Objective 1: Describe the problems psychology must face as a young science

Psychology faces many struggles because psychology was first introduced to the United States in
the early 1900s. Until psychology was introduced not much was known on the subject.
Psychology and the way psychology works is always changing as well as the people which
makes studying psychology even more difficult then it already is, because psychology in
associated entirely with the brain and science is not always able to determine the problem.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3ZCUhUHBHc-this is a great video that talks about the
history and the beginning of psychology for a better understanding of how psychology came to
be what it is.

These four psychologists are most well known in certain areas of psychology. Often known as
the fathers of psychology. (From left to right: Sigmund Freud, Edward Titchener, Wilhelm
Wundt, Carl Rogers)
Objective 2: Identify the major theoretical and professional perspectives in psychology and
their basic assumptions
When talking about the theoretical and professional perspectives in psychology there are
many different types with many different and diverse beliefs.
1. Behaviorist Perspective-the idea that people and or animals are influenced the the type of
environment they live in and because of what type of survival tactics are learned from the
environment. Behaviorism focuses mainly on how the different factors assocaited with the
enviornment affect the behavior of the individual. Also includes sceintific methodology
(controlled) Classical conditiioning, systematic desensitization and operant conditioning. Ivan
Pavlov, B.F. Skinner
2. Psychodynamic Persepctive-the well known theory of Sigmund Freud. In this theory it is
believed that much of what we experience has an effect on how we develop. (psychoanalysis,
unconscious mind, id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms, psychosexual development.
Subconscious, denial, repression and anal
3. Humanism-the perspective where an individual is studied as a whole person and not just
signaling out a certain aspect to look at, but also besides researchers studing the behavior the

person who is demonstarting the behavior is also studiyng their behaviro. This has a big role in
self-image. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
4. Cognitive Psychology-the desire to understand what is wanted by figuirng out what a person is
thinking. Involves normal functions like memory, perception, attention. Wilhelm Wundt.
5. Biological Psychology-the idea that the genetics and the theory of evolution influence the
behavior and indiviudal will develop through Natural selectuion which was introduced by
charles dDarwin.
6. Evolutionary Psychology-the idea where our behaviors are formed because of the type of
situations that are faced and the ways we must evolve in order to survive.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9gRFegcDUI-in this video the different types of
perspectives are being discussed with a better understanding.

-This comic demostrates cognitive psychology by trying to

train a young child to learn a second language while their
brain is still developing.

Objective 3: Identify the characteristics of a good (reliable) theory

-In order for people to come up with a good realiable theory, the outcome of the
experiment must be consistent. Scientist test this by retesting people in order to check the
consistency. Sometimes the scientist will use the same test or they will split the test in half. When
the test are taken the scientist look at the correlation between both tests in order to figure out the
reliability. The scientific theory can also help and can be very effective.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9okUn1Osew-this video shows Sheldon and Leonard
talking about how a theory that Leonard has backed up through scientific research is correct.

-The picture to the right

shows the scientific method.
The scientific method is a
very effective method when
trying to create a reliable
theory.

Objective 4: Describe what constitutes valid and reliable observation especially with
regards to operationalizing variables, experimental bias, demand characteristics, and
unobtrusive measures
Objective 5: Describe the differences between correlational and experimental research
especially with respect to issues of causality and prediction
Objective 6: Define what a positive, negative, and zero correlation is
-Zero Correlation (noun)- zero correlation is where the relationship between the two
variables are not indicated through the statistics.
-Negative Correlation (noun)-a negative correlation is two variable are inversely related.
In negative correlation one variable will increase while the other variable decreases.
-Positive Correlation (noun)- a positive correlation is a steady increase between two
variable. In positive correlation both variables will increase.

-The picture above shows the different types of correlation and how they appear on scatterplots.
Notice the different types of positive and negative correlations and how they differ from each
other.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r_fDlM0Dx0-this video shows an explanation of
correlation and shows a demo with it in order to create a better understanding of how correlation
works.
Objective 7: Construct an experiment from a given hypothesis and identify the independent
and dependent variables
Objective 8: Describe the process of neural transmission
Objective 9: Describe the structure of the human nervous system
In the human body the most complex part of the body is the human nervous system. When the
nervous system is broken down it categorizes into two different groups. The first group in the
Central Nervous System (brain, and spinal cord) which is the major control center. The CNS is
where the messages are sent and received, it is the way the brain transfers information to the rest
of the body. The second part is the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS then breaks down
into more categories. From the PNS it breaks down into the autonomic part of the PNS where
Internal organs and glands get controlled. THese organs and glands are usually able to be selfregulated. From the autonomic system also breaks down into the sympathetic which arouses
organs and parasympathetic which calms. The other is the somatic. This involves skeletal
muscles where you have to forcefully do the movement yourself.

