LAISOV Wi LIAM LABOV ‘ield Methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation 0.1. Earlier sources for current fld techniques, ‘The fekd metbods described tere are sed on developments in sociainuisic research which began nthe exh 1960s. Feld methods used in Maras Vinyard (Labor 1963) wee malictns ‘of cali techies weed in dilectology, andthe New York City sy (Ltn 1966) il showed some focus on lesa Heme which elleted he diate train. The New Yok Clty stay developed technigues fo edcing formal {Seeto face interviews and Obtaining data on 8 wie ge of Ss i eed fomber of field experiments such 3¢ minimal par tet, adjective reaction te {ly backround tes, self ep tess ad ess of lnguse secu) os well the meted of rapid and snonvnous surveys: These methods were eiotcd to 2 restr or eer extent in 2 numberof soiling srveys based nivel Iteriews of Devt (Shay. Wolfram, and Riley 1968 Panama Cy Weer 1073) Norwich (Trail 1972) Sat Lake City (Cook 1969) Patan (Bern 1993), Philadephia (Cer 1972) Baba Blanca, Argeaina (Wester 197. Glasgow (Mocatlay apd Trevelyan 1973.25 wel a eumber of sma sade Descriptions of thse methods are avaite in Labor 1966 (Ch 1-6) Shy, ‘lam, and Riley 1968. and Wolfram and Faso 1934 "A second tadton of eld methods stems from the werk of Garces emacs (1961) which lized parteipant observation echoes obtain esr ‘rmples of group interaction. Suck recordings of rou sesions ernst ito {he staies of South Harlem (Labor, Coben, Robins. and Lewis 1968), slong ‘aris advances in face to face interviewing techniques and Hel experince "Methods for combining parcipantebservation ad indvioa ering have ten developed inthe various comprent of the sty ofthe Piatlphia ‘pesch community by LCV, partly n King of Pris by A. Pao. nthe sh nd ltlian conmunties by A. Bower and inthe Puro Rican comunty By 5S"Popack. The models used as conversational sores nthe intersews wee ‘eal of inensive development of early methods by members of te cas on THe ‘Stay ofthe Speech Community (Linguist 30) frm 197210 1976. The cue ‘work of Baugh in Pacoima, California, represent the farther developmen! of ‘systematic recording through paripancabeevations, while the caren sal) of Par by Lennig hss comed fonvatd the methods of sampling the comm) through inde tees he Pet on Ling Change at Yn wat spl by te Naa Se ‘et nt eb ne ge a a a se te Poe ose Ou ter = 4, Ams sed Working Principles ‘The mehods wed by LCV ate governed by two basic ims which are encimes seen m opposition. On the on han, we ees lage volume of recorded "or high enouph ual for instruments anny of wowets or the precise ‘Sigmon on the ealations of gammaial pricles which ave often reduced 0 ‘aly oct, inal features of soud.'On the cher hand, te lace very ‘Blvd onecord of weraaclar speech (see Below) which show a minima si Nicommodaton of be peseace of an cusde observer The tesion between ‘Karo meds informs he taste dais four developing field metho over Ih pa fife years. The following "methodological axioms derived fom Labov Torbapp, 28-9 are actully wong pecs, based on emprcl ndings the 1. Thee are no single spe speakers. By “aye shin” we mean to nla any consistent change in laguitic forms used by a speaker, quae of untivethat es be scited with change in topes pacipant chanel ot ‘Kehoe oil cone. Some speakers aves much wider Fane oye siting Ihonetes ond ve commutes ogo show ny significa a on etre that Sipoent syle itor in ther communis The most recent sound changes revel nsenstive w style coments bu most nguseehanes at are Soivanet show 3 wide range of fe siling 2 Snles canbe ranged along a single dimension, measured by the amount “fotenon ps speck Tse pops sapped byobervatone te fc ‘iad se sifing in varus meri Htvations and naturale stingy 2 ‘c's experimental evidence (Mab 1972, Latov 1972p. 9). Allenn pid 1 Speech appears to be mediated bythe proces of ao monitoring, which ean be iste a wide range of fcr. Tissue no equivalent. naturale Satya of syle, which might ree avery Inge numberof Geneon, bat erly sts tha styles can Be ordered 3. The vernacular in which the minimum atemion i pol 1 speech, movies the mest sstemate data for lingusie analy The “verse” e ‘Sine as that mode of