Hong Kong

This article is about Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. For other uses, see Hong Kong
(disambiguation).
HKredirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).

on 1 July 1997 under the principle of "one country, two

systems".* [16]* [17]
Towards the late 1970s, Hong Kong became established
as a major entrept between the world and China. The
city has developed into a major global trade hub and
nancial centre, and is regarded as a world city and one
of the eight Alpha+ cities. It ranked fth on the 2014
Global Cities Index after New York City, London, Tokyo
and Paris.* [18] The city has one of the highest per capita
incomes in the world, and the most severe income inequality among the advanced economies.* [6] It has a high
Human Development Index and is ranked highly in the
Global Competitiveness Report.* [19] Hong Kong is the
third most important nancial centre after New York and
London.* [20] The service economy, characterised by low
taxation and free trade, has been regarded as one of the
world's most laissez-faire economic policies, and the currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the 13th most traded currency in the world.* [21]

Coordinates: 2218N 11412E / 22.3N 114.2E

Limited at land created a necessity for dense infrastructure, and the city became a centre of modern architecture,
earning Hong Kong the title of the world's most vertical
city.* [22]* [23] Hong Kong has a highly developed public
transportation network and 90 percent of the population,
the highest rate in the world, relies on mass transit by road
or rail.* [24]* [25] Air pollution remains a serious problem.* [26] Loose emissions standards have resulted in a
high level of atmospheric particulates.* [27]

Hong Kong districts map

Hong Kong ( ; Fragrant Harbour), ocially

known as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China, is a city on the
southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary and
the South China Sea.* [9] Hong Kong is well known for
its expansive skyline, deep natural harbour and extreme
population density (some seven million inhabitants over
a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi)).* [10] The current population of Hong Kong comprises 93.6% ethnic
Chinese.* [5] A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonesespeaking majority originated from the neighbouring
Canton province (now Guangdong),* [11] from where
skilled labour ed after the communist government took
over China in 1949 and subsequently purged its population during the 1960s.* [12]* [13]* [14]* [15]

1 Name

The nameHong Kongis an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or
Hakka name , meaningFragrant Harbour.* [28]
Before 1842, the name referred to a small inletnow
Aberdeen Harbour ( hoeng1 gong2 zai2 , Little
Hong Kong)between Aberdeen Island and the south
After China's defeat in the First Opium War (1839 side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the rst
42) against the British Empire, Hong Kong became a points of contact between British sailors and local shBritish colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong ermen.* [29]
Island, followed by Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99year lease of the New Territories in 1898. After it was The reference to fragrance may refer to the sweet taste
occupied by Japan during the Second World War (1941 of the harbour's fresh water estuarine inux of the Pearl
45), the British resumed control until 30 June 1997. As River, or to the incense from factories, lining the coast
a result of the negotiations between China and Britain, to the north of Kowloon, which was stored near Abexport before the development of the
Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of erdeen Harbour for
*
Victoria
Harbour.
[28]
China under the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The
city became China's rst Special Administrative Region In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed and the name,
1

2 HISTORY

Hong Kong, was rst recorded on ocial documents to (modern Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital
encompass the entirety of the island.* [30]
city Panyu.* [39]* [40]* [41]
The name had often been written as the single word
Hongkong until the government adopted the current form
in 1926.* [31] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the
Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong
and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

The area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue (Southern Viet), founded by general Zhao
Tuo in 204 BC after the collapse of the short-lived Qin
dynasty.* [42] When the kingdom of Nanyue was conquered by the Han Dynasty in 111 BC, Hong Kong was
assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery. Archaeological evThe full ocial name, after 1997, is Hong Kong Spe- idence indicates that the population increased and early
cial Administrative Region of the People's Republic of salt production ourished in this time period. Lei Cheng
is believed to
China. This is the ocial title as mentioned in the Hong Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula
*
have
been
built
during
the
Han
dynasty.
[43]
Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;* [32] however, Hong Kong Special Administrative Under the Tang dynasty, the Guangdong (Canton) reRegionand Hong Kongare widely accepted.
gion ourished as a regional trading centre. In 736
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames: the most fa- AD, the rst Emperor of Tang established a military
Kong, to demous among those is thePearl of the Orient, which re- stronghold in Tuen Mun, western Hong
*
[44]
The rst vilfend
the
coastal
area
of
the
region.
ected the impressive night-view of the city's light decolage
school,
Li
Ying
College,
was
established
around
rations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria
1075
AD
in
the
modern-day
New
Territories
under
the
Harbour.
Northern Song dynasty.* [45] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song dynasty, an extension to
Northern Song, moved their court to Fujian. After their
2 History
defeat by the Mongols, the Southern Song court moved
to Lantau Island and to the modern-day Kowloon City (a
place named Sung Wong Toi as a memorial), where the
Main article: History of Hong Kong
child Emperor Bing and his ocials escaped by boat and
were drowned following the defeat in the Battle of Yamen. Hau Wong, an ocial of the late emperor, is still
worshipped by a small number of Hong Kong residents
2.1 Pre-British Hong Kong
today.* [46]
Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of
Hong Kong under Imperial China
Archaeological studies support human presence in the 2.1.2 Voyages of Discovery
Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge
Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.* [33]* [34]* [35]
lvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earli- 1513.* [47]* [48] After establishing settlements in
est sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the the region, Portuguese merchants began trading in
Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom southern China. At the same time, they invaded Hong
Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung Kong and built up military fortications in Tuen Mun.
was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic arte- The subsequent military clashes between China and
facts suggested cultural dierences from the Longshan Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese
culture of northern China and settlement by the Che peo- merchants.
ple, prior to the migration of the Baiyue (Viets) to Hong
Kong.* [36]* [37] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order (closed-door,
Shang dynasty in China, were discovered on the sur- isolation policy) was enforced and it strictly forbade all
maritime activities in order to prevent contact from forrounding islands.* [38]
eigners by sea. This policy was eective since Chinese emperors exercised absolute powers over their cit2.1.1 Ancient China
izens.* [46] From 1661 to 1669, Hong Kong was directly
aected by the Great Clearance of Kangxi Emperor,
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the rst emperor of who required the evacuation of coastal areas of Canton
China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern (Guangdong). About 16,000 people from Hong Kong
Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the and Bao'an County were forced to emigrate inland; only
territory into imperial China for the rst time. Mod- 1,648 of those who evacuated were said to have returned
ern Hong Kong was assigned to the Nanhai commandery after the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.* [49]* [50]

