Course 1a

/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
( 3 )
: ,
12 :
12.1
12.2 () :
-
12.3 ,

12.4
12.5
12.6

.
.
D.Skarlatos, 2012.
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.1
, (),
. V = f(t)
( ),
12.1 ()-(). [ 12.1 ()] [ 12.1 ()].
()
.
(),
. = f(t)
( ), 12.2 ()(). :
(i)
.
( ) [
12.2 ()] [ 12.2 ()].
(ii)
.
[ 12.2 ()] .

.
( )
12.2(). :()
()
Fourier .
:
(t ) = V0 sin t , = ,
0 t 2 , 0 t T
.
:
1
(t )dt
T 0
(12.1)
.
,

. .

.
( .
).

.
( ) .
,
:
T
i =
1
i (t )dt (12.2)
T 0

[

12.2 () 12.2() ].

.
:
T
I rms =
1 2
i (t )dt (12.3)
T 0
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V0
()
()
12.1. () . () .
V
V0
0
t
-V0
()
V
V0
t
0
-V0
()
V0
-V0
()
()
12.2.() . () . ()
. () .
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(rms = root mean square).
( ).

, .
:
T
Vrms =
1 2
(t )dt
T 0
(12.2)
,
.

,
.

, ,
.

12.3. (1)
:
T
Q1 = i 2 (t ) Rdt =R i 2 (t )dt
(2) :
Q2 = I 2 RT
:
T
I 2T = i 2 (t )dt I =
0
1 2
i (t )dt = I rms
T 0
Vrms = I rms R

.

,
.
Q1 = Q
Q2 = Q
i(t)
+
-
(t)
I = rms
V = Vrms
(1)
(2)
12.3. .
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12.1:
.
V
V0
t
0
-V0
: :
+V0 , 0 t 2
(t ) =
V , T t T
0
2
:
T
T
1 T
1
1 2
T
= (t )dt = V0 dt + (V0 )dt = V0 V0 = 0
T0
T 0
T
2
2
Vrms
T
T
1 2
1 2 2
1 2T
2
=
(t )dt =
= V0
V0 dt + (V0 ) dt =
2V0
T0
T 0
T
2
T
- - 12.2:
A(t ) = A0 sin (t + ) , = , = , 0 t 2 , 0 t T

Arms =
A0
2
:
T
Arms =
1
1
A2 (t )dt =
A02 sin 2 (t + ) dt =
T0
T 0
A02 T 2
A02
sin
t
+
d
t
+
=
(
)
(
)
T 0
T
2 +
1 cos 2 (t + )
2 +
d (t + ) 2 + cos 2 (t + )
A02
A02 [2 + ]
A02 2
A

=
= 0
d ( t + ) =
2
2
2
T
2
2
T
:
2 +
cos 2 (t + )
2
d (t + ) =
sin 2 (t + )
2
2 +
1
sin ( 4 + 2 ) sin 2 = 0
2
d ( t + ) =
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.2 : -
12.4()

. A
.
:
m = Bi A = BA cos = BA cos t
:
in
d m
d
= ( BA cos t ) = BA ( sin t )
dt
dt
in
= BA sin t (12.5)

,
.
:
(t ) = V0 sin t , V0 = BA
(12.6)
12.4()
.
= t .

f (/sec) :
= 2 f
(rad/sec)
(12.7)
( =0 =3600)

:
T=
1 2
sec
=
(12.8)

.
0 t /2 /2 t .
:
max
+V0 , t = 4 = 2
=
V , t = 3T = 3
0
4
2
V0 .
12.()
.
. :
T
T
V0 T
V
1
1
t
dt
V
tdt
=
(
)
sin
sin t d (t ) = 0
0
T 0
T 0
T 0
T
V0
sin d = T cos 0
=0
:
T
Vrms =
1 2
1
V02 sin 2 t dt =
(t )dt =
T 0
T 0
V02 T 2
V02
t
d
t
sin
=
(
)
T 0
T
V02
V02
1 cos 2
d

=
=
2
T
2
0
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vrms =
V0
2
= 0, 707V0 V
(12.9)
12.4().
() :
()
Vrms
0,707V0
()
12.4. () . ()

() .
.
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.4 ,
,
.
() .
12.5().
iR Ohm:
iR (t ) =
(t )
R
V0
V
sin t iR (t ) = I 0 sin t , I 0 = 0
R
R
(12.10)
H
, 12.5(1).
. 0 t T/2
T/2 t T. 0

.
.

