15.

Ground freezing is a process of making water-bearing strata temporarily

impermeable and to increase their compressive and shear strength by
transforming joint water into ice.
Tanahbekuadalahproses pembuatanair-bearing stratasementarakedap air
danuntuk meningkatkan kekuatantekan dangesermerekadengan
mengubahairmenjadi esbersama.
Freezing is normally used to provide structural underpinning; temporary
supports for an excavation or to prevent ground water flow into an excavated
area.
Pembekuanbiasanya digunakanuntuk menyediakanfondasistruktural;
dukungansementara untukpenggalianatau untuk mencegahaliran air tanahke
suatu daerahdigali.
Successful freezing of permeable water-bearing ground affects
simultaneously a seal against water and substantial strengthening of
incoherent ground.
PembekuanSuksespermeabelairbantalantanahmempengaruhisecara
bersamaansegelterhadapairdan penguatansubstansialtanahmembingungkan.
No extraneous materials need to be injected and apart from the contingency
of frost heave, the ground normally reverts to its normal state.
Tidak adabahanasingharusdisuntikkandanterpisah darikontingensiheavees,
tanahbiasanyaberalihke keadaan normal.
It is applicable to a wide range of soils but it takes considerable time to
establish a substantial ice wall and the freeze must be maintained by
continued refrigeration as long as required.
Hal iniberlaku untukberbagai jenis tanahtetapi membutuhkan waktuyang
cukupuntuk membangundindingesyang besardanpembekuanharus
dijagaolehlanjutanpendinginanselamadiperlukan.
14. Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the
drainage of impervious soils and thus speed up consolidation
Drainase vertikaldipasangdi bawah bebanbiaya tambahanuntuk
mempercepatdrainasetanahtahandan dengan
demikianmempercepatkonsolidasi
These drains provide a shorter path for the water to flow through to get away
from the soil

Saluraninimenyediakan jaluryang lebih pendek untukairmengalir

melaluiuntuk menjauh daritanah
Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from years to a couple of months
Waktuuntuk menguraslapisantanah liatdapat
dikurangidaritahunkebeberapabulan

1. Soil Modification = Improvement of soil behavior

Soil Stabilization = Increases strength and structural values
ModifikasiTanah=Peningkatanperilaku tanah
Stabilisasitanah=Meningkatkannilai-nilaikekuatan danstruktur
9. Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns extends the range of soils that include
cohesive soils.
Vibro-Penggantian KolomBatumemperluas jangkauantanahyangmeliputitanah
kohesif.
Densification and/or reinforcement of the soil with compacted granular
columns or stone columns is accomplished by either top-feed or the
bottom-feed method.
Densifikasidan/ataupenguatantanahdengan
kolomgranulardipadatkanatau"kolom batu" dilakukan
denganbaikatasumpanataumetode bottom-feed.
Cohesive, mixed and layered soils generally do not densify easily when
subjected to vibration alone. The Vibro-Replacement Stone Column technique
was developed specifically for these soils, effectively extending the range of
soil types that can be improved with the deep vibratory process. With VibroReplacement Stone Columns, columns of dense, crushed stone are designed
to increase bearing capacity, reduce settlement, aid densification and
mitigate the potential for liquefaction, and improve shear resistance.
Kohesif, dicampurdanberlapistanahumumnya tidakdensifymudahketika
mengalamigetaransendiri. TheVibro-Penggantian
BatuteknikKolomdikembangkan khusus untuktanah ini, secara
efektifmemperluas jangkauanjenis tanahyangdapat ditingkatkandengan
prosesgetarandalam.DenganVibro-Penggantian BatuKolom, kolompadat, batu
pecahdirancanguntuk meningkatkandaya dukung, mengurangipemukiman,
bantuandensifikasidan mengurangipotensilikuifaksi, danmeningkatkan
ketahanangeser.