2.2

2.2

British Crown Colony: 1842-1941

British Crown Colony: 1842-1941

China and Europe alike. The society, however, remained

racially segregated and polarised under the British coloMain articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong nial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such
Kong (1800s1930s)
as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved arIn 1839, the refusal of Qing-dynasty authorities to supeas, such as the Victoria Peak.
port opium imports caused the outbreak of the First
Opium War between Britain and China. China's defeat At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in
resulted in the occupation of Hong Kong Island by British Hong Kong had no political representation in the British
forces on 20 January 1841. It was initially ceded un- colonial government. There were, however, a small numder the Convention of Chuenpee, as part of a ceasere ber of Chinese elites whom the British governors relied
agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor on, such as Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung. They served
Qishan. This agreement, however was never ratied due as communicators and mediators between the governto a dispute between high-ranking ocials of both coun- ment and local population. Sir Kai Ho later became an
unocial member of the Legislative Council. Robert
tries.* [51]
Hotung was a millionaire with huge nancial inuence in
On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally
the Crown Colony.
ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The
British ocially established a Crown colony and founded
2.2.3 New Territories: 99 years of lease
the City of Victoria in the following year.* [52]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the
Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January
1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka shermen and Hakka
charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of
Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters,
such as ooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China
would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place
for safe shelter.* [53]* [54]
2.2.1

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from China

from the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong
Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease
of Lantau Island and the area north of Boundary Street in
Kowloon up to Shenzhen River. Governor Henry Arthur
Blake oversaw the addition of the 'New Territories', Lantau and Surrounding Islands in 1898.* [57]* [58]* [59]

2.2.4 1900 to 1941

Addition of Kowloon: 1860

Following further conicts over opium trade between

Britain and China, several murders in the province of
West Canton (now Guangxi) quickly escalated into a fullscale war, the Second Opium War. The Anglo-French
victory expanded the Crown Colony to the Kowloon
Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's
Island. Both areas were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing.
According to the 1865 Census, Hong Kong had a population of 125,504, of which some 2,000 were Americans and Europeans. In 1894, the deadly Third Pandemic
of bubonic plague spread from China to Hong Kong. It
caused around 50,000 to 100,000 deaths in the Crown
Colony. Almost 15% to 25% of the population vanished
after the plague.* [55] Given the city's status as the freetrade center of East Asia, its role as a conduit for disease
as well as trade caused widespread anxiety.* [56]

Hong Kong lmed in 1937

The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911.

Dr Sun Yat-sen, who established the Republic of China,
studied Medicine at the University (in its former medical
faculty established in 1887).

In 1914, there was an exodus of 60,000 Chinese residents

for fear of a German attack on the British colony during
2.2.2 Free port of Victoria City
the First World War. Nevertheless, Hong Kong remained
peaceful during the war and its population increased from
The establishment of free port turned Hong Kong into a 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 milmajor entrept, attracting new immigrants to settle from lion by 1941.* [60]

2 HISTORY

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of

Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese from his work for the
British colonial government of Hong Kong during 1902
to 1912, and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the rst ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into
the Executive Council as an unocial member. Under
his tenure, Kai Tak Airport (the old Hong Kong International Airport) entered operation for the Royal Air Force
(RAF) Hong Kong and several aviation clubs.
In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when
the Japanese Empire expanded their territories from
northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geory Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Falling ill to poor health, Northcote took a 6-month
leave in October 1940 before returning to Hong Kong
for another 6 months. With the Japanese armies looming
close to Canton, Northcote completed his appointment
in September 1941 and Sir Mark Aitchison Young succeeded him.

2.3

Japanese occupation: 1941-45

Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

As part of the military campaign in East Asia and the

south from the City of Canton (Guangzhou) and crossed

the Shenzhen River to enter Hong Kong on 8 December 1941.* [62] The Battle of Hong Kong ended with the
British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of
the Crown Colony to Japan on 25 December 1941. This
day was regarded by the locals as the Black Christmas
Day. * [63]
During the period of Japanese occupation of Hong Kong,
the Japanese army committed atrocities against the civilians and POWs such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suered widespread food
shortages, limited rationing and hyper-ination arising
from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong
Dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio
of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of
Hong Kong Dollars was declared illegal and punishable
by harsh torture. Due to starvation, mass executions, and
forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the
population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million
in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when Britain resumed control of the Crown Colony on 30 August 1945.* [64]

2.4 Resumption of British rule and Cold

War era: 1945-97

Flag of British Hong Kong from 19591997

Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong,

1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in
Hong Kong and 1990s in Hong Kong

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in

service in WWI and WWII.* [61]

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war,

as a wave of skilled migrants from China ooded into
Hong Kong for refuge from the Chinese Civil War (194549). When the Communists gained control of mainland
China in 1949, even more skilled migrants ed to Hong
Kong across the open border for fear of persecution.* [57]
Many newcomers, especially those who had been based
in major port cities of Shanghai and Canton, established
corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and
shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.* [57]

Pacic, the Japanese Empire, ally of Germany and Italy, 2.4.1 End to open border: the 1950s
declared war against the British Crown Colony. Despite
numerous petitions of Hong Kong to remain a neutral port The Chinese Communist Party's establishment of a soduring the Second World War, Japanese armies moved cialist state in China on 1 October 1949 caused the British

2.4

Resumption of British rule and Cold War era: 1945-97

colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was
demarked as a buer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts in the north
of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the
movement of people and goods into and out of British
Hong Kong.

Social welfare protection: Jobseekers' Allowance,

Elderly Allowance, Disability Allowance, etc.