:
I rms =
T
T
I
1
1
iR 2 (t )dt =
I 0 2 sin 2 t dt = 0 = 0, 707 I 0 (12.11)
T 0
T 0
2
Ohm :
R=
(t )
iR (t )
V0
V
= rms
I0
I rms
(12.12)
PR (t ) = iR (t ) (t ) = iR 2 (t ) R =
V0 2
sin 2 t W
R
(12.13)
12.5(2).
,
.
.
:
T
sin 0
t sin 2t
T sin 2T
T sin 4 sin 0
= V0 I 0
0+
= V0 I 0
+
U R = P (t )dt = V0 I 0 sin 2 t dt = V0 I 0
4 0
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
0
0
UR =
V0 I 0
T = Vrms I rmsT J
2
(12.14)
12.5(2)
.
:
PR =
U R V0 I 0
=
= Vrms I rms W
T
2
(12.15)
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)
(2)
()
12.5. () . (1)
. .
, .
(2) .

.
() . 12.6().
L.

. 2 Kirchoff :
(t ) L
V t
V
V
diL (t )
di (t )

= 0 L L = V0 sin t iL (t ) = 0 sin t dt = 0 cos t = 0 sin t

L
L
2
dt
dt
L 0
iL (t ) =
V0
sin t = I 0 sin t , I 0 = 0 (12.16)

L
2
2
0 ( ) .
.
( ) /4. t =
0 (0)=0 iL(0) = - 0. 12.6(1).
= /2 .

. :
= -L
LV
diL (t )
= 0 cos t = V0 cos t = V0 sin t + = V0 sin ( t ) = V0 sin ( t ) =

dt
2
2
2 2
L
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= V0 sin (t )
12.6(1)
.
, .
:
I rms =
T
T
I
V0
1
1
2
i
t
dt
I 0 2 sin 2 t dt = 0 =
(
)
=
(12.17)
L
T0
T0
2
2 L 2
XL =
V0
V
= rms = L = 2 fL
I0
I rms
(12.18)
().
,
R
.
( ). ( )

. 0 ( ) XL = 0 (
, ).
(1)
(2)
()
12.6. () . (1)
. /4.
, L.
(2) .

.
:
10
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
PL (t ) = iL (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin t = V0 I 0 sin t cos t PL (t ) = 0 0 sin 2t W (12.19)

2
2
12.6(2).
. ( )
( ) .
[ (/4, /2) (3/4, )]
[ (0, /4) (/2, 3/4)].
.
.
:
PL = 0, U L =0
(12.20)
.
( ):
.
RL.
Q :
Q=
X L L (12.21)
=
RL
RL
(L >> RL)
.
: () () -
/2.
() . 12.7().
:
(t ) = C (t ) = V0 sin t
q(t ) = CV0 sin t
iC (t ) = CV0 sin t + = I 0 sin t + , I 0 = CV0 (12.22)

2
2
q(t )
C (t ) =
C
iC (t ) =
dq(t )
= CV0 cos t
dt
0 ( ) .

. ( ) /4.
t = 0 (0)=0 iC(0) = 0. 12.7(1).
= /2 o .
12.7(1)

. (0, /4), (/4, /2),
(/2, 3/4) (3/4, ).
:
I rms =
T
T
I
CV0
1
1
2
(
)
i
t
dt
I 0 2 sin 2 t + dt = 0 =
=
(12.23)
L
2
T0
T0
2
2
XC =
V0
V
1
1
= rms =
=

I0
I rms C 2 fC
(12.24)
().
()

(
). ( ) (XC 0)

. 0 ( ) XC
(
).
11
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)
(2)
()
12.7. () . (1)
. /4.
,
C. (2)
.
.