The Vibro-Replacement Stone Column Process:

t heVibro-Penggantian BatuKolomProses:

1. Reduces foundation settlement.

2. Mengurangipenyelesaianpondasi.
3. Increases bearing capacity, allowing reduction in footing size.
4. Meningkatkandaya dukung, yang memungkinkanpenguranganukuranpijakan.
5. Provides slope stabilization.
6. Menyediakanstabilisasi lereng.
7. Permits construction on fills.
8. Izinkonstruksimengisi.
9. Permits shallow footing construction.
10.Izinkonstruksipondasidangkal.

Dynamic compaction

Definition:

pemadatanDinamis
definisi:

method involves the systematic dropping of heavy weights, 100 to 400kN,

from a height of 5 to 30m, in a pattern designed to remedy poor soil
conditions at the proposed building site.

Metodemelibatkanmenjatuhkansistematisbeban berat, 100ke400kN, dari

ketinggian5 sampai30 m, dalam polayang dirancanguntuk
memperbaikikondisi tanahyang burukdidiusulkanmembangun situs.
Why dynamic compaction is used?
Mengapapemadatandinamisdigunakan?

To increase in-situ density.

Untuk meningkatkanin-situkepadatan.

Improve the bearing capacity and consolidation characteristics of soils (or

waste materials).

Meningkatkandaya dukungdan karakteristikkonsolidasitanah(atau bahan

limbah).

Improve in-situ permeability and/or reduce liquefaction potential.

Meningkatkanin-situpermeabilitasdan/ataumengurangipotensilikuifaksi.

Preloading
Preloading

Known as pre-compression.

Dikenal sebagai"pra-kompresi".

It is the process of placing additional vertical stress on a compressible soil to

remove pore water over time. The pore water dissipation reduces the total
volume causing settlement.

Iniadalah
prosesmenempatkanstresvertikaltambahanpadatanahkompresibeluntuk
menghilangkan airporidari waktu ke waktu. Disipasiair
porimengurangitotalvolume yangmenyebabkanpemukiman.

the consolidation of the soils is time dependent , delaying construction

projects making it a non-feasible alternative

konsolidasitanahtergantungwaktu, menundaproyek-proyek
konstruksimembuatnya menjadialternatifnon-layak
NO 10.

Soils Treated:

Organic Silt.

Silts and Clays.

Soft Clay.

Dredged Material.
Design Considerations:

Bearing Capacity

Slope Stability

Degree of Consolidation

TanahDiobati:
OrganicSilt.
siltsdanlempung.
LembutClay.
dikerukMaterial.

PertimbanganDesain:
KapasitasBantalan
StabilitasLereng
GelarKonsolidasi
Applications
aplikasi

Reduce Post-Construction Settlement

Reduce Secondary Compression

Densification

Improve Bearing Capacity.

MengurangiPost-Construction Settlement
MengurangiKompresiSekunder
Pemadatan
MeningkatkanBantalanKapasitas.

12. GROUTING: Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material

called grout into the ground for the purpose of improving the soil or rock

GROUTING: Ditetapkansebagaiinjeksibahancair ataububurkhusus yang

disebutnatke dalam tanahuntuk tujuanmeningkatkantanah atau batuan

Types of grouts

Cementitious grouts

Chemical grouts

jenisgrouts
-Semengrouts
-GroutsKimia

GROUTING METODS : Intrusion grouting

Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout

Primary benefit is reduction in hydraulic conductivity

Used to prepare foundation and abutments for dams

Usually done using cementitious grouts

METODEGROUTING: Intrusiongrouting
-Terdiri darimengisisendiataupatah tulangdengannat
-Manfaatutama adalahpengurangankonduktivitashidrolik
-Digunakanuntuk mempersiapkanpondasidan
penyanggauntukbendungan
-Biasanyadilakukan dengan menggunakangroutssemen

Permeation grouting

Injection of thin grouts into the soil

Once the soil cures, becomes a solid mass

Done using chemical grouts

Used for creating groundwater barriers or preparign ground before

tunneling

Permeasigrouting
-Injeksigroutstipiske dalam tanah
-Setelahobattanah, menjadimassayang solid
-Selesaimenggunakangroutskimia
-Digunakan untukmenciptakanhambatanair tanahatau
mempersiapkantanahsebelumtunneling

Compaction grouting

When low-slump compaction grout is injected into granular soils, grout

bulbs are formed that displace and densify the surrounding loose soils.

