffh n'O6]n;u dGqL kf08] Hofb} 3lgi7
ePsfn] To; lsl;dsf] ;dfrf k|jfx ePsf] ;"rgf klg cfPsf] 5.
dGqL k'gn] cfh dnfO{ d]f af] ljleGg 7fpdf pxfn] ;'g]sf s'f ;'gfpg'eof].
pxfsf cg';f ljleGg pRr 7fpdf dxffhflwfh zflGtjftf{, fhgLlt tyf
;'Iffsf ljifodf cfh;Dd JoQm cfk\mgf] af]nLdf cl8u xf]OaS;G5 eg] ;}lgs
;lrjsf] kbf]Gglt x'G5, olb df};'kmsf] dgdf c? g} s]xL s'f 5 eg] jt{dfg
;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ cjsfz lbP csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfO{ cfk\mgf]
jf:tljs sfo{qmd cg';f rlnaS;G5, xfnsf ;}lgs ;lrj g} sfo{t lxxg] xf]
eg] dfcf]jfbL;u zflGtjftf{ cufl8 a9\g ;S5, pgn] cjsfz kfP eg] jftf{nfO{
cufl8 a9fpg sl7g x'g ;S5 eGg] s'f ePsf] x]5. d]f] kbfjlw of] dlxgf;Dd
dfq 5. lgod cg';f d r}t ! ut]b]lv labf a:g'k5{. dGqL k'gsf s'f ;'g]
dnfO{ ;sfn] cjsfz lbg nfu]sf] xf] ls eGg] nfUof]. ;sfaf6 ut !^ ut]
z'qmaf ;]gfdf sfo{t ;a} pkyL yLsf] 8f]l;o dufP uf]Ko ?kdf cWoog
ulaS;]]sf] lyof]. dnfO{ x6fpg d]f] 7fpdf cGo sf] pko'Qm x'G5 eg] a'em\g
;sf :jo+af6 8f]l;o cWoog ulaS;]sf] x'g ;S5.

@)%( kmfu'g !( ut] ;f]daf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] cfh laxfg s[i0faxfb' dxf;u nfdf] s'f ug'{eP5.
;f] cj;df pxfn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:oaf6 jftf{sf] ;Gbe{df p7fOPsf
fhgLlts s'fx? a9fO{r9fO{ ;~rf dfWoddf cfOx]sf] tkm{ dxfsf] Wofg
cfs[i6 ufpg'eP5. k'gn] dnfO{ eGg'eof], fdaxfb' yfkf afbn ;u klg d]f]
;Dks{ ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] d]f] df]afOn gDa dfUg'ePsf] 5. afbnn] dnfO{
k|r08;u klg 6]lnkmf]gdf ;Dks{ ufpg] s'f ug'{ePsf] 5.
jftf{sf] cj;df kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd s'fx? ;dfj]z u] lgdf{0f
ug{ nfluPsf] cfrf;+lxtfsf af]df cfh 5nkmn eof]. cfrf;+lxtfsf] s'f
dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqLsf] hfgsfLdf cfO;s]sf] 5. o; ljifodf ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vx?;u ;d]t ;'emfj lnO;lsPsf] 5.
cfh k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ ;fd"lxs
?kdf e]6\g'eof]. ;f] cj;df pxfn] ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tfx?;u e]6] jftf{k|lt
;sffTds x'g ;xof]u ug{ cg'f]w ulPsf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. ;fy} fhgLlts

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

bnx?nfO{ ;sfdf ;xeflutf hgfpg cfu|x ulPsf] k|;\u klg ;'gfpg'eof].

o;} qmddf lxhf] k|wfgdGqLn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u e]6jftf{
ug'{ePsf] lyof]. dl08vf6fl:yt ;'hftf sf]Ofnfsf] 3df ePsf] e]6df k|wfgdGqLn]
;sfdf ;xeflutfsf nflu sf\u|];;u cfu|x ug'{eof] 5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL;usf]
zflGtjftf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;d]t cg'f]w ug'{eof] 5.
lxh} dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxf bLgfgfy zdf{n] >Lxif{
sf]Ofnfsf] 3 uP sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;b:o rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf s[i0fk|;fb
l;6f}nf;u b'O{ 306f 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5. 5nkmn ;d;fdlos fhgLlts
ljifodf s]lGb|t ePsf] d]f] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5. ;fy} sf\u|]; jt{dfg zflGt
k|lqmof s'g} klg xfntdf tfls{s lgisif{df gk'uf];\ eGg] rfxG5 eGg] klg pQm e]6df
ePsf] s'fsfgLaf6 k|:6 ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dxf zdf{n] cfh kfr ;fgf jfd kf6L{nfO{
;+o'Qm ?kdf dfn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf e]6\g'ePsf] 5.

@)%( kmfu'g @# ut] z'qmaf

dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] jftf{ ;sffTds lbzflt cl3 al9x]sf] hfgsfL
lbg'eof]. pxfsf cg';f cfrf;+lxtfsf] 6'\uf] rf8} nfUg]5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] kmfu'g @& b]lv @( ut];Dd k"j{ If]qsf]
e|d0fdf hfg] of]hgf agfPsf] atfpb} ;sfsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu hfx] ullbg
cg'f]w ug'{eof]. d}n] To;} cg';f hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of].
lxhf] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLsf ljifodf cd]lsL ;sfsf] wf0ff cfPsf] 5.
;f] cg';f cd]lsfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfLsf] ;"rLdf fv]sf] 5. o;af6
dfcf]jfbL lgs} 8fPsf 5g\. of] 3f]if0ffkl5 cd]lsfn] cfkm"x?dfly bdg ug{
rfx]sf] lgisif{ pgLx?n] lgsfn]sf 5g\.

@)%( kmfu'g @% ut] cfOtaf

eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf 8L;LPd czf]s s'dfnfO{ cfh d}n] ;f\lu|nf xf]6ndf
l8gdf lgDtf u]sf] lyP. To; cj;df pxfn] s]xL a] dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{
k|lqmofsf af]df ;f]wk'5 ug'{eof]. To;kl5 czf]s s'dfn] eGg'eof], eft
g]kfnk|lt ;w} ;sffTds 5. eftff k|:tfljt ;'k'b{uL ;lGwdf x:tfIf ug{
g]kfn ;sffTds b]lvPg. To;}n] oxf ljleGg b]zsf ckfwL :jtGq ?kdf
lx88'n ug{ kfOx]sf 5g\. n ckm ;Lsf] ;lGw cg';f eftn] sf]zL, 6gsk'
h:tf cfof]hgfdf g]kfnnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xflg k'ofPsf] 5}g. clxn]
eftsf] ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlt lgs} a9]sf] x'gfn] g]kfndf 7"n7"nf hnljB't\
cfof]hgf eftn] g} ;~rfng ug{ ;S5. o;df cGo b]zsf] ;xof]u h?t

403

404

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

kb}{g. g]kfnsf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] lah'nLsf] vlb efp eftsf
nflu lgs} a9L d"No xf]. e'6fgsf klof]hgfaf6 eftn] lgs} ;:tf]df lah'nL
vlb ug]{ u]sf] 5.
k|To'Qdf d}n] ;'k'b{uL ;lGwsf af]df s'f ubf{ v'nf l;dfgfnfO{ lgoldt
ug]{tkm{ klg ;f]Rg' fd|f] x'g] wf0ff fv]. ;fy} b'O{ b]zn] cfk;L ;xof]u
;b\efjsf] cfwfdf g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s] b'j} b]znfO{ kmfObf x'g
;Sg] atfP.

@)%( kmfu'g @^ ut] ;f]daf

d'Vo fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, dfwjs'df g]kfn,
gffo0fdfg lah'S5], clds z]rg nufotn] ;sfsf] ;fd"lxs bz{ge]6 ug]{
0fgLlt agfPsf] d]f] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5. of] s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 s'g}
k|ltlqmof hgfOaS;]g.
s]xL u'Ndsf] abnLsf] ;Gbe{df ;Nofgaf6 vKt8 hfg nfUbf alb{ofdf
6s b'3{6gf eO{ rf ;}lgssf] 36gf:ynd} d[To' eof]. @# hgf 3fOt] eP.
tLdWo] To;df !# hgf uDeL 3fOt]nfO{ pkrfsf nflu x]lnsK6af6 sf7df8f}
NofOPsf] 5.

@)%( kmfu'g @* ut] a'waf

fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{n] b]zsf] fhgLlts cj:yf
;'Iff l:yltsf af]df cfh ;sfdf lgs} dxjk"0f{ s'fx? hfx] ug'{eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], zflGtjftf{ ;' ePkl5 ;a}lt hgtfn] fxt dx;'; u]sf]
b]lvG5. fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ cfk\mgf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ ;d]6\g wf}wf}
klx]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f pgLx?n] ;a} zlQm fhfsf]
xftdf k'ofP fhf;u ;f]em} l8n ug]{ 0fgLlt agfPsf 5g\. csf]{ r0fsf]
o'4sf] tofL hfL fVg], rGbf p7fpg], tflnd oyfjt\ rnfOxg], xftxltof
;\sng tyf dd{t ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf leqL 0fgLlts s'f x]sf 5g\. jftf{k|lt
ljZjf; ug{ ;lsb}g ug{ klg x'b}g eGg] pgLx?sf] ljZn]if0f 5. o;tkm{ >L
% sf] ;sf rgfvf] x'g'k5{.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn]
pgL;u ePsf ;a} s'f fhfnfO{ ;'gfp5g\ eGg]df k"f ljZjf; x'g g;s]sf]
atfpg] u]sf] b]jLfdhLn] ;'gfpg'eof]. dGqL k'gn] fhgLlts Ph]G8feGbf c?
g} Ph]G8fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] u]sfn] xfdLn] g} ;Lw} fhf;u jftf{ ubf{ fd|f]
x'G5 dxfn] eGg yfn]sf] klg pxfn] hfx] ug'{eof]. hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{
dfcf]jfbLsf 0fgLlts ljrf dGqL k'gnfO{ cjut ufpg" x's'd eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

pQm cj;df b]jLfdhLn] cfk\mgf] ;\u7gdf x]sf sdLsdhf]L, ;~rf

;fwgsf] sdL, ah]6df ePsf] Jofks s6f}tL, ljefunfO{ cfjZos ;fdfg lemsfpbf
eG;f ldgfxf x'g'kg]{ ljifo, cg';Gwfg ljefudf sfo{t sd{rfLsf] eQf f]lsPsf]
36gf cflbsf af]df klg hfx] ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 oL ljifosf af]df k|d'v
;lrj kz'klt dfkm{t k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eGg dnfO{ x's'd eof].
;}lgs ;lrjfnosf lgoldt cfsl:ds b'j} sfd ;s] cfh d s]xL
l9nf] 3 kmls{Psf] lyP. flt P8L;L clkm;af6 dxf;]gfgL ljholjqmd v8\sfn]
kmf]g ug'{eof]. pxfn] ;sfaf6 ef]ln laxLaf laxfg !! ah] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do aS;]sf] 5, va ullbg" eg] x's'd ePsf] 5 eGg'eof].
d}n] ljhonfO{ k|wfg ;]gfklt clxn] O6xLdf x'g'x'G5, ;fob ef]ln laxLaf g}
kms{g] sfo{qmd 5, d a'em] va u5'{ eg] kmf]g fv].
k|wfg ;]gfklt k"jL{ If]qsf] e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] s'f ;sfnfO{ ;d]t cjut g}
lyof], To:tf] h?L s] k]5 eGg] dgdf nfUof]. t d}n] pxfnfO{ bz{ge]6sf nflu
cfpg" eGg] va ug'{ g} lyof]. To;}n] P8L;L ljhosf] kmf]g fVg]lalQs} O6xLdf
6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ uL k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf;u s'f u]. pxfsf] ef]ln
lbp;f]lt sf7df8f} kms{g] sfo{qmd x]5. d}n] laxfg rf8} kms{g ;Nnfx lbP.
pxf To;} cg';f kms{g] x'g'eof] eGg'eof], d ef]ln laxfg} sf7df8f} kms{G5'
Pokf]6{d} n'uf nufP ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu ;Lw} baf cfp5'.
of] s'f d}n] hfx]Lsf nflu tTsfn} ljho s;f{anfO{ va u].
To;sf] nuQ} zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnfn] cfk\mgf] 3af6 dnfO{
kmf]g ug'{eof]. pxfsf] :j cToGt} ctflnPsf] h:tf] lyof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], cfh
8\o'6Ldf x]sf a]nf dnfO{ ;sfaf6 d}n] ljj]snfO{ cjsfz lbg] ljrf u], ltd|f]
s] egfO 5 < x's'd eof]. d t Ps l5g csdSs k]. To;kl5 s;nfO{ s]
bhf{ aS;g] eGg] ;sfsf] :jljj]ssf] s'f xf], Ps k6s k|wfg ;]gfklt;u klg
;Nnfx lnOaS;g plrt x'G5 ls < eg] hfx] u].
6Lsf h;f{asf s'fn] dnfO{ vf;} c; kf]g. lsgeg] w]} klxn]bl] v g} dnfO{
bafaf6 x6fpg] k|of; eOx]sf] lyof]. clxn] t d]f] kbfjlw klg ;lsg} cf6s
] f]
5. 7Ls} xf] eGg] nfUof]. d}n] 6LsfnfO{ eg], kbf]Gglt aS;] klg 7Ls} 5, gaS;] klg
7Ls} 5. of] ;sfsf] :jljj]sdf e kg]{ s'f xf]. xfdL s] ug{ ;S5f} <
o;kl5 d}n] ef]ln cs:dft\ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hfx]Lsf nflu af]nfOPsf]
ljifosf af]df c8sn sf6].

@)%( kmfu'g @( ut] laxLaf

k|rng cg';f k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ bz{ge]6df cfPsf avt ;}lgs ;lrjsf
gftfn] d}n] ll;e ug'{k5{. To; cg';f k|wfg ;]gfklt baf cfpg'cufl8 laxfg

405

406

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;f9] !) ah] d tofL xfntdf a;]. lgwf{lt ;doeGbf !% ldg]6cufl8 g} !)M$%

ah] k|wfg ;]gfklt cfpg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ll;e u] k|tLIffno sIfdf fv].
olt a]nf ;sfsf] P8L;L ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnf x'g'x'GYof]. leq a}7sdf
;sfsf] ;jfL ePkl5 6Lsf h;f{an] k|wfg ;]gfklt ;}lgs ;lrj xflh
ePsf] va hfx] ug'{eof]. To; a]nf ;sfn] Psbd} l;fP ljj]snfO{ lsg
af]nfPsf] < x''s'd eP5. of] s'f dnfO{ 6Lsf h;f{an] s]xL kl5 eGg'eof].
otf k|tLIffnodf xfdL ;sfn] s] sf0fn] af]nfOaS;]sf] xf]nf eg] cg]s
ts{ljts{ ulx]sf lyof}. hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ dfq k7fpg
x's'd eP5. o;cl3 k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] hfx]Ldf ;sfn] klxn] ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{
e]6\g] ljifoj:t'sf af]df 5nkmn ug]{ k|rng lyof], t cfh ;sfn] dnfO{
af]nfOaS;]g. x's'd cg';f k|wfg ;]gfklt leq l5b}{ x'g'x'GYof], t leq k'lu;Sg'ePsf]
lyPg. o;}aLr, ;sfaf6 P8L;LnfO{ af]nfP k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ f]s ljj]snfO{
leq k7fpm eGg] x's'd eP5. o;L d leq uP. ;sfaf6 dnfO{ d}n] k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ d]f] ;'b" klZrdsf] e|d0f sfo{qmdsf af]df 5nkmnsf nflu af]nfPsf]
xf], ltdL aflx a:b} u x's'd eof]. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ leq k7fOb]pm klg
x's'd eof]. d}n] cg'ej u], ;sf cfh k|;Gg d'b|fdf xf]OaS;Gg. s]xL uDeL
;f]r rlnx]sf] h:tf] nfUof]. d aflx cfP k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ leq k7fP.
k|wfg ;]gfklt sla @) ldg]6kl5 aflx lg:sg'eof]. pxf klg dlng d'b|fd}
x'g'x'GYof]. To;kl5 6Lsf h;f{an] tkfO{+nfO{ leq k7fpg" eGg] ;sfaf6 x's'd
ePsf] 5 eg] dnfO{ af]nfpg'eof]. d km]l leq uP. ;sfaf6 a; x's'd eof].
To;kl5 PSsfl; s'g} e"ldsflagf g} ;sfaf6 ljj]s, d}n] ltdLnfO{ yLdf a9'jf
ug]{ ljrf u]. t k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj lbg]af] kl5 ljrf uf}nf x's'd eof].
;sfsf s'f ;'g] d}n] hf] lgufx, ;sf eg] laGtL u]. , eg], d
;]gfsf] JolQm ePsfn] d]f nflu yL bhf{ g} 7"nf] xf]. ;}lgs ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL
t d}n] lgjf{x ulx]s} 5'. ;sfaf6 lhDd]jfL aS;] cg';f ;]jsn] a'l4 k'ofP
sfd ug]]{5'.
To;kl5 d}n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL cg';f s]]xL dxjk"0f{ ;+j]bgzLn s'f
hfx] u]. d}n] hfx] u]sf ljifo lyP M
;a} ;'Iff lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f jftf{6f]nLdf x]sf dGqL gffo0fl;+x
k'g s[i0faxfb' dxfsf aLrdf cToGt} 3lgi7 ;DaGw x'g'kg]{df To; lsl;dsf]
;DaGw :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg.
;fpy Ans eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf c g]kfnsf d'Vo fhgLlts
bnsf g]tf s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ ;d]t k|efj kfg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\. ltgn]
pgLx?nfO{ bafsf lj4 k|of]u ug]{ u]sf] eGg] u'Ktr lkf]6{ k|fKt ePsf] 5.
ck|ToIf ?kdf bafsf] ;+nUgtfdf dfcf]jfbL;u zflGtjftf{ k|lqmof cl3

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

al9x]sf] s'fk|lt eft ;sffTds b]lvb}g. clxn]sf] zflGt k|lqmofdf eftsf]

s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e"ldsf 5}g. t pm o;df cfk\mgf] e"ldsf vf]lhx]sf] 5.
e"ldsf gkfPs}n] zflGtjftf{nfO{ ;sffTds ?kdf cl3 a9\g glbg p;n] fhgLlts
bnx?nfO{ k|of]u ulx]sf] 5. >L % sf] ;sfn] o:tf s'fk|lt uDeLtfk"j{s
ljrf u] ldqfi6x? rLg, a]nfot cd]lsf;u ;dGjo ug'{ hL 5.
o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn Ps dfq lxGb"fi6 ePsf sf0fn] eftLo hgtfdf x]sf]
g]kfnk|ltsf] ;sffTds kIfnfO{ klg ljrf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5.
w]} nfdf] tofLkl5 cfhsf] dlGqklifb\ a}7sn] cfrf;+lxtf kf; u]sf] 5.
cfrf;+lxtfdf ;sfsf tkm{af6 dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] x:tfIf ug]{ dfcf]jfbL
kIfaf6 ;d]t x:tfIf uL cfh} lbp;f] # ah] kqsf ;Dd]ng dfkm{t To;nfO{
;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfo{qmd 5.
ut z'qmaf cd]lsL ;sfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfLsf] ;"rLdf fv]kl5
g]kfnsf ;a} sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf g]tf 8fPsf 5g\.
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ lxhf] laxfg ( ah] eftLo fhb"t
Zofdz0fn] e]6\g'ePsf] 5.
fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;lrjfnodf sfo{t ;x;lrj jfdgk|;fb Gof}kfg]nfO{
Ps dGqLsf] df}lvs cfb]zn] cGoq ;jf ulof]. pQm ;jf lgod;\ut ePg
eGg] u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5. oL ljifo d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
sfd ;s] a]n'sf 3 kms{+bf d]f] dl:tisdf cfh lbp;f]sf] 36gf
;sfsf] Jojxf 3'ldx]sf] lyof]. dnfO{ cjsfz lbg] nueu kSsfkSsL eP
klg cfh ;sfaf6, ljj]s, d}n] ltdLnfO{ yLdf kbf]Gglt ug]{ ljrf u], t
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj lbg]af] kl5 ljrf uf}nf egL cs:dft\ x's'd ePsf]df dnfO{
crDd nflux]sf] lyof]. xf] ls xf]Og h:tf] klg eOx]sf] lyof]. h] eP klg
;sfaf6 dnfO{ elgaS;]kl5 csf]{ lg0f{o x'Gg xf]nf eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5'. t
aflx, ljz]if u] zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf d]f] kbf]Gglt gx'g] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj
eP ;]gfaf6 yL leS6Lzdz] haf jf yL ;bLkaxfb' zfx cfpg] eGg] Jofks
xNnf 5.
cfk"m ;}lgs ePsf] x'gfn] d]f nflu yL bhf{ g} sfkmL 5. t Ps vfnsf
bafsf ;lrjnfO{ ljj]snfO{ a9L ;do fVgsf nflu k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj
gaS;]sf] h:tf] efg x'g uP5. jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj x'g
bafsf] lgod cg';f ;}lgs ;lrjdf kfr jif{ sfd ul;s]sf] x'g'k5{. ;}lgs
;lrjdf d]f] cjlw Tolt k'u]s} lyPg.
d]f] kbf]Ggltsf af]df bafleq aflx cg]s lsl;dsf rrf{klrrf{ x'g]
u]sf lyP. cfk\mgf] kbfjlw Ps jif{ afsL 5b} ut jif{ ;sfnfO{ hfx] u]sf]
k|;\u o;cl3 g} d}n] sf]6fO;s]sf] 5'. To; a]nf d}n] eg]sf] lyP, ;sf,

407

408

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]jssf] kbfjlw Ps jif{ afsL 5. dnfO{ kbf]Gglt aS;g] eP klg yL bhf{ lQm
5. To;df s'g} ;d:of 5}g. olb ;sfn] ;]jssf] kbfjlw ;lsPkl5 cGo
JolQmnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj lgo'Qm ug]{ s'f ;f]lraS;]sf] 5 eg] pQm JolQmnfO{ clxn]bl] v
g} ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;jf ug'k{ 5{. To;f] eP d}n] Ps jif{leqdf p;nfO{ ;a} sfd,
st{Jo l;sfpg ;S5' sfdsf] :jfefljs x:tfGt0f x'g hfG5.
d]f s'f ;'g]kl5 ;sfaf6 ;fdfGo lx;fan] Ps jif{ rflxGg, 5 dlxgf
eP k'U5, cfO{ x\ofe dfO{ cf]g lkk'n eGg] x's'd ePsf] lyof]. To; a]nf d}n]
;sfaf6 To:tf] pQsf] ck]Iff u]sf] lyOg. To;}n] dnfO{ dgdf ;fx} gdfOnf]
nfu]sf] lyof]. lsgeg] d}n] d]f] lhDd]jfL cToGt} fd|f];u jxg u]sf] 5',
fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 fh;+:yfnfO{ of] l:ylt;Dd k'ofpg d]f] klg dxjk"0f{
e"ldsf 5 eGg] d]f] leqL dgdf lyof]. dkl5 k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj x'g] JolQm s:tf]
sf] xf]nf eGg] t ;sfnfO{ dfq yfxf x'g] s'f lyof].
:d0fLo s'f s] 5 eg] pkyLdf d]f] kbfjlw k'u]kl5 dnfO{ ;sfaf6
cjsfz aS;G5 eGg] cfef; d}n] Ps jif{cufl8 g} kfO;s]sf] lyP. d]f] a'af
:ju]{ ePkl5 d kz'klt, cfo{3f6df lslof u] a;]sf] a]nf ;sfaf6 s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] rf;f] JoQm ulaS;]sf] lyPg. To;} tfsf zbrGb| zfxn] ;]gfsf s]xL
yL pkyLnfO{ e]6] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj s;nfO{ agfpg pko'Qm xf]nf eg]
5nkmn ;d]t ug'{ePsf] x]5. dnfO{ of] s'f kl5 w]}n] ;'gfP. pkyL afnfgGb
zdf{n] o;af] lgs} crDd dfg] dnfO{ eGg'ePsf] lyof].
cfhsf] ldlt;Dd cfOk'Ubf d}n] ;sf dxffhflwfh 3f]if0ff ePb]lv sla
@) dlxgf ;}lgs ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]sf] 5'. o; r'gf}tLk"0f{ cjlwdf d}n]
cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL OdfgbfLk"j{s ljj]sk"0f{ 9\uaf6 jxg u]sf] h:tf] nfU5.
ljleGg ;dodf hfgsfL x'g cfPsf fd|fgfd|f s'f j:t'ks 9\un] h:tfsf] t:t}
hfx] ug]{ u]sf] 5'. of] g} d]f] st{Jo xf] eGg] 7fGb5'. fhfnfO{ dg kg]{ s'f dfq
ug]{ d]f] 8\o'6L xf]Og eGg] dfGb5'. ;fob clk|o ;To ;d]t af]Ng glxrlsrfpg]
d]f] :jefjn] xf]nf, d]f af] ;sfsf] a'emfO, egfO ufOdf Ps?ktf b]lvb}g.
cfh} laxfg klg ;sfaf6 cs:dft\ dnfO{ af]nfP cfk"mn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{
e]6\g af]nfPsf] sf0f cs}{ xf] eGg] x's'd eof]. hals ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6df
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ klxnf] jfSo g} d ljj]snfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 cjsfz lbb} 5',
ltd|f] fo s] 5, s;nfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfpbf pko'Qm x'G5 < eGg] x's'd ePsf]
x]5. dnfO{ nfU5m k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lsg af]nfPsf] eGg]af] dnfO{ e|ddf fVg
h?L lyPg. lsgeg] s;nfO{ s'g kb lbg] jf glbg] eGg] s'f k"0f{tM df};'kmsf]
:jljj]sLo lg0f{o lyof]. h] xf];\, ck|Toflzt ?kdf ;sfsf] o:tf] s'f ;'g]
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] s;nfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj agfpg] eGg] s'f ;sfsf] :jljj]sLo
lg0f{osf] ljifo xf], t bafsf] lgod ga'em]sf] JolQmnfO{ aflxaf6 Nofpbf ;d:of

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kg{ ;Sg]tkm{ klg ljrf x'g cfjZos 5, lsgeg] d]f] lhh'a'af yL of]uljqmd
f0ff, hf] klxnf] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj x'g'x'GYof], pxfn] bafleq aflxsf ;]gfsf]
sfd ug]{ tf}tlsf kms x'g] u]sf] 5 eGg'x'GYof], To;}n] o:tf] ljifodf uxg ?kdf
ljrf ljZn]if0f x'g' ;fGble{s xf]nf eg] hfx] ug'{eP5. pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5
;sfaf6 s'g} k|ltlqmof glbO{ pxfnfO{ labf ulaS;]5.
oL ljleGg ;Gbe{nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;sf dnfO{ cjsfz lbg] dgl:yltdf
k'lu;s]sf] 5n{\u b]lvG5. t cs:dft\ s]xL ;]s]G8leq} ;sfsf] dgl:ylt
lsg kljt{g eof] < s;L kljt{g eof] < o;af] ljrf ubf{ dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg]
ljj]snfO{ bafaf6 x6fpg'kof] eg] ;sfnfO{ aflxL JolQmx?af6 bafj x]sf]
x'g'k5{. d]f] sfdsf af]df s'g} klg k|Zg ug]{ cj:yf 5}g, t d Tof] kbdf xbf
s]xLnfO{ cfk\mgf] :jfy{ klk"lt{ ug{ ;d:of klx]sf] x'g ;S5. pgLx?s} bafjsf
sf0f ;sfnfO{ d]f af] clg0f{osf] aGbLsf] cj:yfdf xg'k]sf] h:tf] dnfO{
nfU5. lsgeg] fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 ;a} s'f ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfO;s]kl5
klg baf xTofsf08sf a]nf ;'Iff Joj:yf 7Ls gb]lvPsf] eGg] rrf{ aflx rNg
yfn]kl5 d}n] ;sfnfO{ Tolt a]n} g}ltstfsf] cfwfdf fhLgfdf r9fp5' eg]
hfx] u]sf] lyP, h;nfO{ df};'kmaf6 c:jLsf ulaS;]sf] lyof]. To; ;dodf
d}n] b]vfPsf] g}ltstf ;fx;sf] kl5 ;sfaf6 lgs} ;fxgf ePsf] klg d}n]
;'g]sf] lyP.

@)%( r}t # ut] ;f]daf

fhbafdf sfo{t ;}lgssf] kbf]Gglt x'g] ;a}eGbf pkNnf] bhf{ yL g} xf].
ToxL bhf{df kbf]Gglt x'g] v';Lsf] va dgdf lnP d cfh klg lx8]} sfof{no
uP. d]f] a9'jf x'G5 ls x'b}g eGg]af] baf ;'Iff lgsfosf jli7 clws[tnfO{
w]} g} lh1f;f lyof]. ut laxLaf ;sfaf6 dnfO{ cfufdL j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu"
x'g] uL yL bhf{ aS;g] x's'd ePsf] 5. o;n] ubf{ ddf x]sf] lljwf x6] uof].
of] s'f d}n] k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf nufot cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{
klg hfgsfL lbP. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh dnfO{ lgoldt e]63f6sf nflu h\uL
c8\8fl:yt pxfsf] sfof{nodf af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] dnfO{ clu|d awfO{ ;d]t
lbg'eof]. cl:tsf] ;sf;usf] bz{ge]6af] klg s]xL s'f eof].
;]gfff dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs sfafxL ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eOx]sf]
k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] egfO lyof]. cem ;kmntf kfpg yk nlhl:6S; cfjZos kg]{
pxfsf] ljrf d}n] ;'g]. of] vf;} gof s'f lyPg. o:t} s'f w]} klxn]b]lv g}
;'Gb} cfPsf] 5'. yk nlhl:6S; s;L Nofpg] sxfaf6 Nofpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
klg xfdLaLr ;fdfGo 5nkmn eof]. o;af] d}n] ;sfdf k'gM hfx] ug'{kg]{
pxfsf] egfO lyof]. o;} qmddf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfk\mgf lj4 n]lvPsf] Pp6f

409

410

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

a]gfdL kq b]vfpg'eof]. xftn] n]lvPsf] Tof] kqdf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hyfefjL

nf~5gf nufP ufnL ulPsf] lyof]. pxfn] Tof] kq Ps hgf d]h hgn
-kLP;cf]h_ n] n]v]sf] x'g ;Sg] atfpg'eof]. Tof] d]h hgnsf af]df klg s]xL
a] s'f eof].
cfh} d}n] d]f] sfof{nodf ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] gof ;+rgf, cfly{s of]hgf
tyf ;]gfaf6 lng ;lsg] ;xof]u ;DaGwdf :6fkmx?;u 5nkmn u]. ;fy} zfxL
Ifs ;}lgs k|xLdf tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ kljt{g zfxL Pd6Ldf kbf]Gglt ;DaGwdf
eOx]sf] sl7gfOsf af]df ;d]t ljrfljdz{ u].
Pdfn] fKtL c~rnsf Ps hgf g]tf dnfO{ e]6\g lxhf] d]f] 3df cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxfsf cg';f Pdfn] cfk\mgf] l;4fGtaf6 ljd'v eOx]sf] 5. g]tfx?
fli6o :jfy{nfO{ Wofg glbP cfk\mg} :jfy{df 8'a]sf 5g\. To;n] ubf{ pxf h:tf
sfo{stf{ cGof]ndf k]sf 5g\. pxfsf] egfO lyof], xfd|f] kf6L{sf jli7 g]tf
fwfs[i0f d}gfnL;u slxn]sfxL 5nkmn x'G5. pxf fhfn] dGqL agfPsf sdn
rf}nfufO{+, b]jLk|;fb cf]emfn] fd|f] sfd ug{ ;s]gg\, lsgeg] pgLx?df cj;jfbL
rlq 5 eGg'x'G5. Pdfn] sf\u|]; afx]ssf] t];|f] zlQm cfjZos 5 eGg] pxfsf]
ljZn]if0f 5. pxfsf ;fy} csf{ g]tf jfdb]j uf}td fh;+:yfsf] ;dy{gdf sfd
ug{ Psbd} OR5's x'g'x'G5. pxfnfO{ jt{dfg ;sfsf] ;dy{g t]];|f] zlQmleq
gNofpg] xf] eg] pxf dfcf]jfbLdf hfg] ;Defjgf 5. bafn] o;tkm{ ljrf
k'ofpg'k5{. olb t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] To;df fhbafsf] ck|ToIf
cfzLjf{b xg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5.

@)%( r}t % ut] a'waf

ut ;f]daf k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ePsf] 5nkmn, ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos nlhl:6S;
;kf]6{sf] ljifo fKtL c~rnsf Pdfn] g]tf;u ePsf] lj:t[t s'fsfgL ;d]tnfO{
cfwf agfP d hfx]Lsf nflu uP. t];|f] zlQm sf] lgdf{0f ;zQm ;~rf
dfWodsf] :yfkgf ;DaGwdf klxn]b]lv g} k|;\u p7\g] u]s} lyP. d}n] klg w]}
klxn]b]lv b'j}sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u]sf] lyP afDaf ;sfdf hfx] ulx]sf]
lyP. cfh klg ;j{k|yd oxL ljifodf hfx] u]. cGo fhgLlts bnleqsf
s]xL fi6jfbL g]tfdf ;d]t t];|f] zlQm sf] lgdf{0fsf af]df ;sffTds ;f]r x]sf]
pNn]v u].
hfx]Ls} qmddf d}n] eg], lgs6 eljiodf ;sfaf6 ulaS;g] eft e|d0fsf]
l;nl;nfdf ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos xftxltof tyf nlhl:6ssf af]df eftLo kIfnfO{
cjut ufpg'kg]{ x'G5. ;]gfsf] uxg kLIf0fdf c;kmn ePsf] OG;f; fOkmn
eftn] afDaf le8fpg k|of; ulx]sf] 5. o; e|d0fdf klg pgLx?n] pQm
fOkmn g]kfnnfO{ clt g} sd d"Nodf lbg] s'f p7fpg ;S5g\. o;k|lt klg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;sfsf] hjfkm s] x'g] eGg]af] tofL ug'{kg]{5. ;sfsf] e|d0fsf] a]nf ;]gfsf
sfo{yL eftLo ;dsIfLsf] lgdGq0ffdf gof lbNnLdf g} x'g] x'bf zfxL g]kfnL
fhb"tfjf;n] ;sfsf] ;Ddfgdf lbg] :jfut ;dff]xdf pxf klg pkl:yt x'g
;Sg'x'G5. To; cj;df pxfn] eftLo ;]gfsf kbflwsfL;u ePsf 5nkmnsf
af]df ;sfdf hfx] ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5. To:t} jfl0fHo tyf kfjxg ;lGwsf af]df
klg s'f p7\g ;S5. eftn] ljutdf klg g]kfndf eftsf lj4 kfls:tfgL
hf;';L ;~hfn lqmofzLn x]sf] s'f p7fpg] u]sf] 5. o; k6s klg of]
ljifonfO{ p;n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy p7fpg ;S5. To; a]nf eftaf6 lj:t[t
hf;';L lkf]6{ -l86]n OG6]lnh]G; lkf]6{_ k|fKt eP g]kfnnfO{ sfafxL ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 eGg] s'f ulaS;bf pko'Qm x'G5. o; ;DaGwdf tofL ug{ cfjZos 5.
cd]lsfn] cft\sjfbsf lj4 cleofg cGtu{t Ofsdf ;}lgs cfqmd0f
uL Toxfsf] ;sfnfO{ ckb:y u]sf] 5. pQm sfafxLsf] g]kfndf s] c; kg{
;S5 eGg]af] klg d}n] s]xL s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. d]f] egfO lyof] Ofssf
lj4 sfafxLn] dfcf]jfbL cft\sjfbsf lj4sf] ;}lgs sfafxLdf ;lqmo
>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug ;S5. t To; sfafxLsf] gsffTds kf6f]sf
af]df klg ljrf ug'{kg]{ x'G5. Tof] s] eg] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] If]qLo dxfzlQm aGg
vf]h]sf] eftn] cfk\mgf] ;'Iffsf nflu eGb} jlklsf ;fgf b]zdfly cfqmd0f uof]
eg] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf :jtGqtfdfly uDeL wSsf nfUg ;S5.
d]f] ljZn]if0fkl5 ;sfaf6 ;}Go b[li6sf]0faf6 o; 36gfsf] g]kfndf s]
c; kg{ ;S5, o;af] Pp6f ljZn]if0fkq tof kfg{ nufpm, o:tf] ljZn]if0fn]
>L % sf] ;sfnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5 x's'd
eof]. To; cg';f d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ljZn]if0fkq tof kfg{ eg].
s]xL ;docufl8 lrlgof fhb"t p of] ssf] ;'jf, d':tf d'lQmgfy
If]qsf] e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd ldnfOPsf]df vfa df};dsf sf0f d'lQmgfysf] ofqf 2
x'g k'u]sf] lyof]. pxfn] k'gM d'lQmgfy n'lDagLsf] e|d0f ug]{ OR5f fVg'ePsf]
5. o; qmddf pxfnfO{ d'lQmgfy, n'lDagL kf]vf e|d0f ufO{ kf]vfl:yt
klZrd k[tgf d'Vofnodf ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 hfL fv]sf] ;}lgs sfafxLsf
af]df cjut ufpg' ;fGble{s x'G5. o:tf] e|d0fkl5 g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfjZos
nlhl:6S; ;xof]u ug{ lrlgof fhb"t;u cg'f]w u] ;sffTds kl0ffd cfpg
;S5. d}n] o; ljifodf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of].
hfhsf]6, s'd, f]Nkf, sfnLsf]6 b}n]v lhNnf ;bd'sfddf cfqmd0f
ug]{ of]hgf cg'?k dfcf]jfbLn] xftxltof 5fkfdf ;bd'sfdjlkl hDdf ug{
yfn]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
eft e|d0fcufl8 ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb, dGqL gffo0fl;+x
k'g ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?;u cgf}krfls 5nkmnsf nflu bafdf flqef]h

411

412

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cfof]hgf ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5. o;af6 dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{sf af]df eftdf p7\g
;Sg] lh1f;fx?sf] lgSof]{n ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5.
@)$^ ;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 fhbafsf] hgtf;u k|ToIf ;DaGw
6'6]sf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5. s'g} klg sfdsf nflu ;zQm o'jf vf]Hbf Pp6f klg
km]nf kfg{ g;lsg] cj:yf 5. To;}n] klxn]sf] If]qLo e|d0f h:t} ;sfaf6 klg
ljleGg ufp7fpsf] e|d0f u] hgtf;u k|ToIf ;DaGw sfod ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5. ;fy}
;zQm o'jf zlQm lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg cfjZos 5.
k|wfgdGqL rGbn] lxhf] bafsf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g;u dGqL
k'g, dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxf ;DejtM kb\dTg t'nfwnfO{
uf]vfsf] ;}lgs Aof]sdf x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? s[i0fWjh v8\sf ]vf zdf{;u
e]6\g ;]gfsf] :jLs[lt lnOlbg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] x]5. pQm s'f hfx] x'bf
;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]sf] 5.
lrlgof fhb"tn] lxhf] k|xL dxflgLIfs ZofdeQm yfkf Ps hgf
cltlQm k|xL dxflgLIfsnfO{ l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] x]5. ;f] cj;df fhb"tn]
g]kfn k|xL, lrlgof k|xL lrlgof fhb"tfjf;aLr ldqtf x'g'k5{, b'j} b]znfO{
cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg'ePsf] x]5. of] s'f dnfO{ k|xL
dxflgLIfsn] kmf]gdf hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
a]nfotaf6 ;xof]u:j?k pknAw ufOPsf] PdcfO{!& x]lnsK6 la|l6;
fhb"tn] ef]ln lqe'jg cGtf{li6o ljdfg:ynl:yt !! gDa jflxgLdf k|aGw yL
!! gDa jflxgLkltnfO{ x:tfGt0f ug]{ sfo{qmd 5.
dGqLo b]jLk|;fb cf]emf sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{+ fhgLlts ?kn] ;lqmo
x'g'kg]{df lgliqmo h:t} x'g'x'G5. pxfx?sf] e"ldsf z\sf:kb 5 eGg] w]}sf] u'gf;f]
5. of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'kltnfO{ klg
hfgsfL ufOb]pm, ;fy} ;lrj a}7sdf fv] 5nkmn u, To;af] s] ug'{kg]{ xf]
lg0f{o u x's'd eof].
Pdfn] g]tf dfwjs'df g]kfn fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] w]} lbgb]lv ;sfsf]
bz{ge]6 vf]lhxg'ePsf] 5, ;sfaf6 ;do ldnfP e]6\g pko'Qm b]Vb5' egL
d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 pgLx?n] lsg e]6\g vf]h]sf x]5g\, pgLx?sf] s]
s'f x]5, klxn] ltdL uP e]6 x's'd eof].
;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd klxn] g} to ePsf] xf]. ;sf zfxL g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] lgoldt p8fgaf6 r}t ^ ut] lbp;f] # ah] lbNnLsf nflu ;jfL
x'g] sfo{qmd 5. ;sfsf] ;jfL kms{g] sfo{qmd r}t !^ ut] to ePsf] 5. lkmtL{
;jfLsf nflu ;]gfsf] !! gDa jflxgLsf] Pe|f] hxfh a]nf] k7fpg'kg]5
{ . of] s'f
:jLs[tsf nflu ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 x'sd' eof], ;]gfsf] hxfh ldN5
ls ldNb}g < s:tf] xfntdf 5 < olb ldN5 eg] s'f u] ldnfpg".

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;]gfsf] Pe|f] hxfh p8fgsf nflu fd|f] xfntdf 5. t klg w]} k'fgf]
ePsf] x'bf Pp6f gof hxfh lsGg'kg]{ b]lvG5. ;]gfsf nflu, clt ljlzi6 JolQm
ljb]zL kfx'gfsf nflu klg w]} jif{b]lv Pp6f hxfh cfjZos eOx]sf] 5. t
lsGg ;lsPsf] 5}g.

@)%( r}t !) ut] ;f]daf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] cfh kmf]g u] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLn] fhgLlts
lsl;dsf cgfjZos dfu ulx]sf 5g\. ljleGg kf6L{;usf] ;Dks{n] ubf{
jftf{df dfcf]jfbLn] a9L g} ck]Iff u]sf] b]lvG5. pgLx?nfO{ fhgLlts bnsf
g]tf gfuls ;dfhsf cu'jfn] e8\sfPsf] h:tf] nfU5. xfdL o; ;DaGwdf
ef]ln ljrfljdz{ ub}{ 5f}.
;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] cg';f ;]gfsf] 5fpgLl:yt jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf
fhkljfsf ;b:ox? zfxL gft]bfsf ;fy} fhbafsf sd{rfLsf] klg
lagfz'Ns pkrf ullbg] k|rng x]sf] 5. o;n] ubf{ ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgff
;~rflnt o; c:ktfnnfO{ 7"nf] Jooef klx]sf] 5. c:ktfndf :ju{jf;L fhf
fgLsf gfddf cIfo sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;s] fhbaf;u ;DalGwt JolQmsf]
pkrfsf nflu ;lhnf] x'g] lyof]. ;sf eftsf] fhsLo e|d0faf6 kms]{kl5
>L % jL]Gb| tyf >L % P]Zjo{ :d[lt sf]if :yfkgf ug{ Ps sf]8 k}of aS;g
hfx] ug]{ ljrf u]sf] 5'.
g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf] sfof{no, eQmk'df lxhf] rf kf6L{sf] a}7s
a:of]. o:tf a}7sx?sf] qmd s]xL dlxgfb]lv lgGt rlnx]sf] 5. a}7sdf
g]dlskf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5]n] xfdL g]tfsf sdLsdhf]L dx;'; u] g}
fhfn] of] sbd rfn]sf x'g\ eGg'eP5. ;f] cj;df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfnn] hgtf ;8sdf cfpg tof 5g\, ;a} kf6L{ ldn] pgLx?nfO{ ;8sdf
ptfg{ ;Sg'k5{, fhfsf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] jftf{ z\sf:kb 5, o;af6
fhfn] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ sdhf] ug{ vf]h]sf] klg x'g ;S5 eGg'ePsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] egfO x]5, fhfn] ;w} wf]sf lbG5g\.
d}n] rf k':tfsf fhf;u sfd u] pgLx?sf] dfgl;stf fd|L a'em]sf] 5'.
cfhsf] cj:yfdf fhf hgefjgf cg';f grn] fh;+:yfsf] cf}lrTodfly klg
k|Zglrx\g nfUg ;S5.
Tgkfs{df lg:s]sf] sla !%) hgfsf] h'n';n] Ofsdf cd]lsL cfqmd0fsf
lj4 gffafhL uof]. h'n';df w]} h;f] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf ljBfyL{ b]lvGy].
h'n';sf d'Vo cfof]hs d"Nof\sg dfl;ssf ;Dkfbs Zofd >]i7 x'g\. h'n';df
g]tfx? nLnfdl0f kf]v]n, zlQm nD;fnsf ;fy} dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o
s[i0faxfb' dxf klg b]vf k]sf lyP.

413

414

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( r}t !! ut] d\unaf

fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{sf] cgf}krfls a}7s cfh klg a;]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
p;n] klg cGo ;+;bLo bn;u} ldn] k|wfgdGqLsf] fhLgfdf dfUg] lg0f{o u]5.
k|wfgdGqL rGb ;f]xL kf6L{sf jli7 g]tf x'g'x'G5.
Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{sf] rLg e|d0f s]xL lbgnfO{ kl5 ;]sf] lyof].
ca pQm e|d0f r}t !( ut]b]lv x'g] ePsf] 5.

@)%( r}t !@ ut] a'waf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]g u] lxhf] k|wfgdGqL;u l8gdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf
af]df lj:t[t ?kdf hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbL;u x'g] jftf{df
>L % sf] ;sfn] ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLltsf af]df lj:tfk"j{s 5nkmn eof].
dfcf]jfbL;u xfn;Dd cfbfgk|bfg ePsf s]xL b:tfj]h klg d}n] k|:t't u].
hgtfn] zflGt rfx]sf] t fhgLlts kf6L{ dfcf]jfbLn] To;nfO{ a'em krfpg]
u]sf] s'f eof]. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;DaGwdf b]zL tyf ljb]zL ;~rf dfWoddf
Jofks rrf{ eOx]sf] 5. ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] of] ;sfsf] cf}lrTo dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{ ubf{ To;n] j}wflgstf kfpg]] of gkfpg] eGg] k|Zg p7\g] ;Defjgf klg 5.
pxfn] eftaf6 ;sf lkmtL{ ;jfL ePkl5 cfk"mn] bz{ge]6 kfpg h?L x]sf]
s'f klg fVg'eof].
lrlgof fhb"t p of] sn] lxhf] dnfO{ l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof].
d]f] kbf]Gglt x'g] s'f pxfn] yfxf kfpg'ePsf] x]5. clu|d awfO{ lbg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ k|of;sf af]df lh1f;f fVg'eof] b]zsf] jt{dfg fhgLlts
kll:yltsf af]df klg s'f ug'e{ of]. To;kl5 fhb"tn] eGg'eof], g]kfndf cd]lsL
ultljlw al9x]sf] af]df xfd|f] pRr rf;f] 5. o; ;DaGwdf eftLo fhb"t
klg afDaf d;u lrGtf JoQm ug'x{ G' 5. , cd]lsL fhb"t;u u'gf;f] ug'k{ of]
eGg'xG' 5. o; a]nf rLgdf g]t[Tj kljt{g x'b} 5. gof g]t[Tj lgs} ;Ifd 5.
cfk\mgf] If]qdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u]sf JolQmx? klg gof g]t[Tjdf cfpg nfu]sf
5g\. ;Qf x:tfGt0f Hofb} ;xh :jfefljs tlsfn] eOx]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL
g];gn P;]DanL r]oDofgn] cjsfz kfpg'ePsf] 5. fi6klt lhof h]ldg ;]G6n
ldln6L sld;gsf] cWoIf kb cfkm};u fv] fi6kltaf6 x6\ge' Psf] 5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] sfe|]sf] w"lnv]ndf cfh lhNnf:tLo
sfo{stf{;u cGtlqmofsf nflu aGb ;qsf] sfo{qmd fVg'eP5. To;df Pdfn];u
;DalGwt a'l4hLjL klg ;xefuL lyP. of] uf]Ko a}7s ePsf] x'bf s]xL dfcf]jfbL
g]tf ;d]t ;xefuL ePsf] x'g ;Sg] va cfPsf] 5.
g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ ljefhg ePsf] 5. o;n] pkk|wfgdGqL ab|Lk|;fb
d08nnfO{ ;d:of kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{sf cWoIf kz'kltzdz] hafn] cfk\mg} kf6L{sf jli7

g]tf k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbsf] fhLgfdf dfUg] ug'{ePsf] 5. ;fy} cg]s
lsl;dsf nf~5gf nufOxg'ePsf] 5. o;n] ;j{bnLo a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{
k|wfgdGqLsf] k|of;nfO{ c; kg{ ;S5. k|wfgdGqLdf cfkm"nfO{ lgs} sdhf] 7fg]
fhLgfdf lbg] ;f]r ;d]t cfpg ;S5.

@)%( r}t !# ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{ sld6Lsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxf kb\dTg t'nfw cfh
a'6jn hfg'ePsf] 5. Toxf dfcf]jfbL If]qLo Ao'f] ;b:ox?sf] a}7s, To;kl5
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s kf]ln6Ao'f]sf] a}7s u] jftf{sf nflu tofL ug]{ eGg]
s'f cfPsf] 5. ef]ln laxfg} 8f= afa'fd efO{ ;lxt dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;Dk"0f{ ;b:o sf7df8f} cfpg] sfo{qmd x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. oL s'f dnfO{ dGqL
gffo0fl;+x k'gn] klg 6]lnkmf]gaf6 hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;a} sfd of]hgf cg';f
eOx]sf] pxfsf] egfO lyof]. pxfsf cg';f dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLnfO{ sf7df8f}
cfPsf] ef]ln kN6 kqsf ;Dd]ng u] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ tofL eOx]sf] 5.
;sfsf] ;jfL eftaf6 lkm]kl5 r}t !* ut] klxnf] ;b\efjgf jftf{ ug]{ ;xdlt
ePsf] klg pxfn] atfpg'eof].
>L % sf] ;sfsf] lj:tflt jftf{6f]nL u7g ;DaGwdf k|wfgdGqL dGqL
k'gaLr dte]b x'g ;Sg] va fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 cfPsf] 5.
g]tf 8f= l8NnLfh vgfnsf] aNv'l:yt 3df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfn;u cfh d]f] e]6 eof]. e]63f6sf] ;+of]hg 8f= b'dg yfkfn] ug'{ePsf]
lyof]. 5nkmndf dxf;lrj g]kfnn] b]zsf] ljBdfg fhgLlts kll:yltsf af]df
lj:t[t ?kdf cfk\mgf] ljrf fVg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], sf\u|]; b]z rnfpg
k"} c;kmn eP klg jt{dfg ;sfnfO{ Pdfn]n] s'g} klg cfwfdf ;dy{g ug{
;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. lsgeg] of] hgtfsf] DofG8]6k|fKt ;sf xf]Og. To;}n]
o;nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf8f] kljt{g uL hg;dy{gk|fKt ;Ifd fhgLlts JolQmsf]
g]t[Tjdf gof ;sf agfpg'k5{. To:tf] g]t[Tj xfd|f] kf6L{n] dfq lbg ;Sb5.
xfdL dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ;kmn u] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5f}. tkfO{+n] of] s'f
;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof].
d}n] klg fhgLlts kll:yltsf af]df cfk\mgf egfO fv]. ;fy} jftf{
;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eOx]sf] k|of;sf af]df atfP. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], d
;sf;u bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do ldnfpg] k|of; u5'{. To; a]nf tkfO{+ cfkm}n]
cfk\mgf s'f ;sfdf fVg'eP fd|f] x'G5. d]f s'f ;'g] pxfn] ;sf;u
klxn] tkfO{+ s'f ug'{xf];\, To;kl5 s] x'G5 d va kfpm, clg To;} cg';f
uf}nf eGg'eof].

415

416

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( r}t !$ ut] z'qmaf

g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf] lrlgof Jofkfls k|ltlglwd08nsf g]tf tyf ;f\3fO{sf
nflu g]kfnsf cj}tlgs dxfjfl0fHob"t 8f= p k|ltlglwd08nsf s]xL ;b:onfO{
3df nGrsf nflu lgDtf u]sf] lyP. pQm cj;df 8f= pn] g]kfndf lrlgof
nufgLsf] ;Defjgfsf af]df s'f ug'{eof]. ;fy} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf;u ldn] ;]gfsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ nQfsk8f h'Qf g]kfnd} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t
5nkmn ug'{eof].

@)%( r}t !& ut] ;f]daf

eft e|d0f k"f u] ;sfsf] lxhf] :jb]z lkmtL{ ;jfL eof]. cfh ;sf
sfof{no ;jfL x'gf;fy d]f] hfx]L lyof]. o;aLr yftL x]sf w]} ljifo hfx]Lsf
nflu tofL u]sf] lyP. ;f]xL cg';f ;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf] ;dodf b]zsf]
j:t'l:ylt, fhgLlts ultljlw zflGt;'Iffsf] cj:yfsf af]df lj:t[t ?kdf
cjut ufP. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ ;DaGwdf eOx]sf sfo{x?sf af]df
lj:tfk"j{s hfx] u]. To:t} Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn lrlgof fhb"t
nufot;u ePsf s'fsfgL klg ;sfdf hfx] u].
fhgLlts g]tfx?n] ;sfsf] eft e|d0fkl5 jt{dfg dlGqklifb\ kljt{g
x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ulx]sf 5g\. wgu9Ldf cfof]hgf x'g] ;sfsf] gfuls
clegGbgdf ;sfaf6 ;Daf]wg aS;g] qmddf s]xL gof s'f cfpg ;Sg] ck]Iff
;d]t pgLx?sf] 5. fhgLlts kf6L{;u ;Da4 kqklqsfx?n] ;sfsf] eft
e|d0fsf af]df ljZn]if0f ub}{ fhfn] rfx] h:tf] ;kmntf ldNg g;s]sf] To;}
sf0f fhfn] fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ljZjf;df lng}kg]{ h:tf s'f dxjsf ;fy
k|sflzt u]sf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL;u dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] lgGt ;Dks{ eOx]sf] 5.
jftf{ k|of; ;sffTds lbzflt pGd'v 5. ;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf a]nf cfk"mn]
cfof]hgf u]sf] l8gdf k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL k'gnfO{ fk|kf g]tf sdn yfkfnfO{
s[i0faxfb' dxf;u e]6 ufOlbg'kof] eGg'eP5. k|To'Qdf pxfn] d sf]l;; u5'{,
;f]w] kl5 va u5'{ eGg'eof]. dGqL k'gnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] s'f lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g.
pxf e]6fpg] d'8df x'g'x'Gg.
dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLsf] ;Dk"0f{ jftf{6f]nL ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 d}n]
u]sf] jftf{ ;DaGwL Psn k|of;sf] DofG8]6 k"f ePsf] 5. jftf{sf] jftfj0f ag]sf]
5. ca >L % sf] ;sfn] gof jftf{6f]nL u7g u] zflGtjftf{df a:g'k5{. o;sf
nflu jftf{6f]nLdf s]xL ;b:o yk] dnfO{ lhDd]jfL lbP klg d sfd ug{ ;S5'. cGo
JolQm ;lDdlnt jftf{6f]nLdf a;] klg sfd ug{ tof 5'. s] ug'k{ 5{, Tof] t ;sfn]
g} ljrf ug]{ s'f xf]. clxn] b]zdf zflGt 5. of] zflGt :yfoL agfpg'kof] eGg]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

hgtfsf] dfu 5. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{ sf7df8f} cfP
j;'Gwfl:yt e"k" d]h dfgaxfb' zfxsf] 3df a:g'ePsf] 5. Toxfaf6 fhgLlts
bnsf g]tf;u ;Dks{ ;' ug'e{ Psf] 5 eGg] s'f a'lemPsf] 5. pxfsf oL s'f
;sfdf hfx] u] . pxfn] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] ;d]t hfgsfL ufP.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o cGo fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?aLr ePsf]
uf]Ko 5nkmndf ;a} ldn] >L % sf] ;sfsf lj4 hfg ;Sg] s'f ePsf] ;"rgf
k|fKt ePsf] 5. jf:tjdf dfcf]jfbLsf] }w rlq ;'b]lv g} sfod 5. pgLx?
;a}nfO{ e|ddf kfg{ ;kmn klg ePsf 5g\. >L % sf] ;sf fhbafn] o;
;DaGwdf pko'Qm 0fgLlt agfpg cfjZos b]lvG5.
g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ ev{} ljefhg ePsf] 5. >L % sf] ;sfsf] g]t[Tjsf]
;Gbe{nfO{ lnP fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{ ;d]t ljefhgsf] ;\3fdf 5. fhgLlts
bnnfO{ ljZjf;df lnP sfd ug{ g;s]sf] eGb} k|wfgdGqL rGbsf] fk|kfleq}af6
tLj| ljf]w eOx]sf] 5.
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqs sf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf cd]lsf a]nfot
e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] e|d0f >L % sf] ;sfsf] ljf]wdf jftfj0f tof
kfg]{ p2]Zoaf6 x'g nfu]sf] a'lemG5. pxfn] JolQmut e]63f6df ;sfsf] tLj|
ljf]w ub}{ bafn] >L % sf] ;sfaf6 cgfjZos k};f lng] sfd ulx]sf] 5
eGg'ePsf] 5.
dGqL b]jLk|;fb cf]emfn] ;sfsf lqmofsnfk dlGqklifb\sf ;a} lg0f{osf
af]df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ hfgsfL lbg] u]sf] :ki6 ePsf]
5. ljleGg ;|f]t ;'Iff lgsfosf] lkf]6{sf cfwfdf klg of] s'f k|dfl0ft x'g
k'u]sf] xf].
;sfsf] wgu9L ;jfLsf] ;Dk"0f{ tofL k"f ePsf] 5. r}t !( ut] ;'Iff
k|d'v lgLIf0fsf nflu To;tkm{ hfb} x'g'x'G5. ;jfLsf cj;df g]kfnuGhl:yt
;'b"klZrd k[tgf d'Vofnodf k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] ;sfdf ljut 5
dlxgfsf] zflGt;'Iffsf] cj:yf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs sfafxL ;DaGwdf
hfx] ug'{x'g] sfo{qmd 5.
;sfsf] eft e|d0fsf] ;dodf, cd]lsfn] Ofsdf u]sf] ;}lgs cfqmd0f
k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4nfO{ lnP sf7df8f}df ljf]w k|bz{g ePsf] lyof].
ljf]w k|bz{g cem} a9\g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5.
;sfaf6 d}n] hfx] u]sf ol ;a} ljifo ;'lgaS:of]. To;kl5 dfcf]jfbL
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:osf] ultljlw dlg6 ug{ nufpg" x's'd eof].

@)%( r}t !* ut] d\unaf

jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|df lkf]6{;{ Sna, g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u]sf]

417

418

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ lgDtf ulPsf]

x]5. cfof]hsn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL glbO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd
efO{nfO{ klg ToxL sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v cltly agfP5g\. o;L k|wfgdGqL rGb
dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= efO{ Pp6} d~rdf a;]sf] k|;\unfO{ w]}n] krfpg ;s]gg\.
;fdfGo k|f]6f]snsf b[li6n] klg of] ldNb} gldNg] s'f xf].
sflGtk' b}lgssf ;dfrf ;+of]hs u'0ffh n'O6]n lkf]6{;{ Snasf cWoIf
Clif wdnfn] sflnsf:yfgl:yt l;Gw'gfy Kofs']nsf] 3 uP 8f= afa'fd efO{;u
s'f u]sf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5. s] s'f eof] eGg]af] s]xL yfxf x'g ;s]sf]
5}g. ef]ln v'nfd~rdf dfcf]jfbLsf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g cg]f:jljo' -qmflGtsfL_ n]
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:onfO{ :jfut tyf clejfbg ug]{ sfo{qmd fv]sf] 5.
u[xdGqL cWoIf x]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldltn] ;'Iffsf] sf0f b;f{O{ pQm sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm gx'g] egL ;sfnfO{ cg'f]w ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. t klg
;sfn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] a'lemPsf] 5.
eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf dxfyL lgd{n rGb eLh j}zfv ( b]lv !@ ut];Dd
g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf cfpg'x'g] ePsf] 5. pxfnfO{ j}zfv !) ut] a'waf ;sfaf6
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgsf] vflt dxfyL bhf{ aS;g] sfo{qmd ldnfOlbg k|wfg
;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfsf] cg'f]w cfPsf] 5.
oL ljifodf d}n] hfx] u]kl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], jftf{ ;DaGwL cfrf;+lxtf
s8fOsf ;fy nfu" x'g'k5{ cg'udg ;d]t x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o
zflGtjftf{df cfPsf x'g\ eg] pgLx?n] cg]s lsl;dsf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g
kfpg] ls gkfpg], ljrf x'g'k5{. dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] cfk\mg} ;'Iffsf nflu klg
;fj{hlgs ultljlwdf sd} ;xefuL eP fd|f] x'G5 eg] k|wfgdGqL ;DalGwt
kIfnfO{ elglbg". ;fy} ;sfaf6 >L % sf] ;sfsf dGqLn] fhgLlts
lqmofsnfkdf s8f eP pqg'kg]{ lgb]{zg aS;b} ljleGg fhgLlts kf6L{leq
3';k}7 uL kf6L{x?nfO{ sdhf] kfg]{ sf]l;; ug{ -:6f6{ a|]ls bL kfl6{h_ ;d]t
x's'd eof]. To:t} df};'kmaf6 cfufdL d]df x'g] rLgsf] af]cfcf]] ;ld6df ;xefuL x'g
lgdGq0ff cfPsf] 5, To;df efu lng hfg] ljrf u]sf] 5', To;sf nflu tofL
u x's'd eof].

@)%( r}t @) ut] laxLaf

;]gfsf] PdcfO{!& x]lnsK6 b'3{6gfdf k]sf] 5. sf7df8f}af6 x]6f}8f
hfg] qmddf k|fljlws u8a8Lsf sf0f dsjfgk' lhNnfsf] pQk"jL{ 8f8fdf
cfkt\sfnLg cjt0f ug{ vf]Hbf b'3{6gf x'g k'u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. rfns bnsf
;b:onfO{ ;fdfGo rf]6k6s nfu]sf] eGg] k|flDes va cfPsf] 5. yk cg';Gwfg
eOx]sf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)%( r}t @$ ut] ;f]daf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] lxhf] fk|kf cWoIf kz'kltzdz] hafnfO{
lxhf] e]6]. To;kl5 sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf pxfnfO{ e]6\g
uPsf] va 5. sf]Ofnfn] f0ffnfO{ tkfO{+ k|wfgdGqLsf nflu cufl8 a9\g'xf\;\,
sf\u|];sf] ;dy{g xg]5 eGg'eP5.
;\v'jf;efsf] t'lDn6fglhs} cfh laxfg ;z:q g]kfn k|xLsf] 6f]nL
c0f gbL tg{ nfUbf 8''\ufaf6 kN6] rf hgf k|xL xfOx]sf] cf7 gfn
fOkmn klg 8'a]sf] va cfPsf] 5. ;]gfsf] p4f ;d"xn] Pp6f fOkmn dfq
km]nf kfg{ ;s]sf] 5.
;]gfdf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf tkm{af6 klxnf] ;}lgs clws[t -lrlsT;f ;]jf_ df
pk;]gfgL 8f= p;j df]xl;g -fli6o ;efsf cWoIf 8f= df]xDdb df]xl;gsL 5f]L_ nfO{
egf{ ulPsf] 5. ;}lgs lgod cg';f ;]gfsf] xg'dfg9f]sf kl;l:yt d"n sf]tsf]
h\uL lg;fg dlxnf u}lxGb" JolQmnfO{ 5'g lbObg} . t ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ ToxL
lg;fg 5f]P zky u|x0f ufpg] kDkf x]sfn] c;lhnf] ePsf] eGg] va cfPsf]
5. o;df aLrsf] af6f] ckgfpg'k5{. sf]taflx s'g} kN6gsf] emG8f 5'jfP zky
u|x0f ufpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5. o:tf] ;d:of o;cl3 slxNo} k]sf] lyPg.
;xfos dGqL ljeQm >]i7n] cfk\mgf] lgjf;df lxhf] flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf
ug'{ePsf] lyof]. flqef]hdf eft, cd]lsf, hfkfg Ohfonsf fhb"t, ;fs{sf
dxf;lrj, 8LPkmcfO{8Lsf g]kfn k|d'v nufot cGo s]xL ljb]zL ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof].
To:t} ;"rgf tyf ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy kf08], cy{dGqL 8f= ab|Lk|;fb >]i7, lgdf{0f
tyf ef}lts of]hgfdGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g nufot k|wfg ;]gfklt, k|efszdz] haf,
k|e'zdz] haf, pBf]uklt j;Gt rf}wL, kqsf sgsdl0f bLlIft, fhbafsf
k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g, lghL ;lrj ;fuk|;fb ltldlN;gf, zfxL kfZj{jtL{
;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnf d pQm kf6L{df ;xefuL lyof}.
;f] cj;df dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:on] ljleGg b]zsf fhb"t;u e]63f6
ug]{ sfo{qmd fv]sf] af] rrf{ rNof]. cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sLn]
eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbL;u e]6 ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] ljifodf a]nfot eftsf fhb"t;u
xfd|f] 5nkmn eOx]sf] 5. e]6 u] s]s] ljifodf s'f ug]{ eg] ;d]t xfdL
5nkmn ulx]sf 5f}. dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;df ;Dks{ u] eg]
9f]sfdf k"} zfLls ;'Iff hfr u] ltLo ;lrj :tsf] dfG5]n] dfq e]6\g] xfd|f]
gLlt 5. dfcf]jfbL;usf] e]6nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf dxj glbg] of] ;Gb]z
pgLx?nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf hfcf];\ eGg] ;d]t xfd|f] rfxgf 5.
hfkfgL fhb"tn] :ki6 zAbdf xfdLn] of] ;sfnfO{ k"f ;dy{g u]sf] x'bf
dfcf]jfbL;u e]63f6 ug]{ k|Zg} p7\b}g, pgLx?;u xfd|f] cf}krfls of cgf}krfls
s'g} ;DaGw 5}g eGg'eof].

419

420

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)%( r}t @% ut] d\unaf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] cfh kmf]g u] pxf dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLaLr eOx]sf]
cgf}krfls s'fsfgLsf af]df dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], jftf{
s]xL lbgkl5 dfq ;' ug{' pko'Qm x'G5. 8f= afa'fd efO{sf af]df dflg;n]
h:tf] ;f]r]sf lyP, dfG5]x? h] eGby], Tof] cg';fsf] JolQmTj d}n] pxfdf kfOg.
pxf clns ?vf] :jefjsf] nfUof]. dGqL k'gn] ;sfsf] ;'b" klZrdsf] e|d0fkl5
df};'kmaf6 cfZjf;g aS;]sf sfdsf] kmnf]ckdf cfkm} hfg] Toxf ljsf;sf s]s]
sfo{qmd ug{ ;lsG5 egL cWoog ug]{ ;d]t atfpg'eof].

@)%( r}t @^ ut] a'waf

cfh d]f] hfx]Lsf] lbg. hfx]L ug'{kg]{ ljifo w]} lyP. y'k|} ljifodf
;sf;u 5nkmn eof].
;sf ;}lgs Aof]sdf ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf a]nf Toxfsf ;a} ;}lgs clws[t
tyf hjfgnfO{ v;L aS;g] k|rng 5. klZrd g]kfnsf] cfufdL e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{df
;sf klZrdL k[tgf, g]kfnuGhdf fh xf]OaS;g]5. To; ;do Toxf xflh x]sf
;}lgs clws[t tyf hjfgnfO{ df;' v'jfpg kfr j6f v;Lsf nflu #@ xhf k}of
lgsf;f x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5. d}n] o; ljifodf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of].
To;kl5 d}n] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnfsf] a9'jfsf af]df
hfx] u]. pxfsf] ;xfos yLaf6 pkyLdf a9'jf ug'{kg]{ a]nf cfpg nfu]sf]
5. To;sf nflu pxfnfO{ g];gn l8km]G; sn]h -Pg8L;L_ :tsf] sf];{ ug{
k7fpg'k5{. ;sfaf6 a9'jf aS;g] xf] eg] pxfnfO{ a]nfot, cd]lsf jf eftdWo]
s'g} b]zaf6 ;]gfnfO{ k|fKt x'g] u]sf] l;6df yk l;6 dfUg'kg]{ x'G5. o; ljifodf
s] uf} eg] hfx] ubf{;sfaf6 s'g} k|ltlqmof aS;]g.
-gf]6 M o;cl3 o;kl5 klg d}n] oxL ljifodf hfx] u]sf] lyP.
;sfaf6 slxNo} s'g} k|ltlqmof lbOaS;]g. lgs} kl5 dfq df};'kmaf6 l;6
lemsfpgsf nflu :jLs[lt aS;]sf] lyof]. dnfO{ nfU5, st} 6Lsf h;f{anfO{ klg
a9'jf gug]{ ;sfsf] dg;fo lyof] ls <_
cfh laxfg kmf]g uL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf ljhos'df uR5bf
Pdfn] g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] dnfO{ e]6\g vf]h]sf] atfpg'ePsf] 5. ;do ldnfP
e]6\bf pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5.
;sfaf6 fhbafdf sfo{t ;x;lrj To;eGbf dflysf kbflwsfLnfO{
;fd"lxs bz{ge]6 aS;] d'n'ssf] jt{dfg kll:ylt To;df bafaf6 ckgfOPsf
tyf ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLlts sfo{z}nLsf af]df la|lkm x'g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5.
o:tf] sfo{qmd w]} klxn] ePsf] lyof], ca k'gM ug{ cfjZos 5 egL hfx] ubf{
;sfaf6 of] ljifo ;lrj a}7sdf fv] 5nkmn u x's'd eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

>L % clwfhs'dfL k|] 0ffsf] df]6n] cfh laxfg sfnLdf6Ldf Pp6f 6\ofS;LnfO{
7Ss lbPsf] 5. 6\ofS;Lsf 8fOenfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbg' fd|f] x'G5.
>L % sf] ;sfn] xfn} u]sf] k]6f l] nod kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4 lnP fhwfgL
nufot b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ljBfyL{n] ljf]w k|bz{g ulx]sf 5g\. o;} qmddf
a'6jn SofDk;cufl8 ePsf] k|bz{gdf k|xL x:tIf]k x'b f Ps ljBfyL{sf] d[To' ePsf]
5. o; 36gfkl5 a'6jnsf] l:ylt cToGt} tgfjk"0f{ aGg k'us
] f] 5. k|zf;gn] skm\o{'
nufPsf] 5. skm\os
{' f] ;dodf ljBfyL{ SofDk;leq} xg k'u] . To; a]nf pgLx?n]
SofDk; kl;af6} fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf Ps sd{rfLnfO{ ;dft] sAhfdf fv].
k|xLn] flt g} ck];g u] tL sd{rfLnfO{ sAhfd'Qm uL sf7df8f} NofPsf] 5.
a'6jnsf] 36gfnfO{ lnP sf7df8f}sf] ;:jtL SofDk;cufl8 ljBfyL{x?n]
rSsfhfd ug'{sf ;fy} ;sfsf lj4 rsf{ gff nufpb} ;x klqmdf u]sf
5g\. ljf]w k|bz{gdf dfcf]jfbL ;dy{s ljBfyL{n] fh;+:yfsf lj4 rsf{ gff
nufPsf lyP. o;af] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o;u
tTsfn s'f ug{ h?L b]lvPsf] 5.
cfpbf] jif{sf] ;'df ;sfaf6 g]kfn k|xL k|wfg sfof{no, ;z:q k|xL an
k|wfg sfof{no fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] d'Vofnosf] e|d0f uL ljleGg ljifodf
hfgsfL xfl;n ulaS;] fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5.
d}n] oL ljifodf hfx] u]kl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ;'Iffsf] ljifodf >L %
sf] ;sf sdhf] b]lvPsf] 5. o; ;DaGwdf k|wfgdGqLsf ;fy} ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?nfO{ klg hfgsfL ufpg pko'Qm x'G5. eftaf6 cfPsf] OG;f; fOkmn
Uoflhg u0fnfO{ lbPsf]df eftLo kIf c;Gt'i6 b]lvPsfn] cab]lv pQm u0fnfO{
glbg". u}8f tyf cGo jGohGt'sf] rf]L l;sf lgoGq0f ug{ hL 5. o;sf nflu
cfjZos k] e}jgfy u0fsf 3 u'Ndsf ;fy} yk ;}lgs an ;d]t klrfng
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpm xfn} k|fKt lrt'jfsf] 5fnf ;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg
u] tYo kQf nufpg lgb]{zg b]pm. s[i0fdf]xg >]i7sf] xTof ;DaGwL 5fglag
To;af]sf] sfg'gL sfafxL cl3 a9fpg lgb]{zg u. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLn]
:jtGqtfk"j{s cfk\mgf] ultljlw ug{ kfpg] bfof slt xf] < zflGtjftf{sf] kxn
eOx]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL e|ft[ ;\u7gn] fh;+:yfsf lj4 u]sf cfhs
lqmofsnfk :jLsfo{ x'b}g. of] s'f ;DalGwt kIfn] a'e\mg cfjZos 5.
cfh} ;fem ;z:q k|xL ansf gjlgo'Qm ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL
yfkfsf] klg hfx]L lyof]. pxf lgwf{lt ;doeGbf s]xL cl3 g} cfpg'eof]. ;sfdf
bfd fVg'eof]. ;sfaf6 awfO{ aS:of] Psbd} c;xh Pj+ sl7g kll:yltdf
k|dv
' ePsfn] ;a};u ;dGjo u] k|efjsfL sfd ug{ ;Nnfx aS:of].
To;kl5 pxfsf] hfx]L eof]. d klg ;u} a;]sf] lyP. ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?sf] hfx]Lsf a]nf cS; ;u} a:g] u]sf] 5'. yfkfn] ;z:qff eOx]sf

421

422

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfdsfafxLsf af]df lj:tfk"j{s ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof]. ;z:qn] tof kf]sf]

efjL 0fgLlt klg k|:t't ug'{eof]. eftn] xltof cGo nlhl:6s lbOx]sf]df
To;nfO{ Jojl:yt kfbzL{ agfpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg] pxfn] ;sfsf]
;'emfj dfUg'eof]. ;z:qnfO{ u[x dGqfnosf] dftxtdf fVbf g]kfn k|xL h:t}
fhgLtLs0f x'g] vtf x]sfn] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] dftxtdf fVg pko'Qm
x'G5 ls eg] ;d]t pxfn] k|:tfj ug'{eof].
hfx]Ldf pxfn] eGg'eof], ;]gf g]kfn k|xLsf] cfk\mgf] 5'} c:ktfn x]sf]
5. ca ;z:q k|xLnfO{ klg cfk\mgf] c:ktfnsf] cfjZostf dx;'; eOx]sf] 5.
cfk\mgf] c:ktfn gePsfn] sfafxLsf qmddf 3fOt] ePsf ;z:q k|xLsf] pkrfsf
nflu Psbd} cK7\off] klx]sf] 5. o;sf nflu hfkfgsf] cGtf{li6o ;xof]uL
;+:yf hfOsf;u s'f ug]{ ;f]r]sf] 5'. pxfn] pQm c:ktfnsf] gfd >L % 1fg]Gb|
;z:q k|xL c:ktfn fVg k|:tfj ug'{eof]. ;fy} ;z:qn] klg ;]gf k|xLsf]
h:t} cfk\mgf] ;\u7gsf] 5'} ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ rfx]sf] eGb} pxfn] pQm :s'nsf]
gfd >L % sf]dn ;z:q k|xL ljBfno fVg rfx]sf] k|:tfj ug'{eof].
;z:qsf ;+:yfks k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7sf] dfcf]jfbLn] xTof
u]kl5 ;xjL yfkf ;f] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] xf]. cfh pxfsf] klxnf] hfx]L
lyof]. ;fob To;} sla Ps 306fsf] hfx]Ldf pxf Psbd} ge{; b]lvg'x'GYof].
pxfsf] hfx]Ldf ;sfaf6 s'g} klg ljifodf s]xL k|ltlqmof JoQm ePg.
fd|f] u dfq x's'd eof].

@)%( r}t @& ut] laxLaf

k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] cfh cfk\mgf] lgjf; zlzejgdf l8gsf]
cfof]hgf ug'{ePsf] lyof]. pQm cj;df g]kfnl:yt s]xL fhb"tnfO{ af]nfpg'ePsf]
x]5. l8gdf cfPsf kfls:tfgL fhb"tn] kfls:tfgdf ;}lgs zf;g cfPkl5
b]zn] 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n u]sf] atfpg'eP5. pxfn] eGg'eP5, b]zsf] cfly{s
cj:yf Psbd} ;'w|]sf] 5. d'n'ssf d'Vod'Vo 7fpdf g];gn PsfpG6]an Ao'f]
:yfkgf ePsf] 5. kfls:tfgdf ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;l~rlt ljutdf tLg lalnog 8n
x]sf]df ljut tLg jif{leq !) lalnog 8n k'Ug uPsf] 5. o;n] b]zdf cfly{s
;'wf eOx]sf] ;\s]t ub{5. To:t} cj; clxn] g]kfnn] kfPsf] 5. o;sf]
;b'kof]u x'G5 eGg] dnfO{ cfzf 5. pxfn] eg]sf s'f k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{
6]lnkmf]gaf6 hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. d}n] oL s'f ;sfdf hfx] u].
r}t] b;} k]sf] x'gfn] cfh fhbafdf labf 5. hgcfGbf]ng lbj;
kf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7gx?n] 7"nf] h'n'; lgsfNg vf]h]sf 5g\. h'n';sf] cu'jfO
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf ljBfyL{ g]tf lszf]l;+x f7f}n]] u]sf 5g\. cGo fhgLlts
kf6L{sf ljBfyL{ g]tf klg h'n';df cfPsf 5g\. h'n';sf nflu v'daxfb' v8\sf

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg u]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.

k'fgf u0ftGqjfbL g]tf fdfhfk|;fb l;+x r}t @! ut] sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf]
5. o;}aLr pxfn] fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?;u e]6\g'ePsf] 5. cfh g]kfn
dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5];u pxfsf] e]6 eof]. fhgLlts
ljifodf s'f ePsf] a'lemG5. cfh} dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dft[sf ofbj;u
klg pxfn] e]6\g'eof]. e]6df ;+ljwfg;ef, u0ftGq :yfkgf ;\3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnLdf Psdt x'g'k5{ oxL ljrfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP ;a} fhgLlts bn;u
s'f ug'{k5{ eg] 5nkmn ePsf] va 5. dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf
a]nf pxf PsfPs g]kfn cfpg'ePsf] 5. g]kfnsf] jt{dfg zflGt k|lqmofsf af]df
eft ;sffTds 5}g. lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv eftdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf JolQm
PSsfl; oxL a]nf g]kfn cfpg' kSs} klg cy{k"0f{ 5. l;+x eftsf] s'g} uf]Ko
;Gb]z lnP fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ e]6\g]f tyf ljleGg dfu ljifodf 5nkmn
p7fP jftf{nfO{ cK7\off] kfg]{ lgotn] g]kfn cfPsf] b]lvG5 eGg] fli6o cg';Gwfg
ljefusf] lkf]6{ cfPsf] 5. d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u].

@)%( r}t @* ut] z'qmaf

k]6f l] nod kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4sf] ljf]wdf fhgLlts kf6L{sf e|ft[ ;\u7gx?n]
rsf{Psf] cfGbf]ngn] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf tgfjsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5. cfh
laxfg d clkm; k'us
] f] dfq s] lyP, ;sfsf] kmf]g cfof]. ;sf cfkm}n
] ;Lw} kmf]g
ulaS;]sf] lyof]. of] tgfjsf] cj:yfnfO{ sd ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 < eGb} ;sfaf6
ljj]s, u[x, lzIff cfk"lt{ dGqLnfO{ fhLgfdf ug{ nufpbf clxn]sf] tgfj sd
x'G5 < eGg] lh1f;f flvaS:of]. cgfof;} dGqLx?sf] fhLgfdfsf] s'f ;'g] d
eml:sP. d}n] laGtL r9fP, ;sf, xfdL ;lrjx?n] 5nkmn u] hfx] u5f}+{ .
;sfaf6 km]l x'sd' eof], oxL ljifodf ;'Iff k|dv
' x?;u klg s'f u.
;fy} k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|dv
' b]jLfd
zdf{;u o;af] 6]lnkmf]gdf 5nkmn u] . pxfx? b'jn
} ] clxn]sf] c;xh kll:yltnfO{
lgoGq0fdf lng s]xL g s]xL sbd rfNg cfjZos 5 eGg'eof].
d}n] tTsfn} af]nfPsf] ;lrj a}7sdf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klt, lghL ;lrj ;'bg,
;+jfb ;lrj df]xg / ;lrj ;fu/ ;xefuL x'g'eof] . a}7sn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf tLg
hgf dGqLsf] fhLgfdf ufpbf tgfj 36\g ;Sg] lgisif{ lgsfNof]. To;} cg';f
xfdLn] ;sfdf ;fd"lxs ?kdf hfx] uof}. ;sfn] dGqLx?sf] fhLgfdf dfUg]
;f]r klxn] g} agfOaS;]sf] x]5. xfd|f] ;Nnfxn] df};'kmnfO{ emg} ;lhnf] eof]
an ldNof]. o;af/] k|d'v ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ va ug'{eof] . o;L lzIffdGqL
b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, u[xdGqL wd{axfb' yfkf cfk"lt{dGqL dx]znfn k|wfgsf] fhLgfdf
cfof]. flt ;f9] * ah] fhLgfdf :jLs[t uL ;fj{hlgs ulof].

423

424

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dlGqklifb\sf] cfsl:ds a}7s a;] dfcf]jfbL g]tf s[i0fWjh v8\sf ]vf

zdf{nfO{ h]nd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{sf nflu h]ndf aGbL hLjg
latfOx]sf cfk\mgf sfo{stf{sf] lxfO x'g'kg]{ dfu ub}{ cfOx]sf lyP.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]g u] dlGqklifb\sf] sfo{z}nL dGqLx?aLr
;dGjosf] cefjsf sf0f s'g} klg sfd k|efjsfL 9\un] x'g g;s]sf]df d;u
u'gf;f] ug'{eof]. fhgLlts hl6ntf al9x]sf a]nf OGwgsf] d"Noj[l4 ulPsf]df
pxfsf] tLj| c;Gt'li6 lyof]. ;fy} pxfn] cfh dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLnfO{ 3df
vfgf vfg af]nfPsf] 5', To; a]nf pgLx?sf xfnsf cfhs lqmofsnfkk|lt
cfklQ hgfpg]5' eGg] hfgsfL lbb} o;df tkfO{+sf] s] ;'emfj 5 < egL d;u
;Nnfx dfUg'eof]. d}n] eg], s]xL lbgotf dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 fh;+:yfsf lj4
cfklQhgs cleJolQm cfOx]sf 5g\. To; ljifodf s'f u] x'G5. ;sfaf6
;d]t oxL x's'd ePsf] 5. d pgLx?;u o;af] s8f zAbdf cfklQ hgfp5',
pxfn] eGg'eof], ;fy} dfcf]jfbLsf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g clvn -qmflGtsfL_ n] clxn]
cGo ljBfyL{ ;\u7gn] u]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;3fpg' ePg ;d]t eG5'.

@)%( r}t @( ut] zlgaf

dfcf]jfbL g]tf s[i0fWjh v8\sfsf a'afsf] Ko'7fgdf lgwg eP5. To;n] ubf{
a'afsf] sfhlqmofsf nflu dfgjLo lx;fan] klg pxfnfO{ cfh} 5f8\g'kg]{ dGqL k'gsf]
cfu|x cfof]. d}n] tTsfn} of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL;u
s'f u] 5f8] x'G5 x's'd eof]. d}n] k|wfgdGqL;u s'f ubf{ jftf{sf nflu fd|f]
jftfj0f aGg] ePsfn] v8\sfnfO{ 5f8\g] lgwf] eof]. To;} cg';f k|wfgdGqLn] 5f8\
g cfb]z lbg'eof]. lxhf]sf] dlGqklifb\n] pxfnfO{ lxfO ug]{ lg0f{o ul;s]s} lyof],
sfuhkq ldnfpg dfq afsL lyof]. dGqL k'gn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf] ;b:osf
lx;fan] s[i0fWjhnfO{ Ko'7fg;Dd k'ofOlbg] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg'eof].
dGqL k'g;u d]f] cfh klg 6]lnkmf]gdf s'f eof]. pxfn] lxhf] l8gdf
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL;u ePsf] s'f ;'gfpb} eGg'eof], d}n] pgLx?nfO{ s[i0fWjh
v8\sf ]vf zdf{nfO{ 5f8\g] lg0f{o ePsf] hfgsfL lbP. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL
kIfaf6 klg ;b\efj b]vfpg qmflGtsfL ljBfyL{ ;\u7gnfO{ xfn eOx]sf] ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngaf6 aflx lgsfNg'kof] fh;+:yfsf lj4 nfu]sf gff aGb ufpg'kof]
eg]. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:on] ljleGg dGqLnfO{ e]6\g] u]sf x]5g\.
To;} qmddf Ps hgf dGqLn] d]f lj4 s'f ug'e{ P5. pxfn] dGqL k'g ljb]zLsf]
bnfn xf], To;af6 jftf{ kf nfUb}g eg] s'f p7fpg dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:onfO{ cg'f]w ug'e{ Psf] x]5.
d of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] unf, d}n] eg].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

2060 ;fn
dfcf]jfbL;u bf];|f] zflGtjftf{ eOx]s} cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'
rGbn] d'Vo fhgLlts bnx?n] ;xof]u gu]sf] sf0f b]vfO{ fhLgfdf ug'{eof].
To;kl5 fk|kf g]tf ;"o{axfb' yfkf k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g'eof]. pxf g]kfnL
sf\u|];, g]skf Pdfn]dWo] Pp6f bnnfO{ ;d]6\g] nIo;lxt k|wfgdGqL x'g'ePsf]
lyof]. b'j} kf6L{nfO{ ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg pxfn] 7"n} k|of; klg ug'{eof]. t
;kmn x'g'ePg. pxfsf] 5 ;b:oLo dlGqd08nn] emG8} Ps jif{ ;sf rnfof].
ToxL cjlwdf cl3Nnf] ;sfn] ;' u]sf] zflGtjftf{ ;d]t e\u x'g uO{ k'gM
o'4 ;' eof]. oxL ;fn ;fpgdf eftdf tflnd lng uPsf] ;z:q k|xL ansf]
6f]nLdf x]sf Ps clws[tn] pQf~rn k|b]zdf kg]{ b]xfb"gglhs}sf] rqmftf tflnd
s]Gb|df eftn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg tflnd lbPsf]af] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufP. o;af]
uf]Ko ?kdf a'e\mg] qmd ;' ufPkl5 d}n] fhLgfdf ug'{kof].

@)^) j}zfv ! ut] ;f]daf

gof jif{ @)^) sf] k"j{;GWofdf d}n] cfk\mgf] 3df kfljfls cfkmGt d]f
lgs6sf ;fyLx?nfO{ af]nfP flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf u]. d]f] kbf]Gglt gjjif{sf]
klxnf] lbgaf6 nfu" x'g] kq klxn] g} k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5. To; cg';f 3df
lxhf] flt !@ ah]kl5, gjjif{ ;' ePsf] z'e;dodf d}n] yL bhf{sf] km'nL nufP.
yL bhf{sf] bHof{gL lrx\g d}n] cfk\mgL >LdtL uLtf ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf sfo{t
;xfos yL uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa"af6 u|x0f u]. bafdf sfo{t zfxL kfZj{jtL{
;}lgs ;lrjfnosf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ kbf]Ggltsf] bHof{gL lrx\g zfxL h\uL
c8\8fdf nufOlbg] rng 5}g. To;}n] pQm bHof{gL lrx\g cfk\mg} tlsfn] nufpg]
ulG5. cfk"m ;}lgs ;lrj ePkl5 d}n] kbf]Gglt x'g] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ zfxL Ifs
;}lgs k|xLsf clws[tnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf bHof{gL lrx\g nufOlbg] kDkfsf]
yfngL u]. o;cl3 dxf;]gfgLb]lv pkyL x'bf;Dd dnfO{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf
o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|af6 bHof{gL lrx\g nufOlbOaS;]sf] lyof]. of] sfo{ bLk]Gb|
;sfsf] lgtfGt JolQmut rfxgfaf6 x'g] u]sf] lyof]. Tof] klg flt !@ ah].
s'g} lgod lyPg.
;f7L ;fnsf] cfh klxnf] lbg. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] d'Vofnol:yt lqe'jg
cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf gjjif{sf] pknIodf x]s jif{em} flqef]h tyf ;f+:s[lts

425

426

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof]. yLsf ?kdf cfh} klxnf] k6s d pQm
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf]df Toxf pkl:yt JolQmx?n] dnfO{ awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf
lbP. o:tf flqef]hdf ;]gfn] ;w} g} ;sfx?sf] ;jfLnfO{ ljz]if dxj
lbg] ub{5. cfhsf] sfo{qmddf klg df};'kmx?sf] ;d'kl:ylt lyof]. c;f]h !*
sf] ;sfsf] sbdkl5 fhbaf a9L k|efjzfnL ePsf] ljZn]if0f 5. To;}n]
sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ljleGg k];f If]qsf JolQmx? ;sfsf] bz{g ug{ ljz]if
nfnflot ePsf] b]lvGYof]. fk|kfsf s]xL g]tf afx]s cGo 7"nf k|efjzfnL
bnsf s'g} klg g]tf cfhsf] flqef]hdf cfPgg\. o;sf] cy{ dxjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg]
dnfO{ nfU5.