speech that's aque in pre-adolescen years ts bighly ter charter i an empuncl observation. The Venacla clued nko “shaton, atthe ues governing hat variation appear oe moe regular than hose ‘erating in more formal “supe posed ses tat are acquis later nie Each Sfeaker hs vernacular form, in teat Ge lngusge: hs maybe the prestige let as inthe case of RP") or an standrd variety In some cass sytemaie ‘hi an be obtained fom more formal sper sles, bl we do nko hs a they hae bon elite spain he verracla 4. Ay systematic obserotion ofa speaker defines «formal contest where ‘sre han the minimum tention i pao opech. We tected pt expe fad the vernacular Ue inte maa body of fst aco faceierview, o malt ‘ww casa or endl the Speaker may appear oe. We mat assume hai thet wll Sdn ange er of ing ates wes ie rene 5. Facestfce interviews are the only means of aining the volume and ‘wat frecndedspech thats needed for quanaive analysis in oher Wot= wanes paniativeansis demands das obsied hough the most obvious Kind of Sema obsereaton. er ec faced wth he “observer's paradox Orin so observe howe opt went ar ot bigeye The pote wel wn ne Pee tame of he cexpetmentr effect” ant the poem of mining et fc ioe hha ceeds et eal tenon We fe a tein can never solved compltl in pnp: the rma of ie acc is desc tote vaous means OY whch we C0 SPPONIE 3 ston “Te rigs sourees fr the ro model fo ed methods oti hove ae tun extent nay that hy solutions othe seve palo Survey aa scepy i a hghty developed techengo for obtaining a representative spe Temi and ‘attaes Tro an enumerated population, bat the itractve ant insu surveys Ts designed to Keep rapport a a moderate esc ant ‘esata formation int canst be coded in the scheme developed Here the tre gece mainland the comespondence othe aioe exes 10 ar hr operate every-day if sot easy determined. On the oer and the se ne apposch weed by soca anthropologists and ehnopapey fails 2 Sree Phe opposite way. The partcganbservet may ater dat ‘Rctanive behavior nha minimum of server fl, bt ery He igus ditt sees coed scuratly in oral several hours afer the event Many SMoidpatsobervers ect ute med inthe extent tha sey can stn: ‘REoning appari, whe they do Yecord group infraction wih mimo ‘Sher oberon eles the dat hinted in Both ua and nity ‘ar basi pol ty md bh eta as fa as We ca to ede hee tinitaton, and then combine both approaches to conve ow the fing > to hape w describe There wil be sources of er i partcipant observation an Weeieclimernews: bt they are complementary: by combining bth metho See Sint ne debe ani ection of err in ov final statemeno the k= Shivers 2, Neighborhood Studies 2.1, Aims and Basie design, The ginal socoingsinic survey flowed se una parm of survey metnaology by enumerating» popultio,slecing Me eseue St houseottsYandomly Irom tat population, and hen ieriewing se Stitose bya saad intent. When asco re selec a he bs Sar ee Saaividal may be randomly sled fom tht boosh Said ‘Endo samples may tis method by sezting ony those individuals whose sx etic and eet il peepee els obtain representatives ofall 7 TENSE thee approsches, he view of the community which blaine is ced from he perch produced by those indvidals 18 Me ilerview Sate agatie mah ci subetantvereaponses fo questions on eatios with SEMhades toward ‘fhe, These data may be spleen by occasional caer of meracton onthe nerview sie. Sich surveys have piven us Be ‘ee tm and representative view of he social statisti of langue. and» MT at of emge of se ving characteris of the communi They 8 so 6 rei Cae aan ” ro gia view ofthe igus eration that produce such tian, which fst e recontte inc, and they do po give as clone view ofthe ‘naclor a studies of poupinerction do “Te stds of sdolsceat groups South Haste em 196 01968 yield the mnt accurate view ofthe Vernarar in group seston topther with extended Incricw: of individ: The soiomete Gingrans comarcted of such eeupe ‘tre extremely valuable in explaining the dsbuton of lngusic Forms (Labor 1072, Ch 7). This speach was ao exended othe alt communi however ‘St aeighbornod statis condcted by LCV fom 197210 1976 are designe ‘woh luge amount ings od soil dal. the major social networks of ‘hc rcghborods. They ice log