. ( )
(
).
(
),
.
:
VI
PC (t ) = iC (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin t + =V0 I 0 sin t cos t PC (t ) = 0 0 sin 2t W (12.25)

2
2
12.7(2).
. (0, /4) (

). (/4, /2)
( ). (/2, 3/4) (3/4, ).

.
. :
PC = 0, U C =0
(12.26)
.
12
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.5
. ,

A(t ) = A0 sin = A0 sin t , = t , 0 t 2 , 0 t T

12.8().
OA = A0
. t=0 (
), (t=0) = 0,
=t ( )
y.

12..
12.

( 0 )
(=t)
(A0sint)
t = 0 , 0
, 12.8(),
:
A(t ) = A0 sin ( + 0 ) = A0 sin (t + 0 ) , = t

0.
+0
+0
0sint
|OA|=A0
= t
O
t
0sin(t+0)
t =0
x
t =0
x
( )
( )
-0
-0
()
()
12.8. () () .
13
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
(t) (t) 0 0 .
t = 0 ,
( ) [ 12.9()],

, 12.9(). :
A(t ) = A0 sin t ,
B(t ) = B0 sin (t + )
(t) (t) .
(t) . (0) t
(0) (t) :
t =
=
=
T
2 2
(12.27)
T
. = 0 t = 0 .
. = /2 t = /4 .
. = t = /2 .

.
t =0
x
( )
+0
()
t 0
+0
0sin(t+)
0sint
O
= t
x
( )
-0
()
-0
12.9. .
14
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
(
) :
B(t ) = B0 sin (t + )
A(t ) = A0 sin t ,
C(t) . T
12.10
OC C0 C(t) OA .
y :
( OC1 ) = ( OA1 ) + ( OB1 ) C0 sin (t + ) = A0 sin t + B0 sin (t + ) C (t ) = A(t ) + B(t )
(12.28)

. .
:
C0 = A0 2 + B0 2 + 2 A0 B0 cos A0 + B0 (12.29)
CD :
tan =
B0 sin
(12.30)
A0 + B0 cos
B0 sin
C (t ) = A0 2 + B0 2 + 2 A0 B0 cos sin t + arctan
(12.31)
A
B
cos
0
0

y
+C0
C
C1
B1
+0
C0sin(t+ )
0sin(t+)
+0
A1
0sint
D
t 0
A
= t
O
x
( )
-0
-B0
-C0
12.10. .
15
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
(
12.)
12.I

( Arms = A0 / 2 )
(=t)
(Armssint)
(. )
, .
12.3:
V10=300V, V20=100V V30 =200V
. 1 2 /2 2 3 /2
.
R=14,1
iR(t)
1(t)
2(t)
3(t)
: .
V20 .
y
V10
V0
V10 V30
V20
V30
V0 :
V0 =
(V10 V30 )
+ V20 2 = 141V
2 :
tan =
V10 V30
=1 =
V20
4
Vrms =
V0 141
=
V
2
2
2 (t ) = 100sin t V
V
2
3 (t ) = 200sin t V
2
(t ) = 141sin t + V
4
1 (t ) = 300sin t +
16
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
iR (t ) =
(t )
R
141
sin t + A=10sin t + A
14,1
4
4
,
.
12.4:
i1 (t ) = 3sin ( 314t ) , i2 (t )=5sin 314t + A

3
.
: :
1rms =
3
2
A, 2 rms =
5
2
.
2rms .
y I2rms
rms
/3
/3
1rms
I rms = I1rms 2 + I 2 rms 2 + 2 I1rms I 2 rms cos
A=
9 25
3 5 1
49
7
+ +2
A=
=
A
2 2
2
2 22
2
I 0 = rms 2 = 7 A
i1 :
3
5 3
3
tan =
= 2 =
= 38, 20
5
11
3+
I1rms + I 2 rms cos
3
2
I 2 rms sin
5 3
i (t ) = 7 sin 314t + arctan
A
11
:
.
( ).
17
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.6
. , ,
, ( 12.11).