@)^) j}zfv # ut] a'waf

d yL bhf{df kbf]Gglt ePkl5 cfh ;sfdf d]f] klxnf] hfx]L eof].
;j{k|yd dnfO{ kbf]Gglt aS;]sf]df ;sfdf cfef JoQm u]. To;kl5 hfx]Lsf]
qmd cl3 a9fP M
lxhf] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb;usf] e]6df g]kfnL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf
g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] fhgLlts ljifodf s'g} klg s'f ug'{ePg5. ;sfnfO{
cfjZos kof] eg] d ;xof]u ug{ tof 5', t dnfO{ k|ltzf]wsf] efjgfn]
clVtofdf nufOPsf] d'2fdfly ljrf x'g'k5{ dfq eGg'eP5.
s]xL lbgcl3 u[x;lrj 6LsfbQ lgf}nfn] bnfO{ nfdfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ e]6]sf]
va 5. :jtGq ltAat cfGbf]ngsf] ultljlw;u pxfsf] ;DaGw ePsf] h:tf]
b]lvG5. o;af6 k|wfgdGqL lgs} l;fpg'ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] csf]{ k6ssf]
;lrjsf] ;jfdf pxfnfO{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] cltlQm ;d"xdf k7fpg]
ljrf ug'{ePsf] 5. To:t} k"j{u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] klg u[xdGqL 5b} bnfO{
nfdfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ e]6\g] u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
wgu9Laf6 :yfgLo JofkfL uf]kL xdfnn] kmf]g u] eGg'eof], ;sfsf]
wgu9L ;jfL ;Daf]wg Hofb} fd|f] ePsf] eg] clxn];Dd rrf{ eOx]sf] 5.
hgtf ;sfsf] ;fydf 5g\. t s]xL dGqLn] o;af6 fhgLlts kmfObf p7fpg
k|of; u]sf] b]lvG5.
b]zdf cfly{s ljsf; uL hgtfsf] hLjg :tdf ;'wf Nofpg ;s]df
fhgLlt k5fl8 k5{ eGg] pbfx0f rLgn] b]vfPsf] 5. To:t} clxn] kfls:tfgdf
eOx]sf] 5. g]kfndf klg o:t} df]8ndf cufl8 a9\g'k5{ ls eGg] s]xL a'l4hLjLsf]
;'emfj 5.
u0ftGqjfbL g]tf fdfhfk|;fb l;+xn] lxhf] g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;efklt
lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5. e]6df s] s'f eof], yfxf x'g ;s]g.
;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf] u7g ePkl5 dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] bz{ge]6

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{n] cfufdL @) ut] v'nfd~rdf cfd;efsf]

cfof]hgf u]sfn] To;df ;Daf]wgsf nflu ;sfaf6 s]xL lgb]{zg aS;G5 ls
eGg] pxfsf] ck]Iff 5.
b]zdf sf\u|]; Pdfn] afx]ssf] t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0f ug]{af] w]} klxn]b]lv
s'f eOx]sf] 5. k~rfotsfnLg g]tfaf6 of] zlQm lgdf{0f ug{ sl7g 5. jfdb]j
uf}td, fwfs[i0f d}gfnL, ljhos'df uR5bf, z}nhf cfrfo{ nufot hgfwf
ePsf fi6jfbL lrGtg ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ Ps 7fpdf Nofpg ;s] k|efjzfnL
t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0f x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5. o;sf nflu pxfx? ;d]t tof x]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5.
w]} ;do ;Qfaflx x]sfn] sfo{stf{af6 p7\g] n]aL sd x'b} uPsfn] Pdfn]
cfly{s ;\s6df k]sf] h:tf] a'lemG5. kf6L{ sdhf] ePkl5 g]tfx? klg :jtM
sdhf] x'g] g} eP. To;}n] fd|f] k|of; ePdf Pdfn]sf s]xL g]tf oxL ;sfdf
;lDdlnt x'g klg ;S5g\. o;af] kxn x'g cfjZos 5.
;]gfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] vlb k|lqmofdf Hofb} clgoldttf ePsf]
hgu'gf;f] cfPsf] 5. o;nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kaf6 ;'wfg{ cfjZos 5.
d]f] hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 ;]gfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfg vlb k|lqmofdf
s;L ;'wf ug{ ;lsG5, ljrf ug"{ x's'd eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 xfn eOx]sf]
ljBfyL{ k|bz{gsf qmddf ljleGg kf6L{;u cfa4 ljBfyL{ ;\u7g ltgsf g]tfsf]
lqmofsnfk ljBfyL{sf] lxtdf geP kf6L{sf] :jfy{;u dfq hf]l8Psfn] To;sf]
eG8fkmf] ug"{ x's'd eof].
fhgLlts g]tfx?sf lj4 clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf x]sf
e|i6frf ;DaGwL d'2f tTsfn cl3 a9fO{ To:tf g]tfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ klg
;sfaf6 x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] e]6\g
vf]h]df ltdLn] e]6] x'G5, pxf;u lgoldt ;Dks{df a:g" egL lgb]{zg aS:of].
dnfO{ g]kfnn] s]xL klxn]b]lv g} e]6\g vf]lhxg'ePsf] 5.

@)^) j}zfv $ ut] laxLaf

ljleGg b]zsf nflu fhb"t lgo'lQm ubf{ 7s'L f0ff dfq k] eg]
;j{;fwf0fdf Jofks c;Gt'li6 al9x]sf] va 5. o;}aLr, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj
tLy{dfg zfSonfO{ hfkfgsf] fhb"t agfP pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 eGg] ;'emfj klg
cfPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 lgb]{zg aS;] adf]lhd cfh km]l aNv'l:yt 8f= l8NnLfh vgfnsf]
3df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u d}n] e]6 u]. To; qmddf ;d;fdlos
fhgLlts kll:yltsf af]df 5nkmn eof]. dxf;lrj g]kfnn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6
u] ;d;fdlos fhgLlts ljifodf s'f fVg rfx]sfn] ;do ldnfOlbg cfu|x

427

428

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ug'{eof]. pxf;usf] e]6af6 d}n] s] lgisif{ lgsfn] eg] pxf h;L klg ;sfdf
hfg rfxg'x'G5. of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
jt{dfg zflGt k|lqmofdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf blwfd -8Lcf_ nfld5fg]n]
lgjf{x ulxg'ePsf] 5. ;]gfsf 8LPdcfO{ lbnLk fodfemL;u pxfsf] ;Dks{ 5.
nfld5fg]sf cg';f dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08 jf df]xg j}B jf fdaxfb' yfkf jf
s[i0faxfb' dxfnfO{ dxffhflwfhaf6 bz{ge]6 aS;] dfcf]jfbLn] rf8f] xltof
la;fpg] ;Defjgf 5. pxfn] 8f= afa'fd efO{ dft[sf ofbjnfO{ ljZjf; ug{
g;lsg] eg] ;ts{ ;d]t ufpg'ePsf] 5. To:t}, nfld5fg]sf cg';f dfcf]jfbL
ljBfyL{ ;\u7gn] cfk\mgf] ;\u7gsf a]kQf kflPsf] elgPsf rf hgfsf] l:ylt
;fj{hlgs u] ;a} ljf]wsf sfo{qmdaf6 cfkm"nfO{ cnUofpg] atfPsf] 5. g]kfn
ljBfyL{ ;\3n] ;d]t cfdr'gfj gxf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL ljBfyL{
;\u7gnfO{ xft lng ;Sg'k5{. To;n] fhgLlts kmfObf x'G5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn]
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf ;}lgs ;lrj ljj]s zfx -d_ ;u ;d]t e]6\g
vf]h]sf] pxfn] atfpg'ePsf] 5. o;} uL nfld5fg]n] fhgLlts ;xdlt eP xltof
a'emfpg], ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu TofUg], fi6jfbL kmf];{sf ?kdf sfd ug]{, fhtGqnfO{
cleefjssf] e"ldsfdf fVg] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfj klg Nofpg'ePsf] 5.
clxn] fhgLlts kf6L{x?;u hgfwf sd x'b} uPsf] 5. bnx?n] g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{nfO{ knfog x'gaf6 arfpg dfq cfGbf]ng hfL fvL fhfnfO{ bafj lbg
vf]h]sf 5g\. Pdfn] sf\u|];sf g]tfx?nfO{ cfly{s ;\s6 k]sfn] pgLx?
Hofb} xtfz dgl:yltdf 5g\. zflGtjftf{ ;xL 9\un] ;sffTds lbzfdf cl3
a9]df kf6L{x? :jtM sdhf] l:yltdf k'Ug] b]lvG5 eGg] ljZn]if0f ;a} ;|f]taf6
cfPsf] 5.
cfh dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]g u] eGg'eof], w]} kIfaf6 jftf{6f]nLsf
af]df ;sffTds wf0ff cfPsf] 5}g. jftf{6f]nLsf s]xL ;b:o daLr sfd ug{
;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5, ;fob d jftf{6f]nLdf al:bg eGg] rrf{ eOx]sf] 5. d;u
;Dks{ ug]{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ldqnfO{ d}n] jftf{6f]nL fd|f] 5, o;df ;ls x'g
kfPsf]df d cfkm}nfO{ uf}jflGjt 7fGb5', jftf{6f]nLdf sf] kof] sf] k]g eGg] ljifo
7"nf] xf]Og, dxjk"0f{ ljifo t jftf{ ;kmn eP b]zdf zflGt 5fcf]; eGg] xf] eGg]
u]sf] 5'. d]f] hjfkm ;'g] w]}h;f]n] k|z+;f u5{g\. cfh;Dd zflGt k|lqmofsf
nflu d}n] h]hlt k|of; u], ;sfsf] lgb]{zg OR5f cg';f g} u]sf] 5'. d
jftf{6f]nLnfO{ k"f ;dy{g ;xof]u ub{5'. of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] xf];\. dGqL
k'gn] eg]sf s'f d}n] h:tfsf] t:t} ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 dGqL k'gn]
cfh;Dd ;sffTds e"ldsf lgjf{x u]sfn] jftf{6f]nLdf a;] cem fd|f] sfd ug{
elGbg" x's'd eof].
Pdfn]df ljleGg u'6 pku'6 ;fy} g]tfx?sf] dxjfsf\Iffn] ubf{ c;xh

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

kll:ylt a9\b} uPsf] 5 eGg] ljleGg ;|f]t lgsfoaf6 va cfPsf] 5. Pdfn]

g]tf jfdb]j uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL kf6L{sf] a}ofaf6 lbSs eP kf6L{ TofUg
;Sg] cj:yflt pGd'v x'g'x'G5. ;fy} uf}tdnfO{ lgs} cfly{s ;\s6 k]sf] 5.
pxfnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{ plrt x'G5 eGg] k|:tfj cfPsf] 5. Pdfn]sf csf{
g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] kf6L{d} x] csf]{ kIfnfO{ sdhf] kfg]{ sfd ulxg'ePsf]
5. >L % sf] ;sfsf] g]t[Tj Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ lbP klg
dfcf]jfbL pxfnfO{ :jLsf ug{ tof b]lvb}gg\. g]kfnn] cfk\mgf lgs6sf JolQmnfO{
;sfaf6 d eft e|d0f ;s] kms]{kl5 e]6\5' eGg] va k7fOaS;]sf] lyof], t
xfn;Dd bz{ge]6 kfPsf] 5}g eGg] u'gf;f] ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|];sf g]tf ztl;+x e08fL dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. clxn]sf]
fhgLlts kll:yltsf af]df pxfsf] ljZn]if0f lyof], hfL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngdf
dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] leqL ?kdf ;lqmo ;+nUgtf 5. clxn]sf] cfGbf]ng ljBfyL{
:tdf dfq ;Lldt 5, hgtfnfO{ pS;fpg ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvb}g. ;sfn]
cfGbf]ngdf uf]nL rnfcf];\, dflg;nfO{ 3fOt] agfcf];\ cfGbf]ng rsf{pg kfOof];\
eGg] pgLx?sf] ;f]rfO x]sf] 5.
8]gdfs{sL dxffgLsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf cj;df cfof]lht :jfut ;dff]xdf
cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sLn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
eGg'eP5, tkfO{+ zflGt k|of;nfO{ lsg ;xof]u ulxg'ePsf] 5}g < clxn] b]z
tkfO{+sf] kf6L{sf] k|fyldstf s] xf], a'em\g'kof]. d]f] ljrfdf :yfoL zflGt g}
clxn]sf] k|d'v k|fyldstf xf]. t tkfO{+ zflGtsf] gfddf klg fhgLlt ulxg'ePsf]
5. 3df cfuf] nfu]sf] 5, tkfO{+ afN6L lsGg lxl8xg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] s'fdf
lulhfafa'n] s'g} klg k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg'ePg kms]{ lx8\g'eof] eGg] s'f pQm
;dff]xdf ;xefuL Ps JolQmn] dnfO{ ;'gfP.
lxhf] flt o'jfhflwfh ;sf fhwfgLsf s]xL gfO6 Sna ;jfL
xf]OaS;]5. Toxf ;sfaf6 cfk\mgf] dof{bf cg's"n gx'g] Jojxf k|bz{g ulaS:of].
To;af] gsffTds ;dfrf cfPsf] 5. To:tf lqmofsnfkn] clxn]sf] kll:yltdf
fh;+:yfk|lt hgtfdf ;sffTds efjgf hufpb}g. a Hofb} g} gsffTds k|efj
kf5{. o;df uDeL x'g'kb{5. :d0fLo s'f s] 5 eg], oxL s'f d}n] ;sfdf
fHoff]x0f ulaS;]sf] tLg lbgkl5 jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf hfx]
u]sf] lyP. ;sfaf6 o:tf s'fnfO{ ;sffTds ?kdf lnP klg cfk\mgf 5f]f
o'jfhflwfh kf;nfO{ s]xL eGg ug{ ;lsaS;]sf] b]lvb}g.
ef]ln u[xdGqL k|xL dxflgLIfs ZofdeQm yfkf a'6jndf k|xLsf] sfafxLdf
dflPsf ljBfyL{sf cfdfafj'nfO{ ;dj]bgf lbg :of\hf hfg] pgLx?nfO{ ;sfL
;xof]u pknAw ufpg] sfo{qmd 5. pxfx? b'j}nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] d[To' ePkl5 a9]sf]
c;Gt'li6 SofDk; :td} ;Lldt fVg cfGbf]ng f]Sg lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5.

429

430

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sfe|s
] f] w"lnv]ndf cfof]lht ;]ldgfdf efu lng cfPsf a]nf a]nfotsf] ln8\;
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks 8f= ;"ok{ |;fb ;'jb] Ln] sflGtk' b}lgsdf g]kfnsf] fhgLlts
kll:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ cGtjf{tf{ lbg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] JoQm u]sf ljifoj:t'
fh;+:yfk|lt w]} ;sffTds 5g\. d}n] pxfsf cleJolQm hfx] ub}{ ;sfaf6
pxfnfO{ g]kfn cfPsf a]nf bz{ge]6 aS;bf fd|f] x'g] eg] laGtL u].
d]f] hfx]Lkl5 cfh ;sfaf6 s]xL lgb]{zg k|fKt eof]. df};'kmaf6 x's'd
eof], hfL zflGtjftf{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'u] fd|f] x'G5. zflGtjftf{nfO{ ljf]w
c;xof]u ug]{ fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ g\Uofpg' b]zsf nflu g} kmfObf
x'G5. o;sf nflu ;~rf dfWodx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 ls < hgo'4af6
;Qf sAhf ug]{ eGg] dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfsf] ;f]rfO lbjf:jKg dfq xf]. dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx?n] cGo kf6L{sf e|i6 g]tf;u ;f7uf7 ug'{ s'g} klg xfntdf pko'Qm x'b}g.
g]kfnL fhgLlts kf6L{df ljb]zL rnv]n slt dfGo x'g] < GofofwLz nD;fn
cfof]usf] lkf]6{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{. xfnsf] dlGqklifb\df hgfwf
ePsf cGo fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ k|of; ug'{k5{. k'gM:yfkgf
k'glg{df{0fsf] sfof{no kfr ljsf; If]qdf :yfkgf ug{ kxn ;' ug'{k5{. ;sfaf6
x's'd aS;] adf]lhd d}n] ljleGg lgsfo;u ;dGjo ulx]sf] 5'.

@)^) j}zfv ^ ut] zlgaf

cfh ;sfaf6 d]f] df]afOndf kmf]g ulaS;L s]xL lgb]{zg aS;]sf] 5.
xfn hfL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngaf6 ;sf cToGt} lrlGtt xf]OaS;G5. o; klk|]Iodf
cfjZos k] SofDk; ljBfyL{sf xf]:6n ;d]t aGb ug]{, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf
s]Gb|Lo cGo SofDk;df ljBfyL{ afx]s c? JolQm km]nf k] kqmfp uL sfg'gL
sfafxL ug]{ ;sfsf] ;'emfj lyof]. df};'kmaf6 cfpbf] @! ut]sf] ljBfyL{sf]
sfo{qmdnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ clxn]b]lv g} ;~rf dfWodsf] k|of]u ug]{af] ;f]rljrf
ug"{ egL x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 d;fn h'n'; k|bz{g ug{ glbg ;d]t
lgb]{zg aS:of]. oL s'fx? lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt, lh:6f
lzIffWoIfnfO{ k|:6 x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t ;sfsf] lgb]{zg lyof].

@)^) j}zfv & ut] cfOtaf

cfh a;]sf] ;]n sld6Lsf] a}7sdf lgDg ljifodf 5nkmn eof] M
u[xdGqLn] u[x k|zf;gdf x]sf k"j{dGqLx? v'daxfb' v8\sf, b]j]Gb|fh s8]n
u[x;lrjn] cfk;L ldn]dtf]df g]kfndf hGd]sf ltAatL gfulsnfO{ gfulstf
ljt0f u] 7"nf] wgflz sdfPsf] eGg'ePsf] x]5. o; ljifodf 5fglag eP
;TotYo kQf nfUg] b]lvG5.
s]xL lbgcl3sf] dlGqklifb\ a}7sdf dGqL ab|Lk|;fb d08nn] eftsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

d]zgfy kf08]n] cd]lsfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ ug'e{ Psf] 5, ca rLgsf nflu s;n] sfd
ug]{ < eg] dGqLx?aLr Vofn7f ePsf] ;'lgof]. o;af6 dGqLx? g} ;d:ofk|lt
uDeL ;+jb] gzLn 5}gg\ eGg] b]lvG5. dlGqklifb\ a}7sdf o:tf ljifodf Vofn7f
x'g' zf]egLo xf]Og. o; ljifodf k|wfgdGqLsf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g hL 5.
jt{dfg ;sfk|lt ;a}sf] ljZjf; 36\b} uPsf] cfef; kfOg yfn]sf] 5.
;fpy Ans cn] g]kfnsf ;a} h;f] fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf
hfg ;'emfj lbPsf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;d]t eftn] g} tflnd
lbP g]kfn k7fPsf] a'lemG5. To;}n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;j{bnLo ;sf
u7g x'g cfjZos b]lvG5.
pBf]uklt kLo"ifaxfb' cdfTon] cfkm"nfO{ clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
b'Mv lbPsf] eGb} g]jf ;d'bfosf s]xL pBf]uklt tyf JofkfL;u bafsf lj4
nfUg cfu|x ulx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
hfL jftf{ k|lqmof ljkmn ePdf Tof] dfcf]jfbLsf sf0faf6 ePsf] b]lvg'k5{.
gq >L % sf] ;sfn] klg cff]k lng'k5{. cfjZos k] k|wfgdGqLn] fhLgfdf
;d]t lbg'k5{. o; cj:yfdf bafn] ckgfpg'kg]{ e"ldsfsf af]df ljZn]if0f u]
0fgLlt agfpg ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ cjut ufpg cfjZos 5. ;fy}
hgfcfwf ePsf] s'g} kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;sf agfpg] jf cGo ljsNk f]Hg] ljrf
x'g h?L 5.
cd]lsfn] eft c;xdt x'g] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;xof]u g]kfnnfO{ u5{
eg] xfdLn] ljZjf; ug'{ x'b}g. lsgeg] ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6 eft cd]lsfsf nflu
dxjk"0f{ b]z xf].
cfh ;]n sld6Ldf 5nkmn ePsf oL ;a} s'f ;sfdf hfx] ug]{ egL
xfdLaLr lg0f{o eof].
;sfaf6 cfh laxfg * ah] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS:of].
bz{ge]6df d klg ;xefuL lyP. pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 jftf{df eOx]sf] l9nfO
ultf]wsf af]df uDeL rf;f] Pj+ lrGtf JoQm ulaS;b} o;af] dGqL k'g;u
hfgsfL lnOaS:of]. dGqL k'gn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?aLr klxn] x]sf]
c;dembfL xfn cfP x6]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. t, ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy
kf08]sf] e"ldsf eg] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf lglDt clxn] klg c;xh ePsf] To;sf
sf0f cljZjf;sf] jftfj0f aGg] u]sf] ;d]t pxfn] hfx] ug'{eof].
dGqL k'gsf s'f ;'g] ;sfaf6 o:t} cj:yf x]df ;j{bnLo ;sf u7g
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfp5, To:tf] ;sf;u dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{ u5{ ls ub}{g < eg]
;f]lwaS:of].
dGqL k'gsf] hjfkm lyof], ;j{bnLo ;sfsf] u7gn] kll:ylt emg\ lau|g
;S5. cGo fhgLlts bnsf] ;sf ag]df emg} cljZjf;sf] jftfj0f aGg]5.

431

432

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dfcf]jfbLn] To:tf] ;sf;u jftf{ ug]{5}g. pxfn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLn] afDaf

fhfnfO{ e]6fpg'kof] eGg] u]sf] klg hfx] ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbLn]
ha;Dd ;+j}wflgs fhtGq ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ v'nf ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ub}{gg\,
ta;Dd pgLx?;u e]6 x'g ;Sb}g x's'd eof]. o;} qmddf dGqL k'gn] rf8}
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:o fdaxfb' yfkf afbn ;u cgf}krfls jftf{ u]
cf}krfls jftf{sf] Ph]G8f to ug]{ ;Nnfx ePsf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn]
fhgLlts kf6L{n] u]sf] cfGbf]ngn] ult lng g;Sg] wf0ff hfx] ug'{eof].

@)^) j}zfv ( ut] d\unaf

cfh laxfg Pdfn]sf g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnL dnfO{ e]6\g d]f] 3df cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxfn] xfnsf] fhgLlts kll:ylt dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ k|lqmof ;DaGwdf
nfdf] ljZn]if0f ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]df h:tf];'s}
;xof]u ug{ d tof 5'. klxn]sf] bz{ge]6df fhf fi6sf nflu sfd ug]{
sf\u|]; Pdfn] afx]ssf] t];|f] fhgLlts kf6L{ u7g ug'{k5{ egL hfx] u]sf]
lyP. To;af] xfn;Dd s'g} sbd rflnPsf] b]lvPg, g t s'g} klg k|ltlqmof
cfof]. clxn];Dd klg kll:ylt lgoGq0faflx uO;s]sf] 5}g. jt{dfg ;sfnfO{
g} k'gu{7g u] klg cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5. k'gu{7gdf ;"o{axfb' yfkf, fh]Zj
b]jsf]6f, z}nhf cfrfo{, tffgfy fgfef6, dLrdfg l;+x, sLlt{lglw lji6 h:tf
JolQmsf] ;fy lng'k5{. clxn] fhfsf ;fd' b'O{ ljsNk 5g\. klxnf], oxL ;sfnfO{
k'gu{7g uL fhgLlts e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] hgfwf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z
u] cfqmfds 9\un] cufl8 a9\g]. bf];|f], ;a} fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;dfj]z
uL ;j{kIfLo ;sf agfP 5fl8lbg]. jt{dfg ;sfn] kll:yltnfO{ Psb'O{
dlxgfeGbf Hofbf y]Ug g;Sg] k|:6 5.
o;} qmddf g]tf d}gfnLn] eGg'eof], kll:yltnfO{ clxn]s} cj:yfd} 5fl8lbg]
xf] eg] fh;+:yf sdhf] dfcf]jfbL alnof] x'b} hfG5. To;}n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
jftf{ff d"nwfdf Nofpg lgs} h?L 5. fhgLlts bnn] ;~rfng u]sf]
cfGbf]ngn] ult lng ;Sb}g. cfGbf]ngsf gfddf ljBfyL{n] tf]8kmf]8 ubf{ hgtfsf]
;dy{g ;xdlt fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ hfg ;Sb}g.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]g u] ;f]daf -lxhf] flt_ dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox? fdaxfb' yfkf s[i0faxfb' dxfnfO{ cfk\mgf] 3df l8gdf af]nfPsf]
pgLx?;u jftf{ k|lqmof, xfn;Dd ePsf ultljlw k|fKt pknlAwsf ljifodf
cgf}krfls 5nkmn u]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. To; a]nf dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] JoQm
u]sf ljrf dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ o;L ;'gfpg'eof], xfd|f] b]zsf] e"fhgLlts
cj:yfn] ubf{ xfnsf] fhgLlts k|0ffnL g]kfnsf] nflu Tolt pko'Qm 5}g. fhfn]
klg b]z hgtfs} lxt ;f]Rg] xf]. xfd|f] kf6L{n] klg hgtfs} kIfdf o'4 ;' u]sf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

xf]. To;}n] xfdLn] fhfnfO{ e]6\g kfpg'kof]. kf6L{sf] ljrfdf g]kfndf cjZo
klg fhfsf] :yfg 5. b]z hgtfsf af]df fhfsf] rfxgf s] x]5 s:tf]
wf0ff x]5 eGg]af] xfdL cfkm} e]6] s'f ug{ rfxG5f}. xfd|f] ljrfdf dlxnf,
blnt, hghflt ;a}sf] ;xeflutf x'g] l;\ufk' df]8n g]kfnsf nflu 7Ls x'G5
h:tf] nfU5. xfnsf] kll:yltdf dfcf]jfbL fhfaLr ;xdlt ;xsfo{ ePdf
d'n'ssf nflu pko'Qm lgsf; lg:sG5 eGg] nfUb5. fhgLlts bnsf g]tf Hofb}
e|i6 ePsf sf0f pgLx? hgtfdf hfg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g.
l8gdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] eg]sf x]5g\, >L % sf] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr
eOx]sf] zflGtjftf{ cufl8 a9\g'k5{. t d'Vo d'2fx?df o;L g} JolQmut tjaf6
5nkmn ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5. jftf{ :yugn] ;sfdf NofPsf] xnrnk|lt xfdL v';L
5f}. lsgeg] o;n] ;sfnfO{ Hofb} uDeL agfPsf] 5 eGg] xfd|f] ljZn]if0f 5.
xfdL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Psbd} rf8f] xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}. o; ;DaGwdf k|]; jQmJo
dfkm{t s'f :ki6 ug]{ ljrfdf 5f}.
d;u fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] JoQm u]sf wf0ff dGqL k'gn] dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{
e]6] u]sf s'fsf af]df d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 fwfs[i0f d}gfnLnfO{
d rf8} e]6\5', va ullbg", dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:onfO{ e]6\g] ;DaGwdf jftf{
;sffTds ?kdf cufl8 a9\of] k|wfgdGqLn] e]6\g pko'Qm 5 eg]df e]6\g] ljrf
uf}nf x's'd eof].

@)^) j}zfv !) ut] a'waf

zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf cg';f dxfb]j 8f8fdf cjl:yt b";~rfsf] llk6
:6];gdf dfcf]jfbLn] fv]sf] dfOg x6fpg] qmddf ;x;]gfgL ?k]Gb|fh kf08] 3fOt]
ePsf 5g\. lxhf] wgu9Ldf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf * b]lv !) xhfsf]
;xeflutf lyof]. dfcf]jfbLn] eg] !%!^ xhf bz{snfO{ ;]gf k|xLn] cfpg
lbPg eGg] cff]k nufPsf] 5.
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;xfos yL 6Lsf wdnfnfO{ ljb]zdf g];gn l8km]G; sn]h
sf];{ ug{ k7fpg] ;DaGwdf klxn] hfx] u]sf] lyP. of] s'f cfh klg hfx] u].
;sfaf6 s'g b]zdf x'G5, ldnfP k7fOlbg" x's'd eof]. d}n] a]nfot, cd]lsf
jf eftdWo]af6 yk l;6 dfu] k7fpg k|of; ug]{ hfx] u].
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf k|zf;g ljBfyL{ ;\u7gaLr ePsf] jftf{ lagflgisif{
6'\luPsf] 5. ljBfyL{ g]tfx? k'fg} dfu k"f x'g'kg]{ c8fgaf6 6;d; ePgg\.
cfh laxfg sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] sf7df8f}df x]sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, lhNnf ;efklt ljBfyL{ g]tfx?nfO{ e]6]sf] s'f va 5. pQm
cj;df sf]Ofnfn] jt{dfg ;sf fhfk|lt lgs} cfqmf]z JoQm ug'{eP5.
;fy} pxfn] d}n] rf k':tfsf fhf;u ;\ut u], g]kfndf k|hftGq fhgLlts

433

434

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cl:ytfsf] s]Gb| g} fh;+:yf xf] eGg'eP5.

;sfaf6 lxhf] bz{ge]6 kfPkl5 k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf cfh} lbNnL
hfg'ePsf] 5. o;} k|;\unfO{ lnP Ps ;ftfleq gof dlGqklifb\ u7g x'G5
eGg] Jofks xNnf rn]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL ;|f]t cg';f jftf{6f]nL ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{ ef]ln sf7df8f}
kmls{Pkl5 @! ut]cufl8 g} jftf{ ;' ug]{ pgLx?sf] tofL 5. dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfL
jftf{6f]nLdf dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g afx]s c? s'g} klg ;b:o ljZj;gLo lhDd]jf
gx]sf] atfPsf] 5.
cfh laxfg Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdn] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{
e]6\g'eof]. e]6df s] s'f eof] eGg]af] a'e\mg ;lsPg.
ljBfyL{ ;\u7gx?n] cfh pkTosf aGb cfof]hgf u]sf lyP. To;
qmddf rfalxnl:yt kz'klt SofDk;af6 s]xL ljBfyL{ g]tf kqmfp k]sf 5g\.
k|bz{gsfLn] kf6gdf vf]lnPsf k;nnfO{ hah{:tL aGb ufpg nufP. s]xL
:yfgdf ;jfL ;fwg k|xL Eofg ;d]t tf]8kmf]8 u]sf] va 5. a]n'sL &
ah]kl5 eg] pkTosfaflx hfg] leq cfpg] nfdf] b"Lsf a; rn]sf 5g\.
dfcf]jfbL g]tf jLGb| >]i7n] uf]Ko ?kdf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5. e]6df >]i7n] of] ;sf dfcf]jfbL g]t[TjnfO{
;sffTds nfu]sf] wf0ff JoQm u]sf] a'lemof]. >]i7n] ;DejtM cfh} Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ klg e]6\g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5.
g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf dxfyL lgd{n rGb eLhn]
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ e]6L g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;\Vof a9fpgsf ;fy}
cfw'lgsLs0f ug{ ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] sfafxLdf ;z:q
g]kfn k|xLsf] dfq e ug{ gx'g] pxfsf] ;Nnfx 5. ;fy} pxfn] a'6jndf eftLo
k]G;g SofDk :yfkgf ug{] cfk\mgf] ;sfsf] of]hgfdf ;xof]u ug{ ;d]t k|wfg
;]gfkltnfO{ cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. k]G;g SofDk :yfkgf eP eftn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
;xof]u ug{ cem ;lhnf] x'g] :yfgLo txdf cfly{s ultljlw a9\g] ts{ klg
pxfn] fVg'eP5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if dfkm{t ;fem]bfLdf
a}\s vf]Ng k|of; eOx]sf] hfgsfL lbb} pQm a}\s vf]lnPdf To; dfkm{t eftLo
;]gfdf sfo{t k]G;gx?n] cfk\mg} lhNnfdf k]G;g k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] atfpg'eP5.
eftLo ;]gfWoIfn] cfh} k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb;u cf}krfls e]6
ug'{ePsf] 5. ;f] cj;df pxfn] g]kfndf kfls:tfgL u'Ktr lgsfo -cfO{P;cfO{_
sf] eftljf]wL ultljlw lgs} a9]sf] egL lrGtf JoQm ub}{ ;f] ultljlw f]Sg cg'f]w
ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn] g]kfnsf] ;Ldf If]qdf eftn] eftLo cw{;}lgs an -P;P;aL_
t}gfy ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. ;fy} a'6jndf eftLo k]G;g SofDk v8f ug]{
;]gfnfO{ eftLo fOkmn OG;f; lbg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t s'f ug'{eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)^) j}zfv !! ut] laxLaf

ljt\ klifb\ e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;\u7g h:tf ;\3;+:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljZj
lxGb" klifb\df cfa4 ug]{ xf] ls eg] ljrfljdz{ eOx]sf] va 5. o;f] ulPdf
ljZj lxGb" klifb\ alnof]] x'g]5 lxGb" fi6sf ?kdf c6n xg g]kfnnfO{ dbt
k'Ug]5 eGg] ;'emfj cfPsf] 5.
u[x;lrj jt{dfg u[xdGqLeGbf k"j{u[xdGqL v'daxfb' v8\sf;u Hofb} lgs6
ePsf] va 5. o;af6 k|xL tyf u[x k|zf;gdf jli7 clwsfLsf] ;jfdf ;d]t
k|efj klx]sf] eGg] a'lemG5. o;df ljrf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gsf cg';f ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr :ylut jftf{ k|lqmof
cl3 a9fpg ;"rgf tyf ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy kf08] pxfsf] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox? fdaxfb' yfkf s[i0faxfb' dxf;u cgf}krfls e]6 ePsf] 5. To;
cj;df klxnf] jftf{ oxL j}zfv !$ ut] a]n'sf $ ah] nflhDkf6l:yt z\s
xf]6ndf ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] dGqL k'gn] hfgsfL lbg'eof].

@)^) j}zfv !@ ut] z'qmaf

a]nfotL ;}lgs ;xrfL s0f]{n ;bNofG8 cfh sfof{nodf dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'eof]. hlt ;do nfu] klg dfcf]jfbL;usf] zflGtjftf{nfO{ clGtd lgisif{df
k'ofpg}k5{ o;}af6 g]kfnsf] eljio fd|f] x'g]5 eGg] pxfsf] wf0ff lyof]. d}n]
klg pxfnfO{ xfdL o;}sf lglDt cTolws k|of;t 5f}, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ xToflx+;f
Tofu] k|lt:kwf{Tds fhgLltdf cjt0f ufpg] xfd|f] k|of; 5 eg].
o;} qmddf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] eGg'eof], a]nfotsf o'jfh rfN;{ -lk|G; ckm
j]N;_ n] dfr{ of clk|n @))$ df g]kfnsf] cf}krfls e|d0f ug{ rflxaS;]sf]
5. ljZjljBfnodf cWoogt h]7f 5f]f lk|G; ljlnoD;nfO{ ;d]t g]kfn Nofpg]
o'jfhsf] ljrf 5. ljlnoD;sf] u|fh'o6 k|f]ufd rf8} ;lsb} 5. To;kl5 pxf
j]N; uf8{df egf{ x'g] tofL eOx]sf] 5. g]kfn uf]vf{nL g]kfnLsf af]df pxfnfO{
lj:t[tdf hfgsfL ufpg] o; e|d0fsf] p2]Zo xf]. lk|G; ckm j]N; f]on uf]vf{
fOkmn -cfhLcf_ sf s0f]{nOglrkm x'g'x'G5. la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hnfO{ f]on uf]vf{
fOkmndf kl0ft u]sf] !) jif{ k'u]sf] cj;df csf]{ jif{ ljz]if ;dff]x cfof]hgf
ug]{ sfo{qmd 5. pxfsf] cfu|x lyof], o; ljifodf clxn] dxffhflwfhnfO{ dfq
hfx] xf];\. lsgeg] o;af] s"6gLlts dfWodaf6 cf}krfls ?kdf va cfPsf]
5}g. Sofn]G8 ldnfpb} ug{sf nflu dfq d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ cgf}krfls ?kdf va
u]sf] x'.
g]kfn e|d0fdf x]sf eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfsf] ;Ddfgdf k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u
yfkfn] lxhf] a]ns
' f zlzejgdf flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug'e{ of]. ef]hdf ;]gfWoIfn]
eGg'eof], eftLo ;]gfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u u5{. o'4x?df

435

436

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

OG;h]G;L o'4 n8\g ;fx} ufxf] x'G5. t klg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfkm";u ePsf]
;Lldt hgzlQm ;|ft] ;fwgsf afjh'b ;fxgLo sfd u]sf] 5. ;fy} ljb|fx] LnfO{
jftf{df Nofpg dxjk"0f{ k|z;
+ gLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ulx]sf] 5. pxf cfh} ckfx\
gsf] ljz]if p8fgaf6 gof lbNnL kms{ge' Psf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
lxhf] lbp;f] 5f]L ;'hftfsf] lgjf;, dl08vf6fdf e]6\g'eof]. e]6df k|wfgdGqLn]
sf]OfnfnfO{ cfGbf]ng :ylut uL ;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{nfO{ ;3fpg cfu|x
ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] xfnsf] dlGqklifb\df ;dfj]z ulPsf sltko JolQm
fhgLlts k[i7e"ldsf gePsf x'gfn] cfkm"nfO{ sfd ug{ c;lhnf] ePsf] pNn]v
ub}{ sf\u|];sf] ;xof]u cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof]. t sf]Ofnfn] s'g}
:ki6 k|ltlqmof lbg'ePg. sf]Ofnf cfh u'NdL c3f{vfrLsf] e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf]
5. ef]ln a}t8L 88]nw'fsf] ;bd'sfddf cfof]lht cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
pxfsf] sfo{qmd 5.
o:t}, k|wfgdGqLn] lxhf] laxfg Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}td;u k|wfgdGqL
sfof{nodf e]6 ug'{eP5. pxf ;dIf g]tf uf}tdn] pkk|wfgdGqL u[xdGqL
;lxt s]xL dGqfno Pdfn]nfO{ lbg fhfnfO{ ;xdt ufpg';\, d Pdfn]nfO{
;xdt ufp5', d d]} g]t[Tjdf Pdfn]sf] l6d lnP ;sfdf ;xefuL x'G5' eg]
k|:tfj ug'{eP5. cfh laxfg k|wfgdGqLn] sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf v'daxfb'
v8\sfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf e]6\g'eof].
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aNv'df cfh a;]sf] Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s ef]ln
laxfg * ah] k'gM a:g] uL :ylut ePsf] 5. s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf
af]df lj:t[t hfgsfL x'g h?L 5.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:ox? 8f= afa'fd efO{ s[i0faxfb' dxf cfh
lbp;f] ;f9] # ah] cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;df hfbf u]6df pxfx?sf] k"} vfgtnf;L
ulof]. b"tfjf;leq cft\ssfL ;DaGwL kf]:6 kDKn]6 6fl;Psf] sf]7fdf
pxfx?nfO{ b"tfjf;sf ltLo ;lrjn] e]6]sf lyP. fhb"tfjf;sf fhgLlts
;xrfL ;'Iff clwsfLn] cd]lsfsf] cft\sjfbljf]wL gLlt x]sf] :ki6 kfb}{
cft\sjfbsf s8f b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg] af]df r'gf}tLk"0f{ efiffdf cfk\mgf] s'f fv].
pgLx?n] ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7, pxfsL] >LdtL g'8'k >]i7
;'Iff clws[tsf] xTofdf ;+nUg JolQmx? ;sfnfO{ a'emfpg dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u
cfu|x u]. To; a]nf dfcf]jfbLn] >LdtL >]i7sf] xTofdf cfk\mgf tkm{af6 uDeL
q'l6 ePsf] atfPsf lyP. cd]lsL clwsfLn] g]kfndf k|hftGq alnof] x'g'kg]{
g]kfnL ;]gf ;+;b\sf] cwLgdf xg'kg]{ cfk\mgf] ;sfsf] wf0ff :ki6 kf]sf
lyP. cd]lsf g]kfnsf] G zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ kIfdf x]sf] To;sf nflu
;3fpg tof x]sf] ;d]t To; cj;df pgLx?n] pNn]v u]. pQm cj;df

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

g]kfndf eftn] lgjf{x ulx]sf] e"ldsfk|lt cd]lsL ;sfdf cfz\sf x]sf]

P;8L d'lg h:tf eftLo JolQmnfO{ grfPsf] ;d]t ;Gb]z lbOof]. k|r08nfO{
kqm] g]kfnnfO{ a'emfpg cd]lsfn] eftnfO{ cfu|x ubf{ eftn] cfk"mnfO{ k|r08sf
af]df s'g} hfgsfL gePsf] atfPsf] ;d]t ;f] cj;df pNn]v ulof]. ;du|df
cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;n] dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?nfO{ xtf]T;flxt agfP k7fPsf] a'lemPsf]
5. o;cl3 dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] a]nfotL eftLo b"tfjf;sf jli7 kbflwsfL;u
e]6]sf lyP.
dfcf]jfbL g]tf b]j u'n] h'Dnfdf cfof]lht cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ xfnsf]
zflGtjftf{af6 lgsf; glgl:sP b]zn] uDeL Iflt Aoxf]g'{kg]{ r]tfjgL lbPsf] va
5. ;efdf sla *!) xhfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

@)^) j}zfv !% ut] ;f]daf

ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tfn] cfk;df 5nkmn ubf{ ;]gfsf] e"ldsfsf]
cfnf]rgf ug]{ u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ;]gf lgjf{lrt ;sfsf] cwLgdf x'g'k5{ eGg]
;a}h;f] kf6L{sf] wf0ff x]sf] 5.
Pdfn] g]tf etdf]xg clwsfLn] Ps gft]bf dfkm{t dnfO{ s]xL ;'emfj ;lxt
k|:tfj k7fpg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] egfO x]5, clxn]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg
fhfn] k"} zlQm lnP cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] slt ;dosf nflu lng] xf], ;do
lgwf{0f ug{'k5{. xf]Og eg] ;a} kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ af]nfP gof ;j{bnLo ;sf
u7g ug]{ kxn ug'{k5{. gof ;sfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{nfO{ lgGttf
lbO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg uL r'gfj ug]{ DofG8]6 lbOg'k5{. To:tf] ;sf agfP
zlQm x:tfGt0f ubf{ fhfnfO{ s'gs'g clwsf rflxG5, d tL ljifodf 5nkmn
ug{ ;S5'. ;j{bnLo ;sfsf] g]t[Tj Pdfn]nfO{ lbg'k5{. Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tj
;a}nfO{ :jLsf geP ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6 jf z}nhf cfrfo{ jf ;"o{axfb'
yfkfsf] g]t[Tj klg x'g ;S5. dxffhflwfhnfO{ Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn
dfGo gx'g] xf] eg] d df};'km;u ljz]if jftf{ uL gof ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;d]t
tof 5'.
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf la|l6; ;]gfaLr ;DaGw a9fpg tTsfnLg a]nfotL ;}lgs
;xrfL s0f]{n dfs{ 8fp8nnfO{ ;sfaf6 tSdf aS;]sf] lyof]. t a]nfot
;sfn] axfnjfnf ;}lgs clws[tn] ljb]zL tSdf lng gldNg] egL c;dy{tf JoQm
u]sf] lyof]. o;}aLr, cd]lsL ;xfos ;}lgs ;xrfL d]h lk6 kmfpnnfO{
tSdf aS;g k|wfg ;]gfkltn] l;kmfl; ug'{ePsf] 5. kmfpnn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf
nflu cfjZos ;}lgs ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ ug{ ljz]if of]ubfg k'ofpg'ePsf] 5. o;af]
hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 ;dod} lje"if0f ;ldltdf l;kmfl; k7fpg x's'd eof].
ljBdfg tn c;xh fhgLlts cj:yfdf ;]gfsf tkm{af6 s'g} s8f

437

438

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;Gb]z aflx cfpg pko'Qm x'G5 eg] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;Gb]zdf
hgk|ltlglwn] zf;g ;~rfng ug{ r'gfjaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ cfpg'k5{, r'gfj ug{
zflGt sfod x'g cfjZos 5, t clxn] r'gfj ug{ ;Sg] jftfj0f 5}g, To;}n]
of] g} clxn]sf] fli6o ;d:of xf], xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} cf}lrTo
5}g. b]zsf] lau|bf] l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbP ;]gfn] kll:ylt ;'xfpbf] sbd rfNg
afWo x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 egL pNn]v ug{ d}n] ;sfdf k|:tfj u].
;sfaf6 o; ljifodf k|wfg ;]gfklt;u 5nkmn u] to u x's'd eof].
o;af] d}n] hfgsfL ufpbf pxfn] pko'Qm ;dodf oL ljifodf s'f fVbf fd|}
x'G5 eGg'eof].
lrlgof fhb"tn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] hf]d;f]d d'lQmgfy hfg zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] x]lnsK6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] of g;lsg] < egL lh1f;f fVg'eof]. pxfsf]
cg'f]wdf klxn] klg ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] k|:tfljt :ofk|'ma];L;'jfu9L af6f]sf]
lgLIf0f ug{ x]lnsK6 pknAw ufPsf] lyof]. To;} cg';f o; k6s klg Joj:yf
ldnfpg fd|} xf]nf egL d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 ldnfP k7fOlbg"
x's'd eof].
dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf lktf u\uffd bfxfn xfn a]nfotdf cWoogt
5f]fnfO{ e]6\g uPsf] va 5. nG8gdf pxfn] eg] cg';f ut d\l; @^
ut] bfsf] sf]Onfaf; cf;kf;df ePsf] uf8L b'3{6gfdf k|r08 ;fdfGo 3fOt]
x'g'ePsf] 5.
sf7df8f} cfPsf g]kfn dfldnf ;DaGwL lj1 eftLo k|fWofks P;8L d'lgn]
gof lbNnL kms{g'cl3 sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf tyf e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfnfO{ lxhf] e]6]sf] va 5. e]6df pxfn] g]kfnsf k|hftflGqs zlQmnfO{
;3fpg eftsf] :ki6 gLlt gePsf] u'gf;f] u]sf] s'f aflx cfPsf] 5.

@)^) j}zfv !^ ut] d\unaf

s]xL lbgcufl8 dnfO{ ;sfaf6 OlGhlgox? s]zjk|;fb vltj8f
dgf]hs'df cfrfo{nfO{ ;]gfdf s'g} lx;fan] fVg ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g, a'em
x's'd aS;]sf] lyof]. To;af] a'em\bf ;l6{lkms]6 cg';f pgLx? b'j}sf] pd] a9L
eO;s]sf] a'lemof]. cfh sflGtk' b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;"o{ g]kfn sf] cfjZostf
;DaGwL lj1fkg x]]kl5 Toxf fVbf 7Ls x'G5 ls eg] d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
k|efs -k|efszdz] haf_ ;u s'f ug{ x's'd eof].
eftLo fhb"tn] cfh laxfg sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
pxfs} lgjf;df e]6\g'eof]. To;kl5 sf]Ofnfn] e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{
e]6\g'eof]. pxfx?aLr s] 5nkmn eof] eGg]af] olsg va cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g.
lbp;f] ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL ab|Lk|;fb d08nn] e]6\g'ePsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)^) j}zfv !& ut] a'waf

dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf] lgs} ;docl3b]lv xf]. o;}
;Gbe{df dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?sf] egfO s] x]5, d s'f ug{ hfpm <
eg] lxhf] a]n'sf ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 x'G5, s'f u g t x's'd
eof]. To; cg';f cfh laxfg & ah] d dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] l;gfd\unl:yt
s0ff{nL Posf] sfof{no k'u]. Toxf dGqL k'g x'g'x'GYof]. s]xL ;dod} dfcf]jfbL
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:oo fdaxfb' yfkf afbn s[i0faxfb' dxf cfpg'eof].
klrokl5 d}n] pxfx?nfO{ eg], tkfO{+x?n] dxffhflwfhnfO{ e]6\g vf]h]sf] va
afDaf cfOx]sf] x'bf d e]6\g cfPsf] x'. tkfO{+x?sf lh1f;f s]s] 5g\ < d tL
;a} s'f ;sfdf hfx] u5'{. pko'Qm ;dodf bz{ge]6 ldnfpg sf]l;; u5'{.
s'f ;' ub}{} afbnn] dfcf]jfbLn] hgo'4 k|fDe u]otfsf 36gfqmd
;'gfpg'eof]. ;fy} cfhsf] kll:ylt d"Nof\sg uL lgsf; s;L lgsfNg
;lsG5 eGg]af] cfk\mgf s'f fVg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbL of] jftf{df
lgs} uDeL eP lgsf; lgsfNg k|:t't ePsf] 5. t ljleGg JolQm cfP xfdL
fhfsf tkm{af6 s'f ug{ cfPsf] eG5g\. o;n] xfdLnfO{ sGk\mo'hg eOx]sf]
5. xfd|f] b[li6df ;sfL jftf{6f]nL jftf{sf nflu tof b]lvb}g. jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox? cfkm}df sGk\mo'H8 h:tf] nfU5. jftf{6f]nLdf kf08]hLsf] e"ldsf s] xf],
a'e\mg ;lsPg. pxfn] ;'df dGqL k'gsf] dWo:ytfk|lt z\sf ug'{ePsf] cfef;
d}n] kfPsf] lyP. ca pxf dGqL k'gdfly ljZj:t x'g'ePsf] 5. xfd|f] a'emfOdf
;a} fhgLlts bnsf g]tf Hofb} e|i6 eP. ca pgLx? hgtfdf hfg ;Sb}gg\.
To;}n] pgLx?sf] s'g} 8 5}g. fhf, ;a} fhgLlts bn tyf xfdL dfcf]jfbLn]
klg hgtfsf nflu sfd u]sf] eG5f}. t cfh;Dd hgtfsf] hLjg:t pS;g
;s]sf] 5}g. dfcf]jfbLsf] ljrfdf k|hftGq fi6jfbsf] ldngljGb' b]zelQm g}
xf]. xfdL ;Qfdf cfP clxn]sf e|i6 g]tfnfO{ sfafxL u5f}{+. fhfn] klg b]zs}
lxt rfx]sf] xf] eg] cleefjssf] e"ldsfdf x] hgtfnfO{ ;Qf ;~rfng ug{
lbg'k5{. xfdL hgtfsf nflu n8] cfPsf zlQm xf}. hgtfsf nflu h:tf];'s}
alnbfg ug{ klg tof 5f}. of] jftf{ ;kmn xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] tLj| rfxgf 5.
o;sf nflu xfdLn] xb};Ddsf] nrstf ckgfpg]5f}. t o;nfO{ sdhf]Lsf ?kdf
ga'lemof];\. pxfn] sla Ps 306f wffk|jfx ?kdf log} s'f fVg'eof]. dxfn]
eg] vf;} s]xL af]Ng'ePg. dGqL k'gn] klg s]xL k|ltlqmof lbg'ePg.
To;kl5 d}n] eg], tkfO{+x?n] dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.
s'g} klg g]kfnLn] ;sfnfO{ e]6\g vf]Hg' :jfefljs xf]. t clxn]sf] kll:yltdf
fhfn] tkfO{+x?nfO{ t'Gt e]6\bf fhgLlts ?kdf s;}nfO{ kmfObf 5}g. dfcf]jfbLn]
>L % sf] ;sf, fhf jf fi6sf s'g} klg zlQmnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsx]sf] 5}g.
To:t} c? zlQmn] klg dfcf]jfbLdfly ljZjf; ug]{ jftfj0f algx]sf] 5}g. hfL

439

440

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

jftf{ ;sffTds kl0ffdtkm{ pGd'v eP jftf{6f]nLnfO{ ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 aS;bf

s'g} ;d:of kb}{g h:tf] nfU5. dxffhflwfhnfO{ klg fhf eP a:g b]z
hgtf rflxG5. To;}n] klg df};'kmaf6 b]z hgtfsf] enfO g} ;f]lraS;]sf] x'G5.
tkfO{+x?n] p7fPsf w]} d'2f hgtfsf nflu fd|f 5g\. t hftLotfsf] cfwfdf
fHosf] ;+rgf abNbf b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfdfly g} ;\s6 cfpg ;S5. jftf{
cufl8 a9]g eg] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g sl7g 5. cGo fhgLlts bnsf] ;dy{g
x\of] eg] jftf{ ;d]t ;sffTds ?kdf cufl8 a9\of] eg] dfcf]jfbL ;lxtsf]
;j{bnLo ;sf u7g ug{ klg ;lsG5. dfcf]jfbLn] klg lhDd]jf eP hgtfsf]
zflGtsf] rfxgfk|lt ;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy ljrf k'ofpg'k5{. o;sf ;fy} d}n]
pxfx?nfO{ k|Zg u], hgo'4sf gfddf b]zdf w]} g} Qmkft hgwgsf] Iflt
eO;s]sf] 5. olb tkfO{+x? cem} klg o'4 u] ;Qf k|fKt u5f}{+ eGg]lt nfUg'eof]
eg] b]zsf nflu c;x\o kL8f b'ef{Uo x'g]5. To;L dfcf]jfbL ;Qfdf k'Ug'sf] s]
cy{ < xfd|f] e"fhgLlts wftnsf sf0f To; cj:yfdf 7"nf] ljb]zL x:tIf]k klg
x'g] ;Defjgf 5. cf7 jif{cl3 tkfO{+x?n] xltof p7fpbf tTsfnLg ;sf cyjf
fhtGq jf cGo s;sf lj4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] lyof] < jftf{sf] 7Ls Ps
lbgcl3 eftLo k|fWofks P;8L d'lg :jlgjf{l;t fdfhfk|;fb l;+x sf7df8f}
cfpg'ePsf] 5. of] ;+of]u xf] ls s] xf] < tkfO{+x?n] pxfx?nfO{ e]6]sf] sf0f
s] xf] < o;df fHon] z\sf ug]{ :yfg xG5 ls xb}g < tkfO{+x?n] p7fPsf
d'Vo d'2fx? uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, ;j{bnLo ;sf ;+ljwfg;efsf] nIo k"f ePkl5
fhfsf] :yfg sxf xg] <
d]f] lh1f;fsf] hjfkmdf yfkfn] eGg'eof], clxn]sf fhgLlts kf6L{sf] d'Vo
nIo g} wfwnL u] r'gfj lhTg], ;Qfdf hfg] clg a9L e|i6frf ug]{ xf]. d}n]
cl3 klg eg], ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjkl5 klg fhfsf] e"ldsf cleefjssf ?kdf
sfod x'g]5. To;kl5 xfdL csf]{ sfo{qmddf hfg' 5, cfwf 306fsf nflu e]6\g
cfPsf] nfdf] ;do s'f eof], xfdL w]} s'fdf k|:6 eof}, 7"nf] s'f t lrghfg eof],
e]63f6 eof], v';L nfUof], km]l kl5 e]6\g'k5{ eg] pxfx? aflxlg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? lg:s]kl5 dGqL k'g d}n] pxfx?;u ePsf s'fsf] ;\lIfKt
ljZn]if0f uof}. xfd|f] lgisif{ lyof] olb dfcf]jfbL fhgLlts kf6L{sf ?kdf cfpg]
xf] eg] dfcf]jfbL ;lxtsf] ;j{bnLo ;sf agfpg] af]df ;f]Rg ;lsG5. xfdLn]
klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ b]z hgtfsf] enfOsf nflu ;Qf ;fem]bfLsf] cfzf b]vfpg
;Sg'k5{. of] jftf{ hlt ;do nlDaP klg ;kmn kfg'k{ 5{. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ fi6jfbL
zlQmsf ?kdf ljZjf;df lnO{ ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;s] cGo fhgLlts bnsf] cx\sf
klg tf]8\g ;lsG5. o;kl5 dGqL k'g;u 5'6] d baflt nfu].
cfh} a]n'sf d}n] ;sfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?;u ePsf] s'fsfgL ;lj:tf
hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 cfjZostf cg';f pgLx?;u ;Dks{df x] ljrfljdz{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

hfL fVg", hlt;Sbf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ O\u]h ufpg" fh;+:yfsf] cklxfo{tfsf

af]df af]w ufpg" x's'd eof]. ;fy} d}n] cGo ljifo klg ;sfdf hfx] u].
cfhsf] sflGtk' b}lgsdf k|sflzt jli7 clwjQmf d's'Gb ]UdLsf] ;+;b\
cwLgdf ;]gf eGg] n]vsf] ;a}n] k|z+;f u]sf] kfOof].
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u cfh laxfg ^ ah] dfcf]jfbL g]tf
8f= afa'fd efO{n], ( ah] fk|kf g]tf bLks af]xfn] !) ah] e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL
;"o{axfb' yfkfn] e]6]sf] va 5. xfnsf] cj:yfdf r'gfjsf] ldlt tf]s]
dxffhflwfh cfkm}n] ;sf ;~rfng u] Pdfn]nfO{ dfGo x'g] dxf;lrj g]kfnsf]
lgisif{ 5. clxn] cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|efjsfL 9\un] cufl8 a9fpg vf]h] k|To'Tkfbs
x'g ;S5 eGg] ;d]t Pdfn]sf] ljZn]if0f 5. ptf, sf\u|];leq klg Pp6f 7"nf]
;d"xn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTo 5}g eGg] wf0ff fv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
o;af6 ;d]t fhgLlts bnsf] cfGbf]ng Tolt k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvb}g. o;}aLr
Pdfn] ;|f]tn] kf6L{sf g]tfx?aLr fhbafsf] ;}lgs ;lrjn] -d}n]_ k'gM Pdfn]
km'6fpg k|of; ulx]sf] eg] rrf{ ePsf] va lbPsf] 5. Pdfn] g]tfx?aLr of]
s'f ePsf] egL k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] klg k'li6 ug'{ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] cfh laxfg ( ah] s0f{Wjh clwsfL
z}n]Gb|s'df pkfWofo;u e]6 ug'{eof]. cfh} ckfx\g k"j{;efd'v bdggfy
9'\ufgfsf] 3df dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{, kb\dTg t'nfw,
s0f{Wjh clwsfL z}n]Gb|s'df pkfWofosf] a}7s a:of]. a}7sdf 8f= efO{
zfGt eP a;]sf] vf;} w]} s'f gaf]n]sf] va cfof]. bdggfy 9'\ufgfn] eg]
;+ljwfg;efsf] pu| ljf]w u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
cfh} ;fem k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;sfdf jftf{sf a]nf ck];g :ylut ePsf]
cj:yfdf tflnd tyf nlhl:6ssf cfjZos ;fdfg tNnf] tx;Dd k'ofpg nfu]sf]
hfx] ug'{eof]. ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbL jftf{df cfP klg pgLx?sf ultljlwdfly s8f
lgufgL fVg, u'KtrL hfL fVg dfcf]jfbLdf ;d]t 3';k}7 ug{ lgb]{zg aS:of].
df};'kmaf6 ;Ldfdf ljz]if lgufgL a9fpg] af]df cem} klg ;]gfnfO{ gfuls ;dfh
tyf ;~rf dfWodsf] ;xof]u k|fKt gePsf] x'bf o;df ljrf k'ofpg'kg]{ h:tf
ljifodf ljrfljdz{ eof]. ;fy} dfcf]jfbL;usf] n8fOdf 3fOt] ePsf ;}lgssf]
cfjZos cf}iflwpkrfdf Wofg lbg ;d]t ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{zg
aS:of].

@)^) j}zfv !( ut] z'qmaf

s]xL ;dob]lv g} Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] d;u e]6\g] rfxgf
fVg'ePsf] lyof]. cfh pxfnfO{ e]6\g gS;fnl:yt 8f= b'dg yfkfsf] sfof{no
lgwf{0f ulPsf] lyof]. d ToxfF k'Ubf dxf;lrj g]kfn;u 8f= l8NnLfh vgfn

441

442

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

x'g'x'GYof]. ;'d} d}n] xf;] dxf;lrjHo", d}n] Pdfn] km'6fpg k|of; ulx]sf] eg]
tkfO{+x?n] rrf{ u]sf] ;'g], o;df tkfO{+nfO{ ljZjf; nfU5 < egL ;f]w]. pxfn]
klg xf;] hjfkm lbg'eof], tkfO{+n] km'6fpg ;Sg] Tolt sdhf] kf6L{ t Pdfn]
xf]Og lg
o;kl5 xfdLaLr fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] rnfOx]sf] cfGbf]ng, ;sfdfcf]jfbL
jftf{ ;sfsf] cj:yfsf af]df 5nkmn eof]. g]kfnn] eGg'eof], xfnsf]
;sfaf6 fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lg:sg ;Sb}g. d'Vo fhgLlts bnnfO{
g} ;Qf ;DxfNg lbg'k5{. Pdfn] ;a} fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;d]6] cufl8 a9\g
;S5. dfcf]jfbL;u eOx]sf] jftf{nfO{ klg lgisif{df k'ofpg ;S5. o;af6
fh;+:yfnfO{ klg bL3{sfnLg ?kdf kmfObf x'G5. ;fy} pxfsf] egfO lyof], xfdL
fhf;u cfjZos ;xsfo{ ug{ tof 5f}. o;df tkfO{+n] ;dGjosfL e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{kof]. d To:tf] ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Ifd 5', dnfO{ dbt ug'{kof].
pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tjdf sf\u|]; ;sfdf cfpg ;S5 <
eGg] k|Zg fv] eg], fh;+:yfk|lt Pdfn]sf] b[li6sf]0f s] xf] < tkfO{+ Pdfn]sf]
wf0ff :ki6 ?kdf ;fj{hlgs x'g'kof]. k|To'Qdf 8f= vgfnn] xfdL ;+j}wflgs
fhtGqk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4 5f} eGg'eof]. d}n] To;f] eP Pdfn]sf] kf6L{ lg0f{o
cGtkf6L{ lgb]{zgdf lsg fh;+:yfk|lt s8f gsffTds b[li6sf]0f 5 t < egL
k|Zg u]. 8f= vgfnn] d kf6L{sf b:tfj]h g} k7fOlbG5', :jo+ k9] g} lh1f;f
d]6fpg ;Sg'x'G5 eGg'eof].
To;kl5 d}n] dxf;lrj g]kfnnfO{ tkfO{+ ;sfsf] g]t[Tj ug{ vf]Hg'x'G5, t
s]xL lbgcufl8 cfd;efdf lsg fh;+:yfk|lt s8f cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL ug'{eof],
o;nfO{ s;L x]g]{ < eg] k|Zg fv]. pxfn] eGg'eof], cfd;efdf af]Ng] s'f
cfk;L 5nkmn u] ;xdltdf k'Ug] ljifo kms x'G5g\. kf6L{ g]tfsf] x}l;otn]
slxn]sfxL sfo{stf{ tyf hgtfsf] rfxgf cg';f klg af]Ng'kg]{ x'G5. To;}nfO{
Pdfn]sf] fh;+:yfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f xf] eg] x]g{ ldNb}g. To;L a'lemlbg' ePg.
5nkmndf 8f= b'dg yfkf klg a:g'ePsf] lyof].
d]f] sfof{no hfg] ;do eO;s]sf] x'bf d dxf;lrj g]kfn;u labf eP
lg:s]. d lg:sg] a]nfdf ;d]t pxfn] tkfO{+af6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff fv]sf] 5'
eGg'eof]. d}n] klg d]f] ;w} z'esfdgf ;xof]u xg]5 eg].

@)^) j}zfv @! ut] cfOtaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] lxhf] >Lxif{ sf]Ofnfsf] 3df sf\u|];
;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cGo s]xL g]tf;u e]63f6 u]. Toxfaf6 dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx? ;f]em} Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] sf]6]Zjl:yt lgjf;df k'u]sf]
va 5. tL a}7sdf s]s] ljifodf 5nkmn eof], lj:t[t ljj0f cfPsf] 5}g.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

fhgLlts bnn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf a[xt\ cfd;ef ug]]{ tofL ulx]sf a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf]
;d]t ;xeflutfsf nflu Tof] e]6 ePsf] x'g ;Sg] a'lemPsf] 5. To;}n] of] e]6nfO{
cy{k"0f{ ?kdf lng'k5{. bnx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ;dy{g gxg] hgtfsf] ;d]t
To:tf cfd;efdf pT;fxhgs ;xeflutf gx'g] ljZn]if0f 5.
o;} k|;\udf d}n] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ kmf]gdf k|Zg u], dfcf]jfbL
jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:on] cfGbf]ngt bnsf g]tfnfO{ s'g k|of]hgsf nflu e]l6x]sf
5g\ < pgLx? jftf{df xg] xf] ls cfGbf]ngsfL;u ldNg] xf] < o; ljifodf
dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf] Ph]G8f :ki6 kfg'{k5{. dGqL k'gn] eGg'eof], d}n] of] ljifo
pgLx?;u afDaf p7fpg] u]sf] 5'. pgLx?n] jftf{df xfdL uDeL 5f}, xfd|f
tLg Ph]G8f -uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, ;j{bnLo ;sf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj_ df cGo
bnn] ;xdlt ghgfP;Dd xfd|f] pgLx?;u s'g} ;xsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g, a xfn rrf{df
cfPsf] ;j{bnLo ;sfsf] s'fn] xfdL ;z\lst 5f} eGg] u]sf 5g\.
bnx?n] hgcfGbf]ng 3f]if0ff ug{ cfh fhwfgLdf a[xt\ cfd;ef cfof]hgf
u]sf lyP. cfd;efdf ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d'Vo kfr kf6L{sf] ;xeflutf
lyof]. kf6L{x?n] cfzf u] cg';f cfd;efdf hg;xeflutf b]lvPg. vf;
sfo{stf{ ;dy{s uL !@!% xhfsf] pkl:ylt b]lvof]. of] cfd;ef o;cl3
dfcf]jfbLn] u]sf] eGbf lgs} ;fgf] lyof]. g]tfx?n] efif0fsf qmddf fh;+:yfsf
lj4 Hofb} cdof{lbt zAb ;d]t k|of]u u]. of] lgs} uDeL cfklQhgs ljifo
xf]. o; afx]s pgLx?n] k'fg} fhgLlts s'f bf]xf]ofP. ;fy} Ps ;ftfsf]
cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u].
k|ToIfbzL{x?sf cg';f a[xt\ cfd;ef k|lt bz{sdf dfem vf;} pT;fx
b]lvPg. s;}s;}n] of] cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTo gx]sf] wf0ff ;d]t k|s6 u]sf lyP.
cfd;efdf ;xefuL s]xL Pdfn] sfo{stf{n] cfk\mgf] bnsf sfo{stf{sf] pkl:ylt sd
ePsf]df b'Mvdgfp ;d]t u]. sltko bz{sn] sf\u|];sf] pkl:ylt a9L 5 eg]sf
lyP. g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf] pkl:ylt nHhf:kb x]sf] ;d]t l6Kk0fL cfPsf]
5. cfd;efsf] ;du| ljZn]if0f ubf{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutf lgfzfhgs ePsfn]
cfGbf]ngt bnx?n] dfcf]jfbL;u ;Demf}tf ug]{ jf cfk\mgf] sdhf]L n'sfpg
Pu|]l;e x'g ;Sg] b'O{dWo] Ps ljsNk ckgfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5.
xfnsf] fhgLlts kll:yltdf >L % sf] ;sfn] s]xL gof 0fgLlt cjnDag
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5. o; cGtu{t fhgLlts bnx?sf] }w rlqsf lj4 ;~rf
dfWoddf a[xt\ eG8fkmf] cleofg ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5. a'l4hLjL, fhgLlt1
n]vsnfO{ fhgLlts g]tfsf unt lqmofsnfksf lj4 ljleGg n]vrgf n]Vg
nufpbf pko'Qm x'G5. ljutdf pgLx?n] u]sf] e|i6frf, ;Qfsf nflu ;f+;b
vlblaqmL h:tf lj;\ultnfO{ phfu kfb}{ n}hfg'k5{. jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf]
cf}lrTo gePsf] s'f ;d]t k|]; dfkm{t hgtfdf k'ofpg' ;fGble{s x'G5.

443

444

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;fy;fy}, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ d"nwfsf] fhgLltdf Nofpg cfGtls ;xdltsf]

af6f] vf]Hg k|of; hfL fVg'k5{. ;zQm fhgLlts af}l4s JolQmx? ;dfj]z
uL dlGqklifb\ k'gu{7g ug]{, !@ b]lv !* dlxgfsf] ;do fvL k|ltlglw;efsf]
r'gfjsf] ldlt to ug]{, zflGtjftf{ hfL fv] jf tTsfn cGTo uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;d]t r'gfjdf ;xefuL ufpg sf]l;; ug]{ clxn]sf] 0fgLlt x'g'k5{. ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] ;d]t ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ cfd;xdltdf Nofpg
kxn ug'{k5{.
eftLo ;sfaf6 fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ;xof]u:j?k k|fKt 6]lnkmf]g
dlg6l l;:6d df h8fg ubf{ g} ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5. ;d:of lgfs0fsf
nflu eftaf6} 6]lSgl;og af]nfOPsf] 5. pQm l;:6dsf] d"No sla Ps sf]8
eftLo k}of x]sf] egfO 5. o;n] sfd uof] eg] OG6]lnh]G; sf nflu lgs}
dbt k'Ug] b]lvG5.

@)^) j}zfv @$ ut] a'waf

d]f] sfof{no -k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno_ df l;r'P;g ;]G6 :yfkgf uL sfd
;' eO;s]sf] 5. ljleGg fhgLlts bnaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf tyf ljZn]if0f, u'Ktr
lgsfosf ;"rgf tyf of]hgf, ;d;fdlos fhgLlts ultljlw, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
ljz]if1 ljZn]ifs;usf] 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj cflbsf cfwfdf fh;+:yfsf
nflu tTsfnLg bL3{sfnLg 0fgLlt agfpg dbt k'uf]; eGg] clek|fon] of]
;]G6 :yfkgf ulPsf] xf]. o;sf nflu l6d ;d]t tof eO;s]sf] 5 s]xL
dlxgfb]lv To;n] sfd ulx]sf] 5. jt{dfg l6dsf] Psb'O{ jif{sf] sfd x]L
To;sf] d"Nof\sgsf cfwfdf ;]G6nfO{ cufl8 a9fpbf fd|f] x'g] eg] d}n]
;sfdf hfx] u].;sfaf6 o;nfO{ clxn]s} l8hfOg cg';f k"0f{ ?kdf
;~rfng ug"{ eGg] x's'd eof].
;]G6 cGtu{t ljleGg :yfgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwfdf tof kflg] x]s
lbgsf] ;\lIfKt ljj]rgf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnoaf6 ;sfdf hfx] ug]{ k|lqmof
cfh}b]lv ;' eof]. ;]G6sf] s]xL dlxgfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0fkl5 xfn b]zdf
x]sf k|d'v a|f]8l;6 b}lgsaf6 b]z hgtfsf] lxtdf eGbf klg ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf
lglDt fh;+:yfsf] ljf]wdf ;dfrf k|sflzt eOx]sf] lgisif{ lg:s]sf] 5. o;L
b]z hgtfsf] lxt ljkLt ;dfrf k|jfx x'g' Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf]. o:tf
b}lgs z'4 Jofkfls lx;fan] ;~rflnt 5g\. To;}n] oL;u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg]
k"0f{ Jofj;flos lsl;dsf gof a|f]8l;6 b}lgs klqsf ;~rfng ug{ nufgLstf{
vf]Hg'kg]{ ;d]t lgisif{ ;]G6n] lgsfn]sf] 5.
fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{n] ;a} kIf ;d]6] ;zQm kf6L{sf ?kdf ult lng g;Sg]
b]lvPsf] 5. To;}n] sf\u|]; Pdfn]df xg g;Sg] fi6jfbL JolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

uL ;zQm t];|f] zlQmsf ?kdf gof kf6L{ :yfkgf ug{sf nflu hgfwf ePsf g]tf
vf]Hg'kg]{ ;]G6n] ljZn]if0f u]sf] 5. t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ljifo hfx] x'bf
;sfaf6 u[xsfo{ ub}{ hfg" x's'd eof].
xfn} dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o fdaxfb' yfkfn] fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] uL lbPsf] k|]; jQmJo ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5. o;af]
hfgsfL lng dGqL gffo0f l;+x k'gnfO{ eg]sf] 5'.
blIf0f sf]lofdf g]kfnL sfdbfsf] dfu cTolws ePsfn] dfcf]jfbL lx+;faf6
kLl8t s]xL JolQmnfO{ ;sfL sf]6faf6 Toxf k7fpg ;s] fd|f] x'G5. g]kfnL
sfdbf blIf0f sf]lof k7fpg d'g8K; gfds Dofgkfj sDkgLn] Psnf}6L sfd
ulx]sf] clgolGqt sd p7fOx]sf] 5. fhkljfsf ;b:o;u lgs6 ;DaGw
x]sf sf0f pQm sDkgLnfO{ s;}n] lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsx]sf] eGg] hgu'gf;f]
;'lgPsf] 5. o;df Wofg k'Ug'kg]{ b]lvG5.
ljutb]lv g} ;]gfsf ljleGg o'lg6df ;~rflnt clws[t d];df k|z:t
;}lgsx?sf] k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] 5. Tof] sfddf e"tk"j{ ;}lgsx?nfO{ cj;
lbP 7"n} ;}lgs hgzlQm ;]gfsf cGo sfddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. o;} ;Gbe{df
fhbafdf x]sf ljleGg ;}lgs o'lg6df 5'f5'} ;~rflnt clws[t d];x?nfO{
Ps :yfgdf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k ;]G6n d]; lgdf{0f eOx]sf] lyof]. pQm
d]; tof eof]. bafleq sfo{t aflxsf clws[taf6 ;d]t of] sfo{sf] lgs}
k|z+;f eof]. bafleq x]sf u0fsf] jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf ;sfnfO{ gh
ufpg] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd tyf flqef]h ;d]t o;} :yfgdf ug]{ of]hgf 5.
cfufdL z'qmaf x'g] sfnLaxfb' u0fsf] jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmddf oxL d];df l;6
8fpg l8g cfof]hgf ulg] ePsf] 5. ;]G6 d]; lgdf{0fsf nflu ;sfaf6
;d]t s]xL sd lgsf;f aS;]sf] lyof]. of] k|0ffnL fd|f] ePsf] x'bf ;]gfsf cGo
:yfgdf klg nfu" ubf{ fd|f] x'G5, ;sfaf6 x's'd ePsf] 5.
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf
;b:ox?;u cgf}krfls 5nkmn uL ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f tof ub}{ hfg] s'f
eOx]sf] 5. cfufdL z'qmaf !! ah] xf]6n z\sdf cf}krfls jftF{sf]] sfo{qmd
to ePsf] 5. fdaxfb' yfkf afbn;u pxfn] xfn} lbPsf] jQmJosf af]df s'f
ubf{ cfk\mgf] cfzo To:tf] gx]sf] k|];n] a\UofP 5fk]sf] atfpg'eof]. cS;
g]tfx? cfkm"n] af]n]sf s'fdf ;d:of jf ljjfb cfOk] o;} eg] pDsg] u]sf
5g\. afbnn] klg To;} ug'{eof].
b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf gfh's eOx]sf a]nf fhbafdf cgfjZos ?kdf
sf]8f} sd uOx]sf] eg] g]tfx?n] lgfw xNnf rnfOx]sf 5g\. o:tf xNnf
lsg rnfOG5g\ < o;af] lgs} ;+j]bgzLn eP ;f]rljrf k'ofpg'k5{.
Pdfn] g]tf s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7n] Ps ;efdf fh;+:yfsf af]df Hofb} cdof{lbt

445

446

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

efiff k|of]u u]sf] va cfPsf] 5. Pdfn] g]tfx?af6 o; lsl;dsf] }w rlq

k6sk6s k|bz{g eOx]sf] 5. >]i7nfO{ sf7df8f}sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL dfkm{t
:ki6Ls0f ;f]Wg] xf] ls eg] ljrf eOx]sf] 5.
fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{sf g]tf 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL cfh laxfg dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'eof]. d;u k'fgf] lrghfg ePsf sf0f xf]nf, xfnsf] fhgLlts klj]zaf]
pxfn] v'n] lgs} nfdf] ljZn]if0f ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], jt{dfg k|wfgdGqLaf6
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g. ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpbf klg fd|f]
x'G5. t b]zn] gof k|wfgdGqL vf]h]sf] 5. k'fgfaf6 clxn]sf] ;donfO{ ;Daf]wg
x'g ;Sb}g. d t s]xL fhgLlts ljifodf k|lta4tf ufP Pdfn] dxf;lrj
dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpbf klg fd|} x'g] b]Vb5'. t sDo'lg:6x?sf]
s'g} e x'b}g. To;}n] cfjZostf kof] eg] cg'ejsf cfwfdf klg d clxn]sf]
sl7g cj:yfdf lhDd]jfL lng tof 5'. of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof].
pxfsf s'f ;'g] d}n] eg], 8fS6;fasf] ljZn]if0f Hofb} j:t'ks nfUof]. tkfO{+n]
eGg'ePsf ;a} s'f d ;sfdf hfx] u5'{. s]xL lgb]{zg k|fKt eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{
va u5'{. cyjf, 8fS6;fasf] ;sf;u fd|f] lrghfg ePsfn] cfkm}n] cfk\mgf]
s'f fVbf cem fd|f] xf]nf. bz{ge]6sf] ;do ldnfpg d k|of; unf.
ljz]if ;|f]tsf cg';f sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] cfh
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ e]6L cfkm"nfO{ clVtofn] sfafxL ug{ nfu]sf]
eGb} lrGtf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn] fhgLlts lgotjz sfo{ eP cfkm"nfO{ dfq
geP dxffhflwfhnfO{ klg gfd|f] kg]{ x'bf k|wfgdGqLn] ljrf k'ofOlbg'kof]
eg] cg'f]w ug'{eof]. ;fy} v8\sfn] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u s'g} klg xfntdf
ldn] ghfg ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt ljBfyL{n] cfh ljleGg :yfgdf 9'\ufd'9f tf]8kmf]8 ug'{sf ;fy}
fhfsf] k'tnf ;d]t hnfPsf 5g\. of] Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn s'f xf].

@)^) j}zfv @% ut] laxLaf

k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofon] d}n] baf xTofsf08sf a]nf
Toqf] lhDd]jfL lgjf{x u], clxn] bafaf6 d]f] d"Nof\sg ePg, d bafaf6
6f9f eP eg] cfk\mgf lgs6sf JolQm;u u'gf;f] ug'{ePsf] a'lemof]. bafsf xfdL
s]xL ;lrjn] pxfnfO{ k|mfG;sf] fhb"t agfpg kxn u]sf lyof}. t lsg xf],
pxf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg'ePg. o;df dnfO{ b'Mv nflux]sf] 5.
;]gfsf $ gDa jflxgLklt;u ;'v]{tdf x]sf] fhbafsf] hUufsf af]df
a'e\mbf nf6Lsf]OnL uflj; em'k|f e]L eGg] :yfgdf fhbafsf] gfddf #$ la3f
hUuf btf{ x]sf] yfxf eof]. pxfn] To;sf] nfnk'hf{ bafd} k7fO;lsPsf]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To:t} ;'g;Lsf] txf, wgs'6f lr;fkfgLdf ;d]t bafsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

gfddf w]} hUuf 5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf bafsf nflu oL hUuf rflxg] xf] of
xf]Og < rflxg] xf] eg] s]sf lglDt s;L k|of]u ug]{ < grflxg] xf] eg] ;]gfnfO{
Aof]s lgdf{0fsf nflu aS;bf fd|} ;Gb]z hfG5. d}n] oL s'f hfx] ubf{
;sfaf6 k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL;u s'f u] klxn] ;a} hUufsf] nfnk'hf{
tof ug{ nufpg", To;kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o uf}nf x's'd eof].
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o 8f= afa'fd efO{ dft[sfk|;fb ofbjn] cfh
lbp;f] ;f9] # ah] eftLo fhb"tfjf; uP 8]k'6L lrkm ckm ld;g czf]s s'df
kf]lnl6sn ;]qm]6L j]\s6 fj;u s'fsfgL u]sf] va 5. jftf{df s'dfn]
d'Vo ?kdf eftdf x]sf cft\ssfL ;\u7g;u dfcf]jfbLsf] s:tf] ;DaGw 5,
g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 cft\ssfL lqmofsnfk hfL 55}g, kfls:tfgL
u'Ktr ;+:yf -cfO{P;cfO{_ ;u dfcf]jfbLsf] s:tf] ;DaGw x]sf] 5 eGg] lh1f;f
fv]sf lyP.
k|To'Qdf 8f= efO{n] eGg'ePsf] lyof], eftsf s'g} klg ljb|f]xL ;\u7g;u
xfd|f] ;xof]u tyf sfo{ut Pstf 5}g. s'g} ;\u7g;u ;}4flGts ;dy{g dfq x'g
;S5. xfdLn] s'g} klg cft\ssfL lqmofsnfk u]sf 5}gf}. eftdf fhgLlts
ultljlw dfq u]sf 5f}, s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lx+;fTds ultljlw u]sf 5}gf}. t
eft ;sfn] xfd|f sfo{stf{nfO{ kqmfp u] g]kfnnfO{ ;'k'b{uL u]sf] 5. o;df
xfdLnfO{ b'Mv 5. eftsf] ;'Iff cjwf0ffk|lt xfdL k"0f{ ;r]t 5f}. xfd|f] s'g}
klg ljb]zL;u ;f7uf7 5}g. xfd|f] ljz'4 cfGtls fhgLlts cfGbf]ng dfq xf].
xfdLnfO{ bafpg cd]lsf nfluk]sf] 5. ;fd|fHojfbLsf] lgot} o:t} x'G5. t of]
s'g} klg xfntdf xfdLnfO{ :jLsfo{ 5}g.
eftLo fhb"tfjf;af6 kmls{P pxfx? ToxL glhs} x]sf] kb\dTg t'nfwsf]
lgjf;df k|j]z u]sf] a'lemof]. dfcf]jfbL g]tf t'nfwaLr s] s'f eof], oyfy{
?kdf a'e\mg ;lsPg.
xfn} cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sL;usf] e]6df sf\u|]; ;efklt
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] eftLo fhb"tsf] lqmofsnfkk|lt f]if k|s6 u]sf] va
5. pQm s'f cd]lsL fhb"tn] eftLo fhb"tnfO{ ;'gfPkl5 eftLo fhb"t
sf]Ofnfk|lt emg\ i6 ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. cd]lsL fhb"tn] cGo s"6gLlt1;u
s'f ubf{ ;j{bnLo ;sfk|lt c;xdlt hgfpg] u]sf] t la|l6; fhb"t eg]
;j{bnLo ;sfsf] kIfdf b]lvg] u]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; g]tf 8f= fdz0f dxtn] fhgLlts bnn] cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTo k'li6
ug{ ;s]gg\, d ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 dflUbg t bafaf6 af]nfP ;xif{ bz{ge]6sf
nflu hfG5' eg] cfk"mlgs6sf g]tf;u eGg] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
d'n'sdf clxn]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] g} zflGt;'Iff cdgr}g
sfod ug{ g;Sg' xf]. o; cj:yfdf ;sf kljt{g ubf{ dfcf]jfbL;u hfL

447

448

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zflGtjftf{ s] x'G5 eGg]af] klxn] g} ljrf k'ofpg' cfjZos 5.

jLuGh pkdxfgukflnsf k"j{d]o ljdnk|;fb >Ljf:tjn] cfh d;u
e]6\g'eof]. ;f] cj;df pxfn] eGg'eof], dnfO{ aS;]sf] bz{ge]6df ;sfaf6
jLuGh gukfl eftLo ;xdf x]sf a'l4hLjL fhgLlt1;u fd|f] ;Dks{
ulfVg", g]kfnsf] fi6lxt ;DaGwL fd|ffd|f n]vrgf eftsf k|];x?df 5kfpg
nufpg" ;fy} ;Ldfkfl fd|f] hg;Dks{ sfod fVg" egL x's'd ePsf] lyof].
;f]xL l;nl;nfdf eftLo ;x a]ltofsf eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf ;f+;b 8f= dbg
h};jfn;u fd|f] ;Dks{ :yflkt ePsf] 5. pxfn] sf7df8f} cfP kz'kltgfysf]
bz{g ug]{ OR5f fVg'ePsf] 5. To; a]nf pxfsf nflu ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf]
sfo{qmd fVbf fd|f] x'g]5. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{an] dnfO{ fd|f n]vrgf
pknAw ufOlbP lxGbLdf cg'jfb ug{ nufP d ;Ldfkflsf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt
ug{ nufpg] lyP. xfn d :jtGq ?kdf a;]sf] 5'. ;sfaf6 klg o;} uL
a:g lgb]{zg aS;]sf] lyof]. t dnfO{ d]f sfo{stf{n] s'g} bndf cfa4 x'g bafj
lbOx]sf 5g\. d s] u? < hfx] ullbg'kof].
pBf]uklt df]xguf]kfn v]tfgn] lgGt df}lvs lnlvt ?kdf g]kfnsf
fhgLlts g]tf eftsf] cfnf]rgf ulxg'ePsf] 5. pxfnfO{ s;n] pS;fPsf]
5 jf k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5 eGg]af] w]} dflg;sf] lh1f;f x]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLsf] dfu adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] jftfj0f agfpg] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf
x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? d'dffd vgfn, jLGb| >]i7 jfdb]j If]qLnfO{ lxfO ug{
>L % sf] ;sfn] lg0f{o ub}{ 5. ptf, dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gf Aof]sdf xg] Aof]ssf]
kfr lsnf]ld6eGbf aflx s'g} klg ;}lgs ultljlw ug{ gkfpg] k|:tfj fv]sf
5g\. of] s'f dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], ;]gfn]
hgtfsf nflu dfgjLo ultljlw hxf klg ug{ kfpg'k5{, o;df s'g} f]s6f]ssf]
s'f cfpb}g eg] xfdLn] eg]sf 5f}. ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt
x'g] lg0f{o s] xf] eGg]af] ;a} bnn] lh1f;f fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5.
cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;sf] ;}lgs ;xrfL sfof{nodf ;}lgs ljz]if1sf ?kdf
sfo{t g]kfnL gfuls k|]dlszf] l;+x #% jif{sf] sfo{sfnkl5 cjsfz kfpb}
x''g'x'G5. cd]lsfsf ljleGg ;}lgs tflnd s]Gb|df zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf clws[tnfO{
tflnd ufpg] l;nl;nfdf pxfn] ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] of]ubfgsf]
sb:j?k tSdf lgufx ePdf fd|f] x'g] b]Vb5' eg] d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
;sfaf6 s'g tSdf lbbf pko'Qm x'G5, tSdf ;ldlt;u ;dGjo u] lbg"
x's'd eof].
s]xL ;dob]lv d'Vo fhgLlts bnsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{n] fh;+:yfsf
lj4 cdof{lbt pu| gff nufpg] u]sf 5g\. Tof] kf6L{nfO{ g} k|To'Tkfbs ePsf]
b]lvPsfn] To;f] gug{ kf6L{x? :jo+n] lgb]{zg hfL u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)^) j}zfv @( ut] ;f]daf

cfGbf]ngt kf6L{n] cfh d;fn h'n';sf] sfo{qmd fv]sf lyP. >L % sf]
;sfn] klg cfGbf]ngsf qmddf hgtfnfO{ cft\lst kfg]{, cfuhgL ug]{ ;fy}
fh;+:yfsf lj4 cdof{lbt gff nufpg] h:tf sfo{ lgif]w ub}{ ;"rgf hfL u]sf]
lyof]. ;fy} To:tf] sfo{ gug{ ;j{;fwf0fdf ;d]t cg'f]w u]sf] lyof]. t pQ]lht
eL8n] ;sfL cg'f]wnfO{ cj1f uL k|xLdfly g} 9'\ufd'9f uof]. To; qmddf
k|xLn] sltko :yfgdf ;fdfGo nf7Lrfh{ ubf{ s]xL g]tfnfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf]
5. l:yltnfO{ ;+odtf;fy lgoGq0fdf lng'kg]{ b]lvG5. ;Nofg g]kfnuGhdf
cfGbf]ngt s]xL JolQmnfO{ k|xLn] kqmfp u] s]xL 306fkl5 5f8]sf] va 5.
dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL ets]z l;+xn] dnfO{ kmf]g uL e"tk"j{
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] dnfO{ e]6\g vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof], cfh d}n] e]6], ;sfdf
s]xL s'f hfx] ug'{ 5, h;f{an] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg'kof] eg] cg'f]w
ug'{eof].
To:t}, sf\u|];sL g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n] ;d]t ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]h]sf]
;Gb]z zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xLsf k|d'v t]hk|sfz zfx dfkm{t k7fpg'ePsf] x]5.
o; ;DaGwdf zfxn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
36gf ljrf ;fKtflxsdf ut a'waf t0f ;fKtflxsdf cfh k|sflzt
;dfrfdf zbrGb| zfx ;}lgs ;lrj ljj]s zfx -d_ aLrsf] ;DaGwsf af]df
6Lsfl6Kk0fL u]sf] kfOof]. ;dfrfdf, bfdf]bzdz] hafsf] 3df ePsf a}7sdf
cGo ljleGg JolQmsf cnfjf ;}lgs ;lrj ljj]s zfxsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf x'g]
u]sf] eGg] klg 5flkPsf] 5. oL k\lQm n]Vbf d pQm tYoxLg, lgfwf tyf cfd
gfulsnfO{ e|ldt kfg]{ p2]Zon] k|sflzt ;dfrf kl9x]sf] 5'.
dGqL k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], lxhf] d hf]d;f]d uPsf] lyP. vfa
df};dsf sf0f kf]vfdf a;]. Toxf k|wfg ;]gfklt klg e|d0fdf cfP # gDa
jflxgLdf a:g'ePsf] yfxf kfP e]6\g uP. pxf;u s'fsfgL eof]. xfdLaLr xfn
eOx]sf] jftf{nfO{ 6fsdf fVg'k5{, h:tf];'s} 6\oflS6sn P8\h;d]G6 u] eP
klg 0fgLlts p2]Zo k"f ug}{k5{, fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ;d]t jftf{ 6fsdf 5 eGg]
;Gb]z lbg}k5{, zflGtsf nflu x k|of; ug]{ t s'g} klg vfa cj:yfsf nflu
tof xg] eGg]af] kfdz{ eof].
g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{sf g]tf a'l4 uf];fO{n] cfGbf]ngt kf6L{x?n]
nufpg] u]sf] pR5[\vn cdof{lbt gff 7Ls ePg, o;n] fhgLltnfO{ vfa
lbzflt df]8\g ;S5, xfdLn] xfd|f sfo{stf{nfO{ To;f] gug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf 5f}
eGg] u]sf] a'lemof].
sf7df8f}df x]sf Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?sf] cfh laxfg cgf}krfls a}7s
a;]sf] 5. o:t}, tLg lbgcufl8 fk|kf g]tf jLGb|gfy zdf{, gffo0fdfg lah'S5]

449

450

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnaLr klg 5nkmn ePsf] 5. o;}aLr, cfh

lbp;f] # ah] ;j{bnLo a}7s cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5.

@)^) j}zfv #! ut] a'waf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] s]xL lgfzfhgs :jdf xfnsf]
zflGt k|lqmofdf s;}n] klg ;xof]u u]sf 5}gg\, olb fd|f] x'G5 eg] d jftf{6f]nLaf6
fhLgfdf ug{ tof 5', o;sf nflu ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof], t zflGt k|lqmof
layf]lng' x'b}g, cufl8 a9\g}k5{ eGg'eof].
fhbafsf] nufgLdf ckm;]6 k|]; fVg] ;f]rfO eOx]sf] 5. o;nfO{ k"}
Jofj;flos agfpg] o;} dfkm{t pTs[i6 b}lgs ;dfrfkq k|sflzt ug]{ ;f]rfOnfO{
;d]t d"t{ ?k lbg] eGg] s'f ePsf] 5.
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k"j{k|d'v xlafa' rf}wL cfh dnfO{ e]6\g 3df
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] s]xL lbgcufl8 k"j{u[xdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zLnfO{
e]6\g'ePsf] x]5. pxfsf cg';f hf]zLn] sDo'lg:6;u ldn] cfGbf]ng ug{
gx'g] x]5, a"9f -lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf_ cgfjZos ?kdf nfluxfn], a8f] aafb
eOx]sf] 5 eg] lgfzfhgs s'f ug'{ePsf] x]5. To:t} Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{
cf]nLn] klg jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g, of] t xfd|f] e"ldsfnfO{ sd ug{
dxf;lrjn] v]n]sf] v]n dfq xf] eGb} dxf;lrjsf] tLj| ljf]w ug'{ePsf] x]5. oL
hfgsfL lbb} rf}wLn] pxfn] dnfO{ clxn]sf] kll:yltsf af]df cfk\mgf] ljZn]if0f
;'gfpg'eof]. o;}aLr k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs k|bLkzdz] hafn] xfnsf] kll:ylt
cGo s]xL ljifoDff lgb]{zgsf nflu ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.
Pdfn] dfcf]jfbLaLr ljleGg :yfgdf em8k ePsf] va cfPsf] 5.
sfnLsf]6df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] Pdfn]sf sfo{stf{nfO{ dfwj g]kfnsf] ef}6], jftf{
layf]Ng vf]h]sf] eGb} cfqmd0f u]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] 5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf pxfsL 5f]L ;'hftf sf]Ofnf 8f= uf]kfn zdf{sL
5f]Lsf] ljjfxsf nflu cfh ljf6gu uPsf] va 5. hlxn] klg ljf6gu
uP sf]Ofnfn] s]xL g s]xL gof s'f af]Ng] u]sfn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pxfsf]
ultljlwsf] tLj| ?kdf lgufgL x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:ox? cfk\mgf] ;Dks{ sfof{nodf kqsf ;Dd]ng ub}{
5g\. kqsf ;Dd]ngdf ;]gf kfr lsnf]ld6 If]qdf ;Lldt x'g'k5{ eGg]af] kf6L{sf]
cflwsfls wf0ff fVg nfu]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
xfn hfL cfGbf]ngnfO{ lnP fhgLlts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?aLr of] udL{
df};d, ef]s}Kof;} lsg cfGbf]ng ug'{kof], cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} p2]Zo cf}lrTo ;d]t
5}g, xfdL t afWotfjz kf6L{n] d"Nof\sg unf{ ls eg] dfq ;xefuL x'g] u]sf
xf} eGg] l6Kk0fL x'g] u]sf] va cfOx]sf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

Pdfn]sf Ps pRr g]tfsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f dfcf]jfbL Pdfn]aLr

rn]sf] j}rfls G Pdfn] sfo{stf{ dfcf]jfbLdf knfog eOx]sf] 36gfn]
kf6L{nfO{ lgs} ;d:of k]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ jftf{df flvx] cfGbf]ngn]
ult lng ;St}g.
;]gfsf] ultljlw Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6df ;Lldt x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? cgfjZos ?kdf a9L cfqmfds ePsf] b]lvG5.
o;nfO{ uDeLtfk"j{s lng'kg]{ x'G5.