Used to repair structures that have excessive settlement

Pemadatangrouting
-Ketikarendahkemerosotanpemadatannatdisuntikkan ketanahgranular,
lampunatterbentukmenggusuritu
danmerapatkantanahkehilangansekitarnya.
-Digunakan untukstrukturperbaikanyang memilikipenyelesaianyang
berlebihan

Jet grouting

Developed in Japan

Uses a special pipe with horizontal jets that inject grout into the ground
at high pressures

Jet grouting is an erosion/replacement system that creates an

engineered, in situ soil/cement product known as Soilcrete sm. Effective

across the widest range of soil types, and capable of being performed
around subsurface obstructions and in confined spaces, jet grouting is
a versatile and valuable tool for soft soil stabilization, underpinning,
excavation support and groundwater control.

Jetgrouting
-Dikembangkandi Jepang
-Menggunakanpipakhusus denganjethorisontalyangmenyuntikkannatke
dalam tanahpada tekanan tinggi
-Jetgroutingadalah sistemerosi/penggantiyang menciptakanrekayasa,
dalam produktanah/semenin situyang dikenal sebagaiSoilcrete.
Efektifdi seluruhjangkauan terluasjenis tanah, danmampuyang
dilakukansekitar penghalangbawah permukaandandi ruang terbatas,
jetgroutingadalah alatserbagunadan berhargauntukstabilisasitanah
lunak, yang mendukung, dukunganpenggaliandan kontroltanah.

11.
Precompression :Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires
consolidation
Once sufficient consolidation has taken place, the fill can be removed and
construction takes place
Surcharge fills are typically 10-25 feet thick and generally produces
settlement of 1 to 3 feet.
Most effective in clay soil
Precompression: Cukupmenempatkanbiaya tambahanmengisidi
atastanahyang memerlukankonsolidasi
Setelahkonsolidasiyang cukuptelah terjadi, mengisidapat dihapusdan
konstruksiberlangsung
Mengisibiaya tambahanbiasanya10-25kaki tebaldan
umumnyamenghasilkanpenyelesaian1 sampai 3meter.
Paling efektif dalamtanahliat
ADVANTAGES :Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment, Any
grading contractor can perform the work, Long track record of success
DISADVANTAGES :Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m
beyond the perimeter of the planned construction, which may not be possible
at confined sites
Transport of large quantities of soil required

Surcharge must remain in place for months or years, thus delaying

construction
KEUNGGULAN: Membutuhkanhanya peralatanearthmovingkonvensional,
Setiapkontraktorpenilaiandapat melakukanpekerjaan, track
recordpanjangkeberhasilan
Kekurangan:
Surchargemengisiharusmemperpanjanghorizontalsetidaknya10mdi
luarperimeterrencana pembangunan, yangtidak mungkindi lokasiterbatas
Transportasidalam jumlah besartanahyang dibutuhkan
Surchargeharustetap di tempatselama berbulan-bulanatau bertahun-tahun,
sehingga menundakonstruksi

Vertical drains :Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to

accelerate the drainage of impervious soils and thus speed up consolidation
These drains provide a shorter path for the water to flow through to get away
from the soil
Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from years to a couple of months
Vertikalsaluran: saluranvertikaldipasang di bawahbebanbiaya tambahanuntuk
mempercepatdrainasetanahtahandan dengan
demikianmempercepatkonsolidasi
Saluraninimenyediakan jaluryang lebih pendek untukairmengalir
melaluiuntuk menjauh daritanah
Waktuuntuk menguraslapisantanah liatdapat
dikurangidaritahunkebeberapabulan