In the 1950s, Hong Kong's rapid industrialisation was

driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and
re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew,
with labour costs remaining low, living standards began
to rise steadily. Corruption and ineency of public services, however, were widespread even among the police
and reghters.* [65] The construction of council housing, Shek Kip Mei Estate, in 1953 was a response to
the massive slum re in the same locality. This marked
the beginning of the public housing estate programme in
Hong Kong to provide shelter for the less privileged and
to cope with the inux of immigrants.

Adoption of Chinese, along with English, as an ofcial language of British Hong Kong

The British system of council administration was introduced to Hong Kong through the Urban Council and
Regional Council, which have played a signicant role
in improving the sanitary conditions and developing numerous cultural and recreational facilities.

2.4.2

2.4.4 Mass Transit Railway

Water shortage in the 1960s

Between 1961 and 1964, droughts occurred for consecutive years in Hong Kong. The water supply from local reservoirs became insucient due to unusually low
amounts of annual rainfall. Water rationing occurred in
1961, 1963 and 1964; the crisis became more severe in
1964, when water supply was available for 4 hours on every fourth day.
2.4.3

Reform and renaissance: the 1970s

Overhaul of the healthcare system and construction

of Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Mary Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital and Prince of Wales
Hospital

Development of new towns, Sha Tin and Tuen Mun

Establishment of country parks to preserve 70% of
Hong Kong's green landmass

Main article: MTR

To resolve trac congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour for commuters and residents, a rapid transit railway system
(metro) was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island
Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon
Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line
(Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early
1980s.* [68]

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong

Kong (197182), a series of reforms improved the pub2.4.5 Hong Kong's future: the 1980s
lic services, environment, housing, welfare, education
and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was the
longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure,
has become one of the most popular and well-known gures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a global city in
the 1980s and early 1990s.
A number of MacLehose's most signicant policies included:
9 years of compulsory, free education for schoolaged children
ICAC (Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)) in 1974: eradicated corruption
in public bodies, police force, reghters and busi- Development of Hong Kong Island in 1986
ness corporations, which led to Hong Kong being
regarded as one of the least corrupt cities during the After the devastating Cultural Revolution (196676),
Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Communist Party of
1990s
China, re-introduced in 1978 the Open Door policy,
the Ten Years Housing Scheme, designed to end opening up China to foreign businesses. Trade in Hong
squatting and slums and provide ample housing for Kong, then a booming port and nancial city, also beneexpansion.* [66]* [67]
ted when Shenzhen, a city to the immediate north, was

2 HISTORY

designated as a Special Economic Zone by the Chinese

government in 1980.
Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong, Governor
MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s. The
expiry of 1898's Convention for the Extension of Hong
Kong Territory (Second Convention of Peking) in 1997
created problems for business contracts, property leases
and condence among foreign investors. In 1983, the
United Kingdom reclassifed Hong Kong as a British
Dependent Territory (now British Overseas Territory)
when reorganising global territories of the British Empire. Talks and negotiations began with China and
concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's
sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July
1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as
a Special Administrative Region and be able to retain its
free-market economy, British common law through the
Basic Law, independent representation in international
organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and
military defence. * [57] It stipulated that Hong Kong
would be governed as a special administrative region, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least
50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law,
which is based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratied in
1990.* [57]

Golden Bauhinia Square

2.5.1 Transfer of sovereignty

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong
from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of
China took place; this signicant event ocially marked
the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the last Crown Colony of the United
Kingdom, loss of Hong Kong also represented the end
of the British Empire. The televised ocial ceremony
was attended by HRH Prince of Wales, Tony Blair (Prime
Minister), Lord Patten (Chris Patten) (Governor of Hong
Kong), Jiang Zemin (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party), Tung Chee-hwa (Chief Executive of Hong
Kong), foreign diplomats and government ocials.

At the same time, Hong Kong switched its country of

administration overnight to become China's rst Special
Administrative Region. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing
Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's rst Chief Exdeclined due to rising labour and property costs and new ecutive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised cerdevelopment in southern China under the open-door pol- emony.
icy. Nevertheless, Hong Kong has successfully transitioned its economy into a service-based type, as evident
in the high rates of growth during the 1980s and 1990s.
2.4.6

Pearl of the East: the 1990s

Towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong has established itself as a global nancial centre along with London and
New York, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one
of the Four Asian Tigers (fastest-growing economies in
Asia) and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market
policy. The nightview of Hong Kong's skyline along the
Victoria Harbour has earned the city its nickname Pearl
of the East of the British Queen.* [69]

2.5.2 Asian nancial crisis, bird u and SARS

Soon after Hong Kong's reversion to China, the city suffered an economic double-blow from the Asian nancial crisis and the pandemic of H5N1 bird u; in December 1997, ocials had to destroy 1.4 million chickens and ducks to contain the virus from spreading.* [57]
Subsequently, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy disrupted market supply, sent properties prices in
Hong Kong tumbling and caused many homeowners to
be bankrupt due to negative equity. In 2003, Hong Kong
2.5 Handover in 1997 and Hong Kong was gravely aected by the outbreak of severe acute resSAR
piratory syndrome (SARS).* [70]* [71] The World Health
Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong Hong Kong.* [72] An estimated 380 million Hong Kong
and 2000s in Hong Kong
dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result
of the epidemic.* [73]

7
2.5.3

Resignations: Basic Law Article 23

Distrust of the communist Chinese remained strong in

the initial years of the former British Crown Colony. A
legacy of the democractic reforms by Lord Patten (Chris
Patten), China refused to recognise the legitimacy of the
Legislative Council of Hong Kong after its 1994 direct
election. TheProvisionalLegislative Council of Hong
Kong (1997-99), which was unable to draft any new bills
or authorise new legislation, completed its ve-year term
in 1999. The Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo)
resumed its full function after the 1999 LegCo election.