:
(t ) = V0 sin t
(12.32)
i (t ) = I 0 sin (t )
.
. > 0 . < 0
.
, , (
)
:
Z=
V0 Vrms
(12.33)
=
I 0 I rms
, ( = 0)
( > 0) ( < 0) .

( )
.
:
(t ) = 1 (t ) + 2 (t ) + 3 (t )
(12.34)
(: ).

0 .
:
() (2 Kirchhoff)
(12.32)
()
.
. ()
0 ( )
.
. (,
) 12.3 (.

).

. .
= f(R, L, C )
y
V0
2(t)
1(t)
i(t) = I0sin(t-)
3(t)
>0
0
<0
+
x
-
(t) = V0sint
V0
12.11. .
18
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12.3.

.
. :
P (t ) = i (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin ( t ) W (12.35)

.
. ,
. H
:
T
P=
1
1
P (t )dt = V0 I 0 sin t sin (t ) dt
T0
T0
sin t sin ( t ) = sin t cos cos t sin :
T
T
T
1 T
1
1
1
P = V0 I 0 cos sin 2 tdt sin sin t cos tdt = V0 I 0 cos sin 2 tdt sin sin t cos tdt
T0
T0
T0
T 0
1/ 2
0
P=
V0 I 0
cos = Vrms I rms cos W
2
(12.36)
cos .
().

.
:
Pph = Vrms I rms VA
(12.37)

.
cos = 1. VA W
.
:
Pr = Vrms I rms sin VAr
(12.38)
.
.
VAr (r = reactive power = ) W VA
.
:
Pph2 = P 2 + Pr2
(12.39)
.

12.12() .
Vrms
12.12()
I = I rms cos (12.40)
19
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I r = I rms sin (12.41)

Irms
Pph
Pr
Ir
P
()
()
12.12. () () .
1 ( ):
.
-
12.13 .

2
P = Vrms I rms cos 0 = Vrms I rms = I rms
R () .
Pph = Vrms I rms =
2
I rms
R
Pr = Vrms I rms sin 0 = 0
V0
12.13.
.
,
.
2 ( ):
.
-
12.14 /2
.
Pr = Vrms I rms sin
= 0 .
2
2
= I rms
XL
P = Vrms I rms cos

Pph = Vrms I rms
y
V0
2
= Vrms I rms = I rms
XL
12.14.
.
,
. ,
( )
.
0
.
3 ( ):
.
-
12.15 /2
.

P = Vrms I rms cos = 0 .
2
2
Pph = Vrms I rms = I rms
XC
O
V0
20
0
12.15.
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
Pr = Vrms I rms sin = Vrms I rms = I rms
XC
2

.
,
. ,
( )
.
4 ( R-C ): 12.16()
R C .
. :
(t ) = R (t ) + C (t )
1
R (t ) = i (t ) R C (t ) = i (t ) X C = i(t )
C
VR 0 = I 0 R VRrms = I rms R ,
VC 0 =
I0
I
VCrms = rms
C
C
,
/2,
12.16(). :
V0 x = VR 0
V0 = VR 0 + VC 0
V0 y = VC 0
:
2
1
V0 = VR 0 2 + VC 0 2 = I 0 R 2 +
I0 =
C
V0
(12.42)
1
R2 +
tan =
VC 0
1
=
< 0 (12.43)
RC
VR 0
.
:
<0
i (t ) = I 0 sin (t ) = I 0 sin (t + ) i (t ) =
sin t + arctan
(12.44)
RC
1
2
R +
V0
C (t )
R R (t )
I0
(t ) = V0 sin t
VC0
()
()
VR0
V0
12.16. () RC . ()
.
21
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
I rms
I
= 0
2
V0
I0
(12.45)
1
2 R2 +

C
V0
R

. .
0, 0 0
, 0 V0/R
R (t ) = VR 0 sin (t + ) =
1
sin t + arctan
(12.46)
RC
1
2
R +
V0 R
( )
C (t ) = VC 0 sin t +
=
2
1
V0
1
(12.47)
sin t + arctan
RC
1
R2 +
C
2
( /2)
:
Z=
V0
1
= R2 +
I0
C
(12.48)
12.17() .