@)^) h]7 % ut] ;f]daf

dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr
lsnf]ld6df ;Lldt x'g'k5{ eg] klg zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;Gbe{df
pgLx? lgs} uDeL 5g\, csf]{ r0fsf] jftf{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] s'd jf f]Nkfdf ug{
rfx]sf 5g\, pgLx?n] k|];df cfkm"x?n] eg]sf] s'fnfO{ a\UofOPsf] eGb} v08g
u]sf 5g\ egL hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. k'gn] eGg'eof], k|wfgdGqLn] kf]vfdf If]qLo
ljdfg:yn wgu9L ljdfg:ynnfO{ kSsL agfpg hfkfgL fhb"t;u cfu|x ug"{
eg] cg';f d}n] fhb"t;u s'f u]. of] jif{ g]kfn hfkfgaLr s"6gLlts
;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] %) jif{ k"f ePsf] 5. o; pknIodf x]6f}8fsf7df8f}
fhdfu{ lgdf{0f uL To;sf] gfd 1fg]Gb| fhdfu{ fVg ;d]t d}n] fhb"t;u cg'f]w
u]. pxfn] d]f] k|:tfjdf ;sffTds k|ltlqmof lbg'ePsf] 5. To:t} pxfn] cfk"m
dWoklZrdsf s]xL lhNnfsf] e|d0fdf ef]ln g]kfnuGh hfg nfu]sf] h]7 !& ut]
g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{sf tkm{af6 v'nfd~rdf a[xt\ cfd;ef ug]{ of]hgf x]sf] pNn]v
ub}{ oL s'f ;sfdf hfx] ullbg'kof] eGg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL g]tf dft[sfk|;fb ofbj fKtL c~rn hfg] l;nl;nfdf ;Nofgsf]
sk'sf]6l:yt ;]gfsf] r]skf]:6df ;}lgsx?;u lgs} cdof{lbt ?kdf k|:t't ePsf]
va 5. ;}lgsx?n] eg] cfk\mgf] dof{bf st{Jodf cl8u xL ofbjnfO{ hyfefjL
ug{ lbPg5g\. o;} qmddf ;a} dfcf]jfbL g]tf f]Nkf lhNnflt nfu]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Toxf dfcf]jfbLsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a[xt\ a}7s a:b} 5. ;DalGwt ;'Iff lgsfonfO{
o; ljifodf ljz]if rf;f] fVg ;ts{tf ckgfpg lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
hfL jftf{k|lt clwsf+z hgtf pT;fxL b]lvPsf 5}gg\. jftf{df ;j{k|yd
dfcf]jfbL;u ePsf xltof a'emfpg'kg]{ k|:tfj fVg'kg]{ To;af] lg0f{o x'g'kg]{
w]}sf] l6Kk0fL 5.
;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gdf xfnsf] dlGqklifb\df Jofks x]km] ug'{sf
;fy} jftf{df 5nkmn eOx]sf Ph]G8fdf klg ;f]rljrf ug{ ;lsg] x's'd eof].
jLuGh pkdxfgukflnsfsf k"j{d]o ljdnk|;fb >Ljf:tjn] lxhf] flt dnfO{
kmf]g u] eGg'eof], Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u d]f] ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw

451

452

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

5. a]nfa]nf 6]lnkmf]gdf ;d]t s'fsfgL x'G5. pxf;u s]xL ljz]if s'f ug'{k5{ eg]
dnfO{ hfgsfL xf];\. To:t}, sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf k|sfzdfg l;+x;u ;d]t
d]f] fd|f] ;DaGw 5. h;f{an] ;d]t l;+x;u e]6] s'f ubf{ fd|f] xf]nf.
Pdfn]sf Ps hgf zLif{ g]tfn] dnfO{ eGg'eof] O{Zj kf]v]n k|bLk
g]kfnnfO{ clVtofn] sfafxL ug{ ;s] Pdfn] kf6L{nfO{ g} Ps lsl;dsf] ;Gb]z
lbg ;lsG5. pgLx? kf6L{leq e|i6 g]tf sf ?kdf kllrt 5g\. pgLx?nfO{
sfafxL eP s]kL cf]nL fwfs[i0f d}gfnLsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5.
xfn} a9'jf ePsf >L % sf] ;sfsf ;lrjx?sf] ;jf kb:yfkg ubf{
ljutsf] h:tf] guL bIftf Ifdtf cg';f pko'Qm dGqfnodf kbaxfnL ufP
fd|f] ;Gb]z hfg] b]lvG5. dGqLn] vf]h] of f]h]sf] ;lrjeGbf klg cg'ejsf
cfwfdf ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k7fpg' plrt x'G5. xfn ljBdfg lghfdtL sd{rfL
;\3;\u7gx? vf]h x'g' klg cfjZos 5. lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf Nofpg
cNksfnLg bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfP sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] fd|f] x'g]5.
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf tyf k"j{dGqL v'daxfb' v8\sfn] d;u e]6\g
vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. To:t}, g]tf k|sfzdfg l;+x klg dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg] eGg] va 5.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{ lgs6 eljiodf eft hfg]
eftLo k|wfgdGqLsf ;Nnfxsf j|h]z ld>;u e]6 ug]{ sfo{qmd to ePsf] ;"rgf
cfPsf] 5.
g]kfnsf nflu k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhg cfk\mgL wd{kTgL ;lxt lxhf]
flt sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] sfo{qmdsf af]df :ki6 hfgsfL k|fKt
eO;s]sf] 5}g. pxfsf] ultljlwnfO{ pRr lgufgLdf flvg]5.
dfcf]jfbLn] ljleGg lhNnfdf cfd;ef cfof]hgf u]sf] 5. tLdWo] ;Nofgdf
dft[sfk|;fb ofbj, s'ddf b]j u' bfdf 8f= afa'fd efO{ tyf fdaxfb'
yfkfn] efu lng] sfo{qmd 5. To;kl5 pxfx? f]Nkfdf x'g] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf]
a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g] va cfPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; g]tfx?nfO{ clVtofn] sfafxL ug{ nfu]sfn] To;sf] ljf]wdf g]kfn
ljBfyL{ ;\3sf kbflwsfLn] clVtof sfof{nocufl8 cfh lbp;f] @ ah] ljf]w
k|bz{g ug{ nfu]sf] va 5.

@)^) h]7 & ut] a'waf

clVtofdf sfo{t ;x;lrj k|]dfh sfsL{ cfh dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxfn] clVtofdf eOx]sf] sfdsfafxLk|lt c;Gtf]if k|s6 ug'{eof].
pxfsf] egfO lyof], k|d'v cfo'QmnfO{ Pdfn]n] 3]] fv]sf] 5. cGo cfo'Qmsf]
ljZj;gLotfdfly k|Zg p7]sf] 5. To;}n] pxfx?sf] kbfjlw yk ug{' x'b}g.
cbfntsf GofofwLzx? klg e|i6frfdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf 5g\. Gofo If]q o;L :jtGq

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lgikIf x'g ;Sb}g. b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ clVtofnfO{ ;'b[9Ls0f u] ;a}
If]qsf e|i6frfLnfO{ ;zQm sfafxL ug'{k5{.
;'Iff ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf fv] ljut s]xL ;dob]lv fhbafjlklsf]
km'6kfydf ;j{;fwf0fnfO{ lx8\g lgif]w ulPsf] 5. ca pQm :yfgdf cfd
hgtfn] lx88'n ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpbf fd|f] x'G5. lsgeg] fhbafsf]
sDkfpG8leq lgdf{0f eOx]sf] cAhe]6L ;]G6L kf]:6 sf] lgdf{0f clGtd r0fdf
k'lu;s]sf] 5. ;]G6Lsf] ;le{n]G; ftsf] ;dodf ;jfL ;fwgaf6 u:tLsf]
Joj:yf ubf{ ;'Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg s'g} afwf gkg]{ b]lvG5. o;af6 hgdfg;df
;sffTds k|efj kg{ hfG5. o; ljifodf hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 To;} cg';f
ldnfP ug"{ x's'd eof].
fhbaf kl;aflx ;'Iffdf t}gfy g]kfn k|xLsf] kf]:6sf] 8\o'6L ;z:q
k|xLnfO{ lbbf Hofbf k|efjsfL x'g] b]lvG5. ;z:qn] ;d]t fhbafsf] ;'Iffdf
s]xL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfpg'k5{ eg] ;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL yfkfn]
klxn] g} d;u cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] xf]. o;sf lglDt xfn k|xLn] agfPsf kf]:6nfO{
fd|f];u dd{t uL Toxfsf] 8\o'6L ;z:qnfO{ x:tfGt0f ug{ b'j} lgsfon] cfk;df
5nkmn u] Joj:yf ldnfpg' pko'Qm x'G5. To;} cg';f ;'Iff lgsfox?df
;dGjo ug{'kg]{ ePsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqLn] ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx? jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg ul7t
k|fljlws ;ldltsf ;b:o;u hfL jftf{sf af]df 5nkmn ug'{eof]. ;f] cj;df
pxfn] jftf{nfO{ lgGttf lbg'kg]{, ;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] cf}krfls jftf{cl3 k|fljlws
;ldlt;u 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ eg] lgb]{zg lbg'eof]. 5nkmnkl5 k|fljlws ;ldltsf
;b:o k|f= df]xgk|;fb nf]xgLn] 3fo;L sf0fn] ubf{ ;ldltdf x] sfd ug{ g;Sg]
egL k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
k|wfgdGqLn] lxhf] lghL lgjf;, nf]sGynLdf sf\u;
|] g]tf fdrGb| kf}8n
] ;u e]6
uL jt{dfg fhgLlts ultf]wsf af]df lj:t[t s'f ug'e{ of]. clxn]sf] fhgLlts
ultf]w s;L x6fpg ;lsG5 eGg]af] pxfx?aLr 5nkmn eof]. k|wfgdGqLn]
cfk\mgf] ;sfdf sf\u;
]| nfO{ ;xefuL ufpg nuftf sf]l;; ulxg'ePsf] 5.
To;} cg';f kf}8n
] ;u klg s'f ug'e{ of]. t pxf ;kmn x'ge' Pg eGg] lkf]6{ 5.
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefuaf6 h]7 @! b]lv @* ut];Dd dxffhflwfhsf] emfkf
;jfL ;DaGwL sfo{qmd aGb} 5. To;sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg va
cfPsf] 5.

@)^) h]7 * ut] laxLaf

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf eftLo ;]gfsf] ;+o'Qm kj{tff]x0f bnn] cfh laxfg #M!%
ah] ;kmntfk"j{s ;udfyf cff]x0f u]sf] 5. g]kfnL ;]gfsf rf hgf, eftLo

453

454

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfsf tLg hgf z]kf{ ;ft hgf uL !$ hgfsf] 6f]nL ;udfyf lzvdf k'u]sf]
5. of] g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu cToGt} v';Lsf] s'f xf]. cff]xLx? ;udfyfsf]
cfwf lzljdf embf{ k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf pgLx?nfO{ awfO{ lbg ToxL
k'Ug] sfo{qmd 5.
eftaf6 ;xof]u:j?k k|fKt b'O{ j6f nfG; x]lnsK6 sf7df8f} cjt0f
u]sf 5g\. cf}krfls x:tfGt0fsf nflu ;do lgwf{0f x'g afsL 5.

@)^) h]7 ( ut] z'qmjf

sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] dnfO{ e]6] lgs} u'gf;f]
ug'{eof]. cfk"mnfO{ clVtofaf6 cgfjZos b'Mv lbg sf]l;; eOx]sf]df lrQ
b'vfpb} pxfn] eGg'eof], dnfO{ clVtofn] k|ltzf]w fv] sfafxL ulx]sf] 5.
d]f] kljfnfO{ ;d]t b'Mv lbOof]. c?nfO{ g]tfx?nfO{ eg] s]xL ePsf] 5}g.
To;}n] ljz]if cbfntsf GofofwLz 6f]kaxfb' dunfO{ ;sfaf6 s]xL ;\s]t
aS;] dnfO{ fd|f] x'g] lyof]. o;sf ;fy} v8\sfn] clxn]sf] fhgLlts kll:yltsf
af]df klg s'f ug'{eof]. pxfsf] ;Nnfx lyof], ;sfaf6 z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{
k'gM k|wfgdGqL agfOaS;] pko'Qm x'G5. sf\u|];, fli6o k|hftGq kf6L{ g]kfn
;b\efjgf kf6L{ nufot cGo ;fgf kf6L{af6 fd|ffd|f dflg; lnP dlGqd08n
u7g ubf{ ;sfsf] kIfdf ;sffTds ;Gb]z hfG5. s]xL dxjk"0f{ dGqfno
vfnL fv] Pdfn]sf g]tfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ sf]l;; ug'{k5{. ;a} ldn] fcf]jfbLnfO{
d"nwfdf Nofpg], gcfP qm; u] hfg] 0fgLlt x'g'k5{. cyjf, df};'kmaf6 ;a}
kf6L{sf] ;xof]u lnP :jtGq ;sf u7g uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ d"nwfdf NofP
r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ubf{ klg pko'Qm x'G5. pxfn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]OfnfnfO{ jli7 clwjQmf u0f]zfh zdf{ dfkm{t s'f u] ;xdltdf Nofpg
;lsG5 egL ;'emfj lbg'eof]. ;fy} xfn eOx]sf] fhgLlts bnsf] cfGbf]ngdf
s'g} bd gx]sf] of] o;} ;]nfP hfg] ljZn]if0f ug'{eof].
fhbafdf cfh} dnfO{ e]6\g JofkfL 3' zfx cfpg'eof]. pxfn] ;sfaf6
jt{dfg kll:yltsf] d"Nof\sg uL xfn p7fOaS;]sf] sbd ;sffTds ePsf]
wf0ff fVg'eof]. ;fy} b]zsf nflu ;sfaf6 p7fOaS;g] s'g} klg sbddf
cfk\mgf] ;xof]u ;dy{g xg] atfpg'eof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf pxfn] eGg'eof],
Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdn] d;u s]xL cfly{s ;xof]u dfUg'ePsf] 5. d}n] pxfnfO{
;xof]u u5'{ t tkfO{+n] dxffhflwfhsf] sbdnfO{ ;dy{g ug'{k5{ eg] k|:6 ?kdf
;t{ fv]sf] 5'. pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] wGojfb lbb} tkfO{+sf s'f d ;sfdf
hfx] u5'{ eg].
cfh a]n'sf sf\u|];sf o'jf g]tf rGb| e08fLn] dnfO{ e]6] u'gf;f] ug'{eof],
of] ;dodf lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ ;sfaf6 ulaS;]sf] Jojxf 7Ls ePg.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lulhfafa'n] ;sfdf hfx] u] g} lbNnLdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] xf].

;sf lulhfafa'aLr olt 7"nf] b"L lsg a9]sf] xf] < o;} qmddf pxfn]
lulhfafa'sf s]xL s'fx? dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. To;kl5 pxfn] g]qL z}nhf
cfrfo{sf s'fx? hfgsfL lbg'eof]. z}nhf cfrfo{n] eGg] ug'{ePsf] x]5, clxn]sf]
;\s6sf] a]nf klg lsg fhfnfO{ cgfjZos bafj lbg] < clxn] fhfnfO{
s]xL eof] eg] s;n] d'n's ;DxfN5 < d'n'ssf] cl:tTj s] x'G5 < o;af] lsg
s;}n] ljrf gu]sf] < clxn]sf] cfGbf]ng p2]ZoljxLg 5. sDo'lg:6;u ldn]
lulhfafa'n] s] ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] < s'fsfgLsf qmddf d}n] e08fLnfO{ tkfO{+n] dGqL
eP ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kof] eg]. pxfn] cfk\mgf] kf6L{sf] ;sflagf cfkm"
;xefuL x'g g;Sg] atfpg'eof].
k|wfgdGqLsf ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ;Nnfxsf zbrGb| zfxn] kqsf
;Dd]ng u] s]xL s'f fVg] ljrf ug'{ePsf] 5. To; cj;df bafsf ;}lgs
;lrj ljj]s zfx -d_ ;usf] dte]bsf af]df ;d]t kqsfnfO{ hfgsfL lbg]
;f]rfO agfP lgs6sf ;fyL;u ;Nnfx u]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5. d;usf] dtleGgtf
xfn hfL zflGtjftf{ k|lqmofsf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ lnP x'g ;S5.
gof :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnLsf af]df ljleGg 6Lsfl6Kk0fL eOx]sf] ;Gbe{df
:jf:YodGqL 8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6fn] s]xL 8fS6nfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6fdf
af]nfP cGtlqmof ug]{ sfo{qmd fVg'ePsf] 5. jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfnaf6 ;d]t
rfkfr hgf jli7 8fS6nfO{ af]nfpg'ePsf] 5.
;udfyf cff]x0f u]sf g]kfnL ;]gf eftLo ;]gfsf] kj{tff]x0f bnsf
;b:ox?nfO{ ;udfyf cfwf lzljd} k'u] awfO{ lbg] 6f]nLdf eftLo fhb"t
;}lgs ;lrj -d_ ;d]t hfg] sfo{qmd lgwf{0f ePsf] lyof]. t sfo{Jo:ttfn]
ubf{ d eftLo fhb"t ;d]t pQm sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] hfgsfL
ufOof].
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn] fhgLlt1 s]zaxfb' lji6
Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdnfO{ klg cfh} e]6]sf] va 5.
cfGbf]ngt bnsf dlxnf ;\3;\u7gn] cfh ;sfsf lj4 h'n';
k|bz{g u]. h'n';df &* ;ohltsf] ;xeflutf lyof], h;df lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf
dfwjs'df g]kfn afx]ssf g]tfx? ;d]t ;lDdlnt x'g'x'GYof].
f]Nkfsf] 3tL{ufpdf #$ xhf hg;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd eOx]sf] 5, hxf
aflxsf] s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g. Tof] dfcf]jfbLsf] ljz]if sfo{qmd x'g
;S5. o;af] tYo a'e\mg ;a} ;'Iff lgsfodf hfgsfL ufOof].
cfhsf] hfx]Lsf qmddf w]} s'f ;'g]kl5 ;sfaf6 Ps ;ftfleq dlGqklifb\
kljt{g ug'{k]df efjL k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g ;S5, o;af] ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?sf] s] wf0ff 5, a'lemfVg" x's'd eof].

455

456

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) h]7 !@ ut] ;f]daf

g]kfnL eftLo ;]gfsf] ;+o'Qm kj{tff]x0f bnsf] bf];|f] ;d"xn] klg cfh
laxfg & ah] ;udfyfsf] cff]x0f u]sf] va cfPsf] 5. 6f]nLdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
^, eftLo ;]gfsf ^ z]kf{x? % hgf x]sf 5g\. cfh laxfg} k|fKt ePsf] of]
v';Lsf] va xf].
k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbn] Pdfn] g]tfx? s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j
uf}td;u cl:t flt fk|kf g]tf bLks af]xfsf] 3df e]6 ug'{ePsf] lyof]. cfh
flt klg e]6\g] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5. Pdfn]sf] ;xof]u h'6fpg k|wfgdGqLn] lgs}
sf]l;; ulxg'ePsf] 5.
o;}aLr, Pdfn] g]tfx? s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j uf}td b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf
ug{ fi6lxtsf nflu dxffhflwfh ;sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tTk x]sf] :ki6
ePsf] 5. ljleGg dfWodaf6 o;sf lglDt sf]l;; eOx]sf] lyof]. ca ;kmntf
ldNg] ;\s]t 5. of] klg v';Ls} va xf].
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] JofkfL jLGb|nfn >]i7sf]
3df kqsf ;Dd]ng uL kf6L{ klTofu u]sf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn] g]kfnL
sf\u|];sf] ;+:yfkg kIfdf ;ls x'g jftf{ rnfOx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
fhgLlts bnn] hfL fv]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] t];|f] r0f ;' ePsf] 5. t
cfGbf]ngn] ult lnPsf] b]lvb}g. kll:yltnfO{ ;'ema'em ;lxt fd|f];u lgoGq0fdf
lng ;Sg] xf] eg] of] cfGbf]ng ;kmn x'g] b]lvb}g.
d;u klro ePsf g]dlskfsf Ps g]tfn] kmf]g u] Pdfn]n] cfGbf]ng hfL
fVg kf6L{sf] ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg u};sfL ;+:yfaf6 sd ;\sng
ulx]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. Pdfn]sf] cfly{s l:ylt lgs} tn em]sf]
cfGbf]ngt ;a} fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;\3if{sf sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg Hofb} sl7g
eOx]sf] ;d]t pxfn] dnfO{ atfpg'eof].
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] kmf]gdf hfL zflGt k|lqmof fd|f];u cufl8 al9x]sf]
5, dfcf]jfbLn] h]ndf x]sf afsL sfo{stf{ lxfOsf] dfu ulx]sf 5g\, xfdLn]
xltof a'emfpg rGbf cft\s f]Sg eg]sf 5f} eGg'eof].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf w]} nfdf] k|of;kl5 cfh eftLo
fhb"tnfO{ e]6\g ;kmn x'g'ePsf] 5. pxfx?aLr s]s] ljifodf s'f eof], lj:t[t
?kdf yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. o;}aLr pxfn] cfk\mgf] ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf z]v
sf]OfnfnfO{ s]xL eftLo kbflwsfL;u e]6\g lbNnL k7fpg'ePsf] lyof]. ljz]if
b"tn] eftLo ljb]z ljefudf sfo{t Pcf 3'gfyg eGg] JolQmnfO{ e]6]sf] va
5. 3'gfygn] eftsf] b[li6sf]0fdf g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] kll:yltdf k|hftGqnfO{
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf vtf b]lvb}g, sf\u|]; g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n] lnPsf] nfOg g}
pko'Qm 5 eg]sf] ljz]if ;|f]taf6 a'lemPsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

cfh} eftLo fhb"tn] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ ;d]t e]6]sf 5g\.

lrlgof fhb"t p of] s d'lQmgfy hfg'ePsfn] k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
sfo{t k|d'v ;]gfgL k"0f{rGb| yfkfnfO{ ;Dks{ clws[tsf ?kdf pxf;u k7fOPsf]
5. lrlgof fhb"tn] d'u' 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf ;d]t hfg] rfxgf fVg'ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn] k|sfz ;fKtflxssf
;Dkfbs;usf] e]6df dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{ ;kmn x'G5 eGg] s'fdf ljZjf; ug{ 5f8]sf]
5 km]l o'4df kms{g] ;f]rfO 5 eGg'eP5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] lzjk'Ll:yt ;}lgs :6fkm sn]hdf cfof]lht
bLIffGt ;dff]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf ljleGg s'f JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfn]
eg]sf pNn]vgLo s'f lyP, clxn] c;xh kll:yltdf eOx]sf] zflGt k|of;
;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] OR5f, cfsf\Iff xf]. of] k|of; b]zdf :yfoL zflGt cfcf];\ eGg]
efjgfaf6 k|]lt 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf cfhsf] cfjZostf k|lts"n cfGbf]ng x'g'
lj8Dagf xf]. To;}n] tkfO{+x? -bLIffGt ;dff]xdf ;xefuL ;}lgs clws[t_ n] b]z,
hgtf fh;+:yfsf nflu s'g} klg r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ b]znfO{ clxt x'g]
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ tof x'g'kg]{5. cfkm" cGtu{tsf ;sn bhf{nfO{ of]
;Gb]z cjut ufpg'x'g]5. ;fy} pxfn] fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;d]t klg lzIff ldNg]
uL klg af]Ng'ePsf] 5. pxfsf egfO ;do cg's"n kll:ylt cg';f 5.
o;n] fhgLlts j[Qdf Ps lsl;dsf] t\u k}bf ug{ klg ;S5.
dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ cfufdL @#, @$ @% ut] k"jL{ k[tgf,
O6xLdf a:g hfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg x's'd eof]. ;fy} ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?nfO{
cfGbf]ngt kf6L{k|lt gd a}of ckgfpg dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] ultljlwk|lt s8f
lgufgL ;' ug{ lgb]{zg lbg" egL x's'd eof]. ;sfsf] e|d0fsf] cfjZos
tofLsf nflu k|wfg ;]gfklt k"jL{ k[tgfklt pkyL k|bLkk|tfk ad dNnnfO{
va u].

@)^) h]7 !^ ut] z'qmaf

dlGqklifb\ kljt{gsf] Jofks xNnfsf aLr cfh cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{sf]
a}7s a;]sf] 5. a}7sn] dxffhflwfhdf k|wfgdGqLsf nflu Pdfn] dxf;lrj
dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ l;kmfl; ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5. g]kfn k|wfgdGqL ePkl5
;j{k|yd ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgfsf] l;kmfl; ug]{ eGg ;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
ptf k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf d k|wfgdGqL x'b} 5' eg] dlGqklifb\ u7gsf]
tofLdf nfu]sf] va klg cfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] klg cfk\mgf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ ;'lIft xg klcfPdf
e"ldut x'g lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5. t dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn]
jftf{ hfL xG5 eGg] u]sf] va cfPsf] 5. o;af] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g;u

457

458

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lh1f;f fVbf pxfn] jftf{ hfL xG5, jftf{ layf]lnP klg dfcf]jfbL h\undf
hfb}gg\ xf]nf, ;8s cfGbf]ngdf hfg ;S5g\ eGg'eof].

@)^) h]7 !* ut] cfOtaf

sf7df8f}sf] v'nfd~rdf g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{n] cfof]hgf u]sf] a[xt\ cfd;efdf
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{n] s]xL lbgcufl8 cfof]hgf u]sf] cfd;efdf eGbf a9L
hg;xeflutf b]lvof]. cfd;efdf kf6L{sf cWoIf tyf dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn]
:ki6 zAbdf eGg'eof], ;dtf kf6L{n] ;+j}wflgs fhtGqnfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf u5{.
d JolQmut ?kdf klg fhfjfbL x'. fhfjfbL x'g'df dnfO{ uj{ 5. jftf{df
dfcf]jfbLsf] }w rlq b]lvPsf] pNn]v ub}{ dGqL k'gn] eGg'eof], pgLx?nfO{
k|:6 ?kdf elgPsf] 5 dfcf]jfbL s'g lsQfdf 5, k|:6 x'g'kof]. fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx?n] klg;sf;u jftf{ u] ;dfwfg lgsfNg] of dfcf]jfbLnfO{
h\un hfg k|]lt ug]{ < dGqL k'gn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
klg vabfL ub}{ ca klxn] h:t} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ e8\sfP h\un k7fpg] sfd
gug{';\ eg] cfu|x ug'{eof]. cfd;efsf] cGTodf ;xefuLn] fhfsf] ;dy{g
ub}{ hohosf ;d]t u]sf lyP. ;~rf dfWodn] eg] cfd;efnfO{ s'g} dxj
lbPgg\. ;sfL ;~rf dfWod uf]vfkqn] ;d]t ;sffTds ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g]
uL ;dfrf k|sflzt u]g.
k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhg xfn sf7df8f}df x'g'x'G5. pxf s'g sfo{qmd
s] k|of]hgsf lglDt sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] eGg]af] :ki6 zAbdf elgPsf] 5}g.
clxn]sf] tn fhgLlts cj:yfdf pxfsf] g]kfn e|d0f cy{k"0f{ 5. To;}n]
pxfsf] ultljlwnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s dlg6l ug'{kg]{ x'G5. To;} cg';f ;DalGwt
lgsfodf va ulof]. eftLo k|fWofks P;8L d'lg k"j{fhb"t s]eL fhgn]
k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf kIfdf nla ;' u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. cfh}
fhgn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df
g]kfnnfO{ e]6\g'eof]. pxfn] sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf
fk|kf g]tf kz'kltzdz] hafnfO{ klg e]6\g] va cfPsf] 5. To:t} eftLo g]tf
rGb|z]v hh{ kmgf{lG8h klg sf7df8f} cfPsf] rrf{ 5. t o;sf] cflwsfls
k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{ Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn g} casf] k|wfgdGqL
x'g'k5{ eGg] c8fgdf 5g\. oBlk sf\u|]; Pdfn]leq} o; ljifodf cGt{G
a9]sf] 5.
fk|kf g]tf ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] cfk\mgf] g]t[Tjdf ;sf agfpg ljleGg fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx?;u ljrfljdz{ ulxg'ePsf] va cfPsf] 5.
sf\u;
|] g]tfx?sf] ljf]wsf afjh'b lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf Pdfn] dxf;lrj

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] kIfdf x'gx' G' 5. pxf dfwj g]kfnsf]
dfWodaf6 klxn] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf ug{] To;kl5 ax'dt ;f+;bsf] ;dy{g h'6fP
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ckb:y ug]{ of]hgfdf x'gx' G' 5. dfwj g]kfnnfO{ lj:yflkt u] cfk\mg}
g]t[Tjdf ;sf agfPkl5 dfcf]jfbL;u s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;xdlt u] r'gfjdf hfg]
tofL pxfn] ulx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. lulhfk|;fbn] cfh} >Lxif{ sf]Ofnfsf] 3df
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{nfO{ k'gM e]6\ge' of]. To; cj;df
;]gf ;sfsf] g]t[Tjdf x'gk' g]{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
lgsfNg] ;Nnfx ePsf] a'lemG5. To:t} >L % sf] kbjL fhf, fgL, o'jfhflwfh
o'jf1Ldf dfq ;Lldt fVg] ;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn fk|kf g]tf 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgLn]
;Dks{;|f]t dfkm{t tkfO{+nfO{ e]6\g'kof] egL va k7fpg'ePsf] 5.
cfh 8f= afa'fd efO{n] g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf g]tf x[bo]z lqkf7LnfO{
pxfs} 3df e]6]sf] va 5. Toxf sf\u|];sf g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zL ;d]t
pkl:yt x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. of] e]63f6 lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ldnfPsf] x'g
;S5. Toxf hf]zLsf] pkl:ylt x'g'n] o;sf] k'li6 u5{.

@)^) h]7 @) ut] d\unaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{n] dlGqklifb\df Pdfn]
g]t[Tj s'g} klg xfntdf :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g, To:tf] eP u[xo'4 x'G5, a k|wfgdGqL
nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbs} ;sfsf] lgGttf x'g'kb{5, h'g kll:yltdf jftf{ x'b} 5
ToxL l:yltnfO{ lgGttf lbg] xf] eg] ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] g]t[Tj klg dfcf]jfbL
kf6L{nfO{ dfGo x'G5 eg]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
k"j{ eftLo fhb"t s]eL fhgn] sf7df8f} cfPs} lbg pBf]uklt j;Gt
rf}wLsf] 3df l8g vfPsf] va cfPsf] 5. cfh pxfn] eftLo b"tfjf;sf
kbflwsfLsf ;fy} ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf g]tf x[bo]z lqkf7L, fhfaf6 dgf]gLt fli6o
k~rfotsf k"j{;b:o k|]daxfb' zfSo tyf lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf lghL ;lrj
uf]s0f{ kf}8]n;u e]6 ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. cfh} ;fem pxfn] sf\u|]; g]qL ;'hftf
sf]OfnfnfO{ ;d]t e]6]sf] s'f cfPsf] 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn
Pdfn]sf cGo g]tfnfO{ e]6\bf efjL k|wfgdGqL dfwjhL g} xf] eGg] ug'{ePsf]
5. t Pdfn]ljf]wL fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ e]6\bf eg] dfwj g]kfn s'g} klg
xfntdf :jLsfo{ gx'g] atfpg] ug'{ePsf] 5. cfh} sf]Ofnfn] ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{
sf\u|];sf] ;dy{g x'g] s'f :ki6 kfl;Sg'ePsf] 5. otf, k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'
rGb klg sf]Ofnfsf] ;xof]u ;dy{g lng nfluk]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
fhgLlts bn Tofu] t6:y ?kdf a;]sf g]tfx? d]f] ;Dks{df cfpg] qmd

459

460

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

a9]sf] 5. tL g]tfx?n] bafsf] :ki6 nfOg vf]Hg] u]sf 5g\. d}n] pgLx?nfO{
tkfO{+x? k|d'v ;lrj dfkm{t ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg';\ ;sfnfO{ bz{ge]6df
cfk\mgf] s'f hfx] ug'{;\, d klg d]f] tkm{af6 tkfO{+x?sf s'f ;sfdf hfx]
ullbpnf eGg] u]sf] 5'.
k|wfgdGqLn] cfh dfcf]jfbL kIfsf ;xhstf{x? 8f= jL]Gb| emfkfnL wgLfd
nfld5fg]nfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] 5. cfh} cfPsf] csf]{ hfgsfL cg';f s'df fhaxfb'
l;+xn] lxhf] a]n'sf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df e]6]sf] va 5. cfh}
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:ox? 8f= afa'fd efO{, fdaxfb' yfkf s[i0faxfb'
dxfn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf ;xhstf{ bdggfy 9'\ufgfnfO{ e]6]sf] ;"rgf 5.
;]gfn] kfrvfnl:yt fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gf tflnd s]Gb|sf nflu rLgdf
lgld{t rf j6f cfD;{ k;{gn Soflo -PkL;L_ vlb ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5. To;
cg';f ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 sd lgsf;fsf nflu k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{
kmf]g ug'{eof]. ;fy} o; ljifodf eft ;sfnfO{ ;d]t cf}krfls ?kdf va
eO;s]sf] hfgsfL klg lbg'eof]. pQm s'f hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 n]v] k7fpg
lrkmnfO{ va ullbg" x's'd eof].
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf eftLo :yn;]gfsf] ;+o'Qm ;udfyf cff]x0f bndf
;xefuL eO{ ;kmn cff]x0f u]sf g]kfnL ;}lgsnfO{ lje"if0f k||bfg ug{ k|wfg
;]gfkltn] dnfO{ kmf]gaf6 hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. of]eGbf cufl8sf] ;udfyf cff]x0f
cleofgdf ;+nUg eO{ ;kmntf xfl;n u]sf cff]xLnfO{ k|yd :tsf] lje"if0f k|bfg
ulPsf] ;d]t pxfn] dnfO{ :d0f ufpg'eof].
d}n] hfL cfGbf]ngsf af]df 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?sf]
wf0ff a'em]. ;a}n] clxn]sf] cfGbf]ngn] ult lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g, o;nfO{
clxn]s} cj:yfdf lgoGq0fdf fVg ;lsG5 eg] ;'emfj lbP. pgLx?sf] of]
;'emfj ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;fy} dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g k"j{ k|xL dxflgLIfs
w|'jaxfb' k|wfgn] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do dfu]sf] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
cfh dnfO{ @)^! ;fndf o'jfhflwfhnfO{ k[y'nfwLz k|bfg ug]{ @)^# ;fndf
z'efHofleif]s ug]{ ;f]rfO 5, o;sf nflu cfGtls tofL s;L ug'{k5{ ljrf
ug"{ x's'd eof].

@)^) h]7 @# ut] z'qmaf

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:on] ;a} fhgLlts g]tfx?nfO{ e]6L cfk\mgf]
kf6L{sf] nIodf ;xdt ufP ;8s cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] ;f]r agfPsf] a'lemPsf]
5. o;} qmddf pgLx?n] kfr jfd kf6L{;u gof ;+ljwfg agfpg'k5{ To;sf
nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf hfg'k5{ eGb} 5nkmn u]sf 5g\.
fli6o ;efsf $! ;f+;b cGo g]tfx? ;lDdlnt h'n';nfO{ l;+xbaf k|j]z

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ug{ k|xLn] f]s]sf 5. ;f+;bnfO{ dfq l;+xbafsf] 9f]sf;Dd hfg lbP leq
k|j]z ug{ f]s]kl5 fli6o ;efsf pkfWoIf fdk|Lt kf;jfgn] d"n9f]sfaflx} fli6o
;efsf] a}7s cfof]hgf u]. To;df ;sfsf lj4 v]b k|:tfj kflt ulof].
ef]ln k'gM pQm :yfgd} fli6o ;efsf] a}7s af]nfOPsf] 5.
kfls:tfgL ;}lgs ;xrfLn] cfh fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd
zdf{nfO{ e]6] kfls:tfgL u'Ktr ljefu -cfO{P;cfO{_ sf k|d'vn] g]kfn e|d0fdf
cfpg] OR5f fVg'ePsf] 5, tkfO{+n] cf}krfls lgdGq0ff ubf{ s;f] xf]nf < eg]
k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] x]5. k|To'Qdf b]jLfdhLn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] ;Dej gxf]nf
ls < eg]kl5 ;}lgs ;xrfLn] To;f] eP pxf lgtfGt lghL e|d0fdf cfpg'x'G5,
pxfsf] ;Ddfgdf tkfO{+n] kfrb; hgfhltnfO{ l8g cfof]hgf u] Pp6f ;fgf]
pkxf lbbf s;f] xf]nf < egL k'gM csf]{ k|:tfj ug'{eP5. To;kl5 b]jLfdhLn]
d ljrf u] ef]ln tkfO{+nfO{ va u5'{ eg] k7fOlbg'eP5. of] s'f pxfn]
dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. kl5Nnf] k|:tfj cg';f ubf{ 7Ls} xf]nf eGg] pxfs}
fo cg';f d}n] of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. b]jLfds} fo cg';f ug"{ eg]
;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS:of].
k|wfgdGqL rGbnfO{ pxfsf s]xL lgs6:y JolQmn] lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf]
dfu cg';f ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf ug{ dxffhflwfhdf k|:tfj n}hfg ;'emfj lbPsf
5g\. ;sfaf6 pQm k|:tfj ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k7fOaS;g'k5{, ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
pQm k|:tfjnfO{ ;+ljwfgtM ldNb}g egL k|:tfj lkmtf{ k7fOxfN5, To;kl5
sf]Ofnfn] ;sfnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ af6f] v'N5 eg] pgLx?n] ;Nnfx lbPsf]
s'f cfPsf] 5. o;} k|;\unfO{ lnP x'g ;S5, k|wfgdGqLn] cfh} sf]OfnfnfO{
e]6\g vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqs Tofu] :jtGq a:g'ePsf g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] cfh}
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6\g'eof].
eftLo la|l6; fhb"tn] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6\g
vf]lhx]sf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5.
lrlgof fhb"tfjf; ejg eTsfP gof agfpg nfu]sfn] xfnnfO{ sdnfbLl:yt
zfbf ;bg dlxgfsf] # nfv %) xhf k}ofdf ef8f lnO{ a:g] ;f]rfO fv]sf]
hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.

@)^) h]7 @^ ut] ;f]daf

jftf{sf qmddf ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ ;xdlt
eP5. pQm ;xdlt bafsf] k"j{:jLs[ltdf ePsf] eGg] s'f cfPsf] 5, h'g lgtfGt
e"m6f] b'ik|rf dfq xf]. o;sf] v08g x'g cfjZos 5. lsgeg], o; ljifodf
bafsf] s'g} klg k"j{;xdlt 5}g. ;~rf dfWoddf kfr lsnf]ld6 ;DaGwL

461

462

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ljjfbnfO{ lnP k|sflztk|;flt x'g] ;dfrfdf k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb,

;"rgf tyf ;~rfdGqL d]zgfy kf08] dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] xjfnf lbg]
ulPsfn] pxfx?af6} o;sf] ;zQm v08g cfpg'k5{.
k|wfgdGqLn] cfh cfk\mgf] sfof{nodf jftf{sf] k|fljlws ;ldltsf ;a}
;b:onfO{ kfdz{sf nflu af]nfpg'ePsf] 5. ;f] cj;df pxfn] kfr lsnf]ld6sf]
ljjfb ;DaGwL ljifodf 5nkmn klg ug'{x'g]5. cfh k|wfgdGqLn] sf\u|];
;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn sf\u|];
k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf;u e]6\g'ePsf] 5. xfn} sf\u|]; g]tf
fdrGb| kf}8]nn] hfL u]sf] k|]; jQmJok|lt sf\u|]; g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n]
f]if k|s6 u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. z}nhf cfrfo{n] a]nfa]nfdf lbg] cleJolQm
jt{dfg cfGbf]ngk|lt c;xdt w]} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{sf] efjgf a'em\g'kof] eGb}
g]tf rqmk|;fb af:tf]nfn] ;efklt sf]OfnfnfO{ cfGbf]ngdfly k'glj{rf ug{
;'emfj lbPsf] va 5. af:tf]nfn] clxn]sf] cfGbf]ngk|lt c;xdt g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] sfafxL gug{ ;d]t bafj lbg'ePsf] 5. pxfn]
Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwj g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo gePsf] ;d]t
sf]OfnfnfO{ :ki6 kfg'{eof]. af:tf]nfnfO{ sf]Ofnfn] tkfO{+sf] ;'emfj dnfO{ 7Ls
nfUof], d :jf:Yo kLIf0f ug{ wfg hfb} 5', ToxL gof ;f]rljrf agfp5'
cfk\mg} kf6L{sf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg]lt nfU5', o;af] g]tfx?;u ljrf
ljdz{ hfL fVg" eGg'ePsf] 5.
sf7df8f} e|d0fdf x]sf a]nfot ;sfsf ljz]if b"t ; h]k|mL h]D;n]
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL
Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ e]6\g'ePsf] 5. lxhf] a]n'sf pxf dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{
pkyL ets]z l;+xsf] sfnwffl:yt lgjf;df cfof]lht l8gdf x'g'x'GYof]. cfh
dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ e]6\g] sfo{qmd x]sf] a'lemG5. g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmof,
fhf fhgLlts bnaLr hfL G Joj:yfkg ug{ a]nfot ;sfn] pxfnfO{
ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf lgo'Qm u]sf] xf].
g]tf v'daxfb' v8\sfn] cfk\mgf] 7"nf] ;d"x ;lxt dlGqklifb\df ;xefuL x'g]
dgl:ylt agfpg'ePsf] a'lemG5.

@)^) h]7 @* ut] a'waf

jt{dfg fhgLlts cj:yf, >L % sf] ;sfn] rfNg] sbd :jo+ ;sfnfO{
a'l4hLjL tyf gfuls ;dfhaf6 ;d]t ;xof]u ldnf];\ ;'emfj cfcf];\ eGg]
x]t'n] Ps]8]ldS; ;]n u7g ug{ k|wfgdGqLn] ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ePsf] 5. ;]ndf
xfnnfO{ cgf}krfls ?kdf uLtfeQm hf]zL, dfwj fgfef6 k|f= d]zfh s'j
xg] to ePsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dGqL sdn rf}nfufO{+n] d;u cfk\mgf s'f fVb} eGg'eof], ca Pdfn] kf6L{
km'6\g'k5{. pu|jfdkGyL ljrfwffsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ dfcf]jfbLlt nfUg'k5{.
k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbL ljrfwff af]s]sf g]tf sfo{stf{ cGo k|hftflGqs
kf6L{df nfU5g\. sDo'lg:6 sf\u|];df c6fpg g;Sg] d h:tf ;of} g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{sf nflu t];|f] zlQmsf] vfrf] x]sf] 5.
zfxHofbL Hof]T:gf a:Goftn] yL leS6Lzdz] hafnfO{ d]f] 5f]fsf] j|taGw
cfufdL c;f !* ut] ug]{ to ePsf] 5, j|taGwsf] k"} ;+:sf g} lqe'jg cfdL{
clkm;;{ Snadf cfof]hgf ug]{ ljrf 5, Tof] :yfg ldnfOlbg'kof] eGg'ePsf] x]5.
To; cg';f yL f0ffn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ :jLs[ltsf nflu hfx] ug'{eP5. k|wfg
;]gfkltn] of] ljifo fhkljf;u ;DalGwt ePsfn] :jLs[ltsf nflu k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfno dfkm{t ;sfdf hfx] ug'{k5{, d ;f]w] va unf eGg'ePsf] x]5. of]
s'f pxfn] dnfO{ eg]kl5 d}n] ;sfdf hfx] ub}{ o:tf lgtfGt lghL kfljfls
;+:sf cfk\mg} lgjf; of tLy{:yndf ug]{ k|rng x'G5, pxfx?nfO{ :yfgsf] ;d:of
xf] eg] cGgk"0f{ xf]6n h:tf] ;'ljwf;DkGg :yfg klg 5b} 5, o:tf] sfo{qmd ;}lgs
d'Vofno kl;l:yt Snadf ubf{ Tolt zf]egLo gb]lvPnf ls, o;df ;sfaf6
ljrf ulaS;g' plrt x'G5 eg]. ;sfaf6 ltdLn] eg]sf] 7Ls 5, cfdL{ Snadf
o:tf] ;+:sf ug]{ k|rng 5}g eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ pgLx?;u fd|} s'f u]
;Demfpg elglbg" x's'd eof].

@)^) h]7 #) ut] z'qmaf

Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] sf]6]Zjl:yt lgjf;df e]63f6sf nflu
eftLo fhb"t hfg'ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
xfn} k'gu{l7t dlGqklifb\ jftf{6f]nLdf ;d]t gx]kl5 k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x
k'g lgfz x'g'ePsf] a'lemG5. cfk\mgf lgs6sf JolQmnfO{ d}n] t ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6
fhfnfO{ ;dy{g ;xof]u u]sf] x', ca klg ;sfaf6 h] lgb]{zg x''G5 ;f]xL
cg';f u5'{ eGg'x'bf] x]5. o;} qmddf k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] d lghL sfdn]
cfpbf] d\unaf nG8g hfg'k]sf] 5, ;sfn] ;do aS;] nG8g hfg'cl3
bz{ge]6 kfpgsf nflu h;f{an] hfx] ullbg'kof] eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ hfx]
u] ;do ldNof] eg] va unf eg].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf 1fg]Zjl:yt d]f l5d]sL k"j{ k|wfg
GofofwLz ljZjgfyk|;fb pkfWofonfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] x]5. sf]Ofnfsf
;fydf k"j{GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb cof{n ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] eGg] va 5. To;
cj;df sf]Ofnfn] d k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf] Ph]G8f lnP cufl8 a9]sf]
5', o;df ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] s:tf] xf]nf < eg] pkfWofo;u 5nkmn ug'{ePsf]
a'lemPsf] 5.

463

464

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) c;f @ ut] ;f]daf

hd{g gfuls 8]O6 s'K;n] g]kfnsf] c\uLs[t gfulstf kfpgsf nflu
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf lgj]bg k7fpg'ePsf] 5. pxf w]} jif{b]lv uf]vf lhNnfdf
h8La'6L ;DaGwL sfd u] a:g'ePsf] x]5. g]kfnL sfg'g cg';f pxfnfO{
gfulstf lbg ;lsg] of g;lsg] eGg]af] u[x dGqfnon] s'g} lg0f{o ug{ ;s]sf]
x]g5. o;}aLr, ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv u}sfg'gL ?kdf lagfle;f al;x]sfn] xfn
pxf y'gfdf x'g'x'bf] x]5. o;af] hd{g fhb"tfjf;n] rf;f] fv] pxfnfO{ hd{g
kmsf{pg] k|of; ;d]t u]sf] x]5. t pxfn] cfkm" g]kfnd} a:g], hd{g gkms{g]
c7f]6 ug'{ePsf] x]5. o; ;DaGwdf bafn] s'g} lgb]{zg lbP pxfnfO{ y'gfaf6
d'Qm ug{ ;s] ;sffTds ;Gb]z hfg ;S5 eg] d}n] hfx] u]. ;sfaf6
x's'd eof], ljb]zL gfulsnfO{ o;L y'g] fVbf fd|f] b]lvb}g. pxfnfO{ tTsfn
y'gfd'Qm uL hd{gL g} lkmtf{ ug{ ;s] 7Ls} 5. cyjf, pxf g]kfndf a;]sf] w]} jif{
ePsfn] c\uLs[t gfulstf lbg sfg'gn] ldN5 eg] lsg glbg] < o; ljifodf
u[x;lrj;u s'f u] 6'\UofOlbg".
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfn] dfcf]jfbLn] klxn] ;]gf
kl5 gffo0fl;+x k'g dfkm{t fhf;u jftf{sf] s'f cufl8 a9fPsf] xf], k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjaf6 ;d]t ljZjf;sf] kq k|fKt ePsf] lyof], xfdL cem} klg fhf;u e]6]
cfk\mgf s'f fVg rfxG5f}, t xfn baf 6f9f ePsf] 5, ;]gf a6flPsf] 5, of]
s;L eof] xfdL kQf nufpb} 5f} fhfsf] ljZjf;k|fKt JolQmsf] vf]hLdf 5f} eGg]
u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
e|d0fsf qmddf ;sf ;]gfsf] s'g} klg Aof]sdf fh ePdf Toxf sfo{t
;Dk"0f{ ;}lgs hjfgnfO{ v;L pkxf lbg] ef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ k|rng 5.
To;df nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf] lan ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf cfp5. ;f]xL cg';f ut
h]7 @#, @$ @% ut] ;sf k"jL{ If]qsf] e|d0fdf ;jfL ePsf a]nf O6xL
tfKn]h' Aof]ssf Aof]ssf hjfgnfO{ ef]h v'jfpbf nfu]sf] vr{ ;DaGwdf hfx]
ubf{ lan dufP sd e'QmfgL k7fOlbg" x's'd eof].
;sfL gof jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dGqLx? 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL sdn
yfkfn] lxhf] k"j{dGqL tyf jftf{6f]nLsf tTsfnLg ;b:o gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{
e]6] zflGt k|lqmofaf] 5nkmn u]sf 5g\. jftf{6f]nLn] cfh k|fljlws ;ldltsf
;b:ox?;u kfdz{ ug]{ sfo{qmd x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
eftLo b"tfjf;n] kfi6 dGqfnodf kq n]vL b"tfjf;leqsf] ;'Iffsf
nflu eftsf] :k];n ;]So'l6L Ao'f] -P;P;aL_ sf $) hjfgnfO{ xltof ;lxt
fVg :jLs[lt dfu u]sf] 5. o:tf] dfu klxn]klxn] klg x'b} cfPsf] lyof], t
:jLs[lt lbOPsf] lyPg. xfn kfi6 dGqfnon] :jLs[lt lbg] dfgl;stf agfpb}
cfPsf] 5 eGg] a'lemG5. of] ljifonfO{ lnP k|wfg ;]gfkltn] fli6o ;'Iff

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

klifb\df 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ Toxf lg0f{o geP;Dd kfi6 dGqfnonfO{ :jLs[lt

lbg f]Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5.
cfh k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?n] b]zsf] ;'Iff
Joj:yf ;DaGwdf ;fd"lxs hfx]L ug]{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof]. yfkf k|wfgdGqL
ePkl5 ;'Iff c\ux?sf] of] klxnf] hfx]L lyof].
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dft[sfk|;fb ofbjn] eftLo b"tfjf;df sfo{t
eftsf] u'Ktr Ph]G;L csf k|d'v dbg Kof;L;u 5nkmn u]sf] va 5.
5nkmndf Kof;Ln] ofbjnfO{ eftsf] k6gfdf ld:6 dfy';u ;Dks{ fVg eg]5g\.
;fy} eftsf lkk'N; jf u'|k -kL8An'hL_ dfcf]jfbL sDo'lg:6 ;]G6 -Pd;L;L_
;u tkfO{+x?sf] s]s:tf] ;DaGw x]sf] 5 < egL ;f]w]5g\. To;sf] hjfkmdf
ofbjn] pgLx?;u xfd|f] s'g} ;xof]u;xsfo{ OToflb 5}g, ;}4flGts ;DaGw dfq
xf], eftsf] clxt x'g] s'g} klg sfo{ ug]{ xfd|f] gLlt 5}g eg]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.
of] s'f ofbjn] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf csf{ ;b:o s[i0faxfb' dxfnfO{ lkf]6{
u]sf] klg a'lemPsf] 5.
cy{ dGqfnosf] cg'f]wdf ;]gfn] klrfng ulx]sf] fh:j u:tL 6f]nLnfO{
oxL c;f d;fGt;Dd sfod fvL csf]{ cfly{s jif{b]lv of] sfd cy{ dGqfnonfO{
g} lhDdf nufpg 7Ls x'g] egL zfxL h\uL c8\8faf6 k|:tfj cfPsf] 5. o;
k|:tfjdf cfh ;sfaf6 ;xdlt aS:of].
;+o'Qm clwfHo a]lNhodaf6 ;]gfn] vlb u]sf s]xL xltof Pokf]6{df
cfOk'u]sf 5g\ x:tfGt0f x'g afsL 5.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] tjfjwfgdf g]kfnnfO{ PrcfO{eLP8\; lgoGq0fsf nflu
7"nf] sd k|fKt x'b} 5. g]kfndf klg P8\; ljsfn ;d:ofsf ?kdf lj:tf x'g]
ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsfn] cGtf{li6o lgsfoaf6 7"nf] ;xof]u cfpg] qmd ;'
ePsf] xf]. To;}n] o; ;d:ofsf lj4 n8\g u7g x'g] ;+oGqdf fh;+:yfaf6
;+IfsTjsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ePdf ;sffTds x'g] b]lvG5.
hfhsf]6] fhf k|sfzljqmd zfx lbj\ut ePsf] s]xL dlxgf e};s]sf] 5.
pxfsf 5f]fx? ljjflxt fgLaf6 ghGd]sf] eGb} hfhsf]6] 7s'L vfgbfgsf
s]xL cu|h JolQmn] d}n] fhf x'g kfpg'k5{ egL ;sfdf laGtL r9fPsf lyP.
hfgsfLdf cfP cg';f, fhf x'g laGtLkq r9fpg]df t]hljqmd zfx, ljgf]bljqmd
zfx fhLjljqmd zfx x'g'x'G5. o;} ;Gbe{df kqklqsfdf ljleGg 6Lsfl6Kk0fL
;dfrf k|sflzt eOx]sf 5g\. xfnsf] klj]zdf of] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf fVg
gof fhf lgo'Qm ug{ dgfl;a 5}g eg] d}n] ;sfdf laGtL u]. d]f] hfx]L
;'g] ;sf xfl;aS:of] dfq, s'g} k|ltlqmof aS;]g.
ljz]if ;|f]taf6 k|fKt va cg';f cfGbf]ngsfL kfr bnn] cab]lv
cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd fhtGqsf lj4 s]lGb|t ug]{ ePsf 5g\. o:tf] lg0f{o

465

466

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

klxnf] k6s ePsf] xf]. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] lgs} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf]. of]
s'f hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{ klg hfgsfL
ufpg" x's'd eof].

@)^) c;f ^ ut] z'qmaf

;sf kljt{gkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{df Tolt pT;fx b]vfPsf] 5}g. a
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? jftf{ e\u ePkl5sf] 0fgLlt to ug{ h'6]sf] a'lemG5. pgLx?sf]
e|d0f klg lgs} a9]sf] 5. o;} l;nl;nfdf kDkmf e';fn ut $ ut] sf7df8f}
cfP % ut] g} lrtjgtkm{ nfu]sf] lzjfh uf}td bfaf6 sf7df8f} cfPsf] va
5. To:t} lxl;nf odL alb{oftkm{ nfu]sf] 8f= afa'fd efO{ alb{ofaf6 eft,
pQk|b]zsf] dlxk'jftkm{ k|:yfg u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s c;f !%, !^ !& ut] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
aNv'df a:g] ePsf] 5. To:t} sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s ef]ln kl;{sf nflu
lgwf{0f ePsf] 5. Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn g]tf etdf]xg clwsfLn]
lxhf] ljb]zL kqsfnfO{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf e]6\g'ePsf] 5. To; cj;df pxfx?n]
cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTosf af]df k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] 5.
lxhf] laxfg k"j{dGqL d]zgfy kf08]nfO{ x[bof3ft ePkl5 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
lzIf0f c:ktfn, dxffhuGhdf egf{ ulPsf] 5. xfn pxfsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo
x]sf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] cfh ckfx\g zflGt h'n'; k|bz{g u]sf] 5. h'n';df @#
xhfsf] ;xeflutf x]sf] b]lvof]. h'n';sf] cGTodf 306f3df sf]0f;efsf] cfof]hgf
ulPsf] lyof]. To:t}, cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{n] klg Tgkfs{df cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf
u]sf lyP. ;efdf klxn]sf] eGbf clnslt Hofbf hg;xeflutf lyof].
oL s'f hfx] x'bf ;sfaf6 x's'd eof], ;Defljt vtf ;d;fdlos
fhgLlts klj]zsf af]df ;'Iff lgsfo ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5. ;fy} ;'Iff
lgsfo cfkm" :jo+n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf af]df klg tofL xg'kg]{ x'G5.
jftf{ 5f]8] dfcf]jfbL Gdf kms]{kl5 ug'{kg]{;Defljt ck];gdf ;'Iff lgsfo
;+o'Qm ?kdf klrfng x'g'k5{ -sDafOG8 ck];g_. To;sf nflu ;+o'Qm r]g ckm
sdfG8sf af]df :ki6 wf0ff agfpg lgb]{zg lbg".

@)^) c;f ( ut] ;f]daf

lrlgof fhb"tsf lghL ;lrjn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] cfpbf] z'qmaf a]n'sf
fhb"tn] tkfO{+nfO{ >LdtL ;lxt l8gdf af]nfpg'ePsf] 5, tkfO{+sf] ;do ldN5
eg] d lgdGq0ff sf8{ k7fp5' eGg'eof]. d}n] d]f] sfo{qmd x]] va u5'{ eg].
o; ljifodf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 hfg" eg] x's'd aS:of].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j uf}td nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb k|wfgdGqL
x'Gh]n ;sfk|lt ;sffTds b]lvg'x'GYof]. xfnsf] dlGqklifb\k|lt pxfx?n]
;sffTds wf0ff fv]sf] h:tf] b]lvb}g. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pxfx? bafk|lt
;sffTds g} eOxg' pko'Qm x'G5.
s]xL ;doklxn] cjsfz kfPsf fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf pkk|d'v nfnaxfb'
yfkf dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] cfk\mgf] sfo{sfnsf cg'ej xfnsf]
cj:yfdf pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] atfpg'eof]. ;fy} eftsf] ;Ldf Onfsfdf cfk\mgf]
;Dks{ ePsfn] cfjZos k] dxffhflwfhnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u ldnfpg
;Sg] pNn]v ug'{eof]. pxfsf s'f hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 eftLo ;Ldf Onfsfdf
g]kfnL hgtf fh;+:yfk|lt fd|f] wf0ff ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5, To;}n] pgnfO{
sfd lbg ;lsg] ePsfn] ;Dks{df xg eg x's'd eof].
b'O{tLg lbgcufl8 k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] fk|kf g]tf jLGb|gfy zdf{
dfkm{t clxn]sf] fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo ug{]{ ;DaGwdf !! a'b] k|:tfj sf\u|];
;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf ;dIf k7fpg'ePsf] lyof]. To;} ljifodf cfh
jLGb|gfy zdf{sL 5f]Lsf] uNkm'6fl:yt 3df k|wfgdGqL yfkf, zdf{, sf]Ofnf
cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWofoaLr uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] 5. pQm k|:tfjsf] Ps k|lt
sf]Ofnfn] ;'emfjsf nflu k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfyk|;fb pkfWofo ;dIf
k7fPsf] va cfPsf] 5.
;+o'Qm fHo cd]lsfsf] ;+;fe x]sf] OG6]:6 k|f]k6L{ ;DaGwL ]vb]v
ug]{ fhb"t 6]n sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] cfh fli6o ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ e]6\g'eof]. cfh} g]kfnl:yt
cd]lsL fhb"tn] pxfsf] ;Ddfgdf lbPsf] flqef]hdf g]kfnsf ;a} ;'Iff
c\usf k|d'vnfO{ af]nfOPsf] lyof]. ;f] cj;df fhb"t 6]nn] g]kfnsf] fhgLlts
ultljlw ;DaGwdf s]xL lh1f;f fVg'eof]. pxfn] hfGg vf]h]sf ljifo lyP, jftf{
;kmn eP dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] lgMz:qLs0f Joj:yfkgsf af]df s] of]hgf 5 <
jftf{ ;kmn geP OG6]lnh]G; ck];gn tofL s:tf] 5 < ;fy}, cd]lsfn] rLg
eftnfO{ g]kfndf cfk\mgf] fhgLlts jf cGo s'g} klg OG6]:6 5}g eg] :ki6
kfl;s]sf] hfgsfL lbb} pxfn] cd]lsfsf] rfxgf eg]sf] g} cft\sjfb ;dfKt
kfg'{ xf] eGg'ePsf] 5. cd]lsfdf sltko l;g]6n] g]kfnnfO{ xftxltof jf cGo
;'Iff ;xfotf lbg] s'fsf] ljf]w ug]{ u]sf 5g\, t bnfO{ nfdfsf k|ltlglwn]
g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL sDo'lg:6sf] ljf]w u]sfn] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ s]xL ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 eGg] hfgsfL ;d]t pxfn] lbg'ePsf] 5.
pQm cj;df g]kfnsf ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?n] cd]lsfn] g]kfnnfO{
x]bf{ cfkm\g} cfvfaf6 x]g'{kb{5, c?sf] cfvfaf6 x]g{ 7Ls x'b}g eGg] b[li6sf]0f
fVg'eof]. o'f]lkog o'lgogsf] g]kfnk|ltsf] wf0ff cGof]nk"0f{ x]sf] kfOG5.

467

468

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

a]nfot g]kfnsf] k'fgf] ldq eP klg 8LPkmcfO{8Ldf sfo{t lSno ;6{ g]kfnaf6
k|:yfg ePkl5 ;DaGw ;'w|g] ck]Iff ulPsf] 5.
xfn a]nfot e|d0fdf x]sf k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] nG8gaf6 kmf]g u]
bz{ge]6df ;sfaf6 s]xL lstfasf af]df s'f ulaS;]sf] lyof], tL lstfasf
;fy} cGo s]xL gof fd|f lstfa k7fPsf] 5', ;sfdf r9fOlbg" eGg'eof].
dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] ;lqmotf lgs} a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5. g]tf 8f= afa'fd
efO{ eftaf6 kms]{ g]kfnuGh x'b} sfnLsf]6 uO{ Toxfaf6 kms]{ alb{of x'b} km]l
eftlt} nfu]sf] va 5. alb{ofdf dfcf]jfbL kf]ln6Ao'f] jf s]Gb|Lo hgqmflGtsfL
klifb\sf] a}7s a;]sf] x'g ;S5.
eftsf] ;fpy Ansdf sfo{t kbflwsfLsf] Pp6f 6f]nL xfn} uf]Ko ?kdf
cfP k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ e]6L s]xL dxjk"0f{ ;'emfj ;d]t lbP uPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. k|fKt lkf]6{ cg';f pgLx?n] k|wfgdGqL yfkf;u eg]sf 5g\, Pdfn]
sf\u|]; b'j} kf6L{nfO{ ldnfP ;sfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg'k5{. o;f] ubf{ fhfnfO{
klg bafj k'Ub5. ;+ljwfg;efdf uP klg x'G5 jf xfns} ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg u]
klg x'G5. Pdfn]af6 s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j uf}tdsf] ;d"x 5'lP uP klg s]xL
kms kb}{g. kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfndf cd]lsfsf] rnv]n lgs} a9]sf] 5. o;df
xfd|f] cfklQ 5. of] s'f xfdLn] rLgnfO{ ;d]t hfgsfL ufPsf 5f}. rLgnfO{
;d]t of] 7Ls nfu]sf] 5}g.
To:t} pgLx?n] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6] cfd
r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff x'g] k|an ;Defjgf 5, o;f] eof] eg] cfGbf]ng rsf{P r'gfj
layf]Ng ;Sg'k5{ eg]sf] va 5. pgLx?n] Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j
uf}tdnfO{ ;d]t e]6\g vf]h]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;sfdf oL ljifo hfx] x'bf ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?;u 5nkmn ug"{ x's'd
eof]. ;fy} xfnsf] kll:yltdf eft;usf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t ljrf x'g'kg]{ zflGt
k|lqmofnfO{ lg0ff{os ?k lbg'kg]{ lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 @)@* ;fndf
eft, rLg k~rfotaLrsf] ;DaGwsf af]df dxjk"0f{ b:tfj]h ePsf] s'g} kmfOn
v8f ePsf] 5 ls, vf]Hg" x's'd eof].
rLgdf a;f]af; ug]{ d]f l5d]sL czf]sfh kf08] xfn sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf]
5. o;aLr pxfn] lrlgof fhb"t p of] s;u e]6\g'ePsf] x]5. pQm
e]63f6df fhb"tn] eg]sf s'f kf08]n] dnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf ;'gfpg'eof]. pxfsf
cg';f olt a]nf lrlgof fhb"t lgs} lgfz x'g'x'G5. kf08];u lrlgof fhb"tn]
eGg'eP5, g]kfndf ug{ vf]lhPsf] s'g} klg sfd x'b}g. Jofks l9nf;':tL 5. d
g]kfn cfPkl5 tLg k6s ;sf kljt{g eO;Sof]]. rLg g]kfndf :yfoL zflGt
sfod xf];\, ljsf; xf];\ fhgLlts l:ytf xf];\ eGg] rfxG5. o;sf nflu
;xof]u ug{ tof 5. t g]kfndf ;DalGwt lgsfo Toxf sfo{t JolQmn] s'g}

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

rf;f] fVb}gg\. g]kfndf fhb"tsf x}l;otn] d}n] b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGw ljsl;t ug{
s]xL ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] dx';; ubf{ dnfO{ Hofb} b'Mv nfU5. g]kfnsf y'k|}
pBf]u fd|f];u ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. w]} lrlgof JofkfL, pBf]ukltx?n]
oL pBf]udf lghL nufgL ;d]t ug{ rfx]sf 5g\. t g]kfnsf] k|zf;g oGq
fhgLlts ;+oGqn] s'f cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g. To;}n] lrlgof pBf]ukltx?
lgs6 l5d]sL g]kfn 5f]8] 6f9fsf clk|msL d'n'slt 9Ns]sf 5g\. o;f] x'g'sf]
k|d'v sf0f eftLo x:tIf]k xf]. of] s'f g]kfnsf] fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ yfxf
5, t pgLx? a'em krfP a;]sf 5g\. s'g} klg dGqL b]zsf nflu s]xL uf}
eGg] efjgfaf6 k|]lt ePsf] d}n] kfOg. pgLx?;u g]kfnsf] pGgltsf nflu
5nkmn ug'{ a]sf h:tf] nfU5. o;} qmddf rLgn] ;xof]u:j?k agfOlbPsf]
x]6f}8f l;d]G6 sfvfgfsf] cj:yf clt g} bogLo x]sf]df lrQ b'vfpb} lrlgof
fhb"tn] kf08]nfO{ eGg'eP5, pQm sfvfgf tkfO{+n] ;Sg'x'G5 eg] lsGg'xf];\, xfdL
;xof]u u5f}{+.

@)^) c;f !# ut] z'qmaf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf lxhf] ljf6gu hfg'eof].
ljf6guaf6 l;fxf uP Toxf k|]; o'lgogn] cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
x'g] pxfsf] sfo{qmd 5. cfh} sf]Ofnfn] ljf6gudf !# hgfn] ug{ nfu]sf] ln]
cgzgsf] ;'jft ufOlbg'ePsf] 5. To; cj;df sf]Ofnfn] 3f]if0ff ug'{eof],
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt klg ljf6guaf6} ;' ePsf] lyof]. To; a]nfsf] qmflGt
hxflgof f0ff zf;gsf lj4df lyof] eg] of] cfGbf]ng fhfsf lj4 xf]. fhfn]
c;f]h !* sf] sbdnfO{ ;RofP k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ug'{k5{. cfGbf]ngn]
;kmntf k|fKt gu];Dd d lj>fd lnGg.
cfh laxfg Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ OhfonL fhb"tn] e]6]sf]
va 5. cfh} dfcf]jfbLn] cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{nfO{ cu|ufdL lgsf;sf nflu
;femf Ph]G8f ;lxt s]xL ljifodf ;femf ;xdlt agfP ;8s cfGbf]ngdf hfg
;lsg] k|:tfj k7fPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
eftsf] gof lbNnLdf x]sf g]kfnsf nflu :jL8]gsf fhb"tn] xfn} g]kfndf
;+j}wflgs fhtGq ax'bnLo k|hftGqk|lt xfd|f] k"0f{ k|lta4tf x]sf] 5, of] s'f
dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfnfO{ klg hfgsfL ufO;lsPsf] 5, To:t} g]kfndf eOx]sf] cft\
ssfL ultljlwn] eftnfO{ ;d]t gsffTds k|efj kg{ ;Sg]af] ;dod} ljrf ug{
eft;u cfu|x ul;lsPsf] 5 eGg'ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k"j{k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dfcf]jfbL;u
jftf{ cl3 a9fpg dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] 5. o;sf] sb:j?k pxfx?
b'j}nfO{ lje"if0f k|bfg u] ;sffTds ;Gb]z hfg ;Sg]5 eg] d}n] ;sfdf hfx]

469

470

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

u]. ;sfaf6 o;af] kl5 ljrf uf}nf x's'd eof].

dfcf]jfbL ;lxt !! jfd kf6L{sf] a}7sdf dfcf]jfbL Pdfn]aLr ;+ljwfg;efsf]
ljifodf lnP kmskms dt b]lvof]. Pdfn] s'g} klg xfntdf ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg
g;lsg] c8fgdf 5. o;sf sf0f jfd kf6L{x?n] casf a}7sx?df Pdfn]nfO{
a}7sdf gaf]nfpg] lgwf] u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt kfr bnsf] @$ 306] ln] cgzg sf7df8f}sf] Tgkfs{df hfL
5. cgzgdf ljleGg bnsf !# hgf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ ;xefuL x'g] u]sf
5g\. ;fy} cfh a]n'sL d;fn h'n'; k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{qmd flvPsf] 5. >L % sf]
;sfnfO{ d;fn h'n';df s'g} klg lsl;dsf] x:tIf]k gug{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5.
o;}aLr, cfGbf]ngt bnn] tTsfnLg fhf jL]Gb| pxfsf] kljfsf gfddf x]sf]
;DklQ fli6os0f ug{ dfu ub{}{ x:tfIf cleofg rnfOx]sf 5g\. o;af] >L %
sf] ;sfsf] s'g} k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5}g.
k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f cfh d lrlgof fhb"tn] cfof]hgf u]sf]
l8gdf uP. pxf;u d]f] ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn eof]. fhb"tn] g]kfnn] ;]gf
nufP eP klg g]kfndf x'g] rLgljf]wL ultljlw f]Sg'kof], o;sf nflu g]kfnnfO{
zlQmzfnL ;]gfsf] cfjZostf 5 eGg' ljifodf hf]8 lbg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof],
rLgsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t g]Gb|fh kf08]n] lrlgof fi6klt ;dIf cf]xbfsf]
k|df0fkq k|:t't ubf{ fi6kltn] kf08];u sla $% ldg]6 nfdf] 5nkmn ug'{ePsf]
5. o:tf] cj;df lrlgof fi6kltn] s'g} klg b]zsf fhb"t;u kfrb; ldg]6sf]
enfs';fL dfq ug]{ rLgsf] gLlt x]sf] 5. To;}n] of] $% ldg]6sf] 5nkmnaf6
rLgn] g]kfn;usf] ;DaGwnfO{ clt g} uDeL ?kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5.
k|To'Qdf d}n] fhb"tnfO{ g]kfn ;b}j Ps rLg gLltsf] ;dy{gdf xb} cfPsf]
;j{ljlbt} 5, g]kfnn] of] c8fg TofUb}g, g]kfndf rLgljf]wL s'g} klg ultljlw x'g
glbg sfdsfafxL eOx]sf] 5 eGg]af] cfZj:t kf]. ;fy} xfnsf] kll:yltdf
rLgn] klg g]kfnnfO{ cft\sjfbsf lj4 n8\g ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] cfu|x u].
rLg eftsf] ;DaGw nuftf lj:tf eOx]sf] ;Gbe{df rLgsf] g]kfnk|lt s]
b[li6sf]0f x'G5 < egL lh1f;f fv]. fhb"t;u d}n] eg], l;lSsdsf af]df xfn}
cfPsf] lrlgof b[li6sf]0f tyf rLg eftsf] l;dfgf l;lSsddf lgdf{0f ePsf]
fhdfu{n] g]kfnnfO{ s:tf] k|efj kfg]{ b]Vg'x'G5 < g]kfndf cd]lsL klZrdf
d'n'ssf] rnv]n ;DaGwdf h'g cfjfh p7\g] u]sf] 5, Tof] vf;} uDeL 5}g.
cd]lsf a]nfotn] ;]gfnfO{ cft\sjfbsf lj4 n8\g ;Lldt ;}lgs xftxltof
tyf nlhl:6S; dfq pknAw ufPsf 5g\. of] ;xof]u k"0f{tM cft\sjfbsf
lj4 nlIft 5. o;df rLgn] cGoyf lng' x'b}g. rLgsf] ;+j]bgzLntfk|lt xfdL
k"0f{ ;r]t 5f}. g]kfn ;fs{ fi6sf] ;b:o eP klg xfd|f] rLg;u ;of} jif{ k'fgf]
!$ ;o lsnf]ld6 nfdf] l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] ;DaGw 5. g]kfn rLgaLrsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;DaGw Hofb} 3lgi7 ;d:ofd'Qm 5. rLg g]kfnsf] c;n ldq xf]. rLgn] klg
g]kfnnfO{ c;n l5d]sL ldqb]zsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5.
To;}n] xfdLnfO{ k]sf] ;dodf rLgaf6 ;xof]u ck]Iff fv]sf 5f}. ;fy} rLgn]
klg g]kfndf eOx]sf ultljlwk|lt rf;f] fVg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5. cGTodf d}n]
;sfaf6 z'ehGdf]T;jkl5 tkfO{+nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;g]5, pQm cj;df tkfO{+nfO{
nfu]sf ljrf ;sf ;dIf fVbf 7Ls xf]nf eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t lbP.

@)^) c;f !^ ut] ;f]daf

k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] lxhf] flt a]nfotaf6 kmf]g u] eGg'eof], oxfsf
Vofltk|fKt g]kfnL k|f= ;"o{k|;fb ;'j]bL;u k|fOe]6 l8gdf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg fhgLlts
klj]zsf ;DaGwdf d]f] nfdf] s'fsfgL eof]. pxf jt{dfg zflGtjftf{k|lt Psbd}
;sffTds x'g'x'G5. cjsfzk|fKt a]nfotL ;]gfsf hgn ; zfd sfcf]gn]
dnfO{ b'O{tLg lbgsf nflu af]nfpg'ePsf] 5. nG8gl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t;u
klg e]6\g] sfo{qmd to u]sf] 5'. ;fy}, ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd n8{
Sofdf]OhnfO{ klg e]6\5'. -n8{ Sofdf]Oh g]kfnsf] fhkljf;u lgs6 ;DaGw
x]sf JolQm x'g'x'G5. pxf :juL{o fhf jL]Gb| a]nfotdf cWoogt x'bfb]lv g}
jL]Gb| ;sf tyf kl5 bLk]Gb| ;sf gLfhg ;sf;Ddsf :yfgLo cleefjs
xb} cfpg'ePsf] 5._ ;fy} pxfn] a]nfotsf s]xL k|fl1s ;+:yf tyf ljZjljBfnon]
g]kfnsf] xfnsf] fhgLlts klj]z hfL jftf{ ;DaGwdf cGtlqmofsf nflu
af]nfOx]sf 5g\, s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 < egL ;f]Wg'eof].
eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf lgd{n rGb eLhsf] xfn}sf] g]kfn e|d0fdf s'fsfgL
eP cg';f kmnf]ck sfo{qmdsf nflu eftLo ;]gfsf] ;Def ljefuaf6 ljz]if 6f]nL
sf7df8f} cfOk'u]sf] 5. pQm 6f]nLn] nlhl:6S;sf ;fy} s]xL dfqfdf PDo'lg;g
;lxtsf s]xL 6s ;fdfg NofPsf] 5. To:t} a]nfotaf6 cfPsf] ODk|f]efOH8
PS;Knf]l;e l8efO; -cfO{O{8L_ ;DaGwL ljz]if1 6f]nL klg sf7df8f} cfOk'u]sf] 5.
6f]nLn] ;]gfsf] !$ gDa jflxgL c8\8fnfO{ s]xL pks0f x:tfGt0f ug]{ tL
pks0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo tflnd lbg] sfo{qmd x]sf] 5.
rLg kms{g nfUg'ePsf l5d]sL czf]sfh kf08];u d]f] cfh k'gM e]6 eof].
lrlgof fhb"t p sf] of];u pxfsf] km]l e]6 ePsf] x]5. To; a]nf lrlgof
fhb"tn] u'gf;f] ug'{ePsf] x]5, >L % sf] ;sf;u ;xdlt x'g w]} ljifo afsL
5g\. g]kfnn] ltAatL z0ffyL{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt clVtof u]sf] b]lvb}g. cj}w
?kaf6 g]kfn lelqg] ltAatLnfO{ fd|f];u cg';Gwfg u] jf:tljs z0ffyL{nfO{
dfq ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] z0ffyL{ ;DaGwL pRr cfof]udf a'emfpg'kg]{ xf]. t >L
% sf] ;sfn] To;f] u]sf] 5}g. cfkflws jf cGo cjfl~5t ultljlwdf ;+nUg
eP g]kfn k;]sf ltAatLnfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg'g cg';f sfafxL ug'{k5{ of rLgnfO{

471

472

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;'k'b{uL ug'{k5{. of] xfd|f] b]zsf] dfu xf]. t To;f] ulPsf] 5}g. vf; uL
xfnsf u[x;lrj 6LsfbQ lgf}nfn] ckgfpg'ePsf] a}ofn] rLgljf]wL ultljlwnfO{
g} k|f]T;fxg u]sf] b]lvG5.
hfkfgL fhb"t h]GhL sfldgfuf;u d]f] cgf}krfls ?kdf e]6 eof].
pxfn] dxffhflwfhaf6 Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ lsg k|wfgdGqL
gagfOaS;]sf] < eg] ;f]Wg'eof] eGg'eof], ;sfaf6 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg ljZjf;
ulaS;nf h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g. ;f]xL cj;df fhb"tsf] egfO lyof], hfkfgn]
s'n]vfgL t];|F] hnljB't\ klof]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]usf nflu clGtd 5nkmn
ulx]sf] 5. g]kfndf 7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf nufgL ug{ hfkfg OR5's 5}g.
lsgeg] To:tf cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt lah'nL eftnfO{ a]Rg hfkfgnfO{ sl7gfO
kg{ ;S5. hfkfgsf nflu eft;u ;xdlt ug{ lgs} ;d:of 5. o:tf cfof]hgf
cd]lsL o'f]k]nL sDkgLnfO{ lgdf{0f ug{ lbbf pko'Qm x'G5. d}n] tkfO{+sf ;'emfj
;sfdf hfx] u5'{ eg].
cgf}krfls e]63f6s} qmddf gj]{lhog fhb"t;u klro x'bf pxfn]
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj 3f]if0ff ubf{ dxffhflwfhnfO{ s] ;d:of k5{ < eg]
d;u lh1f;f fVg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj eGg' g} b]z
u0ftGqdf k|j]z ug'{ xf] eGg] a'emfO bafdf x]sf] 5. ;+j}wflgs fhtGq
ax'bnLo k|hftGq oL b'O{ ljifodf k"j{;xdlt sfod uL cufl8 a9] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfjdf hfg klg s'g} cfklQ xf]nf h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g. t ljifo uDeL ePsfn]
fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] s;L ;f]R5g\, To;df e k5{.
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] dlGqklifb\df ;sfL kIfaf6 cfpg] s'g}
klg k|]; lj1lKt, ljleGg dGqLn] lbg] ;Gb]z cGtjf{tf{ klg ;dGjo uL Ps}
lsl;daf6 k|jfx x'g' h?L 5, To:t} jftf{6f]nLn] jftf{df hfg'cl3 k|fljlws ;ldlt
;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?;u 5nkmn ug{ h?L 5 eg] lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf]
a'lemPsf] 5.
eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0fn] lxhf] laxfg sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnf a]n'sf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf e]6]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. s] s'f eof] olsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. kl5Nnf] lbgdf sf]Ofnf
g]kfn b]zsf] fhgLlts ;d:of xn ug{ g]kfnL fhgLlts zlQms]Gb|eGbf klg
ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|, vf; uL eftlt Hofbf 9lNsPsf] b]lvPsf] 5. pxfx?
ftf]lbg eftLo kbflwsfL fhb"t;usf] ;Dks{df x'g'x'G5 eGg] lkf]6{ ljleGg
;'Iff lgsfoaf6 cfOx]sf] 5. of] ultljlw s'g} klg b[li6n] b]zsf] bL3{sfnLg
lxtdf 5 h:tf] nfUb}g.
Ko'7fgsf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ dfkm{t dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb'
dxfn] fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{nfO{ dxffhflwfh;u

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

bz{ge]6sf nflu ;do ldnfOlbg'kof] eg] va k7fpg'ePsf] 5. of] klxn] klg

;sfdf hfx] eO;s]sf] ljifo xf].
clVtofsf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;"o{gfy pkfWofo ckx0fdf kg'{eof] eg] lxhf]
Jofks xNnf rNof]. t pxf 5f]L ;'Ts]L ePsf sf0f laxfg}b]lv c:ktfndf
xg'ePsf] x]5.
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf g]tf tyf sf7df8f}sf k"j{d]o kLPn l;+x eftsf]
gof lbNnL hfg'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] eftLo kbflwsfL s]xL g]tfnfO{ ;d]t e]6\g]
sfo{qmd x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. pxf kms]{kl5 eftsf] olsg wf0ff s] xf] eGg] yfxf
x'G5 egL kf6L{leq rrf{ rn]sf] 5.

@)^) c;f !( ut] laxLaf

a\unfb]zaf6 Toxfsf ckfwL ;d"xn] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k7fpg nfu]sf]
!*) s]hL lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ sla Ps nfv yfg uf]nL Toxfsf] k|xLn] afdb
u]sf] 5. o;af] lj:t[t cWoog x'g afsL 5.
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{sf] cfh laxfg a;]sf] a}7sdf gof ;+ljwfgsf] ljifodf
;xdlt x'g ;s]g. sf\u|]; Pdfn]n] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ tyf g]kfn
dhb' ls;fg kf6L{, ;b\efjgf kf6L{ ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf
hfg'kg]{ c8fg fv]sfn] a}7s k'gM ef]ln a:g] ePsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{n] cfx\jfg u] adf]lhd ;+;b\sf] ljz]if clwj]zg cfh
laxfg !! ah] ;' ulof]. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;efd'vsf]
sfd ug'{eof]. kf6L{x?n] k'fg} s'f bf]xf]ofP. a}7s ef]ln !) ah] k'gM ;' x'g]
3f]if0ff ;lxt ;DkGg ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLsf] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g clvn -qmflGtsfL_ sf] dxflwj]zg g]kfn
fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] xndf ;' eof]. dxflwj]zg tLg lbg rNg] o;af6
gof g]t[Tj ;d]t rog x'g]5. o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] clvn qmflGtsfL dlxnf
;\3af6 g]qL ]vf zdf{nfO{ x6fPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
;sfL jftf{6f]nL ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?aLr fli6o ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfnodf 5nkmn ePsf] 5. 5nkmndf ;]gfnfO{ Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6df
;Lldt ug]{ ljifo xfnnfO{ :ylut ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] hglxtsf
sfo{qmd eg] ulx]sf cgfjZos ultljlw f]Sg]af] klg s'fsfgL eof].
dfcf]jfbL n8fs' g]kfnL ;]gfsf] 6f]nLaLr hDsfe]6 eP ;xh 9\un] cufl8
a9\g] ;fy} s'g} clk|o 36gf x'g glbg]af] ;r]t xg] ;d]t to ePsf]
5. ;fy} jftf{6f]nLnfO{ ;3fpg cfjZos sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;lrjfno
:yfkgf ug]{ tyf To;sf] lhDd]jfL ;lrj hgsnfn hf]zLnfO{ lbg] eGg] ljifodf
5nkmn eof].

473

474

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) c;f @@ ut] cfOtaf

;]gfn] gof kf];fs nfu" ug]{ l;nl;nfdf tof kf]sf] gd'gf kf];fs zfxL
Ifs jflxgLsf] clws[t d];df ;sfdf gh ufpg sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5.
kDkf cg';f, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] >L % dxffhflwfhsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf]
k"j{;GWofdf flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf uof]. flqef]hdf k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{x?, k"j{
;}lgs ;lrjx?, zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf sfo{t ;Dk"0f{ clws[t, k|wfg ;]gfklt
nufot ;a} pkyLnfO{ lgdGq0ff ulPsf] lyof]. o:tf] flqef]hdf cfh klxnf]
k6s dxffhflwfh tyf o'jfhflwfh Ps;fy ;d'kl:yt xf]OaS:of] ;a};u
lrghfg uL s'fsfgL ulaS:of].

@)^) c;f @# ut] ;f]djf

>L % dxffhflwfhsf] cfh %& cf} z'ehGdf]T;j. ;sfn] fHoff]x0f
ulaS;]kl5sf] klxnf] z'ehGdf]T;j ;dff]x eJotf xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy ;DkGg
eof]. k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf z'ehGdf]T;j d"n ;dff]x ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5.
gfulssf tkm{af6 ;d]t e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6sf] cWoIftfdf 5'} csf]{
;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5. b'j} ;ldltn] ;sfdf z'esfdgf r9fP. gfuls d"n
;dff]x ;ldltsf tkm{af6 ;xefuLx?n] zfxL ;}lgs d~r, 6'l8v]naf6 afhfufhf
;f+:s[lts emfsL ;lxtsf] ofnLsf ;fy baf cfP ;sfdf clejfbg
6qmfP. o; afx]s ljleGg tx tKsfsf gfuls ;d]t ;sfnfO{ z'esfdgf
r9fpg baf cfP. o;L z'esfdgf r9fpg]x? @% xhfeGbf a9L x]sf] cg'dfg
ulPsf] 5. ;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf cj;df cfh} fhbafdf hnkfg ;dff]x
flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf ulPsf] 5.

@)^) c;f @$ ut] d\unaf

g]kfn k|xLsf tkm{af6 kDkf cg';f dxffhflwfhsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf
cj;df jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, gof afg]Zjdf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
;lxt flqef]hsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof]. o;cl3 k|xLn] >L % dx]Gb| k'ln; Sna,
e[s6' Ld08kdf flqef]h cfof]hgf ub}{ cfPsf] lyof]. pQm Sna ejg Hofb} k'fgf]
ePsf] ;'Iffsf] b[li6n] klg pko'Qm gePsfn] k|xLn] gof :yfg to u]sf] xf].

@)^) c;f @^ ut] laxLaf

k"j{dGqL sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{+n]
dlGqklifb\sf] sfo{sfnsf] ljZn]if0f
;sfn] :yfgLo ;sf u7g ug{
;dGjo x'g ;s]g. ljleGg dGqLn]

dnfO{ e]6] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb

;'gfpg'eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], rGb
t ;s]g g}, dlGqklifb\leq ;d]t cfk;df
cfcfk\mg} 9\un] dxffhflwfh;u glhs

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

x'g vf]h] cfkm} hfGg];'Gg] 5' egL k|efj b]vfpg vf]h]. k|wfgdGqLn] klg
fhgLlts lx;fan] fd|f] ;xof]uL kfpg'ePg. cfk\mgf] kf6L{sf, lgs6sf g]tfnfO{
;d]t dlGqklifb\df fVg ;Sg'ePg. jftf{6f]nLsf ;b:o dfcf]jfbL;u cfcfk\mg}
9\un] k|:t't ePsfn] dfcf]jfbL klg pQm jftf{6f]nLsf af]df :ki6 x'g ;s]g.
fhgLltseGbf 6]Sgf]qmf6 lx;fan] Hofbf dGqL agfOof]. kmn:j?k dlGqklifb\
clxn]sf] fhgLlts dfxf]ndf sfd ug{ c;dy{ eof].
k|fKt va cg';f, dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:o fdaxfb' yfkfn] s] eg]sf
5g\ eg], gffo0fl;+x k'gsf] cg'kl:yltdf xfdL ljleGg dfWodaf6 fhf;u e]6jftf{
ug{ k|of;t 5f}. o;} ;Gbe{df xfd|f tkm{af6 8Lcf nfld5fg] jL]Gb| emfkfnLx?
bfdf]bzdz] haf, jL]Gb|axfb' zfx -nj fhf_, k|e'zdz] haf h:tf fhfsf
lgs6;u ;Dks{ fVg] k|of;df 5g\. x]f} s] x'G5 xfd|f] p2]Zo fhf;u e]6]
fhfsf] rfxgf a'e\mg] dfq xf].
eftLo kfi6;lrj sf7df8f} cfPsf] cj;df eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0fn]
k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lbjfef]hdf lgdGq0ff ug'{ePsf] 5. k|wfg ;]gfkltn] lbjfef]hdf
s] s'f x'G5, d kl5 ;sfdf hfx] u5'{ eGg'ePsf] 5.
sfo{sfn ;dfKt uL :jb]z kms{g nfu]sf OhfonL fhb"tsf] ;Ddfgdf lxhf]
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] zlzejgdf flqef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ePsf] lyof]. flqef]hdf
kfls:tfgL fhb"t cfpg'ePg, pxfn] JolQmut sf0faf6 cfpg g;s]sf] hfgsfL
lbg'eof], t cfh zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf dnfO{ e]6\g cfp5' eGg'ePsf] 5 eg]
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof].
;sfsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf] sfo{qmd tLg lbgdf ;Lldt ubf{ w]} g} wk]8L
ysfg dx;'; x'g] u]sf] 5. To; sf0f cfpbf] jif{b]lv Ps ;ftfsf] z'ehGdf]T;j
sfo{qmd to ubf{ ;lhnf] xf]nf eGg] ;lrj a}7ssf] ljZn]if0f 5.

