NScience

Chapter 13: Forces in Motion

Name
Date

Key

Lesson 1: pp. 406-409 How can you describe motion?

Name the 5 types of motion.
Steady or constant
periodic motion

Variable motion
Circular motion

Vibrational motion
Tell the type of motion exhibited by each of the following:
Rubber band Vibrational motion
Train Variable motion
The Earth Steady or constant
The pendulum on a clock periodic motion
The wheels on a bicycle Circular motion
Average speed
of time.

describes how far an object moves during a certain amount

The formula for calculating average speed is:

Average speed = Distance
Time

example 100 m =
20 s

5m
s

Sample problem: If a plane moved 250 m in 5 seconds, what would its average
speed be?

Motion is always measured in relationship with some location called point

of reference
Velocity

- describes the speed and direction of an object's motion.

Lesson 2: pp. 410-417 What are forces?

Pushes and Pulls
Force
2.

- a push or pull that acts on an object

What 3 things can force do to an object?
a.

speed up

b.

slow down

c.

change directions

Magnitude of a force - how

strong

the force is.

Magnitude of force is measured in newtons

Direction of a force- described by telling which way

.
the force is acting

Gravity
Every object in the universe exerts
on every other object.

a gravitational

pull

Earth's gravity pulls other objects

toward its center

without ever touching them.

Examples of the effects of gravity: pendulums swing, apples fall, and artificial satellites.

An objects weight is the amount of

between it and the earth.

gravitational force

Magnetism and Electricity

Magnetism is a force
that pushes and pulls
on
other objects.
The magnetic force is the greatest at a magnet's poles

Objects get electrically charged when they gain or lose electrons

3

Gravity, Electricity, and Magnetism

Like

gravity

, magnetic and electric forces

even if the objects do not touch

can act between objects

Magnetism and electricity can be blocked

. Gravity cannot be blocked

Electricity and magnetism can push

. Gravity exerts only

a pulling

or pull

force on objects.

Friction
Friction
- the force that results when two
against each other.
Friction acts to slow down the motion
starting

materials rub

of an object or keep it from

to move.

Things that can affect the amount of friction: shape, speed, or texture

Work and Power

Work is done when a

force moves an object

To calculate work, multiply the force

by the distance
Formula:

(in newtons) acting on an object

the force causes the object to move.

Force X Distance = Work

Work is done only when the object

direction

moves at least partly in the same

in which the force is applied.
4

Power- the rate

at which work

is done.

To calculate the amount of power for a certain amount of work, divide

amount of work
Watts
Formula:

by the amount of time

the

needed to do the work.

are the units of power.

Work / Time = Power

Power doubles if:

1.

a person doubles
amount of time

2.

the amount of work

done in a certain

a person does the same amount of work

in half

the time.

Lesson 3: pp. 418-425 "What are Newton's Laws of Motion?"

Net Forces
Net force determines whether the
Stop

object

moving, or change

equilibrium- when all the forces

other

will start moving

direction

acting on an object balance

each

Newton's First Law

The Laws of Motion were discovered by Isaac Newton
The first Law of Motion states that objects at rest
at rest

and that an object in motion

in motion

in a straight

tends to stay

line at a steady speed

inertia- the tendency of an object

change

tend to stay

in motion

to resist

any

Inertia
is what makes your body rise up from your seat in a
roller coaster as it goes up and over a steep hill.

Newton's Second Law

Acceleration- the rate at which the velocity
over time .

of an object changes

Newton's Third Law

The third Law of Motion states that for every action
an equal

and opposite

is the Action

- Reaction

there is

reaction. Another name for this law

Law of Motion.

Lesson 4: pp. 426-431 "What are simple machines?"

machine- A device that changes the direction or amount of force needed to do work.

simple machine- Machine with only a few parts , wheel & axle, pulley, inclined plane, screw,
wedge, and lever
Machines do not reduce the amount
to be done. They can make it

of work
easier

that needs

to do the work.

Six simple machines

a. Pulley
Makes work easier by changing the direction
Examples:
b.

of the force

flag poles, drapery rods, block and tackle,

Wheel & Axle

Makes work easier by reducing the amount
needed to do work
Examples:

of force

bucket/well, car steering wheel

c. Lever
It is a stiff bar that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum
The farther the fulcrum is from the person using the lever, the easier
the lever is to use.
Examples: Clothespins, scissors, pliers, wheelbarrow

d. Inclined plane
Consists of a flat surface with one end higher
Examples: wheelchair ramp.

than the other.

e. Screw
A smooth metal
rod with a tiny
wrapped around it.

inclined

plane

f. wedge
Examples: Rubber doorstops
To be considered a machine, a tool or device must:
a. Make work easier

b. Make work take less time

c. Change the direction

.
of the force