R XC 12.16().
XC
Z
R
0
()
()
12.17.() R-C
. () .
:
cos =
VR 0 I 0 R
=
cos =
V0
I0Z
(12.49)
R
1
R2 +
P = Vrms I rms cos =
Vrms
1
R2 +
I rms R = I rms 2 R (12.50)
22
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
:
sin =
(12.51) :
XC
1
R2 +
Pr = Vrms I rms sin =
Vrms
1
R2 +
I rms X C = I rms 2 X C (12.52)

.
1:
.
2:
.
5 ( R-L ): 12.18()
R L .
() (RL=0).
. :
(t ) = R (t ) + L (t )
R (t ) = i (t ) R L (t ) = i (t ) X L = i(t ) L
VL 0 = I 0 L VLrms = I rms L
,
/2,
12.18(). :
V0 x = VR 0
V0 = VR 0 + VL 0
V0 y = VL 0
:
V0 = VR 0 2 + VL 0 2 = I 0 R 2 + ( L ) I 0 =
V0
R + ( L )
2
(12.53)
R =0
L, R L
V0
VL0
VR R(t )
V
t)
L (
I0
VR0
(t ) = V0 sin t
()
()
12.18. () R-L .
. () .
23
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
tan =
VL 0 L
=
> 0 (12.54)
VR 0
R
.
:
V0
i (t ) = I 0 sin (t ) i (t ) =
R 2 + ( L )
sin t arctan
(12.55)
R
I rms =
I0
2
V0
V0
R
(12.56)
2
2 R 2 + ( L )

. .
0, 0 V0/R
, 0 0
R (t ) = VR 0 sin (t ) =
V0 R
R 2 + ( L )
sin t arctan
(12.57)
R
( )
L (t ) = VL 0 sin t +
V0 L
=
2
R + ( L )
2
L
sin t arctan
+ (12.58)
R 2
( /2)
:
Z=
V0
2
= R 2 + ( L ) (12.59)
I0
12.19() .

R XL 12.19().
Z
XL
()
()
12.19.() R-L
. () .
:
24
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cos =
VR 0 I 0 R
=
cos =
V0
I0Z
R + ( L )
2
(12.60)
2
Vrms
P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms
R + ( L )
2
R = I rms 2 R (12.61)

.
:
sin =
XL
R + ( L )
2
(12.62) :
2
Vrms
R + ( L )
2
I rms X L = I rms 2 X L (12.63)

.
1:
.
2:
.
() 12.20() R
L RL0 .

:
(t ) = RL (t ) + L (t )
R (t ) = i(t ) R
(t ) = R (t ) + (t )
(t ) = i(t ) Z
Z () .
VL 0 = I 0 L VLrms = I rms L , VRL 0 = I 0 RL VRLrms = I rms RL
12.20().
:
RL
V0 x = VR 0 + VRL 0
V0 = VR 0 + V 0
V0 y = VL 0
y
V0
VL0
R (t )
RL (t )
L (t )
(t )
I0
V0
VRL0
VR0
(t ) = V0 sin t
()
()
12.20. () R-L .
. () .
25
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
V0 =
(VR 0 + VRL 0 )
( R + RL ) + ( L )
2
+ VL 0 2 = I 0
I0 =
V0
( R + RL ) + ( L )
2
(12.64)
tan =
VL 0
L
=
> 0 (12.65)
VR 0 + VRL 0 R + RL
.
:
V0
i (t ) = I 0 sin ( t ) i (t ) =
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
L
sin t arctan
(12.66)
R + RL
I rms =
I0
2
V0
(12.67)
2 ( R + RL ) + ( L )
,
:
R (t ) = VR 0 sin (t ) =
V0 R
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
L
sin t arctan
(12.68)
R + RL
( )
RL (t ) = VRL 0 sin (t ) =
V0 RL
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
L
sin t arctan
(12.69)
R + RL
( )
L (t ) = VL 0 sin t +
V0 L
=
2
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
sin t arctan
+ (12.70)
R + RL 2
( /2)
() :
tan =
VL 0 L
=
> 0 (12.71)
VRL 0 RL
.
:
(t ) = V 0 sin (t + ) =
V0 RL2 + ( L )
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
L
L
sin t arctan
+ arctan
(12.72)
R
R
RL
+
L
Z = RL2 + ( L ) = RL2 + X L2 (12.73)

