ALKANES/ALKENES/ALKYNES

melting point

electrical conductivity

colour

density

boiling point

polarity

odour

solubility

NON-POLAR

CANNOT H-BOND

HALOALKANES

All are polar but cannot H-bond so shorter chain are slightly soluble insoluble in water and polar solvents

Higher mpt and bpt than the corresponding alkane/ene/yne as

polar

ALDEHYDES and KETONES

Rule: The more POLAR the compound the stronger the WIF and Circle the higher mpt/bpt:
the HIGHER the boiling and melting points (more energy required
Propane or ethanol
to break molecules apart) GIVEN a similar molar mass and shape
Chloropropane or propanol
Rule: For compounds with the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP, the
LONGER the carbon chain (larger molar mass) the HIGHER the

Propane or hexane
Aminoethane or aminoheptane

Rule: For compounds with the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP, the

LONGER the carbon chain (larger molar mass) the LESS SOLUBLE
the compound as the non-polar carbon chain is a larger part of
the molecule
Rule: For compounds with a similar molar mass AND the same
functional group, a BULKIER (branched chain) molecule has a
LOWER mpt/bpt than the corresponding STRAIGHT chain compound, as WIF are stronger at close range

POLAR

CANNOT H-Bond with self BUT CAN with water so slightly soluble

ACYL CHLORIDES

POLAR

CANNOT H-Bond with self BUT CAN with water so soluble (but
doesnt dissolve as???)

AMIDES, AMINES, ALCOHOLS and CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Hexane, 2-methylpentane or 2,2dimethylbutane

Remember: in general polar compounds are more soluble in

Suggest a solvent suitable for a fat or oil
polar solvents like water, non-polar substances are more soluble

POLAR

Can H-Bond with self and water so more soluble and higher mpt/
bpt than corresponding alkane/ene/yne/haloalkane

ESTERS

VERY SLIGHTLY POLAR

CANNOT H-Bond with self BUT CAN with water so slightly soluble
haloalkane