@)^) c;f @& ut] z'qmaf

Pdfn] g]tf fwfs[i0f d}gfnL cfh dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf a]nf pxf;u
jt{dfg fhgLlts cj:yfaf] nfdf] 5nkmn eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], nf]s]Gb|axfb'
rGbnfO{ dlGqklifb\sf] Jofks k'gu{7g ug{ lbPsf] eP fd|f] x'GYof]. lsgeg] ;a}
fhgLlts bnsf g]tfn] pxfnfO{ ;n :jLsfo{ JolQmTjsf ?kdf lng] u]sf
5g\. fhfsf nflu ;"o{axfb' yfkf s'g} klg b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g'x'Gg. fhgLlts
bnx? klg pxfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g]5}gg\. fhfn] hgtfsf] cfsf\Iff
cg';f kll:yltnfO{ cfkm" cg's"n agfpg ;Sg'k5{. o:t} cj:yf x]df grfxbf
grfxb} klg fhgLlts kf6L{x? dfcf]jfbLsf] glhs k'Ug ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5.
To;n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf nflu afWofTds l:ylt l;h{gf u5{. Tof] cj:yf
fh;+:yfsf] lxtdf sbflk x'g]5}g. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf hgtfsf] d'Vo rfxgf eg]sf]

475

476

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

g} zflGt xf]. jt{dfg ;d:ofsf] fhgLlts lgsf; lgsfNg'k5{. ;+ljwfg;ef jf

hgdt ;\u|x clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf]Og. xfn fhgLlts bn sdhf] x'b}
uOx]sf 5g\. of] b]zsf nflu fd|f] ;"rs sbflk xf]Og. Ofgdf klg coft'Nnf
v'd]gLsf] g]t[Tjdf wfld{s qmflGt x'bf Toxf fhgLlts lQmtf lyof], h;sf sf0f
qmflGt ;kmn eO{ Toxfsf] fh;+:yf ;dfKt ePsf] pbfx0f xfd|f ;fd' 5. xfn
g]kfnsf] cj:yf klg To; ;dosf] Ofgsf] cj:yf;u ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'b} uPsf] d
b]Vb5'. o;df cfh}b]lv uDeL x'g'kg]{ d]f] ;'emfj 5.
5nkmnsf qmddf pxfn] cufl8 eGg'eof], fhf lqe'jgn] klg ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfjdf g} fhgLlt u]sf] b]lvG5. fhfn] s'g} klg b[li6sf]0fn] fhgLlts
bnnfO{ pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g. lsgeg] hgtfsf k|ltlglwsf ?kdf hgtfsf] ;+jfxs
eg]sf g} fhgLlts bnsf g]tf x'g\. cGo :jtGq JolQm jf a'l4hLjL hgtfsf]
jf:tljs :t;Dd sbflk hfg ;Sb}gg\. sDaf]l8ofdf fhf l;+xfg'sn] oxL s'fdf
ljrf k'ofpg g;Sbf fh;+:yf ;\s6df k'u]sf] lyof]. d}n] tkfO{+;u klxn] e]6\bf
klg t];|f] zlQmsf ?kdf gof kf6L{ vf]Ng'kg]{ s'f u]sf] lyP. Tof] cfjZos 5.
t gof kf6L{ tof kfg{ w]} ;do nfU5. olb fhfn] rf8} r'gfjdf hfg] ljrf ug]{
xf] eg] Pdfn] jf sf\u|];dWo] s'g} Ps kf6L{nfO{ ;fy lng' lgtfGt cfjZos 5.
k|To'Qdf d}n] pxfnfO{ fhfnfO{ fhgLlts ;+j}wflgs ljifodf hfx] ug]{
k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{g x'g'x'G5, fhgLlts g]tfsf lx;fan] oL ljifoaf]
tkfO{+n] pxf;u 5nkmn ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5, d]f] tkm{af6 klg tkfO{+n] dnfO{
eGg'ePsf ljifo ;sfdf hfx] unf eg]. d}n] o;f] eGbf d}gfnLsf] k|ltlqmof
lyof], tkfO{+;u s'f ubf{ ljifoj:t'af] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL, fd|f]gfd|f] OToflb ;a} kIfaf]
5nkmn x'G5. dnfO{ klg cfgGb nfU5. t kz'klthL;u s'f x'bf PstkmL{
?kdf cfk\mgf] s'f ;'gfpg] afx]s c? s]xL x'b}g. pxf hlxn] klg xh'n] eg]sf
s'f d ;sfdf hfx] u5'{ ;sfaf6 s]xL lgb]{zg ePdf d xh'nfO{ va
u5'{ dfq eGg'x'G5.
Pdfn] g]tf d}gfnL cGo s]xL g]tf tyf a'l4hLjLsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfwf
agfO{ d}n] jt{dfg fhgLlts kll:yltsf ljifodf ;sfdf s]xL s'f hfx] u].
d}n] eg], sDo'lg:6 Hofb} cWoogzLn x'G5g\ kll:yltsf] d"Nof\sg fd|f]
u5{g\. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ljZjf;df lng] cfwf Hofb} sd b]lvG5. pgLx?nfO{ jftf{
jf cGo lsl;dn] sdhf] agfO{ jftf{ dfkm{t g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{. o;
;Gbe{df ;]gf cGo ;'Iff c\unfO{ dha't kfg{ h?L 5. dfcf]jfbL d"nwfsf
fhgLlts bnnfO{ ldnfP fhfnfO{ sdhf] agfpg] eftsf] leqL dg;fo x]sf]
a'lemG5. hgtfn] zflGt rfx]sf 5g\. ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kljt{g xf];\ eGg]
vf]h]sf 5g\. To; sf0f ;sfn] ;w} k'fg} cg'xfaf6 sfd lng ;Dej 5}g
ls < ;sfaf6 glhssf JolQm dfq xf]Og, hgfwf ePsf fhgLlts g]tfsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;d]t s'f ;'lgaS;g'k5{. t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0f ug{ hf] ;Ifd 5, To;sf] klxrfg
u] cufl8 al9xfNg'k5{.
eftLo ;~rf dfWodn] cft\sjfbsf lj4 g]kfnsf] ;sfnfO{ s]xL
xb;Dd ;dy{g u]sf] b]lvG5. t cGo cj:yfdf fhgLlts bnnfO{ g} ;fy lbg]
u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5. fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;dfrfnfO{ ;w} k|fyldstf;fy k|sflzt
ug]{ u]sf 5g\.
8f= xs{ u'n] fh;+:yf lxGb"x?sf lj4 lgs} s8f cleJolQm lbg] u]sf]
a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf afx]s sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf cGo g]tf
;sfdf ;xefuL x'g tof 5g\. pgLx? sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf
lj4 ;sf;u ;DaGw a9fpg OR5's b]lvPsf 5g\. o;nfO{ ;sffTds ?kdf
u|x0f u] lg0f{o lng cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5. o;}aLr, cfh g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf x]sf
kfls:tfgL kfi6;lrj fhb"tn] b]pjf;u lzi6frf e]6jftf{ ug'{ePsf] 5.
;|f]tsf cg';f, ;fgf fhgLlts kf6L{n] fhf 7"nf fhgLlts bnaLr
;xdlt gxf];\ eGg] rfx]sf 5g\. lsgeg] o;f] ePdf ;fgf fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf
lgliqmo x'g k'Ub5. g]dlskfsf cWoIf gffo0fdfg lah'S5] dfcf]jfbL g]tfaLr
klxn]b]lv g} ;Dks{ x]sf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5. ;fgf kf6L{nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efaf] cfk\mgf]
Ph]G8fdf ;xdt ufpg dfcf]jfbL k|of;t x]sf] va 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb;u nf]sGynLl:yt pxfsf]
lgjf;df e]6 ug'{ePsf] 5. o;}aLr cfh} eftLo ljb]z;lrj eftLo fhb"t
Zofdz0fn] sf]OfnfnfO{ e]6]sf] va 5.
g]kfndf lqml:rog wd{sf d'Vo k|rfs rfN;{ d]lG8hsf] lgdGq0ffdf d]lG8hsf
5f]fsf] ljjfx ;dff]xdf ;ls x'g a\unfb]zsf k"j{fi6klt hgn x';]g df]xDdb
P;f{b lxhf] sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxf oxL c;f #) ut] kms{g] sfo{qmd
x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. kfls:tfgsL k"j{k|wfgdGqL a]glh e'f] klg pQm ljjfx
;dff]xdf ;ls x'g sf7df8f} cfpg] a'lemPsf] 5.
gof lbNnLdf dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'fd efO{n] eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf g]tf
nfns[i0f cf8jf0fLnfO{ e]6]sf] eGg] dfcf]jfbL g]tf kfy{ If]qLsf] xjfnf lbP va
cfPsf] 5. ;|f]tsf cg';f dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]OfnfnfO{ kmf]g u] lulhfafa', tkfO{+ xfd|f] aLr ca s'g} kms x]g, tkfO{+
klg hgclwsfsf nflu n8\b} x'g'x'G5 xfdL klg To;}sf nflu nl8x]sf xf},
xfdL b'j}sf] clGtd n8fO ca fhf;u xf], To;}n] xfdL Ps} :yfgdf a;L 5nkmn
uf} ;femf Ph]G8f agfcf} eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. k|r08sf s'f ;'g] sf]Ofnfn]
tkfO{+n] eg] h:tf] ug{ ;+;b\ t rflxof] lg, To;}n] klxn] tkfO{+x? k|ltlglw;ef
k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ tof x'g'xf];\, To;kl5 ;+;b\af6} uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng

477

478

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj 3f]if0ff ug{ xfdL ;a} ldnf}nf eGg'ePsf] 5. t k|r08n]

:ki6 hjfkm glbP kl5 s'f uf}nf eg] kmf]g fv] eg] sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6sf
JolQmnfO{ eg]sf] ;"rgf cfPsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt bnx?n] xfn} !* a'b] ;femf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\.
o;sf] k|To'Q x'g] uL g]kfn k|xLn] xf]l;of gfds Sof;]6 k|rfk|;fdf
NofPsf] 5.
cfh dxffhflwfhaf6 xsdf x]sf u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnL t]hk|sfz k'gnfO{
bz{ge]6 aS;L fhbafdf ;' ug{ nfluPsf] j]a ;fO6 ;~rfng, g]kfndf ckm;f]
a}\lssf] nufgL xsdf dfcf]jfbLn] d'lQmdf]rf{ u7g uL rGbf p7fpg] u]sf]
ljifox?df lh1f;f flvaS:of]. ;fy} cfjZos s]xL s'f eGg'k]df hfGg
vf]h]df ;}lgs ;lrj;u ;Dks{ ug"{ x's'd eof].

@)^) c;f #@ ut] a'waf

dxffhflwfhaf6 cfh flt lrlgof fhb"t p of] sf]nfO{ bz{ge]6sf
;fy} l8g aS:of].
dnfO{ kmf]gaf6 hfgsfL ufOP cg';f Iff;lrj dbgs'df cof{nnfO{ eft
e|d0fsf] lgDtf cfPsf] 5. g]kfneft HjfOG6 sG;N6]l6esf] ldl6 rf8} ug]{
;DaGwdf eftLo fhb"tfjf;af6 ;"rgf cfPsf] 5. pQm sld6Ldf g]kfneft b'j}
b]zsf kfi6, Iff u[x dGqfnosf pRr kbflwsfL xg] Joj:yf 5.
;DefyL pkyL afnfgGb zdf{ k"jL{ l6df]sf] ;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo zflGt;]gf
kmf];{ sdfG8sf nflu cGtjf{tf{ lbg Go'of]s{ hfg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfsf] cGtjf{tf{
fd|f] ePsf] lyof]. t klg pQm kbsf nflu cfl;ofg b]zaf6} lgo'Qm x'g'k5{ egL
dn]l;ofn] cfk\mgf] pDd]bjfsf kIfdf Jofks nla u]sfn] g]kfnnfO{ pQm kb
k|fKt ePg.
sf\u;
|] ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfh ljf6guaf6 sf7df8f} kms{g]
qmddf kqsf ;Dd]ng uL jt{dfg fhgLlts klj]zsf af]df cfk\mgf] ljrf
;fj{hlgs ug'e{ Psf] 5. pxfsf] egfO lyof], ;fpg # ut] a:g] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
a}7sn] cfGbf]ngsf efjL sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ug]5
{ . of] cfGbf]ng ;kmn x'G5
;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf x'g5
] . 5 dlxgfdf r'gfj x'g g;s] ;+;b\ :jtM k'gM:yfkgf
x'gk' 5{ eGg] sfg'gljb\sf] fo 5. ;fy} sf]Ofnfn] ;]gf ;+;b\sf] cwLgdf x'gk' 5{,
cfGbf]ngdf ;ls x'g cfpg] ;a} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ sf\u;
|] df :jfut 5
eGg] wf0ff ;fj{hlgs ug'e{ of]. ;f] cj;df kqsfn] sfo{stf{ cgzgdf, tkfO{+
rflx hGdlbgsf] ef]hdf < egL k|Zg fVbf pxfn] g]kfnL sf\u;
|] ;b}j ;+jw} flgs
fhtGq rfxG5, fhfsf] hGdlbg ;fdflhs sfo{ ePsfn] uPsf] x', cfGbf]ng
fhf;u xf]Og fhfsf] unt gLlt;u xf] eg] hjfkm lbg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nL ;b:ox? fdaxfb' yfkf s[i0faxfb' dxf g]kfnuGh

k'u] yf?jfg d'lQm df]rf{sf] cfd;efdf ;xefuL eO{ alb{oftkm{ uPsf] va 5.
alb{ofkfl eftLo If]qdf dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08 afa'fd efO{ x]sf] cg'dfg 5.
dfcf]jfbLsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f ;sf;u rlnx]sf] jftf{ cf}krflstfdf dfq ;Lldt
5. jftf{ e\u ug]{ of lgGttf lbg] eGg] ljifodf clGtd lg0f{o eOg;s]sf]
dfq xf]. dfcf]jfbLsf] 0fgLlt cg';f cfufdL ;\3if{ sf7df8f}nfO{ g} lg;fgf
agfpg s]lGb|t x'g]5. ;\3if{sf qmddf sfo{stf{sf] wks8 x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] cu'jf
sfo{stf{nfO{ sf7df8f}aflx ;'lIft :yntkm{ hfg lgb]{zg lbO;lsPsf] a'lemPsf]
5. dfcf]jfbLn] xfdLn] fhf;u k|ToIf e]6] :ki6 x'g vf]h]sf 5f}, e]6 ldNg
;s]sf] 5}g, xfdL cem} k|of;t 5f}, e]6kl5 dfq} xfdL cfk\mgf] 0fgLltaf] :ki6
x'g]5f} eGg] u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ e]6\g cfh h\uL c8\8f k'u]sf eftLo
fhb"t Zofdz0fn] dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ hfL xg] of e\u x'g] egL lh1f;f
fVg'eof]. jftf{ e\u eP u'Ktr ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ;d]t pxfn]
k|:tfj ug'{eof]. To; cj;df k|wfg ;]gfkltn] eftaf6 k|fKt ;xof]u ;]gfsf tLg
j6f l8lehgnfO{ kof{Kt gePsfn] yk ;xof]usf nflu cg'f]w ug'{eof]. eftdf
lgld{t x]lnsK6 dd{t ubf{ ;d]t &) k|ltzt cg'bfg #) k|ltzt e'QmfgLsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu pxfn] cfu|x ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL ;"oa{ xfb' yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf cfh a;]sf] fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf]
a}7sdf ;z:q k|xL annfO{ ;'Iff klifb\ cGtu{t Nofpg k|:tfj ulPsf] 5. To:t}
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] dftxtdf fVg]af] ljrfljdz{ ePsf] 5.
;f] cj;df eft, cd]lsf, a]nfot, k|mfG;, rLg hd{gL h:tf b]zsf fhb"tnfO{
e]6\bf k|wfgdGqL nufot ;a}n] zflGtjftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bafj l;h{gf ug{
cg'f]w ug]a{ f] ;d]t ljrfljdz{ eof]. a}7sdf If]qLo k|zf;sdf ;]gf k|xLsf
e"tk"j{ pRr clws[tnfO{ klg lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg]af] ;d]t 5nkmn eof].

@)^) ;fpg % ut] ;f]daf

;sfaf6 ut ;ftf lrlgof fhb"tnfO{ bz{ge]6 l8g aS;]sf] lyof].
;sf;usf] 5nkmndf lrlgof fhb"tn] u[x;lrj 6LsfbQ lgf}nfsf] e"ldsfnfO{
lnP rLg ;sf c;Gt'i6 x]sf] x'bf lgf}nfnfO{ cGoq ;jf ug{ dfu
ug'{ePsf] x]5. eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgfy{ dxfyL
lbg] k|rng ulP h:t} rLgsf :yn;]gfWoIfnfO{ klg lbg ;lsG5 ls eg] ;d]t
fhb"tn] lh1f;f fVg'ePsf] x]5. ;fy} ;Ldf If]qdf x]sf b'O{ b]zsf k|xL
;]gfaLr ;do;dodf ;dGjofTds 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ rrf{ ePsf] x]5. oL ljifodf
s] ug]{ egL ;sfaf6 dnfO{ lh1f;f JoQm ulaS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 xfn

479

480

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

hfL zflGt k|lqmofdf rLgn] k'ofpg ;Sg] ;xof]uaf] rrf{ ub}{ g]kfnsf] pQL
;Ldf If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu rLg ;sfn] ;xof]u k'ofpg'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8
lbOaS:of].
xfn} alb{of lhNnfsf] ;Ldfkfl eftdf a;]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] kf]ln6Ao'f] a}7sn]
hfL jftf{ ;km x'b}g eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. a}7sn] fhfnfO{
cd]lsfn] 6fk df kf] OR5f adf]lhd jftf{ ug{ lbPg ;]gf k"} cd]lsL Ph]G6
eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] lgrf]8 lgsfNb} fli6o tyf cGtf{li6o 5ljaf6 tn glug{
cfk\mgf] tkm{af6 jftf{ gtf]8\g], a c? nlrnf] eP k|:t't x'g] lg0f{o u]sf] ;"rgf
cfPsf] 5. a}7saf6 dfcf]jfbLn] c? s]xL ;do n8\g'kg]{ l:ylt cfpg ;S5,
To;}n] ;a} ;ts{ xg", cfkm"n] klxn] cfqmd0f gug]{, l8km]G; v8f u] a:g], cfk\mgf]
If]qdf cfPsf] ;'Iff kmf}hnfO{ g5f8\g] egL sfo{stf{ cfk\mgf n8fs'nfO{ lgb]{zg
lbOPsf] 5. ;fy} kf]ln6Ao'f] a}7sn] @)%* h]7 !( sf] fhbaf xTofsf08 klg
ljb]zLaf6} ePsf] xf] eGg] s'f xfn cfP k'li6 ePsf] 5, ;f]xL lgolt ef]Ug'knf{
eg] jt{dfg fhf klg ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|sf] bafj ;xg afWo ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
fh;+:yf ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f u]sf] 5.
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfk"mlgs6 JolQmx?;u cfufdL ebf} !% ut]b]lv
lg0ff{os cfGbf]ng ;' x'g] atfpg'ePsf] 5. To;df cj1f sfo{qmd ;d]t
x'g]5. sf]Ofnfn] ;Nnfxsf nflu ;fpg t];|f] of rf}yf] ;ftflt k'gM eft hfg]
atfpg'ePsf] 5. cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{sf] ;ftf} r0fsf] cfGbf]ng lg0ff{os ufpg]
eg] Jofks tofL eOx]sf] a'lemG5. o;df aflxsf lhNnfaf6 ;d]t g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{ sf7df8f} Nofpg] of]hgf 5. o; k6ssf] cfGbf]ngsf] ;'jft lghfdtL
sd{rfL ;\3;\u7gaf6 ug]{ eg] lg0f{o ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgLdf cfufdL ebf} & ut]b]lv @$ ut];Dd ;sfsf]
:jf:Yo kLIf0fsf] sfo{qmd 5. To;}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ebf} !$ ut]b]lv blIf0f
sf]lofdf x'g] ;Dd]ngdf hfg] sfo{qmd 2 ug'{ePsf] 5. t cd]lsfsf] xjfO{df x'g]
k|wfg ;]gfkltx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g hfg] sfo{qmd eg] oyfjt\ 5. k|wfg
;]gfkltn] ;]gfsf s]xL jli7 clws[tsf] ;jf xfn hfL jftf{af] 5nkmn ug{
lxhf] dnfO{ pxfsf] sfof{nodf af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof]. To; cg';f d Toxf uP.
b'j} ljifodf lj:t[t 5nkmn eof].
;z:q k|xL ansf dxflgLIFs ;xjL yfkfn] cd]laf6 kmf]g u] ;'Iff
;DaGwL ;]ldgf ;dfKt ePsf] 5, t d]f] 5f]f cd]lsfd} ePsfn] c? rfkfr
lbg a;] kms{G5' egL hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf] 5.
lxhf] a]n'sf k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nL;u k|wfgdGqL
lgjf;df 5nkmn ug'{eof]. cfh fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf ;sfL jftf{6f]nL
;'Iff c\usf k|d'vaLr 5nkmn eof]. jftf{sf qmddf ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLlt

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;'Iff cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{af] uDeLtfk"j{s 5nkmn ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.

Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL xfn pQ sf]lofsf] e|d0fdf x''g'x'G5. kms{+bf
pxfn] rLgdf klg jli7 g]tfx?;u e]63f6 ug]{ k|of; ug'{x'g] ePsf] 5. o;af6
pxfn] cfkm"nfO{ cGtf{li6o If]qsf] ;d]t dfGotf 5 eg] k|:t't ug{ kf6L{leq
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] k|efj sd kfg{ ;lsG5 eg] 0fgLlt agfPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5. Pdfn]leqsf] emu8f xfnnfO{ Kofrck ePsf] b]lvG5. b]zaflx
x]sf g]tf kms]{kl5 cfGbf]ngsf] ult s:tf] x'G5 eGg] b]lvb} hfG5 dlGqklifb\
lj:tfkl5 l:ylt c? :ki6 x'G5 eGg] Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] ljZn]if0f x]sf] 5.

@)^) ;fpg ^ ut] d\unaf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfGbf]ngt fhgLlts kf6L{ xfn
dfcf]jfbLn] lnPsf] 0fgLltk|lt ;z\lst 5g\, jftf{ e\u eP df;{n n nfUg
;Sg] vtf 5 eg] u[xo'4 x'g ;Sg] klg b]lvG5, olb bafsf] dfcf]jfbL;u
s'g} ;f]sf 5}g eg] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg xfdL;u jftf{ x'g'kof], fhfn]
cfGbf]ngt kf6L{sf g]tf;u 5nkmn u] rf8f]eGbf rf8f] ;dfwfg lgsfNg'kof]
eg] va k7fpg'ePsf] 5.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw x]lg sfr{n] dnfO{ e]6\g rfxg'ePsf]
5. s'g ljifodf s'f ug{ pxf dnfO{ e]6\g rfxg'x'G5 eGg] rflx pxfn] k7fPsf]
;Gb]zdf pNn]v 5}g.
la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hsf s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 tyf a]nfotL ;]gfsf n]km\l6g]G6 hgn
6fph 8]n cfufdL cS6'a !# tflsdf sf7df8f} cfpg] sfo{qmd 5. To; a]nf
;sfdf la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg r9fpg ;do dfu ePsf] 5.
a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;sf ;}lgs ;xrfLn] of] e|d0fsf] ;+of]hg ulx]sf 5g\. pQm
k|ltj]bg x]s jif{ ;sfdf r9fpg] k|rng 5.
o'jfhflwfh ;]gfsf] s0f]{nOglrkm ;d]t xf]OaS;]sfn] k|wfg ;]gfklt
cGo jli7 clws[t;u a]nfa]nf cGtlqmof ulaS;g'k5{. To; sf0f
df};'kmnfO{ ;]gf ;DaGwL 1fg x'g h?L 5. oxL p2]Zon] zfxL Ifs jflxgLdf
6]lg l6d v8f uL cf7 ;ftfsf] kf7qmd tof kflPsf] 5. d}n] ;sfnfO{
tflndsf] p2]Zoaf] hfx] ub}{ o'jfhflwfhsf] tflnd slxn]b]lv ;' uf} <
egL laGtL u]. ;sfaf6 o'jfhflwfh;u s'f u] tflnd ;' u] x'G5
eg] x's'd eof].
;sfaf6 a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{af6 kfngkf]if0f ulaS;]sf] wgaxfb' vqLn]
fd|f];u cWoog ug{ ;s]g, xfn p;n] df]6 dd{t ;DaGwL tflnd k"f u]sf] 5,
p;nfO{ ;]gfsf] ;DalGwt o'lg6df lgo'lQm ug{ k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s'f u x's'd
ePsf] 5.

481

482

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) ;fpg ( ut] z'qmaf

cfGbf]ngt fhgLlts bnx?n] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr jftf{ e\u eP
;}lgs zf;g ;' x'g] eg] cfz\sf JoQm u]sf 5g\. To;}n] s]xL g]tfn] ljb]zL
fhb"tnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf e]6] cfk\mgf] kIfdf ;dy{g h'6fpg k|of; ulx]sf 5g\.
o;} l;nl;nfdf sf\u|]; g]tf uf]ljGbfh hf]zLn] cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{=
dflngf]:sL;u e]6\g'ePsf] x]5. e]6df cfk"mn] cd]lsfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLk|lt lgs}
cfqmfds kfPsf] eg] sfo{stf{x?;u s'f ug'{ePsf] va 5. ptf, jftf{ ;kmn
x'b}g eGg] leqL lgrf]8df k'u]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf jLGb| >]i7n] eg] jftf{ e\u
eP ;xL u'lNnf o'4df hfg] tofL eOx]sf] 5 eg] cfkm"lgs6sf sfo{stf{nfO{
;'gfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
Pdfn]n] ;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr hfL jftf{ ;DaGwdf cWoog ug{ uf]Ko ?kdf
cd[ts'df af]xf, emngfy vgfn, ;'jf;rGb| g]Djf, fh]Gb|k|;fb kf08] Ps
hgf dfgj clwsfjfbL ;lxtsf] 6f]nL u7g u]sf] va 5. ;fy} pQm kf6L{n]
jt{dfg dlGqklifb\ klg km]n x'g] kSsf 5, o;nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf Pdfn]sf]
;dy{g xb}g, zL3| ;+;b\jfbL bnsf] ;+o'Qm ;sf agfpg'k5{ eGg] wf0ff agfPsf]
a'lemPsf] 5.
d;fnsf e"ldut g]tf df]xgljqmd l;+xn] cfk\mgf sfo{stf{;u fhfsf] c;f]h
!* sf] sbdsf nflu x'g'df !@ jif{;Dd ;Qfdf a;]sf bnsf g]tf dfcf]jfbL b'j}
lhDd]jf 5g\, dfcf]jfbLn] eg]em} ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;sffTds kl0ffd cfp5 eGg] s]
Uof]G6L 5 < eGg] ulPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
xfn} k|:t't ah]6df sd{rfLsf] tna ga9fPsf] ljifonfO{ lnP lghfdtL
sd{rfL ;\u7gn] cfGbf]ng ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dlGqklifb\n] $) hgf eftLo ;'IffsdL{ xltof ;lxt eftLo b"tfjf;
kl;df fVg :jLs[lt lbPsf] 5. of] dfu eftLo b"tfjf;n] w]} cufl8b]lv ub}{
cfPsf] xf]. d}n] of] ljifodf fli6o ;'Iff klifb\sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj cfjZos
kb{5 egL ;sfdf hfx] u]sf] lyP. kmn:j?k ljutsf dlGqklifb\x?n]
b"tfjf;sf] dfunfO{ :jLs[lt glbO{ ljrffwLg fv]sf lyP. xfn g]kfnsf] cfGtls
cj:yf sdhf] fhgLlt tn ePsf] d"Nof\sg ulx]sf] eftn] jt{dfg
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfaf6 cs:dft\ of] lg0f{o ufpg ;kmn ePsf] 5.
lg0f{oaf] bafnfO{ k"j{hfgsfL lyPg. of] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg fli6o
lxtdf 5}g.
;+o'Qm fi6;\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw x]lg sfr{;u cfh
xf]6n ;f\lu|nfdf k|fOe]6 l8gdf d]f] e]6 eof]. pxfn] fi6;\3Lo dxf;lrjsf
ljz]if b"t ;fd'Pn 6fd|f6nfO{ lnP cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. 6fd|f6 klxnf] k6s cfh}
sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug'ePsf] x]5. pxfx?;u dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, xfn hfL zflGt

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|lqmof ;+o'Qm fi6;\3n] zflGtjftf{sf qmddf ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]u ;DaGwdf

5nkmn eof]. 5nkmndf ePsf ;a} s'fx? d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
lxhf] a]n'sf Pdfn] g]tf etdf]xg clwsfL kf6L{ dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn]
k7fPsf] eGb} dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. e]6df pxfn] of] ;sf k"} c;kmn
eO;Sof], o;n] s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g, d'n'ssf ;d:of hl6n
ePsfn] o;sf] ;dfwfg fhf bn ldn] dfq x'G5, fhfnfO{ Pdfn] :jLsfo{ x'g
s]s] afwf 5g\, fhfnfO{ s]s] clwsf rflxG5, xfdL To; ;DaGwdf uf]Ko ?kdf
;xdlt ug{ ;d]t tof 5f} eg] dnfO{ Pdfn]sf] 0fgLlt ;'gfpg'eof].
;sf dfcf]jfbLaLr jftf{ x'gc
' l3 ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]ns
] f jL]Gb|
emfkfnLn] cfh laxfg dnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf e]6\ge' of]. pxfn] eGg'eof], zflGtjftf{nfO{
lgGttf lbg g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{sf cWoIf gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ ;sfL jftf{6f]nLdf
fVg'kb{Yof]. k'g kl5 uP a9L g} dxjfsf\IfL aGg'ePsf] rflx xf]. dfcf]jfbLsf]
;xof]un] k|wfgdGqL x'g] pxfsf] rfxgf al9x]sf] lyof]. pxfn] cfk\mgf] kf6L{df ;d]t
dfcf]jfbL g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ leofpg] ljrf u]sf] x'g ;S5. d}n] of] s'f
bfdf]bzdz] haf, zbrGb| zfx k|efszdz] hafnfO{ ;d]t e]6] eg]sf] 5'.
pxfx?af6 ;sfdf hfx] eof] ls ePg, yfxf ePg. To;}n] tkfO{n
+ fO{ eg]sf].
Ol;df]8sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu sf7df8f} cfPsf eft c0ffrn k|b]zsf
jftfj0f dGqLn] cj}w ?kdf NofPsf] Ps xhf kfr ;osf eftLo gf]6 lqe'jg
ljefg:yndf k|xLn] pxfsf] emf]nfdf km]nf k]sf 5g\. eftLo fhb"tfjf;sf]
cg'f]wdf >L % sf] ;sfaf6 s'g} lj:t[t cWooglagf pQm sd 5f]l8of] 36gf
u'kr'k flvof].

@)^) ;fpg ( ut] z'qmaf

gfuls ;dfhsf] bafjaf6 dfq} dfcf]jfbLn] zflGtjftf{ hfL fv]sf]
b]lvG5. casf] jftf{df dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf afsL ;a} aGbL lxfO ug'{kg]{
;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6leq ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ ljifonfO{
hf]]8bf ?kdf p7fpg] ePsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df >L % sf] ;sfn] lxf;tdf
x]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tf jL]Gb| >]i7, jfdb]j If]qL d'dffd vgfnsf] l:ylt
;fj{hlgs ug{ nfu]sf] 5. ;fpg !% ut];Dddf klg s]xL k|ult x'g ;s]g eg]
jftf{ 5f]8] sfafxLdf hfg] egL dfcf]jfbLn] clGtd tofL ulx]sf] a'lemPsf]
5. jftf{df dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ulx]sf jL]Gb|
emfkfnL k"j{dGqL d]zgfy kf08]nfO{ lnP x]lnsK6 rf6{ uL cfh kfn'
uPsf] va 5. Toxf dfcf]jfbLsf s]Gb|Lo :tsf g]tf;u kf08]n] e]63f6 u]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f lbNnLdf x]sf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] ;fpy
Anssf kbflwsfLnfO{ cfh} e]6\g] sfo{qmd 5.

483

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] cfh Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn;u e]6

ug'{ePsf] 5. k|wfgdGqLn] cfh} sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf;u klg
e]6 ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof]. t pxf ljf6gu hfg nfu]sfn] ;Dej ePg.
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ! nfv %) xhf k}of
rGbf lbPsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 x]6f}8fsf fk|kf g]tf bLksaxfb' l;+xn] zfxL lrtjg fli6o
lgs'~hdf ljleGg l;sfL dfkm{t u}8fsf ;fy} cGo h\unL hgfjsf] rf]L
l;sf ulx]sf] eGg] va cfPsf] 5, o;af] lj:t[t cg';Gwfg ug{ nufpg"
eg] x's'd eof].

@)^) ;fpg !$ ut] a'waf

lgoldt hfx]Lsf qmddf cfh k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] eGg'eof],
cfk\mgf tLg hgf s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf] l:ylt >L % ;sfn] ;fj{hlgs u]kl5
dfcf]jfbL cjsf] 0fgLlt s] eg] cGof]ndf k]sf] a'lemG5. eftn] sf\u|];
Pdfn]nfO{ dlGqklifb\df ;xefuL ufpg cfu|x ulx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. hfx]Lsf
qmddf ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf sdhf]L kQf nufOfVg" x's'd
x'b} ljBdfg fhgLlts ultf]waf] ljrf ug{ fhgLlts kf6L{sf] kf]lnl6sn
Pl6Ro'8 ckm Ogl8;fOl;eg]; af] ;d]t ;ts{ xg ;'emfj aS:of]. bafsf
nflu cfjZos 6]lnkmf]g dlg6l l;:6d ldnfpg x's'd eof].
dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'fd efO{n] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLsf
;xhstf{ s0f{Wjh clwsfL;u clxn]sf] cj:yfdf fhfsf] s] wf0ff 5 egL
hfGg vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. To:t} efO{n] fi6;\3Lo dxf;lrjsf ljz]if b"t ;fd'Pn
6fd|f6nfO{ ;d]t kmf]g u] fi6;\3sf] dWo:ytf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ :jLsfo{ 5, ;fy}
fi6;\3n] xfd|f] shnfO{ ;dy{g ug'{kof] eg] cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5.
lqe'jg cGtf{li6o ljdfg:yndf ;'Iff hfr ug{ vl6PsL dlxnf k|xLn] Ps
hgf u|L; dlxnfsf] emf]nf hfr ug]{ qmddf b'O{ xhf o'f] rf]]sf] km]nf k]sf] 5.
k};f rf]L x'gf;fy u|L; dlxnfn] 7fpsf] 7fp tTsfn} cfklQ hgfPkl5 tnf;L lnbf
tL dlxnf k|xLaf6 pQm b'O{ xhf o'f] afdb ePsf] lyof]. lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf
cGtf{li6o ofq'sf emf]nf ;fdfg xfpg] u]sf] va a]nfa]nfdf cfpg] u]sf]
5. d'n'ssf] Ps dfq cGtf{li6o ljdfg:yndf o:tf 36gf x'g'n] g]kfnsf]
cGtf{li6o 5ljdf ;d]t cfr k'U5. o; k|sfsf 36gfaf] ;DalGwt lgsfon]
uDeLtfk"j{s ljrf k'ofpg' hL 5.
o; cfly{s jif{df ;]gfsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 lgs} sd 5. To;}n]
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf ;dIf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;]gfsf] s]xL cTofjZos nlhl:6S;
cfoft ug{ ;f9] b'O{ ca{sf] cltlQm sdsf nflu cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. o;}aLr

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

dlGqklifb\n] ;z:qdf Ps hgf cltlQm k|xL dxflgLIfs -PcfO{hL_ sf] kb yk

u]sf] 5.
;+oQ' m fi6;\3sf nflu Go'of]sl{ :yt zfxL g]kfnL :yfoL k|ltlglw d'fLfh
zdf{sL >LdtLn] s"6gLlts dof{bf ljkLt sfd ulx]sf] va cfPsf] 5. o;}
uL, Go'of]sd{ f a;f]af; ulx]sf g]kfnLn] ;sfsf lj4 u]sf k|bz{gLdf fhb"t
zdf{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf x'g] u]sf] 5. of] s"6gLlts dof{bf ljkLt lqmofsnfk xf].
o; ljifonfO{ dlGqklifb\ kfi6 dGqfnon] uDeLtfk"js
{ lng'k5{. o; ljifodf
dxffhflwfhaf6 k|wfgdGqLsf] Wofg cfsif{0f ufOaS;g ;fGble{s x'g5
] .
cfh dxffhflwfhaf6 b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf af9Lklxf]u|:t If]qsf] e|d0f
sfo{qmd ldnfpg' eGg" x's'd eof]. To:t} ;sfaf6 hfL jftf{af] dlGqklifb\n]
x\jfO6 k]k tof ug]{ ljifodf s]xL ;f]rljrf ug]{ ls < egL lgb]{zg aS:of].

@)^) ;fpg !* ut] cfOtaf

Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdn] cfh d;usf] e]63f6df w]} ljifodf s'f ug'{eof].
pxfsf] egfO lyof], d}n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu ut df3b]lv hfx] u]sf]
uo} 5'. t cfh;Dd bz{ge]6 kfPsf] 5}g. t}klg cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf s'f
ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;sfdf k7fPsf] 5'. ;sfn] ;+;b\jfbL kf6L{nfO{ ;u} lnP
hfg'k5{. ;}lgs zf;gsf] ;f]r fVg' x'b}g cGo ljsNkaf] ljrf k'ofpg'k5{.
dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj;u d]f] klxn]b]lv g} ;Dks{ x]sfn] pgLx?n] dnfO{ jf:tljs s'f
fhf;u flvlbg'kof] eGg] u]sf 5g\. To; sf0f klg d}n] fhfsf] bz{ge]6
vf]h]sf] x'. k|wfgdGqL rGb;u ;d]t d]f] s'f x'b} lyof]. t pxfn] klg fhLgfdf
lbg'eof]. d}n] bafnfO{ klxn] klg ;xof]u u]sf] x', ca klg h:tf];'s} ;xof]u
ug{ tof 5'. kf6L{n] sfafxL u] uf];\, dnfO{ s]xL kms kg]{jfnf 5}g. uf}tdn]
eg]sf s'f ;sfdf hfx] ub}{ d}n] eg], pxfnfO{ cfly{s ;d:of klx]sf] s'f
klxn]b]lv g} ;'lgPsf] xf]. s]xL cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ ;s] pxfaf6 fd|} ;xof]u k|fKt
x'g ;S5. o;} qmddf uf}tdsf ;fy} k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'g ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;gsf nflu
d}n] hfx] u].
zfxHofbL k"hfaf6 af;afLl:yt cfk\mgf] lgjf;df x]sf] uf8{ xfp; df
;'IffsdL{ a:g c;'ljwf ePsfn] tnf yKgsf nflu s'f cfPsf] 5. o;af] hfx]
x'bf ;sfaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eg] tnf yKg nufOlbg" x's'd eof].

@)^) ;fpg !( ut] ;f]daf

sf\u;
|] ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfh laxfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf :jb]zL
tyf ljb]zL kqsfx?;u cGtlqmof ug'e{ of]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d'ns
' sf] ;d:of

485

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;dfwfg ug{ fhf, fhgLlts bn dfcf]jfbLaLr ;dembfL ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg

x'gk' 5{. jt{dfg ;+ljwfgnfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{ vf]l;Psf] hgclwsf k'ga{xfnL ug'{ rfn"
cfGbf]ngsf] Ps dfq nIo x]sf] 5. ;ftf} r0fsf] cfGbf]ngn] lg0ff{os df]8 lng]5.
;sfdfcf]jfbL jftf{df fhgLlts bnx?n] ;xeflutf hgfpg]5g} g\. k|wfgdGqL
;"oa{ xfb' yfkfn] ;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgfsf] l;kmfl; ug{ l9nfO ulx]sf] cff]k nufpb}
sf]Ofnfn] kfr kf6L{n] hfL u]sf] !* a'b] sfo{qmd ljkLt ;Demf}tf eP cfk"mx?nfO{
s'g} klg xfntdf dfGo gx'g] c8fg ;d]t k|:t't ug'e{ of].
cfh bafdfu{l:yt xf]6n ofs PG8 otLsf 6]8 o'lgog;u ;DalGwt
sd{rfLn] ljf]w sfo{qmd uL s]xL tf]8kmf]8 ;d]t u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
;]gf Aof]ssf] kfr lsnf]ld6eGbf aflx cfP sfafxL ug{ dfcf]jfbLn]
cfk\mgf n8fs'nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5, sf7df8f}df klg :ofaf]6fh sfafxL ug]{
s]xL pRr ;'IffsdL{sf] ;d]t xTof ug]{ of]hgf agfOfv]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 eg] fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ljz]if hfx]L cfPsf] 5.
;'v]{t lhNnfdf Ps jif{df rf hgf k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL k7fO;lsPsf
5g\. t v6fOPsf s'g} klg k|d'v lhNnf clwsfL Toxf k'u]sf 5}gg\. o;n]
xfd|f] k|zf;lgs ;+oG1 zflGt;'Iffsf] bogLo jf:tljstf emNsfp5.
lrlgof fhb"tn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng
s]Gb|df cfufdL ebf} !% ut]b]lv Ps ;ftfsf nflu lrlgof d]nf cfof]hgf ulPsf]
5. To;sf] ;d'b\3f6gsf nflu d o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf lgdGq0ff r9fp5'.
;fy} To;} lbg a]n'sL x'g] lrlgof Pqmf]Aofl6s k|bz{g sfo{qmddf fhkljfsf
;a} ;b:onfO{ lgDtf k7fpg] ljrf u]sf] 5'. fhb"tn] rLg ;sfn] dnfO{
dWok"j{sf] s'g} b]zsf nflu fhb"t agfP k7fpg nfu]sf] 5, To;}n] d ;]K6]Dadf
g]kfn 5f]8\5' xf]nf eg] ;d]t dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. To:t} pxfn] eGg'eof],
SofK6]g cfkL k|wfg dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] s'g} lrlgof sDkgL;u
ldn] g]kfndf gof pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ k|:tfj ug'{ePsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{n] ;+o'Qm a}7s uL jftf{sf nflu xfn sfo{bn u7g
gug]{ lg0f{o u]sf 5g\. ;fy} klxn]sf] ;femf ;xdltsf] !* a'b] sfo{qmd cg';f
g} cufl8 a9\g] ;xdlt ePsf] 5. o;af] dfcf]jfbLsf] cflwsfls wf0ff s]
x]sf] 5 eg] a'e\mg] klg a}7sdf to ePsf] 5. sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb
sf]Ofnfsf] lhNnf e|d0fkl5 ;ftf} r0fsf] cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmd k|sflzt ug]{
To;}nfO{ lg0ff{os agfpg] ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ pxfs} kf6L{sf s]xL g]tfn] tkfO{+n] cfGbf]ngt
7"nf fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ;d]t ;sfdf ;xefuL ufpg ;Sg'ePg, :jf:Yosf
b[li6n] klg tkfO{+ sdhf] x'b} hfg'ePsf] 5, To;}n] fhLgfdf lbg';\ eg]sf 5g\.
To;sf] hjfkmdf yfkfn] d ;"o{axfb' x', ;+ljwfgsf] wff #%-@_ cg';f sfd ug]{

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

x'gfn] d sxf To;} 5f]8\5' < eGg'ePsf] 5. t pxf ;a}h;f] a}7sdf lgbfpg]
u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkf ljleGg lhNnfsf ;]gfsf o'lg6sf] e|d0f ;s]
sf7df8f} kms{g'ePsf] 5. o; kN6 ljutsf e|d0fdf h:tf] s'g} klg 7"nf u'gf;f
gcfPsf] pxfn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. s'dsf] vffdf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;}lgs
sfafxLdf fd|f] sfd u]sfn] To; ;do Toxf sfo{t ;a} bhf{sf ;}lgsnfO{
zflGt;]gfdf k7fpg] s'f ePsf] lyof]. pgLx?n] k|wfg ;]gfklt;u xfdLn] cfh;Dd
klg hfg kfPgf} eg] u'gf;f] kf]v]5g\. ;fy} pxfn] ljleGg Aof]sdf JolQmut
s'fsfgL u] l;kfxLsf u'gf;f ;'Gg'eP5. To; qmddf l;kfxLx?n] lkmN8df
a;]sf] w]} ;do ePsfn] ;jf vf]h]sf] kfOPsf] s'f pxfn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof].

@)^) ;fpg @! ut] a'waf

cfh fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf k|d'v b]jLfd zdf{sf] lgoldt hfx]Lsf] lbg
xf]. o; qmddf pxfn] >L % sf] ;sfn] cfk\mgf] ljefunfO{ ljlgof]hg u]sf]
sd clxn]sf] hl6n fhgLlts klj]zdf cToGt} sd ePsf] u'gf;f] ;sfdf
kf]Vg'eof]. tflndsf nflu slQ klg sd g5'6\ofOPsf] klxn] lgwf{0f ulPsf
If]qLo sfof{no agfpg] ah]6 ;d]t gkfPsf] tYo hfx] ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO
lyof], ;+;fsf w]} b]zdf o:tf u'Ktr lgsfo ;f]em} ;sf k|d'vsf] dftxtdf
x]sf x'G5g\. t g]kfndf u[x dGqfno cGtu{t flvPsfn] sfd ug{ c;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 k|efjsfL sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;fy} o; ljefusf] sfg'gL ;+If0f
klg :ki6 5}g. k|To'Qdf ;sfaf6 d k|wfgdGqL;u s'f u] ;a} kIfdf kxn
ug{ nufp5' x's'd eof].
hfx]Ls} qmddf b]jLfdhLn] eGg'eof], Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn]
kfr fhgLlts bnsf] cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;xof]u x'g ;S5 of ;Sb}g, !* a'b]
;femf sfo{qmdaf] dfcf]jfbLsf] wf0ff s:tf] 5, dfcf]jfbL;u ldn] hfg ;lsG5
of ;lsb}g h:tf ljifodf dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u uf]Ko 5nkmn ug]{ tofL ulx]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5.

@)^) ;fpg @^ ut] ;f]daf

k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] cfh dnfO{ eGg'eof], k|wfgdGqLn] s]xL
fhgLlts lgol'Qmsf nflu cjsfzk|fKt dxf;]gfgL ;xfos yLsf] gfd dfUg'ePsf]
5. gfdaf] d klg ljrf ub}{ 5'. h;f{aaf6 klg pko'Qm JolQmsf] gfd kfpm.
5nkmn u] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbpnf.
;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] cfh laxfg ;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?, u[x;lrj
Iff;lrj;u 5nkmn u]sf] 5. cfh} k|fljlws ;ldltsf ;b:ox? wd{kfnjl;+x

487

488

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

yfkf s0f{Wjh clwsfLnfO{ klg e]6\g] sfo{qmd x]sf] 5.

dfcf]jfbLn] csf]{ jftf{ g]kfnuGhdf fVg'k5{ egL ;sfL jftf{6f]nLnfO{
hfgsfL ufPsf 5g\. ;|f]tsf cg';f eftsf] nvgpdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf] hd36
al9x]sf] 5. xfn} lxf ulPsf dfcf]jfbL g]tf jLGb| >]i7 jfdb]j If]qL e}xjf
uO{ uf]vk' x'b} csf{ g]tf kf]:6axfb' af]u6L ;lxt nvgp k'u]sf] va 5.
eftsf ljleGg :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLsf] v'nf sfo{qmd x'g'sf k5fl8 eftLo u'Ktr
;+:yf csf] k|ToIfck|ToIf ;xof]u x]sf] a'lemG5. ;]gf nufot u'Ktr ;]jfnfO{
dfcf]jfbLsf] ultljlwaf] pRr :tdf dlg6l a9fpg lgb]{zg uPsf] 5.
Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}td k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] ;sfsf] a]nfot
;jfLk"j{ g} bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbgsf nflu k'gM dnfO{ va ug'{ePsf] 5.
;sfdf cfh d}n] hfx] u]sf] ljifo lyof], ;"o{axfb' yfkf ;sfn] k|d'v
fhgLlts bnsf] ;xof]u lng ;s]sf] 5}g. xfn;Dd klg dlGqklifb\n] k"0f{tf
kfPg. o;n] ulx]sf ljleGg lgo'lQmaf] gsffTds k|ltlqmof cfOx]sf] 5.
;fy}, dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{ ;DaGwdf o;n] s]s:tf] 0fgLlt lng'kg]{ xf] < o;af]
lgs6 eljiodf ;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL;u ljrfljdz{ ulaS;g'kb{5.

@)^) ;fpg @* ut] a'waf

k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf sfo{t dxf;]gfgL g]kfne"if0f rGb ;xfos yLdf
kbf]Gglt x'g'ePsf] 5. pxfsf] h\uL c8\8fdf ;jf ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5. cfh
pxfn] ;sfdf bfd fVg] sfo{qmd lyof]. o;} cj;df pxfnfO{ ;sfaf6 s]xL
;do bz{ge]6 aS;L pxfn] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k'ofPsf] ;]jfsf nflu wGojfb
aS:of]. ;f] cj;df ;xfos yL rGbn] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf :yfkgf ulPsf]
l;r'P;g ;]G6 nfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpb} cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{eof].
o;f] ug{ ;s] ;]G6n] eljiodf fh;+:yf d'n'ss} nflu dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ ;Sg] wf0ff ;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof].
cfh} fli6o ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnosf ;x;+of]hs pkyL Sdf\ub
s6jfnn] klg ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfpg'eof]. bz{ge]6df s6jfnn] ;'Iff klifb\
;lrjfno v8f ePb]lvsf lqmofsnfk hfx] ug'{eof]. pxfn] ;lrjfnonfO{
a]nfot ;sfaf6 ejg lgdf{0fdf cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5, eljiodf klg
a]nfotL ;xof]u lgGt hfL xg] cfZjf;g kfPsf] 5' egL hfx] ub}{ ;'Iff
klifb\ ;lrjfnodf cfPb]lv h\uL c8\8fsf] kLP;cf]h a}7sdf dnfO{ ;xefuL
ufOb}g, kLP;cf]h a}7sdf ;xefuL ufP ;]gfn] ulx]sf sfdaf] hfgsfL x'g]
;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnonfO{ gLlt agfpg ;lhnf] x'g] lyof], ljz]if u] ;"rgf
;\sng cGj]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] klg h\uL c8\8fn] dnfO{ pk]Iff
ug{ ldNb}g eg] ;sfdf u'gf;f] fVg'eof]. ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnon] fli6o

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;'Iff gLlt tof kflx]sf] pQm gLlt tof ePkl5 ;a} fhgLlts kf6L{sf
pRr g]tf s]xL a'l4hLjLnfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{ lbP fo;'emfj lng nfu]sf]
eGb} pxfn] To;sf] :jLs[ltsf nflu ;sfdf laGtL ug'{eof]. To;L k|fKt
ePsf] fo;'emfj ;dfj]z u] klDffh{g ulPsf] fli6o ;'Iff gLlt ;+;b\af6
kflt ufpg plrt x'g] pxfsf] ;'emfj lyof]. o;sf ;fy} s6jfnn] fhgLlts
bnn] hfL fv]sf] c;fGble{s cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} cf}lrTo gx]sf] wf0ff JoQm
ub}{ bnx?sf] hgfwf v:sb} uOx]sf] 5, To;}n] jt{dfg cfGbf]ngn] ult
lng ;Sb}g, hgtfsf] rfxgf :yfoL zflGt xf], o;sf nflu dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{
k]n] eP klg d"n fhgLlts k|jfxdf Nofpg hL 5 o;f] ug{ ;lsG5 egL
;sfdf hfx] ug'{eof].
;sfaf6 ;'Iff klifb\ ;lrjfnodf sfo{t JolQm nf] k|f]kmfOndf a:bf
plrt x'G5 eg] s6jfnnfO{ ;Nnfx aS;]sf] 5. t fhgLlt1, ;~rfsdL{ tyf
a'l4hLjL;u lgGt cGtlqmof ubf{ fd|f] x'G5, ;"rgf g} zlQm xf] eGb} df};'kmaf6
;a} If]qaf6 k|fKt ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ ;+of]hgfTds lsl;dn] ljZn]if0f uL ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{ oyfzSo rf8f] hfgsfL ufpg klg s6jfn h;f{anfO{ lgb]{zg
aS:of]. o; qmddf s6jfnn] ;lrjfnodf k|fKt ;"rgf ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltj]bg
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k7fOx]sf 5f}, ;sfdf hfx] ePs} xf]nf eg] laGtL
r9fpg'eof].
k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs
8f= afa'fd efO{;u kmf]gdf ePsf] s'f hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;sfL gof
jftf{6f]nL u7g ePkl5 8f= efO{n] cfh pxfnfO{ klxnf] k6s kmf]g ug'{ePsf] x]5.
k"j{dGqL k'gsf cg';f 8f= efO{n] pxfnfO{ eGg'eP5, tkfO{+sf] cflwsflstfdf xfd|f]
k"f ljZjf; ePsfn] jftf{ cufl8 a9]sf] xf]. xfdL klxn]s} ;f]rfOdf 5f}. tkfO{+n]
To; a]nfdf lnPsf] cfwf clxn] 5 ls 5}g < clxn]sf] ;sfL jftf{6f]nL;u xfdL
s;L cufl8 a9\g] < of] jftf{6f]nLsf] cflwsflstfdf ljZjf; ug]{ ls gug]{ < o;
;DaGwdf ;Sg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+n] xfdLnfO{ dbt ug'{kof]. k|To'Qdf k'gn] ;sfL
jftf{6f]nLsf] cflwsflstfdf ljZjf; gug]{ k|Zg} p7\b}g, tkfO{+x?n] klxn] h:t} of]
6f]nL;u klg jftf{nfO{ lgGttf lbg' plrt x'G5 eg] hjfkm lbg'eP5.
cfufdL ebf} $ % ut] ug]{ eg]sf] k[tgfklt ;Dd]ng ebf} ! @ ut] g}
cfof]hgf ug]{ lgwf] eof]. ebf} ! ut] a]n'sf lqe'jg cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf x'g]
ljz]if ;dff]xdf o'jfhflwfh ;sfsf] ;jfL x'g] sfo{qmd 5. sfo{qmddf ;a}
k[tgfkltnfO{ ;xefuL ufP o'jfhflwfhaf6 pgLx?;u cGtlqmof ulaS;bf
fd|f] x'G5 eg] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] dnfO{ k|:tfj ug'{eof]. jftf{ cj4 ePkl5 b]zsf]
kll:ylt vfa x'g;Sg] ePsfn] k[tgfkltx?sf] ;jf tTsfn} ubf{ 7Ls x'g] ;d]t
pxfsf] k|:tfj lyof].

489

490

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) ;fpg @( ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbLn] hfL jftf{ klZrdL If]qdf fVg vf]Hg'sf] p2]Zo jftf{ layf]lng]
cj:yf ePdf ;lhn} ;'lIft :yfglt hfg ;lsof];\ eGg] xf]. pgLx?n] dlGqklifb\
km]l kljt{g x'g] c8sn u]sf 5g\. o;}aLr csf]{ jftf{ klZrdL bfsf] xfk'd] f ug]{
to ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLn] ;sfL jftf{6f]nLnfO{ rf6{ u]sf] x]lnsK6df
g]kfnuGhaf6 xfk'] n}hfg] k|:tfj u]sf] 5. t ;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] ;sfL x]lnsK6
g} k|of]u ug]{ xfk'd] f klg k"} ;sfL ;'Iff Joj:yf x'g] eg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hfgsfL
k7fPsf] 5. cGttM o;af] g]kfnuGhdf g} uP lg0f{o ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5.
fk|kf g]tf kz'kltzdz] haf s]xL lbgcufl8 eftsf] lbNnL hfg'ePsf]
5. pxfn] eftLo kfi6dGqLnfO{ e]6] k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] cfnf]rgf
u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ;fy} pxfn] dWok|b]zsf d'VodGqL lblUjho l;+xnfO{ klg
e]6]sf] va 5.
k"j{k|wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6 >LdtLsf] pkrfsf l;nl;nfdf gof lbNnL
hfg'ePsf] 5. lbNnLdf xbf pxfn] eftLo hgtf kf6L{sf s]xL g]tfnfO{ e]6\g]
sfo{qmd 5. pxf >LdtLsf] pkrfkl5 ab|Lgfy s]bfgfysf] tLy{ofqfdf hfg'x'g]
ePsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} ! ut] ;f]daf

lqe'jg cfdL{ clkm;;{ Snadf cfh ;' ePsf] k[tgfkltx?sf] ;dGjofTds
;Dd]ng df d klg ;xefuL eP. ;Dd]ngdf b]zsf] ;d;fdlos fhgLlts kll:ylt
;]gf;u ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifodf s'f p7]. jftf{ ;kmn x'b g} dfcf]jfbLn] l5}
o'4ljfd e\u ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ egL ulPsf] lkf]l6{df ;a} ;xefuL ;xdt b]lvP.
s]xL k[tgfkltn] l;kfxLsf] df]fn ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] u'gf;f] u]. y'ks
}| f] egfO
lyof], nlhl:6S; cem} klg kof{Kt 5}gg\. k[tgfdf x]lnsK6 u0f u'Nddf ;jfL
;fwg clt cfjZos 5. sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] l8lk|l;P;g afkt ;+oQ' m fi6;\3af6
cfPsf] sd vr{ u] eP klg cfjZos x]lnsK6 cGo ;jfL ;fwg vlb ubf{
plrt x'G5. ;}lgs ck];gsf a]nf kqmfp k]sf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ Aof]s kl;df fVg]
:yfgsf] ;d]t cefj 5. k[tgfx?n] ljleGg :yfgdf hgtfsf] dg lhTg u]sf] cleofg
lgs} k|efjsfL b]lvPsf] 5. cGo :yfgdf klg o;nfO{ lgGttf lbg' ;fGble{s
b]lvG5. k[tgfkltx?n] p7fPsf ljifo cToGt} ;fdlos ;fGble{s 5g\. sltko
ljifo t dfld{s klg 5g\. o:tf ;+jb] gzLn ljifodf ljrf x'g' cfjZos 5.

@)^) ebf} # ut] a'waf

k|xL dxflgLIfs ZofdeQm yfkfn] k|xLsf] k|ltcft\sjfb zfvfn] ljleGg
fhgLlts g]tf z\sfsf] 3]fdf x]sf s]xL JolQmsf] 6]lnkmf]g dlg6 ulx]sf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

s'f dnfO{ hfgsfL lbg'eof]. To; qmddf pgLx?n] cfk;df tyf dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx?;u u]sf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ;'Gg dnfO{ k|xL k|wfg sfof{nodf af]nfpg'eof].
Toxf uP Pstf s]Gb|sf e"ldut g]tf gffo0fsfhL >]i7sf ;fy} nLnfdl0f kf]v]n,
clds z]rg, 8f= dy'fk|;fb >]i7, 8f= b]j]Gb|fh kf08], Zofd >]i7 tyf dx]z
gfd u]sf] s'g} JolQm nufotn] cfk;df u]sf ;+jfbx? d}n] ;'g]. dfcf]jfbL
cWoIf k|r08n] gffo0fsfhL >]i7;u u]sf] ;+jfb klg pxfn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof].
w]}h;f] jftf{nfkdf dfcf]jfbLn] lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{ gfd|f];u ufnL u]sf]
;'lgof]. tL 6]lnkmf]g jftf{df dfcf]jfbLn] ;a} kf6L{nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf ;xdt
ufpg kxn ug]{, cfGbf]ngt bnn] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;xdlt hgfP dfcf]jfbLn] klg
;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgfsf] d'2fdf ;xdlt hgfpg ;Sg] h:tf s'f u]sf lyP. o;af6
dfcf]jfbLsf] 0fgLlt :ki6 x'G5.
6]lnkmf]g jftf{df dfcf]jfbLn] ;;t{ ;+ljwfg;ef gdfGg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj
eP u0ftGqsf] k|rfk|;f ug{ kfpg'kg]{ eg] ;d]t s'f u]sf] ;'lgof]. eftLo
fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t csf clwsfL dbg Kof;Ln] dfcf]jfbL g]tf s[i0faxfb'
dxf dft[sfk|;fb ofbj;u u]sf] aftlrt f]rs lyof]. k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x
k'gn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;u u]sf] s'f ;fx} ;sffTds lyof]. s]zaxfb' lji6n]
eg] cfkm"nfO{ u[xdGqL agfpg l;kmfl; vf]h]sf] klg ;'lgof]. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn]
;+ljwfg;ef f]Hg] ls o'4 f]Hg] < eGg] s'fnfO{ Jofks k|rfk|;fdf Nofpg]
of]hgf agfPsf] klg yfxf kfOof]. 6]lnkmf]g jftf{nfkaf6 Ps dfcf]jfbL g]tfn] hfL
zflGtjftf{s} a]nf eftLo k|wfgdGqLsf ;'Iff ;Nnfxsf j|h]z ld>nfO{ e]6]sf] klg
;\s]t ldNof].
6]lnkmf]gdf ;'g]sf s'f d}n] hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vnfO{ klg Tof] 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfb ;'gfpg" fHon] s] 0fgLlt clVtof ubf{ fd|f]
x'G5 eGg]af] klg ljrfljdz{ ug{ nufpg" x's'd eof].
lrlgof fhb"tn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] d g]kfnaf6 rf8} axfOgsf nflu
fhb"tsf ?kdf ;jf eP hfb} 5', d]f] sfo{sfndf rLg ;sfn] l;+xbafdf
agfOlbPsf] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :6'l8of] ejg tof ePsf] w]} eO;Sof], ejg
x:tfGt0fsf nflu ;~rf dGqfnodf cg'f]w ubf{ s'g} klg k|ltlqmof cfpb}g,
o;df tkfO{+n] s]xL dbt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls < egL cg'f]w ug'{eof]. of] s'f
dxffhflwfhdf hfx] ubf{ ;sfaf6 ;~rfdGqL dfkm{t t'Gt ejg lng]
sfo{qmd to ug"{ x's'd eof].
cfGbf]ngt bnx?;u cfa4 sd{rfL ;\3;\u7gn] klg r0fa4
cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\. xfn sd{rfL ;~ro sf]if, fli6o
jfl0fHo a}\s g]kfn a}\s lnld6]8sf sd{rfLn] xftdf sfnf] kL afw] sfd
ulx]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. o;nfO{ klg ;+j]bgzLn 36gfsf ?kdf lng'k5{.

491

492

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

xfn} ;DkGg Ps ;j{bnLo cGtlqmofdf fk|kfdf cfa4 x'g k'u]sf k"j{ k|xL
dxflgLIfs w|'jaxfb' k|wfg, Pdfn] g]tf emngfy vgfn, sf\u|];L g]tf gxl
cfrfo{, s sDo'lg:6 g]tf nLnfdl0f kf]v]n cGo s]xL fhgLlts bnsf
g]tf ;lDdlnt lyP. To; cj;df cfGbf]ngt bnsf g]tf ;sfsf lj4
cfqmd0f ?kdf k|:t't eP. s]xL g]tfn] ;a} ;d:ofsf] d'Vo s]Gb| fhf g} xf] eg]
7f]s'jf u]. dfcf]jfbL fHosf ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;lgs oGq fhfsf 66\6' x'g\ eg].
sf\u|]; g]tf cfrfo{n] dfcf]jfbL;u ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{ wf0ff fv]kl5 s]xL g]tfn]
kfr kf6L{sf] nfOg oxL g} xf] < eg] k|Zg u]. cGTodf o;af] lg0f{o x'g afsL
ePsf] atfOof]. cGtlqmofkZrft\ ljb]zLnfO{ klg s'f a'emfpg pgLx? ;a} kf6L{
;lDdlnt csf]{ cGtlqmof sfo{qmd s]xL lbgd} uf]bfjL len]h l;f]6{df cfof]hgf
ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} % ut] z'qmaf

sf\u|]; kf6L{df z'4Ls0f ug{ tyf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf
;+:yfks g]tf s[i0fk|;fb efO{nfO{ Ps} :yfgdf Nofpg kxn ug]{ eGb} sf\u|];
g]qL z}nhf cfrfo{n] ebf} * ut]b]lv kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf cgzg a:g] lgwf]
ug'{ePsf] 5. g]qL cfrfo{n] ljut jif{b]lv g} sf\u|]; g]t[Tj b]zsf] kll:ylteGbf
kms 9\un] cufl8 a9]sf] kf6L{ aLkL sf]Ofnfsf] nfOg ljkLt uPsf] eg]
c;Gt'li6 hgfpb} cfpg'ePsf] 5. o;nfO{ lnP ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6sf
g]tfx?;u z}nhf ax'nfpg nfuL eGg'x'bf] x]5.
>L % sf] ;sfn] xfnsf] kll:ylt;u h'Wg ;zQm s]Gb|Lo fhgLlts tyf
;'Iff sdfG8 agfpg] ljrf ulx]sf] 5. sdfG8 ;DxfNg sdn yfkf, a'l4dfg
tfdf, ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?, u[x Iff ;lrjsf] ;xeflutf xg] eGg]
hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} ( ut] d\unaf

k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf ;sfL jftf{6f]nLn] cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{;u
fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'f ulx]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.
kll:ylt lalu|Psf] sf0f b]vfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;gn] lrtjg, kfry, fd]5fk
l;fxfdf s]xL ;dosf nflu skm\o'{ cfb]z hfL u]sf] 5.
cfh laxfg ;f9] & ah] dxf;]gfgL ls0faxfb' a:g]t k'fgf] jfg]Zjl:yt
cfk\mgf] lgjf;af6 df]6 r9] aflx lg:sg nfUbf kfr;ft hgfsf] hTyfn]
pxfdfly uf]nL k|xf uof]. pxfnfO{ tTsfn jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgL
k'ofOPsf] lyof]. laxfg (M#% ah] pxfsf] d[To' ePsf] va cfof]. 36gf:yndf
Pp6f ;s]6 ad km]nf k]sf] 5. oxL z}nLdf cfh} csf]{ klg h3Go xTofsf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k|of; eof]. dxf;]gfgL ldGb| If]qLnfO{ klg ;fdfv';Ll:yt cfk\mgf] lgjf;af6 df]6
r9] aflx lg:sg nfUbf b'O{ JolQmn] uf]nL k|xf u]. pxfnfO{ klg tTsfn}
;}lgs c:ktfn k'ofP pkrf eOx]sf] 5. pxfsf] cj:yf l:y x]sf] va
cfPsf] 5.
laxfgsf oL b'j} b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gfaf] d}n] ;sfdf tTsfn} 6]lnkmf]gaf6 hfx]
u]. ;sf Psbd} uDeL xf]OaS:of]. df};'kmaf6 x's'd eof], dfcf]jfbLsf] lgot
p;sf] cft\ssfL ultljlw k|fDe ePsf]af] kz'kltnfO{ eg] cfh} sf7df8f}l:yt
;a} fhb"tnfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 la|lkm ug{ nufpm. cft\ssfL ultljlw c? a9\g
;Sg]af] ;a}lt ;"rgf k|jfx ug{' lgtfGt cfjZos 5. >L % sf] ;sfn] rfNg]
sbd k|efjsfL agfpg ;dGjo ug"{. To; cg';f d}n] ;'Iff k|d'v tyf Iff
u[x ;lrjx?nfO{ va u].
fhwfgLdf cfh laxfg cft\ssf] h'g 36gf x'g k'Uof], To;n] b]zsf]
kll:ylt cs}{lt df]l8Psf] 5. ljut cf7 dlxgfb]lvsf] zflGt k|lqmof gfd|L
layf]lnPsf] 5. oxL ;Gbe{df fhbafdf a;]sf] ;lrj a}7sdf b]zsf] kll:ylt
cfufdL lbgdf >L % sf] ;sfn] ckgfpg'kg]{ 0fgLltaf] ljrfljdz{ eof].
dfcf]jfbLn] o'4ljfd e\u ub}{ klxnf] cfqmd0f ;]gfnfO{ g} u]sf] x'bf cfhsf]
kll:yltnfO{ lnP ;]gfsf tkm{af6 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] jQmJo lbg] ls eGg] s'f klg
eof]. ;fy}, ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v bafsf ;lrjn] casf] 0fgLltaf] ;+o'Qm
?kdf kxn hfL fVg] ;Nnfx eof].

@)^) ebf} !) ut] a'waf

dxf;]gfgL ls0f a:g]tsf] xTofkl5 dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] jQmJo
cfPsf] 5, h;df zflGtjftf{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsfn] o'4ljfd e\u ulPsf]
pNn]v 5. jQmJodf k|r08n] o'4ljfd e\u ePsf] t dfcf]jfbLn] cfrf;+lxtf
kfngf ug]{ bfaL ub}{ >L % sf] ;sfaf6 ;+ljwfg;ef h:tf cu|ufdL ;'wfsf
k|:tfj cfPdf eg] jftf{ x'g ;Sg] ;d]t pNn]v u]sf 5g\. k|r08sf] jQmJo
fhwfgLdf lxhf] ePsf] dxf;]gfgLsf] sfotfk"0f{ xTofnfO{ lnP k|wfgdGqL
;"o{axfb' yfkfn] dlGqklifb\sf] cfkt\sfnLg a}7s 8fSg'eof]. a}7sdf ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL ufOPsf] lyof]. a}7sn] >L % sf] ;sfn]
klg sfpG6 jQmJo hfL ug]{ lg0f{o u]sf] 5, h;df d"nwfsf fhgLlts
bnx?nfO{ kll:yltsf] d"Nof\sg uL cfGbf]ng :ylut ug{ cfu|x ulg]5.
a}7sdf ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{ e\u u]sf] kll:yltdf
p;nfO{ tTsfn cft\ssfL 3f]if0ff ug{ b]ze lgif]wf1f hfL ug{ ;'emfj
lbPsf 5g\. o;}aLr, sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf s8f kfg{ klg lgb]{zg
lbOPsf] 5.

493

494

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

@)^) ebf} !! ut] laxLaf

dfcf]jfbLn] cfh laxfg bf, t'n;Lk'l:yt fli6o jfl0fHo a}\saf6 sd
n'6]sf] va k|fKt ePsf] 5. n'6] nu]sf afs; Psflt k\mofn] dfcf]jfbL cs}{lt
efu]sfn] pgLx? ;'IffsdL{nfO{ 5Sofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLsf] cft\s,
cfqmd0f n'6kf6 qmdzM b]ze km}nb} 5.
fhbafdf ;fd"lxs hfx]Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ;lrjx?n] cfufdL lbgdf >L %
sf] ;sfn] clVtof ug'{kg]{ 0fgLltaf] cfcfk\mgf] wf0ff fv]. ;'Iff lgsfon]
ckgfpg'kg]{ ck];gn tyf OG6]lnh]G; ;DaGwL 0fgLltaf] ;d]t 5nkmn eof].
To; qmddf >L % sf] ;sfn] klxnf] km]hdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft\ssfL 3f]if0ff
ug'{kg]{, bf]:f|f] km]hdf b]ze cfkt\sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff uL dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
;zQm sfafxL cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ t];|f] km]hdf fhgLlts bnx?;u ;+jfb uL
gof ;xdlt sfod ub}{ cfdlgjf{rgsf] tofL ug'{kg]{ lgisif{ lgsflnof]. oL ljifodf
;sfaf6 k|wfgdGqL;u pxfsf] hfx]Lsf a]nf 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ egL ;lrjx?n]
laGtL r9fP.

@)^) ebf} !@ ut] z'qmaf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfk"mlgs6sf JolQmx?;u
dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ e\u ePsf] k|;\u ljut s]xL lbgsf 36gf ;a} u|fG8
l8hfOg cGtu{t g} ePsf x'g\ eGg'ePsf] 5. pkrf ug]{ gfddf fhf kfr
lbg;Dd bf]xf a:g'sf] cy{ s] xf] < eGg] k|Zg p7fpb} pxfn] cfGbf]ng hfL
fVg'k5{, efjL 0fgLltaf] ebf} !$ ut] a:g] sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn]
lg0f{o ug]{5 ;d]t eGg'ePsf] va cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbL cft\ssfL ultljlw
x\jfQ} k|fDe ePsf] cj:yfdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnsf] dgl:ylt s:tf]
xf]nf egL yfxf kfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5. To;}n] xfdLn] cfk\mgf] ;|f]t dfkm{t
pxfnfO{ ;Gb]z k7fPsf lyof}, clxn]sf] kll:yltdf cfGbf]ng :ylut ug{ plrt
x'G5. lsgeg] l:ylt vfa x'b} hfbf Odh]G;L nufP ;}lgs zf;g nufpg]
;Defjgf xg ;S5. o;sf] hjfkmdf dxf;lrj g]kfnn] cfGbf]ng :ylut u]
d}n] s] kfp5' < egL afu]{lg ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. o;af6 clxn]sf] kll:yltk|lt
sf\u|]; Pdfn] g]t[Tjx? ;+j]bgzLn 5}gg\ eGg] b]lvG5. a pgLx? cfGbf]ng
cem cufl8 a9fpg] dgl:yltdf 5g\.
;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] cfh k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ jt{dfg
kll:yltaf] hfgsfL ufpg l;+xbafdf ;fd"lxs ?kdf e]6]sf 5g\. To;
qmddf pgLx?n] fhwfgL nufot s]xL ;+j]bgzLn lhNnfdf skm\o'{ cfb]]z hfL ug{
;'emfj lbP. k|wfgdGqLn] Psb'O{ lbgsf] l:ylt x]] lg0f{o ug]]{ eGg'ePsf] 5.
;fy} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?n] dfcf]jfbLsf cft\ssfL lqmofsnfk cem a9\g

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;Sg] x'bf ;'Iff ;+oGqnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf klrfng uL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bafpg] lg0f{o
lng k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\. o:t}, >L % sf] ;sfn] cfGbf]ngt
bnx?nfO{ fhgLlts ?kdf kll:ylt a'e\mg cfGbf]ng :ylut ug{ cfu|x ubf{
fd|f] x'g] ;'Iff k|d'vx?sf] ;Nnfx 5.
k"j{ u[x fHodGqL b]j]Gb|fh s8]nnfO{ cfh nlntk'sf] s';'GtLdf dfcf]jfbLn]
uf]nL k|xf u] xTofsf] k|of; u]sf 5g\. pxfnfO{ 3fOt] cj:yfdf c:ktfn egf{
ulPsf] 5. pxf vtfd'Qm x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
bafsf ;lrjx?sf] ;fd"lxs hfx]Ldf cfh ljleGg ljifo p7fOof].
h:t} M sf7df8f} pkTosf nufot !! lhNnf ;bd'sfddf lgif]wf1f hfL ug'{kg]{df
:yfgLo k|zf;gsf] hf]8 x]sf] 5. o;af] >L % sf] ;sfn] oyfzSo rf8f]
lg0f{o lnbf pko'Qm x'G5. sf7df8f} pkTosfsf s]xL ;+j]bgzLn If]q klxrfg u]
sfpG6 d]h sf pkfo klg ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5. dfcf]jfbLn] sfotfk"j{s xTof u]sf
dxf;]gfgL ls0f a:g]tnfO{ d0ff]kfGt Ps tx a9'jf ubf{ fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5.
;fy} bafsf sd{rfLn] klg cfk\mgf] ;'Iffdf ;hutf ckgfpg' cfjZos 5.
g]kfnL ;~rf dfWoddf dfcf]jfbL ;DaGwL ;dfrf s]slt lbg] s]s] glbg] eGg]af]
;~rf dGqfnon] gLlt agfpg' hL 5. To;sf lglDt ;~rf ;+:yfx?;u
5nkmn ug'{k5{.
;lrjx?n] hfx] u]sf ;a} ;'emfj ;sfaf6 uDeLtfk"j{s ;'lgaS:of].
ltdLx?sf ;'emfj k|wfgdGqLnfO{ eG5', df};'kmaf6 x's'd eof], ltdLx?n] klg
;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrj dfkm{t of] s'f cufl8 a9fpg".

@)^) ebf} !& ut] a'waf

s]xL fhgLlts ljZn]ifssf cg';f, cfGbf]ngt bnn] b]zsf] jt{dfg
kll:yltnfO{ ljrf u] hfL cfGbf]ng :ylut uL fhgLlts ultf]w cGTo ug{
;sf;u jftf{ ug'{kg]{ lyof]. t To;f] x'g ;s]g. lsgeg], cfGbf]ngn] ult lng
;s]s} 5}g. eft, cd]lsf a]nfotsf fhb"tn] ;d]t xfnsf] cfGbf]ng :ylut
ug{ ;Nnfx lbPsf dfq xf]Og, cfjZos k] pgLx?sf dfuaf] dxffhflwfh;u
kfdz{ ug]{ ;d]t k|:tfj u]s} x'g\. sf\u|]; Pdfn]s} sltko g]tf ;d]t
cfGbf]ng :ylut ug'{kg]{ kIfdf 5g\. t ;fgf kf6L{sf] nx}nx}df cfGbf]ng :ylut
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. cfGbf]ng :ylut eP cfk\mgf] dxj sd x'g] 8n] ;fgf kf6L{x?
o;nfO{ s'g} xfntdf :ylut ug{ rfxb}gg\.
sf\u|];sf] e|ft[ ;\u7g g]kfn t0f bnn] cfh kf6L{ sfof{noaf6 h'n';
lgsfn]sf] 5. Pdfn] ljBfyL{ ;\u7g clvnn] eg] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
;efxnaf6 h'n'; lgsfNof]. ptf, jlsnn] lgsfn]sf] df}g h'n';df k|xLn]
x:tIf]k uof]. To; qmddf jli7 clwjQmf l;Gw'gfy Kofs']nnfO{ kqmfp u]

495

496

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]xL ;dokl5 lxfO ulPsf] 5. o;} ljifonfO{ lnP jlsnx?n] cbfntdf

cfhsf] ax; alxisf u].
sf7df8f}df ;'Iff Joj:yf s8f kflPsf] dx;'; ePsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL
g]tf sfo{stf{ kqmfp k]sf 5g\. ;}lgs clws[tsf xToff kqmfp ug{ sf]e6{
ck];g hfL eP klg xfn;Dd k|xLn] ckfwL kqmfp ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. k|wfg
;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] dxf;]gfgL ls0f a:g]tsf] xTof dxf;]gfgL ldGb|
If]qLsf] xTof k|of;sf ;fy} xfnsf] kll:ylt ;Defljt vtfsf ljifodf h\uL
c8\8fsf ;a} clws[tsf] hd36 ufO{ 5nkmn -k]k 6s_ ug'{ePsf] 5. To;
qmddf hjfgx?sf] df]fn pRr fVg ljleGg ;'ljwfsf] :t j[l4 ug'{kg]{ s'f
eof]. To:t} ;}lgs c:ktfn, 5fpgLnfO{ cem ;'ljwf;DkGg agfO{ ck];g sf
a]nf x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt b'3{6gfsf 3fOt]x?sf] fd|f] pkrfsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ s'f
p7\of]. xfnsf] cj:yfaf] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] s'g} k|efjsfL 6]lnlehgdf cGtjf{tf{
lbbf fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj ;d]t cfof]. o;}aLr k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfpbf] zlgaf
cfOtaf h\uL c8\8f kl;l:yt lk'dlb{gL eujtLsf] k"hf ug]{ sfo{qmd to
ePsf] 5.
cfGbf]ngt kfr kf6L{n] ef]ln ebf} !* ut]b]lv zflGtk"j{s lgif]wf1fsf]
pNn\3g ug]{ sfo{qmd fv]sf 5g\. To; qmddf g]tfx?n] ;fd"lxs luk\mtfL
lbg] ePsf 5g\. df] l;fxf lhNnfsf s]xL k|xL rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbLn]
cfqmd0fsf] k|of; u]sf] t tTsfn} ;]gfsf] x:tIf]ksf sf0f ;kmn gePsf] va
cfPsf] 5.
bafsf k|d'v ;lrj kz'klteQm dxh{gn] gb]jLl:yt cfk\mgf] lgjf;jlkl
ckllrt s]xL JolQmx? 3'dlkm ug{ yfn]sf] s'f dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. pgLx?
3L3L sf]7f ef8fsf nflu ;f]Wg cfpg] cgfjZos lrof]rrf]{ ug]{ u]sf] x'bf
;'Iffsf b[li6n] ljz]if lgufgL ullbg cg'f]w ug'{eof]. d}n] tTsfn} k|xL
dxflgLIfs ZofdeQm yfkfnfO{ o;af] atfP cfjZos ;'Iff Joj:yfsf nflu
cg'f]w u].

@)^) ebf} @) ut] zlgaf

;]gfsf] 8LPdcfO{n] lbPsf] ;"rgf cg';f dfcf]jfbLn] :k];n 6f:s kmf];{
agfP ;fk{ ;'6 x? sf7df8f} k7fPsf] 5. sf7df8f} ;xleq JolQmxTofsf]
sfafxL cufl8 a9fpg] ljz]if uL cd]lsf;u ;Dks{ x'g] ;}lgs tyf k|xL
clws[tnfO{ lg;fgf agfpg] pgLx?sf] of]hgf x]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] :yflkt
k'fgf zlQm -baf ;]gf_ nfO{ ;s];Dd sdhf] kf] ;Qf sAhf ug]{ 0fgLlt
agfPsf 5g\.
clxn]sf] fhgLlts kf6L{sf] cfGbf]ng xf:of:kb 5, To;}n] dlGqklifb\

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

s8fOsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g'k5{ eg] ;Nnfx lbb} k~rfotsfnLg dGqL lbnaxfb'
>]i7n] cfh d;u eGg'eof], o; a]nf d dxffhflwfhsf ;fd' tLg ljsNk dfq
b]Vb5' ;Dk"0f{ fHozlQm g} cfk\mgf] xftdf lng] jf fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;Qf
x:tfGt0f ullbg] jf jt{dfg dlGqklifb\nfO{ g} k"0f{tf lbO{ r'gfjdf hfg]. pxfsf
cg';f, xfnsf fhgLlts bnaf6 b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g. To;}n] t];|f]
zlQmsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5. t];|f] zlQm dfkm{t csf]{ r'gfjdf ax'dt Nofpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ pxfn] ;'emfj lbg'eof]. t];|f] zlQmsf] ax'dt gcfpg]
cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ klg ax'dtdf Nofpg glbg] of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ ;d]t pxfsf] egfO
lyof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ ;do cg';f k|wfgdGqL agfPsf]
7Ls lyof]. xfn ;"o{axfb' yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfPsf] klg 7Ls 5. lsgeg],
;"o{axfb' yfkf ;w} eftsf] dfG5] eg] lrlgPsf x'g\. pgL c;kmn ePdf eft
g} c;kmn ePsf] 7x5{. pgn] ;kmntf kfPdf eg] b]z, hgtf fhfsf nflu
fd|f] x'G5.
d]f ;Dks{;|f]tx? Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn, s]kL cf]nL, etdf]xg
clwsfL, jfdb]j uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL;u lgs6 ;Dks{df 5g\. uf}td
d}gfnLn] ;"o{axfb' yfkf ;j{yf cg'ko'Qm c;kmn JolQm x'g\, ;sfaf6 xfdL
-d}gfnL, uf}td_ h:tf g]tfsf] ;xof]u lng' ;Sg'k5{ eg] s'f u]sf] va cfPsf]
5. d}gfnL;u cfh} d]f] e]6 eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], klxn] s'f eP cg';f t];|F]
zlQm u7g ug{ d Pdfn] klTofu u] s]xL sfo{stf{ ;lxt aflx cfpg ;S5'.
t];|f] zlQmsf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf ?kdf ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+j}wflgs fhtGq
;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf x'g]5. sDaf]l8ofsf] pbfx0f x]bf{ sDo'lg:6x? fhtGqsf
ldq x'g ;Sb}gg\. fh;+:yf fhfsf] hgtf;u ;'dw' agfpg ;xof]uL Pj+
;sffTds fhgLlts zlQmsf] cfjZostf k5{. o:tf] fhgLlts zlQmlagf
fh;+:yf b'3{6gfdf kg{ ;S5, h:tf] Ofgdf ePsf] lyof].
k"j{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkf cfh} dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxf d w]} jif{;Dd bafdf ;u;u} sfo{t lyof}. pxfn] clxn]sf]
cj:yfdf dxffhflwfhnfO{ cfk\mgf] If]qaf6 s;L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5
eGg]af] d;u s]xL s'f d;u ug'{eof]. pxfsf] egfO lyof], ;fpbL c]laofsf]
fhkljfsf dxjk"0f{ ;b:o lk|G; vflnb d cd]lsfdf :6fkm sn]h ubf{ ;u}
lyof}. pxf;u xfn;Dd klg d]f] ldqtf 5. pxfn] g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf a]nf
jL]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfnnfO{ ;xof]u u]sf] tkfO{+nfO{ hfgsfL 5b} 5. pxfnfO{
g]kfn e|d0f ufpg ;d]t d}n] e"ldsf lgjf{x u]sf] lyP. pQm sf];{df xfn
yfONofG8sf pkk|wfgdGqL l;\ufk'sf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lnSjfg o'sf 5f]f,
xfnsf k|wfgdGqL nL, klg x'g'x'GYof]. pxfx? b'j} d]f ldq x'g'x'G5. To;}n]
;fpbL c]laof cyjf yfONofG8df ;sfaf6 dnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t lgo'Qm

497

498

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ulaS;]df d}n] b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{ tyf cfly{s ;xof]u leofpg
klg dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5' h:tf] nfU5. tkfO{+n] of] s'f ;sfdf
hfx] ullbg'kof].
tff h;f{asf s'f d}n] ;sfdf laGtL ullbP. ;sfaf6 xf],
tffaxfb'n] sfd ug{ ;S5, fhb"t lgo'lQmsf] ;Gbe{ cfPkl5 dnfO{ of] s'f
;Demfpg" x's'd eof].
Ps hgf d]f g]kfnL ;fyL cfk\mgf] l;\ufk'] ;fyLnfO{ lnP dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. tL l;\ufk'] JolQmn] l;\ufk'sf] fhgLlt, k|zf;g, cfly{s
ljsf; h:tf ljifodf nfdf] s'f ug'{eof]. aflxaf6 ufO8]8 8]df]qm];L eGg] ulPsf]
cfk\mgf] b]zsf] fhgLlts k|0fnLaf] rrf{ ug'{eof]. ;fy} l;\ufk'df s;L cfly{s
ljsf; ;Dej ePsf] xf] eGg] klg ;'gfpg'eof]. s'fsfgLsf qmddf pxfn] ljz]]if
dxjk"0f{ s'f rflx s] eGg'eof] eg], l;\ufk' ;sfn] Pp6f 7"nf] dlg6l
l;:6d agfPsf] 5. To;n] k|To]s gfulssf lqmofsnfk, ljz]if u] r'gfjsf
;dodf lgufgL fVg] ub{5. o;af6 r'gfjsf] glthf cyjf ;sfljf]wL s'g}
klg lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dod} ;lhn};u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5. ljleGg cjf]w
gx'gfsf] sf0fn] g} l;\ufk'df 5f]6} ;dodf cfly{s ;DkGgtf cfpg ;s]sf] xf].
>L % sf] ;sfn] klg o:t} lsl;dsf] dlg6l l;:6d :yfkgf ug{ ;s] xfn
b]lvPsf h:tf w]} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'U5. cgfjZos ljf]w, ljb|f]x
fhgLlts pR5[\vntfaf6 b]z d'Qm x'G5 9'Ss;u cfly{s ljsf;df km8\sf]
dfg{ ;lsG5. pxfsf s'f ;'g] d}n] o:tf] k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug{ slt vr{
hgzlQm nfU5 < eg] ;f]w]. pxfn] g]kfnsf] hg;\Vof cg';f o;df 7"n}
hgzlQm nfUg ;S5 vr{ klg a9L g} x'G5, t g]kfnn] l;\ufk' ;sf;u
;xof]u dfu]df k|fljlwsb]lv cGo ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u pknAw ufpg ;S5
xf]nf eGg'eof].
xfnsf] kll:yltdf dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 k|efjsfL ck];g sf nflu cfjZostf
k] ;]gfn] ;a} l;lelnog sDkgLsf x]lnsK6 b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ cfk\mgf] cwLgdf lng
cfjZos 5. o;af] >L % sf] ;sfaf6 lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
va ug'{kg]{5.
Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{n] dnfO{ kmf]gdf xfn} ;DkGg eft e|d0f ;sffTds
x]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy} eft ;]gfnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u ug{ tof
5, d}n] eft;u cfjZos xftxltof tyf ;}lgs ;fdu|L pknAw ufpg k|:tfj
u] egL la|km ug'{eof].
sfo{jfxs lrlgof fhb"t jf jL tfg cfh dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof].
pxfn] gjlgo'Qm lrlgof fhb"t ;]K6]Da !^ df sf7df8f} cfpg] hfgsfL lbg'eof].
cS6'a ! df rLgsf] fli6o lbj; k]sf] x'bf To;cl3 g} gof fhb"tn] cfk\mgf]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

cf]xbfsf] k|df0fkq r9fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;xof]u ullbg'kof] eGg] pxfsf]

cfu|x lyof]. jfn] eGg'eof], kfi6 dGqfnodf o;af] va eO;s]sf] 5. gof
fhb"tnfO{ a]Olhd} k'fgf fhb"tn] la|lkm ug]{ sfo{{qmd 5. rLg zfxL g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xftxltof pknAw ufpg tof 5. t o;n] g]kfnsf]
cGo b]z;usf] ;DaGwdf c; kfg{ ;Sg] x'bf rLgn] nlhl:6S; dfq ;xof]u ubf{
pko'Qm x'g] b]Vb5'. To:t} pxfn] rLg g]kfnnfO{ cGo ;a} If]qdf ;xof]u ug{ tTk
5, xfd|f b'O{ b]zsf aLrdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;d:of 5}g, rLg eftaLr v'n]sf]
l;lSsdl:yt gfy'nf kf; ;8s l;Daf]lns dfq xf], o;sf] Jofj;flos pkfb]otf
xfnnfO{ ;fdfGo x]sf] 5, of] af6f] v'n] klg rLgaf6 g]kfn eP x'g] 6flGh6df
vf;} c; kb}{g eg] :ki6 kfg'{\eof].
k|xL dxflgLIFs ZofdeQm yfkfn] OG6kf]nsf] cfufdL a}7sdf g]kfnn] klg s'g}
kbdf pDd]bjfL lbg] ;f]rfO agfPsf] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof]. ;fy} ;+oQ' m fi6;\3df
o;sf] nlasf nflu ;xof]u ullbg dfu ug'e{ of].
sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfkm"lgs6sf JolQmx?;u
zflGtsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg ;lsg] wf0ff JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5. xfnsf]
cj:yfdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpbf pko'Qm x'g]
To;sf lglDt ;dy{g h'6fpg cfkm"n] klg kxn ug]{ pxfsf] egfO x]5.
fk|kf g]tf w|'jaxfb' k|wfgn] dnfO{ hfgsfL ufP cg';f, O6fnLsf Ps
G ljz]if1n] g]kfndf eOx]sf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x fhgLlts ultf]wnfO{ ;"Id
?kdf cWoog ulx]sf x]5g\. pgn] g]kfnsf d'Vo fhgLlts bnx?af6
Psb'O{ hgfsf bn] dfcf]jfbLaf6 ;d]t b'O{ hgf g]tfnfO{ O6fnLsf] s'g} uf]Ko
:yfgdf nu] cgf}krfls 5nkmn ufpg] pQm 5nkmnaf6 ;sffTds lgisif{
cfP cfk"mn] dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf v]n] g]kfndf zflGt k|lqmof k'gM ;' ufpg]
k|:tfj fv]sf x]5g\. g]tf k|wfgsf cg';f pgn] o;sf lglDt sf\u|];sf gxl
cfrfo{ rqm af:tf]nf, Pdfn]sf emngfy vgfn, fk|kfsf :jo+ k|wfg nufot
dfcf]jfbLsf cGo s]xL g]tfnfO{ O6fnL ;sfs} vr{df Toxf nu] 5nkmn sfo{qmd
ufpg vf]h]sf 5g\. of] pkfo k|efjsfL x'g ;Sg] atfpb} k|wfgn] of] sfo{qmd
x'g] eof] eg] d hfgsfL ufpnf eGg'eof].
o'f]k cd]lsfsf fhb"tx?n] ;+;b\jfbL bnsf g]tf;u e]6] bn fhf
ldNg'k5{, clg dfq dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7]ufg nufpg ;lsG5, o;f] gu] dfcf]jfbLn]
;a}nfO{ sdhf] kfg{ ;S5g\, xfdL o;sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ tof 5f} eg] ;Nnfx
lbPsf 5g\.
cd]lsfaf6 vlb ulPsf b'O{ xhf yfg Pd!^ P6' fOkmn s]xL
gfO6lehg uuN; cfh} sf7df8f} cfOk'u]sf 5g\. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf oL cfw'lgs
;fdfgn] ;]gfnfO{ sfd ug{ clnslt eP klg ;xh agfpg ;S5g\. ;]gfn]

499

500

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

klxn]b]lv g} cfw'lgs xftxltof nlhl:6S; dfu ub}{ cfPsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} @^ ut] z'qmaf

s]xL lbgcufl8 bfr'{nf lhNnfsf] b'u{d :yfgdf sltko k|xL dflPsf] va

cfPsf] lyof]. k|xLn] pQm 36gf k]6f]lnsf] ;dodf 36]sf] eGg] lkf]6{ lbPsf]
lyof]. t tL k|xL ofrf{u'Daf ;\sng ug{ uPsf JolQmx?af6 hah{:tL k};f
c;'Ng uPsf] eGg] a'lemPsf] 5.
sf\u|];, Pdfn] ;b\efjgf -cfgGbb]jL_ kf6L{n] ;se ;+ljwfgsf] wff !@*,
gq klg !@& cGtu{t eP klg ;Qfdf hfg] ;f]r agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. of] yfxf
kfP tLg 7"nf bn ;Qfk|flKtdf dfq nfu]sf] eGg] cff]k nufpb} ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{
g]kfn dhb' ls;fg kf6L{n] kfr bnsf] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngaf6 cnlUug] ljrf
ulx]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfaLr
k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP uf]Ko 5nkmn ePsf] 5. 5nkmndf
pxfx?aLr dlGqklifb\n] lg0f{o uL k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu dxffhflwfhdf
l;kmfl; ug]{, df};'kmaf6 dlGqklifb\sf] l;kmfl;dfly ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] fo
dfluaS;g] olb ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ug{ gldNg] eg] fo
lbP sf\u|]; dlGqklifb\df ;xefuL x'g] ;xdlt ePsf] va cfPsf] 5.
Pdfn] ;|ft] sf cg';f g]tfx? s]kL zdf{ cf]nL jfdb]j uf}td s'g} klg
xfntdf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL x'g glbg] v]ndf 5g\. ;fy},
uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL Pdfn] km'6fP t];|f] zlQm u7g ug{ tTk x]sf] :ki6 ePsf]
5. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] ;sffTds cj:yf xf], t];|f] zlQm lgdf{0fsf nflu.
dfcf]jfbLn] k|]; jQmJo hfL ub}{ b]ze cfhb]lv c;f]h $ ut];Dd Jofks
hgsfafxL oqtq lj:kmf]6 ug]{ atfPsf] 5. To; cg'?k p;n] cfh laxfg
x]6f}8f gukflnsfsf tLg :yfg, lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfof{no Ps hgf JofkfLsf]
uf]bfddf ad lj:kmf]6 ufPsf] 5. cfh} laxfg sf7df8f}, j;'Gwfdf fli6o
k|hftflGqs ljBfyL{ ;\u7gsf bLks yfkf klro gv'n]sf] csf]{ Ps JolQmnfO{
uf]nL xfgL xTof ulPsf] 5. Psflt o;L cft\s km}nfpg yfn]sf] 5 eg]
csf{lt kqsfsf] ;d]t xTof ulx]sf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ ;~rf dfWodnfO{
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng ug{ pko'Qm x'g] ;Nnfx ePsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} @( ut] ;f]daf

dlGqklifb\ kljt{g x'g nfu]sf] 5 eGg] xNnf Jofks ePkl5 sf\u|];
Pdfn] b'j}n] cfcfk\mg} g]t[Tjdf ;sfdf cfpg ljleGg sf]l;; ulx]sf 5g\.
otf, k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] xfn;Dd dlGqklifb\ lj:tf ug{;Dd ;Sg'ePsf]
5}g. o;} klk|]Iodf ;sfaf6 cfh dnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;"o{axfb'nfO{ g}

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

s]xL ;do lgGttf lbg], oxL cjlwdf fd|f dfG5]nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf fhgLlts
lgo'lQm ug]{ o;aLr dfcf]jfbLsf] s] a}of x'G5 eg] x]g]{, To;kl5 cGo ljsNk
vf]Hg ;lsG5 eg] x's'd eof].
a8fdxffgLsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf l;nl;nfdf g]kfn k|xLaf6 k|bz{g ulg] la|l6
bL ll66 sfo{qmdnfO{ cab]lv k|xL lbj;sf cj;df cfof]hgf ulg] ePsf] 5.
o; jif{ k|xL lbj;sf] ;dff]x xfnsf] cj:yfdf eJo sfo{qmdsf ;fy ug{ c;xh
x'g] xb' f laxfgsf] sfo{qmddf dfq ;Lldt fVg] eg] k|xL dxflgLIFssf] ;'emfj
cfPsf] 5. of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] x'bf To;} cg';f ug{ lgb]z
{ g aS;]sf] 5.
b;}cufl8 g} ;sf kljt{g x'g] cfzf fv]sf bnx?n] ;sfdf ;xeflutfsf
ljifodf cfk"mx?aLr Jofks 5nkmn rnfOx]sf 5g\. o; qmddf vf; uL
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;fy} k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu
sfg'gljb\;u 5nkmn ulxg'ePsf] 5. ;fy} sf\u|]; Pdfn] g]tfx?n] ljb]zL
fhb"tx?nfO{ fhf;u ;xdlt ufOlbg k|of; ullbg'kof] eg] cg'f]w ug]{
u]sf] va 5.
sf\u|]; ;efklt sf]Ofnfn] cfkm"lgs6 g]tfx?;u ca k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf
x'G5, To; cj:yfdf sf\u|]; k|hftflGqs kf6L{lt nfu]sf slt g]tf tyf sfo{stf{
kmls{G5g\, xfd|f] ax'dt x'G5 ls x'b}g < eg] rrf{ ulx]sf] To;af] u[xsfo{
;d]t yfn]sf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.