2
26
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12.19 () 12.21.
Z
XL
RL
12.21. .

cos =
VRL 0
=
V 0
RL
RL + ( L )
2
(12.79) .
2
R-L
:
i)
ii) :
VL 0
V02 VR20 + VL20
VR 0
iii) V V/I R.
:
V
= R + RL
I
.
:
Z=
V0
=
I0
( R + RL ) + ( L )
2
(12.74)
12.22() .

R+RL XL 12.22().
Z
.
Z
XL
R +RL
R+RL
()
()
12.22.() R-L
. () .
:
cos =
VR 0 + VRL 0 I 0 ( R + RL )
=
cos =
V0
I0Z
R + RL
( R + RL ) + ( L )
2
(12.75)
2
27
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vrms
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
( R + RL ) = I rms 2 ( R + RL )
(12.76)

.
:
sin =
XL
(12.77) :
( R + RL ) + ( L )
2
Vrms
( R + RL )
+ ( L )
I rms X L = I rms 2 X L (12.78)

.
1:
.
1:
.
6 ( R-L-C ): 12.22()
R L (RL=0)
C . :
(t ) = R (t ) + L (t ) + C (t )
R (t ) = i (t ) R
L (t ) = i(t ) L
C (t ) = i (t )
VL 0 = I 0 L VLrms = I rms L , VC 0 = I 0
1
1
VCrms = I rms
C
C
12.22().
:
V0 x = VR 0
V0 = VR 0 + VL 0 + VC 0
V0 y = VL 0 VC 0
y
VL0
V0
VL0 VC0
R (t )
L (t )
C (t )
I0
VR0
VC0
()
(t ) = V0 sin t
()
12.23. () R-L-C .
. () .
28
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
2
1
2
I0 =
V0 = VR 0 2 + (VL 0 VC 0 ) = I 0 R 2 + L
C
V0
(12.79)
R2 + L
C
V V
tan = L 0 C 0 =
VR 0
L
R
C (12.80)
:
() L > 1/C [
12.23()] .
() L < 1/C
.
:
i (t ) = I 0 sin (t ) i (t ) =
C
sin t arctan
2
R
R2 + L
V0
(12.81)
I rms =
I0
2
V0
R
(12.82)
V0
2
2 R2 + L

C

. .
0, 0 0
, 0 0
=0=1/LC, 0 V0/R
0 = 1 / LC
, :
R (t ) = VR 0 sin (t ) =
C
sin t arctan
2
R
R2 + L
V0 R
(12.83)
( )
L (t ) = VL 0 sin t + =
2
L C
sin t arctan
2
R
R + L
V0 L

+ (12.84)
2
( /2)
29
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
L C
sin t arctan
2
R
R + L
V0
C (t ) = VC 0 sin t =
2
1
C

(12.85)
2
( /2)
:
Z=
V0
1
= R2 + L
I0
C
(12.86)
12.24() .