Tang of illegal building extension, Leung Chun-Ying received 689 votes from a committee panel of 1,200 selected representatives and assumed oce on 1 July 2012.
After Leung's successful election, however, he was discovered to have committed the same allegation as that of
Tang.* [78]

The 2014 White Papers, published by the Chinese government, has caused concerns in Hong Kong and the international community.* [79] The White Papers violated
the Basic Law of Hong Kong's principle of judicial independence and caused concerns of whether China has
intentions of degrading the city's status to an autonomous
Despite the re-election of Tung (by means of managed region similar to Tibet.
voting) unopposed in July 2002, the government's atIn 2014, Hong Kong made international headlines as a setempt to complete legislation of the Basic Law's Article
ries of peaceful protests against the Chinese government's
23 (National Security) aroused strong suspicion among
proposal on electoral reform, collectively known as the
Hong Kong citizens. This was due to the Article granting
Umbrella Movement or the 2014 Hong Kong protests,
the police force right of access to private property, ununfolded from September.* [80] As of December 2014,
der the reason of 'safeguarding national security', without
the debates over China's vision of 'universal surage'
court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardhave escalated into diplomatic rows between China and
ships and deation following the Asian Financial Crisis,
the United Kingdom. Western media have compared
a peaceful yet powerful protest broke out on 1 July 2003.
this democractic movement to the Tiananmen Massacre
This hastened the resignations of two government minisof 1989 with captured recordings of the police's violent
ters and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.* [74]
abuse of power, Mass arrest and threats to journalists.
*
[81]
2.5.4 Sir Donald Tsang: 2005-12
Sir Donald Tsang, the then-Chief Secretary for Admin- 3 Governance
istration and ex-ocial of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was Main articles: Politics of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Govappointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of ernment and Elections in Hong Kong
Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. In December 2005, Hong Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy, as its poKong hosted the WTO Ministerial Conference and became the place of erce anti-globalisation demonstrations.* [75]
In July 2007, Tsang won the Chief Executive election under managed voting and continued into his second term
of oce.* [76] In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East
Asian Games, in which nine national teams participated
in this sporting event. The Games was the rst and largest
international multi-sport event ever being organised and
hosted by the city.* [77]
Major infrastructure and tourist projects began under Sir
Tsang's second term. Hong Kong Disneyland, Ngong
Ping 360 (for Tian Tan Buddha and Tseung Kwan O Line
(new metro line) had their inaugurations and a new cultural complex, West Kowloon Cultural District, is still in
progress as of 2014. The Legistlative Council of Hong
Kong initiated debates of National Insurance, Minimum
wage and Competition law during Tsang's term.
2.5.5

CY Leung: 2012-present

Opened in 1912, this granite neo-classical building in Central

used to house the Supreme Court. It became the home to
Legislative Council of Hong Kong (dubbedLegco) from 1985
to 2011, spanning across the British and the Chinese rule. However, as the Legco has moved to a new complex in 2011, the
building will revert to a judicial function, housing the Court of
Final Appeal from 2015 onwards.

The 2012 Chief Executive elections saw three candidates, litical and judicial systems operate independently from
including one from Hong Kong's pro-democracy wing, those of mainland China. In accordance with the Sinoparticipating in a televised debate. After alleging Henry British Joint Declaration, and the underlying principle of

8
one country, two systems, Hong Kong has ahigh degree
of autonomy as a special administrative region in all areas
except defence and foreign aairs.* [note 1] The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist
economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms
of its people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover.* [note 2] The guarantees over the territory's autonomy and the individual rights and freedoms are enshrined
in the Hong Kong Basic Law, the territory's constitutional
document, which outlines the system of governance of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, but which is
subject to the interpretation of the Standing Committee
of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).* [82]* [83]
The primary pillars of government are the Executive
Council, the civil service, the Legislative Council, and
the Judiciary. The Executive Council is headed by the
Chief Executive who is elected by the Election Committee and then appointed by the Central People's Government.* [84]* [85] The civil service is a politically neutral
body that implements policies and provides government
services, where public servants are appointed based on
meritocracy.* [86]* [87] The Legislative Council has 70
members, 40 seats are directly elected by universal suffrage by permanent residents of Hong Kong according
to ve geographical constituencies and a District Council functional constituency. 30 seats from functional constituencies are directly elected by a smaller electorate,
which consists of corporate bodies and persons from various stipulated functional sectors. The entire council is
headed by the President of the Legislative Council who
serves as the speaker.* [88]* [89] Judges are appointed by
the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.* [16]* [90]

3 GOVERNANCE
constituency seats and ve functional constituency seats,
to be voted in by elected district council members from
among themselves.* [96] The proposals were destined for
rejection by pan-democrats once again, but a signicant
breakthrough occurred after the Central Government in
Beijing accepted a counter-proposal by the Democratic
Party. In particular, the Pan-democracy camp was split
when the proposal to directly elect ve newly created
functional seats was not acceptable to two constituent parties. The Democratic Party sided with the government for
the rst time since the handover and passed the proposals
with a vote of 4612.* [97]
On 31 August 2014, China blocked moves by Hong Kong
to move to democracy, by ruling that only two to three
candidates could run for elections as leader in 2017, and
they would not be chosen by any process in Hong Kong,
but by a nomination committee controlled by China.* [98]

3.1 Legal system and judiciary

Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong
Kong
Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent

The implementation of the Basic Law, including how

and when the universal surage promised therein is to
be achieved, has been a major issue of political debate
since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article
23 of the Basic Law, which required the enactment of
laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against
the Chinese government, was met with erce opposition,
and eventually shelved.* [91]* [92]* [93] Debate between
pro-Beijing groups, which tend to support the Executive
branch, and the Pan-democracy camp characterises Hong
Kong's political scene, with the latter supporting a faster
pace of democratisation, and the principle of one man,
one vote.* [94]
In 2004 the government failed to gain pan-democrat support to pass its so-called district council modelfor
political reform.* [95] In 2009, the government reissued
the proposals as the "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the
LegCo in 2012". The document proposed the enlargement of the Election Committee, Hong Kong's electoral
college, from 800 members to 1,200 in 2012 and expansion of the legislature from 60 to 70 seats. The ten
new legislative seats would consist of ve geographical

Themis or Lady Justice, armed with sword and balance scales

(Legislative Council Building, Central, Hong Kong). She is the
personication of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness.