@)^) ebf} #! ut] a'waf

eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0fn] cfh sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]OfnfnfO{
e]6\g'ePsf] 5. cfh} sf]Ofnfn] uf]ljGbfh hf]zL s[i0f l;6f}nfnfO{ fhb"t;usf]
e]6df ePsf] s'f ;'gfpg'eof]. ;f] cj;df sf\u|]; g]tfx?aLr Pdfn]n] ;lGbUw
rlq b]vfOx]sf] 5 pm yfkf ;sfdf ;fd]n x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg 5.
sf\u|]; of] ;sfdf s'g} klg xfntdf ;xefuL x'b}g. b;}ltxfsf] cj:yf x]]
cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd tof kff}. s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s ug]{ ls gug]{ < lsgeg]
xfd|} ;fyLsf] ef];f 5}g eg] 5nkmn ePsf] 5. To; qmddf hf]zLn] Ps
dlxgfleq fhfn] s'g} ;zQm sbd p7fpg] nIf0f a'em]sf] 5', To;}n] ca fhfsf]
sbd x]] lg0f{o ug'{k5{ eg]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
dlGqklifb\n] lg0f{o uL cft\ssfL ;"rLdf x]sf s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf]
6fpsfsf] d"No tf]s]sf] 5. t ;sfn] tf]s]sf] d"No glbbf u'Ktr lgsfon]
k|of]u u]sf JolQmnfO{ sfd nufpg ;d:of klx]sf] 5.
cy{dGqL 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgLn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ kmf]g u] eG;f sfof{nodf
;}lgs clws[tsf] pkl:yltaf] u'gf;f] ug'{eP5. eG;f sfof{nox?df Jofks
clgoldttf x'g] u]sf] va klxn]b]lv g} cfOx]sf] xf]. To;sf] lgufgL fVg

501

502

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]xL eG;f sfof{nodf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ v6fpg yflnPsf] lyof]. ;}lgssf]

pkl:yltn] eG;fsf sd{rfLnfO{ clgoldttf ug{ cjZo klg c;lhnf] x'g] g}
eof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf dGqL nf]xgLsf] pQm s'f ;'g]kl5 k|wfg ;]gfkltn] ;]gfaf6
eG;f sfof{nonfO{ c;'ljwf x'G5 eg] dGqLHo"n] eG;f sfof{no fh:j u:tLaf6
;]gf x6fpg] lg0f{o u] xfdL ;a} ;]gf x6fObG5f} eg] hjfkm lbg'eP5.
;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL yfkfn] lgoldt hfx]Lsf qmddf xnrf]sdf
algx]sf];z:qsf] k|wfg sfof{no ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ b'O{ dlxgfkl5 k"f x'b} 5,
;sfaf6 ;d'b3f6gsf nflu :jLs[lt aS; eP ;f]xL adf]lhd ug]{5' egL laGtL
r9fpg'eof]. ;f]xL cj;df cfk\mgf] lgsfo ;DaGwL u'gf;f] ub}{ pxfn] ;sf
;dIf laGtL ug'{eof], ;z:qnfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jfL cg';f klrfngsf lx;fan]
k|To]s c~rndf Pp6f u0f x'g'kg]{ xf]. t ljBdfg baGbLn] gf} c~rndf dfq
u0f :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5. cGo kfr c~rndf ck'u x'g uPsf] baGbL rf8}
k|fKt x'g ;s] sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof]. ;z:qsf] cfk\mg} c:ktfn 5}g. ;]gf
g]kfn k|xLsf c:ktfnx?af6 k|fKt ;xof]un] dfq n8fOdf 3fOt] ePsf ;z:q
k|xLsf] pkrf ;Dej eOx]sf] 5}g. ck];gsf qmddf d[To' 3fOt] ePsf ;z:q
k|xLnfO{ s]xL sd lbg] eg] >L % sf] ;sfn] g} lg0f{o u]sf] xf]. Tof] sd
;d]t gkfpbf ;d:of eOx]sf] 5.
pxfsf] hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 ;z:qsf ljifodf d k|wfgdGqL;u s'f uf}nf
x's'd eof]. ;fy} df};'kmaf6 lgb]{zg aS:of], ;z:q k|xL an gof lgsfo
ePsf] x'bf ;jfa9'jf k|0ffnL ;'b]lv g} k|efjsfL kfbzL{ agfpg". cfk\mgf
u0fu'Ndsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf alnof] kfg"{ tfls dfcf]jfbLn] ;lhn} cfqmd0f ug{
g;s"g\. cfjZos k] ;]gfsf] ;xof]u lnbf fd|f] x'G5. dfcf]jfbLn] ;~rfng
u]sf PkmPd :6];g vQd kfg{ sf]l;; ug"{. ltgnfO{ hfld ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5
eGg]af] c? ;'Iff lgsfo;u ;dGjo u] sfd yfNg".

@)^) c;f]h @ ut] z'qmaf

k|wfgdGqLn] cd]lsL fhb"t;u df]afOn kmf]g 6\oflk k|ljlw ;xof]u:j?k
pknAw ufpg k|:tfj ug'e{ Psf] 5. fhb"tn] pQm ;fdfgsf] d"No sla !) nfv
8n kg]{ pNn]v ub}{ o:tf] pks0f ;]gfnfO{ lbg gldNg] x'gfn] ;z:q k|xLnfO{ dfq
lbg ;lsg] atfpg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] pxfsf] s'fdf :jLs[lt hgfpg'ePsf] 5.
k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf x'g] eGg] Jofks rrf{ eOx]sf a]nf sf\u|];
k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf cfh ;KtfxJofkL rLg e|d0fdf k|:yfg
ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfnfO{ lqe'jg cGtf{li6o ljdfg:yndf k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf
ug]{ rrf{ rlnx]sf a]nf tkfO{+ lsg rLg e|d0fdf hfg nfUg'ePsf] xf]< eg]
kqsfx?ff ;f]lwPsf] lyof]. To;sf] hjfkmdf pxfn] ems{+b} To;f] eP ;a}n]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

lulhf dfwj;u} ;]G8 u] e}xfNof] lg eGg'eof]. pxfsf] egfOsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{

k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgfsf] rrf{ lgfwf xf] eGg] a'lemG5.
@* jif{kl5 g]kfn cfPsf cGtf{li6o ckfwL b'lgofsf ;jf{lws rlr{t JolQm
rfN;{ zf]efhnfO{ k|xLn] cfh 7d]naf6 kqmfp u]sf] 5. rfN;{ eftdf nfdf]
cjlw h]n hLjg ljtfP lxfO ePkl5 g]kfn cfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. g]kfndf klg
rfN;{sf lj4 nfu]sf xTofsf cleof]u sfod} 5g\. ;fy} yfO{ ;sfn] rfN;{sf]
Jofks vf]hL ulx]sf] 5.
f]Nkf, kfry t]xy'ddf ;]gf dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] le8Gtdf s]xL dfcf]jfbL
n8fs' dflPsf] va 5. o;}aLr f]Nkfdf hfL ck];g lgLIf0f ug{ k|wfg
;]gfklt cfOtaf Toxf hfg] sfo{qmd 5.
Iff;lrj kbds'df cfrfo{n] cfk\mgf] eft e|d0fsf cj;df Toxf ePsf
5nkmnaf] cfh ;sfdf lj:t[t ?kdf hfx] ug'{eof]. pxfsf cg';f, eftn]
;]gfnfO{ OG;f; fOkmn pknAw ufpg Hofb} hf]8 lbPsf] 5. To:t} cfk"mn]
lgdf{0f usf] P8efG; nfO6 x]lnsK6 -PPnPr_ klg &) k|ltzt cg'bfg
#) k|ltzt e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ k'fgf] ;t{df pknAw ufpg ;lsg] hfgsfL lbPsf]
5. hfx]Lkl5 ;sfaf6 fhgLlts g]tfsf e|i6frf ;DaGwL sfafxL cufl8
a9fpg'kg]{ r'gfjsf] dfxf]n tof kfg{'kg]{ pNn]v aS;b} ;a} If]qaf6 ;'Iff
lgsfonfO{ ;xof]u x'g] jftfj0f tof kfg{ Iff;lrjnfO{ ;'emfj aS:of].

@)^) c;f]h $ ut] cfOtaf

;z:q k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL yfkfn] cfh dnfO{ e]6] eGg'eof], xfd|f]
Pp6f sdfG8f] 6f]nL tflndsf] l;nl;nfdf eftsf] b]xfb"gglhs rqmftfdf x]sf]
Koff ldln6L 6]lg ;]G6df uPsf] lyof]. Toxf xfd|f clws[tnfO{ pQm tflnd
s]Gb|sf Ps k|lzIfsn] eftn] g]kfnsf ;z:q k|xL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kfn}kfnf]
tflnd ufOx]sf] 5, of] s] u]sf] xf]nf < eg] ;'gfP5g\. ToxL s'f tflnd
s]Gb|aflx x]sf] b"w k;n]n] ;d]t eg]sf] a'lemg cfof]. d}n] of] s'f yfxf kfpgf;fy
h;f{anfO{ tTsfn} hfgsfL ufPsf] x'. ;z:qsf tL clws[tn] eg] cg';f
pQm tflnd s]Gb|df dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;d]t tflnd lbOPsf] xf] eg] of] ljifo cToGt}
uDeL xf] eg] ;xjL ;fa d}n] lgSof]{n lgsfNof}. ;fy} o;af] yk cWoog
uL jf:tljstf kQf nufO{ ;TotYo >L % sf] ;sfnfO{ pknAw ufpg'k5{
>L % sf] ;sfn] s"6gLlts dfWodff eft ;sf;u s'f ug{ 7Ls x'G5 eg]
;d]t xfdLn] 5nkmn uof}. of] s'f ;xjL ;fan] ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{
hfgsfL ufpg] pxfx?n] ;d]t cfcfk\mgf] lgsfoaf6 o;af] ;TotYo a'em\g
nufpg] klg ;Nnfx eof]. clxn]sf] ;dodf of] s'f clt uf]Ko fVg] lgwf] eof].
d}n] o;af] dxffhflwfh ;sfdf hfx] u]. sla b'O{ dlxgfcufl8 ;d]t o:t}

503

504

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

vfnsf] va cfPsf] k|;\u klg ;sfdf ;DemfP.

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf uf]ljGbfh hf]zL tyf Pdfn]
dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnaLr g]kfn lgjf;df cfh uf]Ko a}7s ePsf] 5. a}7sdf
Pdfn]sf tkm{af6 etdf]xg clwsfL ;'jfif g]Djf ;lDdlnt ePsf] va 5.
k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfn] cfjZos
;;Nnfxsf lglDt gof lbNnL cfpg k6sk6s kmf]gaf6 cfu|x ulx]sf]
hfgsfL lbg'eof]. ;fy} pxfn] eGg'eof], cd]lsL Kofl;lkms sdfG8n] Pl;of
k|zfGt If]qsf k|wfg ;]gfkltx?sf] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u]sf] 5. t clxn]sf]
;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf d guP zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|ltlglwsf ?kdf pkyL
Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ k7fpg] ljrf u]sf] 5'.
a]nfotL fhb"t s]Oy An'dlkmN8n] bz{ge]6sf cj;df cfk"mn] a'em] cg';f
;+;b\ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ ljifodf fhf ;sffTds x]sf] egL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf
;efklt z]axfb' b]pjfnfO{ atfPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
ljZj lxGb" klifb\, g]kfnsf] lgdGq0ffdf bflh{lnsf uf]v]{ g]tf ;'jf; l3l;
csf]{ ;ftf g]kfn cfpg] sfo{qmd x]sf] 5. sf7df8f}df kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug]{
dfcf]jfbL lqmofsnfksf] ljf]wdf kqsf ;Dd]ng ug]{ pxfsf] sfo{qmd x]sf] 5.

@)^) c;f]h % ut] ;f]daf

eftLo fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t c 6f]nLsf k|d'v dbg Kof;Ln] cfh laxfg
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf;u Ps 306f uf]Ko 5nkmn u]sf] va 5. ;f]
cj;df k|wfgdGqLn] Kof;L;u sf\u|]; Pdfn]nfO{ dlGqklifb\df ;xefuL ufpg
;xof]u ullbg cg'f]w ug'{eof]. Kof;Ln] d ef]ln g} gof lbNnL uP o; ljifodf
ljz]if s'fsfgL ullbG5' eg] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cfZjf;g lbg'eof]. ;fy} eftLo
fhb"tn] ef]ln laxfg & ah] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ e]6\g] sfo{qmd x]sf] 5.
o;}aLr dfcf]jfbLn] ;+oQ' m fi6;\3sf ;xfos dxf;lrj s'nrGb| uf}td;u
;Dks{ u]sf] va 5. uf}tdn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ tTsfn o'4ljfd uL jftf{ k|fDe ug{
cfu|x u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] uf}tdnfO{ k'fgf] ;Qfn] xfdLnfO{ cndNofP oxL
;+ljwfgdf Nofpg vf]hs
] fn] jftf{sf] cf}lrTo 5}g, tkfO{+ ;Sg'xG' 5 eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf
nflu ;Qf kIfnfO{ ;xdt ufpg'xf];\ eg]sf] hfgsfLdf cfPsf] 5.
g]kfn eftaLr ;Ldf tyf ;'Iff ;DaGwL va cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ag]sf]
;+o'Qm ;dGjo l6dsf] a}7ssf nflu eftLo 6f]nL sf7df8f} cfPsf] 5. l6dsf
k|d'v eftLo u[x dGqfnosf ;x;lrjn] a}7ssf qmddf gof lbNnLl:yt hjfnfn
g]x? ljZjljBfno jfdkGyLsf] cv8f ePsf] 5, k|f= P;8L d'lgsf] wf0ffn] eftLo
;sfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{g, ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] u0ftGqs} nflu xf], o;df g]kfn
k|:6 x'g hL 5 eGg] wf0ff fVg'eof].

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)^) c;f]h ^ ut] d++unaf

cfGbf]ngt bnsf ljBfyL{ o'jf ;\u7gn] fli6o ;efu[xdf cfh cGtlqmof
sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u]. jQmfx?n] ;sfL lgif]wf1f tf]8\g] cfGbf]ng pu| x'g]
eGb} efif0f u]sf lyP. sfo{qmddf dxffhflwfhsf lj4 pu| gffafhL ug'{sf
;fy} hyfefjL af]lnPsf] lyof].
sf\u|]; g]tf fdrGb| kf}8]n e}xjfaf6 uf]vk' x'b} ]n r9] gof lbNnL
uPsf] va 5. lbNnLdf pxf zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;sf] cltlyu[xdf a:g
vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof], t fhb"tfjf;af6 s'g} k|ltlqmof gkfPkl5 aflx a:g'ePsf]
5. lbNnLglhs} k9\g a;]sL 5f]LnfO{ e]6\g] ldn]df s]xL eftLo g]tf;u e]6
ug]{ pxfsf] sfo{qmd 5.
k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g uL e"tk"j{
;}lgsnfO{ pgLx?s} ufp6f]ndf ;'Iff sld6L agfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;s] ;]gfnfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u ldNg ;S5 eg] ;'emfj lbg'eof]. k|To'Qdf d}n] xh'sf] ;'emfj
fd|f] 5, d lrkm;fa;u s'f u?nf, tkfO{+n] klg lrkm;fanfO{ ;Nnfx lbbf fd|f]
xf]nf eg].
pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfn cfh dnfO{ e]6\g 3df cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn]
xfn} a]nfot fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t ;}lgs ;xrfL s0f]]{n ;bNofG8nfO{ e]6\g'ePsf]
x]5. To; qmddf ;bNofG8n] eg]sf oL s'f pxfn] dnfO{ ;'gfpg'eof], ;sfsf]
c;f]h !* ut]sf] sbdkl5 ;sffTds jftfj0f ag]sf] lyof]. t To;kl5sf]
sfo{qmd :ki6 x'g ;s]g. PS;g Knfg ljy 6fOld gePsfn] fhgLlts bnn]
cfGbf]ng rnfOx]sf 5g\. ljut Ps jif{df vf;} s'g} pknlAw x'g g;s]sfn] ca
fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ ;fy lng h?L 5. dfcf]jfbL;usf] jftf{nfO{ lgGttf lbg
k"j{dGqL gffo0fl;+x k'gnfO{ jftf{6f]nLdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg'kb{Yof]. clxn] k'gn]
cfkm"nfO{ ldNsfOPsf] dx;'; ug'{ePsf] 5. fh;+:yfn] cfkm"nfO{ PSnf] agfpg'
x'b}g. clxn]sf] cj:yfdf lnan 8]df]qm];Ldf hfg' g} plrt x'G5.
k|To'Qdf ;bNofG8nfO{ cfk"mn] lbPsf] hjfkm ;'gfpb} s6jfnn] eGg'eof],
dfcf]jfbL cft\ssfL g} x'g\. pgLx?n] lnPsf xltof u}sfg'gL -cgnk'mn_
x'g\. To;}n] ;]gfn] ug]{ sfafxL sfg'g;Ddt 5. cft\ssfL dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;xof]u ug]{x?, rfx] fhgLlts bn x'g\ jf s"6gLlt1, tL klg cft\ssfL g}
x'g\. ;]gfn] u]sf] sfafxLdf dfgj clwsf xgg eof] eg] Hofb} a9fOr9fO ug]{
ulPsf] 5. ;]gfn] t cfk\mgf] st{Jo k"f u]sf] dfq xf]. a]nfotL ;+:yf l8lkm8sf
g]kfn k|d'v 8]le8 p8 jfdkGyL ljrfwffsf] h:tf] b]lvg'x'G5. pxf l8lkmsN6
k;{g 6' js{ ljy ;a} s'fdf :6dlAn Ans h:tf] b]lvg'x'G5. g]kfn e|d0fdf
x]sf a]nfotL ljz]if b"t ; h]k|mL h]D; a]nfot kms{+bf 8]le8n] pxfnfO{ ;d]t
e]6\g'ePg5.

505

506

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;}lgs ;xrfL s0f]{n ;bNofG8sf cg';f, a]nfotL fhb"t s]Oy An'dlkmN8

a]nfot ;sfsf ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf ; h]k|mL h]D; lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] ljifonfO{
lnP lgfz x'g'x'G5. sf7df8f}df fhb"t x'bfx'b} ljz]if b"tn] s] sfd ug]{ < eGg]
pxfsf] ts{ 5. ljz]if b"tnfO{ dxffhflwfhaf6 bz{ge]6 gaS;]sf]df fhb"t v';L
x'g'x'G5. pkyL s6jfnsf cg';f, ;bNofG8n] bf]Daf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;]gfn]
;'df cfkm"n] lnPsf] c8fgdf g} cl8u xg'k5{ eg] ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5. pxfn]
a]nfot ;sfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] u]sf] cfly{s tyf ;}lgs ;xof]u hfL
xg] cjut ufpg'ePsf] 5. To:t} pxfn] l8lkm8sf k|d'v 8]le8 p8 g]kfnsf
jfdkGyL vf; uL Kofs']n a|b;{, Zofd >]i7, dNn s] ;'Gb, ch'{g sfsL{ h:tf
JolQm bLlIftx?af6 3]lPsfn] xfdLnfO{ ;d]t g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ;d:of
kg]{ u]sf] 5 eGg'ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLx? dx]Gb| fhdfu{sf] slknj:t' bf lhNnfdf kg]{ pQ r'] If]qsf
ljleGg :yfgdf s]lGb|t ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5. bf]Dafsf] abnf lng] c7f]6sf ;fy
pgLx? Toxf s]lGb|t ePsf x'g\ eGg] va 5. b;}, ltxf h:tf dxfkj{sf cj;df
PstkmL{ o'4ljfd ug{ ;a} If]qaf6 bafj l;h{gf eP klg dfcf]jfbLn] o'4ljfd gug]{
lgwf] u]sf] 5. o;af6 dfcf]jfbL sdhf] ePsf] eGg] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5.
k|xL k|wfg sfof{non] k|xL clws[tx?sf] ;jf ;DaGwL k|:tfj u[x dGqfnodf
k]; u]sf] 5. o;} qmddf k|wfgdGqLn] sf7df8f} lhNnfsf] k|xL k|d'vdf pkLIfs
bLks l~htnfO{ fVg bafj lbg'ePsf] 5. t k|xL k|wfg sfof{no k|wfgdGqLsf]
pQm bafj :jLsf ug]{ kIfdf 5}g. cfO{hLkLn] dnfO{ eg] cg';f l~ht sf7df8f}df
cfpg] xf] eg] ckfw 36\g'sf] ;f a9] hfg]5.
cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t tTsfnLg ;xfos ;}lgs ;xrfL d]h lk6
k\mnfjnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k'ofPsf] ;xof]usf] sb:j?k dxffhflwfhsf]
z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj;df lje"if0f k|bfg ulPsf] lyof]. xfn cd]lsfdf x]sfn] pxf
;'zf]eg ;dff]xdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg'ePg. To;}n] pxfsf nflu pQm lje"if0f u|x0f
ug{ cd]lsL fhb"t dfOsn O{= dflngf]:sL cfkm} pkl:yt x'g vf]Hg'ePsf] 5.
t dof{bfqmd cg';f fhb"tnfO{ Tof] lje"if0f k|bfg ug{ c;lhnf] b]lvof]. To;}n]
lje"if0f u[x dGqfno dfkm{t cd]lsL fhb"tfjf;df k'ofpg] lgwf] eof].
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cfh ljf6gu hfg] qmddf lqe'jg
ljdfg:yndf x]sf a]nf fli6o ;efsf ;f+;b ltns Gof}kfg]n] pxfnfO{ lulhfafa',
d}n] sfnLsf]6df k|zf;g, ;]gf k|xL ldn] !)!@ nfv e|i6frf u]sf] tYo
km]nf kf]sf] 5' eGg'eof]. To;sf] hjfkmdf lulhfn] x'g ;S5, d}n] klg fh:j
u:tLdf vl6Psf] ;]gfn] tfO{sf lhNnfdf t:s;u ldn] w]} sd c;'lnx]sf]
;"rgf kfOx]sf] 5' eGg'eof]. o;af6 g]kfnsf g]tfx? slt u}lhDd]jf 5g\
eGg] b]lvG5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

;]gfsf 8LPdcfO{ ;xfos yL lbnLk fodfemLn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof],

Pdfn]sf s]xL g]tf tyf sfo{stf{n] d 8LPdcf]df sfo{t x'bfb]lv g} dfcf]jfbL
;DaGwL uf]Ko ;'fs lbOx]sf 5g\. pgLx? of] g]6js{ b]zJofkL agfpg OR5's
5g\. s]xL g]tfn] h;f{a;u e]6\g] rfxgf klg fv]sf 5g\. lbnLk h;f{asf]
s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] klg cfjZos kof] eg] d pgLx?nfO{ e]6\5' eg]. h;f{a;u
O{Zj kf]v]n eLd fjn nufotsf Pdfn] g]tfx? lgs6 x]sf] d}n] ;\s]t
kfP. To:t} lbnLk h;f{an] Pdfn] g]tf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLnfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL agfP
dlGqklifb\df ;fd]n ufpbf fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj ;d]t lbg'eof]. o;n] Psflt
jt{dfg ;sf alnof] x'G5 eg] csf{lt Pdfn]leq ljjfb a9] k'gM km'6sf] l:ylt
cfpg ;S5.
ut c;f]h & ut] ;'v]{t lhNnfdf 8\o'6Ldf x]sf a]nf ;z:qsf xjNbf
bfgl;+x lji6 ;xfos xjNbf bLk]Gb| a:g]t xltof ;lxt efu]sf lyP. vf]hLsf
qmddf xjNbf lji6 l5Gr'df e]l6bf cfTd;dk{0f ug{ gdfg]sfn] sfafxL x'bf uf]nL
nfuL pgsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. lji6;u x]sf] P;Pncf fOkmn @%) fpG8 uf]nL
afdb ulPsf] 5. ;xfos xjNbf eg] clxn];Dd klg km]nf gk]sfn] vf]hL
hfL 5.
dlGqklifb\n] :yfgLo lgsfodf u]sf] fhgLlts lgo'lQmaf] l6Kk0fL ub}{
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] d}n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ug{ ;lsg]hlt :yfgdf
lgjf{rg u, g;s]sf] :yfgdf ;j{bnLo ;ldlt agfpm eg], t k|wfgdGqLn] o:tf]
kf] u] eGg'ePsf] 5.
o;}aLr, Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] kf6L{sf s;}nfO{ klg
:yfgLo lgsfodf lgo'Qm x'g glbg] eGg'ePsf] 5. ;fy}, lgo'Qm ePsf kbflwsfLnfO{
klg cfk\mgf] kb TofUg lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] 5. :yfgLo lgsfosf] gof lgo'lQmkl5
Pdfn] nufotsf fhgLlts kf6L{n] ;sf k]n] cufl8 a9\g] dgl:yltdf k'u]sf]
ljZn]if0f lgsfn]sf 5g\. ;sfn] cWofb]z hfL u]sf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo
lgsfodf dgf]gLt ug{ gldNg] eGg] jli7 clwjQmf u0f]zfh zdf{ g]kfn af
P;f]l;P;gsf cWoIf zDe' yfkfsf] k|ltlqmof 5. pxfx?n] lgo'lQmsf lj4
;jf]{Rrdf l6 xfNg] ;f]rfO agfPsf] a'lemPsf] 5. dxfGofoflwjQmfn] :yfgLo
lgsfodf lgo'Qm ePsf kbflwsfLnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzx?af6} zky u|x0f ufpg"
eg] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5. sfg'gL ?kaf6 kg{ ;Sg] hl6ntfaf] dlGqklifb\n]
a]n}df ;r]t x'g pko'Qm x'G5.
fhgLlts ultf]ws} aLr fhgLlts j[Qdf ;sfaf6 b;}kl5 k|wfgdGqLdf
k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo pkk|wfgdGqLdf ljZjaGw' yfkf lgo'Qm ug{
nfluaS;]sf] rrf{ 5. o;}aLr ;efd'v tffgfy fgfef6n] ;efd'vaf6 fhLgfdf
uL dgf]gLt k|wfgdGqL aGg c:jLsf ug'{ePsf] 5.

507

508

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfn] dnfO{ k'gM kmf]g u]

Ps ftsf nflu dfq eP klg jls{ lelh6df gof lbNnL cfpg cfu|x ug'{ePsf]
5, To:t} kfls:tfgsf :yn;]gfWoIfn] klg cfufdL gf]e]Dadf kfls:tfg e|d0fsf]
cf}krfls lgdGq0ff k7fpg'ePsf] 5 eg] cfh dnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy}
pxfn] a8fb;}sf] cj;df kLP;cf]h h;f{anfO{ ljleGg o'lg6df lgLIf0f e|d0fdf
k7fpg nfu]sf] 5', d}n] fbzLsf lbg ( gDa jflxgLsf] e|d0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf]
5' eg] hfx]Lsf nflu cg'f]w ug'{eof].

@)^) c;f]h !& ut] zlgaf

g]kfnsf nflu gof lrlgof fhb"t ;'g x]lk lxhf] d]f] 3df l8gsf nflu
cfpg'eof]. ;'df pxfn] cfk\mgf efjgf ;'gfpb} eGg'eof], d sf7df8f} cfPsf]
s]xL lbg dfq eof]. oxfsf] xfjfkfgL Hofb} fd|f] nfUof]. g]kfnL hgtf Hofb}
d}qLk"0f{ kfP. To;}n] oxf cfpbf dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5. rLgg]kfn b'O{ b]zaLr
x]sf] cToGt} ;'dw' ;DaGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpg d]f] k|of; xg]5. cf]xbfsf]
k|df0fkq a'emfPkl5 dxffhflwfh;u ePsf] bz{ge]6af6 d cToGt} k|efljt eP.
ca klg cfjZostf cg';f dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6 ulxG5'. To;kl5 pxfn]
atfpg'eof], o; jif{ rLgaf6 b'O{ j6f pRr:tLo e|d0f bn sf7df8f} cfpb}
5g\ pkljb]zdGqLsf] g]kfn e|d0f cS6'a !^ b]lv !* ;Dd x'g] to ePsf] 5.
To:t}, l8;]Dadf x'g] g];gn lkk'N; s\u;
|] sf cWoIfsf] e|d0fsf] tofLsf nflu
P8efG; kf6L{ of] dlxgfsf] clGtdlt sf7df8f} cfpb} 5. b'j} k|ltlglwd08nn]
dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6sf nflu cf}krfls cfu|x ug]5
{ g\. pkljb]zdGqLn]
dxffhflwfhsf] bz{ge]6df df};k' maf6 ljutdf p7fOaS;]sf] g]kfnsf] pQL If]qsf]
cfly{s ljsf; ;DaGwL k|:tfjaf] 5nkmn ug'x{ g' 5
] . ;do df};d cg'sn
" eP
pxfn] d':tfsf] 5f]6f] e|d0f ug]{ ljrf klg ug'e{ Psf] 5. ;fy} pxfsf] egfO lyof],
o;cl3sf fhb"tn] cfk\mgf] lgjf;sf nflu aGbf]a:t u]sf] sdnfbLl:yt zfbf
;bg d]f nflu Hofb} 7"nf] x'G5. o;sf] dd{tdf w]} vr{ eO;s]sf] x]5. cem w]}
sd vr{ nfUg] b]lvG5. o;af] s] ug],{ d}n] s]xL ;f]rfO agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g.
d}n] klg pxfnfO{ tkfO{+n] p7fPsf ljifo d ;sfdf hfx] u5'{, g]kfndf
tkfO{+sf] sfo{sfn tyf a;fO ;'vb x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; u]sf] 5' eg]. fhb"t
x]lk pxfsL >LdtL fd|f] c\u|]hL af]Ng'x'bf] x]5.
g]kfnn] fi6;\3nfO{ zflGt;]gfsf nflu lgoldt ?kdf tLg xhf ;}lgs
pknAw ufpg ;Sg] jrg lbPsf] 5. o; qmddf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg
b]zdf hfg] ;]gfsf 8km\kmfnfO{ xftxltof tyf aGbf]a:tLsf] ;fdfgsf lx;fan]
cfTdlge{ agfP ;xefuL ufpg'kg]{ cg'f]w cfpg] u]sf] 5. tbg';f lgs6
eljiod} clk|msfsf s]xL d'n'sdf hfg nfu]sf 8k\mkmfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfD8{ k;{gn

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

Soflo -PkL;L_ sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg d'n's tyf sDkgL;u s'f eOx]sf] 5.

o;} l;nl;nfdf ;Dks{JolQm dfkm{t ;+o'Qm ca Old]6\; -o'PO{_ df s'f ubf{
Toxfaf6 a]nfotdf pTkflbt k'fgf PkL;L ;:tf] d"Nodf pknAw x'g ;Sg] k|:tfj
cfPsf] 5. ;]gfaf6 6f]nL k7fO{ lgLIf0f ubf{ tL PkL;L fd|f];u cf]e xn ufO{
Nofpg ;s] Ifdtf d"Nosf lx;fadf pko'Qm x'g] b]lvof]. Toxf $) j6f k'fgf
PkL;L x]5g\, h;dWo] cfwfhlt fd|f] xfntdf x]sf] kfOof]. pQm PkL;Lx?sf]
s'n d"No kfr ldlnog 8n atfOPsf] 5, h;df pQm d"Nodf PkL;Lsf] cf]exn
ug]{, tflnd lbg], df}h'bf cltlQm kf6{k'hf{ PDo'lg;g ;d]t ;dfj]z ulPsf] 5.
o;n] ubf{ k|To]s PkL;Lsf] o'lg6 d"No sla &* xhf 8n kg]{ b]lvG5, h'g
gof PkL;L vlb ubf{sf] d"NoeGbf lgs} g} sd x'g cfp5. PkL;L vlb k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpbf Iffn] kfi6 dGqfno dfkm{t o'PO{ ;sfnfO{ cf}krfls cg'f]w
ug'{kg]{ x'G5. d}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf;u s'f x'bf o;af]
;d]t ;Nnfx ug{ ;'emfj lbP. lsgeg], s'g} klg xftxltof g]kfnn] vlb ubf{
eftn] rf;f] lng] ;+j]bgzLntf b]vfpg] u]sf] 5.

@)^) c;f]h @# ut] z'qmaf

a]nfotL ;]gfWoIf ; dfOsn HofS;g sflQs t];|f] ;ftf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpb}
x'g'x'G5. a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;af6 pQm e|d0fsf cj;df ;sfsf] bz{ge]6sf
nflu cg'f]w cfPsf] 5.
;]gfsf] cfof]hgfdf lqe'jg ;}lgs clws[t Snadf c;f]h @& @* df b]zsf]
jt{dfg ;'Iff cj:yf ;'Iff lgsfon] lgjf{x ulx]sf] e"ldsfaf] a[xt\ 5nkmn
x'g] ePsf] 5. 5nkmndf k|wfgdGqL, dGqLx?, d'Vo ;lrj, u[x Iff ;lrj,
;'Iff c\usf k|d'vx?, If]qLo k|zf;sx?, ;}lgs k[tgfkltx?sf ;fy} ;a} ;'Iff
lgsfosf If]qLo k|d'vx?sf] ;xeflutf x'g]5.
Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdn] cfh dnfO{ e]6] ljleGg ljifodf s'f ug'{eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu s[lifdf hf]8 lbg'k5{. ljleGg gbLx?df
fd|f];u t6aGw afw] k|jfx lgoGq0f u] w]} hUuf pknAw x'g ;S5. o;af6
b]zsf] vfBfGg ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5. %) hgfhlt JolQm 5fg]
b]z lgdf{0fsf] sfd ug{ kfP !) jif{df d'n'ssf] d'xf abNg ;lsG5. k|lts"ntfdf
cg's"ntf vf]Hg ;Sg'k5{. ;+ljwfg;ef ubf{ zflGt x'G5 eg] lsg gug]{ <
;+ljwfg;efdf hfbf fh;+:yfaf] k"j{;t{ fVg'k5{. dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;}lgs
;dfwfgn] dfq ;Dej 5}g. o'4nfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfn] y]Ug ;Sb}g.
;"o{axfb' yfkfsf] ;sfdf kf6L{x? s'g} klg xfntdf ;fd]n x'b}gg\. of]
dlGqklifb\n] ufPsf] r'gfjdf bnx? ;xefuL gx'g ;S5g\. dxffhflwfhn]
ls lng'kof] ls t lbg'kof]. xfdLx? Pdfn]nfO{ k'm6fP u}sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ vf]Ng

509

510

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

tof ePsf a]nf nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGbnfO{ fhLgfdf ug{ nufOof]. of] sbd ;xL
ePg. cem} klg kf6L{ km'6fP s]kL zdF{ cf]nLnfO{ ;sfdf Nofpg ;s], cjZo
klg ljsNk lg:sg ;S5.
uf}tdsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] tkfO{+x? h:tf g]tfx? o;} dlGqklifb\df
;xefuL x'g'kof], ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|;\u aGb ug{ kxn ug'{k5{, cfk\mgf s'fx?
tkfO{+n] cfkm} ;sfdf hfx] ubf{ fd|f] x'G5, d bz{ge]6sf nflu ;sfdf laGtL
r9fp5' eg].
jli7 snfsf gL zfxn] cfh dnfO{ xfQL;fl:yt cS:og lrlgof ]:6'fdf
l8gsf nflu lgDtf ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ;f] cj;df pxfn] eGg'eof], >L % sf]
;sfn] sf7df8f}df ltAaltog j]nkm]o clkm; vf]Ng lbg'k5{. o;af6 xfdL
h:tf JolQmnfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5. k"jL{ ltAatsf] ufd eGg]
:yfgsf klxn]sf fhfsf ;Gtfg -fhs'dfL_ xfn w]}h;f] l;\ufk'df a:g'x'G5.
pxf a]nfa]nfdf g]kfn cfpg'x'G5. pxfnfO{ ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 aS;bf fd|f]
x'GYof]. pxf k|mL ltAatjfbL xf]Og, k|f] ltAatjfbL xf]. pxfsL cfdf rLgsf] ;]r'cf
k|fGtsf] fhwfgL 5]Gb'df a:g'x'G5. pxf rfOlgh lkk'N; s\u|];sf] dgf]gLt ;b:o
;d]t x'g'x'G5. o;} qmddf pxfn] tfO{df u}sfg'gL ?kn] w]} eftLon] g]kfnL
gfulstf lnOx]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfndf w]} jif{b]lv a;f]af; u]sf ltAatLnfO{ klg
g]kfnL gfulstf lbbf s] ;d:of knf{ < eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t lbg'eof]. cGTodf
zfxn] eGg'eof], sf\u|]; Pdfn]sf s]xL jli7 g]tfx? d]f] ;Dks{df 5g\.
;sfaf6 rflnaS;]sf] sbdk|lt ;dy{g h'6fpg pxfx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.
cfjZos kof] eg] d ;xof]u u5'{.
d}n] pxfnfO{ tkfO{+ ;sfsf] gftf lrghfgsf] JolQm, bz{ge]6sf qmddf oL
ljifo ;sfdf cfkm}n] hfx] ubf{ fd|f] x'b}g < egL ;'emfj lbP.

@)^) c;f]h @^ ut] ;f]djf

sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] cfh laxfg 5f]L ;'hftfsf]
dl08vf6fl:yt lgjf;df eftLo b"tfjf;df ldlg:6sf ?kdf sfo{t csf
6f]nL k|d'v dbg Kof;LnfO{ e]6\g'eof]. e]63f6 clt uf]Ko ePsfn] s] s'f eof]
eGg]af] s]xL yfxf x'g ;s]g. To;kl5 lbp;f] sf]Ofnfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;f]xL
:yfgdf e]6\g'eof].

@)^) c;f]h @& ut] d\unaf

k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkf eftLo fhb"t Zofdz0faLr cfh laxfg}
k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df e]6jftf{ ePsf] 5.
sf\u|];sf ;xdxfdGqL uf]ljGbfh hf]zL, k"j{;lrj kbdk|;fb kf]v]n

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k"j{Iff;lrj rqmaGw' cof{nnfO{ clVtofn] lxhf] laxfg e|i6frfsf] cleof]udf

kqmfp u]sf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP cfh sf\u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf s]xL
g]tfsf] cgf}krfls a}7s s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, 6]s'df a;]sf] 5. a}7sn] cbfntdf
ljrffwLg d'2fdf clVtofn] hf]zLnfO{ u]sf] sfafxLsf] ljf]w ub}{ k|]; lj1lKt
k|sflzt ug]{ kf6L{sf lhNnf ;efkltx?, t0f bn, g]lj ;\3 ;d]tn] ljf]w
hgfpg] lg0f{o u]sf] 5.
Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aNv'df cfh :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7s a:of]. To;kl5
cfGbf]ngsfL bnx?sf] sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s ;d]t a:of].
lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv d dfkm{t ljleGg fhgLlts tyf u}fhgLlts JolQmn]
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 vf]Hg'ePsf] 5. o:tf JolQmx?df d'Vo uL Pdfn] g]tf jfdb]j
uf}td fwfs[i0f d}gfnL, snfsf gL zfx, OlGhlgo ~hgl;+x zfx, k"j{dGqLx?
gffo0fl;+x k'g eLdk|;fb uf}rg, k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt u8'nzdz] haf, k"j{ k|xL
dxflgLIfsx? w|'jaxfb' k|wfg, df]tLnfn af]xf x]daxfb' l;+x x'g'x'G5. of] s'f
cfh d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
jt{dfg ;'Iff cj:yf ;'Iff lgsfon] lgjf{x ulx]sf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf
a[xt\ 5nkmn ug{ cfof]lht b'O{lbg] k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd ;}lgs clws[t Snadf
cfh ;' eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] sfo{qmdsf] z'efDe ug'{eof]. ;xefuL ;a} If]qLo
k|zf;s tyf ;'Iff lgsfosf If]qLo k|d'vn] cfcfk\mgf] If]qsf] ;'Iff cj:yfaf]
la|lkm ug'{eof]. ;d:tdf ;'Iff lgsfon] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x
ulx]sf] b]lvof]. ;]gfn] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cjwf0ffaf] tof kf]sf] sfo{kqdf
Jofks 5nkmn eof]. fhgLlts bn, ;~rf hut\ dfgj clwsfjfbL tyf
a'l4hLjLaf6 fHosf] sfddf ;xof]u gkfOPsf] u'gf;f] cfof]. ;fy} >L % sf]
;sfaf6 ;d]t ck]Iff ulP cg';fsf] cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;xof]u k|fKt x'g
g;s]sf]af] Jofks rrf{ eof].
5nkmnsf] cGTodf k|wfgdGqLn] cfk\mgf wf0ff;lxt lgb]{zg lbb} eGg'eof],
fhgLlts ?kaf6 ;sf }w dfgl;stfdf 5}g. jftf{ e\u ePsfn] >L % sf]
;sf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu h:tf];'s} sbd p7fpg tof 5. zflGtjftf{kl5
ePsf ;]gfsf ck];g ;fxgLo 5g\. s';'d efn'jfsf] ck];g lgs} fd|f]
eof]. o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cjwf0ff cg';f g} ;'Iff lgsfo cufl8 a9\g'k5{.
s]Gb|df ePsf] h:t} ;'Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt If]q lhNnf :tdf klg x'g'kof].
sf7df8f}df dfcf]jfbLsf] lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f ug{ ;'Iff lgsfo ;kmn ePsf]
b]lvG5. fhgLlts kf6L{sf] hfL cfGbf]ng klg lgoGq0fd} 5. ;'Iff lgsfon]
dx]Gb| fhdfu{ cGo fhdfu{sf ;fy} d'Vo gfsfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;'Iff
ug'{kg]{ x'G5. o;sf nflu s] cfjZos 5, >L % sf] ;sfn] pknAw ufpg]5.
;'Iff lgsfosf cfjZostf >L % sf] ;sfn] k"f u5{ g}.

511

512

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dxffhflwfhaf6 cfh la|u]8 ckm uf]vf{hsf s0f]{n sdfG8]G6 n]km\l6g]G6

hgn 6fph 8]nnfO{ fhbafdf bz{ge]6 aS:of]. pQm cj;df a]nfotL
fhb"t s]Oy An'dlkmN8sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof]. hgn 6fph 8]nn] la|u]8
ckm uf]vf{hsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;sfdf r9fpg'eof]. ;sfaf6 pxfnfO{ la|u]8
ckm uf]vf{hsf] s0f]{n sdfG8]G6df lgo'Qm ePsf]df awfO{ aS:of]. ;fy} pxfsf]
sfo{sfndf g]kfnL tyf a]nfotL ;]gfaLrsf] ;DaGw cem ;'b[9 x'g] ljZjf; JoQm
ulaS:of]. o;} l;nl;nfdf df};'kmaf6 e"tk"j{ la|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgs ;\u7g -u];f]_
n] cfk\mgf] dfusf ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;sfn] x:tIf]ksfL gLlt lnO{ ;xof]u uf];\
egL dfu u]sf] 5, cfjZos k] of];u ;DalGwt ljifodf tkfO{+n] ;]gfsf] ;xof]u
lng'xf]nf eg] x's'd aS:of]. ;fy} ;sfaf6 g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu 5f]6f] ;dosf
JolQmut tflnd pknAw ufpg'sf] ;f ;}lgs lzIffnonfO{ ;xof]u u] ;]gfnfO{
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf kmfObf k'Ug] ;'emfj aS:of]. df};'kmaf6 la|l6; ;]gfaf6 ;~rfng
x'g] sNof0fsfL of]hgf -j]nkm]o k|f]h]S6_ x? >L % sf] ;sfn] ;~rfng
ulx]sf cfGtls ;'Iff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd -cfO{P;8LkL_ cGtu{t ;dfj]z ubf{
fd|f] x'g] ;'emfj ;d]t aS:of].
;sfsf wf0ff ;'g] hgn 6fph 8]nn] eGg'eof], g]kfndf ;~rfng
eOx]sf sNof0fsfL sfo{qmdnfO{ a]nfotL ;]gfn] lgs} dxj lbG5. o:tf s]xL
sfo{qmd cjnf]sg ug]{ d]f] klg of]hgf 5. :yfgljz]ifdf ;Dej eP cfO{P;8LkL
sfo{qmd;u ;dGjo ug{ ;lsG5. u];f]n] p7fPsf ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf l5} Goflos
;dfwfg x'g] cfzf flvPsf] 5. u];f]sf kbflwsfLn] e"tk"j{ uf]vf{;u cgfjZos
sd dfu] b'Mv lbg] u]sf u'gf;f klg cfpg] u]sf 5g\. gb{g{ cfoNofG8df
xfn !$ xhf la|l6; ;}lgs sfo{t 5g\. hgljb|f]x bdg ug{ ;~rfng ulg]
ck];gdf sfd ug{ ;]gfnfO{ lgs} sl7g x'G5. pko'Qm ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ljleGg
;"rgfnfO{ g} OG6]lnh]G;sf] cfwf agfO{ ;}lgs sfafxLsf nflu pkof]u ubf{ fd|f]
x'G5. ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd ;]gfsf] ;+:yfut ;+rgfut ljsf;df
cjZo klg a]nfotL ;]gfsf] ;xof]u xg]5. zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u'Ktr ljefunfO{
;d]t k|efjsfL agfpg cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ a]nfotL ;]gf tof 5. ;]gfn]
;~rfng ug]{ ck];gdf ljleGg :yfgdf sfo{t u};sfL lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xof]u
lnbf k|efjsfL x'g]5. ;fy} pxfn] s'g} klg ljb|f]xsf] ;dfwfg xltof dfq xf]Og
eGb} o:tf ;fdflhscfly{s sf0fn] x'g] ljb|f]xdf ;]gfn] ck];g ubf{ hgtfsf]
xf6{ PG8 dfOG8 lhTg] s'fdf Vofn fVg'kg]{ ;d]t ;Nnfx lbg'eof].
pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 la|l6; fhb"t An'dlkmN8nfO{ la|l6; uf]vf{ 6|'K;n]
dfcf]jfbLk|lt s:tf] wf0ff fV5g\ egL ;f]lwaS:of]. k|To'Qdf fhb"tn] la|l6;
;]gfn] ;~rfng u]sf sNof0fsfL sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] vf;} cjf]w k'ofPsf
5}gg\, o:tf sfo{qmdaf6 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg kmfObf k'lux]sf] 5, dfcf]jfbLn]

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

fh;+:yf;u alnof] ;DaGw x]sf ;+:yfnfO{ sdhf] agfpg] kmf6f] Nofpg]

k|oTg u]sf] b]lvG5, To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnL ;]gf rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ b]Vb5'
eg] ;'emfj lbg'eof].

@)^) c;f]h @* ut] a'waf

eftaf6 k|fKt nfG; x]lnsK6sf] 8]df]G:6];g k\mnfO6 cfh laxfg lqe'jg
cGtf{li6o ljdfg:yndf ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eof].
fhklifb\ :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o tyf k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn]
dnfO{ kmf]g u] wgu9Ldf cfof]hgf ulPsf] fhklifb\sf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g
hfg nfu]sf] hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy}, cfk\mgf nflu sflQs @ ut] g]kfnuGhaf6
wgu9L % ut] wgu9Laf6 g]kfnuGh cfpg] x]lnsK6sf] Joj:yf ullbg cg'f]w
ug'{eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;]gf;u ;Lldt x]lnsK6 ePsfn] xfn dfcf]jfbLsf lj4
;}lgs sfafxLs} nflu ck'u eOx]sf] xh'nfO{ cjut g} 5, t}klg xh'n] k|wfg
;]gfklt;u} ;dGjo u] Tolt a]nf pQm If]qdf x'g] x]lnsK6 k|of]u ubf{ 7Ls
xf]nf egL cfu|x u].
lxhf]b]lv rn]sf] ;'Iff lgsfosf] a[xt\ ;dGjofTds 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfh
lbp;f] ;DkGg x'b} lyof]. d sfo{qmd :ynd} lyP. To;} a]nf dxffhflwfhaf6
dnfO{ kmf]g uL elgaS:of], cfh a]n'sf l8gsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u] ;a};u
;fd"lxs ?kdf e]6\bf s:tf] xf]nf < ;sfsf] lh1f;fdf d}n] d cfO{hLkL;u s'f
u] ;sfdf hfx] u5'{ egL laGtL r9fP. cfO{hLkL klg sfo{qmdd} x'g'x'GYof].
pxfn] ;sfsf] x's'd ;xif{ :jLsf ub}{ dx]Gb| k'ln; Snadf l8g cfof]hgf
ug'{x'g] eof]. d}n] pQm s'f ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 l8gdf ;fem * ah]
;jfL xf]OaS;g] ;do aS:of].
sfo{qmdsf qmddf lrof vfg] l;nl;nfdf xfdL Pp6f ;fgf] a}7sdf
s'f ulx]sf lyof}. k|wfgdGqL nufot ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx? lrof
vfOxg'ePsf] lyof]. ToxL cj;df k|xL dxflgLIfsn] sfo{qmd ;dfkgsf]
cj;df k|xLn] dx]Gb| k'ln; Snadf cfh a]n'sf l8g cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] 5
eGg'eof]. k|wfgdGqLn] 7Ls 5, d]f] cg's"n k] d klg ;xefuL x'G5' eGg'eof].
d}n] pQm cj;df k|wfgdGqLnfO{ dxffhflwfhnfO{ klg laGtL ubf{ s;f] xf]nf,
;sf ;jfL x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eg] cfk\mgf] s'f fv]. pxfn] tTsfn} k|d'v ;lrj
kz'klteQm dxh{gnfO{ kmf]g ug'{eof]. k|d'v ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;sfdf hfx]
u] va u5'{ eGg'eP5. To;kl5 k|wfgdGqL ;sfsf] ;jfL x'G5 of x'b}g,
dnfO{ va ug"{ eg] aflxlg'eof].
d sfof{nodf k'u]sf] dfq lyP, ;sfsf] kmf]g cfof]. l8gsf] sfo{qmdaf]
d}n] ltdLnfO{ eg]sf] s'f ltdLn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lsg eGof} < eg] emf]lSsP

513

514

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] laGtL r9fP, ;sf, k|xL tyf cGo ;|f]taf6 k|wfgdGqLnfO{
hfgsfL eOxfN5. k|xL dxflgLIfsn] u[xdGqL u[x;lrjnfO{ of] s'f hfgsfL
lbg}k5{. To; qmddf k|wfgdGqLn] yfxf gkfpg] eGg] k|Zg} p7\b}g. To;}n]
k|wfgdGqLn] g} ;sfdf hfx] ubf{ fd|f] x'G5 xf]nf eg] ;sf l8gdf ;jfL
x'g] ;Defjgfsf] dfq s'f u]sf] x'.
;sfaf6 o' :qm'8 ck eg] kmf]g flvaS:of].
lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f a]n'sf & ah] dx]Gb| k'ln; Snadf l8gsf] sfo{qmddf
k|wfgdGqLsf ;fy} ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf pRr kbflwsfLx?
pkl:yt lyP. * ah] dxffhflwfh ;jfL xf]OaS:of]. ;a} ;xefuLn] cfcfk\mgf
If]qsf ;d:of ;sfdf hfx] u]. pgLx?n] ;DalGwt dGqL dGqfnoaf6 ;d]t
cfjZos ;xof]u gkfPsf] u'gf;f] lgs} k|efjsfL ?kdf ;sfdf fv]sf lyP.

@)^) sflQs # ut] ;f]daf

;]gfn] o'lgkmd{ l;nfpg emfkf k7fPsf] Sofdf]km\nfOH8 sk8f xfof]. ;]gfsf]
kf];fssf] sk8f xfpg', Tof] klg clxn]sf] kll:yltdf Hofb} g} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo
xf]. k|xLsf] ;xof]udf ;]gfn] vf]htnf; ug]{ qmddf sk8f dxffhuGhl:yt
fli6o k|xL k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf x]sf] v'nf;f eof]. cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfbf rf]g]{
JolQmn] pQm sk8f k|xL pkLIfs pk]Gb|sfGt cof{nnfO{ lbPsf] cof{nn] sk8f
n'sfP fv]sf] a'lemof]. pxfn] pQm sk8f ;LtfkfOnfl:yt Ps ufd]{G6af6 NofPsf]
atfpg'ePsf] 5. of] cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsfn] lj:t[t 5fglagsf nflu
k|xL dxflgLIfs;u s'f eof].
cfGbf]ngt bnn] ltxfkl5 ;zQm cfGbf]ng ug]{ ePsf 5g\. t ca x'g]
cfGbf]ng cg'zfl;t x'g g;Sg] pgLx?sf] cfsng 5. sf\u|]; g]tf ch'{ggl;+x
s];Ln] cfh dnfO{ va k7fO{ eGg'ePsf] 5, lulhfafa' cfhs eO;Sg'eof].
pxfsf] kl5 nfu] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'b}g. d baf;u ;Dks{df xg vf]h]sf] 5'.
o; ljifodf s'f ug{ tkfO{+;u e]6\g vf]h]sf] 5'.
gukflnsfsf d]ox?sf] ;Dd]ng sf7df8f}d f rlnx]sf] 5. ;Dd]ngsf
;xefuLnfO{ ;sfaf6 bz{ge]6 aS;] ;sffTds ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g] eg] cg'f]w cfPsf]
5. dfcf]jfbLn] dgf]gLt d]o tyf cGo kbflwsfLnfO{ wDSofpb} tf]lsPsf] rGbf
pknAw ufpg'kg]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'k{ g]{ gq sfd ug{ glbg] eGg]
u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. ;fy} dfcf]jfbLn] ;sfsf pRr kbflwsfLsf ;fy} s]xL fhgLlts
JolQmsf] xTof ug]{ uf]Ko lg0f{o u]sf] ;"rgf dfcf]jfbL ;|ft] af6 cfPsf] 5.
;sfaf6 ltxfkl5 ;a} ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'v ;]gfsf kLP;cf]h
h;f{ax?nfO{ k|fOe]6 l8gdf af]nfP xfnsf] kll:yltaf] cgf}krfls 5nkmn ug]{
of]hgf ag]sf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

@)^) sflQs $ ut] d\unaf

fk|kf g]tf jLGb|gfy zdf{ cd]lsfaf6 kms{+bf pxfnfO{ lqe'jg cGtf{li6o
ljdfg:yndf g} clVtofn] kqmfp uL lxf;tdf fv]sf] 5.
;'Iff lgsfosf s]xL clwsfLn] dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 hfL ck];gsf of]hgf
;d]t ukmsf] ;'df ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg] u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
o;nfO{ uDeL ?kdf lng To:tf clwsfLaf] ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5.
la|l6; uf]vf{ ;]gfsf nflu ;}lgs 5gf]6 6f]nL afun' k'u]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLn]
pQm 6f]nLsf k|d'v s0f]{n lu|lkmy ;lxt ;a} ;b:onfO{ ckx0f u]sf 5g\.
To;nuQ} a]nfotL fhb"tfjf;df sfo{t ;}lgs ;xrfLn] cfk\mgf sd{rfL
ckx0fd'Qm x'g'cufl8;Dd s'g} klg ;'Iff sfafxL gug{ cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] 5.
j:t'tM of] kf]lnl6sn :6G6 dfq xf]. dfcf]jfbLn] pQm 6f]nLnfO{ s'g} klg gfd|f]
Jojxf gulg] eg] jQmJo hfL u]sf] 5. of] ckx0f b'j} kIfsf] ;Nnfxdf
ePsf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ulPsf] 5. lsgeg] a]nfotLx?n] s]xL jif{cl3b]lv g}
dfcf]jfbL;u k|ToIf e]6L ;Dks{ sfod ug{ rfx]sf lyP. ;fy}, ckxlt pQm
a]nfotL ;}lgs 6f]nLn] dfcf]jfbL;u ;Dks{ sfod ug{sf nflu oxL df}sfdf
pgLx?nfO{ :of6nfO6 6]lnkmf]g ;d]t pknAw ufPsf] klg va cfPsf] 5.
?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] dr{jfl:yt fk|kf g]tf ;j]{Gb|gfy z'Sn pxfsf efOsf]
3 lxhf] flt dfcf]jfbLn] hnfOlbP. cfh dfcf]jfbLn] k|]; dfkm{t ldqfi6nfO{
cfk\mgf] kIfdf lng k|of; ug]{, fhgLlts bn;u ;xsfo{ ug]{, hgtf;u xft]dfnf]
ug]{, fh;+:yf >L % sf] ;sfk|lt k'fg} a}of ckgfpg] xf]l;of eP
cfqmd0fsf sfafxL ug]{ eGg] s'f ;fj{hlgs u]sf 5g\.
s]xL lbgcufl8 afs]sf] s';'d bfsf] efn'jfl:yt ;z:qsf] a];df
dfcf]jfbLn] zlQmzfnL cfqmd0f u]sf] lyof]. To; a]nf ;z:qsf] k|Tofqmd0fdf
y'k|} dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdf xtfxt ePsf] hfgsfL cfPsf] 5. dfcf]jfbLn] cfk\mgf
5fkfdfsf] nf; Ko'7fg, efn'jfsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ vf]nf h\undf uf8]sfn]
Toxf Hofb} b'u{Gw cfPsf] va 5. pQm 36gfsf] abnf lng dfcf]jfbLn] ndxL,
efn'jf, s';'d rGgf}6f sfnLsf]6 ;bd'sfddf ;d]t cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf
agfPsf] a'lemg cfPsf] 5.
sf7df8f}df ;'Iff lgsfon] u]sf] sf]e6{ ck];g af6 ;kmntf xfl;n
eOx]sf] 5. dxf;]gfgLx? ls0f a:g]t ldGb| If]qLnfO{ uf]nL xfGg] dfcf]jfbL
5fkfdf kqmfp k]sf 5g\. dfcf]jfbLsf pkTosf OGrfh{ lxdfn zdf{ klg kqmfp
k]sf] h\uL c8\8faf6 va cfPsf] 5.
o'jfhflwfhaf6 lxhf] flt s]xL xf]6n ;jfL eOaS;L ceb| Jojxf k|bz{g
ePsf] ljifo Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn x'g k'u]sf] 5, o:tf lqmofsnfkn] hgdfg;df
;sffTds k|efj kb}{g, clxn]sf] ;+j]bgzLn ;'Iff cj:yfsf sf0fn] klg o:tf

515

516

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

ultljlw x'g' Hofb} uDeL s'f xf], o;df ;sfaf6 ljrf ulaS;g' ;fGble{s
x'G5 eg] d}n] laGtL u]. d]f] laGtLkl5 dxffhflwfhaf6 d}n] o'jfhflwfhnfO{
afDaf ;Demfpg] u]sf] 5', o:tf s'f p;n] cfkm} klg a'em\g'kg]{ xf], km]l klg
;Demfpnf x's'd eof]. ;fy}, pQm cj;df ;sfaf6 ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf
jli7 g]tfnfO{ e|i6frfsf] cleof]udf sfafxL ug{ pgLx?sf lj4 cleof]u s]s]
x'g ;S5g\, k|lqmof s] x'g ;S5, o;af] ljrf ug"{ x's'd eof].

@)^) sflQs & ut] z'qmaf

kf6gl:yt aunfd'vL dlGb kl;df cfh laxfg s;}n] Ps hgfsf] xTof
u]sf] va cfPsf] 5.
pkyL Sdf\ub s6jfnn] kmf]g u] eGg'eof], la|l6; ;}lgs ;xrfLn]
dnfO{ kmf]g u]sf lyP. pgn] bf]Dafdf cfTd;dk{0f u]sf JolQmnfO{ ;]gfn]
xTof u]sf] eGb} Tof] s'f s] xf] eg] ;f]w]. pgsf] ;du| egfO ljZn]if0f ubf{
afun'df la|l6; uf]vf{sf s0f]{n ;lxt egf{ 6f]nLnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ckx0f u]sf]
36gf k"j{lgof]lht lyof] eg] ;lhn} a'e\mg ;lsG5. cfh} ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf
dxf;lrjsf k|ltlglw;u fd|f] s'f eof]. pxfn] ;]gfsf s'faf] lnP ;sffTds
k|ltlqmof lbg'eof]. cfh a]n'sL dnfO{ kfls:tfgL fhb"tn] k|fOe]6 l8gdf
af]nfpg'ePsf] 5. of] s'f hfgsfLsf nflu h;f{anfO{ kmf]g u]sf] xf].
cgf}krfls ?kdf ;+o'Qm fi6;\3ff ;]gfnfO{ ;fOk|;sf nflu kmf];{
sdfG8df pDd]bjfL lbg ;f]lwPsf] 5. pDd]bjfL lbOPdf cGtjf{tf{sf nflu
fi6;\3sf] d'Vofno, Go'of]s{df af]nfpg] va cfPsf] 5.

@)^) sflQs !! ut] d\unaf

;sfaf6 dnfO{ cfh kmf]g ulaS;] x's'd eof], dfcf]jfbL clxn] loflS6e
ePsf] b]lvG5. To;}n] ca Olgl;Pl6e ;'Iff kmf}h;u x]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbL
gfuls ;dfh k|zf;g oGqnfO{ ;'Iff lgsfosf lj4 pS;fpg nfu]sf] 5.
To;}n] ;'Iff kmf}hn] klg ;fOsf]nf]lhsn ck];gff dfcf]jfbLsf] cleofgnfO{
lg:t]h kfg'{ h?L 5. ;'Iff lgsfon] dfcf]jfbLdf hfL fv]sf] bafj cem a9L
;zQm agfpg'kg]{ x'G5. dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 sfafxL ubf{ pgLx?sf] 7"nf] gf]S;fgL
x'g k'uf];\ -lx6 b]d x\j]o O6 x6{;\ df]:6_. oL s'f ;'Iff k|d'vx?nfO{ ;d]t
hfgsL ufpg".
fhbafdf x'g] ;dff]xdf ljb]zL s"6gLlt1nfO{ af]nfpbf kfi6;lrjnfO{,
;fy} ;'Iff k|d'vnfO{ af]nfpbf u[x Iff ;lrj b'j}nfO{ klg af]nfpg' ;fGble{s
x'G5. o:tf] geOx]sf] af] ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrjx?af6 ;d]t u'gf;f]
cfPsf] 5.

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt ;lRrtzdz] hafn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] fhklifb\sf]

e]nfdf efu lng cfk"mnfO{ g]kfnuGhwgu9Lg]kfnuGh fhklifb\sf csf{ ;b:o
zlQm cdfTonfO{ 8f]6Lwgu9L8f]6Lsf] x]lnsK6 Joj:yf ldnfOlbg k'gM cg'f]w
ug'{eof]. pxfnfO{ d}n] eg], ;;u d}n] klxn] klg o; ljifodf s'f u]sf] 5'.
x]lnsK6 pknAw eP k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf lx;fadf Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsPnf.
t clxn]sf] cj:yfdf zlQm cdfTosf nflu g]kfnuGhaf6 8f]6L uP pxfnfO{
wgu9L 5f]8\g k'gM g]kfnuGhaf6 wgu9L x'b} 8f]6L k'ofpg x]lnsK6sf] Joj:yf
ug{ Psbd} sl7g 5. cfly{s lx;fan] klg o:tf e|d0f dxuf x'G5g\. To;}n]
8f]6Laf6 :s6{sf] Joj:yf ldnfP wgu9L cfjthfjt ug{ pko'Qm xf]nf. cfjZos
k] o;sf lglDt d ;'Iff lgsfo;u s'f unf. ;fob pxfnfO{ d]f] k|:tfj lrQ
a'em]g. ;sfdf hfx] ullbg cg'f]w ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb' yfkfn] k|wfg ;]gfklt ;z:q tyf g]kfn k|xLsf
dxflgLIfsnfO{ kmf]g u] ;sfn] rf8} g} len]h l8km]G; kmf];{ v8f ug]{ ;f]rfO
agfPsf] 5, To;}n] cjsfzk|fKt dxf;]gfgL jli7 k|xL pkLIfssf] gfdfjnL
k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf k7fOlbg" eGg'ePsf] 5.

@)^) sflQs !@ ut] a'waf

e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb ldgLa; r9] e}xjf x'b} eftsf]
b]xfb"g xlftkm{ k|:yfg u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5. e|d0fsf] p2]Zoaf] lj:t[tdf s]xL
s'f cfPsf] 5}g.
cfh k|wfgdGqLn] ;'Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{sIfdf af]nfP
ljz]if lgb]{zg lbg'eof]. To; qmddf pxfn] tfO{sf] ;'Iff Joj:yfdf Wofg lbg],
fhdfu{nfO{ ;'rf? fVg ljz]if kxn ug]{, len]h l8km]G; kmf];{ v8f ug{ s]s:tf]
ljlw ckgfpg] eGg]af] ljrf ug]{, dfcf]jfbLaf6 lj:yflktnfO{ k'gjf{;sf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg]af] of]hgf agfpg] tyf ;'Iff lgsfodf baGbL cg';f egf{ ug]{ qmd hfL
fVg] ljifodf ljz]if hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof]. ;f]xL qmddf pxfn] oL ;a} sfo{qmdsf
nflu of] dlxgfsf] cGTokl5 sd lgsf;f x'g] hfgsfL ufpg'eof].

@)^) sflQs !& ut] ;f]daf

afs], s'';'dl:yt ;z:qsf] a];df cfqmd0fsf a]nf dfcf]jfbL sdfG8
gGblszf] k'g kf;f 3fOt] ePsf] ;"rgf va k|fKt ePsf] 5. ;fy} f]Nkfsf]
efjf If]qdf ePsf] ;}lgs ck];gdf efUg] qmddf w]} dfcf]jfbL n8fs' eLaf6
v;] d[To' ePsf] va 5. To:t} c3f{vfrLsf] ck];gdf 3fOt] ePsf ;of}
dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ s'dsf] k"jL{ If]q x'sfd d}sf]6sf ufpdf pkrf ufO{ x]sf]
hfgsfL cfPsf] 5.

517

518

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

g]kfn eftsf u'Ktr tyf ;'Iff lgsfosf kbflwsfL ;lDdlnt a}7s

xfn} eftsf] nvgpdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5. a}7sdf eftLo kIfaf6 !) hgf
g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;]gfsf rf hgf clws[t dfq ;xefuL eP. ;f] cj;df eftLo
kIfaf6 g]kfndf kfls:tfgL u'Ktr lgsfo cfO{P;cfO{sf] ultljlw g]kfn eP
eft lelqg] hfnL gf]6sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] tfO{ If]qdf cjl:yt db;faf] dfq s'f
flvof]. g]kfnL kIfaf6 eg] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL eftsf ljleGg :yfgdf n'sLl5kL
al;x]sf] o;af] ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg x'g'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbOof]. b'j} kIfsf]
rf;f] lans'n} kms x]sf] To;df 5nkmn ;d]t gePsfn] o:tf a}7ssf] cf}lrTo
gx]sf] g]kfnL 6f]nLsf] ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg cfPsf] 5.
lrlgof fhb"tn] cfh dnfO{ kmf]g u] h?L ljifo ePsfn] cfh of ef]ln
;sfsf] bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg'kof] eGg'eof]. of] s'f d}n] ;sfdf hfx] u].
df};'kmaf6 cfh} ;do aS:of]. d}n] ;sfdf g]kfnrLg lkIfLo ;dGjo ;'Iff
;d"x g]kfnsf] pQL If]q ljsf;sf nflu lkIfLo ;Ldf sfo{bn lgdf{0faf]
lrlgof fhb"t;u s'f flvaS;g laGtL r9fP. ;fy} >L % sf] ;sfaf6 rLg
;sfnfO{ cg'f]w ulPsf cfjZos ;}lgs pks0faf] ;d]t s'f ulaS;g
;'emfj 6qmfP.
sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf
cfh emfkf hfg] sfo{qmd 5. pxfsf] e|d0fsf] ljifo :yfgLo g]t[TjnfO{ lnP
sf]Ofnf kljfleq dte]b pTkGg ePsf] va cfPsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gfsf] cx+ 7Ls kfg{ 7"n} sfafxL ug]{ ;z:q;u s';'d
efn'afsf] abnf lng] of]hgf agfPsf] 5. p;n] g]kfn k|xLnfO{ ;fgf]ltgf]
sfafxL u] bafjdf flvfVg] cfufdL r}t;Dddf 7"n7"nf sfafxL u] >L %
sf] ;sfnfO{ jftf{df cfpg afWo kfg]{ ;d]t 0fgLlt tof u]sf] a'lemPsf] 5.
bafdf b'O{ wf x]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] ljZn]if0f 5. dfcf]jfbLn] cem} klg fhf;u
e]6jftf{ ug{ rfx]sf] e]6 ePdf ;w}sf nflu fhtGq sfod fVg] jf fh;+:yfnfO{
hf]lvddf flvfVg] eGg]af] fhf :jo+n] ljrf ug'{kg]{ eg] cfk\mgf s'f fVg]
p;sf] dg;fo x]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5.

@)^) sflQs !* ut] d\unaf

dxffhflwfhaf6 cfh a]nfotL;]gfWoIf hgn ; dfOs HofS;gnfO{
k"j{lgwf{lt sfo{qmd cg';f bz{ge]6 aS:of]. bz{ge]6df hgn HofS;gn] af]l:gof
xh{uf]legfsf nflu g]6f] cGtu{tsf] kmf];{ sdfG8 eP !* dlxgf sfd ubf{sf]
cg'ej ;'gfpb} Toxfsf ;d:of g]kfnsf ;d:of;u ldNbfh'Nbf x]sf] atfpg'eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;]gfaf6 dfq ;dfwfg x'b}g. ;dfwfgsf
cGo ljwf, h:t} M ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljifodf klg Wofg lbg'k5{. G ;dfwfg

;}lgs ;lrjsf] *fo/L

ePkl5 klg k'glg{df{0f k'ga{;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug{ hl6n x'G5. g]kfndf ;]gfsf]
sfo{z}nL 7Ls 5. t ef}uf]lns cj:yf ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]tn] ubf{ oxfsf
ck];g Hofb} hl6n x]sf 5g\. o:tf ck];gdf ;]gfsf] ;zQm sfafxLsf ;fy}
fhgLlts, cfly{s dfgjLo sfo{df klg plQs} hf]8 lbg'k5{. dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;zQm ;}lgs bafjaf6 jftf{df NofO{ zflGtsf] ;dfwfglt nfUg'k5{. ;fdflhs,
cfly{s hl6ntf g} dfcf]jfbL km:6fpg'sf] sf0f xf]. To;}n] oL ljifodf >L %
sf] ;sfn] Wofg lbg'k5{. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg b]zsf cGo gfulsnfO{ h:t}
cf]gl;ksf] dx;'; ufpg ;Sg'k5{.
;f] cj;df ;sfaf6 hgn HofS;gnfO{ a]nfot ;sf ljz]if uL
a]nfotL ;]gfaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k|fKt ;xof]usf nflu wGojfb aS:of]. ;fy}
df};'kmaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf ultljlw cft\ssfL g} x'g\, ;+;fe cft\ssfLsf] Pp6}
x'G5, cft\ssfL lqmofsnfksf] cGtf{li6o ;Ldf ;d]t x'b}g, dfcf]jfbLnfO{
klg pgLx?sf] slyt hgo'4 dfkm{t ;Qf sAhf ug]{ 0fgLlt ;fy{s x'g ;Sb}g
eGg] s'f a'emfpg h?L 5 egL :ki6 kflaS:of]. ;sfaf6 hgn HofS;gnfO{
x's'd eof], dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]sf JolQmn] cfkm" ;sfaf6 lt:s[t ePsf] dx;';
ug]{ x'gfn] n8fO hldgdf xf]Og, pgLx?sf] lbdfudf 5. To;}n] of] n8fO n8\g
;fx} hl6n 5. o:tf n8fOdf ;kmntf kfpg ;"rgf g} xltof aGg hfG5. o;
;Gbe{df a]nfotL ;]gfn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu OG6]lnh]G; :s'n :yfkgf ug{
;xof]u u]sf] s'f ;fxgLo 5.

@)^) sflQs @) ut] laxLaf

cfh k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lsf] lbg xf]. hfx]L g;lsbf;Dd xfdL ;lrjx?
sfof{nod} al;xg'k5{. lsgeg] k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]L ;lsPkl5 s'g} ;lrjfno;u
;DalGwt ljifodf s]xL lgb]{zg aS;g'kof] jf a'e\mg'kof] eg] ;sfaf6 af]nfOaS;G5.
t cfh d k|wfgdGqLsf] hfx]Lsf a]nf al;g. ;sfnfO{ hfx] u] lrlgof
fhb"tn] af]nfPsf] k|fOe]6 l8gdf uP.

519

cWofo 3

uGtJosf] cGTo

tl:a/ cfkm} af]N%g\

cf/PdP :ofG8x:6{, a]nfotdf

clws[t Sof8]6, lj=;+= @)@%

cf/PdP :ofG8x:6{df clws[t Sof8]6 x'bf

g]kfnsf /Iff;lrj If]qljqmd /f0ffsf] e|d0f

cf/PdP :ofG8x:6{sf] Ps]8]dL alS; l6d lj=;+= @)@&

524

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

clws[t Sof8]6 tflnd

a]nfotsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kxf8 j]g
g]le;sf] r'r'/f]df, lj=;+= @)@%
cf/PdP :ofG8x:6{df u|fh'P;g, lj=;+= @)@*

>L uf]/vaxfb'/ u0fdf ;xfos ;]gfgL

# / *! PdPd df]6f{/ tflnd

tl:a/ cfkm} af]N%g\

h]7f] 5f]/fsf] z'eljjfxdf 1fg]Zj/l:yt 3/df ;/sf/xsf] ;jf/L, lj=;+= @)%$

rLgsf] /fhsLo e|d0fdf ;/sf/af6 uf8{ ckm

cg/ u|x0f ul/aS;b}, ;fydf lrlgof /fi6klt

jL/]Gb| ;/sf/af6 /fHof/f]xsf] @% jif{

-/ht hoGtL_ sf] pknIodf cfof]lht
;df/f]xdf clegGbg lnOaS;b}
clw/fhs'df/
gL/fhgsf]
z'ej|taGw

lje'if0f u|x0f

525

526

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;LhLP;;Lsf] u|fh'P;g kmf]6{, n]egjy{,

cd]l/sf, lj=;+= @)#(

dfnlbE;sf /fi6klt df]xdg cAb'n u}o'dsf]

g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;/df

ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL c6nljxf/L jfhk]oLsf]

g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;/df

;/sf/xsf] ef/t e|d0fsf l;nl;nfdf

/fi6klt ejgdf cfof]lht /fqLef]h
;df/f]xdf

rLg e|d0fsf cj;/df kLPnPsf hg/n

tfg;u e]63f6

>L !))* ;lRrbfgGb ;/:jtL -vKt8

afaf;u_

tl:a/ cfkm} af]N%g\

;]gfgL x'bf >LdtL 5f]/fxsf ;fydf

/yL bhf{df kbf]Gglt ePsf] lbg j}zfv !, @)^) ;fn

527

cd]l/sfsf] :6fkm sn]hdf >LdtL;fy

/fhb/af/ cf}krfl/s ;df/f]x

528

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

a]nfotsf] cgf}krfl/s e|d0fdf, lj=;+= @)#^

o'j/fhflw/fh bLk]Gb|af6 zflGt;]gf tflnd

s]Gb|, kfrvfndf cEof; cjnf]sg

dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb|af6 dxf/yL Kof/fh\u

yfkfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltdf lgo'Qm

dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb|af6 ef/tsf :

yn;]gfWoIf hg/n lgd{n rGb/
lehnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgfy{
dxf/yL k|bfg .

dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb|sf] /fHof/f]x0f ;df/f]x,

xg'dfg9f]sf, lj=;+= @)%*

dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb|sf] /fHof/f]x0fkl5

k|f];];g /fhb/af/ lkmtL{ x'b}

tl:a/ cfkm} af]N%g\

;/sf/x ef/tsf] chd]/l:yt d]of] sn]hdf

cWoog/t clw/fhs'df/L >'tLnfO{ e]6\g ;jf/L x'bf

xl/f/df ;/sf/xaf6 k"hf ul/aS;b}

cd]l/sfsf k"j{/fi6klt lhDdL sf6{/sf ;fy

;}lgs ;lrj, /yL ljj]s s'df/ zfx

529

530

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb|af6 k/fdz{ ul/aS;b}

dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb|af6 6Lsf aS;b}

sfG5f] 5f]/fsf] z'eljjfxsf cj;/df ;kl/jf/, lj=;+= @)^#

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

cs:dft\ d}n] fhbaf 5f]8]. To;kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] fhbafsf]
xfcf]e hlt;Sbf] rf8f] kmfNg] dfgl;stf agfP. clg lgtfGt JolQmut hLjg
latfpg ;' u]. s]xL ;dob]lv d]f] dlg{ jfs cj4 ePsf] lyof]. vf; uL
pRrkb:y ;'Iff clws[tnfO{ ;kmfof ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] 0fgLlt cg'?k JolQmxTofsf
36gf a9\g yfn]kl5. fhbaf 5f]8]kl5 9'Ss;u dlg{ jfs k'gM ;' u]. ;a}
lsl;dsf] :jtGq JolQmut lbgrof{ Ps;fy ;' eof]. cjsfzkl5 ug'{kg]{ sltko
JolQmut sfd k"f ug{ s]xL ;do nfUof]. o;}aLr dxffhflwfhdf dnfO{ aS;]sf]
dfg;Ddfg, lhDd]jfL ;a}sf nflu cfef JoQm ug{ bz{ge]6sf] sf]l;; u]. t w]}
k|of;sf afjh'b pxfaf6 bz{ge]6 kfpg ;lsg. clxn];Dd kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g.
t o;df dnfO{ slQ klg u'gf;f] 5}g. a fhLgfdf u] d 3 a;]kl5 bafn]
d]f ultljlw a'em\g u'Ktr ;d]t v6fPsf] dnfO{ hfgsfL eof]. d}n] o;nfO{
kf]lh;gn xfh8{ -kbsf] vtf_ sf ?kdf ;fdfGo lsl;dn] lnP.
d fhbafaf6 lg:s]sf] sla Ps ;ftfkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] DofUbL lhNnfsf]
;bd'sfd a]gLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfnLk|;fb u0fdf 7"nf] cfqmd0f u].
cfqmd0faf6 pQm u0ftkm{ 7"n} Iflt eof]. dfcf]jfbLn] u0fnfO{ k"} sAhf ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf x]5. t ljz]if cEof; ;s] kf]vf kmls{g] qmddf uf]vaxfb' u0fsf]
Pp6f sDkgL To;} lbg a]n'sL Toxf k'u] af; a;]sf] x]5. ;fob dfcf]jfbLnfO{
To;af] hfgsfL ePg. flt dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f ubf{ sfnLk|;fb u0fnfO{
tx;gx; sAhf x'gaf6 f]Sg uf]vaxfb'sf] pQm sDkgLn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]5.
of] va d}n] 36gf ePsf] ef]ln kN6 laxfg dfq PkmPd ;'g] yfxf kfP. l;kfxL
kN6gsf] w]} Iflt x'g k'u]sf]df cToGt} b'Mv nfUof]. d ;}lgs ;lrj eOfv]sf] eP
36gf x'gf;fy dnfO{ hfgsfL x'g cfpYof]. To;kl5 ca s] ug]{, s;f] ug]{ eg]
rf;f] fVg'kb{Yof]. t o; k6s d}n] s'g} e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k]g. o; cy{df eg]

532

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

s]xL xn'sf dx;'; klg eof]. of]eGbf cufl8 dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgdf
;]gfsf u'Nd :tsf o'lg6df cfqmd0f u]sf lyP. u0f :tsf] o'lg6df cfqmd0f
u]sf] of] klxnf] 36gf lyof].
o; 36gfsf] rf lbgkl5 dxffhflwfh k'nrf]sl:yt yL leS6Lzdz]
hafsf] 3df flqef]hsf nflu ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] x]5. Toxf ;sfaf6 ;a}
kfx'gfsf cufl8 x'sd' eP5, cfO{ :ofS8 dfO{ ldln6L ;]qm]6L. -d}n] d]f] ;}lgs
;lrjnfO{ avf{:t u]._ ;fob of] ;'g] s]xL kfx'gf v';L eP xf]nfg\. s;}n] crDd
klg dfg] xf]nfg\. Toxf d ePsf] eP ;sfnfO{ Pp6f nf]suLt ;'gfpy] xf]nf M
fd|f];u lhGbuL lrGg"
a};sf] v]tL u] glx8\g"= =
s]xL ;docl3 d}n] ;fyLx?;u ldn] ag]kfdf otL Knfl:6s pBf]u vf]n]sf]
lyP. fd|f];u x]ljrf ug{ g;Sbf pBf]u ;'b]lv g} sdhf] cj:yfdf lyof].
d}n] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ lgwf] u]. To;sf nflu cfkm} ;lqmo
x'g yfn].
d]f] fhLgfdfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP w]} kqklqsf tyf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx?n]
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu k|of; ulx]. t d}n] dnfO{ p4[t gug]{ ;t{df s]xL kqsf;u
dfq slxn]sfxL ;fdfGo s'fsfgL dfq u]. cfk\mgf] k];fut dof{bf lhDd]jfLsf
sf0f ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ax;df cfpg rflxg.
g]kfnsf] zflGt k|of; / sf^{/ ;]G^/

b'O{ dlxgfhlt ePsf] lyof], d}n] fhbaf 5f]8]sf]. Ps lbg d]f ;fyL
8f= b'dg yfkf dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], h;f{a, dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof,
lx+;f cft\sn] ubf{ g]kfnL hgtfn] w]} b'Mv kfP. x'g ;S5 eg] xfdL zflGtsf
nflu s]xL k|of; uf}.
of] t Hofb} fd|f] s'f xf]. t xfdLn] o;df s;L, s] ug{ ;S5f} < d}n]
eg]. pxfn] eGg'eof], d ;+nUg u};sfL ;+:yf dfpG6]g l;f];{ Dofg]hd]G6
u|'k -PdcfPdhL_ nfO{ cd]lsfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{ofl:yt Dofs gn kmfpG8];gn]
g]kfnsf u|fdL0f Onfsfdf s]xL ;fgfltgf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s
;xof]u ulx]sf] 5. pQm ;+:yfdf sfo{t cd]lsL gfuls Soff]g Aof;]6 g]kfn
cfpg'ePsf] 5. pxfn] g]kfndf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cd]lsfsf] sf6{ ;]G6n]
k|of; ug{ ;S5 eGg'ePsf] 5. Soff]gn] sf6{ ;]G6;u o;af] ;fdfGo s'f
;d]t ul;s]sf] ;]G6 g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf ;3fpg tof x]sf] pNn]v ub}{
8f= b'dgn] eGg'eof], t sf6{ ;]G6n] g]kfndf zflGt k|of; ;' ug'{cl3 bafsf]
df}lvs ;xdlt vf]h]sf] 5. olb bafaf6 ;xdlt eP p;n] uf]Ko ?kdf

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

k|flDes cWoog 6f]nL k7fpg]5. To;n] g]kfnsf fhgLlts tyf cGo ;a} kIf;u
ljrfljdz{ uL sf6{ ;]G6n] g]kfnnfO{ s;L ;3fpg ;S5 eGg]af] ljZn]if0f
ug]{5 ;xof]usf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg]5. o;sf nflu h;f{an] dxffhflwfhsf]
df}lvs ;xdlt lng ;Sg'x'G5 ls <
pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] eg], d clxn] bafdf 5}g. t klg fhbafdf
sfo{t w]} hgf;u d]f] ;DaGw fd|} 5. ;fy} >L % sf] ;sf g]skf
dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLaLr ePsf] bf];|f] zflGtjftf{df ;'b]lv g} Pp6f d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x
u]sf] cg'ej ;d]t d;u 5. To;}n] d o;af] dxffhflwfhdf s'f k'ofp5'.
;sfaf6 s] x's'd x'G5, tkfO{+nfO{ hfgsfL ufp5'. o;kl5 o;af] ;sf;u
s'f ug{ pko'Qm JolQm sf] x'g ;S5 eg] ljrf ubf{ df};'kmsf Jofkfls ;xof]uL
k|efszdz] hafnfO{ ;lDemP. tTsfn} pxfnfO{ ;Dks{ u] o; ;DaGwdf
hfgsfL ufpb} ;sfdf hfx] u] s] x's'd x'G5, va kfpm eg]. pxfn] klg
o;af] ;sffTds k|ltlqmof JoQm ub}{ ;sfdf hfx] u] b'O{ ;ftfleq va
u5'{ eGg'eof]. sla !@ lbgkl5 pxfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] ;sfaf6 sf6{ ;]G6n]
cWoog 6f]nL k7fP x'G5, ;fy} 6f]nLn] g]kfndf ;a} kIfsf ljrf a'e\mg klg pko'Qm
x'G5 tfls PskIfLo ljrf dfq k|jfx gxf];\, t o;af] ;'d} k|];nfO{ s'g} klg
hfgsfL gxf];\ x's'd ePsf] 5 eGg'eof].
d}n] pxfnfO{ tTsfn} o;af] a[xt\ 5nkmn ug{ 8f= b'dg yfkf d tkfO{+nfO{
e]6\g cfp5f} eg]. xfdL b'j} ;f]N6L xf]6nl:yt pxfsf] sfof{nodf uof}. 5nkmnsf
qmddf ha/fn] hfgsfL ufpg'eP cg';f k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt lhDdL sf6{n]
;ftcf7 dlxgfcl3 dxffhflwfhnfO{ g]kfnsf] cl:y fhgLlt al9x]sf]
czflGtaf] rf;f] fVb} cfkm"n] g]kfndf zflGt k|of;sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ OR5f
JoQm ug'{ePsf] x]5. To;} a]nf dxffhflwfhaf6 sf6{ff g]kfnk|lt b;f{OPsf]
;b\efjnfO{ wGojfb aS;b} cfjZos k] kl5 va ug]{ kq ;d]t k7fOaS;]sf] x]5.
;fy} ha/fn] cGo s] s'f klg hfgsfL ufpg'eof] eg], sf6{ ;]G6sf] af]8{ ckm
8fO]S6df cd]lsfsf] ;fgk|mflG;:sf]l:yt g]kfnsf cj}tlgs dxfjfl0fHob"t lr8{
An'dlkmN8 klg x'g'x'G5. pxf ;sfsf] fd|f] lrghfgsf] JolQm ;d]t x'g'x'G5.
To;}n] pxfn] klg o;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5. pxfF;usf] nfdf] 5nkmn yk
hfgsfLaf6 xfdLnfO{ o; sfo{df cufl8 a9\g dbt k'Uof]. xfdLn] t'Gt} sf6{
;]G6df va u] cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f} k7fpg cfu|x ug]{ eof}.
o;} qmddf cd]lsfsf] P6nfG6f, hlh{ofl:yt sf6{ ;]G6af6 G ;dfwfg
sfo{qmdsf lgb]{zs DofYo' xf]8\; ;xfos a|fog Dofsljg sf7df8f} cfpg'eof].
xfdL;usf] lj:t[t 5nkmnkl5 pxfx?n] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf nufot ljleGg
kf6L{sf g]tfx?, gfuls ;dfhsf cu'jfx?nfO{ e]6\g'eof]. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfklt
Kofh\u yfkf;u ;d]t ljrfljdz{ eof]. To; cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tj;u

533

534

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pxfx?nfO{ e]6fpg ;Dej lyPg. To;}n] dfcf]jfbL;usf] ;Dks{;|f]tsf ?kdf dfgj

clwsfjfbL kb\dTg t'nfw;u e]6 ufOPsf] lyof]. sf6{ ;]G6sf kbflwsfLsf]
of] klxnf] cWoog e|d0f lyof]. 5 lbg g]kfn a;] pxfx? cd]lsf kms{g'eof].
cd]lsf kms{g'cufl8 pxfx?;u 5nkmn x'bf cd]lsf k'u]kl5 pxfx?n] k|ltj]bg
tof ug]{ h'g dlxgfdf sf6{ ;]G6n] 8f= b'dg yfkf, kb\dTg t'nfw dnfO{
cd]lsf af]nfpg] ;xdlt eof]. zflGt k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{qmd To;} a]nf
to ug]{ klg lgwf] eof].
h'gdf sf6{ ;]G6af6 xfdLnfO{ lgDtf] cfof]. o;af] dxffhflwfh
k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ hfgsfL ufOof]. k|wfgdGqLn] cfk\mgf tkm{af6 sf\u|];
k|hftflGqssf g]tf ztl;+x e08fLnfO{ klg ;xefuL ufpg cg'f]w ug'{eof]. To;
cg';f sf6{ ;]G6nfO{ cg'f]w ubf{ tTsfn} pxfnfO{ klg lgdGq0ff cfof]. o;L
xfdL rf hgf cd]lsf uof}. Toxf ;+;fsf ljleGg b]zdf zflGt dWo:ytfsf
;fy} lgjf{rg cg'udgdf sf6{ ;]G6n] u]sf k|of;x?af] hfgsfL ufOof].
xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks tyf ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1 8f= ljlnod af]Ln]
dWo:ytf, jftf{, G ;dfwfg G ;dfwfgkl5sf ljleGg cfofdaf] hfgsfL
ufpg'eof]. ;fy} sf6{ ;]G6sf] g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf] sfo{6f]nLn] tof kf]sf]
k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t 5nkmn eof]. 5nkmndf d}n] s] ;'emfj fv] eg], g]kfndf kSs}
klg ;d:of 5. t o;sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg lbNnL hfg'kg]{ x'G5. To;}n] sf6{
;]G6n] klg g]kfndf zflGtsf] k|of; ug]{ xf] eg] gof lbNnL;u s'f ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5. ;]G6n] gof lbNnL;u s'f ug{ ;S5 eg] of] k|of;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpbf fd|f]
x'G5. t eftsf] ;xdlt jf ;xof]u lng g;Sg] xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ k|of; Joy{ klg
x'g ;S5. d]f] ;'emfjkl5 sf6{ ;]G6n] eft;u s'f ug]{ eof]. ;]G6n] ljleGg
;dodf cWoog 6f]nL g]kfn k7fOxg] dfcf]jfbL ;lxt ljleGg kIf;u 5nkmnsf]
qmd cufl8 a9fpg] ;d]t lgwf] eof]. o;kl5 xfdL g]kfn kmls{of}.
To;sf] sla tLg dlxgfkl5 ;]K6]Dadf ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] dxf;efdf efu
lng eftsf k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg l;+x ljb]z;lrj Zofdz0f Go'of]s{ hfg'ePsf]
lyof]. ToxL df}sfdf pxfx? b'j}nfO{ sf6{ ;]G6sf DofYo' xf]8\; a|fog
Dofsljgn] e]6 ug{'eP5. ;f] cj;df g]kfndf zflGtsf nflu sf6{ ;]G6n]
dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]af] 5nkmn x'bf eftLo k|wfgdGqL l;+xn] eGg'eP5,
eft g]kfndf zflGt fhgLlts l:ytf rfxG5. To;}n] sf6{ ;]G6 h:tf]
cGtf{li6o :tdf k|ltli7t ;+:yfn] g]kfndf zflGtsf] k|of; ubf{ eftn] ;sffTds
;f]r fVb5. o; lsl;dsf] eftLo k|ltlqmofkl5 sf6{ ;]G6 g]kfndf zflGtsf
nflu dWo:ytf ug{ emg} pT;flxt eof]. clg g]kfndf uf]Ko cWoog 6f]nL k7fP
;a} kIf;u 5nkmn ug{ yfNof]. To:t} sf7df8f}l:yt ljb]zL fhb"tx?, ljz]if u]
cd]lsf, a]nfot, eft rLgsf fhb"t;u kfdz{ uof]. ;]G6sf kbflwsfLn]

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

gof lbNnL uP eftLo ljb]z dGqfnosf kbflwsfL;u ;d]t ljrfljdz{

u]. sf6{ ;]G6nfO{ >L % sf] ;sf ljleGg fhgLlts bn nufot g]skf
dfcf]jfbLn] klg lnlvt ?kd} zflGt k|of;df ;3fpg cg'f]w u]sf lyP. sf6{
;]G6n] g]kfndf zflGtsf nflu kxn ;' u]b]lv g} 8f= b'dg d o;df ;+nUg
eof}. 8f= b'dg sf6{ ;]G6sf] sG6L 8fO]S6sf ?kdf sfd ug{ yfNg'eof]. d}n]
eg] aflxaf6} :jo+;]jssf ?kdf ;xof]u u].
@)^! h]7 @& ut] g]kfnL sf\u|]; k|hftflGqssf ;efklt z]axfb' b]pjf
k'gM k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'g'eof]. g]skf Pdfn] klg k|ltudg cfwf ;lRrof] eGb}
b]pjf dlGqklifb\df ;fd]n eof]. k|wfgdGqL nufot ;sfdf ;xefuL cGo bnsf
g]tfx? ;lDdlnt pRr:tLo fhgLlts ;+oGq klg aGof]. ;+oGqdf k|wfgdGqLsf
cltlQm Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df g]kfn, fk|kf cWoIf kz'kltzdz] haf
g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf cWoIf ab|Lk|;fb d08n x'g'x'GYof]. sf6{ ;]G6sf
;+:yfks k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt lhDdL sf6{n] pQm pRr:tLo fhgLlts ;+oGqsf
;b:ox?nfO{ zflGt k|of;af] 5nkmn ug{ cd]lsf af]nfpg'eof]. cd]lsf hfg]
6f]nLdf Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfn cfkm} ;xefuL x'g'eof] eg] k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf
tkm{af6 8f= ldg]Gb| lhfn g]kfnL sf\u|];af6 rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf ;lDdlnt
x'g'eof]. fk|kf cWoIf f0ff ;b\efjgf cWoIf d08n cfcfk\mg} sf0faf6 ;xefuL
x'g'ePg. ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfdf 8f= b'dg d cd]lsf uof}. Toxf 5nkmnsf
qmddf k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt sf6{n] g]kfndf zflGtsf nflu ;]G6n] s:tf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{k5{, g]kfndf s]s:tf ;d:of ljBdfg 5g\, dfcf]jfbL zflGtjftf{df cfpg
;S5 ls ;Sb}g h:tf ljifodf lh1f;f fVb} sf6{ ;]G6af6 g]kfnn] s:tf] e"ldsf
ck]Iff u5{ egL k|Zg fVg'ePsf] lyof].
g]kfnL 6f]nLsf tkm{af6 ;dli6ut wf0ff fVb} Pdfn] dxf;lrj g]kfnn]
k"j{fi6klt sf6{n] sf6{ ;]G6 dfkm{t g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf v]Ng] dWo:ytfsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ g]kfnn] :jfut ug]{ hfgsfL ufpg'eof]. ;fy} sf6{ ;]G6nfO{
g]kfndf >L % sf] ;sf tyf fhgLlts bnx?sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u xg] ljZjf;
lbnfpg'eof]. of] 5nkmnkl5 sf6{ ;]G6n] g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf cf}krfls
?kd} ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgwf] uof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf ;]G6n] s]xL
dlxgfleq g]kfnsf fhgLlts bnsf sltko g]tfnfO{ sf6{ ;]G6 xfj{8{
ljZjljBfnodf jftf{ tyf u7aGwg lgdf{0f -g]uf]l;P;g PG8 sf]cln;g lalN8_
;DaGwL Ps ;ftfsf] ljz]if k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{qmd ug]{ eof]. tLg r0fdf ;DkGg
x'g] pQm sfo{qmddf zflGt k|lqmofdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] >L % sf]
;sfsf ljleGg lgsfosf jli7 clws[t ;Dej eP s]xL dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{
;d]t ;xefuL ufpg] to ePsf] lyof].
dxf;lrj g]kfn sf6{ ;]G6sf] lgdGq0ffdf cd]lsf ePsf a]nf Pdfn] g]tfx?