R XL- XC XC - XL 12.24 (1-2).
L > 1/C
L < 1/C
R
XL-C
R
0
XC - XL
0 = 1 / LC
()
(1)
(2)
12.24.() R-L-C
. (1-2) .
:
cos =
VR 0 I 0 R
=
cos =
V0
I0Z
(12.87)
R2 + L
C
Vrms
R2 + L
R = I rms 2 R (12.88)

.
:
sin =
X L XC
(12.89) :
R2 + L
C
Vrms
1
R2 + L
C
I rms ( X L X C ) = I rms 2 ( X L X C ) (12.90)
30
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
(). :
L =
1
=
C
1
LC
= 0 = 2 f 0 (12.91)
:
() (12.79)
:
I 0 max =
V0
V
, I rms max = 0 (12.92)
R
2R
() (12.80) =0 .
() (12.86) :
Z min = Z 0 =
V0
= R (12.93)
I0
0 12.25()

0 ( )
R.
12.25() R.
. R =
0. (.
).
(12.90) ( XL=XC)
R.
. :
2
V2
V
Pmax = I rms max 2 R = 0 R = 0 (12.94)
2R
2R
, 0
I0 = f ( )
I 0max =
V0
R
()
()
12.25. () ,
R-L-C . ()
R R-L-C .
31
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 f0.
( f)
1/2 ,
,
12.26().
:
Q0 =
0
, = 2 1 (12.95)
Q0 =
0 L
R
1 L
(12.96)
R C
,
12.26() R
( L/C ). 12.26()
R ( 0max)
L/C. 10
300.
0max
0max /2
1
0max1
()
I0
Q1 >Q2
(R1<R2)
0max2
I0
0max
Q2
(R2)
()
()
12.26.() R-L-C .
() L/C
.() L/C
R .
32
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1:
.
2: R-L-C (RL0) :
i)
ii)I :
iii)
V02 VR20 + (VL 0 VC 0 )
iv)
V 0 VC 0 .
Z=
V0
=
I0
( R + RL )
+ L
1
L
VL 0 VC 0
C
tan =
=
VR 0 + VL 0 +
R + RL
.
12.5: ,

(t ) = 100sin 200t +
5
V
12
i (t ) = 2sin 200t + A
12
.
: :
L, R
VR
5
4
= 200t + 200t + =
= >0
12
12

12 3
. /2
L RL . :
tan =
L
RL
= 3 L = 3RL (1)
: Z = V0 = 100V = 50
I0
: Z =
: L =
(1)
RL 2 + ( L ) = RL 2 +
2
3R
3RL
2A
= 2 RL RL = 25
3 25
= 125 3mH
200rad / sec
33
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12.6: cos = 0,5

R=20 , C=1803 .
. (t ) = 80sin 200t V,
2
A
4
() .
() ,
.
()
.
:
, :
rms =
RL
R
R (t )
RL (t )
L (t )
C (t )
(t )
(t ) = V0 sin t
()
.

y
VL0 I0 ( cos). :
V0
VL0
VRL 0 = V 0 cos = (80V )0,5 = 40V

VL 0 = V 0 sin = (80V )
= /3
O
VRL0
3
= 40 3V
2
I0
VC 0 = I 0 X C = I rms 2 X C =
VR 0 = I 0 R = I rms 2 R =
2
2 180 3 V = 90 3V
4
2
2 20 V = 10V
4
VC0 > VL0

.
V0
VL0
= /3
O
VR0
VRt0
I0
VRL0
VC0 - VL0
V0
VC0
() :
34
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i (t ) = 0,5sin ( 200t ) = 0,5sin 200t A

3
V0 x = VR 0 + VRL 0 = VRt 0 = 50V

V0 = VR 0 + VRL 0 + VL 0 + VC 0
V0 y = VC 0 VL 0 = 50 3V
:
V0 = VRt 0 2 + (VC 0 VL 0 ) = 100V

2
tan =
VC 0 VL 0
50 3
=
= 3 =
50
3
VR 0 + VRL 0
/3 :
(t ) = V0 sin 200t
=100sin 200t
V
3
3
+ =40 3 sin 200t + V