3.3

Human rights

from the legal system of mainland China. In contrast to

mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues
to follow the English Common Law tradition established
under British rule.* [99] The essence of English common
law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying
legal precedent (stare decisis) to the facts before them.
For example, murder is a common law crime rather than
one established by an Act of Parliament. Common law
can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for
example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather
than the death penalty. According to Article 92 of the
Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions
rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as
precedents,* [16]* [100] and judges from other common
law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and
Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of
the Court of Final Appeal.* [16]* [100]

sponsible for its foreign aairs. According to the Basic

Law, Hong Kong may on its own, using the nameHong
Kong, China, maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and
regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate elds, including the economic, trade, nancial
and monetary, shipping, communications, tourism, cultural and sports elds.* [107]

Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of

Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the
Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the
District Court, which includes the Family Court.* [101]
Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal,
the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's
Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal,
and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.* [101] Justices of the
Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's
Chief Executive.* [16]* [100] The Court of Final Appeal
has the power of nal adjudication with respect to the law
of Hong Kong as well as the power of nal interpretation
over local laws including the power to strike down local
ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic
Law.* [102]* [103]

There is a large foreign representation in Hong Kong, including 59 consulates-general, 62 consulates and 5 ocially recognised international bodies, such as Oce of
European Union.* [108] Due to Hong Kong's unique status, some countries' consulates-general operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, the Chinese capital. For example, the US Consulate General to Hong
Kong is not under the jurisdiction of the Embassy in Beijing, and reports directly to the US Department of State.
The British Consulate-General also reports directly to the
Foreign Oce, instead of going through the British Embassy in Beijing.* [109]

The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil
representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and
international legal co-operation between dierent jurisdictions.* [99] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases,
lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the
government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against
the government.* [99] As protector of the public interest,
the department may apply for judicial reviews and may
intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.* [104] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.* [105]* [106]

3.2

Foreign relations

As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains

and develops relations with foreign states and regions, and
plays an active role in such international organisations as
World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asia-Pacic
Economic Cooperation (APEC) in its own right under
the name of Hong Kong, China. Under such special status, Hong Kong's international partners usually exercise
particular policies to maintain relations with Hong Kong.
Examples include United States-Hong Kong Policy Act.

3.3 Human rights

Hong Kong's Basic Law in general provides Hong Kong
a high level of civil liberties.* [110] The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, although core issues remain.* [111] There are concerns over the freedom of assembly which is restricted
by the Public Order Ordinance. The police have occasionally been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protestors* [112] and there is controversy regarding
the extensive powers of the police.* [113] As to the right
of privacy, covert surveillance remains the major concern.* [114]
During the Umbrella Movement in 2014, Western media
have captured live recordings of police abuse of power
and Mass arrest. There have also been organised attacks on journalists and sponsored protests against prodemocracy local media.* [115]

A lack of protection for LGBT communities persists, due

to the absence of a sexual orientation anti-discrimination
legislation, though there are currently no existent laws that
Hong Kong continues to play an active role in the inter- criminalise homosexuality per se.* [116]
national arena and maintains close contact with its inis anternational partners. Under the Basic Law, Hong Kong Labour rights, such as maximum working hours,
*
[111]
other
area
that
requires
debate
and
legislation.
is exclusively in charge of its external relations, whilst
the Government of the People's Republic of China is re- Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under difMain article: Foreign relations of Hong Kong

10

4 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

ferent principles and regulations from those of mainland forces, who come under the command of the Chinese
China.* [117]
Central Military Commission.
The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects local civil affairs against any interference by the garrison; members of
3.4 Administrative districts
the garrison are subject to Hong Kong laws. The Hong
Kong Government remains responsible for the mainteMain article: Districts of Hong Kong
nance of public order; however, it may ask the PRC government for assistance from the garrison in maintaining
Hong Kong has a unitary system of government; no local public order and in disaster relief. The PRC government
government has existed since the two municipal councils is now responsible for the costs of maintaining the garriwere abolished in 2000. As such there is no formal def- son.* [91]* [120]
inition for its cities and towns. Administratively, Hong
In January 2015, Hong Kong Army Cadets Association
Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts, each repwas formed for Hong Kong youngsters over 6 years old.
resented by a district council which advises the governThe inauguration ceremony was held at a PLA naval base
ment on local matters such as public facilities, commuin Hong Kong; only pro-Beijing press was invited into the
nity programmes, cultural activities, and environmental
venue.* [121]
improvements.* [118]
There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of
which are elected; the rest are appointed by the Chief 4 Geography and climate
Executive and 27 ex ocio chairmen of rural committees.* [118] The Home Aairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong, Ecology of
Hong Kong and Climate of Hong Kong
the district oces.* [119]
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37

3.5

Military

Main article: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison

When China assumed sovereignty in July 1997, the

Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this

false-colour satellite image.

mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River

Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the
east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of
Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory's 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong
Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and
over 200 oshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau
Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km2 (407 sq mi) is land
and 50 km2 (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong claims
territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6
km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 179th largest
inhabited territory in the world.* [3]* [9] In comparison
to North American cities, Hong Kong is tiny yet heavily
populated. An example could be the city Edmonton, with
PLA Hong Kong Garrison arm badge
a metro population of about 1.4 Million, making the city
considerably smaller in population than Hongkong's 7.4
British barracks were replaced by a garrison of the Peo- Million. However, Edmonton's metro area totals nearly
ple's Liberation Army, comprising ground, naval, and air 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) making the city almost ten

11
times larger than Hong kong. Also, The Greater Los Angeles area is over 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi), and with
18 million residents, has an incredibly low density when
compared to Hong Kong and is 79 times larger in area.

1,948 hours of sunshine per year,* [131] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong
Kong Observatory are 36.1 and 0.0 C (97.0 and 32.0
F), respectively.* [132]

5 Economy
Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
As one of the world's leading international nancial

Higher altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by

grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season.