535

536

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

emngfy vgfn eLdaxfb' fjn klg cGo s'g} sfo{qmddf cd]lsf k'Ug'ePsf]
x]5. pxfx? xfdL ePsf] 7fpdf cfpg'eof] b'j}n] sf6{;usf] 5nkmndf
;xefuL x'g rfxg'eof]. t, pxfx?nfO{ sf6{ ;]G6n] lgdGq0ff u]sf] lyPg,
g t cfk"m cfpg] k"j{;"rgf g} lbg'ePsf] lyof]. To;}n] ;]G6n] pxfx?nfO{
5nkmndf ;xefuL gufO{ ko{j]Ifssf ?kdf fVg] k|:tfj uof]. vgfnn] Tof] s'f
:jLsf ug'{ePg r'krfk lx8\g'eof]. g]tf fjn eg] dxf;lrj g]kfnsf] ;xfossf
?kdf pxfsf] k5fl8 flvPsf] l;6df a:g'eof]. g]kfnsf g]tfx?sf] tfn gf6s
b]v]/ Ps l5g Toxf ;a} lhNn k].
sf6{ ;]G6n] ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tfnfO{ xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnodf
g]uf]l;P;g PG8 sf]cln;g lalN8 ;DaGwL k|lzIf0fsf] ljz]if sfo{qmd tof uof].
sfo{qmddf efu lng sf\u|];af6 rqmk|;fb af:tf]nf 8f= fdz0f dxt, sf\u|];
k|hftflGqsaf6 8f= ldg]Gb| lhfn ljdn]Gb| lglw, Pdfn]af6 emngfy vgfn
czf]ss'df fO{, fk|kfaf6 w|'jaxfb' k|wfg, fli6o hgzlQm kf6L{af6 8f= k|sfzrGb|
nf]xgL, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{af6 clgns'df emf, fli6o hgdf]rf{ -d;fn_ af6 kl
yfkf, dfgj clwsfjfbL kb\dTg t'nfw, 8f= b'dg yfkf d cd]lsf uof}. xfj{8{
ljZjljBfnosf] of] cg'ej Hofb} ;'vb 1fgj4{s eof]. ;a}n] Ps ;ftfs} nflu
eP klg a'9];sfndf ljBfyL{ ePsf] dx;'; u]. Ps ;ftfsf] k9fO Hofb} nfebfos
lyof]. xfj{8{kl5 jfl;\6g 8L;Ldf ;d]t sfo{qmd flvPsf] lyof]. Toxf Soflk6n
lxndf s\u|];Dofgx?;u, l8kf6{d]G6 ckm :6]6sf kbflwsfLx?;u 5nkmn eof].
g];gn ;]So'l6L sfplG;ndf ;d]t la|lkmsf] sfo{qmd flvPsf] lyof]. cd]lsfsf
;a}h;f] sfo{qmddf 6f]nLdf ;xefuL fhgLlts g]tfx?n] dxffhflwfhsf] sbdsf]
tLj| ljf]w u]sf lyP. sf6{ ;]G6sf] lgdGq0ffdf cd]lsf uO{ cGo sfo{qmddf
;xefuL eP fhfsf] ljf]w ug'{nfO{ ;]G6n] plrt 7fg]sf] lyPg. o;af6 ;]G6sf]
t6:y e"ldsfdf c; kg{ ;S5 eGg] pgLx?sf] egfO lyof]. jfl;\6g 8L;Lkl5
6f]nLnfO{ sf6{ ;]G6n] P6nfG6fl:yt cfk\mgf] sfof{nodf ;d]t nu] 5nkmn u]sf]
lyof]. 5nkmndf k"j{fi6klt sf6{ :jo+ ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof].
o;}aLr g]kfndf dxffhflwfhaf6 @)^! df3 !( ut] csf]{ zfxL sbd
rflnaS:of]. o;af6 g]kfndf fhgLlts cGof]n emg} a9\of]. g]skf dfcf]jfbL;usf]
Gdf ;d]t s'g} ;'wf cfPg. t}klg zflGtsf] k|of;:j?k sf6{ ;]G6n] k"j{lgwf{lt
sfo{qmd cg';f xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnodf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdsf nflu >L % sf]
;sf;u jli7 clws[tx?sf] gfd k7fpg cfu|x uof]. ;]G6n] Go'of]s{l:yt
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf nflu :yfoL lgof]u dfkm{t pQm cfu|x u]sf] lyof]. otf
8f= b'dgn] klg d'Vo ;lrj nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{ kfi6dGqL d]zgfy kf08]nfO{
e]6] sf6{ ;]G6sf] cfu|x cg'?k gfd k7fpg cg'f]w ug'{ePsf] lyof]. w]} ;dokl5
dGqL kf08]n] pQm sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ufpg !@ hgfsf] gfd k7fpg'eP5.

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

To;af] sf6{ ;]G6n] 8f= b'dgnfO{ hfgsfL ufof]. h'g p2]Zon] sfo{qmd ug{
vf]lhPsf] lyof], To; cg'?ksf gfdx? gePkl5 8f= b'dgn] dnfO{ e]6] gfdfjnL
b]vfpg'eof]. To;df k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf, k"j{yL ;bLkaxfb'
zfx, dGqL kf08]sf 5f]f lgZrngfy kf08], k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj s0f{Wjh clwsfL,
k|f= lht]Gb|Wjh vf8, 8f= df]xgk|;fb nf]xgL, kqsfx? dgf]~hg hf]zL, nf]sbLk
yfkf nufotsf] gfd lyof]. oL gfd b]v] dnfO{ crDd nfUof]. sf6{ ;]G6n]
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 ;xfos yL b'O{ hgf, g]kfn k|xL, ;z:q k|xL an
fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 8LcfO{hL :tsf PsPs hgf, To:t} Iff, u[x, ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf kfi6 dGqfnoaf6 PsPs hgf ;x;lrj :tsf sd{rfLsf]
gfdsf] ck]Iff u]sf] lyof]. t dGqL d]zgfy kf08]n] k7fPsf gfdx? To:tf
lyPgg\. tLdWo] s]xL gfd t xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnoeGbf tLy{:ynlt k7fpg plrt
x'g] vfnsf lyP. dGqL kf08]n] lgtfGt kfljfls JolQmjfbL :jfy{ fv]
gfdx? k7fPsf] :ki6 b]lvof]. To;kl5 xfdLn] oL gfdsf] ;f ;sfL ;]jfs}
pRr txsf sd{rfLsf] gfdfjnL dfUg sf6{ ;]G6nfO{ ;'emfj k7fof}. ;]G6n]
To;} uof]. t sf6{ ;]G6n] k'gM dfu u] cg';f >L % sf] ;sfsf jli7
kbflwsfLsf] gfd dGqL kf08]n] k7fpg'ePg. o;L of] sfo{qmd olts} :ylut
eof]. o;kl5 dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL sfo{qmddf ;ls ufpg] kxn klg
cufl8 a9\g ;s]g. t}klg d'Vo ;lrj nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{n] cfk\mg} kxndf o;af]
kl5;Dd k|of; ulxg'ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] pQm 6f]nLdf cfk\mg} g]t[Tjdf hfg ;d]t
rfxg'ePsf] lyof].
s]xL ;dokl5, @)^@ ebf}df ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] dxf;efdf dxffhflwfh
;jfL x'g] sfo{qmd aGb} lyof]. To; qmddf 8f= b'dg sf6{ ;]G6sf] cg'f]w
cg';f dxffhflwfhnfO{ k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt lhDdL sf6{;u e]63f6 ufpg
kxn ub}{ x'g'x'GYof]. To; l;nl;nfdf xfdLn] cgf}7f] s'f yfxf kfof}. ;fdfGotof
fi6 k|d'v jf ;sf k|d'vsf] ljb]z e|d0f sfo{qmd to ug{ kfi6 dGqfnosf
;lrj, lzi6frf dxfkfn ;DalGwt 8]:s x]g]{ kbflwsfL lhDd]jf x'G5g\. t
o; k6ssf] ;sfsf] ;jfL ;DaGwL sfo{qmdaf] kfi6 dGqfnosf lhDd]jf
kbflwsfLx? k"} cgle1 lyP. e|d0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd t kfi6dGqL kf08], pxfsf
5f]f lgZrngfy kf08], lrtjgl:yt 6]Dkn 6fOu l;f]6{sf dflns j;Gtfh ld>
cd]lsfdf ld>sf bfh' 8f= x]dGtfh ld>n] kf] ldnfpb} x]5g\. Go'of]s{l:yt
:yfoL lgof]unfO{ ;d]t ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] ;fwf0f ;efnfO{ dxffhflwfhaf6
;Daf]wg x'g] sfo{qmd afx]s cGo s'g} ljifodf hfgsfL lyPg.
o;}aLr sf6{ ;]G6n] klg dxffhflwfh;u bz{ge]6sf] sfo{qmd ldnfpg
sf7df8f}df ljz]if 6f]nL k7fPsf] lyof]. 6f]nLn] sf6{ ;]G6af6 Kn]g rf6{ uL
;sfsf] ;jfL Go'of]s{af6 sf6{ ;]G6 P6nfG6f rnfpg], Ps ft P6nfG6fd} fVg]

537

538

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt sf6{;usf] e]63f6kl5 k'gM Go'of]s{ ;jfL lkmtf{ ufpg]
k|:tfj NofPsf] lyof]. P6nfG6fdf flt a:g] sfo{qmd ldNg g;s] laxfg} Go'of]s{df
Kn]g k7fP P6nfG6f ;jfL rnfpg] tyf sf6{;u e]6 nGrkl5 Go'of]s{ lkmtL{
;jfL x'g] ljsNk k|:t't ulPsf] lyof] . To;f] ug{ klg ;Dej geP k"j{fi6klt
sf6{ cfkm} Go'of]s{glhs}sf] s'g} xf]6ndf nGr jf lrofsf nflu cfP ;sf;u
e]6L kms{g] k|:tfj lyof]. oL k|:tfjx? ;lxt 6f]nLn] kfi6dGqL kf08], 6]Dkn
6fOu l;f]6{sf dflns j;Gtfh ld> fhbafsf zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;xfos
yL ljholjqmd v8\sf;u klg 5nkmn uof]. t pQm 6f]nL sf7df8f} xbf;Dd
dxffhflwfh k"j{fi6kltsf] e]63f6sf] sfo{qmd to x'g ;s]g. fi6;\3sf]
sfo{qmd ;s] g]kfn kms{+bf ;sf hd{gLsf] k|mf\skm6{df s]xL lbg cffd
ulaS;g] sfo{qmd lyof]. cd]lsfdf e]6\g cg's"n geP ToxL cfP k"j{fi6klt
sf6{n] ;sfnfO{ e]6\g ;Sg] k|:tfj ;d]t cfPsf] lyof]. e]63f6sf] sfo{qmd
ldnfpg 8f= b'dg d}n] w]} k|of; u]sf lyof}. o;} qmddf Ps lbg 8f= b'dgn]
kfi6dGqL kf08]nfO{ e]6] eGg'eP5, g]kfndf zflGtsf] k|of;sf nflu k"j{fi6klt
sf6{ w]} lrlGtt x'g'x'G5. Hofb} dxj lbP ;a} s'f x]lxg'ePsf] 5. To;}n]
g]kfnn] of] df}sf u'dfpg' x'b}g. dxffhflwfhaf6 P6nfG6fd} ;jfL eP fi6klt
sf6{nfO{ e]6\g pko'Qm x'G5. lsgeg] lhDdL sf6{ cd]lsfsf] fi6klt eO;s]sf
gf]a]n zflGt k':sfaf6 ;d]t ;Ddflgt eO;s]sf JolQm x'g'x'G5. pxfnfO{ of]
pd]df s'g} dfg;Ddfgsf] h?t 5}g. pxfn] g]kfn g]kfnLsf] lxtsf nflu dfq
s'f ulxg'ePsf] xf]. k|To'Qdf dGqL kf08]n] 7"nf] bDesf ;fy eGg'eP5, ls
Oh ls, x' Oh lhDdL sf6{ < -fhf eg]sf] fhf g} xf], lhDdL sf6{ eg]sf]
sf] xf] <_ of] cleJolQm ;'g] 8f= b'dg cfZro{rlst eO{ ge'Nn k] kms{g'eP5.
vf]qmf] bDe clgi6sfL x'g ;S5 eg] xfdL lrlGtt eof}.
fi6;\3sf] dxf;efdf efu lng hfg] fi6 k|d'v jf ;sf k|d'vx?nfO{
cd]lsL fi6kltn] e]63f6 hnkfgsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ k|rng 5. t o;
k6s cd]lsL fi6kltn] dxffhflwfhnfO{ ge]6\g] dfq} xf]Og, pxfn] cfof]hgf
ug]{ hnkfg ;dff]xdf ;d]t lgdGq0ff gug]{ s'f eP5. ;fy} cd]lsfdf x]sf
g]kfnLsf s]xL ;\3;+:yfn] klg ;sfsf] Go'of]s{ e|d0fsf qmddf ljf]w sfo{qmd
ug]{ eP5g\. kmn:j?k cflvdf cfP ;sfsf] e|d0f :ylut ePsf] va
cfof]. o;af] a]n}df cg'f]w ePsf] eP k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt sf6{n] ;xof]u ug{
;Sg'x'GYof] xf]nf h:tf] nfU5.
;sfsf] cd]lsf e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd 2 ePkl5 sf6{ ;]G6af6 xfdLnfO{
tLg ;ftfleq s'g} klg lbg sf6{n] ;sf;u 6]lnkmf]gdf s'f ug{ vf]h]sf]
va cfof]. To;kl5 8f= b'dg d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf sfo{t pkyL 6Lsf
wdnfnfO{ d]f] 3df af]nfP 5nkmn uof}. pxfnfO{ ljifosf] uDeLtfaf] dgg

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

ufO{ k"j{fi6klt sf6{;u ;sfsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf jftf{nfk ufpg cg'f]w ulof].

sf6{sf] ;Dks{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa klg lbOof]. ;sfnfO{ ;Dks{ ug]{ 6]lnkmf]g kfP
fi6klt sf6{n] cfkm} kmf]g ug]{ hfgsfL ;d]t ufOof]. t xfd|f] cys k|of;sf
afjh'b g ;sfaf6 sf6{nfO{ kmf]g ulaS:of], g t pxfnfO{ kmf]g ug{ nufpg"
elgof]. o:tf lqmofsnfkn] fhbaf To; cj:yfdf zflGtsf nflu tof lyPg
eGg] cfz\sf emg} a9\5.
dxffhflwfh cfk\mg} f]8Dofk df cufl8 al9x]sf] cj:yf, dfcf]jfbLsf]
hgo'4 sf] k|efj lj:tf fhgLlts bn cfGbf]ngd} dlnPsf] l:yltdf o:tf
lqmofsnfkaf6 sf6{ ;]G6n] g]kfndf zflGtsf nflu u]sf] k|of; b'ef{Uojz
6'\uf]df k'Ug ;s]g. cfGbf]ngt bnx? ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLaLr gof lbNnLdf
eftsf] k|ToIfck|ToIf ;xof]udf ;Demf}tf ekl5 kll:yltn] gof df]8 lnof]. bf];|f]
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 sf6{ ;]G6sf] e"ldsf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ko{j]If0f
ug{df ;Lldt x\of]. o;sf nflu klg ;a} fhgLlts bnx?n] sf6{ ;]G6nfO{
cg'f]w u]sf lyP.
sf6{ ;]G6df d]f] ;+nUgtfaf] w]} 6Lsfl6Kk0fL eP. 8f= b'dg ;'b]lv g}
sG6L 8fO]S6sf] x}l;otn] cfly{s nfesf] kbdf x'g'x'GYof]. t pQm ;+:yfdf d]f]
;+nUgtf g]kfndf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ ljz'4 efjn] k"0f{tM :jo+;]jssf ?kdf ePsf]
lyof]. d}n] sf6{ ;]G6af6 s'g} klg cfly{s nfe lng] ;f]rfO slxNo} agfOg.
pQm ;+:yfsf tkm{af6 tLg k6s cd]lsf hfbf xjfO{ l6s6, vfg]a:g] oftfoft
;'ljwf afx]s d}n] cfh;Dd Ps 8n klg lnPsf] 5}g. t fhbaf eg] ;fob
d}n] 7"n} 8n v]tL ulx]sf] 7fGbYof]. ToxL qmddf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj x'g'eGbf
cf7 lbgcufl8 cyf{t\ @)^$ r}t @! ut] laxLaf hgwf0ff ;fKtflxsdf d]f af]
7"nf] x]8nfOg ;lxt k|yd k[i7df ;dfrf k|sflzt ufOof]]. fhfkl5sf] lg;fgf
dfcf]jfbL rLg zLif{sdf fhfsf ;}lgs ;lrj ;LcfO{Psf ljZjf;kfq s;L
ag] < eg] k"0f{tM skf]nslNkt, e|fds d]f] rlq xTof ug]{ lgotn] ;dfrf
5flkof]. ;dfrf k9] d crDddf k]. ljrf u] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj x'b} 5.
o;sf] k|ToIf c; k|efj fh;+:yfdf kb}{ 5. t fhbaf s] ug{ 7Ls x'G5
s] ug{ x'b}g eg] ;f]Rg ;d]t g;Sg] xfntdf k'u]5. ca p;sf] Wofg g]kfndf
zflGtsf nflu cys k|of; ulx]sf] d dfq xf]Og, gf]a]n zflGt k':sfaf6
;Ddflgt k"j{ cd]lsL fi6klt lhDdL sf6{ h:tf JolQmnfO{ ;d]t sfNklgs,
c;+j]bgzLn 3[l0ft tlsfn] tNnf] :tsf] efiffdf ufnL ug]{ufpg]lt s]lGb|t
x'g yfn]5. of] ;dfrfaf] bafsf ;lrjx?;u e]6 ePsf] ;dodf s'f p7fpbf
pgLx?n] o;sf] lhDd]jfL Pscsf{sf] 6fpsfdf yf]kg]{ dfq k|of; u]. #) jif{sf]
;]jf afkt dnfO{ bafaf6 lbOPsf] of] dfq k':sf jf :ofaf;L lyPg. d]f]
fhLgfdfsf] 5 lbgkl5 36gf ljrf ;fKtflxsdf ;d]t o:t} cgu{n, dgu9Gt]

539

540

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

sn'lift efjgfn] elPsf] ;dfrf cfPsf] lyof]. To;sf lj4 d}n] cbfntsf]
z0f ;d]t lnP, h'g d'2f xfn;Dd klg 6'\luPsf] 5}g. of] ;dfrf n]Vg] pQm
klqsfsL ;Dkfbs alatf a:g]tnfO{ Pp6f kf6L{df e]6]sf] a]nf ;f]w] klg. t
pxfn] d;u s'f ug{ cfjZos 7fGg'ePg. oL b'j} ;dfrf k|sflzt ug]{ sfd
fhbafsf tTsfnLg ;+jfb ;lrjsf] lyof] eg] o;sf] p2]Zo dnfO{ abgfd ug'{
lyof]. o;af6 bafnfO{ slt kmfObf eof], Tof] t Toxfsf xf]gxf ;lrjHo"x?nfO{
g} yfxf xf]nf.
df# 19 sf] zfxL sbd

@)^! df3 !( ut]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgb]lv g} fhwfgLdf cg]s lsl;dsf xNnf

JofKt lyP. klxn] t dxffhflwfhaf6 zfxL 3f]if0ff aS;b} 5 eGg] va cfof].
ha dxffhflwfhaf6 6]lnlehg dfkm{t zfxL 3f]if0ff u] k|wfgdGqL z]axfb'
b]pjfsf] ;sfnfO{ avf{:t ulaS:of], To;kl5 ;xdf PsfPs ;Ggf6f 5fPem}
eof]. ;ff 6]lnkmf]gsf nfOgx? cj4 kflP. ;fob @)%( c;f]h !* sf] sbdn]
fhf 1fg]Gb|df cfTdljZjf; dxjfsf\Iff a9fPsf] lyof]. c;f]h !* sf] sbdkl5
fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] vf;} pNn]vgLo cfGbf]ng ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\. ;]gf;u klg
dfcf]jfbLsf] hgo'4 nfO{ f]Sg] ;fdYo{ lyPg. ;fy} ljb]zL ldqfi6x?n] ;d]t
r'gfjsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff xf];\ eGg] rfxg' afx]s klg c;f]h !* sf] sbdsf] vf;}
ljf]w u]sf lyPgg\. o;L df3 !( ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;a}nfO{ k]n] 7Ls kfg{ ;lsG5
eGg] dfgl;stfn] sfd uof]. tTsfnLg ;'Iff lgsfosf k|dv
' x?n] fhfnfO{ lbg]
u]sf] ;Nnfxn] To:tf] dfgl;stf agfpg ;3fp k'ofPsf] x'g ;S5. fhbafsf
;lrjx? s]Gb|Lo ;'Iff ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lng hfg] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf
k|ltlglw yL Sdf\ub s6jfnsf] cx+ e"ldsfn] klg s]xL ;docl3b]lv df3 !(
sf] k[i7e"ld aGb} lyof] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5. d]f] hfgsfLdf cfP cg';f To;
a]nf g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjn] fhf;u e]6 ug]{ jftfj0f tof x'b} lyof]. o;df
klg yL s6jfnn] g} e"ldsf lgjf{x ulx]sf] rrf{ lyof]. ;DejtM df3 @@ ut]
f]Nkf, c3f{vfrL jf afun'sf] s'g} :yfgdf uf]Ko e]63f6 ug]{ sfo{qmd ;d]t to
ePsf] lyof]. t df3 !( sf] sbdn] To;sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ kG5fOlbof]. x'g t
df3 !( kl5 dfcf]jfbL;u jftf{ ug{ cem ;xh x'G5 eGg] bafsf] klg ;f]rfO
x'g ;S5. t kll:ylt To:tf] ePg. fhfsf ;Nnfxsfx?n] ;+ljwfgsf] wff
!@& nfO{ hfb'sf] 58L h:tf] 7fg]. o;sf] k|of]uaf6 h] klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
e|ddf fhfnfO{ kfg{ ;kmn eP. klxn]klxn]sf fhfx?df ;+ljwfgtM ;fj{ef}d ;Qf
;d]t lglxt x]sf sf0f w]} ljifodf ljz]ifflwsf k|of]u ug]{ x}l;ot lyof]. t
>L % 1fg]Gb| @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cfPsf] !! jif{kl5 dxffhflwfh xf]OaS;]sf]
lyof]. df};k' mnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf ljkLt ljz]ifflwsf k|of]u ug]{ cj; ;+ljwfgn]

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

g} lbbg} Yof]. zfxL cfof]usf] u7g fhfnfO{ e|ddf kflPsf] Pp6f gd'gf lyof].
fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx? h:tf];s
' } e|i6 eP klg tL hgtfsf k|ltlglw x'g\ eGg]
tYonfO{ o; cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf k"} a]jf:tf ulof]. fhfdf klg g]tfx?nfO{ Psbd}
ldlgdfOh u] k]n] 7Ls ug{ ;S5' eGg] e|d k]sf] b]lvof]. @)!& ;fndf fhf
dx]Gb|n] p7fPsf] sbdnfO{ k5\ofPsf] h:tf] dfq b]lvof]. hgtfsf] r]tgf :t
;dosf] k|jfx To; a]nfeGbf Hofb} g} leGg eO;s]sf] af]w ePsf] b]lvPg.
dxffhflwfhaf6 tTsfnLg dlGqklifb\ avf{:t uL b]zsf] zf;gef
cfk\mgf] xftdf lnOaS;]kl5 g]kfnsf] tn fhgLlts cj:yfn] crfgs cs}{
df]8 lnof]. hg;fwf0fn] dxffhflwfhaf6 zflGtsf] k|of; x'G5 eGg] ljZjf;n]
fhfsf] sbdnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd :jfut klg u]sf x'g\. fhgLlts bnx?sf
;sfn] b]zsf hNbfaNbf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]sf], e|i6frf rd r'nLdf
k'u]sf], sf08}sf08n] cy{tGq tx;gx; ePsf] d'n's s'zf;gn] u|:t ePsf a]nf
hgtfn] fhfaf6 ;'zf;gsf] cfzf fVg' :jfefljs} lyof]. To;}n] fhfsf] sbdaf6
k|hftGqsf] 3f6L lgdf]7] xTof ulbf ;d]t c;n eljiosf] cfzfn] hgtfn]
s]xL lbg;Dd dxffhflwfhnfO{ ;fy lbP. t ;sfaf6 cfk\mgf] cWoIftfdf
dlGqd08n agfP h'g ;Gb]z lbOaS:of], To;af6 hgdfg; tyf cGtf{li6o
hut\sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 eGg] cfzfdf t'ifffkft x'g k'Uof]. ;sfsf] o;}
sbdn] fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ s8f ;\3if{ ug{ ;Sg] af6f] vf]lnlbof]. ;sfn]
h'gh'g JolQmnfO{ dlGqklifb\df ;dfj]z ulaS:of], ltgLx? Tof] kll:yltdf
cfp68]6]8 k"0f{ ?kn] c;fGble{s lyP. pgLx?sf] hgfwf slasla ;dfKt
;x lyof]. ;sfn] 5fg]sf s]xL o'jf JolQmsf] k[i7e"ld t emg\ lgfzfhgs
lyof]. kbf{cufl8sf cToGt} :jfyL{ tyf dxjfsf\IfL d]zgfy kf08] kbf{leqaf6
zlQm ;~rfng ug]{ zbrGb| zfx h:tf k|j[lQn] o;} t s'g, emg\ sfgdf ;'g eGg]
pvfgnfO{ rltfy{ ullbof].
df3 !( sf] ef]ln kN6} fhbafdf sfo{t pkyL 6Lsf wdnf dnfO{ e]6\g
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], ;sfsf] of] sbd Hofb} vtgfs 5.
;sf fhf g} eP a:bf fd|f] x'G5. k|wfgdGqL c?nfO{ agfpbf pko'Qm x'G5.
fhfsf] of] sbd ;kmn xf]nf of gxf]nf eGg] ts{ ug'{ lans'n} cfjZos 5}g.
fh;+:yfsf nflu of] sbd c;kmn x'g] sNkg} gug'{xf];\. ;kmn x'g}k5{. lsgeg]
of] c;kmn ePdf fh;+:yfsf] cl:tTjdf g} k|Zglrx\g nfUg ;S5. casf] s'g} klg
cfGbf]ng fh;+:yfsf lj4 x'G5 eGg] d]f] ljZn]if0f 5. @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ng k~rfotL Joj:yfdf v's'nf]kg NofO{ k|hftflGqs klkf6Ldf hfgsf nflu
lyof]. @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng k~rfotL Joj:yf kljt{g uL ax'bnLo Joj:yf
sfod ug{ lyof]. ca csf]{ cfGbf]ng eP fh;+:yfsf lj4 x'G5 eGg] d]f] a'emfO
5. To;}n] hgtfsf] rfxgf s] xf], a'em] sfd ug'{kof]. hgtfn] zflGt rfx]sf

541

542

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

5g\. To; sf0f hlt;Sbf] rf8f] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df Nofpg'k5{. dfcf]jfbL

fhgLlts bnx? kmskms w|'jdf 5g\, logLx? ldNg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] bafsf]
Tolt a]nfsf] ;f]rfO xf]. clxn] klg ToxL ;f]rfO x'g ;S5. g]kfndf tLg zlQm
ljBdfg 5g\ fh;+:yf, fhgLlts bnx? ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL. oL tLgdWo]
s'g} klg b'O{ zlQm ldn] eg] csf]{ zlQm sdhf] x'G5. ;sfsf] of] sbdkl5
fhgLlts bnx? ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL ldn] eg] fh;+:yf sdhf] x'g ;S5.
To;}n] h;L x'G5, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ zflGtjftf{df kmsf{pg] klxnf] dxjk"0f{ sfd
x'g'k5{. ;fy} ;'zf;g, e|i6frf lgoGq0f x'g'k5{. ;u;u} hgtfn] zflGt dx;';
ug'{kof]. h'g kljt{g cfPsf] 5, Tof] hgtfs} nflu xf] eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg
;Sg'kof]. b]zsf] jf:tljs wftn a'e]m ansf] ;f a'l4 k|of]u ug'{kof].
;sfn] ;fw', ;Gt, afaf, :jfdL, dftf OToflbdf clt ljZjf; ug'{ eg]sf] cfk\mgf]
cfTdf sdhf] 5 eg] b]vfpg' dfq xf]. dlGbdf k"hf ubf{ cfk\mgf] cfTdfdf zflGt
ldNnf t jf:tljs wftndf hgtfn] rfx]sf] zflGt eg]sf] zflGtjftf{ eP Qmkft
aGb xf];\ eGg] g} xf]. o;df ljz]if ljrf x'g'k5{.
d]f s'f ;'g] 6Lsf h;f{an] eGg'eof], d}n] h;f{asf s'f ;'g]. k|:6 ljrf
fv]sf]df v';L nfUof]. d ;sfdf lj:t[t ?kdf hfx] u5{'. bz{ge]6 ldnfp5'.
Tof] a]nf h;f{an] cfkm} hfx] ubf{ fd|f] x'G5.
;sfsf] l6ddf s]xL of]Uo JolQmx? lyP s]xL hgfwf ePsf dflg; klg
lyP. t pgLx?sf] cfjfhn] s'g} :yfg kfPg. :jfyL{ tyf dxjfsf\IfL tjx?n]
g} ;sfnfO{ cfjZoseGbf a9L k|efj kf]. o;aLr d}n] sf6{ ;]G6 dfkm{t
zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu k|of; ul g} x]. o;} k|;\unfO{ lnP d}n] tTsfnLg
dlGqklifb\sf pkfWoIfx? 8f= t'n;L luL sLlt{lglw lji6nfO{ ;d]t e]6] nfd}
5nkmn u]. pxfx? b'j}n] dxffhflwfhaf6 xfd|f] s'f t ;'lgaS;G5, t sfd
eg] c? s;}sf] ;Nnfxdf x'g] u]sf] h:tf] nfU5 eGg'eof]. pxfx? b'j}nfO{ d}n]
eg], dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf8f] jftf{af6 ;dfwfg ug'{k5{. jftf{af6
7f]; kl0ffd cfpg hlt ;do nfu] klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ O\u]h ufOxg'k5{, tfls
;j{;fwf0f hgtfn] 9'Ss;u ;'Tg kfpmg\. d}n] o;f] eGbf 8f= luLn] fhfn]
cfk\mgf sf8{x? s;}nfO{ b]vfOaS;Gg, ;sfn] xfd|f] s'f ;'lgaS;G5 t sfd
x'b}g, To:t} s]xL dGqLx? olt pQfpnf 5g\ ls eg] ;fWo} 5}g eg] u'gf;f]
ug'{eof]. To:t}, lji6n] cfk\mgf] lgfzf oL zAbdf JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof], fhfn] 8f=
luL dnfO{ lsg fv]sf] < s] ug{ vf]h]sf] < ;sfsf] of]hgf s] 5 < s;sf]
;Nnfx lnOaS;G5 < d}n] s]xL a'e\mg ;s]sf] 5}g.
g]kfndf zflGtsf nflu 8f= b'dg d :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljleGg kIf;u
tyf dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL g]tf pgLx?sf ;Dks{;|f]t;u lgGt 5nkmn ulx]s}
lyof}. @)^@ j}zfvlt cfOk'Ubf xfdL b'O{ hgf s] lgisif{df k'Uof} eg] ;sfaf6

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

zflGtsf nflu t'Gt} s'g} k|of; gug]{ xf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df Nofpg kxn
gug]{ xf] eg] eftn] 5 dlxgfleq s'g} g s'g} sbd rfN5. Tof] fh;+:yfsf]
lxtdf sbflk x'b}g. clg xfdL b'j} ldn] fhfaf6 s]s:tf] sbd ckgfpg'k5{ egL
a'bfut k|ltj]bg tof kfof}. ;+of]ujz To;df klg !@ a'bf g} lyP. o;kl5
pkyL 6Lsf wdnfnfO{ d]f] 3df af]nfP 5nkmn uof}. pxfnfO{ d}n] b]zsf]
kll:ylt Hofb} uDeL r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5, ;sfdf rf8} hfx] ug'{xf];\ eg] xfdLn]
tof kf]sf] !@ a'b] k|ltj]bg lbP. cfjZos k5{ eg] xfdL b'j}nfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf
bz{ge]6 ldnfOlbg';\, xfdLnfO{ hfgsfL ePsf ;a} ljifo dxffhflwfhdf hfx]
u5f}{+ eg]. 6Lsf h;f{an] d}n] ;a} a'em], d ;sfdf hfx] u] bz{ge]6sf] ;do
ldnfp5' eGg'eof]. o;af] klg xfdLn] sf6{ ;]G6nfO{ va uof}. t w]}
lbg;Dd klg 6Lsf h;f{asf] hjfkm cfPg. o;}aLr dxffhflwfhsf] z'ehGdf]T;j
dgfpg] l;nl;nfdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] k"j{ ;}lgs ;lrjx? k"j{ zfxL
kfZj{jtL{x?sf nflu @)^@ c;f @@ ut] cfof]hgf u]sf] flqef]hsf] lgdGq0ff
dnfO{ klg k|fKt eof]. ;fy} 6Lsf h;f{an] kmf]g u] flqef]hdf tkfO{+nfO{ !%@)
ldg]6 bz{ge]6 aS;g] sfo{qmd 5, tof eP cfpg" eGg'eof]. ;f]xL cg';f d
uP. t Toxf pxfn] eg] h:tf] 5'} bz{ge]6 kfOg. xfdL nfOgdf x]sf] :yfgdf
;jfL x'bf ;sfaf6 dnfO{ xfp cf o' ljj]s < -ljj]s, ltdLnfO{ s:tf] 5 <_
x's'd eof]. d}n] Ps sbd cufl8 a9] ;sf, dnfO{ t 7Ls 5 t b]znfO{
7Ls 5}g, zflGtsf nflu k|of; ug{ Hofb} l9nf eO;Sof], olb t'Gt} k|of; gug]{
xf] eg] OlG8of ljn sdcfp6 ljy ;6]{g :6]K;, b\of6 Oh uf]O 6' aL 8]l6d]G6n
6' Kofn]; OG6]:6 -eftn] g]kfnsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lnP 5 dlxgfleq s'g} sbd rfNb}
5, Tof] bafsf nflu vtgfs x'g ;S5_ ;Dd af]Ng EofP. ;sf d}n] a'em]
x's'd eP cufl8 al9aS:of].
To; a]nf ;sfn] d]f s'f uDeLtfsf ;fy lnOaS;]g. jf:tjdf 8f= b'dg
dnfO{ eftn] 7Ls o:t} ub}{ 5 eGg] hfgsfL lyPg. t eftn] s]xL g s]xL
ub}{ 5 eGg] k"jf{ef; rflx cjZo lyof]. x'g klg d}n] ;sfnfO{ hfx] u]sf] kfr
dlxgfleq} @)^@ d\l; ^ ut] gof lbNnLdf eftsf] ;lqmotfdf cfGbf]ngt d'Vo
fhgLlts bnx? dfcf]jfbLaLr !@ a'b] ;xdlt eof]. d'Vo ?kdf of] ;xdlt
fh;+:yfsf lj4 ;+o'Qm ?kdf hgcfGbf]ngdf hfg] eGg] g} lyof]. To;kl5 s]s]
eof] eGg] ljifo ca Oltxf; eO;s]sf] 5.
df3 !( sf] fhfsf] sbdn] vf;} ;kmntf kfPg. hgtfn] ck]lIft fxt
kfpg ;s]gg\. ;sfaf6 clVtof b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;'b[9 uL
To;}af6 cfjZos sfd lng'kb{Yof]. t ;+ljwfg ljkLt zfxL cfof]u agfP
g]tfx?nfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{ t;f{pg] sfd eof]. ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] zfxL cfof]unfO{
c;+j}wflgs 7x u]kl5 fhfaf6 df3 !( sf] cf}lrToaf]] k'glj{rf ug'{kg]{ lyof].

543

544

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

t To;f] klg ulPg. o; cj:yfdf fhfsf] clk|msf e|d0f k|To'Tkfbs x'g k'Uof].
clk|msfaf6 kms]{kl5 kfi6dGqL kf08]n] lbPsf] g]kfnsf] kfi6 gLltdf gof
cfofd ;' eof] eGg] cleJolQm lgtfGt u}lhDd]jf lyof]. rLgsf fi6kltnfO{
e]6\g] ;Gbe{df pxfsf] !! lbgsf] a]Olha;fO klg pknlAwljxLg x\of]. b]zsf]
o:tf] hl6n kll:yltdf fhfn] hf]d;f]ddf snfsfx? af]nfP ;\uLtsf] dHhf
lng' plQs} c;fGble{s lyof]. a\unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf ;DkGg ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngdf
fhfn] rLgnfO{ ;fs{df ko{j]Ifs agfpg fv]sf] k|:tfj klg kof{Kt u[xsfo{lagf g}
cfPsf] a'lemG5. o;df k"0f{tM dGqL kf08]n] fhfnfO{ km;fPsf] b]lvG5. crfgs
cfPsf] of] k|:tfjsf sf0f eftn] fhfn] rLg sf8{ k|of]u ug{ nfu]sf] ;f]r]
fhfnfO{ 7Ls 7fpdf Nofpg lbNnLdf fhgLlts bn dfcf]jfbLaLr !@ a'b]
;xdlt ufPsf] lyof].
df3 !( sf] sbdkl5 fhfsf] s"6gLlts 0fgLlt klg c;kmn x'g k'Uof].
ldqfi6sf k|ltlglwd08n;u fhfn] s'f Ps k|sfn] ug]{ Jojxfdf cs}{ sfd
x'g] b]v] ljb]zLx? klg crDddf kb{y]. o;} qmddf a]nfotsf ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf
lgo'Qm ; h]k|mL h]D;nfO{ pk]Iff uL dxffhflwfhaf6 bz{ge]6 ;d]t aS;]g.
h]D;n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;d]t e]6\g gkfPkl5 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgj clwsf
dxfzfvfdf sfo{t dxf;]gfgL gL]Gb| cof{n;u u'gf;f] kf]Vg'eP5. pxfn] s];Dd
eGg'eP5 eg], cd]lsf eft g]kfndf fh;+:yf x]sf] b]Vg rfxb}gg\. t
a]nfot fh;+:yf ePsf] g]kfnsf] k'fgf] ldqfi6 xf]. To;}n] a]nfotnfO{ a]jf:tf
u] g]kfnn] s] kfp5 < o;af6 fhfnfO{ s] kmfObf k'U5 <
fhfn] df3 !( sf] sbd rfNg] cfef; kfPkl5 eftLo u'Ktr ;+:yf csf
k|d'v pkk|d'v sf7df8f} cfPsf lyP. pgLx?n] fhf 1fg]Gb|;u uf]Ko ?kdf
tfxfrnl:yt k|efszdz] hafsf] 3df Ps 306f 5nkmn u]sf lyP. df3 !(
sf] h:tf] sbd plrt x'b}g eGg] eftLo u'Ktr lgsfosf] ;'emfj lyof] eGg] klg
d}n] ;'g]sf] lyP. t :jb]zL tyf ljb]zLx?n] lbPsf] s'g} klg ;Nnfx ;'emfj
fhfnfO{ dfGo ePg. o;} qmddf lbNnLsf] !@ a'b] ;Demf}tf eof] cfGbf]ngn] ult
lnof]. cGTodf !( lbgsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng eof]. hgcfGbf]ngs} aLrdf
eft ;sfsf] ljz]if b"tsf ?kdf sf\u|]; -cfO{_ sf g]tf 8f= sg l;+x
ljb]z;lrj Zofdz0f sf7df8f} cfpg'eof]. pxfx?n] cfGbf]ngt ;a} kIf;u jftf{
ug'{eof]. Zofdz0fn] k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ e]6] cfGbf]ngsfLx?dfly
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;}lgs sfafxL eP eftnfO{ dfGo gx'g] r]tfjgL lbg'ePsf]
;d]t ;'lgg cfPsf] lyof]. o;} k|;\udf eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfn] k|wfg ;]gfklt
Kofh\u yfkfnfO{ kmf]g u] cfGbf]ngt bnx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ ;xof]u guL
bdg eP dfgj clwsf pNn\3gsf] cleof]udf cGtf{li6o cbfntdf pleg'kg]{
r]tfjgL lbg'eof] eGg] rrf{ ;d]t d}n] ;'g]sf] lyP. cfGbf]ng rs]{kl5 afWo eP

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

dxffhflwfhaf6 j}zfv * ut] klxnf] zfxL 3f]if0ff uL bnx?nfO{ ;sf agfpg

cfx\jfg ulaS:of]. t of] k|:tfj bnx?n] dfg]gg\. To;kl5 k'gM j}zfv !! ut]
csf]{ zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t dxffhflwfhaf6 k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ulaS:of].
k'gM:yflkt k|ltlglw;efn] dxffhflwfhnfO{ lgnDag uL ;+ljwfg;efsf] ofqf
;' uof]. a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 b]zdf cGtld ;+ljwfg hfL eO{ dfcf]jfbL
;sfdf ;fd]n eof]. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj @)^$ r}t @* ut] ;DkGg eof].
To;df s'g} klg fhgLlts bnn] :ki6 ax'dt Nofpg ;s]g. t dfcf]jfbL
;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf ?kdf :yflkt eof]. ;+ljwfg;efsf] cgk]lIft glthfn] b]zL
tyf ljb]zL zlQmx?sf] k"j{cfsngdf pynk'yn NofOlbof]. dfcf]jfbL 7"nf] bnsf
?kdf cfpg'nfO{ w]} zlQms]Gb|x?n] rfPsf lyPgg\. p;nfO{ ;Qf ;~rfng
ug{ glbg w]}ltaf6 s;t ePsf] lyof]. o;kl5 g} g]kfndf oyfl:yltjfbL
k|hftGqjfbL Pp6f v]dfdf, kljt{gsfL tyf ;j{;QfjfbL dfcf]jfbL csf]{ v]dfdf
:ki6 ?kdf ljeflht ePsf x'g\. d]f] ljrfdf hgcfsf\Iff kljt{g ;lxtsf]
k|hftflGqs wfdf :ki6 ?kn] plePsf] 5.
@)^% h]7 !% ut] dWoftdf a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] @$) jif{
k'fgf] fh;+:yf ;dfKt uL ;\3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf] 3f]if0ff uof]. dfcf]jfbLsf]
hgo'4, sf\u|]; ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] fi6klt aGg]
dxjfsf\Iff g]kfndf fhtGqnfO{ ;bfsf nflu lj:yflkt ug]{ eftsf] 0fgLltn]
ubf{ xtfxtf u0ftGq 3f]if0ff x'g k'Uof]. b]zsf] e"fhgLlts cj:yf, efiffut,
;fdl/s dxj hfltut tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ Wofg lbbf g]kfndf fh;+:yf
cfjZos lyof]. t ca of] ljifo Oltxf; eO;s]sf] 5. Oltxf; bf]xf]lG5
eg]em} @))& ;fn @)^@ ;fnsf] lbNnL ;Demf}tfdf w]} ljifo ;dfgfGt 5g\ eGg'
cTo'lQm gxf]nf. @))& ;fndf g]kfndf x]sf kDkfut zlQm fh;+:yf, ;Qf;Lg
f0ff zf;sx? qmflGtsfL k|hftflGqs zlQm g]kfnL sf\u|];aLr lbNnL ;Demf}tf
ePsf] lyof]. o; ;Demf}tfsf sf0f fhf g]kfnL sf\u|];sf] ;dLs0f aGg
uPkl5 f0ff zf;g PlSnP ;dfKt g} x'g k'Uof]. To:t} @)^@ ;fndf kDkfut
zlQm fh;+:yf, fhgLlts bnx?sf] k|hftflGqs zlQm dfcf]jfbLsf] cfd"n
kljt{gsfL ;j{;QfjfbL zlQmdWo] ;+of]ujz lbNnLdf g} k|hftflGqs fhgLlts
zlQm kljt{gsfL dfcf]jfbL zlQmsf aLr !@ a'b] ;Demf}tf x'g k'Uof]. o;af6
fh;+:yf PlSnP ;bfsf nflu ;dfKt eof], @))& ;fndf f0ff zf;g ;dfKt
eP h:t} uL. b'j} k6ssf] dWo:ystf{ eft g} xf]. ;fy} :jo+ fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
cb"bzL{ gLlt cx+kgfsf sf0f klg g]kfndf rf8} u0ftGq cfpg ;Dej eof].
oBlk fhf 1fg]Gb|n] s'g} klg ?kdf eft;u ;Demf}tf u]sf] eP ;fob fh;+:yf
olt rf8} hfb}gYof] ls < lsgeg] oxL a]nf eftn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfdf
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf c; kg]{ uL s}of} k|:tfj cl3 ;f]sf] lyof]. t lognfO{

545

546

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 :jLsf gu]sf] ;Gbe{ oxf la;{g ldNb}g. t, u0ftGq :yfkgf
ug{ cfd g]kfnLnfO{ hgdt ;\u|x jf cGo s'g} ljsNkaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf ;xefuL
ufOPsf] 5}g. hgtfnfO{ hgdt ;\u|xdf k|ToIf ;xefuL ufO{ u0ftGqaf] lg0f{o
ulPsf] eP To;n] Hofbf j}wflgstf kfpg] lyof]. o; ljifodf Oltxf;df slxNo}
k|Zg p7\g] s'g} ;DEffjgf xg] lyPg. lsgeg] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng fh;+:yf;us}
Pp6f ;Demf}tfdf cfP 6'\luPsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5, hgcfGbf]ng of hgo'4 sf]
andf dfq} g]kfndf fh;+:yf lj:yflkt ePsf] xf]Og.
u)ftGq g]kfn, b]zsf] cj:yf / g]kfnL ;]gf

;+of]ujz, u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ePs} lbg @)^% h]7 !% ut] d]f ;fyL ;xfos
yL bdggl;+x f0ffsf] c;fdlos lgwg eof]. d pxfnfO{ clGtd >4f~hln JoQm
ug{ kz'klt, cfo{3f6 k'u]sf] lyP. Toxf k|wfg ;]gfklt Sdf\ub s6jfn ;d]t
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. cfo{3f6df f0ffsf] bfx;+:sf x'b} lyof]. ptf jL]Gb| cGtf{li6o
;Dd]ng s]Gb|l:yt ;+ljwfg;efsf] xnn] @$) jif{sf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] fh;+:yf cGTo
ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ lyof]. ;xdf cg]s lsl;dsf xNnf rln g} x]sf lyP.
u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ubf{ ;]gfaf6 s'g} g s'g} k|ltlqmof cfpg] w]}sf] ck]Iff lyof]. a]aL
ls, ;]]df]lgon ls sf k|;\u klg gcfPsf xf]Ogg\. o;} ;Gbe{df k|wfg
;]gfklt s6jfn;u s'f x'bf g]kfndf fhtGq x6fP u0ftGq :yfkgf x'b} u]sf]
36gfnfO{ pxfn] ;fdfGo ?kdf lng'ePsf] k|ltlqmof kfOof]. cfo{3f6d} k"j{ yLx?
;bLkaxfb' zfx, afnfgGb zdf{, lrqaxfb' u' klg x'g'x'GYof]. s6jfn kms]{kl5
xfdLn] pxfsf] egfOk|lt cfZro{ JoQm uof}. g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;w} fhfsf] ;]gf eGg]
ulGYof]. To;df klg k|wfg ;]gfklt s6jfn fhbafn] cf]vn9'\ufaf6 NofP
kfngkf]if0f u] ;]gfsf] clws[t agfO{ kl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt ;d]t agfpg rfx]sf
JolQm x'g'x'GYof]. sd ;] sd pxfn] fh;+:yfaf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|ToIf hgdt ;\u|x
dfkm{t hgtfsf] dtaf6 ug'{k5{ eg] c8fg fVg ;Sg'x'GYof]. t k|wfg ;]gfklt
s6jfnsf] b"blz{tf sf sf0f To:tf] s'g} clk|o 36gf x'g kfPg.
;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ ;\3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf ?kdf
3f]if0ff t uof], t u0ftGq ;+:yfut ug{] sfd w]} g} afsL 5. u0ftGq g]kfnsf]
gof ;+ljwfg tof ug{ ag]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef tLg jif{ laTg nfUbf;Dd ;Qfsf] v]nd}
cndlnOx]sf] 5. ;+;b\jfbL fhgLlts bnx? ljb|f]xL g]skf dfcf]jfbLaLr
ePsf] ;xdlt cg'?k zflGt k|lqmof tfls{s lgisif{df k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g.
Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] ;d]t lhDd]jfL kfPsf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 k6sf}sf] lgjf{rgkl5
klg k|wfgdGqLsf] rog x'g ;s]g. Psflt fhgLlts bnx? ;Qf ;\3if{df
tNnLg x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt ljb]zL x:tIf]k pTsif{df k'u]sf] 5. kmn:j?k g]kfn

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

ljb]zL rnv]nsf] qmL8f:yn aGg k'u]sf] 5. b]zLljb]zL zlQms]Gb|x?sf] if8\oGqdf

km;] k|d'v fhgLlts bnx? JolQmut tyf kf6L{ut :jfy{eGbf dfly p7\g ;s]sf
5}gg\. fli6o :jfy{ gfd|L cf]em]ndf k]sf] 5. hftLotf If]qLotfsf pu|
gffn] b]z st} ljv08gsf] lbzflt pGd'v x'b} t 5}g eGg] cfz\sf x'g yfn]sf]
5. Ps dw]z Ps k|b]z sf] dfusf ;fy} dw]zL d'2fx?n] b]zdf 7"n} xnrn
NofOlbPsf 5g\. zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] cefj, cfly{s b'j:yf, e|i6frfsf] laulauL,
o'jfx?sf] ljb]z knfog cflbOToflb sf0fn] ubf{ b]z cK7ff] cj:yfdf k'uL
cl:y fhgLltdf yk hl6ntf l;h{gf ePsf] 5. o; klk|]Iodf ;ef;bx?nfO{
Pp6f nf]suLt ;'gfpg dg nfU5 M
slxn] xf]nf ltd|f] dg knfpg]
db}{g cf; 3af rnfpg]= =
g]kfnL ;]gf ;w} fhbafs} 5q5fof ;+IfsTjdf xb} cfof]. @)$^
;fnsf] fhgLlts kljt{gkl5 klg ;]gfnfO{ bnx?n] fhfs} lsQfdf 5f8].
;]gfdfly k|d'v fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] s'g} cf:yf ljZjf; lyPg. u0ftGq
:yfkgfkl5 eg] ;]gfk|lt kf6L{x?sf] wf0ff dfgl;stf k"} ablnPsf] b]lvG5.
;]gfsf] gfd ;d]t ;'Gg grfxg] fhgLlts g]tfx? ;]gfsf clws[tx?n] cfof]hgf
ug]{ s'g} klg kf6L{df afSn} pkl:yt x'g] u]sf 5g\. o;nfO{ ;sffTds kIf
dfGg'k5{. g]skf dfcf]jfbL;u cfk\mg} hg;]gf x]sf sf0f klg fli6o ;]gfnfO{
cfkm\gf] agfpg ;a} fhgLlts bnx?sf] k|of; x]sf] b]lvG5. o;} klj]zdf
dfcf]jfbLn] g]t[Tj u]sf] ;sfn] :jfefljs ?kd} ylkg'kg]{ cf7 hgf ;xfos
yLx?sf] kbfjlw yk]g. To;kl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt s6jfnnfO{ x6fpg] cf}lrToxLg
lg0f{o uof]. t, k"0f{ sfo{sfL clwsf ;lxtsf] ;sfn] u]sf] pQm lg0f{onfO{
To;} lbg flt !! ah] pN6fpb} fi6klt 8f= fdj0f ofbjn] k|wfg ;]gfklt
s6jfnnfO{ ;f]em} ydf}tLsf] kq k7fpg'eof]. o:tf] lsg eof] eGg]af] a'e\mg] ;a}nfO{
o; k|;\un] cToGt} uDeL agfpg ;S5. fi6kltsf] kqsf nflu s6jfnn] flt
!! ah];Dd s'g'{eof] To;kl5 s;sf] 8sf sf0f xf], pxf h\uL c8\8faf6
b'O{ lbg;Dd aflx st} lg:sg'ePg. ;fob g]kfnL ;]gfsf] @$) jif{sf] Oltxf;df
o; lsl;dsf] of] Ps dfq 36gf xf]. o; 36gfkl5 fhbafsf] ;+IfsTjljxLg
ag]sf] ;]gfdf cGo zlQmn] pQm :yfg lnPdf s] xf]nf eGg] 7"nf] k|Zglrx\g plAhg
k'u]sf] 5. ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ju{n] o;df ljz]if ljrf k'ofpg' a'l4dfgL x'g]5.
@)^# c;fsf] s'f xf]. s6jfn anflws[t yL x'g'x'GYof]. pkyL k|bLkk|tfk
ad dNnn] kbfjlw gylkPkl5 cjsfz kfpg'eof]. To;sf] k|ltjfb ub}{ pxf ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt hfg'x'g] eof]. To; a]nf s6jfnn] pxfsf] cg'f]wdf fhbafdf sfo{t
pkyL 6Lsf wdnfn] klg dnfO{ kmf]g u] k|bLk h;f{an] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l6
lbg pko'Qm x'b}g, tkfO{+n] ;DemfOlbg'kof] eGg'ePsf] lyof]. t k|bLk h;f{an]

547

548

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;jf]{Rrdf l6 xfNg'eof] lhTg' klg eof]. olt a]nf;Dddf s6jfn k|wfg ;]gfklt
eO;Sg'ePsf] lyof]. d'2f lht] klg k|bLk h;f{anfO{ s6jfnn] g axfnL ug'{eof],
g tna lbg'eof] g t k]G;g g}. t o:t} k|s[ltsf] cf7 hgf ;xfos yLx?sf]
d'2fdf ;jf]{Rrn] k"0f{ km};nf gub}{ cfGtls cfb]zs} edf s6jfnn] pxfx?nfO{
h\uL c8\8fdf xflh ufpg'eof]. of] sfo{ pxfn] cfk\mg} dfq a'l4ljj]sn] ug'{eof]
jf pxfsf k5fl8 7"n} zlQm nfu]sf] lyof] eGg]af] eljiodf phfu xf]nf, t o;af6
k|wfg ;]gfklt s6jfnsf] }w rlq pbf\uf] x'G5. To:t}, pxfn] ;]gfaf] hlt
cfhgLlts s'f ug'{eof], To;eGbf a9L lgtfGt JolQmut :jfy{ af]s] g]tfx?sf]
33 wfpg'eof]. cfk\mgf] ;lsPsf] kbfjlw yKg edUb' k|of; ug'{eof]. cfkm"n]
cjsfz kfpg'cl3 Psdlxg] labf a:g] cl3Nnf] lbg -@)^^ ;fpgdf_ fHosf] s'g}
dxjk"0f{ kbdf gx]sf g]kfnL sf\u|];sf ;efklt lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf] 3
dxffhuGhdf nu] pxfn] tTsfnLg anflws[t yL 5qdfgl;+x u'nfO{ efjL
k|wfg ;]gfklt eg] lrgfpg'eof]. of] cToGt} c:jfefljs ultljlw lyof]. eljiodf
;]gfdf fhgLtLs0f eof] eg] o;sf] b]g pxfnfO{ g} hfG5. Oltxf;b]lv g} b]zsf]
;fj{ef}d cv08tf cIf'00f fVg uxg lhDd]jfL af]Sb} cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gf o:tf
ljleGg lqmofsnfk cb[Zo rnv]nsf sf0f clxn] Ps lsl;dn] qm; f]8 df
cfOk'u]sf] 5.
cl:y fhgLlt ;\s6k"0f{ cfly{s cj:yfn] ubf{ g]kfndf ljb]zL rnv]n
x:tIf]kn] klg ljsfn ?k lnb} 5. b'lgofnfO{ yfxf ePs} s'f xf] dfcf]jfbLn]
;d]t :jLsf]sf] 5, g]kfndf hgo'4 nl8x]sf a]nf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?n] eftLo
e"ld ;xh ?kdf k|of]u u]sf lyP. gof lbNnLdf ePsf] !@ a'b] ;Demf}tfb]lv
;+;b\ ;sfdf dfcf]jfbLsf] k|j]z tyf fh;+:yfsf] cGTo x'bf;Dd dfcf]jfbL
eftaLr lgs6 Pj+ ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw lyof]. t dfcf]jfbL ;sfdf cfPkl5 p;sf]
j}ofn] x'g ;S5 of eftLo 0fgLltsf sf0f, kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP dfcf]jfbL
eftaLrsf] ;DaGw lalu|Psf] b]lvG5. ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjeGbf cufl8b]lv
g} dw]z d'2fn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ o;sf] em:sf lbPsf] efg x'G5. ;a} ;j]{If0f, uf]Ko
;"rgf tyf ;~rf hut\sf] ljZn]if0f ljkLt dfcf]jfbL ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf
7"nf] kf6L{sf ?kdf cfPkl5 hf]836fpsf] ;Dk"0f{ fhgLlt s"6gLlt klg c;xh
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] xf]. dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;sf u7gkl5sf 36gfqmdn] dfcf]jfbL
eftaLr x]sf] pkof]usf] s"6gLlt kbf{cufl8 k|s6 eof] Pscfk;sf] ;b\efj
kl5 ws]lnof]. o;} klk|]Iodf dfcf]jfbL rLgaLr ;Dks{ ljsl;t ePsf] 5.
dfcf]jfbL zflGt k|lqmofdf cfPkl5 5f]6f] cjlwd} rLg;u p;sf] ;fdLKo a9]sf]
b]lvG5. cfly{s tyf ;fdls ?kn] ljZjzlQm aGb} u]sf] rLg :jo+ klg g]kfnL
e"ldaf6 :jtGq ltAatsf] gfddf x'g] rLgljf]wL ultljlwnfO{ ;xg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
5. lrlgof sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf ljb]z ljefu k|d'vn] xfn} g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;df

/fhb/af/ %f]*]kl%sf kl/b[Zox

lbPsf] jQmJo rLg g]kfnsf] cfGtls dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ub}{g c?n] klg
gu?g\ eGg] rfxG5 af6 klg p;sf] gLlt k|:6 x'G5. g]kfnsf] eft;usf] !(
;o lsnf]ld6 v'nf l;dfgf o;af6 k]sf] k|efjaf] ;a} g]kfnL kllrt 5g\.
t rLg;u klg !$ ;o lsnf]ld6 l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 eGg] tYo o;af6 kg{
;Sg] k|efjtkm{ w]}n] sd Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5. Oltxf;sf kfgf kN6fpbf g]kfnL
;]gfn] la|l6; OlG8ofsf] ;]gf;u #) jif{ nfdf] o'4 n8]sf] 5. ltAatL ;]gfnfO{
kf:t u]sf] 5 ltAatL ;]gfsf] ;xof]udf cfPsf] lrlgof ;]gfnfO{ klg g'jfsf]6sf]
a]qfjtLdf f]s]sf] 5. o; k|sf e"fhgLlts b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fdls dxj ePsf]
b]zsf] ;]gfn] cfk\mgf] bfloTj ;kmntfsf ;fy lgjf{x ug'{kb{5. xfnsf] r'gf}tLk"0f{
kll:yltdf ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ju{n] JolQmut :jfy{eGbf dfly p7] b]zsf] lxtnfO{
Wofgdf fVb} kll:ylthGo ;d:of;u h'w] cfk\mgf] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj k"f ug{
kl5 kg'{ x'b}g. hgtfsf] rfxgf klg oxL xf]. cfd g]kfnLn] rfx]sf] u0ftGq
ljb]zL zlQmff lgolGqt u0ftGq xf] <

549

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

hLjgsf] sla #% jif{ rf dlxgf d}n] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf latfP. To;dWo]
sla ;f9] rf jif{ ljleGg tflndsf qmddf, tLg bzs fhbaf ;]jfdf afsL
;do ljleGg Aof]sdf laTof]. dxffhflwfhsf] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ;}lgs ;lrjsf]
lhDd]jfLdf xbf df};k' m;u} g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdf k'Ug] cj; ldn]sf] lyof] eg] To:t}
;+;fsf w]} b]z b]Vg] a'e\mg] df}sf ;d]t k|fKt u]sf] lyP. o; qmddf c;\Vo
tLtfdL7f, dfOnfgdfOnf, cfx\nfbs x[boljbfs 36gfx?af6 u'h|gk' of].
clxn] s]xL 36gf ;Dembf ;'vb cg'el" t x'G5 eg] s]xLaf6 cem};Dd dg em;\u
x'G5. tL ;a}sf] j0f{g ug]{ xf] eg] dfq} klg 7"n} lstfa aGg hfG5. oxf tLdWo]
s]xL clj:d0fLo k|;\u dfq 5f]6sLdf pNn]v ug]{ hdsf]{ u]sf] 5'.
xltof/ s"^gLlt

;+;fd} sRrf k]6f]lnod kbfy{ ko{6gkl5 xftxltofsf] Jofkf t];|f] 7"nf]

Jofkfls sff]afdf ulgG5. xltofsf] Jofkfdf sld;gsf] 7"nf] v]n, sfnf]ahfL,
t:sL cflbOToflb ;d]t x'g] u]sf] 5. xltof sff]af ug]{ dflkmofx?sf]
cGtf{li6o ;~hfn g} x]sf] klg atfOG5. ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf eftsf] af]kmf];{
sf08 hfkfgsf] ns lx8 sf08n] ljZjd} 7"nf] rrf{ kfPsf lyP. ;+;fsf ;a}
b]zn] cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf xftxltofn] cfk\mgf ;'Iff lgsfox?, ljz]if u] cfD8{
kmf];]{; nfO{ ;';lHht u]sf x'G5g\, ulxG5g\\. w]}h;f] b]zx?n] cfk\mgf] cfly{s
cj:yf sdhf] eP klg ;'Iffsf] cfjZostf uR5] cg';f xftxltof vlb
ulx]s} x'G5g\. o;af6 g]kfn klg cnu xg ;Sb}g.
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}lgs hjfgsf nflu @)@* ;fnb]lv P;Pncf -;]Nkm
nf]l8 ;]dL c6f]d]l6s fOkmn_ k|of]udf NofPsf] lyof]. o;cl3 ;]gfn] y|Lg6y|L
xltof k|of]u ub{Yof]. bf];|f] ljZjo'4df k|of]u ePsf] of] xltof eftaf6} NofOPsf]

552

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lyof]. ;]gfn] P;Pncf k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 y|Lg6y|L g]kfn k|xLnfO{ lbOof].
P;Pncf Hofb} k'fgf] ePsf], lgdf{tf sDkgLn] o;sf] pTkfbg ug{ 5f]l8;s]sf]
o;sf nflu cfjZos kf6{k'hf{ cGo h?L ;fdfg klg gkfOg] ePsfn] ;]gfsf
nflu gof xltof vlb ug{ s]xL jif{cufl8b]lv g} u[xsfo{ ePsf] lyof]. ;fy},
;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] cg'f]wdf zflGt;]gfdf k7fOg] hjfgsf nflu klg cfw'lgs
xltofsf] vfrf] klx]sf] lyof]. o;} ;Gbe{df @)%#%$ ;fndf ;]gfn] ljleGg
sDkgL;u xltof dufO{ kLIf0f ug]{ sfd ;d]t u]sf] lyof]. :jefjtM w]}
ljb]zL xltof lgdf{tf sDkgLx? cfk\mgf] xltof g]kfnnfO{ a]Rg k|of;t lyP.
h\uL c8\8fsf] l;r{ PG8 8]enkd]G6 -cfPG88L_ ljefusf] ;+of]hsTjdf o'4sfo{
dxfzfvf, ;DefyL ljefusf k|ltlglw ;]gfsf] ;DalGwt ljifosf k|fljlws ;b:o
x]sf] sfo{bn u7g uL ljleGg xltof kLIf0f ePsf] lyof]. sfo{bnn] kLIf0fsf
nflu k|fKt u]sf xltofdf cd]lsfsf] Pd!^ P6', Ohfonsf ulnn 6]ef],
hd{gLsf] Prs] hL#^, cl:6ofsf] :6fo, eftsf] OG;f; blIf0f sf]lofsf]
s]6' fOkmn lyP. x'g t ?;df ag]sf] Ps]$& klg Nofpg] ls eGg] ;d]t s'f
ePsf] lyof]. t Tof] w]} k'fgf] df]8n xf] y8{ h]g]];g sf] xltof xf]Og eGg]
ljz]if1x?sf] fo ePsfn] NofOPg. Ps]$& dfcf]jfbLn] klg ljleGg :yfgdf k|of]u
u]sf 5g\ eGg] lkf]6{ ;d]t cfPsf] lyof]. eftdf sfnf]ahfL x'g] ePsfn] ;fob
pgLx?n] ToxLaf6 of] xltof ;xh} g]kfn leofPsf x'g\.
kLIf0fsf qmddf sfo{bnn] pknAw xltofsf] k|efjsfltf cg';f cd]lsL,
hd{g, OhfonL, cl:6ofnL blIf0f sf]lofnL fOkmn pko'Qm ePsf] 7x u]sf]
lyof]. eftsf] OG;f; fOkmn k|fljlws sf0faf6 lgDg :tsf] x]sf] lkf]6{
lyof]. zflGt;]gfsf nflu @)%#%$ ;fnlt k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfsf]
sfo{sfndf s]xL cd]lsL fOkmn Pd!^ P@ vlb ul;lsPsf] lyof]. To;}n]
pQm fOkmn lnP klg pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfj ;d]t lyof]. Ohfonsf] ulnn fOkmn
w]} jif{b]lv e}jgfy u0f -Koff_ n] k|of]u ulx]sfn] of] klg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
7x lyof]. To:t}, blIf0f sf]lofsf] s]@ fOkmn cd]lsL xltof;u ldNbf]h'Nbf]
d"No klg lgs} ;:tf] ePsfn] of] ;d]t lng ;lsg] ;'emfj lyof]. cl:6ofsf]
:6fo fOkmn Ohfonsf] 6]ef] fOkmn a'n kk -Dofulhgsf] cufl8 l6u
uf8{_ k|0ffnLdf x]sf sf0f of] k|ljlwaf] ljrfljdz{ x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lyof]. oLdWo]
klg hd{gLsf] Prs] hL#^ fOkmn ;a}eGbf cfw'lgs y8{ h]g]];g k|ljlwsf]
lyof] kLIf0fdf ;d]t Hofb} fd|f] b]lvof]. cGo fOkmnsf] bfhf]df o;sf]
d"No s]xL a9L lyof]. t hd{g sDkgLn] kfr xhf yfg fOkmn sDkgLaf6
;f]em} lsGg] cGo fOkmn g]kfnd} P;]Dan ug]{ k|:tfj fv]sf] lyof]. o;af6
;'sf] d"No a9L eP klg g]kfndf P;]Dan u]kl5 cGo xltofsf] bfhf]df o;sf]
d"No sd x'g] lyof]. ;fy} pQm sDkgLn] g]kfndf xltof P;]Dan u] s]xL

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

Pl;ofnL d'n'snfO{ a]Rg] ;d]t ;f]r agfPsf] lyof]. o;L g]kfndf xltof P;]Dan
sfvfgf vf]lnPdf g]kfndf f]hufLsf] cj; a9\g] dfq geO{ xltofsf] cfw'lgs
k|ljlw ;d]t :jb]z leqg] l:ylt lyof]. o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t
dha't agfpg dbt k'Ug] lyof]. log} sf0fx?af6 jL]Gb| ;sf o; k|:tfjk|lt
;sffTds xf]OaS;GYof] eGg] d]f] ljZn]if0f 5. ;a} s'fx?df g]kfn cfTdlge{
x'g'k5{ eGg] wf0ff ;sfsf] lyof]. x]s jif{ b;}sf] cj;df dxffhflwfhaf6
xltof kmfol ug]{ fhbafsf] kDkf lyof]. Toxf sfo{t zfxL Ifs jflxgLn]
o;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpYof]. dxffhflwfhaf6 @)%& ;fnsf] a8fb;}sf cj;df
fhbafl:yt ;6{ ]Ghdf Prs] hL#^ fOkmnsf] kmfol kLIf0f ulaS;]sf]
lyof]. o;sf sf0f klg dxffhflwfhaf6 of] fOkmn rfOaS;]sf] lyof].
o;} qmddf tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|af6 ;]gfsf gusf]6 yfgsf]6l:yt
kmfol ]Ghdf xltofx?sf] kLIf0f kmfol ulaS;]sf] lyof]. To;kl5 df};'kmaf6
klg Prs] hL#^ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm xltof xf] eGg] 7x ulaS;]sf] lyof].
6]lssf nflu d':tf ;jfL x'bf o'jfhflwfhaf6 ;]gfsf] pRr lzv tflnd
s]Gb|, s};fdf ;d]t o;sf] k|of]u ulaS;]sf] lyof]. of] fOkmn clt hf8f] x'g]
:yfg s};f clt udL{ x'g] :yfg h\un o'4snf tflnd s]Gb|, cdn]vuGhdf
;d]t kLIf0f ulof]. o; qmddf k|fljlws k|efjsfltfsf lx;fan] oxL fOkmn
pRr :tsf] 7x eof]. g]kfnd} P;]Dan ug]{ of]hgfsf sf0f klg of] fOkmn g}
lng'kg]{ ;a}sf] lgisif{ lyof]. zflGt;]gfdf hfg] kmf}hn] cd]lsL Pd!^ P@ fOkmn
k|of]u ulx]sfn] ;]gfdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ of] xltof pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj
klg 5b} lyof].
o;}aLr eftn] cfk\mg} b]zdf lgld{t fOkmn OG;f; a]Rg Hofb} hf]8 ulx]sf]
lyof]. eftn] cGo b]zaf6 xltof glsg, a xfdL ;:tf]df lbG5f} eg] fhgLlts
tyf cGo dfWodaf6 bafj lbOx]sf] lyof]. eftLo k|:tfj :jo+ dxffhflwfh
;sf ;dIf klg ljleGg dfWodaf6 cfPsf] lyof]. To;sf nflu gof lbNnLl:yt
g]kfnsf fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkf dfq xf]Og, eftsf k"j{k|wfgdGqL OGb|s'df
u'hfnnfO{ ;d]t k|of]u ulof], h;n] g]kfn e|d0f u] dxffhflwfh k|wfgdGqL
b'j}nfO{ OG;f; fOkmn g} g]kfnsf nflu pko'Qm x'g] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] lyof].
pQm fOkmnsf] d"Nodf &) k|ltzt cg'bfg lbOg] #) k|ltzt dfq sd e'QmfgL
ug{'kg]{ eftLo k|:tfj lyof]. o;L pQm fOkmnsf] d"No Hofb} sd kg]{ lyof].
o;} qmddf eftn] sla !@ ;o fOkmn lgMz'Ns k7fof]. t xltof kLIf0f
sfo{6f]nLn] pQm fOkmn s'g} klg xfntdf glsGg ;'emfj lbof]. :jo+ eftLo
;]gfn] ;d]t pQm fOkmnk|lt k6Ss} lrQ ga'emfPsf] va eftLo ;~rf dfWoddf
a]nfa]nf k|sflzt x'g] u]sf] lyof].
;a} fOkmnsf] kLIf0f ljleGg kIfsf] kof{Kt ljZn]if0fkZrft\ bafn]

553

554

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

cGttM hd{g xltof lsGg zfxL h\uL c8\8fnfO{ :jLs[lt lbof]. Tolt a]nf d
;}lgs ;lrj lyP eg] k|wfg ;]gfklt x'g'x'GYof] k|HjNnzdz] haf. k|wfgdGqL
lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfn] ;d]t dlGqklifb\af6 hd{g xltof lsGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
ufpg'eof]. o; k|sf zfxL h\uL c8\8f hd{g lgdf{tf sDkgLaLr g]kfnn]
Prs] hL#^ fOkmn lsGg] ;Demf}tf eof].
;Demf}tfkZrft\ kfr xhf yfg hd{g fOkmnsf nflu k|tLtkq -Pn;L_ vf]Ng]
sfo{ eof]. xltof lgdf{tf sDkgL x]Sn PG8 sf]s hd{g sDkgL eP klg o;nfO{
la|l6; Pf]:k];n] klxn] g} vlb u]sf] lyof]. To;}n] xltof lgdf{tf sDkgLn]
g]kfnnfO{ xltof a]Rg hd{gL a]nfot b'j} b]zaf6 lgsf;L nfO;]G; lng'kg]{ s'f
cfof]. g]kfnn] Pn;L vf]ln;s]sf] cj:yfdf sDkgLn] xltof pknAw ufpg] ldlt
afDaf kljt{g ug{ YffNof]. olQs}df g]kfndf csNkgLo fhbaf xTofsf08
eof], h;df jL]Gb| ;sfsf] ;Dk"0f{ j+z gfz eof]. To;sf] b'O{ dlxgfkl5
g]kfnnfO{ xltof laqmL ug{ lgof{t nfO;]G; lng g;s]sf] eGb} sDkgLn] ;Demf}tf
2 u]sf] va h\uL c8\8fnfO{ k7fof]. ;fy} pQm xltof g]6f] ;b:o fi6afx]s
cGo b]znfO{ laqmL gug]{ eGg] ;j{yf ck|Toflzt, ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf ubf{;Dd
sDkgL :jo+n] klsNkgf gu]sf] gof axfgf ;d]t sDkgLn] cs:dft\ cufl8
t]:of{of]. of] fOkmn g]kfnnfO{ pknAw gufpg pQm sDkgLdfly 7"n} s"6gLlts
bafj k]sf] To;df eftn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf] a'lemg cfof]. vf;df, g]kfnn]
Prs] hL#^ xltof lsGg] To;df klg g]kfndf P;]Dan ug]{ s'fd} eftsf]
s8f cfklQ x]sf] bafn] hfgsfL kfOx]sf] lyof]. t];|f] d'n'saf6 xltof
lsGg nfu]sf] cem To:tf] xltof g]kfnd} tof ug{ nfu]sf] s'f c;fWo} 7"nf]
6fpsf]b'vfOsf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof], eftsf nflu.
o;L cg]s bafjsf sf0f g]kfndf hd{g fOkmn Prs] hL#^ cfpg
;s]g. s;}s;}n] of] xltof eftLo bafjs} dfq sf0fn] cfpg g;s]sf] xf] eg]
;d]t ;f]em} l6Kk0fL u5{g\. t sf0f Tolt ;n Tolt dfq xf] eGg] s'fdf d
clxn];Dd klg olsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. h] xf];\, o; cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;]gf
dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 klrfng eO;s]sf] lyof] p;nfO{ xltofsf] h?t klx]sf]
lyof]. To;}n] ;]gfn] cd]lsL ;sf;u cg'f]w u] s]xL cd]lsL Pd!^ P@
xltof lsGg] s]xL ;xof]udf lng] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof]. s]xL cd]lsL xltof
tTsfn} cfof] klg. cd]lsfn] klg g]kfnnfO{ ;}Go ;xfotf cGtu{t xltof lbg]
s'f eOx]sf] lyof]. cd]lsL ljb]zdGqL sf]lng kfj]n g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpbf ;d]t
of] ljifodf cToGt} dxjsf ;fy ;sffTds 5nkmn ePsf] lyof]. t of] ;xfotf
k|fKt ug{ klg cfzf cg'dfg ulP h:tf] ;lhnf] ePg. d}n] a'em] cg';f, efts}
s"6gLlts bafjn] o;df klg sfd u]sf] lyof]. o;aLr, eftn] OG;f; fOkmn
a]Rg] k|of; oyfjt\ fvL pQm xltof cGo nlhl:6S;;u hf]8] eP klg g]kfnnfO{

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

pknAw ufpb} uof]. o;L s'g} g s'g} ?kdf OG;f; g]kfnn] lsGg}kg]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf eof]. ;'df afWo eP kfr xhf yfg lsgf} g t eGg] lg0f{o eof]. t
Tof] xltof k|mG6df gfVg] Uoflhg kN6gnfO{ lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof], h'g s'f
eftnfO{ dg k]sf] lyPg. otf, dfcf]jfbLsf lj4sf] ck];g cl3 al9x]sf
sf0f xltofsf] dfu emg} a9]sf] lyof]. oxL a]nf anflws[t yL -kl5 k|wfg
;]gfklt_ Kofh\u yfkf eft e|d0fdf hfg'eof]. oxL e|d0fkl5 OG;f; xltof
g]kfn cfpg] ;xdlt eof].
g]kfndf xltof vlbsf] bf];|f] kIf klg dxjk"0f{ 5. ljZjdf hxfsxL
xltofsf] vlblaqmLdf 7"n} sdsf] rnv]n x'g] ub{5. g]kfnn] xltof vlb
ug]{ k|;\udf klg s'g} lsl;dsf] n]gb]g ePs} x'g ;S5. cyjf, eftsf] OG;f;
cd]lsL ;]gf;u vlb ug{ nfu]sf] fOkmndf rflx cfly{s rnv]nsf] l:ylt
lyPg ls < oxfg] @)%$ ;fndf zflGt;]gf hfg] kmf}hsf nflu ;]gfn] Pd!^ P@
vlb u]sf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f 36gf pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5. d zfxL kfZj{jtL{
ljefudf 8\o'6Ldf lyP. ;sfsf] sfof{no flt ca];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof].
flt sla ;f9] !) ah]lt k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL zfGts'df dNnn] dnfO{
kmf]g ug'{eof]. pxfn] eGg'eof], k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjfn] cfh dnfO{ l8gdf
af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof]. d sfof{noaf6 cln l9nf * ah]lt k|wfgdGqL lgjf;,
afn'jf6f k'u]sf] lyP. Toxf k|wfgdGqLsf cltlQm k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x
yfkf, d'Vo zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL tffaxfb' yfkf, cd]lsfsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL
fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb' yfkf, d]f alxgLHjfO ljgf]bzdz] haf -k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf
;;'f_ ljlkg sdf{rfo{ x'g'x'bf] x]5. hd36 b]v] dnfO{ crDd nfUof]. d
3 kms]{nuQ} kmf]g u]sf] xf]. t'Gt} of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] ullbg". d}n] klg
pxfsf s'f dxffhflwfhdf tTsfn} hfx] u]. t ;sfaf6 s]xL k|ltlqmof
hgfOaS;]g. clg dnfO{ s]xL lbgcufl8sf] csf]{ 36gf ;Demgf eof]. To;
lbg zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] sNof0fsfL sf]if lgb]{zgfnosf lgb]{zs ;xfos yL
ltnsaxfb' s'j;u d]f] e]6 ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] dnfO{ lxhf] flt ca];Dd
sfof{nodf a;] r]sdf x:tfIf ubf{ubf{ xft} b'v]sf] 5 eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{
lsg s]sf nflu < eg] lh1f;f fv]. pxfn] hjfkm lbg'eof], zflGt;]gfdf
hfg] kmf}hsf nflu cd]lsL Pd!^ P@ fOkmn vlbsf nflu t'Gt $@ sf]8
k}of pknAw ufpg k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cfb]z cfof]. To;sf nflu w]} a}\s
ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 sd lgsfNg w]} g} r]s agfpg'kof]. o;kl5 d}n] k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj zfGt h;f{an] k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf] lgjf;df flqef]hdf ;xefuL JolQmsf] gfd
;sfdf hfx] ug{ u]sf] cg'f]w ;xfos yL s'jn] eg]sf] k|;\u Pscfk;df
;DalGwt ePsf] cg'dfg u].
@)%% j}zfv ! ut] pkyLdf kbf]Gglt eP d}n] d'Vo zfxL kfZj{jtL{sf]

555

556

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lhDd]jfL ;Dxfn]sf] lyP. xltof vlbsf] k|;\u eg] w]} cufl8b]lv g} ;'
ePsf] lyof]. o;} qmddf clt ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;jfLsf nflu xjfO{hxfh cfjZos
x]sf] eGb} cfh]!)) hxfh vlb ug]{ rrf{ rlnx]sf] lyof]. pQm hxfh ;]gfsf]
sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6 vlb uL cfjZostf cg';f zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
eLeLcfO{kL k\mnfO6df k|of]u ug]{ cGo a]nf zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ ef8fdf
lbg] of]hgf lyof]. hd{g xltof Prs] hL#^ fOkmn cfh]!)) b'j} la|l6;
Pf]:k];n] g} g]kfnnfO{ laqmL ug{ rf;f] fv]sf] lyof]. tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt
wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf a]nfot e|d0fdf uPsf] ;dodf o;af] s'f ePsf] x]5. d}n]
o; ;DaGwdf ;s];Dd lj:t[t ?kdf a'em]. ;Defljt ;sfFTds gsffTds
kIfsf ;fy} hxfhsf] d"No cGo cfly{s tyf k|fljlws kIfx?af] ljrf ubf{
cfh]!)) ;j{yf cg'ko'Qm nfUof]. o;}aLr, k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnfsf]
dlGqklifb\n] cfh]!)) ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sdaf6 vlb ug]{ lg0f{o
u]sf] hfgsfL dnfO{ k|fKt eof]. ;f]xL lbg k'gM dlGqklifb\sf] csf]{ a}7s a;L
s]xL 306fcufl8sf] lg0f{o ;+zf]wg ub}{ ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sd cGo
ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f ;d]t lnO{ hxfh vlb ug]{ lg0f{o ulPsf] hfgsfL ;d]t
d}n] ToxL lbg kfP. o;L Pp6f xjfO{hxfh vlb ug]{ ;DaGwdf dlGqklifb\sf]
a}7s cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf h:tf] u] Ps lbgdf b'O{ rf]l6 a:g' cToGt} c:jfefljs
36gf lyof]. o;af] d}n] ;sfdf lgtfGt JolQmut lx;fan] hfx] u], eLeLcfO{kL
k\mnfO6sf nflu cfh]!)) hxfh vlb ug]{ rrf{ rn]sf] w]} cufl8b]lv xf]. xfn}
dlGqklifb\n] lg0f{o ;d]t u]sf] 5. >L % sf] ;sfn] of] xjfO{hxfh vlb
u5{ eg] To;df d]f] s'g} egfO 5}g. t ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifaf6 nufgL
ug]{ ;DaGwdf w]} ljrf x'g' h?L 5. d]f] hfgsfLdf cfP cg';f h'g d"Nodf
hxfh vlb x'g nfu]sf] 5 h;L cfly{sk|fljlws kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ulPsf]
5, To;n] ubf{ of] hxfhdf nufgL u]sf] sd p7fpg w]} ;d:of kg]{ b]Vb5'.
a|]s Oegdf Nofpg g} hxfhnfO{ k|To]s lbg cf7 306f p8fpg'kg]{ x'G5, h'g s'f
k|fljlws lx;fan] c;Dej 5. hxfh vlb ug]{ k|lqmofdf dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o lng]
JolQmx? k|wfgdGqL, IffdGqL, k|wfg ;]gfklt t s]xL jif{kl5 pQm kbdf gxg
;S5g\. l;kfxLn] ut kl;gf aufP hDdf ePsf] sd o:tf] k|of]hgdf vr{
uL tndfly eof] eg] ef]ln pgLx?nfO{ s;n] hjfkm lbg] < of] sf]ifsf] ;+Ifs
dxffhflwfh :jo+ xf]OaS;]sfn] To; cj:yfdf ckh; bafdf cfpg ;S5.
To;}n] of] lg0f{odf k'glj{rf x'g'kg]{ b]Vb5'.
d]f] ts{ ;'g]kl5 ;sf Ps l5g uDeL xf]OaS:of]. cGTodf ;sfaf6 s]
x's'd eof] eg], of] hxfh vlb ug{ ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] Ps k};f klg
vr{ ug{ x'b}g. olb >L % sf] ;sfn] cGo ;|f]taf6 lsG5 eg] o;df d]f] s'g}
cfklQ x'g]5}g.

