Islamic University Gaza

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics Lab (ECIV 3122)

Report No. : 1
Part 1:

Hydrostatic force on a plane surface.

Part 2:

Investigation of Bernoulli's Theorem.

Prepared By: ALI HASSAN ZIMMO

University No. : 120122020

Submitted To: Eng. MOHAMMED MOUSA

Class No. : 106
Group No. : One (1)
Date: March 10, 2015

Part (1):

Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

Introduction:
The study of pressure forces acting on plane submerged surfaces is a fundamental topic
in the subject of hydrostatic involving assessment of the value of the net thrust and the
concept of center of pressure, which are so important in the design of innumerable
items of hydraulic equipment and civil engineering projects.

Objectives:

To determine the pressure acting on a submerged surface.

To determine the position of the center of pressure.

Apparatus (Tools):

Center of pressure apparatus.

Different Weights.
Graduated cylinder.
Water.

Procedures:
Partial Immersion.
We will balance the arm until the arm become horizontal as indicated on the datum
level indicator.
We fill the apparatus of center of pressure partially Immersion.
We start adding weights to the apparatus until it returns to its balance.
Now, we record the water level shown on the scale & record the weights that we
have put to become the apparatus balanced.
We repeat these procedures twice with adding water & changing weights until the
balance is achieved.
And we take the new records of the water level shown on the scale & record the
weights that we put to become the apparatus balanced.

Complete Immersion.
We fill the apparatus of center of pressure Completely Immersion.
We start adding weights to the apparatus until it returns to its balance.
Now, we record the water level shown on the scale & record the weights that we
have put to the apparatus to become balanced.
We repeat these procedures twice with adding water & changing weights until the
balance is achieved.
And we take the new records of the water level shown on the scale & record the
weights that we have put to the apparatus to become balanced.

Calculations:
= 275 mm,

= 100 mm,

= 100 mm, = 75 mm

Partial Immersion:
Trials
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)
F=

(N)

Force on end surface (theoretical)

F=
(N)

1
50.00
46.00

2
100.00
66.00

3
140.00
79.00

0.730

1.52

2.175

0.778

1.60

2.296

30.667

44.00

52.667

6.16

5.00

5.27

1
260
110

2
320
127

3
360
136

4.28

5.37

6.08

4.41

5.66

6.33

73.89

87.82

95.69

2.94

5.12

3.95

Depth of center of pressure

HP =

(mm)

Complete Immersion:
Trials
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)
F=

(N)

Force on end surface (theoretical)

F=
(N)
Depth of center of pressure
HP =

(mm)

NOTE:

Partial Immersion:

Complete Immersion:

Results:
Partial Immersion:
Trials
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)
F=

(N)

Force on end surface (theoretical)

F=
(N)

1
50.00
46.00

2
100.00
66.00

3
140.00
79.00

0.730

1.52

2.175

0.778

1.60

2.296

30.667

44.00

52.667

6.16

5.00

5.27

1
260
110

2
320
127

3
360
136

4.28

5.37

6.08

4.41

5.66

6.33

73.89

87.82

95.69

2.94

5.12

3.95

Depth of center of pressure

HP =

(mm)

Complete Immersion:
Trials
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)
F=

(N)

Force on end surface (theoretical)

F=
(N)
Depth of center of pressure
HP =

(mm)

Comment:

We have an error ratio & it is refer to many reasons:

Because of the lack of accuracy in the amount of water.

Because the apparatus was broken & it is hard to used.

Appendix:

An Excel Sheet.

Part (2) :

Investigation Of Bernoulli's Theorem

Introduction:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular the
conservation of mass and the conservation of energy.
The first of these when applied to a liquid flowing through a conduit requires that for steady
flow the velocity will be inversely proportional to the flow area.
The second requires that if the velocity increases then the pressure must decrease.

Objectives:

To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure

head and kinetic head.

Apparatus (Tools):

Bernoulli's apparatus.

Hydraulic bench.