range parcipit-obervation wich permis tii acess to the linguistic competence of the central figures of the ‘tors, long sth recordings of group sterscon in which the vereacuar isplayed with minimum inteferesce om the eect of ebervaton ‘Nhe sane ime the neiphtorhood sts ube systematic soclingutie svrsows to btn compra daa on ll embers of he sca network 2.2. Selection of @ neighborhood. The neighborhoods lected oe stly ‘oun a ndgment sale of he chy inthe lrges sense he piri: of selection loc onde in acordae wi mje resident las. ad ela groups tat ‘Sroctertic ofthe city Thee are pot enough phorbol: volved to form 3 Sine representative of the ely ae whole, however and wor seppementary {Tnatho neighborhood sues cannon be come toll a epcsentative wee ‘the Phiadcphis speech community. Thi primary fant ft chive depth ‘ter ha res Information on census mace and previous sae of ethnic strbations in Pada ae conse to emf Mocks ht ae fest cml) im he ath ‘hac a lass group, Data fom our own ann nd anon sure ae sho tne er hs poor, Within each of thee ares, a single Bok ie ckecte a Inka peseatch se These carats mexivie our ces, Caorwomentanwaue aie re 1 Reaves ners tween pubic pine pe, wih esha ih eve ‘Stren of et ™ ° Ardea ner of shoping nection esi the mee iy, wih ‘Suc pn evel of econ 2.3. Entry inthe nighborkood. Te fist cry ink mehr sca servo ac two ave Steer One cot ih indie a al {Fou wo mk tmscve wa forsocalinerxon on he Hck. Sai Seta nga meee odin queso, pore atonal ew fe mes and pce ic pope methane so taal The con! epponch ituphponans who forall atl in soil ations wth ance of themes Str cre, er shop pat fs era nanan, bres Sed Shock ie mites setphinod wh wey dred omc he second Stsepy hs proven ont fet, priry wid the eof higher state imtaton rh arches an hot I making le sghborhoa ‘Src hv en nt ec ade ou informal channel2 vue tor ‘The iit presentation of LCV fell woke i coment in yneat penis, oh hmny vary i etal with he personality ge and so i cd Tone cst an acre iw of ou at nd iets he braless Ildog th say of langage featrescharclerac o tewighrhon witht ‘ging lapse ut for pei ation. Ogroveral am geting to kos th ‘esha how people pt slong how ie has changed mains Sate ving onthe Black tangs people ogtieror pls them father span a este neiroad maybe deren fom thers Iain at he sii siti emu te ha eo ary ‘ont and whe people inthe neghburon the changes that se taking pase i [eric cehow ving cine ales pope an thr ay of MA ur ‘nace wth pvp pow, apeirs thtwe have a pir intrest in ine fot oca dake and our contmued inert ecorang mvc y th {socer,Bet our intrest i anlage fplaced within a ager framework lire ia'rarrve accounts of ily ie, i conontaions and secon. ih ‘atone of fbnic groupe and eeational protien. Since the paper an fbbeaons of mene Of LEV refit this wie ange ore, we ive mt Stay “e josiyiog 8 longterm nvlvement wah the sical We of the Deidhborbood same with formal inquiry and eld experinens spall ‘octnel wih angie 24. The sociolinguistic interven. The ft resorbed onvenation with 3 swember ofthe speech comunity sully follows a well devehoe sae hh ‘maybe cated “the soiling itrview" tn concept rnd dei ae Imehods ae descended rom the interviews developed icing wares {atov 1966. 5. Appendix A Shy. Wola ad Riley 196K. aw. Coin nd Robins 1948). However, te developents ofthe paste Yeu have ae hs hig oieray bape ta sting pot eimasting many es hema tit stll showed te inentanc fom wadtonldalectolygy Our pest metho tc infvned considerably by stdin af conversation ous othe terview “The soilinguisic interview is governed by 2 mamber of pul Mahe complemestry but ethers comin 1. area with ema ity fom one ttm ous of eh ea ps 2 te bun the al ange of demographic dats necesiny forthe ata Sentngwote pars pe resent toa otopeto.an unguae he my aon an estos: some. eves rnp ems ‘xperine tang vans belt erpernce ofthe argc of Sh ak teeta ao ht ai fcc fm oy sane sm may 5. lina row neracton ana he oP pres. an on mation ‘tert ead ting te op cone bam: es om Po Lege Oa or 2 7. Ww tc he pater of communion among members of he might, and ‘Shine poston ofthe Speer ne cme ete uae aro of we ander ts nung ne gic When ec frmatog em ngitic sacs Hugh forms eikiton "ealig txt an wd 10 can wot lepine on jin re va peeps icon a. spa Saeed a We tie of he sociligutieinervew mus be respomive to hs sty fg Cl 2-3 nd 70s Cried ou witha ena imo were inewewer are guided by procul Wat Eve compas south langage se vost towack ore ene Spchs ea {e's cenary rice to be pd for comers ‘On We eer han he Feiroinant chen of the Intervene in ating he able weds ‘Sores pment isi eve arte pron ae ica angel sng hens overdominant. we wel Up at Bako of spec cme fo verano pest hte re ut ey si eto Sbamme meus of igus ne he Ws portant ote that te tpn ned to econ high unity sgn tel 1) nay nese the ebserer elect Te wae of ale Wynee thst sch atthe Sener MD>-218 reduces the eunvetes of icine. and iss optimal ioe to Ba Sel ese a ‘Sovding nd montogota VU, cacao sd dtonenaa ee Simone rl and any sep taken t die ik monterng ne, pga “sinerpdusive- ore ton eerding techies ene The tcical developmen ofthe sacimguisie nerves, aed sssnizingoveral popes naching gost 110. Ths devclopact nc, ‘woe vice (the mad and 6) te conversion ee 24.1. The madi. ‘The corerstional mule i » gi0p af questions ‘ssn os prc opie chiens games pronto te geo Saha The ened se of sh nae EN pens ® comeatoal rescue on wich the lier davs i comity ay ‘scr cht * ‘Many cstion within apaialar mde have ben shaped vera mumbe eam by process ne 7 3. Resgses to geataized if intrest, Ateton to goa 6 hs ke to the rscogsion tat srl peel fc of mest apy mesma apes ‘nics death andthe ange of Seth sex adm ington, Phe eae in which these concerns apea han interview frat tay be po’ to eh ‘smimunityporicolary inthe cae of ek Bu other sons cone seed ‘tora fr many communis: g "Did you ee! fm» dca tat rep ‘red you? “Were you ever a ahiaton whe you wer in src donget ot eting ie 'sCallauial format. Many inexperienced interviewers. femulting es: ons witht preperation, will exbia boxkish xian and rma teiattuenc of survey methodology. The questions Formulated in our modules provide 2 guide io calloglal sve, whch ay then be fuer modified to fit the paral Sie ofthe interviewer andthe unt lec ofthe spech common ‘Shoring. oestion formulted without reparation fen tM ite Jong, with many restarts. One governing principe fat made uetons should less tha five socom to deliver nde many cee, les tan on second 44 Feedback. Questions may fist be formulate om an ousiers poi of view in “Do you play the sumbers ound here? But information fom may Speakers i accumlted to tanform the question intone tat pesoppcy 2 enealized state of fla, and looks tothe particular ses of ines. All tee ofthese formating proceses have operated effectively 0 pratce the ental question fom out Mod 9. on Fay “The noma patie is for an inteviewer wo become intimal acai wit moda format, and 10 aap questions ois owe cll se However. tome desis are marked wih double ster (1 net hat hey sol teased in excl the words nated sto achieve compari, secon! because experience ha shown fat the wor x ls o optima. ‘Modules show a cea degree of hisrachical sce A ston wully begins with a general question and then proceeds 0 me detailed wes. which tmay be posted to te exe he tnerewers and pear’ intrest low ‘ther coatnn check iss, trim Module 2 Chien Gas, whch ate bern ‘hough rpily to test he subject's recognition of ceain ems. 242. The nenork, The modules are combined imo a conerions! setwork by the itertewer, Module ae select hy te inrviower fom th feveal resource ile Q-GENIl wo contct a coneational network. in hich ‘modules are connected at ansiional pols though hse asociation. Most ‘odes begin and end wih tnsonal gestions which permiinks fo many ether ‘networks. This Module 3. Fight, begis wit he qsstin. ©. What i (ys sa about oun ee? with choice of past or present frm dicted by the ape of the peer This may be linked with Module 2 Games, wher arguments start over top tackles, or with “Module 11, Peer Grodps, i the scsson of ends geting ma a ex her Moi Sends wit 5. Do ils a wound ee? 1. Ded you ever gen gh wih at? ‘nd can lead into Male 41, Dating patterns, going steady, te. which can beg ‘with he question "What the git really ike round ere” Sch rasiion at ‘be ined by the inteviewer‘ tay occur raturally in the couse of the conversation, Generled