3 2
6
C (t ) = VC 0 sin 200t =90 3 sin 200t V

3
2
6
L (t ) = VL 0 sin 200t
() :
Z=
V0 100V
=
= 200
I 0 0,5 A
P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms 2 ( R + RL ) = 12,5W

:
P = V rms I rms cos = I rms 2 RL = 0,5W

2
: PR = P P = I rms R = 12W
12.7: R-L-C
.
R R1=R C1=3C
;

.
: .
0 =
Q0 =
LC
35
1 L
R C
/ . : ( 3 )/ : .
12:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I 0max =
V0
R
Rt=R/2. :
0 =
1
LC
Q0 =
= 0
2V
2 L
= 0
=2Q0 I 0max
R C
R
Ct=4C. :
0 =
1
L 4C
0
2
Q0 =
1 L Q0
=
R 4C 2
=
I 0max
V0
= I 0max
R
I0
2V0/R
V0/R
0/2
36

Course 1a

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Course 1a

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/ . : ( 3 )/ : .

= 0 L L = V0 sin t iL (t ) = 0 sin t dt = 0 cos t = 0 sin t

sin t = I 0 sin t , I 0 = 0 (12.16)

= 0 cos t = V0 cos t = V0 sin t + = V0 sin ( t ) = V0 sin ( t ) =

PL (t ) = iL (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin t = V0 I 0 sin t cos t PL (t ) = 0 0 sin 2t W (12.19)

q(t ) = CV0 sin t

iC (t ) = CV0 sin t + = I 0 sin t + , I 0 = CV0 (12.22)

PC (t ) = iC (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin t + =V0 I 0 sin t cos t PC (t ) = 0 0 sin 2t W (12.25)

A(t ) = A0 sin = A0 sin t , = t , 0 t 2 , 0 t T

A(t ) = A0 sin ( + 0 ) = A0 sin (t + 0 ) , = t

( OC1 ) = ( OA1 ) + ( OB1 ) C0 sin (t + ) = A0 sin t + B0 sin (t + ) C (t ) = A(t ) + B(t )

i1 (t ) = 3sin ( 314t ) , i2 (t )=5sin 314t + A

I rms = I1rms 2 + I 2 rms 2 + 2 I1rms I 2 rms cos

P (t ) = i (t ) (t ) = V0 I 0 sin t sin ( t ) W (12.35)

sin t sin ( t ) = sin t cos cos t sin :

Pph = Vrms I rms VA

Pr = Vrms I rms sin VAr

I = I rms cos (12.40)

I r = I rms sin (12.41)

Pph = Vrms I rms =

Pr = Vrms I rms sin 0 = 0

Pr = Vrms I rms sin

P = Vrms I rms cos

P = Vrms I rms cos =

I rms R = I rms 2 R (12.50)

Pr = Vrms I rms sin =

I rms X C = I rms 2 X C (12.52)

P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms

Pr = Vrms I rms sin =

I rms X L = I rms 2 X L (12.63)

VL 0 = I 0 L VLrms = I rms L , VRL 0 = I 0 RL VRLrms = I rms RL

Z = RL2 + ( L ) = RL2 + X L2 (12.73)

V02 VR20 + VL20

P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms

Pr = Vrms I rms sin =

I rms X L = I rms 2 X L (12.78)

P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms

Pr = Vrms I rms sin =

I rms ( X L X C ) = I rms 2 ( X L X C ) (12.90)

V02 VR20 + (VL 0 VC 0 )

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12.6: cos = 0,5

VRL 0 = V 0 cos = (80V )0,5 = 40V

VC0 > VL0

i (t ) = 0,5sin ( 200t ) = 0,5sin 200t A

V0 x = VR 0 + VRL 0 = VRt 0 = 50V

V0 = VRt 0 2 + (VC 0 VL 0 ) = 100V

+ =40 3 sin 200t + V

C (t ) = VC 0 sin 200t =90 3 sin 200t V

P = Vrms I rms cos = I rms 2 ( R + RL ) = 12,5W

P = V rms I rms cos = I rms 2 RL = 0,5W

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