Muldisciplinary

design opmizaon
in computaonal mechanics

Applicaon case 2D wing
Piotr Breitkopf
26.11.2014

Li

Angle of aack
Air velocity

Drag
Aerodynamic center

Chord
Reference line

Hypothesis

Simplifying assumpons
incompressible, non-viscous (non-rotaonal) ow

@v
@u @v
+
= 0,
@x @y
@x

@u
=0
@y

velocity eld determined by stream funcon

Wortmain airfoil FX60.126 - computing domain

1.5

0.5

@
,v =
u=
@y

@
@x

pressure given by Bernoulli's principle

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

2
P (x, y) = P1 + (Vwind V 2 (x, y))
2

far eld pressure P
1
, ow velocity Vwind

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Streamlines

Curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of the ow

0
1

Integral (weak formulaon)

dierenal formulaon

(x, y) = 0, (x, y) 2

residual weighted by test funcon

W =

(x, y) d = 0

aer integrang by parts and using Greens theorem

W =

(r , r )d

(r , n)d(@) = W W@ = 0
6

Finite element discrezaon

Integral terms

W =
W@ =

ne Z
X

(r , r )d =

(r , n)d(@) =
@

e=1 e
ne I
X
e=1

(r , r )de
(r , n)d(@e )

@e

are computed over surface and boundary mesh

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

7
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Finite element approximaon

(x1 , y1 )

l1
l2

(x2 , y2 )

A3
(x, y)

(x, y)

(x1 , y1 )

A1

(x2 , y2 )
Ni (l) = li /L
2
X
(x, y) =
Ni (l) (xi , yi )
r (x, y) =

i=1
2
X
i=1

rNi (l) (xi , yi )

A2

(x3 , y3 )

Ni (x, y) = Ai /A, i = 1...3

3
X
(x, y) =
Ni (x, y) (xi , yi )
r (x, y) =

i=1
3
X
i=1

rNi (x, y) (xi , yi )

8

Explicit form of shape funcons and derivaves for a triangle

1
A = ((x2 x1 )(y3 y1 ) (x3 x1 )(y2 y1 ))
2
1
((x2 x)(y3 y) (x3 x)(y2 y))
N1 =
2A
1
((x x1 )(y3 y1 ) (x3 x1 )(y y1 ))
N2 =
2A
1
((x2 x1 )(y y1 ) (x x1 )(y2 y1 ))
N3 =
2A

1
@N1
=
(y3
@x
2A
1
@N2
=
(y3
@x
2A
1
@N3
=
(y1
@x
2A

y2 )

1
@N1
=
(x3
@y
2A

x2 )

y1 )

1
@N2
=
(x1
@y
2A

x3 )

y2 )

1
@N3
=
(x2
@y
2A

x1 )
9

Surface term

r (x, y) =

3
X
i=1

= N1 (x, y)

rNi (x, y)

N2 (x, y)

L y2 y3
=
6 x3 x2

1 y2
Be =
2A x3

We =

y3
x2

y3
x1

N3 (x, y) 4

y3 y1
x1 x3

y1
x3

T
e Ke e , Ke

y1
x2

1
2
3

3
5

y1 y2 4
x2 x1

y2
x1

1
2
3

5 = Be

= AB T B

10

Boundary term

(r , n) = N1 (s) N2 (s) (ny un nx vn )

1
e = N1 (s) N2 (s)
2
W@e =

T
n
e Me (ny u

nx v), u
n =

u
1
u
2

v
, vn = 1
v2

L 2 1
Me =
6 1 2

11

Finite element linear system

W =

e
X

We =

e=1

(K F ) = 0
)K

=F

boundary condions
Neumann at the external boundary intergrated in the RHS
Dirichlet

K11
T
K12
1

K12
K22

= K111 (F

F1
0

K12 2 )

12

@
,
(
@y

@
) = (
u, v)
@x

non-rotaonal ow

=0

-2

-1

@
,
(
@y
2

@
) = (
u, v)
13
@x
3

=1

Circular ow

=0
=1

=1

=1

14

Kua (Joukowski) condion

Kua condion: no circulaon around the trailing edge

resultant velocity follows reference line
y

0.25

0.25

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.05

0.05

0.05

-0.05

-0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.1

-0.1

-0.15

-0.15

-0.15

-0.2

-0.2

-0.2

-0.25
0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.2

-0.25
0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

V1

0.95

1.05

0.25

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

-0.25

0.8

V2

0.9

1.1

1.2

V = V1 + V2

weighted sum of uniform and circular ows

Li and li coecient

L = V ,

L
=
(r, n), cL = 1 2
@
2 V l
15

Summed ows
p

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

16
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Finite element 2D wing example summary

generate domain mesh

surface elements
linear elements on the boundary
solve two problems
uniform ow
circular ow
assemble ows
compute Kua coecient
sum up stream funcons
post-process quanes of interest
velocies
pressure
li, drag, pitching moment
li/drag coecients
...
detailed course materials at :

pressure

#10 4

0.8
10.5

0.6

10

0.4

0.2
9.5

-0.2

-0.4

8.5

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

hp://www.utc.fr/~mecagom4/MECAWEB/EXEMPLE/EX07/SAAA1.htm

17