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

s]xL ;dokl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfsf] kbfjlw ;lsof]. To;kl5

gof k|wfg ;]gfklt cfpg'eof] k|HjNnzdz] haf. pxfn] cfkm" k|wfg ;]gfklt
x'g'cufl8 hxfh vlb k|lqmofaf] gsffTds ;f]rfO fVg'ePsf] lyof]. t k|wfg
;]gfklt ePkl5 pxf klg of] hxfh vlb ug{ ;sffTds x'g yfNg'eof]. kGt'
;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifn] pQm hxfh vlbdf nufgL gug]{ ePkl5 of] k|;\u
;]nfP uof]. cfh]!)) hxfhdf ;]gfsf] sNof0fsfL sf]ifsf] sd b'kof]u x'g
kfPg. To;df cfk\mgf] klg s]xL b]g ePsfn] dnfO{ Hofb} ;Gt'li6 nfu]sf] 5.
;Gbe{ M ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli^o ;dGjo kl/ifb\

k~rfot sfnsf] pQf4{lt ;fdflhs ;]jf fli6o ;dGjo klifb\sf] :yfg

Hofb} dxjk"0f{ pRr eO;s]sf] lyof]. b]zsf] k|fylds :jf:Yo afnlzIff
sfo{qmddf ;d]t o;sf] e"ldsf k|efjsfL x'b} lyof]. klifb\ @)#^ ;fnb]lv @)$^
;fn;Dd Hofb} ;lqmo lyof]. cWoIfsf] x}l;otdf a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{n] ;fdflhs
;]jfsf] lj:tf ;dGjodf Hofb} cx+ ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ulaS;]sf] lyof].
;fdflhs ;]jfsf ljleGg cfofd If]qdf fhkljfsf ;b:ox?sf] ;lqmo tyf
dxjk"0f{ ;xeflutf lyof]. clwfHoesf cgluGtL u};sfL ;+:yf -PghLcf]_
ljb]zL nufgLsf cGtf{li6o u};sfL ;+:yf -cfO{PghLcf]_ x?nfO{ ;dGjo
ug'{ tyf cfly{s lx;fan] kfbzL{ agfO{ g]kfnsf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf of]hgfx?df
;xof]u ug'{ klifb\sf] p2]Zo lyof]. Ps} k|s[ltsf w]} ;+:yfx?n] sfd ubf{
cf]eNoflk gxf];\ eGg] gLlt lnOPsf] lyof]. klifb\sf] cfbz{ jf0fL cfTdf ;fIfL
fvL dg, jrg sd{n] ;]jf uf} eGg] lyof].
g]kfn ;+;fsf] Pp6} dfq lxGb" clwfHo ePsfn] o;sf] of] klxrfg hu]gf{
ug{' fh;+:yfsf] bL3{sfnLg lxtdf lyof]. ;fy} of] d'n's ;+;fdf :jtGq a]Un}
klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ;d]t xb} cfPsf] lyof]. o; qmddf ljleGg PghLcf]
cfO{PghLcf] dfkm{t 7"nf] wgflz k|jflxt uL g]kfnsf] df}lns ;+rgf cg]s lsl;dn]
vnaNofpg] sf]l;; x'b} cfPsf] lyof]. g]kfndf lqml:rog wd{ km}nfpg] ;+:yfx?sf]
nufgL ultljlw pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 eOx]sf] lyof]. g]kfnnfO{ wd{lgk]If
fi6 agfpg ljb]zL ;+:yfx?n] b[Zocb[Zo ;a} k|of; ulx]sf lyP. lxGb" bz{g
ljZjsf Hofb} k'fgf pTs[i6dWo] u0fgf x'G5. blIf0f Pl;of, ljz]if u] eftaf6
ljleGg ;dodf of]uL, :jfdL, afafx? o'f]k cd]lsf uP bz{g, of]u, k|fs[lts
pkrf OToflbsf] dfWodaf6 w]} 7fpdf 7"n7"nf cf>dx? lgdf{0f ug{ nfvf}sf]
;\Vofdf cg'ofoLx? agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\. pgLx?n] cfkm";u lnP hfg]
eg]sf] s]jn lxGb" ;+:sf, 1fg bz{g dfq xf]. t s'g} klg ljb]zLn] of] If]qdf
k|efj a9fpg] eg]sf] 7"nf] sdsf] dbtn] xf]. ulaL, clzIff cfly{s k5f}6]kgsf]

557

558

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

kmfObf p7fP wd{ kljt{g ufpg' ltgsf] d'Vo Wo]o x'G5. g]kfndf fh;+:yf
x];Dd wd{ kljt{g ug{ufpg sfg'gn] g} aGb]h u]sf] lyof]. o;} l;nl;nfdf
g]kfndf wd{ kljt{g ufpg] JolQmx? tTsfnLg sfg'g cg';f kqmfp ky]{.
pgLx?sf] lxfOsf nflu o'f]k cd]lsfsf ;f+;bx?n] ;f]em} dxffhflwfhnfO{
lr7L n]Vg];Ddsf] sfd ub{y]. t ltgsf] rfxgf k"f x'b}gYof]. otf, klifb\sf]
cb[Zo nIo p2]Zo klg ljb]zL k};fsf] b'ik|efjaf6 b]znfO{ arfpg' g]kfnsf]
wfld{s;f+:s[lts klxrfg ;'lIft fVg' g} lyof]. To;}n] y'k|} PghLcf], cfO{PghLcf]
ltgsf k[i7kf]ifs zlQmx?n] fh;+:yfnfO{ 7"nf] tuff]sf ?kdf lnPsf lyP.
qmdzM pgLx?n] lxGb" wd{ fh;+:yfsf lj4 k|ToIfck|ToIf ;~rfng x'g] ;a}
lqmofsnfkdf ;dy{g ;xof]u ug{ yfn]. To;sf lglDt hftLo ;fDk|bflos
efjgf pS;fpg] tyf kDkfut ;fdflhs ;+rgf ljz[\vlnt kfg]{ cleofgdf
;d]t pgLx? ;+nUg eP. cfk\mgf] fhgLlts :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu dfcf]jfbL ;d]t
oxL 0fgLlt lnP lx8]sf] lyof]. o; qmddf dfcf]jfbL lqml:rog wd{ ;DaGwL
;\3;+:yf tyf zlQmx?aLr c3f]lift u7aGwg tyf ;xsfo{ ePsf] s'fnfO{
gsfg{ ;lsg] s'g} cfwf 5}g. dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lqml:rog ;+:yfx?af6 k|ToIf ?kdf
cfly{s ;xof]u ePsf lkf]6{x? klg cfPs} x'g\. dfcf]jfbLn] hgo'4 sf] gfddf
g]kfnsf wfld{s d7dlGbx? eTsfP. ftfft g]kfndf wd{lgk]Iftf nflbof].
;Qfdf cfpgf;fy lxGb"x?sf cffWob]j kz'kltgfysf] dlGbdf rlncfPsf] kDkf
k'hfLx?sf lj4 pgLx?n] cToGt cfklQhgs x:tIf]k u]. o:tf y'k|}
36gfqmdn] ;d]t pgLx?aLrsf] u7aGwgtkm{ g} ;\s]t ub{5g\.
klifb\sf cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] a8fdxffgLaf6 ljleGg ;\3;+:yfdf dgf]gLt
ubf{ cfk\mgf cf;]kf;], gft]bfx? lgo'Qm eP eGg] u'gf;f] gcfPsf] xf]Og. To:tf
y'k|} JolQmn] klifb\nfO{ ;dfhdf cfk\mgf] k|efj b]vfpg] dfWodsf ?kdf k|of]u
gu]sf klg xf]Ogg\. sfd ub}{ hfbf klifb\df ljleGg ljs[lt klg :jfefljs ?kn]
k|j]z u]sf lyP. ;fy} klifb\ dfkm{t bafdf 7"n} sd hfg] u]sf] ;d]t cff]k
nfUg] ub{Yof]. t bafdf sfd u]sf] d]f] nfdf] cg'ej ljleGg If]qsf ;fdflhs
sfo{qmdaf] cfk\mgf] 8\o'6Lsf sf0f k|ToIf hfgsfL ePsfn] dnfO{ a8fdxffgLaf6
o;L Ps k}};f klg lnOaS:of] xf]nf eGg] nfUb}g. a df};'kmaf6 JolQmut ?kdf
ljleGg ;\3;+:yf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ w]} sd rGbf lbOaS;]sf] dnfO{ fd|f];u
hfgsfL 5. dnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd klifb\ :jtGq, kfbzL{ k|efjsfL ?kdf
cufl8 al9x]sf], ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] efj af]s]sf] ;+:yf lyof]. ;du|df sfo{
k|ultnfO{ cfwf agfP x]bf{ o;n] lgs} fd|f] sfd ulx]sf] lyof]. o;sf] k|efj
>L % sf] ;sfsf s]xL If]qdf ;d]t k]sf] lyof]. klifb\sf] k|efjsfltfs} sf0fn]
o;nfO{ ;sfleqsf] ;sf klg eGg yflnPsf] lyof].
klifb\af] rrf{ ubf{ dnfO{ Pp6f 36gf ;Demgf x'G5. @)$@$# ;fnlt

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

;fdflhs ;]jf lbj;sf] ;KtfxJofkL sfo{qmd dgfOb} lyof]. o; qmddf ;fdflhs

;]jfsf ljleGg kIfnfO{ lnP g]kfn fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;ef xndf b'O{ lbgsf]
sfo{zfnf uf]i7L cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof]. uf]i7Ldf a8fdxffgL ;sf ;ls
xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. d df};'kmsf] P8L;Lsf ?kdf sfo{qmddf lyP. klxnf] lbgsf]
sfo{qmddf sfo{kq k|:tf]tf s'df v8\uljqmd zfx k|f= u0f]zfh l;+x x'g'x'GYof].
sfo{kqdfly l6Kk0fL ug]{ x'g'x'GYof] k|f= cfzffd zfSo. l6Kk0fLsf] cGTodf
k|f= zfSon] xf;] g]kfndf ;dfh;]jf ubf{ klg dfg;Ddfg kfObf] x]5 eg] cfk"mn]
uf]vf blIf0fafx' tSdf kfPsf] k|;\u a8f] Jo\UofTds lsl;dn] pNn]v ug'{eof].
pxfn] eGg'eof], d}n] @))& ;fnb]lv ;dfh;]jL bofjLl;+x s+;fsfsf] k|]0ffaf6
;dfh;]jf ulx]sf] 5'. o; jif{ klifb\sf ;b:o;lrj rGb|jL u'sf] gh
k]sfn] tSdf kfP. t tSdf nufP sf]xL klg :ju{ t hfb}g lg pxfsf s'fn]
xndf 7"nf] xf;f] p7\g'sf ;fy} tfnL aHof]. t olQs}df a8fdxffgL h'?Ss
p7] aflx ;jfL eof]. ;sf Hofb} l;fOaS;]5. ;sfn] c? s]xL geg]
cfof]hsnfO{ ;dosf] klg Vofn ug'{kof] x's'd eof]. lsgeg], ! ah];Dd elgPsf]
sfo{qmdn] !M!% gfl3;s]sf] lyof]. a8fdxffgL l;fPsf] b]v] ;a} hgf 8n]
r'krfk eP. ef]ln kN6sf] sfo{qmddf ;dfkg dGtJo lbb} a8fdxffgLaf6 x's'd
eof], ;dfh;]jfdf sfd ug]{ ljleGg JolQmnfO{ dxffhflwfhsf] z'ehGdf]T;jdf
tSdf lbg] k|rng 5. dxffhflwfhaf6 ;Ddfg:j?k tSdf aS;g] xf]. rGb|jL
u'n] tSdf lbP s;}n] kfpb}g. a8fdxffgLaf6 o:tf] pb\uf JoQm x'bf
;xefuL bL3f{sf] cl3Nnf] k\lQmaf6 dfq} tfnL aHof].
ljljw #^gf

zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefusf] a'ema'emf/y

;fwf0ftof s'g} klg sfof{nodf cfk\mgf] lhDd]jfL x:tfGt0f -a'ema'emfy_
ubf{ lglZrt k|lqmof ckgfOPsf] x'G5. t fhbafsf s]xL sfof{nodf crDd
lsl;dn] a'ema'emfy x'g] u]sf] lyof]. @)%$ kmfu'g d;fGtsf] s'f xf]. d'Vo
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ tffaxfb' yfkfn] pkyLsf] kbfjlw ;dfKt eO{ cjsfz kfpg'x'g]
ePsf] lyof]. bafsf] kDkf cg';f r}t ! ut]b]lv Ps dlxgfsf] labf a;L
pxfn] r}t d;fGtdf cjsfz lng'x'g] lyof]. pxf lbp;f]sf] 8\o'6Ldf x'g'x'GYof].
d pxfnfO{ abnL ug{ a]n'sL & ah] dxffhflwfhsf] sfof{no ;~rfng ePsf]
:yfg d\un ;bg k'u]. d k'u]kl5 pxfn] leq ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 eOx]sf] 5,
d ef]lnb]lv sfof{no cfplbg, s]xL kof] eg] kmf]g ug"{, b\of6\; b j] O6 Oh
-hflu eg]s} o:t} xf]_ eg] d;u xft ldnfpg'eof] >L ;bg -P8L;L clkm;_ lt

559

560

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nfUg'eof]. sla cfwf 306fkl5 pxfn] >L ;bgaf6 kmf]g u] 6]andfly bfhsf]
;frf] sfo{qmdsf] kmfOn 5, c? ;a} s'f tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5b} 5, d 3lt
nfu] eg] kmf]g fVg'eof]. dxffhflwfhsf] ;'Iff tyf ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6
dxjk"0f{ tyf rf}aL;} 306f v'nf xg] zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefusf] a'ema'emfy o;
lsl;daf6 ePsf]df dnfO{ crDd nfUof]. To; a]nf d}n] ljrf u] o:tf]
lsl;dsf] a'ema'emfy k|lqmofnfO{ kljt{g ug'{k5{. ;f]xL cg'?k Toxfaf6 k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;jf x'bf d}n] lgod agfP ;a} s'fx?sf] ljj0f lnlvt
?kd} tof kfL b:tvt uL a'ema'emfy u].

zlz s;f{asf] x7ft\ cjsfz

@)$* kmfu'g ! ut] lbp;f]sf] 8\o6' Lsf nflu d !! ah] sfof{no k'us
] f] lyP.
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ dxf;]gfgL zlzk|tfk s];L 8\o6' L a'emfP 3 hfg] tvdf x'gx' G' Yof].
To;} a]nf ;xfos yL zfGts'df dNn klg 8\o6' Ldf cfpg'eof]. d}n] zlz s;f{anfO{
ca r}t ! ut] tkfO{s
+ f] k|df];g x'G5, To;sf nflu tofL ulxg'ePs} xf]nf, ef]hsf
nflu abn
] 7Ls kfg'x{ f];\ eg] . pxf klg 9'Ss xb' } Tof] t e}xfN5 lg eGb} xf;]
lg:sg'eof]. pxf uPsf] To:t} !% ldg]6 ePsf] lyof]. d zfGt h;f{a;u s'f ub}{
lyP. dxffhflwfhsf] kmf]g cfof]. zfGt h;f{asf] ;sf;u s] s'f eof], dnfO{
yfxf ePg. t kmf]gdf ;sf l;fOaS;]sf] h:tf] nfUof]. zfGt h;f{an] cln
c;lhnf] uL s'f ug'e{ of]. kmf]g fVg]lalQs} pxfn] t'Gt blIf0f9f]sfdf kmf]g u]
zlz s;f{a aflx lg:sg'eof] ls ePg, a'em\ g" eGg'eof]. d}n] tTsfn} kmf]g u] .
pxf lgl:s;Sg'eP5. To;kl5 zfGt h;f{an] zlz s;f{asf] 3df kmf]g u] 3
k'Ug]lalQs} bafdf kmf]g ug{ va 5f]8g\ " eg] dnfO{ cxfpg'eof]. To;} cg';f d}n]
kmf]g u] . sla cfwf 306fkl5 zlz s;f{asf] kmf]g cfof]. zfGt h;f{an] kmf]gd}
e]bl] v tkfO{+ 8\o6' L cfpg'kb}g{ , labf a:g" eGg'eof]. d lhNn k] . To;sf] s]xL
a]d} zlz s;f{an] csf]{ gDadf dnfO{ kmf]g ug'e{ of]. pxfn] ;f]Wg'eof], dnfO{ lsg
e]bl] v 8\o6' Ldf gcfpg" elgPsf] xf] < s] dnfO{ cjsfz lbg nfluPsf] xf] < s]xL
yfxf kfpg'ePsf] 5 ls < d}n] pxfnfO{ eg], dnfO{ t o;af] s]xL yfxf 5}g. s]xL
hfgsfL eof] eg] tkfO{n
+ fO{ va unf.
s]xL ;dokl5 a'e\mbf pxfnfO{ cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] x]5. bafsf]
kDkf cg';f pxfnfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] labfdf a:g elgPsf] x]5. pxfn] !*
jif{ ;sfsf] ;]jf ug'{ePsf] lyof]. kbf]Ggltsf] cfzfdf x'g'x'GYof] k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj eP fhb"t ;d]t x'g] rfxgf fVg'ePsf] lyof]. To:tf] JolQmn] o;L x7ft\
cjsfz kfpbf xfdLnfO{ t gdHhf nfUof] eg] pxfnfO{ s:tf] eof] xf]nf d}n]
o;af] zfGt h;f{a, tff h;f{a;u s'f u]. pxfx? s;}af6 lrQa'e\mbf] hjfkm
kfOg. tff h;f{anfO{ rflx o;af] klxn] g} s]xL yfxf lyof] ls h:tf] nfUof].

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

;+jfb ;lrj;u kmf]g ;+jfb

s'f @)###$ ;fnltsf] xf]. Ps zlgaf d zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf
8\o'6Ldf lyP. d]f xflsd tffaxfb' yfkf To; lbg labfdf x'g'x'GYof]. bafsf]
k|rng cg';f To;tfsf P8L;Lx?nfO{ dlxgfsf] b'O{ lbg dfq labf lbOGYof].
pQm labf klg ;fj{hlgs labfsf] lbg kf] dfq a:g] k|rng lyof]. To; lbg b'O{
ah]lt dxffhflwfhaf6 dnfO{ kmf]g ulaS;] lrg -;+jfb ;lrj lrgzdz]
yfkf_ nfO{ of] gDadf kmf]g ug{ nufpm x's'd eof].
d}n] tTsfn} pxfsf] 3df kmf]g u] . kmf]g p7fpg] JolQmn] sxfaf6 ug'e{ of] <
eg] ;f]Wof]. d}n] fhbaf P8L;L clkm;af6 eg] . p;n] klv{g;
' \ x} eGof]. km]l
t'Gt} sf] af]Ng'ePsf] < eg] ;f]Wof]. d}n] d SofK6]g ljj]s zfx eg] . Tof] JolQmn]
Ps l5g x}, d x]5{' eGof]. clg Ps l5gkl5 pxf aflx hfg'ePsf] x]5 eGof].
dnfO{ cfef; eO;s]sf] lyof] ls ;+jfb ;lrj yfkf 3d} x'gx' G' 5, t d;u s'f ug{
rfxg'xG' g. clg 6]lnkmf]g p7fpg] JolQmnfO{ l;fP km6fxf, em"6 s'f af]N5;\ < t]f]
afpnfO{ t'Gt 6]lnkmf]g b] eg] . Tof] JolQm 8fP af]nfpg uof]. To;kl5 t'Gt}
;+jfb ;lrj yfkfn] d;u s'f ug'e{ of]. d}n] gd| eP eg], ;, cfh zlgaf labfsf]
lbg eGg] s'f dnfO{ fd|f;
] u yfxf 5. d}n] tkfO{n
+ fO{ x nfu] kmf]g u]sf] xf]Og.
sfdn] g} u]sf] xf]. tkfO{n
+ ] o;L P8L;L clkm;af6 cfPsf] kmf]gnfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{ t
ePg lg pxfn] eGg'eof], ;L SofK6]g;fa, kmf]g p7fpg] dfG5]n] s'} ug{ hfg]g.
d}n] ;, To;f] eP hfGg] dfG5] kmf]g p7fpg fVg';,\ dxffhflwfhaf6 x'sd' ePsf]
5 of] gDadf t'Gt ;sfnfO{ kmf]g ug';
{ \ eg] kmf]g flvlbP. pxfn] sla @)
ldg]6kl5 dnfO{ kmf]g u] SofK6]g;fa, d]f] ;sf;u s'f eof], Yof\s o' e]L dr,
cl3sf] ;Gbe{df d k'gM Ifdf rfxG5' eGg'eof]. To;kl5 pxfn] s]xL dlxgf;Dd pQm
36gfaf] ;L eGb} cfpg'eof]. cfh;Dd klg pxfn] d;u af]Nbf clns ;ts{tf
ckgfPsf] h:tf] nfU5.

dtk]l6sf ;f6\g] of]hgf ljkmn

@)$# ;fndf sf7df8f} gu k~rfotsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof]. k|wfgk~rsf]
r'gfjdf pDd]bjfx? w]} eP klg d'Vo k|lt:kwf{ k~rfotsf ljr0f >]i7
hgkIfLo xlaf]n efO{aLr lyof]. >]i7 k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em ;ldltaf6
cg'df]lbt ;sfL pDd]bjf x'gx' G' Yof] eg] efO{ k|hftflGqs ljrfwffsf] :jtGq
pDd]bjf. r'gfj ePsf] ef]ln kN6}bl] v fli6o ;efu[xdf dtu0fgf ;' ePsf] lyof].
klxnf] lbgs} dtu0fgfdf efO{ cGo k|ltGLeGbf lgs} cufl8 x'gx' G' Yof]. of] qmd
ef]ln kN6;Dd hfL lyof]. o;}aLr ckfx\g $ ah]lt k|dv
' ;lrj ~hgfh
vgfnn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] eGg'eof], xfn;Ddsf] kl0ffd x]bf{ ljkIfL pDd]bjf efO{n]
;sfL pDd]bjfeGbf w]} g} cu|tf sfod u]sf] l:ylt 5. To;}n] cfh flt csf]{

561

562

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

pkfo ug]{ eg] k|wfgdGqL dLrdfgl;+x >]i7n] eGg'ePsf] 5. of] s'f ;sfdf
hfx] xf];\ . o;af] klxn] klg ;sfdf hfx] ePsf] 5.
To;kl5 d}n] eg], ;, olt dxjk"0f{ s'f x]5. d ;sf;u 6]lnkmf]g
ldnfp5'. cfkm} hfx] ug'{eP fd|f] x'G5. pxfn] kb}{gkb}{g, ;sfaf6 P8L;LnfO{
va ug"{ x's'd ePsf] 5 eg] 6]lnkmf]g 9\ofSs flvlbg'eof]. pxfsf s'fn] d
cndndf k]. o;af] dnfO{ s]xL hfgsfL lyPg. efO{nfO{ cg}lts tlsfn]
xfpg vf]h]sf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof]. ljrf u] of] ljifo kbf{kmf; eof] eg] t
>L % sf] ;sf dfq} xf]Og, fh;+:yfnfO{ ;d]t gfd|f] c; kg{ hfG5. To;}n]
k|d'v ;lrj vgfnn] dnfO{ hlt s'f eGg'ePsf] lyof], To;df cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf]
wf0ff;lxt ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sfaf6 s'g} k|ltlqmof aS;]g. n dfq x's'd
eof]. o; qmddf d}n] ;sfL pDd]bjf >]i7n] xfg]{ kSsf ePkl5 k|hftflGqs
v]dfsf efO{nfO{ xfpg k|wfgdGqL k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em ;ldltsf
kbflwsfLn] dtkqsf aS;f g} kljt{g ug{] of]hgf agfPsf] a'em]. :d0f xf];\,
k~rfotleq klg ljleGg u'6pku'6 x]sf x'gfn] s;nfO{ lhtfpg], s;nfO{ xfpg]
eGg] v]n if8\oGq k|z:t x'GYof]. o; kfln rflx efO{nfO{ xfpg] of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ePg. pxf cTolws dtn] sf7df8f} gu k~rfotsf] k|wfgk~rdf
ljhoL aGg'eof]. o;L Tof] a]nf jf:tljs hgdt ljkLt ug{ vf]lhPsf] if8\oGqsf
lj4 cfk\mgf] ;fgf] ;'emfjaf6 fh;+:yfnfO{ kg{ ;Sg] gsffTds c;af6 arfpg
;s]sf] ;Dembf v';L g} nfU5.

a8fdxffgL l;fPsf] If0f

eftsf] a]nf]df @)$# ;fndf ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ng lyof]. ;Dd]ngkl5
;sfx?af6 ltklt afnfhL -j]\s6]Zj_ bz{g ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof]. ;fs{ lzv
;Dd]ng ltklt ;jfLsf nflu ;d]t ;'Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg dnfO{ v6fOPsf]
lyof]. To; cg';f zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Pe|f] hxfh;lxt clu|d 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj
ub}{ b'O{ lbgcufl8 d a]nf] k'u]sf] lyP. Tof] a]nf ltkltdf 7"nf] ljdfg cjt0f
ug{ ;Sb}gYof]. cGo jfo';]jfx?sf] p8fg tflnsf ;d]t ldnfpg ;lsPg. To;}n]
oxLaf6 Pe|f] hxfh lnP hfg'k]sf] lyof]. ;fs{ lzv ;Dd]ngkl5 ;sfx?sf]
ltkltsf] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;'Iff l6d gof lbNnLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL fhb"tfjf;df
sfo{t k|yd ;lrj hgsaxfb' l;+x ;lxt d ;jfLsf] cl3Nnf] lbg df]6df
ltklt uP. a]nf]af6 Toxf k'Ug 5;ft 306f nfUof]. a]n'sf eO;s]sf] lyof].
To;eGbf sla !% lbgklxn] gof lbNnLaf6 zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t hubLzzdz]
hafn] cfkm} ltklt uP sfo{qmd to uL fhbafnfO{ hfgsfL ufpg'ePsf]
lyof]. Toxfsf] rng cg';f ltklt afnfhLdf eQmhgff k|ToIftM s'g} k"hfcfhf
gx'g], bz{g dfq x'g] x]5. k"hf ug{ rfxg]n] cs}{ :yfgdf x]sf] d08kdf ;Dk"0f{

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

k"hf ;fdu|L ;lxt k"hf ug'{kg]{ k|rng x]5. fhb"tff ;f]xL cg';f sfo{qmd
to u] sf7df8f}df hfx] ePsf] lyof]. xfdL Toxf k'u]kl5 pQm d08kdf k"hf
ug{ ;do nfUg] atfpb} Toxf dxffhflwfhn] ;d]t wf]tL nufP dfq k"hf ug'{kg]{
hfgsfL lbOof]. o:t} ;d:of klxn] s]nfl:yt u' jfo'j dlGbdf klg ePsf]
lyof]. wf]tL nufP dfq dlGbleq hfg ldNg] ePsf sf0f dxffhflwfhaf6
dlGbaflx}af6 bz{g ulaS;]sf] lyof]. ltkltdf klg ;sfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
:yfgdf, Tof] klg ljb]zL e"lddf k"hfsf nflu eg] wf]tL klxofpg] s'f x'b}gYof].
ltkltdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] fd|f] k|aGw gePsf sf0f o;af] ;sfx?df va uL
s] ug]{ eg] lgb]{zg lng ;Sg] cj:yf klg ePg. To;}n] ltkltsf k'hfLx?sf]
;Nnfx adf]lhd ;sfaf6 bz{g dfq ug]{ dlGbsf] 6:6sf kbflwsfLx?;u
5nkmn ug]{ sfo{qmd to eof]. ef]ln kN6 ;sfx?sf] ;jfL Pe|f] ljdfgaf6
ltklt ljdfg:yndf eof]. Toxf 6:6sf tkm{af6 ;sfx?sf] eJo :jfut eof].
dlGb kl;;Dd df]6df ;jfL rnfOof]. Toxf klg fd|f] :jfut;Tsf eof].
;sfx?nfO{ ltklt afnfhLsf] bz{g ufOof]. To;kl5 lj>fd tyf nGrsf
nflu :yfgLo xf]6ndf ;jfL rnfOof]. Pokf]6{d} d}n] sfo{qmdaf] ;fdfGo laGtL
r9fPsf] lyP.
;sfx? xf]6ndf ;jfL ePkl5 ;'df k|d'v lghL ;lrj gffo0fk|;fb
>]i7;u s'f ulaS:of]. Ps} l5gdf pxf ftf] d'v nufP aflx lg:sg'eof]
dnfO{ ;sfaf6 leq af]nfOaS;]sf] 5 eGg'eof]. d leq k'u]sf] dfq lyP,
a8fdxffgLaf6 d08kdf x'g] elgPsf] k"hf sxf x'G5 < eg] l;fPsf] :jdf
;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] ;sf, dxffhflwfh ;sfaf6 wf]tL klxlg'kg]{ ePsf sf0f
d08ksf] k"hf :yug ulof], oxfsf k'hfLn] klg bz{gsf] dfq sfo{qmd fVg ;'emfj
lbP, of] hfgsfL 6]lnkmf]g ;d:ofsf sf0f ;dodf hfx] ug{ ;lsPg egL laGtL
r9fP. To;kl5 a8fdxffgLaf6 wffk|jfx dnfO{ tyfgfd ufnL ulaS:of]. dnfO{
af]Ng] df}sf klg aS;]g. emG8} !% ldg]6hlt d}n] ufnL vfP. dxffhflwfhn]
Ps zAb klg af]lnaS;]g. d}n] af]Ng] df}sf kfpgf;fy ;sf, oxfsf] sfo{qmd
ldnfpg klxn] fhb"t cfpg'ePsf] lyof], pxfn] ;a} s'f hfgsfL ufpg'kYof]{
eGg;Dd EofP. To;kl5 csf]{ !) ldg]6 a8fdxffgL ;sfsf] ufnL vfP. df};'km
r'k nfu]sf] df}sf kfL d aflx lg:s]. To;kl5 fhb"t hubLzzdz]sf] leq
hfg] kfnf] cfof]. pxfn] klg csf]{ !) ldg]6 ufnL vfg'eP5. To;kl5 pxf klg
ftf] d'v nufP lg:sg'eof]. o;kl5 ;sfx?af6 nGr Ho'gf eof].
nGrkl5 ltklt afnfhLsf] 6:6 ;DaGwdf To;sf kbflwsfLx?af6
;sfx?df lj:t[t ?kdf hfx] eof]. To; a]nf pQm 6:6sf] %$ sf]8 eftLo
k}of a}\sdf art lyof]. 6:6af6 d]l8sn, OlGhlgol, s[lif sn]hx? ;d]t
rnfOPsf] hfgsfL kfOof]. To; a]nf ;DejtM cfh;Dd klg ltklt afnfhL

563

564

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

eftsf dlGbx?df ;a}eGbf wgL dflgG5. 5nkmnsf qmddf klg a8fdxffgLaf6

k"hfsf] k|;\u p7fOaS:of]. To; a]nf d"nk'hfLn] s] hjfkm lbg'eof] eg],
eujfg\sf] dlGbdf uP bz{g ug'{ eg]sf] lz em'sfP eujfg\k|lt ;dlk{t 5' eg]sf]
xf]. of] g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'f xf]. cGo k"hfcfhf, w"k, bLk, g}j]B eGg] s'fx?
tkl;nsf x'g\. oxf cfP blIf0ff r9fpg] xf] eg] w]} lsl;dsf of]hgfx? 5g\.
To; cg';f gub lhG;L r9fpg ;lsG5. To; a]nf ;sfx?af6 b'O{ j6f
c;kmL{ s]xL sd r9fpgnfO{ aS:of]. To;kl5 aNn a8fdxffgL ;sfsf] l;
zfGt ePsf] h:tf] nfUof].
ltkltdf ufnL vfPsf] lbg d olt c3fP ls a]n'sL a]nf] gk'u];Dd dnfO{
kfgL klg vfg dg nfu]g. ljb]zL e"lddf To; lsl;dsf] ufnL vfg'kbf{ :jfefljs
?kn] gdHhf x'g] g} eof]. h] xf];\, g]kfn kms]{kl5 dxffhflwfhaf6 kz'klt
ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf ulaS:of]. sf]ifsf] klxnf] cWoIf a8fdxffgL ;sf :jo+
xf]OaS:of]. of] eg] ltklt e|d0fsf] ;sffTds ;'vb kIf lyof]. b'ef{Uojz,
h:tf] klsNkgf u] kz'klt ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf ulPsf] xf], k~rfotsf] ;dflKtn]
Tof] ;fy{s x'g ;s]g. ax'bnLo k|hftGqkl5 t of] sf]if fhgLlts bnx?sf g]tf
tyf sfo{stf{sf] hflu vfg] ynf]df kl0ft ePsf] 5.

k|d'v lghL ;lrj;usf] 5nkmn

@)$^ ;fnsf] pQf4{lt k|ltalGwt fhgLlts bnx? ltgsf e|ft[
;\u7gn] ax'bnLo k|hftGq :yfkgfy{ cfGbf]ng ;' u]sf lyP. cfGbf]ngn] ult
lnb} lyof]. jli7b]lv slgi7;Ddsf k~rx?n] ;+;fe km}lnPsf] k|hftGqsf]
nxnfO{ a'e\mg ;s]sf lyPgg\. pgLx? hgtf k~rfotL Joj:yfs} kIfdf Ps
l9Ssf 5g\ eGg] e|ddf lyP. d'7Le JolQmx?n] ljb]zLsf] cf8df cfGbf]ng
;~rfng u]sf] eGg] cff]k nufOx]sf lyP. k|ltalGwt fhgLlts bnx?nfO{
cfli6o tj ljb]zLaf6 ;~rflnt e]8fsf] 5fnf cf]9]sf Ajf;f eGgdf g}
;do vr]{sf lyP. cfGbf]ng ;' x'g nfUbf df3 dlxgfdf d labf lnP a'afsf]
:jf:Yo pkrfsf nflu a}\ss uPsf] lyP. pxfsf] ck];g ePsf sf0f d
a}\ssdf sla rf xKtf a;]. g]kfnsf] cfGbf]ngaf] Toxf klg w]} ;dfrf
cfOx]sf lyP. a'afsf] pkrfkl5 d kmfu'g * ut] sf7df8f} kms]{+. d]f] labf
cem s]xL lbg afsL lyof]. t}klg d kmfu'g ( ut] fhbaf uP. To; a]nf
;sfsf] ;jfL klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf kf]vfdf
lyof]. ;jfL lkmtf{ x'g cem} Ps dlxgf afsL x]5. fhbaf ;lrjfnodf
;}lgs ;lrj zfGts'df dNn k|d'v ;+jfb ;lrj lrgzdz] yfkf;u d]f]
;fdfGo s'fsfgL eof]. pxfx? b'j}n] xfdLn] kf]vf k7fPsf ljZn]if0f
;'emfjx? dxffhflwfhdf s;L hfx] eOx]sf] 5 yfxf 5}g, cfGbf]ngk|lt

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

kf]vfaf6 ljrf k'ofPsf] h:tf] nfUb}g egL u'gf;f] ug'{eof]. kf]vf ;jfLdf
k|d'v ;lrj ]jtLd0f vgfn, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL Clifs'df kf08]
d'Vo P8L;L ;xfos yL tffaxfb' yfkfsf ;fy} k~rfot gLlt tyf hfra'em
;ldltsf kbflwsfLx? ;+nUg lyP.
To;kl5 d k|d'v lghL ;lrj gffo0fk|;fb >]i7sf] sfof{no uP. s'fsfgLsf]
k|;\udf d}n] eg], cfGbf]ngn] ult lnOx]sf] b]lvG5. cGtf{li6o dfxf]n klg
k|hftGqs} kIfdf 5. d lxhf] dfq a}\ssaf6 kms]{sf] x'. Toxfsf kqklqsfdf
;d]t g]kfnsf] cfGbf]ngaf] dxj lbP ;dfrf k|sflzt ePsf lyP. pxfn]
d]f] s'f ;'g] of] cfGbf]ngn] ult lng ;Sb}g, s]xL ;Lldt g]tfx?nfO{ ljb]zLn]
;3fOx]sf 5g\ eGg] l6Kk0fL ug'{eof]. ;fy} pxfn] k~rfot Joj:yf hgdt
;\u|xaf6 hgtfn] g} cg'df]bg u]sf] Joj:yf ePsfn] hgrfxgfsf lj4 hfg klg
ldNb}g eGg'eof]. of] s'f ;'g] d}n] pxfnfO{ k|:6;u eg], d]f] ljrfdf hgdt
;\u|xsf] h'g kl0ffd 5, %% k|ltzt $% k|ltzt, To;nfO{ x]bf{ Pp6f r'gfj
cjlw cyf{t\ kfr jif{sf nflu dfq hgtfn] k~rfotnfO{ cg'df]bg u]sf] h:tf]
5. olb k~rfotL Joj:yf hgtfsf nflu lglj{sNk xf] eg] hgtfsf] ;dy{g ()
k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g'kg]{ lyof]. To;}n] hgdt ;\u|x ePsf] !) jif{kl5 hgtfff
cg'df]lbt Joj:yf eg] 6fg ulxg ldNb}g ls < bafn] o;af] k'glj{rf
ug'{k5{. k~rfotsf] kIfdf x]sf] Tof] %% k|ltzt hgdt ;d]t k"f fHozlQm
nufP cfPsf] tYo t la;{g ldn]g lg d]f s'f ;'g] pxfn] uDeL x'b} eGg'eof],
efO, cfO{ OG6fonL{ Pu|L ljy o'. o' cf g6 kmf k|md bL 6|'y. xfdLn] ljZn]if0f
u] kf]vf k7fPs} 5f}. t ptfsf] wf0ff a]Un} b]lvG5. o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdL
s] ug{ ;S5f} <
dxffhflwfh klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] e|d0f ;s] r}t !! ut] sf7df8f}
;jfL eof]. To;sf] ef]ln kN6 dlg{ jfssf] ;dodf ;sfaf6 aflxsf]
kll:ylt s] 5, ljj]s < eg] ;f]lwaS:of]. d}n] laGtL r9fP, ;sf,
cfGbf]ngn] ult lnPsf] b]lvG5. cGtf{li6o kll:ylt klg To:t} 5. To;}n]
;sfaf6 uDeLtfk"j{s ljrf ulaS;g'k5{. t ;sfaf6 d'7Le JolQmx?n]
hgtfn] cg'df]bg u]sf] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lj4 ljb]zLsf] O;ffdf cfGbf]ng
ulx]sf 5g\ x's'd eof]. d}n] dgdg} ljrf u] s]xL JolQmx? ;sfnfO{
jf:tljstfeGbf 6f9f fVg ;kmn ePsf x]5g\, ;fob d]f] s'f ;sfnfO{
lrQ a'em]g.
d}n] ;sfdf pQm s'f hfx] u]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 g} cfGbf]ngn] pu| ?k
lnof]. r}t @$ ut] k|wfgdGqL dLrdfgl;+x >]i7nfO{ x6fOof] nf]s]Gb|axfb' rGb
k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'g'eof]. To;sf] b'O{ lbgkl5 r}t @^ ut] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
cGTo x'g k'Uof]. rGb k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] clGtd k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof].

565

566

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfdf b'O{ yL baGbL yk

@)%) r}t dlxgfsf] clGtd ;ftfsf] s'f xf]. ;f9] # ah]lt d ;sfsf]
;jfL sfof{notkm{ rnfpg tofL ub}{ lyP. >L ;bg kf]l6{sf] -;jfLsf nflu
df]6 fVg] :yfg, hxf zfxL gx? 8\o'6Ldf a:5g\_ af6 zfxL gn] cs:dft\
dnfO{ kmf]g u] ;sf aflx ;jfL xf]OaS;g nfu]sf] 5, t'Gt leq cfpg" eg].
d bf}8] leq uP. ;sf df]6df fh xf]OaS;]sf] x]5. d k'u]kl5 dnfO{ a;
x's'd eof]. d ;bfem} afof l;6df a;]. ;sfaf6 cfkm} df]6 rnfOaS:of]. clg
dnfO{ Pp6f vfd aS;] x] x's'd eof]. pQm vfd Ps 306fcufl8 k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfnon] cToGt h?L, uf]Ko eg] r9fPsf] dnfO{ hfgsfL lyof]. t To;df
s] lyof] eGg] dnfO{ yfxf lyPg. d}n] vfd vf]n]. vfdleq dlGqklifb\sf] lg0f{o
cg';f zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf b'O{ yLsf] baGbL yk ePsf] kq x]5.
;sfaf6 dnfO{ x's'd eof], ltdLnfO{ o;af] s] hfgsfL 5 < d}n] laGtL
r9fP, ;sf, of] pRr :tsf] lg0f{oaf] xfdLnfO{ hfgsfL x'b}g. ;sf Hofb}
l;fPsf] d'8df xf]OaS;GYof]. km]l x's'd eof], ltd|f] ljrfdf o;af] s;nfO{
yfxf x'g ;S5 < d}n] laGtL r9fP, ;sf, of] pRr :tsf] ljifo ePsfn] k|wfg
;]gfklt k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ hfgsfL x'g ;S5. ;sfaf6 k'gM x's'd
eof], x\jfO{ b] l88 g6 6]n dL < o;sf] d;u s'g} hjfkm lyPg. d r'krfk
a;]. dgdg} ;f]r] ;sf cfh Hofb} l;fOaS;]sf] x]5, 8\o'6L g;lsP;Dd d}n]
;sfsf] s:tf]s:tf] l; b]Vg'kg]{ xf]
o:t} cj:yfdf ;sf sfof{no k'luaS:of]. sfof{no k'Ugf;fy zfGts'df
-k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj_ nfO{ af]nfpm x's'd eof]. d}n] tTsfn} pxfnfO{ kmf]g u]
af]nfP. pxf ;sfsf] bz{gdf hfg'eof]. sla !% ldg]6kl5 ftf] d'v nufP
aflx lg:sg'eof] dnfO{ d k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ af]nfp5', u]6df va ullbg" eg]
cfk\mgf] sfof{notkm{ nfUg'eof].
To;kl5 ;sfaf6 dnfO{ leq af]nfOaS:of] k|d'v ;lrj ]jtLd0f
-vgfn_ nfO{ af]nfpm x's'd eof]. d}n] af]nfpgf;fy pxf t'Gt} cfpg'eof]. pxf
klg sla !% ldg]6hlt bz{ge]6kl5 aflx lg:sg'eof]. clg dnfO{ eGg'eof],
k|wfg ;]gfklt aflx lg:s]kl5 dnfO{ va ug'{xf]nf. d k|wfgdGqLnfO{ af]nfp5'.
u]6df klg va ullbg'xf]nf.
Ps} l5gkl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt u8'nzdz] haf cfOk'Ug'eof]. pxf k|d'v
;}lgs ;lrj zfGt h;f{a ;sfsf] hfx]Ldf hfg'eof]. Toxfaf6 sla @)
ldg]6kl5 aflx lg:sg'eof]. b'j} hgf dlng cg'xfdf, :tAwem} b]lvg'x'GYof].
pxfx? lg:s]kl5 d}n] k|d'v ;lrj vgfnnfO{ va u]. To;sf] !)
ldg]6d} k|wfgdGqL lulhfk|;fb sf]Ofnf cfOk'Ug'eof] bz{ge]6df k|j]z ug'{eof].
k|wfgdGqL klg sla !% ldg]6kl5 lg:sg'eof]. To;kl5 k|d'v ;lrj vgfn

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

hfx]Ldf k:g'eof]. olt a]nf;Dddf & alh;s]sf] lyof]. cfk\mgf] abnLsf] ;do
ePsfn] d P8L;L 6Lsf wdnfnfO{ 8\o'6L a'emfP aflx lgl:sP. dxffhflwfh
cfhhlt l;fPsf] d}n] slxNo} b]v]sf] lyOg. ;s'zn aflx lg:sg kfpbf 7"nf]
af]em la;fPsf] h:tf] nfUof].
bz{ge]6sf qmddf dxffhflwfhaf6 b'O{ yLsf] baGbL s;L l;h{gf eof]
eg] k|wfgdGqL sf]OfnfnfO{ ;f]lwaS;]sf] x]5. k|wfgdGqLn] a8f] ;6Ls pQ
lbb} eGg'eP5, ;sf, ;]gfsf] ljifo ;w} h:t} ;a} ;sfnfO{ hfx] eP cfPsf]
xf]nf eg] dlGqklifb\n] lg0f{o u]sf] xf]. ;sf;u o;sf] s'g} hjfkm lyPg,
l;jfo cfk\mg} k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj k|wfg ;]gfkltn] u'dfx agfPsf] eGg] afx]s.
of] k|;\udf k|wfgdGqL lgs} rft'o{sf ;fy a"9f] af3, tgf] :ofn pvfg rltfy{
kfg{ ;kmn x'g'eof]. dnfO{ kl5 hfgsfL x'g cfP cg';f, yL baGbL l;h{gf
ug{ lgs} rnv]n ePsf] x]5. o;df s;s;sf] s]s] :jfy{ lyof] eGg] dnfO{
yfxf ePg. h'g a]nf ;sf l;fOaS;]sf] lyof], To; a]nf d}n] s] ;f]r]sf] lyP
eg] ;sfaf6 k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ s'g} g s'g} sfafxL
ulaS;G5. t kl5 pxfx? b'j}nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sfafxL ePg.
o; 36gfsf] ef]ln kN6 zfxL h\uL c8\8fdf gj jif{ @)%! j}zfv ! ut]sf]
cj;df cfof]hgf ulg] sfo{qmdsf] u|fG8 lx;{n lyof]. ;f] cj;df Toxf
ePsf ;a}h;f] clws[tn] pkyL of]u]Gb|k|tfkh\u f0ffnfO{ awfO{ lbOx]sf lyP.
yL baGbL yk ePkl5 pxf yLdf a9'jf eO{ k|wfg ;]gfklt x'g] lglZrtk|foM
ePsf] ;a}n] c8sn u]sf lyP. t pxf axfnL eP;Dd yLsf] baGbLdf s;}sf]
kbf]Gglt ePg. pxfn] cjsfz kfPkl5 dfq yLsf] baGbLdf wd{kfnjl;+x yfkf
s[i0fgffo0f l;+x yfkfsf] kbf]Gglt eof]. @)%! ;fndf g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;sfsf]
kfnfdf pkyL of]u]Gb|k|tfkh\u f0ffnfO{ e|i6frfsf] cleof]udf sfafxL ;d]t
eof]. o;} k|;\udf k|wfg ;]gfklt u8'nzdz] hafn] cfk\mgf] kbfjlw afsL 5b}
fhLgfdf lbg afWo x'g'kof]. w]} kl5 d}n] o; ljifodf pxfnfO{ ;f]w]sf] lyP.
pxfn] o;af] cfkm"nfO{ s'g} hfgsfL gePsf] s'f ug'{eof].

h\uL c8\8fn] kmfn]sf bafn] lrg]sf

fhf jL]Gb|af6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfklt lgo'Qm ulaS;bf p;n]
sla Ps jif{;Dd cfk\mgf of]hgf sfo{qmdx? lgaf{w ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ kfcf];\
eGg] Vofn ulaS;GYof]. t Ps jif{kl5 p;sf] of]hgf, sfo{qmd sfd ug]{
tf}tlsfdf l;sfot jf cGo s'g} c;\ult b]lvP;'lgP bafaf6 k|Zg p7fpg],
sltko ljifodf ;'emfj lbg] s'g} s'fdf lgb]{zg lbg] ;d]t rng lyof].
o;} qmddf tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x yfkfn] ;xfos yL
leS6Lzdz] hafnfO{ pxfsf] klxnf] kbfjlw kfr jif{ ;lsPkl5 cjsfz lbg]

567

568

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

lg0f{o ug'{eof]. ;xfos yL f0ffnfO{ cjsfzsf] kq ;d]t lbOof]. To;kl5

pxfn] t'Gt} d;u ;Dks{ fv] dnfO{ cGofo eof] egL dxffhflwfhdf
laGtLkq r9fpg'eof]. fhf jL]Gb|af6 k|wfgdGqL, k|wfg ;]gfklt d;usf]
kfdz{kl5 pxfsf] kbfjlw c? tLg jif{ yk ulaS:of]. To;sf] nuQ} pxf
pkyLdf a9'jf x'g'eof].
To:t} tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz] hafn] ;xfos yL
Sdf\ub s6jfnnfO{ x'sd k|df\uLn] ;RofPsf] pd] dfGo gx'g] eGb} cjsfz
lbg nfUg'ePsf] lyof]. d d'dfsf] sfhlqmofsf nflu kz'kltdf a;]sf] lyP. pxfn]
cfP dnfO{ cGofo x'g nfu]sf] s'f atfpg'eof]. d}n] sfhlqmof ;Sgf;fy
bafdf uP k'fgf] x's'd k|df\uLsf] sfuh vf]h] dxffhflwfhdf hfx] u].
;sfaf6 x's'd k|df\uLsf] sfuhnfO{ cfwf dfg] cjsfz glbg" x's'd eof].
To; cg';f pxfsf] kbfjlw yk eof]. ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfklt hafn] ;xfos yL
afnfgGb zdf{nfO{ klg k|j]lzsf kLIff -P;Pn;L_ sf] k|df0fkq cg';f pd] a9L
ePsf] sf0f b]vfpb} cjsfz lbg vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof]. ;xfos yL zdf{n] kLIff
lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 cfk\mgf] pd] ;RofOPsf] k|df0fkq k]; ug'{eof]. o;} uL
k|wfg ;]gfklt hafn] dxf;]gfgL kjgh\u yfkfnfO{ kbf]Gglt glbg] lg0f{o ub}{
pxfeGbf slgi7nfO{ kbf]Ggltsf nflu l;kmfl; ug'{ePsf] lyof]. pQm l;kmfl;nfO{
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnon] 5 dlxgf f]Sof]. s]xL dlxgfkl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt hafsf]
cjsfzkl5 gof k|wfg ;]gfklt Kofh\u yfkfn] pQm lg0f{o ;Rofpg'eof]. o;L
dxf;]gfgL yfkfsf] kbf]Gglt eof].
sfnfGtdf ;xfos yL s6jfn dxfyL bhf{df kbf]Gglt eO{ k|wfg
;]gfklt ;d]t x'g ;kmn x'g'eof]. To:t} leS6Lzdz] haf, afnfgGb zdf{
kjgh\u yfkf yL bhf{;Dd a9'jf x'g'eof]. tLg} hgfn] qmdzM ;fOk|;, l;lof
;'8fgdf ;+o'Qm fi6;\3sf] kmf];{ sdfG8 h:tf] dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jfL ;kmntfk"j{s
;DxfNg'eof]. o:tf pbfx0f y'k|} 5g\. o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] bafsf] rfxgf
;]gfdf s;}nfO{ cGofo gxf];\, of]Uotf cg';f kbf]Gglt xf];\ ;]gfsf] ;\u7g
;'b[9 xf];\ eGg] g} lyof].

d}n] ;Demg] b'O{ JolQm

nfdf] ;do fhbafdf ;]jf ubf{ d}n] a8fsfhL dxfyL h:tf jli7b]lv
kfn], lkkf h:tf slgi7 sd{rfLx?;Fu;Dd lrghfg, 3'nldn tyf sfdsf
l;nl;nfdf w]} cGtlqmof ug]{ df}sf kfP. bafdf sfd u]sf sd{rfLx?dWo]
d}n] b'O{ hgfnfO{ x[bob]lv ;Ddfg ug]{ u]sf] 5'. Ps hgf x'g'x'G5 ;]gfsf x'2f
-xjNbf_ rGb|h\u zfx. pxf jL]Gb| ;sf o'jfhflwfh x'bf zfxL g
x'g'x'bf] x]5. pxfnfO{ d}n] slxNo} b]v]e]6]sf] 5}g. @)#! ;fndf d}n] fhk|f;fb

s]xL clj:d/)fLo k|;\ux

;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ pxfn] :j}lR5s cjsfz lnO;Sg'ePsf] lyof]. @)## ;fnlt
tTsfnLg d'Vo P8L;L k|d'v ;]gfgL zfGts'df dNnn] dnfO{ P8L;L sfof{no >L
;bgdf x]sf k'fgf kmfOnx? x]b}{ sfd nfUg] sfuhft fVg afsL w'nfO lbg
cxfpg'ePsf] lyof]. ljleGg sfuhftx? x]b}{ hfbf Ps lbg Pp6f fhLgfdf kq
km]nf kf]. Tof] fhLgfdf o'jfhflwfh ;sfnfO{ ;Daf]wg uL n]lvPsf] lyof].
hDdf Ps cg'R5]bsf] To; fhLgfdfsf] ;f lyof], ;sf, 3fo;L afWotfn]
fhLgfdf r9fPsf] 5'. ;]jf ug]{ cj; aS;]sf]df s[t1 5'. ;]jf ug]{ pd]
wf]sf] x'bfx'b} 5f8\g'kof], ;sf dfkm kfpm. ;]jssf] c? hfx]L s]xL 5}g.
d}n] P8L;L clkm;af6 tLg xhf k}of ;fk6L lnPsf] lyP. Tof] s]xL lbgkl5
;~rosf]if lems] lt5'{, Tolt ;do lgufx xf];\.
o; Aoxf]fsf] k'5fdf bflxg]lt n]lvPsf] lyof], r9fpg], ;sfsf] cgGo
eQm ;]js, rGb|h\u zfx.
To:t}, d]f] X[bodf x]sf bf];|f] JolQm x'g'x'G5 k|d'v ;]gfgL sf]dnaxfb'
lji6. pxf d'df a8fdxffgL Tgsf P8L;L x'g'x'GYof]. pxfn] pd]sf] xbsf
sf0f cjsfz kfpg'ePsf] lyof]. cjsfz lng] cflvL lbgsf] bz{ge]6df d'df
a8fdxffgLaf6 pxfnfO{ x's'd eP5, sf]dnaxfb', ltdLn] fd|f] sfd uof}.
ltdLnfO{ s]xL rflxG5 ls < d}n] s]xL ullbg'k5{ ls < k|To'Qdf sf]dnaxfb'n]
laGtL ug'{eP5, ;sf, d ef]lnb]lv 3 a:5'. s]xL lbgkl5 rfwfd hfb} 5'.
tLy{af6 kms]{kl5 k|;fb r9fpg kfpm. d]f] c? s'g} rfxgf 5}g. olt eg] pxf
labf x'g'eP5. ha d}n] of] s'f ;'g], o;n] dnfO{ a8f] k|efljt agfof].
bafdf sfd ug]{ h'g;'s} txsf k|foM sd{rfL cfk"mn] slxNo} Tof] 7fp
5f8\g gkf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\. pd]n] cjsfz kfpg] ;dodf klg sf ;]jfdf a:g
vf]H5g\. To:t}, cfk\mgf] cf]xbf x]] ;sfaf6 3hUuf, sf, gub OToflbsf] cfzf
fV5g\. t rGb|h\u zfx sf]dnaxfb' lji6n] s'g} nf]enfnr guL baf
5f]8\ge' Psf] x]5. To;}n] oL b'O{ JolQmTjk|lt d]f] cufw >4f xg] u]sf] 5.

569

cfk\mg} af/]df
?s'db]lv /fhb/af/;Dd

s'dsf] ;bd'sfd d';Lsf]6 ;fgf] e]Lsf] pQlt Pp6f ;'Gb kxf8L

ufp 5 afkmLsf]6. ufp k"} b'u{d xf]. ToxL kxf8df d]f] hGd ePsf] xf].
t k9\g] lx;fan] d ;fg}b]lv d';Lsf]6 a;]. Toxf d]f] dfdf3 5. d]f] k"}
afNofj:yf dfdf3df laTof]. To;df klg d dfdf3sL lhh'd'dfsf] ]vb]vdf
x'ls{P. d]f sfG5f dfdf Zofdk|sfz zfx deGbf b'O{ jif{ a9L pd]sf] x'g'x'GYof].
pxf;u v]n] d]f] clwsf+z afNosfn laTof]. cfk\mgf] 3 d slxn]sfxL labfdf
dfq hfg] ub{y].
d klxnf] k6s :s'n uPsf] klg ;DemG5'. Tof] lbg lyof], @)!@ ;fnsf]
j;Gt k~rdL. d To:t} ;ft jif{sf] lyP. d';Lsf]6df Pp6f efiff kf7zfnf v'n]sf]
lyof]. d laxfg} Toxf k'u]sf] lyP. Ps hgf u' x'g'x'GYof], s'dsf]6sf. pxfsf]
gfd lyof] gGbnfn pkfWofo. u'nfO{ Ps k}of bfd fv] v'fdf 9f]Ug" elgPsf]
lyof]. To;} cg';f u] d}n]. pxfn] a;, a; eg] dnfO{ c cf O O{, s v u
3 l;sfpg'eof]. o;L d]f] cf}krfls lzIffsf] z'efDe eof]. t d}n] sIff !
b]lv !) sIff;Dd To:t} & j6f sIffeGbf a9L kl9g. lsgeg] Tof] a]nf s'ddf
ljBfno v'n]sf lyPgg\ s]xL sIff 5'6]. clg d k9fOdf cu| k\lQmd} ePsfn]
klg s]xL sIff km8\lsP cWoog ug]{ cj; kfP. Tof] efiff kf7zfnf kl5 uP
:t j[l4 x'b} dfWolds :s'n ePsf] lyof].
d';Lsf]6df sIff * ;Dd dfq k9fO x'GYof]. To;kl5 k9\gsf nflu bf
emg'{kb{Yof]. sf]xLs;}sf] sf7df8f} of eftlt klg hfg] rng lyof]. d]f dfjnL
efO uf]kfnhLh\u zfx sIff * df x'g'x'GYof], d sIff & df. xfdL rf lbg
nufP bf emof}, yk cWoogsf nflu. sIff & dfq kf; u] klg Ps} k6s
sIff ( df k9\g ;S5' eGg] d]f] cfTdljZjf; lyof]. uf]kfnhLh\u ;f]em} sIff (

572

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

df egf{ x'g'eof]. d]f] rflx :s'nn] k|j]z kLIff lnof]. To;kl5 d klg sIff ( df
egf{ eP. 3f]fxLglhs} etk'l:yt Pp6f dfWolds ljBfnodf xfdLn] k9\g ;'
uof}. s]xL lbgkl5 :s'ndf c;fWo} x8tfn x'g yfNof]. bfsf] c:jff ufpdf
uf]kfnhLh\usL lbbLsf] ljjfx ePsf] lyof]. xfdL labfdf pxfsf] 3df hfg]
ub{Yof}. o;}aLr clns nfdf] ;do;Dd :s'n labf x'g] nIf0f b]lvof]. clg xfdL
;Nofg uof}. ;Nofg, vn\ufl:yt ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] ls eg] ;f]Rof}. Tof]
:s'ndf Tolt a]nf dLrdfgl;+x >]i7 k|wfgfWofks x'g'x'GYof]. -pxf kl5 k|wfgdGqL
x'g'eof]._ egf{ x'g'cl3 Ps k6s 3df t ;f]Wg'kof]. t ;f]Wgsf nflu cfkm} 3
hfg'sf] ljsNk lyPg. To;}n] xfdL Toxfaf6 d';Lsf]6 cfof}.
xfdL 3 kms]{kl5 d]f a'af w'|jljqmd zfx, uf]kfnhLh\usf sfG5f a'af
u]x]Gb|axfb' zfx cGo ufpn]x?n] ldn] d';Lsf]6d} xfO:s'n vf]Ng] s'f ug{
yfNg'eof]. otfptfaf6 lzIfs vf]h] :s'n rnfpg] lg0f{o eof]. c:yfoL xfO:s'n
:yfkgf eof]. :s'nsf] gfd flvof] lqe'jg hgtf dfWolds ljBfno. s'd
lhNnfs} Tof] klxnf] dfWolds ljBfno lyof]. uf]kfnhLh\u d sIff ( df
egf{ eof}. * sIff;Dd c? ljBfyL{ 5b} lyP, ( sIffdf xfdL b'O{ eof}. bfaf6
NofOPsf Ps hgf lzIfsnfO{ k|wfgfWofks agfOPsf] lyof]. pxfsf] gfd lyof]
jfdb]j uf}td. o;f]p;f] u] sIff ( klg kf; eOof]. sIff !) df P;Pn;L
lbg'kg]{. t :s'nn] :jLs[lt kfPsf] lyPg. c:yfoL :jLs[lt lng ljBfno
;~rfns ;ldltn] kxn ulx]sf] lyof]. P;Pn;L kLIff cfpg} nfUbf efUojz
:s'nn] c:yfoL :jLs[lt kfof]. t !) sIffsf] k9fO ;s] P;Pn;L kLIff lbg
eg] xfdL bf hfg'kg]{ eof]. P;Pn;L cfpg tLg dlxgf dfq afsL 5bf xfdL
bf emof}. Toxf tLg dlxgfdf k"} sf];{ ;s] kLIff lbof}. xfdL s'daf6 klxnf]
k6s P;Pn;L kLIff lbg] ljBfyL{sf] ;"rLdf kof}. dnfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] d
cjZo kf; x'G5', t y8{ l8lehgdf. lsgeg], lj1fg ljifosf] kLIff gfd|f] ePsf]
lyof]. s'ddf lj1fgsf lzIfs lyPgg\ bfdf klg fd|f lzIfs e]l6Pgg\.
P;Pn;Lkl5 d]f] cfO{P;;L k9\g] x lyof]. To;sf nflu P]lR5s ul0ft
lj1fg fd|L k9\g' cfjZos lyof]. t oL ljifo xfd|f] :s'ndf lyPgg\. P;Pn;L
kLIff lbPkl5 d}n] s] ;f]r] eg], d kf; t x'G5' t sf7df8f} uP P]lR5s ul0ft
lj1fg ljifo k9\5'. clg, P;Pn;L lbP 3 guO{ d ;f]em} bfaf6 sf7df8f}
cfP. d hxfh r9]sf] sf7df8f} cfPsf] klg klxnf] k6s ToxL lyof]. 8sf]6f
hxfh lyof]. uf]kfnhLh\u klg sf7df8f} cfpg'eof]. d sf7df8f} cfP 7d]ndf
a;]. ToxL a]nf h]kL xfO:s'nsf ul0ft ljifo k9fpg] s]zj >]i7 ;;u d]f] e]6
eof]. d}n] k"f tLg dlxgf ul0ftsf] 6\o';g k9]. dfG5]x? kLIff ;lsO;Sof],
lsg o;n] ul0ftsf] 6\o';g k9]sf] xf]nf eg] crDd klg dfGby]. t d}n] lhN6
lg:sg'cl3 ( !) sIffsf] k"} sf];{ ;s]. tLg dlxgfkl5 P;Pn;Lsf] lhN6

cfkm\g} af/]df

cfof]. d}n] ;'d} t];|f] >]0fLdf x]]. To;df b]lvPg. nf km]n eOP5 eGg]
nfUof]. d w]} cflQP. t}klg d'6' bf] kfb}{ bf];|f] >]0fLdf x]]. d bf];|f] >]0fLdf
kf; ePsf] x]5'. o;L s'd lhNnfaf6 P;Pn;L kf; ug]{ d g} klxnf] Tolt
a]nf Ps dfq JolQm x'g k'u]. of] 36gf d]f] hLjgsf] dfq geP s'd lhNnfs}
pNn]vgLo Oltxf; aGg k'Uof]. d]f ;xkf7L uf]kfnhLh\u eg] P;Pn;Ldf km]n
x'g'ePsf] lyof].
ca d cfO{P;;L k9\g kfpg] eP. c:sn SofDk;nfO{ klxn] klAns ;fOG;
sn]h elgGYof]. dnfO{ Toxf cfO{P;;L k9\g ldn]g. lqrGb| SofDk;df ldNof].
t d}n] c:sn xf]:6]nsf nflu sf]l;; ulx]sf] lyP. xf]:6]n aGb} lyof].
alg;s]kl5 d}n] c:snd} xf]:6]n kfP. o;L c:sn xf]:6]ndf a:g] klg d klxnf]
Aofr x'g k'u]. nug6f]ndf d]L 7"nL d'df ;fgL d'dfsf] 3 lyof]. slxn]sfxL
d oxf a:by]. 7d]ndf d]L sfOnL d'dfsf] 3 lyof]. sf7df8f} cfPsf] ;'sf
lbgdf oxLF a;]sf] lyP. o;} a]nf sn]hsf OR5's ljBfyL{nfO{ ;}lgs 1fg lbnfpg]
p2]Zon] fli6o ;]jf bn v8f ulPsf] lyof]. Tof] tflnd lng] klg d klxnf]
Aofr x'. cfO{P;;Ldf d Psbd} d]xgtsf ;fy cWoog ulx]sf] lyP. d ul0ft
ljifosf] 6\o';g O{Zjk|;fb pkfWofo ;;u k9\by]. pxf kl5 >L % sf] ;sfsf]
d'Vo ;lrj ;+;b\ ;lrjfnosf] dxf;lrj klg x'g'eof]. pxf;u clxn] klg
d]f] slxn]sfxL e]6 x'G5. To;cl3 6\o';g k9]sf h]kL xfO:s'nsf lzIfs s]zj
>]i7;u eg] clxn];Dd d]f] e]6 ePsf] 5}g.
d]f] cfO{P;;L klxnf] jif{sf] kLIff fd|f] ePg. bf];|f] jif{sf] kLIff fd|f] eP
klg cGttM bf];|f] >]0fLdf kf; eP. cfO{P;;Lsf] lhN6 cfzf u] cg';f lyPg.
To;n] ubf{ dnfO{ gdHhf nflux]sf] lyof]. lkmlhS;df PdP;;L ug]{ d]f] p2]Zo
lyof]. ToxL p2]Zosf ;fy aLP;;Ldf egf{ eP. klxnf] jif{sf] kLIff fd|;
} u lbP.
@)@$ ;fnsf] kmfu'gr}t dlxgfdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;]sG] 8 nK6gdf egf{ v'n5
] .
d;u cfO{P;;Ldf cWoog u]sf w]} ;fyL ;]gfdf etL{ x'g rflxx]sf lyP. d
eg] s'g} klg xfntdf ;]gfdf hfg rfxGgy]. d]f] 3kljfnfO{ ;d]t To;df lr
lyPg. k9fO ;s] hflu vfg] xf]Og, ufp kms]{ 5f]f] ;fdflhs sfddf nfuf];\
eGg] d]f a'afsf] rfxgf lyof]. s'daf6 klxnf] k6s P;Pn;L kf; u]sf] JolQm
ePsf] x'gfn] d]f a'af lhNnfsf] lzIff If]qsf w]s
} f] rfxgf klg ToxL g} lyof].
t d]f ;fyLx? lbnLk sfsL{, ;'hzdz] haf, s';' pSofj nufot w]n
} ] hf]8
u], dnfO{ ;]gfdf etL{ ufpg. d g];gn Sof8]6 sf];{ -Pg;L;L_ df h'lgo cG8
clkm; eO;s]sf] lyP. To;df fd|f] u]sfn] dnfO{ eft e|d0fdf ;d]t k7fOPsf]
lyof]. To:tf] fd|f] u]sf] dfG5] ;]gfdf lsg hfGgf} < eg] d]f ;fyLx?n] w]} hf]8
lbP. Pg;L;Ldf fd|f] u]sfn] ;]gfaf6 klg dnfO{ ;}lgs ;]jfdf cfpg elgof].
o:tf w]} s'fn] ubf{ lgj]bg t lbpnf, t kl5 ;]gfdf etL{ x'Gg eGb} OR5f

573

574

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

gnfuLgnfuL d}n] bvf:t xfn]. d Ps t ufpsf] dfG5], To;dfly d]f] kljfsf

sf]xL klg ;]gfdf lyPgg\. t klg ;fyLx?s} pS;fx6df nfu] ;a} kLIffdf ;fd]n
eP kf; x'b} cfP. lnlvt kLIffsf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;a} ;fyL Ps} :yfgdf hDdf
x'GYof} . d]f] k9fO fd|f] lyof]. To;}n] ef]ln kN6sf] hfrsf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ d}n]
ufO8 ug'k{ b{Yof]. ljz]if u] xfdL lbnLk sfsL{sf] k'tnL;8sl:yt 3df hDdf
x'GYof} . pxf kl5 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pkyL;Dd x'ge' of].
o;}aLr gusf]6df ;}lgs clws[t Sof8]6sf nflu zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] tflnd
lzIffno :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf algx]sf] x]5. o;cl3 ls a]nfot ls eftdf
;}lgs clws[tsf] tflnd x'bf] x]5. ;]gfsf] cfwfe"tb]lv lnlvt kLIff;Dddf
d kf; eO;s]sf] lyP. ca dnfO{ km;fb kof], cGtjf{tf{ lbg] ls glbg] eg].
ToltGh]n klg dnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ x'g k6Ss} lr lyPg. km]l klg ;fyLx?n] g}
cGtjf{tf{ lbg hfg'k5{ eg] pS;fOx]. cGttM d cGtjf{tf{ lbg klg uP. @)@%
c;f @) ut] lhN6 lgl:sof]. ;}lgs clws[tsf] rf}yf] Aofrsf nflu hDdf $$
hgf kf; ePsf]df d bf];|f] :yfgdf lyP. klxnf] rflx bdggl;+x f0ff. To;kl5
d clt g} bf]wfdf k]. 3kljf s;};u ;Nnfx u]sf] lyOg. a'afd'dfx?
;a} kxf8df. ufpdf tTsfn ;Dks{sf] s'g} pkfo lyPg. 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] lyPg.
vfln lr7L k7fpg] xf]. Tof] k'Uof] eg] va k'Uof], gq s]xL yfxf x'b}gYof]. To;}n]
cfk\mgf ;a} ;fyL sf7df8f}df ePsf gft]bf;u ;Nnfx u]. ;a}n] ;]gfsf]
tflnddf hfg ;Nnfx lbP. fli6o ;]jf bndf klg fd|f] u]sf] lyP. ;fob d]f]
efUo o;}df 5 ls eg] h:tf] klg nfUof]. clg d}n] tflnddf hfg] lgwf] u]. t}klg
tflnd rflx ub}{ hfG5', a 5f8\g'k] aLrdf 5f8'nf eGg] dgdf nflux]s} lyof].
d @)@% c;f @^ ut] ;}lgs clws[t tflndsf nflu 5fpgL uP.
xfdL;usf $$ hgf xfdLeGbf cl3 5gf]6 ePsf t tflnd ug{ gkfPsf tLg
hgf uL $& hgf ;}lgs lyof}. ToxL lbgb]lv d]f] ;}lgs ;]jf ;}lgs tflnd
klg ;' eof]. ebf}sf] cGTolt d}n] 3df a'afnfO{ lr7L k7fP, s'd hfg] dfG5]sf]
xftaf6. o;}aLr !$ ;ftfsf] klxnf] 6d{sf] tflnd ;lsof]. To;sf] lhN6df d
klxnf] eP. bdg bf];|f] x'g'eof]. $& hgfdWo] ;ft hgfnfO{ ;}lgs clws[tsf
nflu cof]Uo eGb} tflndaf6 x6fOof]. $) hgfsf] tflnd cl3 a9\of]. tflnds}
sf0f b;}df d 3 hfg kfOg. tflnd] ;a}nfO{ b;}kl5 gusf]6 nluof]. d
klxnf] ePkl5 ;fyLx?n] a]nfotsf] f]on ldln6L Ps]8]dL -cfPdP_, :ofG8x:6{
hfg kfpg] eO;\ eGg yfn]sf lyP. a]nfot hfg gkfP klg eftsf] b]xfb"gl:yt
eftLo ldln6L Ps]8]dL -cfO{PdP_ hfg] t kSsf lyof]. ToxL a]nf a'afsf] lr7L
cfof]. pxfn] n]Vg'ePsf] lyof], ;]gfsf] tflnd 5f]8] t'Gt 3 cfpg". a
clxn];Ddsf] k};f ltg'{k5{ eg] d k};f k7fOlbG5'. ;]gfdf xfd|f] sf]xL 5}g. s]xL
klxrfg 5}g. a'afsf] lr7Ln] d ge'Nndf k]. t To; a]nf dnfO{ olt b'Mv

cfkm\g} af/]df

klg ulxfn], tflnddf fd|f] klg eOx]sf] 5, lsg 5f]8\g' eGg] nfUof]. d}n] a'afnfO{
clxn];Ddsf] tflnddf d klxnf] eOx]sf] 5', ;fob d tflndsf nflu a]nfot
hfG5' xf]nf, a]nfot hfg kfOg eg] rflx d 5f8\5' eg] lr7L n]v].
gusf]6df bf];|f] r0fsf] tflnd ;' eof]. To:t} 5 ;ftfhlt lat]sf] lyof],
Ps lbg gusf]6df sdfG8]G6 dxf;]gfgL cflbTozdz] hafn] cfk\mgf] sfof{nodf
bdg, lht]Gb| lji6 dnfO{ af]nfpg'eof]. pxfn] :ofG8x:6{af6 xfn b'O{ l;6
cfPsf] 5, clxn] ljj]s lht]Gb| hfg", yk l;6 klg cfpb} 5, To;df bdg hfg]
eGg'eof]. t kl5 s] eof] s'lGg, Pp6f l;6 klxn] cfof] b'O{ l;6 kl5. To;n]
ubf{ bdg klxn] hfg'xg' ] eof]. d lht]Gb| kl5 hfg]df kof}. o; k|sf xfdL
@)@% ;fnsf] k';lt :ofG8x:6{sf nflu 5gf]6 eof}. To;kl5 zfxL h\uL c8\8f
cfof} ;a} sfuhkq ldnfof}. la|l6; fhb"tfjf;n] le;f l6s6 lbof]. klxn]
snsQfsf] Aof]sk'l:yt la|l6; ;]gfsf] 6flGh6 SofDk hfg'kb{Yof]. Toxf tLg
lbghlt a:of}. To;kl5 k\mnfO6 ;]8\on
' ldnfP l;\ufk' nluof]. l;\ufk'l:yt
la|l6; ;]gfsf] Aof]sdf xfdLn] a]nfot hfg emG8} b'O{ ;ftf s'gk{' of]. pN6f] 6
lyof]. pgLx?sf] f]on Pokmf];s
{ f] Kn]gsf] 6 g} To:tf] x]5.
snsQfl:yt la|l6; ;]gfsf] Aof]sdf la|l6; uf]vf{sf SofK6]g ;LaL fO{
e]l6g'ePsf] lyof]. pxf klg labfdf g]kfn cfP kms{g nfUg'ePsf] x]5. la|l6;
uf]vf{ ;}lgsaf6 :ofG8x:6{df tflnd lng] pxf klxnf] g]kfnL x'g'x'bf] x]5. lgs}
ldhfl;nf] x'g'x'GYof]. pxfaf6 :ofG8x:6{ sf];{af] w]} hfgsfL eof]. pxf;u;u}
l;\ufk' uPsf lyof}. pxfn] xfdLnfO{ snsQfdf h;L g} l;\ufk'df ;d]t
3'dfpg'eof]. l;\ufk'df xfdLnfO{ clws[t d];df flvPsf] lyof]. Toxfaf6 xfdL
f]on Pokmf];{sf] k\mnfO6af6 a]nfotsf nflu p8\of}. dfnlbE;glhs}sf] ufgdf
lk\mo'n ulPsf] lyof]. ufg Pp6f ;fgf] ;'Gb 6fk' xf], hxf a]nfotsf] f]on
Pokmf];{sf] a]; lyof]. Toxf la|l6; ;}lgssf nflu ljleGg ;'ljwf pknAw
x'GYof]. xfdL r9]sf] hxfhn] Toxfaf6 axfOgdf t]n eof]. axfOgaf6 p8]sf]
hxfh Psflaxfg} ;fpy ONofG8sf] a|fOh6g Pokmf];{sf] a];df cjt0f uof].
l8;]Da, !(^( df xfdL nG8g k'u]sf lyof}. Tof] lbg cfOtaf k]sf] lyof].
Toxf xfdLnfO{ 6]gsf] l6s6 lbOof], cN8;6 hfg. cN8;6df dG; clkm;;{
Sof8]6 :s'n x]5. :ofG8x:6{ hfg'cl3 k|L:ofG8x:6{sf ?kdf oxf 5 dlxgfsf]
tflnd ug'{kb{Yof].
a]nfotsf] cfw'lgs 6]g r9] d lht]Gb| cN8/;6 nfUof}. ljb]zL e"lddf
ofqf u]sf] hxfh r9]sf] klxnf] cg'ej. 6]g r9]sf] klg klxnf] cg'ej. 6]gdf
sf]xL s;};u af]Nb}gg\. sf]xL klqsf kl9x]sf x'g]. sf]xL cfk\mgf AjfOk|]mG8 of
un{k|m]G8;u dfOx]sf x'g]. s:tf] crDdsf] jftfj0f 6]gdf d}n] cg]s s'f
;Dem]. d s] x'g rfx]sf] dfG5], sxfaf6 sxf cfOk'u] :ofG8x:6{df 7"nfa8fsf

575

576

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

5f]f dfq 5flgG5g\ eGy]. 7"nfa8fsf 5f]f dfq :ofG8x:6{ cfpg] eP d]f] t
slxNo} kfnf] cfpg] lyPg. lsgeg] ;]gf, fhbaf of Tolt a]nfsf] >L % sf]
;sfdf d]f] sf]xL klg cfkmGt lyPg. ;fyL lht]Gb|sf a'af Tgaxfb' lji6 k|wfg
GofofwLz x'g'x'GYof]. t lht]Gb|nfO{ klg :ofG8x:6{ hfg] cj; cfk\mgf a'afsf
sf0f geP tflnddf fd|f] d]xgt u]sfn] g} ldn]sf] lyof] .
a]nfotdf cfOtaf labf x'bf] x]5. 6]g :6];gdf xfdLnfO{ lng dfG5]
cfpg'kg]{ xf], t sf]xL klg cfPg. ;fob labf ePsf sf0f. ca stf hfg]
xf]nf eg] xfdL cndlnof} klg. t Toxfaf6 6\ofS;L lnP ;Lw} dG; clkm;
Sof8]6 :s'n k'Uof}. cfOtafsf] Tof] ;fem dG; clkm; Sof8]6 :s'n k'Ubf Toxf
s'g} rxnkxn lyPg. 8\o'6L ;fh]{G6n] k]k x]] xfd|f] sf]7f b]vfOlbof]. xfdL
cfpg] kSsf ePsfn] sf]7f 5'6\ofOPsf] x]5. p;}n] vfgf vfg ;]e]g On]eg k;n
b]vfOlbof]. xfdLnfO{ Toxfsf] vfgfk|lt Tolt lr nfu]g. sf]7fleq t Gofgf] lyof],
t aflx c;fWo} lr;f]. cfk\mgf] b]z 5f8] csf{sf] b]zdf k'Ubf cS; ;a}nfO{
cK7\off] nfU5 g}. dnfO{ klg gdfOnf] nfu]sf] lyof]. a]nfotaf] xfd|f] h] ;f]rfO
lyof], To:tf] s]xL cfZro{ nfu]g. ;fdfGo g} nfUof]. 6]gsf] ofqf klg dHhf
nfu]g. ;do klg gldNg]. k[YjLsf] k"jL{ lbzfaf6 cfPsf]. g]kfndf pHofnf] x'g
nfUbf oxf xfdL ev{ ;'Tg] tv ub}{ lyof}. nfdf] k\mnfO6af6 cfPsfn] yflsPsf]
lyof]. Tof] ;fem xfdL ;a]} ;'Tof}.
ef]ln kN6 laxfg} xfdLn] sfof{nosf] ;a} sfd uof}. OlSjkd]G6 lng],
tflndsf nflu n'uf lng] sfd klg ;Sof}. dG;df xfd|f] tflnd ;' eof]. t];|f]
lbg ToxL ;}lgs SofDkdf eujfgl;+x yfkf;u e]6eof]. pxf la|l6; uf]vf{af6
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. xfdL tLg hgf eof}, Toxf g]kfnL af]Ng]. tflndsf nflu c?
b]zaf6 klg w]} cfPsf lyP. xfd|f] ;d"xdf ## hgf ;xkf7L lyP. Toxf la|l6;
;]gfsf h'lgo bhf{sf klg tflnddf cfpbf x]5g\. dG;sf] tflnd Psbd} ufxf],
s8f cg'zf;g. 5f]6f] cjlwdf w]} sfd ug'{kg]{. zfLls lx;fan] ;d]t w]}
sl7g. hfr klg eOxGYof]. ;dodf sfd k"f gu] ;hfo kfOxflng]. lht]Gb|sf]
sfddf lgs} 7Ug] :jefj lyof]. pxfnfO{ tflnddf lgs} sl7g k]sf] lyof]. pxfn]
tflndsf qmddf lgs} ;hfo kfpg'ePsf] d clxn] klg ;DemG5'. h] xf];\, dG;df
tflnd ;lsof]. t lht]Gb|sf] ;hfo ;lsPg. ;hfo s:tf] x'g] eg], 5'Lsf]
lbg klg sfd ug'{kg]{. d}n] rflx Hofb} sd dfq ;hfo kfPsf] lyP. ;a} ljifo
kf; u]. Pp6f ljifo klg km]n gug]{ ljb]zLdf ;fob d dfq lyP. cS; ;a}
ljb]zLsf] s'g} g s'g} ljifo sdhf]. b'Mv Psbd} x'g] ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ Hofb}
d'l:sn kg]{ x]5. Toxf Ps OG:6S6 lyP la|l6; ;]gfsf. tflnd ;lsPkl5
pgn] dnfO{ eg]sf lyP, ljj]s, ltdLn] tflnddf zfLls k|fl1s Ifdtf ;d]t
s'zntfk"j{s k|bz{g uof}. tflnddf ltdLnfO{ s'g} ;d:of ePg. :ofG8x:6{

cfkm\g} af/]df

tflnd ltd|f nflu lgs} ;n x'g]5. To;}n] ;]gfdf ltd|f] eljio pHHjn 5.
a]nfotdf afDaf lxp kb{Yof]. dG;df xfdLnfO{ ;'df k]8 u|fpG8df k]sf]
lxp kmfNg ;d]t nufOPsf] lyof]. dG; clkm;;{ Sof8]6 ;lsPkl5 sf]xL cfk\mgf]
3lt nfu], sf]xL stf nfu]. la|l6; ;}lgsx? rflx cfk\mgf] Aof]slt nfu].
:ofG8x:6{ ;' x'g'cl3sf] labfdf d, lht]Gb| eujfgl;+x yfkf nG8g 3'Dg uof}.
xfdL;u k};f sd lyof]. xfdLnfO{ :ofG8x:6{df vr{ ug{ lbOPsf] sd w]} kfpG8
arfpg ;lsPsf] lyPg. a]nfotdf xfdLnfO{ lbgsf] () k]G;hlt dfq lbOGYof].
labfsf] lbg rflx b'O{ kfpG8 lbg] ulPsf] lyof]. c? cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t s]xL
lyPg. vr{ s6fP d'l:snn] hDdf u]sf] k};fn] xfdL nG8g 3'Dof}. To; qmddf
dG;sf] 5 dlxgfsf] k};f, labfsf] k};f :ofG8x:6{sf] Ps jif{sf] k};f ToxL 3'dfOdf
;lsof]. jf:tjdf xfdLnfO{ Tolt a]nf w]} ufxf] lyof], cfly{s lx;fan]. Psbd}
b'Mv lyof] xfdLnfO{. lht]Gb|sf] xfnt t d]f] eGbf klg sdhf] aGof]. lsgeg]
pxfsf] w]} vr{ ug]{ afgL lyof].
dG;sf] tflnd ;lsPsf] Ps dlxgfkl5 :ofG8x:6{df xfd|f] tflnd ;' eof].
nG8gaf6 kms{gf;fy xfdL tflnddf k|j]z uof}. :ofG8x:6{df tLg j6f sn]h
lyP jN8{, Go' leS6L. d Go' sn]hdf k] eg] lht]Gb| leS6Ldf. la|l6; uf]vf{
;]gfaf6 :ofG8x:6{ cfPsf eujfgl;+x yfkf klg Go' sn]hdf kg'{eP5. dnfO{
Psbd} ;lhnf] eof] pxf klg v';L x'g'eof]. Toxf x]s k|lzIffyL{nfO{ ysf]
klxnf] c\u|]hL cIfaf6 af]nfOGYof]. To; cg';f dnfO{ P; eujfgnfO{ 6L
elgGYof]. xfdL b'j}nfO{ af]nfpbf P;6L eGg yflnof]. xfd|f] ;+o'Qm gfd Toxf
lgs} nf]slk|o eof]. b'j} cIf ;u;u} cfpg] ePsfn] xfd|f] sf]7f klg Psbd}
glhs lyof]. :ofG8x:6{sf] labfdf d slxn]sfxL la|l6; ;fyLx?sf] 3 hfGy].
udL{sf] 5'Ldf tLdWo] s]xLsf] :s6NofG8 3'Dg] of]hgf x]5. :s'n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{
a]nfotsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qdf dfOnf]sf nflu n}hfg] sfo{qmd ;d]t lyof]. d
klg pgLx?;u} uP. ToxL a]nf :s6NofG8sf Ogeg];, nsg]; tfn h:tf s]xL
7fp 3'd]. xfdL aRrfx?nfO{ lnP a]nfotsf] pRr lxdfn j]g g]le; r9\of}.
Psbd} cK7\off] af6f]af6 uPsf lyof}. v'a dfOnf] eof]. klxnf] udL{ labfdf d
cfon]ckm j]6 uPsf] lyP. To; a]nf d}n] a]nfotsf] cfoNofG8 afx]s ;a} 7fpsf]
e|d0f ug]{ cj; kfP.
:ofG8x:6{df d Ps]8]dL l6dsf nflu alS; v]Nby]. fd|f] aS;df ulgGy].
Toxf d}n] ljleGg k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnP. w]}df ljhoL ;d]t eP. o;} qmddf
Ps k6s :ofG8x:6{sf] alS; l6d SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6Lsf] alS; l6d;u
k|ltof]lutfsf nflu uPsf] lyof]. ;a}eGbf klxn] d]f] kfnf] lyof]. alS; ldf
uPkl5 klxnf] fpG8 ;' eof]. d}n] cfk\mgf] k|ltGL sdhf] x]sf] dx;';
u]. p;nfO{ s]xL ;dokl5 g} lhTg ;S5' eGg] ljrf u]. bf];|f] fpG8sf] v]n

577

578

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

eOx]sf] lyof]. d crfgs clgolGqt x'g k'u]5'. ToxL ;dodf k|ltGLn] dnfO{
hd] d'Ssf xfGof]. d ;f]em} 9Ng k'u]. To;kl5 dnfO{ s]xL yfxf ePg. Ps} k6s
flt SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6Lsf] c:ktfndf cfkm"nfO{ kfP. ef]ln kN6 :ofG8x:6{af6
df]6 cfP dnfO{ lnP uof]. To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6Lsf]
alS; l6d k|ltof]lutfsf nflu :ofG8x:6{ cfPsf] lyof]. d}n] d]f] k|ltGLnfO{
klxnf] fpG8d} gscfp6 u].
f]on ldln6L Ps]8]dL, :ofG8x:6{af6 @)@* ;fpg !# ut] xfd|f] tflnd
;lsof]. tflnd ;lsPkl5 x'g] kfl; cfp6 k]8df d'Vo cltly eP gj]{sf fhf
cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. :ofG8x:6{ tflnd ;lsPkl5 csf]{ tLg dlxgfhlt ToxL jfOcf]h
-of] clkm;;{ sf];{_ tflnd lbg] k'fgf] rng lyof]. t xfd|f] kfnfdf Tof] tflnd
lbOPg. :ofG8x:6{ ;s] ;f]em} g]kfn kms{g'kg]{ eof].
d nG8gdf lyP. d;u} kf; cfp6 ePsf ;fyL la|l6; clkm; 8]le8
PN;gn] sf7df8f} kms{g] lbg dnfO{ kmf]g u] e]6f} eGg'eof]. pxfn] dnfO{
Pokf]6{ 5fl8lbG5' eGg'ePsf] lyof], To;}n] lht]Gb| dnfO{ 5f8L Pokf]6{lt
hfg'eof]. t 8]le8 6flkms hfddf k] l9nf] cfOk'Ug'eof]. xfdL Pokf]6{ k'Ubf
xjfO{hxfh pl8;s]sf] lyof]. ca s] ug]{ eg] Ps l5g t d lanvaGbdf k].
t efUojz flt !@ ah] csf]{ k\mnfO6 x]5. dnfO{ To;}df ldnfOlbg] s'f eof].
d}n] lgs} 306f s'g'{kg]{ eof]. To;}n] xfdL a|fOh6gdf x]sf] Pokmf];{ a]; clkm;
d];df uof}. b'j} hgf ;}lgs tflnd ;s] ev{ kf; cfp6 ePsfn] 8fO{8fO{
nhfO{nhfO{ clkm; d];df uPsf lyof}. flt !! ah];Dd lao vfP al;of].
To;kl5 d PSn} hxfhlt nfu]. Tof] hxfh sfuf]{sf] x]5. ofqL d PSn}.
8 klg nfUof]. t Psbd} a9L lao vfPsf] x'gfn] d:t ;'t] laxfg axfOg
cfOk'u]. d]f] ;a} sg]lS6 k\mnfO6 5'l6;s]sf] lyof]. Ps lbg ToxL a:g'kg]{
eof]. dnfO{ la|l6; ;]gfsf] 6flGh6 SofDkdf flvof]. ef]ln kN6 d snsQfsf
nflu p8]. snsQfdf klg b'O{ lbg a:g'kg]{ eof]. Tolt a]nf yfO{ Pon] ev{}
dfq sf7df8f} k\mnfO6 ;' u]sf] lyof]. d ToxL yfO{sf] k\mnfO6af6 sf7df8f}
cfOk'u]. o;L d a]nfot uPsf] emG8} tLg jif{kl5 :jb]z kmls{P.
g]kfn kms]{kl5 d zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf] ;}lgs tflnd lgb]{zs -8LPd6L_
sfof{nodf xflh eP. 8LPd6L x'g'x'GYof] dxf;]gfgL ch'{ggl;+x f0ff. kl5
pxf k|wfg ;]gfklt x'g'eof]. Tof] jif{ c? b'O{ hgf Sof8]6 :ofG8x:6{sf nflu
5gf]6 eO;s]sf x]5g\, uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa" s'naxfb' v8\sf. pgLx? a]nfot
hfg emG8} Ps dlxgf afsL lyof]. 8LPd6Ln] dnfO{ :ofG8x:6{df s:tf] tflnd
x'G5, s]s] ug'{k5{ eg] tLg ;ftf x]s laxfg logLx?nfO{ l;sfOb]pm eg]
cxfpg'eof]. lht]Gb| d}n] uh]Gb| s'naxfb'nfO{ tflndaf] l;sfpg yfNof}.
To; a]nf uh]Gb| v]nf8L ePsfn] clns km'lt{nf] lyP eg] s'naxfb' sdhf].

cfkm\g} af/]df

of] sfd ;Sbf;Dd xfd|f] kf]l:6 ePsf] lyPg. oxL a]nf Koff a]l;s tflnd
v'Nof], e}jgfy u0fsf] Koff tflnd lzIffnodf. xfdLnfO{ Tof] sf];{sf nflu
k7fOof]. clkm; tLg hgf lyof} d, lht]Gb| b]j]Gb|axfb' zfx. c? rflx
;a} Koffs} l;kfxL lyP. xfd|f] tflnd ;' eof]. Koff hDk ug{] a]nf cfpg
nfu]sf] lyof]. hDk ug'{cl3 g} d]f] kf]l:6 eof]. d}n] >L sfnLk|;fb u0fdf ;jf
dfu]sf] lyP. ;fOG; k9]sfn] d OlGhlgo x'g rfxGy]. sfnLk|;fb u0f OlGhlgo
kN6g ePsfn] Toxf hfbf fd|f] xf]nf eGg] d]f] ;f]rfO lyof]. t d]f] ;jf eof],
>L uf]vaxfb' u0fdf. lj1fg ljifo g} gk9\g'ePsf lht]Gb| lji6nfO{ rflx
sfnLk|;fb u0fdf k7fOof]. To;}n] ubf{ dnfO{ lgs} emf]s rlnx]sf] lyof]. Koff
hDksf a]nf dnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] hDk ug{]df flvof]. ToxL emf]sdf d}n] ;xh}
hDk u]. dnfO{ cfsfzaf6 v:bf slQ klg 8 nfu]g. o;L d]f] Koff a]l;s
sf];{ k"f eof]. Koff lj k]8df sfo{yL pkyL b]jljqmd f0ff cfpg'ePsf]
lyof]. pxfn] xfdLnfO{ Koff lj nufOlbg'eof].
To;kl5 d xflh x'g uP, uf]vaxfb' u0fdf. of] u0f Tof] a]nf fhbafdf
lyof]. sfnLaxfb' u0f uf]vaxfb' u0f zfxL Ifs jflxgL cGtu{t sfo{t
lyP. d cfPsf] s]xL lbgkl5 d]; gfO6 ePsf] lyof]. To;df Ps hgf d]h
hgn k|d'v cltly ag] cfpg] sfo{qmd x]5. Tolt a]nf zfxL Ifs jflxgLklt
x'g'x'GYof] dxf;]gfgL Clifs'df kf08] -pxf kl5 dxffhflwfhsf] k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj, yL x'g'eof]_. pxfn] dnfO{ k|d'v cltly;u lrgfpg] kfnf] cfof]. d}n]
cfk\mgf] gfd eg]. d]f] gfd eGgf;fy k|d'v cltlyn] tkfO{+nfO{ cl:t d}n] Koff
lj nufOlbPsf] xf]Og < eGg'eof]. d}n] xf] ; eg]. pxf pkyL b]jljqmd f0ff
x'g'x'GYof]. pxfn] km]l ;f]Wg'eof], uf]vaxfb' u0f cfPsf] < clg d}n] eg], ;,
d uf]vaxfb' u0f cfPsf] xf]Og. dnfO{ uf]vaxfb'df k7fOPsf] xf]. d}n] o;f]
eg]kl5 pxf lhNn kg'{eof]. To;kl5 kf6L{df k"} xNnLvNnL dlRrof]. s] s'f
u]sf] eg] dnfO{ w]}n] ufnL klg u]. tL ;a}nfO{ d}n] eg], d}n] uf]vaxfb' u0f
5gf]6 u]sf] xf]Og. dnfO{ k7fOPsf] xf]. d sfnLk|;fb u0f hfg rfxGy]. d}n]
7Ls} s'f u]sf] 5'. d klxn]b]lv g} ;Lwf s'f ug]{, bfofafof s'f gug]{ :jefjsf]
lyP. ;To s'f af]Ng] s;};u slQ klg g8fpg] d]f] :jefj lyof].
uf]vaxfb' u0fdf d tflnd clws[t eP. uf]vaxfb' sfnLaxfb'
u0fdf egf{ ePsf ;}lgsnfO{ tflnd ufpg] d]f] lhDdf lyof]. zfxL Ifs
jflxgLklt dxf;]gfgL Clifs'df kf08]n] oL b'O{ u0fdf tflnd lnOx]sf ;}lgsnfO{
:ofG8x:6{sf] tlsfn] tflnd ufpg] kfl; cfp6 k]8 klg ToxLsf] h:t}
ufpg] eg] dnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'eof]. d}n] oxfsf] ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]tsf sf0f
:ofG8x:6{sf] h:tf] t s;L xf]nf < t d fd|f] ug{ sf]l;; u5'{, ; eg].
Tolt a]nf d}n] h'g lsl;dsf] tflnd kfl; cfp6 k]8sf] ;'?jft u],

579

580

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

clxn];Dd klg ;]gfdf ToxL tlsf ckgfOPsf] 5.

