azarone Cylincical Pipes: Modes of Propagation Next| Up] Previous Next: Cylindrical Pipes: Plane Wave Propagation Up: Cylindrical Air Column Acoustics Previous: C Air Column Acoustics: Cylindrical Pipes: Modes of Propagation Cross-section r=0 r=L Figure 5: A cylindrical pipe in cylindrical polar coordinates. * A short section ofa cylindrical pipe in cylindrical polar coordinates (1, @,:r) is depicted in Fig. 5. * Longitudinal wave motion is possible along the principal axis, as well as in planes orthogonal to the principal axis. However, it will be seen that these transverse modes are only weakly excited in musical instrument bores of small diameter. + The wave equation in this geometric coordinate 1a oP , 1 ep i ap _ 1 ap 0) r Or \ Or Ox + Assuming sinusoidal solutions, a complete general solution to the wave equation in circular polar coordinates is given by ) = &(6)R(r)X (a) P,cos(m) Jn, (2) eIhmn, (10) Pan(t,¢ z where Jp, is a Bessel fimction, a is the radius of the cylinder, and C1,,, denotes the positive zeros of the derivative J}, (Amn): + The wavenumber for a sinusoidal disturbance propagating axially along the tube, Fn, varies with mode (nn) as hpsdawumsic megl.calgary61eivei@inodet tind weazarone incl Pos: Modes of roagation 2 wy? mn \? ay Kom = (¢) ~ ("0") One-dimensional plane-wave propagation corresponds to mode (0,0), for which kyo = Higher modes will propagate only if km», is positive, so that the frequency must exceed a cutoff value given by Anne We = (12) a For frequencies less than w,., the mode is evanescent and decays exponentially with distance. The plane-wave mode has a cut-off frequency of zero and no transverse wave motion. The next two propagating modes are the (1,0) and (2,0) nodal plane modes, which have cutoff frequencies w. = 1.84e/a and w, = 3.05c/a, respectively. A typical clarinet has a radius of about 7.5 millimeters for a majority of its length, while that ofa fute is about 8.5 millimeters, With the speed of sound approximated by c = 347.23 meters per second for a temperature of 26.85 °C, these cutoff frequencies are 13.56 kHz and 22.5 kHz for the clarinet and 11.96 kHzand 19.8 KHz for the flute. The first propagating transverse mode is well within the range of human hearing. However, excitation of this mode requires transverse circular motion, which will not occur with any significance in musical instruments Evanescent mode losses may be possible in turbulent regions, such as in the mouthpiece and near toneholes. Next] Up] Previous Next: Cylindrical Pipes: Plane Wave Propagation Up: Cylindrical Air Column Acoust Previous: Cylindrical Air Column Acoustics @ S «11 ©2004-2013 McGill University. All Rights Reserved. McGill Maintained by Gary P. Scavone. hpsdawumsic megl.calgary61eivei@inodet tind