In-situ densification : Most effective in sands

Methods used in conventional earthwork are only effective to about 2 m

below the surface

In-situ methods like dynamic deep compaction are for soils deeper than can
be compacted from the surface
In-situdensifikasi: Paling efektifdipasir
Metodeyang digunakan dalampekerjaan tanahkonvensionalhanya
efektifsekitar2m di bawahpermukaan
In-situmetode sepertipemadatandinamismendalam adalahuntuk tanahyang
lebih dalamdaripada yang bisadipadatkandari permukaan

Grouting : Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called

grout into the ground for the purpose of improving the soil or rock

Types of grouts

Cementitious grouts

Chemical grouts

Reinforcement: Soil is stronger in compression than in tension

To improve strength in tension, geosynthetics placed in soil for soil

reinforcement

Grouting: Ditetapkansebagaiinjeksibahancair ataububurkhusus yang

disebutnatke dalam tanahuntuk tujuanmeningkatkantanah atau batuan
Jenisgrouts
-Semengrouts
-GroutsKimia
Penguatan: Tanahkuatdikompresidaridalam ketegangan
Untukmeningkatkan kekuatandalam ketegangan,
Geosyntheticsditempatkandalam tanahuntukperkuatan tanah
NO 7:

alatpemadat :
Smooth Wheel Roller :
Alatpemadatterdiri
darirodabajadengan
tekanankontaksampai
dengan 400 kPa, cocok
untuksemuajenis
tanah. Luascakupan
pemadatanselebarluas
roda yang kontak
dengantanah yang
dipadatkan
Rubber Tire Roller :
Terdiridari 3 6 roda
bandengantekanan
700 kPa, cocokuntuk
segalajenistanah. Luas
cakupanpemadatan
80% dariluasroda

yangkontakdengan
tanah yang dipadatkaN
SheepsfootRoller :
Terdiridarisejumlah
kakibajaberukuran 150
mm 250 mm dengan
luaspenampang 30 80
cm2melekatpada drum
baja. Luascakupan
pemadatan 8 12%
luas drum dengan
tekanankontak 1400
7000 kPa. Dapatdiisi
air, cocokuntuktanah
kohesifsepertilempung
Tamping Foot Roller :
Miripsepertisheepsfoot
rollerdenganluas
cakupanpemadatan
lebihtinggiyaitu 40%
dantekanankontak
1400 8400 kPa. Baik
untuktanahkohesifdan
menghasilkanaksi
static weight, kneading,
impactdanvibrasi.
Grid Roller :
Alatpemadatdengan
rodadari drum baja
yangdilapisianyaman
batanganbaja. Luas
cakupanpemadatan
50%. Cocokdigunakan
untuk material granular
sepertipasir, gravel
atautanahberbatu
Baby Roller :
Alatpemadat smooth wheel roller
yangberukurankecil. Kemampuan
10 30 kPa. Aksi yang dihasilkan
static weight danefekvibrasi
Vibrating Plate :
Alatpemadatberupa

pelat, dikenalumum
dengannama stamper.
Digunakanpada area
yangsempitdan area
yangmempunyairesiko
tinggijikadigunakan
alatpemadatbesar
seperti smooth wheel
rollerdsb.

StabilisasiMekanis
- Bertujuanuntukmendapatkantanah yang bergradasibaik (well graded)
sehinggadapatmemenuhispesifikasi yang diinginkan
Ciri-cirikhasuntukpemilihanperbaikanmututanahdenganstabilisasimekanis
(mencampurberbagaijenistanah):
Jenistanah yang dipakaiterdapatberdekatan
satudenganlainnya, apabilasatudarijenis
tanah yang dimaksudharusdiambildaritempat
yangjauhtidakekonomisdanharusdicarikan
metode lain
Apabilaspesifikasitelahditetapkandanditetapkan
proporsidarimasing-masingbahancampuran yang
akandicampurpencampurandilakukandibawah
pengawasan yang ketatsehingga
dapatdijaminhomogenitas