@)@* ;fns} s'f xf]. dx]Gb| ;sf lrtjg lbofnf] a\unf ;jfL ePsf]
lyof]. ToxL x[bof3ftaf6 ;sfsf] :juf{f]x0f eof]. To;kl5 df};'kmsf] zj
sf7df8f} NofOof]. o;}aLr tTsfnLg o'jfhflwfh jL]Gb|sf] fHoff]x0f ufpg]
sfo{qmd aGof]. gf;nrf]s, xg'dfg9f]sfdf fHoff]x0f ufP >Lk]r klxofPkl5
df};'kmnfO{ 7"nf] ;dff]x ;lxt aUuLdf fhbaf ;jfL rnfOof]. ;Ddfg ufbdf
dnfO{ v6fOPsf] lyof]. To;cl3 d}n] df};'kmnfO{ Psb'O{ k6s bafsf] au}rfdf
Ps k6s bafd} cfof]lht km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf ;jfL ePsf] a]nf dfq
b]v]sf] lyP. fhf jL]Gb|sf] fHoff]x0fkl5 kz'klt, cfo{3f6df fhf dx]Gb|sf]
bfx;+:sfsf] sfo{qmd lyof]. df};'kmnfO{ clGtd ;nfdL uf8{ ckm cg lbg]
;Ddfg ufbdf klg dnfO{ v6fOPsf] lyof]. dxffhflwfhsf] clGtd ;+:sfsf
nflu la|u]8 g} v6fpg] kDkf lyof]. la|u]8 sdfG8 g} bfx;+:sf ;dff]xsf]
klg sdfG8 x'g] k|rng lyof]. Tolt a]nf sf7df8f} x]g]{ ! gDa jflxgLklt
x'g'x'GYof] ;xfos yL cflbTozdz] haf. zjofqf cfo{3f6 cfOk'lu;s]sf]
lyof]. jflxgLklt hafn] ;a} clws[tnfO{ af]nfP ljleGg s'f l;sfpb} o;kl5
o;f] ug]{ eg] cfb]z lbg'eof]. To;kl5 ;Ddfg ufb sdfG8 d]h;fan]
jflxgLkltsf s'fdf dt aemfpb} clGtd >4f~hnL lbPkl5 bfuaQL lbg] ;dodf
clGtd ;nfdL lbg] xf]Og ; < eg] ;f]Wg'eof]. c? ;}lgs clws[tn]
d]h;fan] eg]sf] s'fsf] ljf]w ub}{ jflxgLkltn] eg]sf] s'fdf xf]df xf] ldnfP.
t jflxgLklt h;f{an] dlt kms]{ ;f]Wg'eof], gfgL, :ofG8x:6{df s] ulG5 < d}n]
tTsfn} d]h;fan] eg] cg';f g} ulG5 ; eg]. clg h;f{an] To;} cg';f
ug{ cfb]z lbg'eof]. jf:tjdf :ofG8x:6{df slxNo} o:tf] l;sfOb}g. clg g]kfn
a]nfotsf] clGtd ;+:sfsf] s'g} klg ljlw ldNb}g. Toxf lqml:rog wd{ cg';f
clGtd ;+:sf x'G5 eg] g]kfndf lxGb" wd{kDkf cg';f. t d]h;fan] eg]sf]
ljlw dnfO{ 7Ls nfu]sf] x'gfn] d}n] pxfsf] s'fdf ;xdlt hgfP. clxn] klg
dnfO{ Tof] s'f ;Dembf clns cK7\off] nfU5. cflbTo h;f{a w]} s8f :jefjsf]
x'g'x'GYof]. g]kfnaf6 ;}lgs tflndsf nflu :ofG8x:6{ hfg] pxf g} klxnf] ;}lgs
clws[t x'g'x'GYof]. pxfn] :ofG8x:6{df o:tf] l;sfp5 < eg]sf] eP d;u s'g}
pQ x'g] lyPg.
bafdf b'O6f kN6gsf] xxd];f t}gfyL x'GYof]. ltgnfO{ ;do;dodf cbnL
abnL ufP tflnd lbg] k|rng ;' ug{ nfluPsf] x]5. @)@( j}zfvdf uf]vaxfb'
u0f tflndsf nflu lqz"nL Aof]s, g'jfsf]6 hfg] eof]. xfdL 6flGh6sf ?kdf
s]xL lbg gof jfg]Zjl:yt Aof]sdf a;L lqz"nL k'Uof}. To; a]nf uf]vaxfb'sf]
u0fklt hgfb{gljqmd f0ff x'gx' G' Yof]. pxf lafdL eP sf7df8f} kms]s
{ f a]nf
sf7df8f}af6 tflnd l6d lqz"nL k'us
] f] lyof]. To;df k|dv
' ;]gfgL zDe'zdz]

cfkm\g} af/]df

haf, d]h rGb|axfb' -;LaL_ vqL, SofK6]gx? rGb|axfb' fjn, s]zjfh zdf{
lzlzrGb| zfx x'gx' G' Yof]. ;a} hgf clws[t d];df a:g'xG' Yof]. x]s Aof]sdf
;fem ;"of{:t x'g] ;dodf ll66sf nflu lau'n aH5. Toxf klg lau'n ah]kl5
d pleP. d]f] kN6gsf lzjaxfb' d]h;fa klg pleg'eof]. t kfx'gfx? rflx
3leq ePsfn] pleg'kb}g{ , a;f}a;f} eGb} a:g'eof]. dnfO{ emgSs l; p7\of].
Aof]sdf ;fem lau'n ahfpg' eg]sf] lbj\ut cfTdfnfO{ ;Demgf uL ;Ddfg ck{0f
ug'{ xf]. Tolt a]nf hf] hxf eP klg pleg'k5{, ;ts{ kf]lh;gdf. ;lsPkl5 d}n]
l;lgo clws[t ;a}nfO{ u'8 Olelg ; eg] ;Daf]wg ub}{ Psbd} lzi6tfk"js
{
eg], ;, lau'n ah]sf] a]nf ;a}n] p7\gk' g]{ xf]. ;}lgs Aof]sdf of] kDkfut
lgod xf]. d]f s'f ;lsg gkfpb} d]h ;LaL vqL emgSs l;fpg'eof]. pxf
b]jLbQ kN6gsf] x'gx' G' Yof]. pxfn] ems]{ eGg'eof], klxn] b]jLbQ klg oxf a;]sf]
xf]. 3leq x'bf pleg'kb}g{ . d}n] km]l eg], ; b]jLbQ u0f a:bfv]l To;f] ug'e{ of]
xf]nf. t x]s kN6gsf cfcfk\mg} lgod x'G5g\. oxf t ;a}n] pleg] lgod 5.
cab]lv pleg'xf]nf. pxfn] t km'Rr] nK6gn] dnfO{ l;sfpg] < eg] emkfg{e' of].
pxf s8f :jefj cx+ af]ss
] f] d]h x'gx' b' f] x]5. To;kl5 d}n] pxfnfO{ eg],
tkfO{+ l;fpg';\ of v';fpg';\ dnfO{ dtna 5}g. of] uf]vaxfb' u0f xf]. clxn]
d uf]vaxfb' u0fsf] sfo{ clws[tsf] sfd ulx]sf] 5'. of] If]qdf s] ug],{ s] gug]{
eGg] ;a} lgod nfu" ug]{ d]f] st{Jo xf]. d Tof] u5'{ . To; lbg t ljjfb olQs}
;lsof]. To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 kf6L{ lyof]. kf6L{df ;LaL vqLn] ToxL s'f lems]
aafn ug'e{ of]. d;u emu8f ug{ yfNg'eof]. dnfO{ lxsf{pg vf]Hg'eof]. d}n] klg
lxsf{pg vf]h] . dHhfn] emkf]. c?n] 5'6\ofP. ;LaL vqLnfO{ aflx nluPkl5
;x;]gfgL lzlzrGb| zfx Tof] ;LaLn] o;f] ug]{ < eg] sfpg yfNg'eof].
sfpbfsfpb} pxfn] An]8n] cfk\mgf] xft sf6\ge' of]. ut}ut eof] If0fedf.
pxfnfO{ pkrfsf nflu ftfft sf7df8f} n}hfg'kof]. d]h ;LaL kl5 g]kfnuGh
;jf ePsf a]nf Toxf d]f sf];d{ 6] lht]Gb| lji6;u To:t} emu8f k]5. d]f ;fyLn]
gfsdf lxsf{P pxfsf] gfs} eflrlbg'eP5.
d lqz"nL Aof]sd} 5bf @)@( c;fdf d]f] ljjfx eof], sf7df8f}, 1fg]ZjsL
uLtf zfx;u. d sf7df8f} lgjf;L geP klg fd|f] ;}lgs slcsf] sf0f x'g
;S5, sf7df8f}sf] vfgbfgL rf}tlof kljf;u d]f] dfuL ljjfx x'g uof]. uLtfsf
a'af df]xgk|tfk zfx zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|d'v ;]gfgL x'g'x'GYof] eg] pxfsf efO
l;+xk|tfk zfx ;xfos yL. l;x+k|tfk zfx kl5 k|wfg ;]gfklt x'g'eof]. pQm
kbaf6 cjsfzkl5 hd{gLsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t ;d]t x'g'eof]. @)#)
;fndf d]f] 7"nf] 5f]f choljqmd zfx @)#$ ;fndf sfG5f] 5f]f s'Gbljqmd
zfxsf] hGd eof].
lqz"nLdf rlnx]sf] tflnd ;lsPsf] lyPg. !* dlxgfkl5 uf]vaxfb' u0f

581

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d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

k'gM baf kms{g] eof]. d rflx ;jf dfu] sfnLk|;fb u0f uP. sfnLk|;fb u0fd}
d ;x;]gfgL eP. o;}aLr a]nfotsf] f]on Pokmf];{sf] wjnflul$ cff]x0f ug]{
6f]nL sf7df8f} cfpb} lyof]. To;sf lglDt dnfO{ ;Dks{ clws[t tf]lsPsf] lyof].
Tof] l6d cfPkl5 d}n] kfi6 dGqfnodf ;a} sfuhkq ldnfP. Tof] a]nf kfi6
dGqfnosf] Pp6f zfvfsf ?kdf lyof] kj{tff]x0f zfvf. kj{tff]x0f ;DaGwL ;a}
ljifo To;}n] x]g{] ub{Yof]. d ;a} s'f ldnfP a]; SofDklt hfg clGtd tofL
ulx]sf] lyP. zfxL h\uL c8\8fsf ;}lgs ;lrj dxf;]gfgL v]dfhzdz]
hafn] dnfO{ PS;lkl8;gdf gk7fpg" eg] kj{tff]x0f zfvfdf va ug'{eP5.
PSsfl; Tof] ;'g] d lhlNnP. d}n] ;;'f -k|d'v ;]gfgL_ df]xgk|tfk zfxnfO{
kmf]g u]. pxf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] ;}lgs ;xfos x'g'x'GYof]. pxfnfO{ klg s]xL
yfxf x]g5. pxfn] d a'em] va u5'{ eGg'eof]. Ps} l5gkl5 pxfsf] kmf]g
cfof], dxffhflwfhsf] P8L;Lsf nflu tkfO{+sf] gfd baf uPsf] x]5. To;}n]
tkfO{+nfO{ PS;lkl8;gdf hfg f]lsPsf] xf]. tkfO{+nfO{ ef]ln ;}lgs ;lrj ljefudf
;Dks{ fVg" eGg] va 5.
Tolt eg]kl5 ef]ln kN6} d ;}lgs ;lrjnfO{ e]6\g uP. pxfn] klg
tkfO{+sf] gfd P8L;Ldf 5gf]6sf nflu uPsf] 5, bafn] tTsfn} vf]Hof] eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ sxf vf]Hg' < ToxL eP f]lsPsf] xf], 5gf]6df kg'{ePg eg] tkfO{+nfO{
csf]{ PS;lkl8;gdf k7fpnf eGg'eof]. dnfO{ hfgsfL eP cg';f bafaf6
P8L;Lsf nflu ;]gf;u 5 hgfsf] gfd dfluPsf] x]5. zfxL h\uL c8\8faf6
uPsf] ln:6 cg';f pQm 5 hgfdWo]af6 s;}nfO{ klg P8L;Ldf g5fg] csf]{
ln:6 dfluPsf] x]5. bf];|f] ln:6df d]f] gfd clGtddf fv] k7fOPsf] x]5.
klxnf] ln:6df ;bLkaxfb' zfx, lrqaxfb' u', Tgaxfb' u', gaxfb'
u', Sdf\ub s6jfn zlzk|tfk s];Lsf] gfd k7fOPsf] x]5. bf];|f]
ln:6df 1fgh\u yfkf, bdggl;+x f0ff, Hof]ltzdz] haf, lzlzrGb| zfx
clGtddf d]f] gfd fv] l;kmfl; uPsf] x]5. To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 bafaf6
zlzk|tfk s];L d P8L;Ldf 5flgPsf] va cfof]. d b'O{ jif{sf nflu cfjlws
P8L;Lsf ?kdf 5flgPsf] lyP. Tof] van] d clt g} v';L eP. lsgeg], of]
a]nf bafsf] qm]h, uldf ;]gfsf] slcsf lx;fan] klg zfxL kfZj{jtL{
x'g' Psbd} dxjk"0f{ lyof]. jf:tjd} d}n] slxNo} ;sfsf] P8L;L ag'nf eGg]
sNkgf;Dd u]sf] lyOg.
P8L;L 5flgPkl5 zlzk|tfk d SofK6]g e'jgh\u zfx lg~hg kfnnfO{
abnL ug{ baf uPsf lyof}. olt a]nf g]kfn k|xLaf6 k|xL lgLIfsx?
fdsfhL afGtjf ;'bz{gzdz] yfkf P8L;L x'g'x'GYof]. k|xLaf6 pxfx?nfO{
abnL ug{ k|xL lgLIfsx? df]tLnfn af]xf an]Gb|axfb' l;+x cfpg'ePsf] lyof].
bafl:yt ;}lgs k|xLdf xfdL rf hgf hDdf ePkl5 s] elgof] eg], ltdLx?nfO{

cfkm\g} af/]df

oxf eLeLcfO{kL tflndsf nflu NofOPsf] xf]. of] kf; u]kl5 dfq P8L;Ldf
flvG5. eLeLcfO{kL tflnddf klg d klxnf] eP. To;kl5 @)#! j}zfvdf
xfdLnfO{ b'O{ jif{sf nflu P8L;Ldf lgo'Qm ulof]. Tolt a]nf k|d'v zfxL kfZj{jtL{df
zfGts'df dNn tffaxfb' yfkf x'g'x'GYof]. k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj z]axfb' dNn
;}lgs ;lrj bfguDeL fodfemL x'g'x'GYof].
cfjlws P8L;Ldf lgo'Qm ePs} lbg xfdLn] jL]Gb| ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfof}.
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj z]axfb' dNnn] xfdLnfO{ bz{ge]6 ufpg'eof]. xfdLn] bfd
fVof}. ;sfaf6 fd|f];u sfd ug"{ ga'em]sf s'f ;f]Wg" x's'd eof]. d}n]
P8L;Lsf] 8\o'6L lnPsf] s]xL lbgb]lv g} ;sfsf] sfof{nodf 6]lnkmf]g p7fpg]
aflxaf6 cfPsf 6]lnkmf]gaf] ;sfnfO{ va ug]{ sfd ug{ yfn]sf] lyP.
t, ;sfsf] ;jfL rnfpg] cj; kfPsf] lyOg. j}zfv !* ut] d]f] fltsf]
8'6L lyof], laxfg;Dd clkm;d} lyP. laxfg ;sfsf] ;jfLdf P8L;L tffaxfb'
yfkf x'g'x'GYof]. s;t ug{ nfUbf pxfsf] x8\8L l8;nf]s]6 eP5. c:ktfn
hfg'kg]{ ePkl5 pxfn] dnfO{ kmf]g u] af]nfpg'eof]. d tTsfn} uP. ;sfsf]
Jofofdzfnfaf6 lkmtL{ ;jfL x'g nfu]sf] x]5. df};'km cfkm}n] df]6 xflsaS;]sf]
lyof]. ;sfaf6 ljj]s a; x's'd eof]. ;sfnfO{ d]f] gfd yfxf 5}g eGg]
dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof]. t df};'kmaf6 d]f] gfd lnP a; x's'd eof]. d df]6sf]
cufl8sf] l;6df a;]. klxnf] lbg ePsfn] xf]nf, d clt g} ge{; lyP. df]6df
a;]s} a]nf ;sfaf6 ljj]s, tffaxfb' c:ktfn uof] < eg] ;f]lwaS:of].
d}n] hfg'eof] ;sf eg] hfx] u]. Toxfaf6 ;sf >L ;bg a\unf ;jfL
xf]OaS:of], hxf df};'kmsf] lgjf; lyof]. ;sf Toxf kqklqsf tyf s]xL h?L
sfuhkq k9] nGr vfP To:t} !! ah] clkm; ;jfL eof]. d]f] 8\o'6L
abnL eof]. d}n] bafaf6 3 k'u] uLtfnfO{ cfh klxnf] k6s ;sfsf] ;jfL
rnfPsf] s'f ;'gfP.
To;} jif{ jL]Gb| ;sfsf] z'efHofleif]s ;DkGg eof]. @)#@ ;fndf d]f]
b'O{ jif{sf] kbfjlw ;lsg'eGbf b'O{ dlxgfcl3 Ps lbg d'Vo P8L;L k|d'v ;]gfgL
zfGts'df dNnn] s]xL u] ldNof] of ;sfn] rflxaS:of] eg] tkfO{+ bafsf]
baGbLdf a:g] xf] < eg] ;f]Wg'eof]. d}n] cfjZostf cg';f tflnd ug{ kfp5'
ls kfplbg, ;do cg';f a9'jf x'G5 ls x'b}g, ;sfx?sf] ;jfLdf ljb]z hfg
kfp5' ls kfplbg < eg] ;f]w]. pxfn] tkfO{+n] eg]sf ;a} s'f ug{ kfpg'x'G5
eGg'eof]. To;kl5 d}n] ;xdlt hgfP. o;L dnfO{ bafdf :yfoL P8L;L agfP
fVg] s'f to eof]. , d bafsf] :yfoL zfxL kfZj{jtL{df ;jf eP. o;
;Gbe{;u ldNbf]h'Nbf] nf]suLt ;DemG5' M
afLdf km"n km'Nof] cd{n]
sxfsf] dfG5] sxf kof] sd{n]= =

583

584

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf 5bf @)#* ;fndf Ps jif{sf] sdfG8 PG8 hgn
:6fkm sn]h sf];{ ug{ cd]lsfsf] kmf]6{ n]e]gjy{, SofG;;df hfg] cj; kfP. pQm
tflnd s]Gb| ;+;fs} pTs[i6 :6fkm sn]hdf u0fgf x'G5. Toxf Ps jif{sf] tflnd
a;fOnfO{ a]:6 Oo ckm dfO{ nfOkm -hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf fd|f] jif{_ eGg] ljZjf;
ulG5. Toxf ;+;fsf %)^) b]zsf fd|f] glthf xfl;n u]sf d]h tyf s0f]{n
:tsf clws[tx? sla Ps ;o hgf cd]lsL clws[tx? ;d]t u] sla
Ps xhf hgfsf] ;xeflutf lyof]. ;}lgs ljwf cGo ljwfsf 1fgsf cltlQm
w]} dfOnf] jftfj0fdf ;+;fsf ljleGg d'n'saf6 cfPsf lzIffyL{;u klro x'bf
;'vb cg'ej ePsf] lyof]. d]f] ;]jf k|s[ltsf sf0fn] tL kLIffyL{dWo] s]xL;u
kl5 pgLx?sf] d'n's uPsf] a]nf e]6 x'GYof]. Tolt a]nf ;fx} v';L nfUYof]. Tof]
Ps jif{sf] tflndn] d]f] JolQmut hLjg slcdf lgs} k|efj kof].
;\uLtdf lr

s]6fs]6Lb]lv g} dnfO{ ;\uLtdf Hofb} lr lyof]. :s'n k9\bf ;f+:s[lts

sfo{qmddf uLt ufpy] . d]f] :j Hofb} fd|f] 5 eg] w]} hgfn] eGby]. To;} a]nfb]lv
d}n] dfbn af;' L ahfpg ;' u] . s;}af6 l;s] x}g, cfk\mg} k|of;n]. s]xL lbgd}
dHhfn] dfbn ahfpg ;Sg] eP. d ufpdf x'g] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf gf6s v]Ny] .
d gfRg rflx slxNo} gflrg. dnfO{ zf:qLo ;\uLtdf klg cf}wL lr lyof]] . d]f
sfG5f a'af nId0fljqmd zfx cWoogsf nflu nvgpdf x'gx' G' Yof]. zf:qLo ;\uLt
k9\g Toxf hfg] d]f] OR5f lyof]. t sfG5f a'af nvgpaf6 wgu9L cfO{ ljjfx u]
kxf8 kms{ge' of]. To;kl5 d]f] zf:qLo ;\uLt k9\g] s'f To;} xfof].
@)@% ;fndf d zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf egf{ eP. ;]gfsf] cfwfe"t tflndsf]
tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf d]f] ;\uLt ;DaGwL s'g} klg sfo{ km:6fpg kfPg. a]nfotaf6
kms]{kl5 Koff a]l;s ug{ Koff tflnd lzIffno, dxffhuGh uP. e}jgfy u0fsf
u0fklt k|d'v ;]gfgL o8jgzdz] haf x'g'x'GYof]. pxf klg ;\uLt, gfrufgdf
w]} ;f]lvg. s'g} lbg a]n'sf hd36 x'bf dfbn ahfpg], uLt ufpg] gfRg]]
sfo{qmd x'GYof]. d}n] dfbn ahfP nf]suLt ufPsf] pxf lgs} rfpg'x'GYof]. d]f]
kN6g bafaf6 lqz"nL hfg] qmddf gof jfg]Zjl:yt ;}lgs Aof]s -xfn jL]Gb|
cGtf{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb| ePsf] :yfg_ df x]sf] a]nfsf] s'f xf]. ToxL ;do
eftLo :yn;]gfWoIf hgn ;fd dfg]s;f -kl5 lkmN8 df;{n_ k|wfg ;]gfklt
dxfyL l;+xaxfb' a:Goftsf] lgdGq0ffdf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg'ePsf] lyof]. k|wfg
;]gfklt lgjf;, zlzejgdf pxfsf] ;Ddfgdf flqef]h ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
flvPsf] x]5. ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jfL k|d'v ;]gfgL o8jgzdz]
hafnfO{ lbOPsf] x]5. To;sf nflu pxfn] ljleGg o'lg6af6 gfrufg 6f]nL

cfkm\g} af/]df

hDdf kfg'{ePsf] x]5. pxf cfkm} ufp3df nufOg] kxf8L s5f8 8]; lnP
d]f] kN6gdf cfpg'eof]. d]f u0fklt hgfb{gljqmd f0ff;u s'f u] pxfn] tL
n'ufx? dnfO{ nufpg lbg'eof]. clg zlzejgsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf dfbn
ahfpg uLt ufpg dnfO{ n}hfg'eof]. To;L s'g} k"j{tofLlagf dnfO{ ;f+:s[lts
6f]nLdf ld;fOof]. To;f] u]sf]df leqleq} l; gp7]sf] klg xf]Og, t ;]gfsf]
hflu, cfb]z dfg] hfg}kof].
zlzejg k'u]kl5 6f]nL ;b:ox?nfO{ cfk;df klro ufOof]. 6f]nLdf d dfq
clws[t x]5'. c? ;a} cGo bhf{sf. xfdLn] eftLo :yn;]gfWoIfnfO{ l8gkl5
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd b]vfpg'kg]{ eof]. o8jg s;f{an] lr;f] l58Ldf sfo{qmdaf]
df}lvs hfgsfL ufpg'eof] ToxL 5f]8] aflx lg:sg'eof]. Tof] 7fpdf sf7sf]
a]Grafx]s csf]{ s'g} a:g] Joj:yf lyPg. xfdLnfO{ s;}n] s]xL jf:tf u]g.
flt !) ah]lt ;a}nfO{ af]nfOof]. zlzejgsf] ;fd'Gg] 6fluPsf] kfndf xfdLn]
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd b]vfof}. ;a}n] Hofb} dfOnf] dfg]. d}n] dfbn ahfpg'sf
;fy} fKtL c~rndf k|rlnt nf]suLt ufP. ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdkl5 kfx'gfx?;u
xfdLnfO{ klg klro ufOof]. dnfO{ ev{} :ofG8x:6{af6 kms{]sf] ;xfos ;]gfgL
eg] klro ufpbf ;a}n] crDd dfg]. a]nfotdf tLg jif{ a;] kms]{sf] dfG5]n]
cem};Dd nf]suLt ufpg dfbn ahfpg la;]{sf] x]g5 eg] ;fxgf u]. ;fem
;f9] ^ ah] Toxf k'u]sf] ;f+:s[lts 6f]nLnfO{ flt !@ ah]kl5 aNn vfgf lbOof].
To;cl3 lrof t k} hfcf];\, s;}n] kfgL;Dd ;f]w]g. To;kl5 dnfO{ k|d'v ;]gfgL
o8jgn] Aof]sdf k'ofpg'eof]. km]l crfgs s] ljrf cfof] s'lGg, d Aof]sdf
emgf{;fy pxfn] df]6df a;, Ps} l5g :joDe" k'u] cfcf} eGg'eof]. :joDe"df
Pp6f ]:6'f fte v'Nbf] x]5. w]} lxKkLx? Toxf ftel g} a:bf x]5g\.
Tof] ]:6'fdf pxfn] dnfO{ fte nf]suLt ufpg nufpg'eof]. clg laxfg ^ ah]
Aof]s nu] 5f]l8lbg'eof]. Tolt a]nf;Dd d s5f8d} lyP.
@)@* ;fndf d zfxL Ifs uf]vaxfb' u0fdf sfo{t x'bf bafdf csf]{
klg kN6g lyof], sfnLaxfb' u0f. Ps kN6 oL b'O{ kN6g cGo ;}lgs
clws[tx?aLr b'O{ ;d"x agfP km'6an k|ltof]lutf ePsf] lyof]. k|ltof]lutfdf
;xefuL b'O{ ;d"xdf clwfhs'dfx? 1fg]Gb| wL]Gb|sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof].
o'jfhflwfh jL]Gb|af6 ]k|mLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ulaS;]sf] lyof]. km'6an ;lsPkl5
;fem flqef]hsf] sfo{qmd lyof]. flqef]hdf ;sfx? ;fem & ah] cfwf 306fsf
nflu ;jfL ePsf] lyof]. ;sfx?af6 flqef]hdf v;L pkxf aS;]sf] lyof].
;sfx? ;jfL ePkl5 l8\S; ;' eof]. To; cj;df pk;]gfgL dw';"bg
;fksf]6f d}n] xf:o sfo{qmd k|:t't uof}. sfo{qmd ;a}nfO{ dg kof]. Toxf
ljj]sn] fd|f];u nf]suLt ufp5 eGg] xNnf rn]5. To;kl5 hLjgdf klxnf] k6s
;sfx?sf cufl8 dfbn ahfP nf]suLt ufP. Tof] uLt klg ;sfx? cGo

585

586

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;a}nfO{ cf}wL dg k]5. gfrufg hDb} uof]. cfwf 306fsf nflu ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf
;sfx? flt !! ah];Dd ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf ;ls eOaS:of]. d}n] ufPsf
w]} nf]suLt ;'g]kl5 ;sfx?df d]f af] lh1f;f a9]5. o'jfhflwfh jL]Gb|
;sfaf6 d]f af] ;f]lwaS;]5 d;u s'f ulaS:of]. s'daf6 cfP ;]gfdf
etL{ ePsf] x', xfn} a]nfotsf] f]on ldln6L Ps]8]dL, :ofG8x:6{af6 tflnd ;s]
kmls{Psf] x' eg] d}n] cfk\mgf] klro 6qmfP. o;L o'jfhflwfh jL]Gb|;u d]f]
lrgfhfgL eof]. d}n] jL]Gb| ;sf;u s'f ulxbf 5]pd} 1fg]Gb| ;sf wL]Gb|
;sf ;d]t xf]OaS;GYof]. To;} a]nf dnfO{ ;sfx?n] fd|f];u lrlgaS:of]
h:tf] nfUb5. To;} lbgsf] d]f] k|ltefaf6 k|efljt eP xf] ls h:tf] nfU5,
w]} jli7 ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ g5fg] dnfO{ jL]Gb| ;sfn] P8L;L agfOaS:of].
d P8L;L eP baf uPkl5 jL]Gb| ;sfn] Ps k6s d}n] Tof] ft dfbn
ahfP nf]suLt ufPsf] ;+:d0f ;'gfOaS;]sf] lyof]. To; a]nf d w]} v';L eP.
;sfsf s'faf6 dnfO{ crDd klg nfu]sf] lyof].
dxffhflwfh jL]Gb| ;sf ;g\ !(&( df c;+nUg fi6x?sf] lzv
;Dd]ngdf So'afsf] fhwfgL xjfgf ;jfL ePsf] a]nfsf] s'f xf]. d ;sfsf]
P8L;Lsf ?kdf e|d0f bndf lyP. ;Dd]ngaf6 ;sf kms{b+ f b'O{ lbg nG8gdf
fh ePsf] lyof]. To; cj;df a]nfotsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL fhb"t em]Gb|gffo0f
l;+xn] ;jfLdf ;+nUg ;a} nG8gdf x]sf s]xL k|a4
' g]kfnL tyf ljb]zLnfO{
af]nfP fhb"tfjf;df zfGt flqef]h cfof]hgf ug'e{ Psf] lyof]. flqef]h ;lsPkl5
zfxL g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf jli7 SofK6]g aaLljqmd zfxn] lgudsf sd{rfLaf6
gfrufg uL dfOnf] ug]{ eg] hfx] ug'e{ of]. ;sfaf6 :jLs[lt aS;]kl5 s]xL
sd{rfLn] Psb'O6f uLt ufP. t To;af6 dfq dfOnf] jftfj0f aGg ;s]g.
clg lgudsf rfnsx?n] dnfO{ uLt ufpg cg'f]w ug{ yfn]. d}n] klg dfbnsf]
aGbf]a:t u] uLt ufpg yfn]. dfOnf] eof]. ;a} hgf gfRg], ufpg] sfo{qmd
flt ca];Dd rNof]. sfo{qmdkl5 lgudsf sd{rfLx?n] 5nkmn uL ljj]s
zfxn] dfbn ahfP uLt ufP ;xof]u gu]sf] eP ;sfsf ;fd' xfd|f] a]OHhtL
x'g] x]5, To;}n] ;Ddfg:j?k lgudsf] p8fg ePsf] :yfgdf pxfn] rfx] cg';f
Pp6f xjfO{ l6s6 lbg] egL lg0f{o u]5g\. of] s'f nG8gaf6 Py]G;sf] k\
mnfO6sf qmddf dnfO{ hfgsfL lbOof]. o;nfO{ d}n] 7fsf ?kdf lnP. sf7df8f}
kmls{Pkl5 klg pxfx?n] of] s'f bf]xf]ofOxg'eof]. aaL zfx;u ljleGg kf6L{df e]6
eOxGYof]. Ps lbg pxfn] dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof], 3'Dg hfg dg 5}g < lsg l6s6 lng
gcfpg'ePsf] < To; a]nf d uLtfsf] :jf:Yo kLIf0f ug{ a}\ss hfg ;f]Rb} lyP.
d}n] aaLnfO{ eg], d >LdtLnfO{ lnP :jf:Yo kLIf0f ufpg a}\ss hfb} 5'. ldN5
eg] b'O6f l6s6 ldnfOlbg'xG' 5 < pxfn] ef]ln kN6} dnfO{ b'O6f l6s6 lbg'eof].
cfk\mgf] snfsfltfaf6 cfh;Dd cfh{g u]sf] olt b'O6f l6s6 xf]. of]eGbf Hofbf

cfkm\g} af/]df

nfe x'g] uL d}n] uLt;\uLtdf pNn]vgLo s'g} sfd u]sf] 5}g.

jL]Gb| ;sfsf] ;\uLtdf ulxf] lr lyof]. ;sf :jo+ fd|f;
] u dfbn
ahfOaS;GYof] klg. ;sfsf] ljleGg ;dodf l;sf SofDk x'g] ub{Yof]. To;
qmddf s}of} k6s d}n] dfbn ahfpb} uLt ufP ;sfnfO{ grfPsf] klg 5'. @)$)
;fnsf] lxpbdf ;sf l;sfsf nflu zfxL lrtjg fli6o lgs'~h ;jfL eof].
k|To]s lbg laxfgb]lv a]ns
' f;Dd l;sf x'GYof]. a]ns
' f dfOnf]sf nflu ;sfaf6
a]nfa]nf SofDkdf pkl:yt ;a}nfO{ l8\S; tyf l8gdf af]nfOaS;GYof]. slxn]sfxL
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd ;d]t x'GYof]. s;}n] uLt ufpg], s;}n] dfbn ahfpg], s;}n]
gfRg] u] dfOnf] x'GYof]. To:tf sfo{qmddf ;a}n] dnfO{ dfbn ahfP uLt ufpg
cfu|x uy]{ . t o;sf nflu ;sfaf6 x'sd' aS;g'kb{Yof]. x'sd' aS;] adf]lhd
d}n] dfbn ahfP uLt ufPkl5 ;sf gflraS;GYof]. ;sf :jo+n] klg dHhfn]
dfbn ahfP v'a} dfOnf] ulaS;GYof]. o:t} Ps ;femsf] s'f xf]. tTsfnLg
jg tyf e";+If0f fHodGqL ab|Lk|;fb d08nn] cln a9L g} l8\S; ug'e{ Psf]
x]5. l8\S; ub}{ df;' vfb} pxf gfRb} x'gx' G' Yof]. crfgs pxfsf] 3f6Ldf xf8
c8\lsof]. pxf 56kl6g yfNg'eof]. dfOnf] jftfj0f PsfPs e\u x'g k'Uof].
pxfnfO{ c:ktfn n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf eof]. ;'sf] Ps} If0f pxfnfO{ SofDksf]
d]l8sn ddf nu] flvof]. To;} a]nf Toxf pkl:yt 8fS6n] pxfsf] uw{gdf
a]:sL lxsf{pg'eP5. To;kl5 pxfsf] 3f6Laf6 xf8 aflx lgl:sof].
uLt;\uLtsf] s'f ubf{ d @)@! ;fnsf] Pp6f 36gf ;Demg k'U5'. ev{
d kxf8af6 sf7df8f} k9\g cfPsf] lyP. d'df a8fdxffgL Tgsf] z'ehGdf]T;jsf]
cj; x]5. Tolt a]nf pQm cj;df sf7df8f}sf] e[s'6Ld08kdf dfOnf] d]nf
x'g] ub{Yof]. d]nfdf ljleGg :6n flvPsf x'Gy]. Pp6f :6n ]l8of] g]kfnsf]
klg lyof]. To;df :j kLIf0f klg x'g] x]5. Ps lbg d o;} 3'Dg uPsf] a]nf
;fyLx?n] dnfO{ Toxf uLt ufpg cfu|x u]. d}n] :6]hdf uP Pp6f nf]suLt
ufP. clg ]l8of] g]kfnsf sd{rfLn] tkfO{+ :j kLIf0fdf kf; x'g'eof] eg]. d
Tolt a]nf v';L klg eP. t d}n] slxNo} ]l8of] g]kfndf uP uLt ufpg] hdsf]{
ulg. clg Jofj;flos ?kdf ;d]t uLt ufOg. t cem} klg uLt;\uLtk|lt
d]f] rfxgf d]sf] 5}g.
cf/f]xcj/f]x

@)%* ;fne d]f] kljf d sfo{t fhbafdf clt g} cz'e 36gf dfq
eOx]. dflg;sf] dg g xf], afDaf cz'e 36gf dfq eOxbf slxn]sfxL dg
a'emfpg ;d]t sl7g x'g] x]5. o; jif{ d}n] o:t} dx;'; u]sf] lyP. jif{sf] ;'df
j}zfv !$ ut] d]L d'df r}tGob]jL zfx :ju]{ x'g'eof]. d'dfn] dnfO{ hGdfpg'eof],

587

588

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

x'sf{pg'eof] ;Gdfu{ b]vfOlbg'eof]. crfgs d'df laTbf w]} lbg;Dd gdfOnf]

nfUof]. clg ;}lgs hLjgsf] ;'b]lv emG8} tLg bzs ;u} latfPsf fhf jL]Gb|
fgL P]Zjo{sf] csNkgLo sfl0fs xTof;d]t o;} jif{ x'g k'Uof]. @)%* ;fnsf]
cGTolt cfOk'Ubf r}t ( ut] z'qmaf d]f a'af w|'jljqmd zfxsf] klg c;fdlos
lgwg eof].
kz'klt, cfo{3f6df d a'afsf] sfhlqmofsf nflu a;]sf] lyP. d
dxffhflwfhsf] ;}lgs ;lrj. To;}n] xf]nf, fli6o hLjgsf dxjk"0f{ JolQmx?
dnfO{ ;dj]bgf JoQm ug{ cfPsf lyP. k|wfgdGqL z]axfb' b]pjf klg cfpg'eof].
ljleGg fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? ;d]t cfP. ;]gf cGo ;'Iff lgsfosf jli7
clwsfLx? t :jefjtM dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg] g} eP. lghfdtL If]qsf cS; ;a}
;lrj x'g]jfnf ;lrjx? ;d]t dnfO{ e]6\g cfP. o;cl3 @)%* j}zfvdf d'dfsf]
:ju]{ x'bf klg sfhlqmofsf nflu d kz'kltd} a;]sf] lyP. Tof] a]nf jL]Gb| ;sf
dnfO{ ;dj]bgf aS;g ToxL ;jfL xf]OaS;]sf] lyof]. t d]f a'af :ju]{ x'bf 1fg]Gb|
;sf ;jfL xf]OaS;]g.
sf]/f a;]sf] gjf} lbg dnfO{ e]6\g ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf sfd' xflsd >Lfd
s];L cfpg'eof]. a'afsf] :ju]{ ePkl5 d}n] pxfnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] u[x
k|zf;g x]g]{ uL sfd' xflsdsf] lhDd]jfL lbPsf] lyP. pxfn] dnfO{ fhbafsf]
k|zf;lgs ;+u7gdf s]xL km]abn x'g nfu]sf] hfgsfL lbg'eof]. k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrjfnonfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;Lldt ug]{, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj kb -yL
bhf{_ nfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj -pkyL_ df emfg]{ k|:tfj x]sf] pxfn] ;'gfpg'eof]. of]
;'g]kl5 d}n] eg], of] t ljrf0fLo s'f xf]. k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno fhbafsf]
k'fgfdWo]sf] sfof{no xf]. o:tf dxjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o lnbf w]} kIfx?df ljrf
x'g'k5{. d sfof{no cfPkl5 o;af] 5nkmn uf}nf.
dxffhflwfhsf] klZrd g]kfnsf] e|d0f ;lsPsf] lyof]. dnfO{ sfhlqmof
;lsg]lalQs} sfof{no xflh x'g" eGg] va lyof]. To;} cg';f @)%* r}t @@
ut] laxLaf d xflh eP. ToxL lbg k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL sfof{nodf
fhbafsf] k|:tfljt gof ;f\u7lgs ;+rgfaf] 5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf ulPsf]
x]5. k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL zfbfk|;fb k|wfgn] dnfO{ gof ;\u7g cfufdL
j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] pNn]v ub}{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf x'g] kljt{gaf]
hfgsfL ufpg'eof].
d}n] pxfnfO{ ;f]w], s] sf0fn] of] kljt{g ug{ nfluPsf] xf] <
pxfn] eGg'eof], ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;] adf]lhd of] Joj:yf ug{ nfluPsf]
xf].
To;kl5 d}n] eg], bafdf ;a}eGbf k'fgf sfof{no k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno
k|d'v ;lrjfno x'g\. oL b'j} sfof{no @)!! ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf x'g\. ToxL

cfkm\g} af/]df

a]nfb]lv k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] k|d'vdf yL baGbL sfod ePsf] xf]. To;
a]nf ;]gfsf] baGbL sla !% xhf lyof]. clxn] ;]gfsf] baGbL %) xhfeGbf
a9L 5. To;}n] of] bhf{nfO{ 36fpg] cf}lrTo k|:6 ePg of] ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v
;lrjfno cGtu{t fVg ldNb}g. lsgeg] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ fhbafsf k|d'v
;lrj;u sfd ug{ Jofjxfls sl7gfO x'g ;S5. ;fob pxfnfO{ d]f] ts{ plrt
nfu]5. pxfn] d of] s'f ;sfdf hfx] u] ;sfsf] ;do ldnfp5', h;f{an]
;sfdf oL ;a} s'f laGtL ug'{kof] eGg'eof]. To;} cg';f ;sfaf6 ef]ln kN6}
laxfg ( ah] ;do aS:of].
lgwf{lt ;dodf hfx]Lsf nflu k|d'v fhbaf kbflwsfL d lgd{n
lgjf; k'Uof}. dxffhflwfh ;sf o'jfhflwfh ;sfdf k|d'v fhbaf
kbflwsfLn] bafsf] gof ;f\u7lgs ;+rgfaf] lxhf] d;u s'f ePsf] k|;\u
p7fpb} k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno ;DaGwL ljj]s h;f{an] hfx] ug'{x'G5 eGg'eof].
To;kl5 d}n] ;sfdf lj:tfk"j{s hfx] ub}{ eg], fhbafsf] sfo{ljlw cg';f
>L % sf] ;sf ;+;b\af6 kflt eO{ nfndf]xsf nflu fhbaf cfpg]
ljw]osdf k|d'v ;lrj k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj of ;}lgs ;lrjn] x:tfIf ug'{k5{.
k|:tfljt ;f\u7lgs ;+rgf cg';f ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfnosf]
dftxt fVbf sfg'gL Jofjxfls ;d:of klg cfpg ;S5. To:t}, k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj fhbafsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'Iffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ JolQm xf]. o;nfO{ k|d'v
;lrjfno cGtu{t fVbf zfxL Ifs jflxgL, zfxL Ifs ;}lgs k|xL tyf zfxL
kfZj{jtL{ ljefu h:tf lgsfo :jtM k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] cGtu{t k5{g\. o;L
;]gfsf o'lg6x? k|ToIf ?kdf k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxtdf fVg' slt plrt xf] <
o; l:yltdf h\uL c8\8f, Iff dGqfno tyf cGo ;'Iff lgsfodf ;dGjosf nflu
kqfrf s;n] ug]{ < fhbafdf sfo{t ;Dk"0f{ ;}lgssf] ah]6 Joj:yfkg zfxL
h\uL c8\8fn] ub}{ cfPsf]df ca of] sfd s;n] ug]{ < fhbafn] ls zfxL h\uL
c8\8fn] < oL ;a} sf0faf6, k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnonfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;Lldt
u] klg k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxtdf fVg' x'b}g. To:t} ;]gfsf] baGbL lgGt
al9x]sf] 5. h\uL c8\8fsf s]xL ljefuLo k|d'vsf] klg ;do cg';f bhf{ a9\g]
qmd hfL 5. @)!! ;fndf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfno u7g ubf{ ;]gfsf] baGbL
!% xhf x]sf]df clxn] sla %) xhf gfl3;s]sf] 5. , cem a9\g] l;nl;nf
hfL 5. ;]gfdf dflyNnf] bhf{sf clws[tsf] ;\Vof klg al9x]sf] 5. s]xL
jif{cl3;Dd h\uL c8\8fdf yLsf] kb lyPg. xfn b'O{ yLsf] baGbL 5. ;]gfdf
rd" cjwf0ff nfu" ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn eOx]sfn] yLsf] ;\Vof c? ylkg
;S5. o; cj:yfdf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnosf] yL kb x6fpbf dof{bfqmdsf
lx;fan] klg ef]lnsf lbgdf bafnfO{ g} cK7\off] kg{ ;S5. baGbL fVb}df
s;}sf] kbf]Gglt ug}{k5{ eGg] 5}g. To;}n] ;sfaf6 s;}nfO{ kbf]Gglt gaS;] klg

589

590

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

baGbL fVbf fd|f] x'G5. d]f ;a} ts{ ;'lgaS;]kl5 dxffhflwfhaf6 x's'd eof],
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf k'fg} Joj:yf cg';f ug"{ k|d'v lghL ;lrjfno, k|d'v
;+jfb ;lrjfno k|d'v :jsLo ;lrjfnonfO{ k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] dftxt fVg".
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;a} baGbL ;]gfaf6} Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg".
5nkmndf ;xefuL o'jfhflwfhaf6 k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf ;]gfsf] baGbL
sfod ubf{ o'jf clws[t klg fVg ;'emfj alS;of]. d}n] o; ;lrjfnodf o'jf
clws[tsf] e"ldsf sfd sd x'g ;S5, To;}n] ;]gfgLeGbf dflysf clws[tsf]
baGbL sfod ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 xf]nf eg] hfx] u]. d}n] o;f] eg]kl5
o'jfhflwfh l;fOaS:of] b'O{ pk;]gfgL b'O{ ;x;]gfgLsf] baGbL fVg"
egL lgb]{zg aS:of]. ;f]xL cg';f baGbL ldnfOof]. k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf
dxffhflwfhsf] P8L;L eO;s]sf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj lgo'Qm
ug]{ k|rng lyof]. o; ;lrjfnodf klxn] t u};}lgs sd{rfL klg lyP. t
kl5Nnf] sfndf, vf; uL dfcf]jfbLsf lj4 ;]gf klrfng ePkl5 @)%( j}zfv
! ut]b]lv ;}lgsnfO{ dfq ;}lgs ;lrjfnodf fVg yflnof]. ;}lgs ;lrjsf]
lhDd]jfL ;]gf;u ;DalGwt ;a} lsl;dsf sfd x]g]{ xf], h'g dxffhflwfh ;dIf
k'Ug'k5{. To:t}, fhbaf, ;]gf, k|xL of u[x k|zf;g;u ;DalGwt ;'Iff ;DaGwL
ljifo klg ;}lgs ;lrjn] x]g]{ ub{5. ;}lgs ;lrjsf] csf]{ lgs} dxjk"0f{
lhDd]jfL klg x'G5. ;+;b\af6 h'g ljw]os kflt eP fhbaf cfp5, To;df
;sfaf6 nfndf]x nfUg'cufl8 k|dfl0ft ug{ fhbafsf tkm{af6 k|d'v ;lrj;u}
k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrjn] klg x:tfIf ug'{k5{.
fhbafdf s'g} klg sfdsfafxL, sd{rfL lgo'lQm, ;jfa9'jf, cjsfz
cflb ljifodf dxffhflwfhsf] :jljj]sLo lg0f{o x'G5. nfdf] ;do ;sfsf]
P8L;L ePsfn] dnfO{ bafsf w]} ljifodf cg'ej xfl;n ePsf] lyof]. pkyL
ePkl5 klg d}n] sla !^ dlxgf jL]Gb| ;sfsf] d'Vo P8L;Lsf ?kdf sfd
u]. To;kl5 d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL kfP. ;}lgs ;lrjn] ;]gfsf ljifodf
t lj:t[t ?kd} x]g'{k5{ k|wfg ;]gfklt;u ;dGjo uL sfd ug'{k5{. sfdsf
l;nl;nfdf k|wfg ;]gfklt;u s}of} k6s v6k6 ;d]t x'g] ub{5.
w]} jif{ d zfxL kfZj{jtL{ ljefudf sfo{t x]. pQm ljefusf] baGbLdf
k|d'v ;]gfgL bhf{ vfnL xbfxb} klg d ;]gfgLaf6 k|d'v ;]gfgL x'g sla Ps
jif{ l9nf eof]. lsg l9nf eof] eGg]af] d}n] slxNo} s]xL a'em\g ;lsg. To:t}
d]f] dxf;]gfgLsf] kbfjlw ;lsg nfUbf ljj]s, ;xfos yLdf kbf]Gglt x'b}g eGg]
xNnf JofKt lyof]. Tolt a]nf klg d]f] a9'jf gug{ lgs} sf]l;; ePsf] lyof].
To; a]nf ;xfos yL tffaxfb' yfkf pkyLdf d ;xfos yLdf a9'jf
x'g'kg]{ lyof]. t ;xfos yL yfkfsf] kbfjlw tLg jif{ yKg] dnfO{ dxf;]gfgL
zlzk|tfk s];LnfO{ h:t} uL cjsfz lbg] rrf{ klg Jofks} rNof]. cGttM

cfkm\g} af/]df

tff h;f{a pkyL x'g'eof]. d ;xfos yLdf kbf]Gglt eP. ;xfos yLaf6
pkyLdf a9'jf x'bf klg dnfO{ dfly hfg glbg 7"n} zlQm nfu]sf] lyof]. t
pgLx? slxNo} ;kmn ePgg\. yL zfGts'df dNnkl5 tff h;f{a ;}lgs ;lrj
x'g'kg]{ xf], jli7tfsf] lx;fan]. t tff h;f{an] k|d'v zfxL kfZj{jtL{af6} cjsfz
kfpg'eof]. To;kl5sf] jli7tfsf] qmddf x]sf zlzk|tfk s;f{anfO{ dxf;]gfgLsf]
kbaf6} cjsfz lbOof]. bafdf kbsf nflu s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] if8\oGq
eOxGYof]. tff h;f{asf] cjsfzkl5 vfnL ePsf] :yfgdf d :jfefljs ?kn]
pkyL eP ;}lgs ;lrj klg. ;sfn] d]f] sfd k|ToIf b]lvaS;]sfn] dnfO{
;}lgs ;lrjsf] lhDd]jfL aS;]sf] x'g ;S5.
fhbaf xTofsf08kl5 bafsf] ;'Iff Joj:yfnfO{ lnP d]f] cfnf]rgf x'g'
:jfefljs} lyof]. lsgeg] d fhbafsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'Iff Joj:yfsf] k|d'v lyP.
To;sf] g}lts lhDd]jfL lng}k5{ eG7fg] d}n] dxffhflwfh ;dIf fhLgfdf ;d]t
lbPsf] lyP. t :jLs[t ePg. o;} klk]|Iodf k|wfg ;]gfklt k|HjNnzdz]
hafn] sfo{yL pkyL ;bLkaxfb' zfxnfO{ fhbafsf] ;'Iff Joj:yf c;kmn
eof], ca o;nfO{ k"} abNg'k5{, To;sf] of]hgf agfpg" eg] lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf]
d}n] ;'g]sf] lyP. ;f]xL cg';f ;bLk h;f{an] klg cfk\mgf lgs6sf s]xL
clws[tsf] ;xof]udf of]hgf tof kfb}{ x'g'x'G5 eGg] ;d]t d}n] ;'lg g} x]sf]
lyP. o;}aLr fhbaf xTofsf08sf] sla 5 dlxgfkl5 @)%* sflQssf] Ps
;fem crfgs ;bLk h;f{an] dnfO{ kmf]g u] dflns, h?L 5, Ps k6s cfh}
e]6\g'kof] eGg'eof]. pxfsf] kmf]g cfpbf d sfof{nod} lyP. d}n] dnfO{ 3 k'Ug
l9nf x'G5, To;}n] ;f9] * ah]lt 3df cfpg" eg]. pxf ( ah] flt d]f] 3
cfpg'eof]. To; a]nf pxfn] eGg'eof], k|HjNn lrkm;fan] s]xL ;docufl8 dnfO{
;}lgs ;lrj eP baf hfg'k5{, To;sf nflu ;'Iff of]hgf agfpm eGg'ePsf]
lyof]. d}n] ljj]s h;f{a t d]f] k'fgf] ;fyL xf], d pxfnfO{ x6fP s;L baf
hfg ;S5' eg]. d]f] s'f ;'g] lrkm;fan] ;]gfdf hflu vfPkl5 klcfpg]
h:tf];'s} sfd ug{ klg tof x'g'k5{ eGg'eof]. o;df dnfO{ lrQ ga'em] tkfO{+;u
s'f ug{ cfPsf] x'.
pxfsf s'f ;'g]kl5 d}n] ;'Gb} cfPsf] xNnf ;xL x]5 eGg] nfUof]. d}n]
pxfnfO{ eg], bafdf ;}lgs ;lrj k|wfg ;]gfkltn] agfpg] xf]Og. dxffhflwfhn]
h] x's'd x'G5, ToxL x'G5. o;af] d s] k|ltlqmof lbpm < t o;kl5 klg dnfO{
x6fpg] eGg] xNnf rrf{ rln g} x\of], slxn] sf] ;}lgs ;lrj cfpg] slxn]
sf] cfpg] eg]. @)%( ;fpgsf] k|;\u xf]. zfxL kfZj{jtL{ zlzljqmd l;+xn]
k|d'v ;]gfgLaf6 dxf;]gfgLdf kbf]Gglt ePsf] pknIodf cfk\mgf] 6\ufnl:yt 3df
flqef]h cfof]hgf ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ef]hdf k"j{ k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj yL zfGts'df
dNn;u d]f] e]6 eof]. dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 x6fpg k|of; eOx]sf] xNnf pxfn]

591

592

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

klg ;'Gg'ePsf] x]5. pxfn] eGg'eof], s]xL lbgcufl8 k|wfg ;]gfklt lgjf;,
zlzejgdf flqef]h lyof]. Toxf pkl:yt w]}n] yL leS6Lzdz] hafnfO{ awfO{
lbOx]sf lyP. dnfO{ klg lh1f;f nfu] pxf;u of] s]sf] awfO{ xf] < eg]
;f]w]. pxfn] s]xL eGg'ePg. t c?n] eg] cg';f pxf k|d'v ;}lgs ;lrj
eP fhbaf hfg nfUg'ePsf] rrf{ rn]sf] x]5. of] s'f ;'g] d lhNn k].
o;nuQ} Ps lbg d]f] leS6L h;f{a;u s'f eof]. pxfn] d tkfO{+sf] 3df cfP
s'f u5'{ eGg'eof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ >LdtL ;lxt d]f] 3df vfgf vfg af]nfP.
pxfx? cfpg'eof]. s'fsfgLsf qmddf d}n] yL zfGts'df dNnn] eg]sf]
s'faf] hfgsfL ufP. leS6L h;f{an] eGg'eof], dnfO{ zlzejgdf s;}n] awfO{
lbPsf] xf]Og. a zfGt h;f{an] dnfO{ Pp6f s'gfdf nu] tkfO{+ k|d'v ;}lgs
;lrj eP baf cfpb} x'g'x'G5, dnfO{ 3df e]6\g cfpg eGg'eof]. d pxfsf s'f
;'g] cjfs\ eP. pxfn] yKg'eof], h;f{a, tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt wd{kfnjl;+x
yfkfn] dnfO{ ;xfos yLaf6 cjsfz lbg nfUg'ePsf] lyof]. tkfO{+n] ubf{ g} d]f]
kbfjlw ylkof]. d kbf]Gglt x'b} yL bhf{df k'u]. of] u'g d slxNo} la;{Gg.
tkfO{+sf lj4 d]f] s'g} klg lqmofsnfk x'g]5}g.
o;L dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrj x'gaf6 f]Sg ;}lgs ;lrj ePkl5 klg pQm
kbaf6 x6fpg ;w} g} k|of; eOx]. d ;a} sfd lgod;\ut kfbzL{ lsl;dn]
ug]{ ub{y]. o;}n] w]} cb[Zo zlQmx?sf] rnv]ndf afwf klx]sf] x'g ;SYof].
o:t} cff]xcjf]xsf aLr d}n] @)^) sflQs @! ut] fhLgfdf lbP. Tof] lbg
laxfg kf}g] & ah]b]lv kf}g] !! ah]aLrsf] rf 306fsf] ;dodf oltsf jif{ d]f
lj4 rn]sf xNnf, rrf{, klrrf{ ;w}sf nflu ;dfKt eP.
uGtJosf] cGTo

36gf @)#$ ;fnsf] xf]. ;+of]un] af klg z'qmaf g}. Tof] a]nf klg
fhbafdf k|To]s z'qmaf flt kfljfls hd36 eO g} xGYof]. cS;
z'qmaf u'8 k|mfO8] dgfpg] qmddf ;fd"lxs l8g l;g]df x]g]{ sfo{qmd x'GYof].
To; a]nf;Dd g]kfndf 6]lnlehg k|;f0fsf] ;';f} lyPg. l;g]df x]g{sf nflu
fhbafdf 5'} xn ag]sf] lyof]. z'qmafsf] zfGt l8gkl5 dxffhflwfh
fhkljfsf ;a} ;b:o zfxL gft]bfx?sf ;fy l;g]df x]g{ ;ls xf]OaS;GYof].
sf7df8f}df Tof] ;dodf tLg j6f l;g]df xn lyP ho g]kfn, ljZjHof]lt
~hgf. tL xndf rn]sf lxGbL l;g]dfdWo] Pp6f NofP fhbafdf x]g]{ rng
lyof]. Tof] z'qmaf flt klg l8gkl5 l;g]df x]g]{ sfo{qmd rlnx]sf] lyof]. xfdL
P8L;LnfO{ ;d]t cltlQm d]r fv] k5fl8kl a:g] aGbf]a:t lyof].

cfkm\g} af/]df

l;g]df x]lx]s} cj:yfdf flt sla !! ah] crfgs kmf]gsf] 306L aHof].
d}n] kmf]g p7fP. clwfhs'dfL lk|G;]k zfxsf] kmf]g x]5. pxfn] dnfO{ h?L
5, dxffhflwfhnfO{ kmf]g b]pm x's'd eof]. d}n] tTsfn} dxffhflwfhdf hfx]
u]. ;sfn] kmf]gdf 5f]6f] s'f ulaS:of]. To;kl5 ;sfaf6 x's'd eof],
ljj]s, tTsfn} tfxfrn hfg'kg]{ eof]. t'Gt ;'Iff df]6sf] aGbf]a:t ldnfP
dnfO{ va u.
d}n] t'Gt} pQm Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;sfdf hfx] u]. ;sf aflx ;jfL
eof]. ;fy} a8fdxffgL d'df a8fdxffgL klg. fhkljfsf cGo ;b:osf]
l;g]df x]g]{ sfo{qmd hfL x\of]. tfxfrn ;jfLsf qmddf ;sfaf6 dg a'af
-clwfhs'df lxdfno_ nfO{ clns cffd ePg5, ;fob c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ xf]nf,
To;}n] jL c:ktfnsf nflu klg ;'Iff Joj:yf ldnfpm x's'd eof]. d}n] tTsfn}
jfsL6sLaf6 P8L;L clkm;df va u] ;'Iffsf] aGbf]a:t ug{ eg]. Tof] a]nf
clxn]sf] h:tf] df]afOnsf] hdfgf lyPg.
;sfx? tfxfrnl:yt clwfhs'df lxdfnosf] a\unfdf k'Ubf Toxf
PDa'n]G; 8fS6 ;a} tof x]5g\. df};'kmx? leq uO{ s]xL a]kl5 clwfhs'df
lxdfnonfO{ lnP aflx ;jfL eof]. clwfhs'df PDa'n]G;df fh eof],
;sfx? cfk\mg} df]6df. tfxfrnaf6 jL c:ktfn k'Ug] qmddf af6fdf PDa'n]G;
sla tLg k6s f]Sg'kof]. clwfhs'dfnfO{ k6sk6s x[bof3ft eOx]sf]
lyof]. sla tLg ah]lt clwfhs'dfnfO{ c:ktfn k'ofO{ ;f]em} cfO{;Lo'df egf{
ulof]. pkrfs} qmddf clwfhs'dfsf] cTolws x[bof3ftsf sf0f lgwg eof].
8fS6x?n] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff u] cfO{;Lo'af6 aflx lgsfn]. jftfj0fdf crfgs
;Ggf6f 5fof]. clwfhs'dfL lk|G;]kaf6 clwfhs'df lxdfnosf] clGtd bz{g ub}{
v'fdf 9f]luaS:of] x's'd eof], xh' ;fx} efUodfgL xf]OaS;bf] x]5. g]kfnsf]
b'b{zf b]Vg k]g. d glhs} lyP. clwfhs'dfLsf jfSo ;'g] :tAw eP.
To;n] dnfO{ lgs} ;+j]bgzLn agfof]. To;kl5sf jif{x?df fh;+:yfn] w]} ptf
r9fj ;xg'kof]. clwfhs'dfL lk|G;]kn] To;f] eg]sf] !@ jif{d} k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
cGTo x'g k'Uof]. sla tLg bzskl5 fh;+:yf g} ;dfKt eof]. clwfhs'dfLaf6
To; a]nf JoQm ulaS;]sf jfSo cem} klg d]f sfgdf u'Ghg] u5{g\.
To;L g} d}n] ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 fhLgfdf lbP fhbaf 5f]8]sf] ef]ln kN6
laxfg} 8f= q}nf]Sogfy pk|]tLn] d]f] 3df cfP eg]sf jfSo ca fhbafdf
7"nf] clgi6 x'G5, tkfO{+nfO{ To;af6 d'lQm lbgsf nflu eujfg\n] ;xf lbPsf
x'g\ d slxNo} la;{g ;lSbg. pxfn] eljiojf0fL u] h:t} To;sf] kfr jif{ gk'Ub}
g]kfndf fh;+:yf ;dfKt x'g k'Uof]. fhbafdf Tolt nfdf] ;do sfd u]sf]
d}n] fh;+:yfsf] cGTo x'bfsf] avt efUojz To;sf] ;fIfL lsgff a:g'k]g.
bafdf sfo{t s]xL h'lgo sd{rfLx?n] slxn]sfxL af6fdf e]6\bf eG5g\,

593

594

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;, tkfO{+ bafdf eOx]sf] eP clxn]sf] h:tf] cj:yf cfpb}gYof] ls < t

lgoltnfO{ s;}n] f]s] f]Sg ;Sb}g. cfhsf] lbgdf lk|G;]k zfx 8f= pk|]tL
o; wtL{df x'g'x'Gg. t pxfx?n] eg]sf jfSo d]f] hLjgdf cToGt} dxjk"0f{ x'g
uPsf 5g\.
dnfO{ ljleGg bhf{df ;'lDkOPsf] lhDd]jfL d}n] :jR5 kljq dgn], cfk\mgf]
a'l4ljj]sn] EofP;Dd lgjf{x u]. To;df d k"0f{ ;kmn eP h:tf] nfU5. kxf8df
hGd]x's]{sf] JolQm ePsf] x'gfn] ddf h'g ;ntf OdfgbfL 5, To;nfO{ ;a}n]
;fxgf u]sf] g} kfPsf] 5'. d}n] ;]gfsf] tflnd lnPsf] a]nfotsf] f]on ldln6L
Ps]8]dL cd]lsfsf] sdfG8 PG8 hgn :6fkm sn]hsf] k|efj ddf kg'{ :jfefljs
lyof]. To:t}, d}n] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Koff tflnd lnPsf] lzIffnosf] cfbz{ jfSo
Tofu g} t[lKt xf] n] klg dnfO{ 7"nf] k|efj kf]sf] lyof]. d}n] hLjgdf ;Gt'li6
t[lKt kfpg' 5 eg] Tofu ug'{k5{ eGg] dgdf ;w} flvfv]. log} sf0fx?n] ubf{
lhDd]jfL jxg ug]{ qmddf ug'{kg]{ sfd g8fO{ ug]{ b]v];'g]sf] ;TotYo s'f
cfjZos :yfgdf h:tfsf] t:t} g8fO{sg} fVg] :jefj ddf ljsf; ePsf] lyof].
d]f] JolQmut hLjg h]h:tf] eP klg sfo{ut cfr0fnfO{ d}n] slxNo} b"lift x'g
lbOg. dxjk"0f{ bhf{df xbf klcfpg x'g ;Sg] clgoldttfaf6 d ;w} 6f9f
x]. kmn:j?k ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfjlwe d]f] dgf]an ;w} pRr xg ;Sof]. To;}n]
dxffhflwfhdf clGtd hfx]Lsf] clGtd jfSo ;sf, of] :tdf ljZjf;sf]
jftfj0f wldlnof] eg] sfd ug{ ;xh x'b}g, ;sfaf6 dnfO{ sfd nufOaS;g
dnfO{ klg sfd ug{ c;lhnf] kg{ ;S5, To;}n] d]f] fhLgfdf cfh}sf ldltb]lv
:jLs[t xf];\ eGg ;d]t dnfO{ ;xh} ;fx; cfof]. o;n] dnfO{ w]} ;Gt'li6 lbPsf]
5. t[lKt ePsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5.
hfg] baf, ghfg] taf eg] h:t} fhbafdf s;}sf] klg sfo{sfn
;lhnf] rflx k6Ss} x'b}gYof]. To;df klg zfxL kfZj{jtL{x?n] ;sfsf] glhs
x] sfd ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] df};'kmx?sf] d'8sf] cToGt} Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'GYof]. xfdLn]
fd|};u sfd ulx]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;sfx?sf] c?;usf] l; xfdL cl3lNt
xg] x'bf xfdLdfly kf]lvGYof]. s}of} k6s cgfof;d} ufnL vfg'kg]{ cj:yf
x'GYof]. zfxL kfZj{jtL{x?sf] afkm aflxaf6 UNofd; b]lvP klg leq To:tf]
k6Ss} lyPg. ;w} ;hu a:g'kg]{, slxn]sfxL vfg ;'Tgsf] ;d]t 6'\uf] gx'g],
3kljfnfO{ ;do lbg g;Sg] x'gfn] 3df hlxNo} c;Gt'li6. To:t}, slxn]sfxL
cfkm"nfO{ k6Ss} dg gkg]{ sfd klg ug'{kb{Yof]. d}n] d]f 5f]fx?sf] To:tf] ljz]if
Vofn u]sf] 5}g, h:tf] o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|, clwfhs'df gLfhg, clwfhs'dfL
>'lt ;sfx?sf] u]sf] 5'. @)#* ;fndf ;sfx? ff tfn ;jfL ePsf]
lyof]. Toxf o'jfhflwfhnfO{ xfO{clN6Ro'6 nfUof]. ;sf lafdL klaS:of].
To; cj:yfdf d}n] ;sfsf] ;Dk"0f{ :ofxf ug]{b]lv lb;f;d]t w'g'k]sf] lyof].

cfkm\g} af/]df

hals o; lsl;dsf] sfd d}n] cfk\mgf 5f]fx?sf] slxNo} ug'{k]sf] lyPg.

P8L;Lx?sf] d'Vo sfd ;sfx?sf] ;'Iff ug'{ lyof]. t klcfPsf avt
P8L;Lx?n] ;a} sfd ug'{kb{Yof]. ufnL vfg' klg sfdsf] Pp6f c\u h:t}
lyof]. 8'6Laf6 ufnL gvfO{ kmls{Psf] lbg 7"nf] ;kmntf kfPsf] h:tf] nfUbYof].
slxn]sfxL a8fdxffgL P]Zjo{ cfkm} 8fOe u] aflx ;jfL x'GYof]. P8L;Ln]
df]6sf] cufl8sf] afof l;6df a:g] rng lyof]. a8fdxffgLsf] 8fOle Tolt fd|f]
:d'y lyPg. sltko cj:yfdf t ;sfsf] 8fOle lgs} vtgfs x'GYof].
dnfO{ fd|f];u ;Demgf 5, fhbafaf6 st} hfbf xf];\ of ;jfL lkmbf{, b'3{6gf
gk] x'GYof] eGg] dgdf nfluxGYof]. baf gkms]{;Dd d'6' g} 9's9's eOxGYof].
Tolt a]nf eujfg\sf] gfd hk] a:g'sf] s'g} ljsNk x'b}gYof]. baf kms{+bf;Dddf
zLsf] jhg kfr lsnf] 36\of] h:tf] nfUbYof].
kms]{ x]bf{ fhbafdf w]} jif{;Dd sfd ubf{ d}n] ;]gfsf] tflndsf qmddf
l;s]sf 1fgsf] vf;} ;b'kof]u ePg h:tf] nfU5. cfk\mgf ;xkf7L h:t} ;]gfsf
ljleGg bhf{df ug}{kg]{ tflnddf ;d]t d ;xefuL x'g ;lsg. To;}n] ;}lgs
sfdsfhsf lx;fan] sfddf k"0f{ ;Gt'li6 -js{ ;]l6:km]S;g_ lyof] eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf lyPg. t ;do cg';f x'g] kbf]Ggltsf sf0f cfk\mgf ;dsfnLg ;x
ePsfn] lhDd]jfLsf lx;fan] ;Gt'li6 -ha ;]l6:km]S;g_ eg] dgUo lyof]. @)$@
;fnlt dnfO{ stfstf sfddf cfTd;Gt'li6 x'g g;s]sf] h:tf] eOx]sf] lyof].
Tolt a]nf d]f] ;}lgs ;]jf cjlw !& jif{ k"f eO;s]sf] lyof]. s] ;f]rfO cfof]
eg] ca tLg jif{kl5 d]f] ;]jf cjlw @) jif{ k'U5 k]G;g kfS5, To; ;dodf
d]f] bhf{ dxf;]gfgL x'G5, To;kl5 d ;}lgs ;]jf 5f]8L :jtGq hLjg latfp5'.
d}n] of] s'f cfk\mgL >LdtL uLtfnfO{ klg ;'gfPsf] lyP. d]f a'afd'dfnfO{ klg
;f]w]. uLtfn] d]f] s'fsf] Psbd} ljf]w ulg\. pgn] fhbafdf hflu kfpg
dfG5]x? s:tf] dlxQ] u5{g\, ltdL eg] efUon] kfPsf] hflu klg 5f8\5f} < eg]
hflu g5f8\g lh2L u]sL lyOg\. o;L d Ps lx;fan] bf]wfsf] dgl:yltdf
lyP. of] c? s'g} s'faf6 xf]Og, sfddf ;Gt'li6 x'g g;s]sf sf0faf6 pAh]sf]
lljwf lyof].
@)$$ ;fndf fhbafdf o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|sf] z'epkgog lxGb" kDkf
cg';f w"dwfd;u ;DkGg eof]. dxffhflwfhsf] lgdGq0ffdf pkgog ;dff]xdf
;ls x'g eftsf ljleGg wfdaf6 z\sfrfo{x? sf7df8f} cfpg'ePsf] lyof].
fsfwfdsf z\sfrfo{ :j?kfgGb ;:jtL, fd]Zjd\sf z\sfrfo{ hoGt
;:jtLsf ;fy} vKt8 afaf -:jfdL !))* ;lRrbfgGb ;:jtL_ klg ;dff]xdf
;xefuL x'g'x'GYof]. fsfsf z\sfrfo{sf] JolQmut x]rfxsf nflu dfgfy{
zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL cflbTozdz] hafnfO{ v6fOPsf] lyof]. fd]Zjd\sf
z\sfrfo{sf nflu dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL z]axfb' l;+x vKt8 afafsf

595

596

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

nflu dfgfy{ zfxL kfZj{jtL{ pkyL ets]z l;+xnfO{ v6fOPsf] lyof]. dnfO{ eg]
z\sfrfo{x?sf ;fy} vKt8 afafsf] ljz]if x]rfx ug{ cxfOPsf] lyof]. d ;do
;dodf pxfx? a;]sf :yfgdf uP l:ylt a'e\mg] ub{y]. pxfx?nfO{ cfjZostf
cg';f sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ufpg'kb{Yof]. ;fy}, ;sfaf6 x's'd aS;]sf ljifo
pxfx?;Dd k'ofpg' pxfx?sf s'f ;sfdf hfx] ug'{ klg d]f] lhDd]jfL
lyof]. o;}aLr d Ps lbg vKt8 afafnfO{ e]6\g uPsf] lyP. pxf k'fgf] lzjk'L
afafsf] cf>d, w|'j:ynLdf a:g'ePsf] lyof]. Tof] lbg d hfbf sf]xL gePsf] df}sf
ldNof]. To;} a]nf afafnfO{ b'O6f k|Zg ;f]Wg OR5f nfUof]. ;fy} afafsf] pd] klg
yfxf kfpg dg nfUof]. d}n] pxfnfO{ ;f]em} pd] ;f]Wg] cf6 ug{ ;lsg. To;}n]
afaf, tkfO{+n] k'fgf] ;dfh klg b]Vg'eof], clxn]sf] ;dfh klg b]lvxg'ePsf] 5,
oL b'O{aLr s] leGgtf kfpg'x'G5 < eg] ;f]w]. d]f] bf];|f] k|Zg lyof], s]xL ;dokl5
d]f] k]G;g kfSb} 5. To;kl5 d}n] hflu 5f]8] s'd uP a:g] ljrf u]sf]
5'. Toxf ;dfh ;]jf u] a;" ls h:tf] nfu]sf] 5. b]zdf h]h:tf] 36gfqmd
ljsl;t eOx]sf] 5, h;L fHo;Qf ;~rfng eOx]sf] 5, To;df d]f] stfstf
lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g. d}n] s] ug'{ plrt xf]nf <
k|To'Qdf afafn] eGg'eof], ljj]shL, tkfO{s
+ f k|Zgsf] pQ lbg nfdf] ;do
nfU5. Tolt ;do oxf ldNg ;Sb}g. sf]xL g sf]xL dnfO{ e]6g\ cfOxfN5g\. To;}n]
tkfO{+ km';b{ ldnfpg ;Sg'xG' 5 eg] vKt8 cfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{s
+ f b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ ToxL
lbpnf. To;kl5 d}n] Ps dlxgfkl5 labf lnP vKt8 cfp5' eg] .
To; a]nf lbkfonl:yt % gDa jflxgLdf ;xfos jflxgLklt x'g'x'GYof] k|d'v
;]gfgL k|sfzaxfb' a:g]t. d ;]gfdf egf{ x'bfsf ;dsIfL. cfk\mgf] kIfaf6 ;a}
Joj:yf ldnfP d lbkfon uP, @)$% j}zfvdf. Toxfaf6 pxf d lx8]} vKt8
uof}. vKt8 fli6o lgs'~hsf] k|fs[lts jftfj0f cToGt} d0fLo lyof]. Toxfsf]
;}lgs Aof]sdf xfdL b'O{ ft a:of}. vKt8 afafsf] cf>ddf pxfsf s'f ;'g]
d}n] emG8} ;ftcf7 306f latfP. pxf vKt8 cfP a;]sf] dfq $) jif{ eO;s]sf]
x]5. pxf klxnf] kN6 g]kfn cfpbf f0ff >L # b]jzdz] k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'bf]
x]5. pxf d':tfsf] d'lQmgfy, bf]nvfsf] sfln~rf]s eujtL, s'dsf] l8u|]zfO
s'dfL eujtL nufot g]kfnsf ljleGg wfld{s :yndf w]} jif{ tk:of ;fwgf
u] a:g'ePsf] x]5. vKt8 afaf tL wfld{s :yndf a;]sf] jif{ dgdg} hf]8\b}
hfbf d}n] pxfsf] pd] ! ;o #% jif{hlt ePsf] cg'dfg u]. pxfn] cfWoflTds
cGo ljifodf nfdf] s'fsfgL ug'{eof]. d}n] klxn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] nfdf] ljZn]if0f
;lxt hjfkm lbg'eof]. ;\If]kdf eGbf d]f] klxnf] lh1f;fsf] hjfkmdf pxfn]
eGg'ePsf] lyof], klxn]klxn] lj1fg ef}lts k|ljlwsf] o:tf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg.
dflg; cfk\mgf] kljf, ;dfh ufp3df tgdg nufpy]. c?sf] cfjZostf
tyf :jfy{df a9L Wofg lbGy], cfk\mgf] :jfy{df sd. pgLx?sf] lbn 7"nf] lyof] eg]

cfkm\g} af/]df

lbdfu ;fgf]. clxn] lzIffsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf lj:tfsf ;fy} ef}lts k|ultn]] ubf{
;do b"L 5f]6f] x'g k'u]sf] 5. dflg;sf] ;f]Rg] zlQm w]} kmflsnf] ePsf] 5.
t dflg;n] cfkm" cfk\mgf] af] dfq ;f]Rg yfn]sf] 5. cfhsn dflg;sf] lbdfu
7"nf] ePsf] 5, lbn ;fgf]. o;n] ubf{ dflg;df c;Gt'lnt clgolGqt efjgf
ljsl;t eO{ cg]s lsl;dsf ;d:of b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\. dflg; w]} c;Gt'i6
aGb} uPsf] 5. o;af6 tgfj a9] cg]s f]u hlGdPsf 5g\. dflg; hlt
c;Gt'i6 aGb} hfG5, p;sf] zLdf f]un] Tolt g} :yfg kfpb} hfG5. klxn]klxn]
b'Mvsi6 cfhsf] eGbf w]} lyof]. t dflg; w]} jif{;Dd afRby].
d]f] bf];|f] lh1f;fsf ;Gbe{df pxfn] eGg'eof], ljj]shL, tkfO{+ u[x:y
hflubf klg. ;]gfdf tkfO{+sf] nfdf] slc afsL g} 5. tkfO{+ h:tf JolQmn]
dWodfuL{ eP a:g'k5{. tkfO{+ clxn] h] b]lvxg'ePsf] 5, h] u5'{ eGg] ljrf
ug'{ePsf] 5, tL b'j} PlS:6d nfOgsf s'f x'g\. tkfO{+n] ulx]sf] sfd clg b]z
fhbafsf] l:yltaf] tkfO{+sf] ljj]rgf ;'Gbf dnfO{ tkfO{+sf] ;]jf fhfnfO{ cem}
cfjZos 5 h:tf] nfU5. To;}n] d tkfO{+nfO{ hflu g5f8\g ;Nnfx lbG5'.
tkfO{+df w]} a'l4 ljj]s 5. tkfO{+nfO{ eujfg\sf] cfzLjf{b 5. zf:qdf klg
elgPsf] 5, g x:t] oli6dfbfo b]jf IflGt ;fwsd\, o+ t' lIft'ldR5lGt ;'a'Wof
of]holGt td\. eGg'sf] cy{, eujfg\n] s;}nfO{ Iff u5{g\ eg]sf] tfTko{ n6\7L
lnP ;'Iff lbg] xf]Og, a'l4 lbP xf]. To;}n] tkfO{+ hflu 5f]8\g] s'fdf k'glj{rf
ug'{xf];\. d sf7df8f} cfPsf a]nf kl5 km]l s'f uf}nf. afafn] lbPsf] hjfkm
;Nnfxaf6 d w]} k|efljt eP. fhbafsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng] ljrf ;w}sf
nflu ToflulbP.
o;} ;Gbe{df Pp6f k|;\u pNn]v uf}. jL]Gb| ;sfsf ;'b]lvsf
P8L;Lx? zfGts'df dNn tffaxfb' yfkf ;]gfdf Ps} lbg egf{ x'g'ePsf]
Ps} lbg P8L;Ldf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof]. t pxfx?sf] cfk;df slxNo} ;'dw'
;DaGw ePg. of] s'f ;sfx?nfO{ ;d]t fd|L yfxf lyof]. To:t}, zlzk|tfk
s];L d klg cfjlws tyf :yfoL P8L;L ePsf] Ps} lbg xf]. of] s'f ljrf
u] dxffhflwfhaf6 xfdLaLr zfGts'df tffaxfb'sf] h:tf] cj:yf gcfcf];\
eGg] ;f]lraS;]sf] x]5. xfdL b'O{ hgfdWo] s;nfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjsf] bhf{;Dd fVg]
eGg] ;f]r] g} ;sfaf6 zlzk|tfknfO{ dxf;]gfgLsf] bhf{af6 cjsfz lbOaS;]sf]
x]5. of] s'f w]} jif{kl5 o'jfhflwfh bLk]Gb|n] tTsfnLg ;]gfgL k|bLkaxfb'
l;+xnfO{ x's'd ePsf] x]5. To;sf] klg w]} ;dokl5 k|bLkaxfb'n] dnfO{ o;af]
;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof].
>L % 1fg]Gb|af6 fhLgfdf dfluaS:of] d}n] tTsfn} fhLgfdf lbP
fhbafsf] ;]jf 5f8]. fhLgfdf gdfluaS;]sf] eP d}n] kbfjlw jf pd]sf
lx;fan] :jfefljs tjdf cjsfz kfpy] xf]nf. fhLgfdf lbP klg zfxL g]kfnL

597

598

d}n] b]v]sf] b/af/

;]gfsf] tflnd, cfk\mg} ;+:sf nfdf] cjlw;Dd fhbafdf ;]jf u]sf sf0f d]f]
dgdf fh;+:yfk|lt dfg;Ddfg >4f x'g' :jfefljs lyof]. g]kfnsf] klk|]Iodf
fh;+:yfsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ lyof] 5 eGg] s'fdf d cfh klg k"0f{ ?kn] ljZj:t
5'. cfk"m fhbafaf6 cnu eP klg g]kfn g]kfnLsf] a[xt\ lxt tyf fli6o
Pstfsf nflu fh;+:yf cgGt sfn;Dd lxxf];\ eGg] d]f] sfdgf 5b} 5.
d]f] alxu{dgkl5 fhbafsf] dflyNnf] gLlt lgdf{0f tx ;'Iff lgsfosf
k|d'vx?sf] sfo{z}nLdf s]xL kljt{g x'g' :jfefljs} lyof]. fhLgfdfkl5 ;'Iff
lgsfosf k|d'vx?;u ;+of]ujz e]6]sf a]nf d pxfx?nfO{ eGy], dxffhflwfhsf
x]s sbdx? tkfO{+x?sf] cf8ef];fdf fd|L cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ h:tf] nfU5.
tkfO{+x? dxffhflwfhnfO{ ;TotYo s'f hfx] ug{ g8fpg'xf];\. s'g s'f ;Sg]
s'g g;Sg] xf], ;sfdf :ki6 ?kdf hfx] ug'{xf];\. olb tkfO{+x? ;a} 7Ls 5,
xj;\ ;sf dfq eGgkl nfUg'eof] eg] tkfO{+x?n] fhfnfO{ vfN6fdf xfNg'x'G5.
clg tkfO{+x? klg ToxL vfN6fdf kg'{x'G5. t d]f] egfOdf pxfx?sf] k|ltlqmof
s] x'GYof] eg], h;f{a, tkfO{+ ;}lgs ;lrjaf6 x6]kl5 dxffhflwfhnfO{ s;}n] klg
gf] eGg ;Sg] l:ylt g} x]g. xfdL nfrf 5f}.
dnfO{ ;}lgs ;lrjdf abnL ug]{ pkyL uh]Gb|axfb' lnDa"n] @)^& j}zfv
! ut] g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}lgs clws[t Snadf cfof]hgf u]sf] kf6L{df eGg'eof], ;,
tkfO{+ bafaf6 lg:s]kl5 ;a}nfO{ hflusf] 8 eof]. fhfn] eg]kl5 x'g]gx'g]
s'fsf] k|Zg} ePg. xfdL ;a} P;Dofg eof}. To:t} d ;DemG5', @)^% ;fnlt
;z:q k|xL ansf tTsfnLg k|xL dxflgLIfs ;xjL yfkfsL 5f]Lsf] ljjfxsf]
kf6L{df k"j{ k|wfg ;]gfklt dxfyL Kofh\u yfkfn] dnfO{ eGg'eof], h;f{an]
5f8]kl5 bafsf] ;a} dfxf]n lalu|of]. fhf;fd' s'g} klg ljifodf lqml6sNnL s'f
fVg] JolQm Toxf ePg. ;fob tkfO{+ Toxfaf6 gx6]sf] eP o:tf] cj:yf gcfpg
klg ;SYof]. To; a]nf d}n] pxfnfO{ xf;] eg], of] s'f clxn] eg] s] sfd 5
; < lsgeg], d}n] fhLgfdf r9fPsf] ef]ln kN6 laxfg -@)^) sflQs @@ ut]
zlgaf_ tkfO{+n] ;sfsf] bz{ge]6 kfPs} xf]. d}n] o;f] eg]kl5 pxf gfhjfkm
x'g'eof]. s]xL af]Ng'ePg. d}n] eg] cgfof; Pp6f nf]suLt ;Demg k'u] M
ftdf tff em'lNsG5g\ ;:t}
Pp6f klg x'b}g h"g h:t}= =
k"j{o'jfhflwfh kf;n] d]f] fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePkl5 cfk\mgf s]xL ;fyL;u
cfO{ x]6]8, lxh u6\; -d p;sf] ;fx;nfO{ rfplbgy]_ elgaS;]sf] x]5. d]f
af]df df};'kmsf] of] l6Kk0fL cToGt :jfefljs, oyfy{ks ;sffTds 5 h:tf]
nfU5. To:t} s]xL ;docufl8 hgcf:yf ;fKtflxsnfO{ k"j{o'jfhflwfhn] lbPsf]
cGtjf{tf{df fhbafdf To; a]nf lqml6sn dfG5] gePsf xf]Ogg\, t pgLx?sf]
ljrf ;'g'jfO ePg elgPsf] 5. Tof] klg d]f] ;sffTds d"Nof\sg g} xf] eGg]

cfkm\g} af/]df

7fGb5'. h] h;L, h'g;'s} sf0faf6 eP klg dxffhflwfhaf6 d]f] fhLgfdf

x7ft\ dfluaS:of]. d}n] tTsfn} fhLgfdf lbP :jLs[t klg eof]. t d}n] cufl8
pNn]v u] h:t} cfh;Dd klg cfkm";u fhLgfdf dfluPsf] jf:tljstfaf] d k"fk"
cgle1 g} 5'.
@)@% ;fndf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] tflnd lng ;' ubf{ d slnnf] pd]s}
lyP. ToxL slnnf] pd]df lnPsf] tLg jif{sf] s8f tflndn] d]f] OR5fzlQm a9fpg
dbt uof]. cfkm"n] ug]{ s'g} klg sfddf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy cfkm"nfO{ pEofpg
;Sg] eP ;w} pEofP. To;}sf] kmn:j?k d}n] ;]gf fhbafdf ;a} lsl;dsf]
;kmntf xfl;n u] jf ulg klg xf]nf. t d]f] uGtJosf] cGTo cfk\mg} ;Gt'li6df
eof] eg] ;dosf] k|jfx a'e\mg g;Sbf, hgtfsf] zflGtk|ltsf] rfxgf c\uLsf ug{
g;Sbf, fhgLlts kf6L{x? h]h:tf eP klg hgtfsf ;+jfxs x'g\ eGg] :jLsfg{
g;Sbf, ;fy} k'fgf k':tfn] k|of]u uL c;kmn eO;s]sf JolQmx?, rf6'sf,
rfsLbf, lglxt dxjfsf\IfL :jfyL{ ;Nnfxsfx?sf] em'G8df dxffhflwfh
km;]sf] sf0f tyf ljb]zL if8\oGqaf6 g]kfnsf] fh;+:yfsf] uGtJosf] cGTo eof].
t d]f] ljrfdf g]kfnsf] ljz]if kll:yltsf sf0f oBlk fh;+:yf cfjZos
lyof]. uf]vgfy afafn] k[YjLgffo0f zfxnfO{ afNosfndf ltd|f] !# k':tf;Ddn]
g]kfndf fh ug\ eg]sf] rltfy{ eP @$) jif{ k'fgf] fh;+:yfsf] Oltxf; ;dfKt
x'g k'Uof]. ;+;fsf s]xL b]zdf fh;+:yf k'gM:yflkt ;d]t ePsf 5g\. g]kfnsf]
fh;+:yf kms]{nf of gkms]{nf, clxn] o;} eGg ;lsb}g. of] ljifo eljios} ue{df
x]sf] 5 ;don] g} o;sf] lgSof]{n ug]{5.

599