As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's
landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.* [122] Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is
dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War,
and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most
of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon
peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island,
and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.* [123] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai
Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.* [124]
Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with
many bays, rivers and beaches.* [125] On 18 September
2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong
Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed
across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast
The Two International Finance Centre in Central, an integrated
New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.* [126]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,* [127] and recent growing public concern has
prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.* [128] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates
from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.* [129]
Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Kppen
Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the
southwest. Summer is when typhoons are most likely,
sometimes resulting in ooding or landslides. Winters are
mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards
February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons
are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which
is generally sunny and dry.* [130] Hong Kong averages

commercial development in Central

centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service

economy characterised by low taxation and free trade.
The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most
traded currency in the world as of 2010.* [21] Hong
Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the
world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism,
but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage.* [135] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world
by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since
1995.* [136]* [137]* [138] It is an important centre for
international nance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the AsiaPacic region,* [139] and is known as one of the Four
Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961
and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew
180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times
over.* [140]* [141]* [142]

12
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest
in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$2.3
trillion as of December 2009.* [143] In that year, Hong
Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public oering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs
in the world * [144] and the easiest place to raise capital.
The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the US dollar
since 1983.* [145]

5 ECONOMY
of decline.* [153] Hong Kong's economy is dominated
by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of
its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Ination was at
2.5% in 2007.* [154] Hong Kong's largest export markets
are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.* [3]
As of 2010 Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city
for expatriates, falling from fth position in the previous year.* [155] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of
the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind
Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all
households owning at least one million US dollars.* [156]
In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of
Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.* [157]

The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a

mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of
industrial policy and almost no import or export controls.
Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the ocial policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often Currently Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen are competing
cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following to become international nancial centers on a par with
the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly Hong Kong.* [158]
as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then
underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy
in the 1980s.* [146] Since then, it has grown to become
a leading centre for management, nancial, IT, business
consultation and professional services.
Hong Kong matured to become a nancial centre in the
1990s, but was greatly aected by the Asian nancial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak.
A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a
strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deationary period ended.* [147]* [148] Government intervention,
initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduc- Blake Pier at Stanley
tion of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension
scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and
a state mortgage backer.* [135]

5.1 Infrastructure

The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food Hong Kong's transportation network is highly develsupply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available
there.* [149] Agricultural activity relatively unimporHong Kong MTR system map (2014)
Shenzhen
tant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1%
of its GDPprimarily consists of growing premium food
and ower varieties. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh
largest trading entity,* [150] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product.
It is the world's largest re-export centre.* [151] Much of
New Territories
Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,* [152] which
are products made outside of the territory, especially in
mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its
physical location has allowed the city to establish a transKowloon
portation and logistics infrastructure that includes the
world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transLantau Island
fer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive
Hong Kong Island
trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now
enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment owing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were The Mass Transit Railway has more than 150 stations in its net3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unem- work.
ployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year
Legend

Airport Express

Disneyland Resort Line

Lo Wu

East Rail Line

Island Line

Lok Ma Chau

Kwun Tong Line

Ma On Shan Line

Sheung Shui

Tseung Kwan O Line

Fanling

Tsuen Wan Line

Tung Chung Line

West Rail Line
Light Rail

Ngong Ping Cable Car

Tin Shui Wai

Station

Long
Ping

Interchange

Tai Wo

Yuen Long

Depot

Tai Po Market

Kam Sheung Road

Wu Kai Sha

Ma On Shan

Heng On

University

Siu Hong

Tai Shui Hang

Racecourse

Fo Tan

Tuen Mun

Shek Mun

City One

Sha Tin

Tsuen
Wan

Sha Tin Wai

Tai Wo Hau

Tai Wai

Tsuen Wan West

Che Kung Temple

Kwai Hing

Tsing Yi

Kwai Fong

Lai King

Mei
Foo

Lai
Chi Cheung
Kok Sha
Wan

Sunny Bay

Sham
Shui
Po
Olympic

Nam Cheong

Airport

AsiaWorld-Expo

Disneyland Resort

Ngong Ping

Choi Hung

Po Lam
Kowloon Bay
Hang
Ngau Tau Kok
Hau
Kwun Tong
tin
Tseung
Lam Tin
Kowloon
Kwan O
Sh
Tiu Keng
eu
North
Leng
iY
ng
Tsim
Point Quarry
ing
Yau
Wa
Bay
Sha
East
Tsim
P
n
Tong
u
LOHAS Park
HK
Tsui
Sha Tsui
U n
Fortress
Hong Kong
Sai Wan Ho
Hill Tai
Central
Ca Tin H
Koo Shau
Kennedy Town
Heng Fa Chuen
us
Admiralty Wa
ew au
Kei
nC
ay
ha
Wan
Ba
i
y
Chai Wan
Au
s

Sa

Tung Chung

Wong
Tai
Lok Sin Diamond Hill
Fu

Kowloon Tong
Shek Kip Mei
Prince Edward
Mong Kok East
Mong Kok
Yau Ma Tei
Jordan
Hung Hom

13

CityBus Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 10.5m-A double-decker

in Hong Kong heading to Stanley

Hong Kong - Kowloon Star Ferry

oped. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on

public transport,* [24] the highest such percentage in the
world.* [25] Payment can be made using the Octopus
card, a stored value system introduced by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which is widely accepted on railways,
buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.* [159]* [160]

Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served

by sedan chairs.* [170] The Peak Tram, the rst public
transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical
rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since
1888.* [171] In Central and Western district, there is an
extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in
*
The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged the world, the Mid-Levels escalator. [172]
with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail net- Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air paswork for the whole territory (also called MTR).* [161] senger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the
The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which world's busiest airports in terms of international passenserve 3.4 million people a day.* [162] Hong Kong ger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million
Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million
covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.* [163]
tons) of cargo in 2007.* [173] It replaced the overcrowded
Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide
franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes. The largest are Kowloon
Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New
Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong
Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Doubledecker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and
are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with
lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts
of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines
cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.* [164]

Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated

as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.* [174]
Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and
it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacic, Dragonair, Air
Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.* [173]* [175]

6 Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong and Religion
in Hong Kong
The territory's population in 2011 is 7.07 million, with
an average annual growth rate of 0.6% over the previous 5 years.* [5] Residents from mainland China do not
have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory freely.* [92] However, the inux of immigrants from mainland China, approximating
45,000 per year, is a signicant contributor to its population growth a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with
family ties in Hong Kong are granted aone way permit
.* [176] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 79.16 years for
males and 84.79 years for females as of 2009, making it
one of the highest life expectancies in the world.* [3]

The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two

lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views
of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.* [165] It acquired iconic status following its use as a
setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan
Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route
one of the most picturesque in the world.* [166] Other
ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying
islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China.
Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour,
and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.* [167]* [168] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy About 93.6% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese
deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.* [169] descent,* [5] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu

14

6 DEMOGRAPHICS
Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's
Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and
Taishan regions in Guangdong province.* [11] The remaining 6.4% of the population is composed of nonethnic Chinese.* [5] There is a South Asian population
of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese
refugees have become permanent residents of Hong
Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians,
Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial
and nancial sector.* [note 3] In 2008, there were an estimate of 252,500 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia
and the Philippines working in Hong Kong.* [178]

The Big Buddha, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong

Mosque, Tsim Tsa Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Hong Kong's de facto ocial language is Cantonese, a

Chinese language originating from Guangdong province
to the north of Hong Kong.* [179] English is also an ocial language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language.* [180] Signs displaying both Chinese and
English are common throughout the territory. Since the
1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from communist China and greater interaction with the mainland's
economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin
speakers to Hong Kong.* [181]
The Wong Tai Sin Temple

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Hong Kong

A majority of residents of Hong Kong would claim no

religious aliation, professing a form of agnosticism or
atheism.* [182] According to the US Department of State
only 43 percent of the population practices some form of
religion.* [183] Some gures put it higher, according to a
Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe
in any religion,* [184]* [185] and possibly 80% of Hong
Kong claim no religion.* [186] In Hong Kong teaching
evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether
to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary
biology curriculum.* [187]* [188]
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's
main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately
1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.* [183] A Christian
community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of

6.1

Education

15

the total population;* [189] Protestants forms a larger

number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 4:3, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the
Latter-day Saints* [190] and Jehovah's Witnesses.* [191]
The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely
appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China.
There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bah'
communities.* [192] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.* [193]
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in
Asia Pacic. According to a report by the United Nations
Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's
Gini coecient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and
relatively high by international standards.* [194]* [195]
However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coecient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the
increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed
the Gini coecient.* [196]* [197]

Tsim Sha Tsui in Hong Kong

6.1

Education

Main article: Education in Hong Kong

Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the
system in England,* [198] although international systems
exist. The government maintains a policy of mother
tongue instruction(Chinese: ) in which the
medium of instruction is Cantonese,* [199] with written
Chinese and English, while some of the schools are using
English as the teaching language. In secondary schools,
'biliterate and trilingual' prociency is emphasised, and
Mandarin-language education has been increasing.* [200]
The Programme for International Student Assessment
ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best
in the world.* [201]
Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the
Education Bureau.
The system features a noncompulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-

University of Hong Kong

year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory twoyear senior secondary education leading to the Hong
Kong Certicate of Education Examinations and a twoyear matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong
Advanced Level Examinations.* [202] The New Senior
Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all
students to receive three years of compulsory junior
and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.* [203]* [204] Under the new curriculum, there is
only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong
Diploma of Secondary Education.* [205]
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under
three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-andgrant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian
organisations and having admissions based on academic
merit rather than on nancial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and
private international schools.* [204]
There are eight public and one private universities in
Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong
(HKU), established in 19101912.* [206] The Chinese
University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulll
the need for a university with a medium of instruction of
Chinese.* [207] Competition among students to receive
an oer for an undergraduate programme is erce as
the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when
some disciplines are oered by only select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two
medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the
Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong
Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions
which oer higher diplomas and associate degree courses
for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study
so as to boost their qualication of education, some of
whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree

16

7 CULTURE

courses.* [208]* [209]

6.2

Health

Main article: Health in Hong Kong

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.* [210] There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.* [211] The
hospitals oer a wide range of healthcare services, and
some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to
be world class.* [212] According to UN estimates, Hong Ocean Park Hong Kong, a marine mammal park, oceanarium,
Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any coun- animal theme park and amusement park in Hong Kong.
try or territory in the world.* [213] As of 2012, Hong
Kong women are the longest living demographic group
in the world.* [214]
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based
at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other
at the University of Hong Kong.* [215]* [216] Both have
links with public sector hospitals.* [215]* [217] With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as
the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong
Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of
Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory. A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that martial arts
mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the
right of abode in Hong Kong and the benets that come
*
with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hos- and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine. [224]
pitals both public and private. This has led to protest from Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade and
local pregnant women for the government to remedy the calls itself an entertainment hub.* [225] Its martial
issue, as they have found diculty in securing a bed space arts lm genre gained a high level of popularity in the
for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers,
the decade of 20012010 relate to the workload medical notable actors and martial artists have originated from
sta experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan,
are frequently highlighted in local news.* [218]
Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet
Li. A number of Hong Kong lm-makers have achieved
widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong
Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.* [225] Homegrown lms
7 Culture
such as Chungking Express, Infernal Aairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and
See also: List of Hong Kong lms
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recogEast meets West, reecting the culture's mix of the nition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music,
territory's Chinese roots with inuences from its time as which draws its inuence from other forms of Chinese
a British colony.* [219] Concepts like feng shui are taken music* and Western genres, and has a multinational fanvery seriously, with expensive construction projects often base. [226]
hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make
or break a business.* [220] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deect evil spirits,* [221]
and buildings often lack any oor number that has a 4 in
it,* [222] due to its similarity to the word for diein
Cantonese.* [223] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot,

The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions

such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong
Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra.
The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers
brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural ac-