Procedures:
Laboratory Work:

We turn on the pump of the hydraulic bench & open the valve of the water in
the hydraulic bench.
We initiate a flow of water through the test section.
We adjust the swivel tube of the outlet tank to obtain a differential head of 50 cm.
by using the valve that is beside the control button of the pump.
We make the differential head (40 cm. & 35 cm. & 32 cm.) respectively.
W measure the height of the water level in each manometer tube by get shot by the
camera of the tubes manometer.
We measure the time taken to fill the bench measuring tank from zero to
(9 & 10 & 12) liters respectively.

For each condition, record the heights of liquid in the manometer tubes by
get shot the monometers by the camera or record it manually and measure
the flow rate.
Office Work:
We Record and fill the schedule that we have from the shot of the camera
that we have got.
Calculate the flow rate for each set of results.
Plot a graph (By using Excel) that contains:

Hydraulics Grade line (H.G.L).

& Energy Grade Line (E.G.L)

Calculations:
# Trial
1
2
3

(cm)
40
35
32

Case #1 [

V (L)
9
10
12

Q (m3/s)
6.67 *10-5
7.69 *10-5
9.30 *10-5

Time (sec.)
135
130
129

= 40 cm.]

Tapping
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
number
S (cm)
4.30
6.80
9.30 11.80 14.30 16.80 19.30 21.80 24.30 26.80 29.30
Flow
area
102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
(mm2)
Static
4.70
4.58
4.41
4.15
3.70
2.87
3.03
3.58
3.75
3.85
3.91
head
Velocity
0.65
0.74
0.86
1.02
1.26
1.65
1.26
1.02
0.86
0.74
0.65
(m/s)
Total
4.72
4.61
4.45
4.20
3.78
3.00
3.11
3.63
3.78
3.87
3.93
head

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

The losses (Hf)= H1-H11 = 4.70 3.91 = 0.79 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) =
=0.56 = 56%

 Case #2 [

= 35 cm.]

Tapping
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
number
S (cm)
4.30
6.80
9.30 11.80 14.30 16.80 19.30 21.80 24.30 26.80 29.30
Flow
area
102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
(mm2)
Static
4.50
4.31
4.05
3.65
2.93
1.59
1.98
2.8
3.08
3.23
3.34
head
Velocity
0.75
0.85
0.99
1.18
1.46
1.91
1.46
1.18
0.99
0.85
0.75
(m/s)
Total
4.53
4.35
4.19
3.72
3.04
1.77
2.18
2.87
3.13
3.27
3.37
head

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

The losses (Hf) = H1-H11 = 4.50 3.34 = 1.16 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) =
=0.60 = 60%

 Case #3 [

= 32 cm.]

Tapping
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
number
S (cm)
4.30
6.80
9.30 11.80 14.30 16.80 19.30 21.80 24.30 26.80 29.30
Flow
area
102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
2
(mm )
Static
4.36
4.13
3.81
3.32
2.42
0.80
1.41
2.31
2.66
2.85
2.98
head
Velocity
0.91
1.03
1.19
1.42
1.76
2.31
1.76
1.42
1.19
1.03
0.91
(m/s)
Total
4.40
4.18
3.88
3.42
2.58
1.07
1.57
2.41
2.73
2.90
3.02
head

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

The losses (Hf) = H1-H11 = 4.36 2.98 = 1.38 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) =
=0.61 = 61%

Results:
All the results are shown in the excel file that is attachment with this file

Case #1 [

= 40 cm.]

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

The losses (Hf) = 0.79 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) = 56%

25

30

35

 Case #2 [

= 35 cm.]

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

The losses (Hf) = 1.16 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) = 60%

Case #3 [

= 32 cm.]

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

(H.G.L)

(E.G.L)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

15

20

25

The losses (Hf) = 1.38 cm.

The degree of pressure recovery (R) = 61%

30

35

Comment:

This Experience needs a very long & hard calculation.

The device that we had used is simple but it needs very accurate working.
We get high losses in the pipes but it is approximately accepted.
This report took a huge time from me.

Appendix:

An Excel Sheet.