-This chart explains what parts of the body are part of which nervous system and then breaks it
down farther.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49CUURRhx1g-in this video it goes through the functions
and differences of each system. This video is very informational and is very detailed.
Objective 10: Describe the research on the split brain
The split brain research was to figure out how the corpus callosum located in the middle of the
brain affects the brain when it is severed. When research tested the vision of a person with a split
brain the results showed that left side of vision transmits the information to the right hemisphere
of the brain. This is because the information when received is supposed to reach the corpus
callosum where the information gets shared to the other hemisphere but because the corpus
callosum is severed the information is not able to reach the other hemisphere.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU-this video explains the split brain by testing a
patient who has a split brain. They test how his visual fields work due to being born without a
corpus callosum.

-This photo shows how the split

brain views certain eyes because
the right side of the brains is
connected to the left eye and the
opposite for the left side.

Objective 11: Identify and describe the variables that produce conformity and obedience
Objective 12: Discuss the factors that promote bystander apathy and de-individuation and
how an examination of moral development helps us understand individuals responses to
these factors.
Objective 13: Define Learning
Learning is how the human brain learns and processes information as well as certain behaviors.
Animals brains are the same way. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist that experimented

with different types of conditioning associated with learning. His experiments included classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

-This cone of Learning just gives a

better understanding of how we
learn and that different types of
learning and the difficulty of
remember the information. For
example the top block is reading
which symbolizes reading is the
toughest way for people to
remember information.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O96fE1E-rf8-this video shows a speaker who is explaining

how we tend to learn from different experiences.
Objective 14: Summarize the components of classical conditioning
Objective 15: Describe stimulus generalization, higher order conditioning, discrimination,
and extinction in classical conditioning
Objective 16: Describe the application of the principles of classical conditioning to the
therapeutic situation (systematic desensitization and aversive counter conditioning).
Objective 17: Summarize the components of instrumental conditioning
Objective 18: Identify and describe positive and negative reinforcement, positive and
negative punishment, the different schedules of reinforcement, discriminative stimuli, and
shaping
Objective 19: Describe the application of the principles of instrumental conditioning to the
therapeutic situation (behavior modification). Compare and contrast classical and
instrumental conditioning
Objective 20: Describe what Skinner means by determinism
determinism (noun)-the belief that all events are caused by thing that happened before them and
that people have no real ability to make choices or control what happens.

B.F Skinner believed that every event that occurred in an individuals life happened for a reason
and that there was a purpose for why it happened at that certain time. These actions are
determined to occur from wants, wishes, desires, motivations, and feelings of human nature.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BAXswgpVmM-this video discusses how whether by the
way we live if determinism is truly an issue or if we can figure out how predictable things are
through past experiences.
Objective 21: Summarize Freuds conception of the unconscious
Freud thought of the unconscious mind as an iceberg, that is divided into the conscious mind,
sub-conscious mind, and unconscious mind. Freud believed that the unconscious part of the mind
was the source where all disturbing and sexual behaviors/thoughts were located in the
unconsciousness in order to keep those thoughts out of the conscious mind. In some thoughts that
are in the sub-conscious mind can go into your conscious mind just from mentioning it.
ex) Say you are at a store talking to the check out person. You sign up for a membership and your
thinking about discounts you can get, but then the ask you for your cell phone to contact you and
automatically you recite your number. At the time before they mention your cell phone number
you are unaware of you number but once it is mentioned that is all you think of because it was
mentioned.

-The photo to the left is

Sigmund Freuds
Iceberg of
Consciousness. The
iceberg contains
different parts of who
you are in different
consciousnesses. The
top level combining
both consciousness and
subconsciousness
makes up about 5-10% of the iceberg. While the unconscious
level makes up to 90-95% of the iceberg.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxKMitZsZWo-The video explains the unconscious mind
and how Id, SuperEgo, and Ego play a part into the conscious and unconscious mind.
Objective 22: Describe the structure of personality as Freud views it (id, ego, superego), his
concept of defense, and his theory of development
Objective 23: Define Rogers actualizing tendency