7.2

Architecture

17

tivities are organised by the government, consulates, and organised the V East Asian Games and was the biggest
privately.* [227]* [228]
sporting event ever held in the territory. Other major
Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters international sporting events including the Equestrian at
ATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of for- the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong
eign suppliers of cable and satellite services.* [229] The Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup,
production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy se- Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy,
ries, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory.
Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper pub- Hong Kong athletes continue to strive for improvements,
as of 2010, there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven
lishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese
and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports
in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes
gossip.* [230] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free
from ocial interference compared to Mainland China, with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance as of 2009, having won four world championships
although the Far Eastern Economic Review points to signs
*
of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties and two Asian Championships. [234]
to or business interests in the People's Republic of China
and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.* [231]
7.2
Hong Kong oers wide recreational and competitive
sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It
sends delegates to international competitions such as
the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played
host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer
Olympics.* [232] There are major multipurpose venues
like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium.
Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network
with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.* [233]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong

See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong

According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in

Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.* [235] It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150
m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline
of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available
sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour
front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km
(0.81 mi),* [236] much of it reclaimed land. This lack
7.1 Sport
of space causes demand for dense, high-rise oces and
housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residenMain article: Sport in Hong Kong
tial buildings are in Hong Kong.* [237] More people in
Sports in Hong Kong are a signicant part of its culHong Kong live or work above the 14th oor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical
city.* [22]* [23]

The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on

the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held
annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March.

ture. Due mainly to British inuence going as far back

as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia
regions. Football, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully

As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming
a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest
building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world,
by height to roof measurement.* [238] The tallest building
prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at
415 m (1,362 ft) high.* [239] Other recognisable skyline
features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the
triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped
spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon
light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of
China Tower with its sharp, angular faade. According to
the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.* [240] Also, Hong Kong's
skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,* [241]
with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour
complementing the skyscrapers.* [242]* [243] Most of the
oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim
Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the
remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during
the 19th and early 20th centuries.* [244]* [245]* [246]

18
There are many development plans in place, including
the construction of new government buildings,* [247] waterfront redevelopment in Central,* [248] and a series of
projects in West Kowloon.* [249] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai
Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.* [250] The
Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment
of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been
criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city
and on lower-income residents.

10

REFERENCES

8 See also

List of cities with the most skyscrapers

Public holidays in Hong Kong

9 Footnotes
[1] Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in
part: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign
and defence aairs which, are the responsibilities of the
Central People's Government.
[2] Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states
that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong
Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and
freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part:
The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years.
[3] The results of the 2006 census showed that the white
population had declined from 46,584 in 2001 to 36,384,
a decline of 22 percent.* [177]

10 References
City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong
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mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the long-established de facto standards in Hong
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11 Further reading
Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong
Kong since the Handover (University of New South
Wales Press, 1998) online
Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of
Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social
Change in Hong Kong (1999)
Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates
A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.

26

12

Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu

(1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign
Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-019468.
Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State
and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. ISBN
978-0-415-20868-0.
Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong
Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624.
ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.

11.1

Primary sources

Bard, Solomon, ed. Voices from the Past: Hong

Kong, 1842-1918 (Hong Kong University Press,
2002) online
Endacott, G. B. (1964). An Eastern Entrepot: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong
Kong. Her Majesty's Stationery Oce. p. 293.
ASIN B0007J07G6. OCLC 632495979.
Hanstedt, Paul (2012). Hong Konged: One Modern American Family's (Mis)adventures in the Gateway to China. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media.
ISBN 9781440540738.
Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A
Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong
University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.

12

External links

Hong Kong at Encyclopdia Britannica

HongKong at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Hong Kong entry at The World Factbook
Hong Kong at DMOZ
Hong Kong from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from
International Futures
Government
GovHK Hong Kong SAR Government portal
Discover Hong Kong Ocial site of the Hong
Kong Tourism Board
Trade
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong

EXTERNAL LINKS

27

13
13.1

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panorama_victoria_peak_2011.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan
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File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist:SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original artist:Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
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File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370

13.2

Images

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File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:
User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:HK010.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/HK010.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: PaddyBriggs
File:HK_Central_Statue_Square_Legislative_Council_Building_n_Themis_s.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/2/2c/HK_Central_Statue_Square_Legislative_Council_Building_n_Themis_s.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: ChvhLR10
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2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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from_space.png License: Public domain Contributors: NASA World Wind Software Original artist: NASA
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at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Aranherunar, Usergreatpower, SchmuckyTheCat, Hitswagon, Z da Silva, Mdwav at
en.wikipedia.
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Route_Map_en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, File:ISL ga map.png, File:TWL ga map.png, File:KTL ga map.png,
File:LAR ga map.png Original artist: User:Sameboat
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Regional_Emblem.svg License: Public domain Contributors: protocol.gov.hk
Sikorsky S-70A, HK AS332 Original artist: en:Tao Ho
File:Hong_Kong_Sevens_Parade.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Hong_Kong_Sevens_Parade.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Hong Kong Sevens Parade Original artist: Jon Parise
File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_Panorama_-_Dec_2008.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Hong_Kong_
Skyline_Panorama_-_Dec_2008.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Hong_Kong_
Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
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License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work based on the maps of Hong Kong File:Map of Hong Kong-unpathed.svg and File:Hong
Kong Strategic Route Map.svg Original artist: Peter Fitzgerald, amendments by Globe-trotter
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File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg Source:
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Volunteers_instrumental.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav] Original artist: People's
Liberation Army Band
File:Night_view_of_Chongqing_CBD_at_the_angle_across_Yangtze_river.jpg Source:
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commons/7/7a/Night_view_of_Chongqing_CBD_at_the_angle_across_Yangtze_river.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Prof.Chen Hualin

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File:PLA_HK_07_Army_arm_badge.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/PLA_HK_07_Army_arm_

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http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image le was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded
from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.
File:People_of_Hong_Kong.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/People_of_Hong_Kong.JPG License:
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File:StarLine.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/StarLine.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
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work Original artist: Tomchen1989
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