Objective 24: Describe the development of congruence and incongruence

Objective 25: Describe the therapeutic concepts of therapeutic neutrality, free association,
interpretation, and transference
Objective 26: Summarize the difference between a non-directive and directive therapy and
explain why Rogers approach in non-directive
Objective 27: Describe the attitude of the client-centered therapist (congruence, empathy,
and unconditional positive regard)
Objective 28: Distinguish between the various definitional and thoeretical models of
abnormal behavior
Objective 29: Describe the diagnostic techniques used by psychologists
Objective 30: Describe the symptoms and possible causes for the following disorders:
phobic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, schizophrenic disorders, and mood
disorders
Objective 31: Describe Piaget's theory of intellectual development with special regard to
the following: assimilation and accommodation, object concept in the sensorimotor stage,
the symbolic function in the pre-operational stage, conservation in the concrete operational
stage, and the use of the hypothetical-deductive method in the formal operational stage.
Objective 32: Describe the difference between sensation and perception.
Sensation (noun) a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or
comes into contact with the body. Perception (noun) is the ability to see, hear or become aware
of something through the senses.
-The difference between sensation and perception is sensation involves physical contact
that the body feels where perception is the type of ability where you are able to sense something
through sight or hearing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxOiv0oM_gQ-this video talks about the difference in
perception and sensation through the different senses.

Objective 33: Describe the role that expectation and motivation have in perception.

-The picture above displays the path information will take to filter through as either sensation or
perception.
Objective 34: Summarize the Gestalt principles of perception.
The gestalt principles of perception describes how when an image/object is viewed the brain
immediately analyzed the specific image as a whole in our brain instead of all the parts that make
up the image. If a person looked at a house the person would immediately think of a house, then
after a few moments the person would see the windows, doors, and other objects that make up
the house. Gestalt-noun-an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.

-This image follows the gestalt principles. If you look at the

black image it shows a vase, but if you look at the white the
images show to people face each other.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxKcpfFvuf8-this video explains what a gestalt principle is

with different example. The video is helpful if you have trouble understanding gestalt images.
Objective 35: Explain the processes of depth perception and size constancy.
Objective 36: Explain the relationship between size constancy and the Muller-Lyer illusion.
-

Objective 37: Describe the characteristics of short and long term memory and the theories
of forgetting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XB65VBuepfc-this video helps understand the
differences in short term and long term memory.

-Dory is an example of sort

term memory

Objective 38: Describe the

different theories of
motivation.
-Instinct Theory:
people become motivated
through behaviors and behave
that way because the belief is
that all individuals are
programmed that way.
ex:)Animals and seasonal
migration
-Incentive Theory:
incentive theory is much like
classical conditioning. The
incentive theory states the
people only do favors or requests

because we believe in getting a reward ex:) going to work and getting a paycheck
-Drive Theory: when certain actions are done to reduce tension of unmet needs. Drive
theory is the most manipulated of all the motivational theories. ex:) if someone is hungry then
they eat to satisfy their hunger
-Arousal Theory: explains that people will do certain types of actions that can increase
and or decrease the level of ones arousal. When arousal is to high many people will do
something relaxing like lighting a candle and relaxing which will lower the levels of arousal.
When the arousal level is too low someone may go for a run which will produce endorphins
which will increase ones arousal level
-Humanistic Theory: strong cognitive reasons the aide in performing various types of
actions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8-this video displays a quick demo on power
of motivation.

-This picture compares the different theories of motivation and the order of needs.

Objective
39:
Summarize
the ethical
guidelines
for research
on human
subjects

-In psychology when experiments are used to test a hypothesis some of these experiments
are used with human subjects. The use of human subjects must follow certain ethic guidelines to
prevent any physical and or emotional abuse that the human subject could acquire during the
experiment. Before the experiment starts the person conducting the experiment must take every
option into consideration whether they decide to use human subjects. After the decision is made
the experiment must follow the approved protocol. When the subjects are selected the
researchers must inform the subjects of everything that will take place in the experiment and
must have informed consent from the subject. This is mainly for the subject to understand the
risks and or benefits that can come from the experiments. The subjects also have the option to
discontinue being in the study.
Objective 40. Define intelligence and the history of measuring it.
-noun; the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
Back in the 1900s the way to measure ones intelligence was not possible, but soon a French
psychologist name Alfred Binet was asked by the French government to study student who did
poorly in their academics. While observing this task Alfred Binet took his collegue with him
(Theodore Simon) and the areas they mainly focused on were the areas that were not taught in
schools. Through his study he learned that the intelligence was based on three main areas. Mental
age, average abilities of the child, and age group. Through this discovery Alfred Binet and
Theodore Simon created the first intelligence test. The Binet-Simon Scale tested the IQ
(intelligence quoteinet) of an individual which was used with a standardized test. The score was
calculated by taking the mental age of the individual and dividing that with the individuals
actual age and then multiplying by 100. The test is still used today!

-These pictures are the way intelligence order of how smart an individual is.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Elafgb-t0ME-this video goes over the history of
intelligence testing.
Objective 41: Summarize the development of language formation. 365