sewots Tor parca commune a sometimes ‘ated, showing various pins of enry mothe network depending on he eee sv social eae of he sie set Pe eae Co a in 5 Fg | show ayia ewok of tis wed with working cas als ‘india The meriew b enwred Made 1 Depa at et ced certo Male 6, Wok oto Mele 2. Boye Case an fiom cn procedo Mou I, Pes ip, © Male Ive ea oe phcivon fred by Fights), Cre inte Sues (1 Danges of Beak to Fox ("Dream (9, and Rego (10) Arties vnewor ie lore by Fay (6), Dang 0 and Marg 3) iM SRE de bed spr sine since ieyotne at de emer soneimes incon meee 243. The we of modules and nemorks, The modules, assembled ino networks, form a et of onvesatonlresoures 10 aati acconplanng theOrnate forementoned goals 1-10. The network ia pie fo the interviews se or he omrcs« sinulaed conversation which flows pels ie sma toe Stoned conversation of cverydny ie. The interviewer does iti rps. fen shins hs an eget le, Bu ee mo pines von ps “Lx ovde of ops, and eal he interviewer plays a pain the conversation which ae we sokemceingexprene.fespenling eat aoe Poe oo Ce oe a es issues, and following the sbjets main interests ad ideas wherever they B0 (lce2€tlom):Ineriewer ayn the depres to which hey wiz he rte Ihe network, butte mest succesful imervews Tallow path which fs both ‘onal to the speaker and comparable o oe pate. Fire? thows the networks ‘imerview topics fellowed im an interview between A. Bower of LCV and Diane 821 0f Kensington. An hou abd al of conversation began wit cid fang, then shied to demographic data, to Dine’ job (Mod 18) and then 10 {my (Md 9). The ecusion of ding (Mod. 4 then turned back 1 fay in he Ferm of daughcr- moter relonhps, which allawed the iervieweroinlade he nal question on Vane ("Did you ever get tamed for someting You did't (Sr), purculaely vale for stimalatingaratives centred rol dine ‘he ie tervemer then retired to demegrapic questions an obtined age ont of data om the famly 5 a whole Before sing rater ably to gis ‘Mod. 2.3}, which le to ranatives of fights and the eles Yor fair his {Mos 3) ad bck to family eatoeships a he question of punishment came p. ‘he interviewer tensed that Dane ba tong interest in chiens eames, an eur many tines thie theme ack te games you played a id {Ech time, the thee edn new rection by a illerent et of aeacaone The “Send cwsion of games eda disceson of ends, he ter age gins, td to dating, which involved side cussion of Dian’ philosophy es nd then 3 valura extension to mariage (Mod 5). eri diferences (Mod 12) ard ‘ack fo jb, Scho! (Mod. 15), cme inthe neighborhood (Mod. 14). Diane's job sna hor philosopy of fe agi, The iteriewervetrsed shed ine the ime of Dane's chided Cetin tsk w when you were ai, was te anyone you dd He?” ‘Ts led wo general diction of he block, and a discussion ofthe meaning of "ie vs stop", and hen to language (Mod. 20) A fourth etn ochiood anes, and "Michel Night epic. Ie to a mach wider Yarity of top, ning with more family information and iscsson of family relaonshis onthe sk "The ssocitonal network of this interview seas similar t0 that of the spontaneous conversations we montored for tpi stuctue At the sare ime ‘ht guided by the interviewer to padually bud up a complete view of Danes ‘amily relaionships andthe resdetal, educational, ad job Instry of the ther, peopl inher socal net, sts get del of nfermaion on so lation ‘he eighborhood (gal). The nteewer is parculriy ale to Diane's dply of Inrest (gual 6). sd fecogniznd that pe adolescent and adolescent stiri: formed snvulesich” topic which could be ased gun. and agin witht cthsting interest. Figure 2 shows by the leer 1 te action of haaives of ‘sonal experience (ou 8). Allinal nine of the ten ssc the ltracy roess ‘ere wel developed ia is iterven 24.4 The principe of tangential citing» Throogout the eailingisic inervew. there 16 carl atten to any contibution by the speaker wich ‘eyes angen o shift of tpi avay fom the topic which te nleriener nmin adie gl hw of ran ag a Cp he igi 5 “Se pes Coma tSinated. The sociolinguistic interview i considered moe =a 1 we examine all ofthe lopical tamions ia Figure 4. we obi following proportions: Recs inaaed by aaestonl eee 2 rath sae” = ‘Brow gt reer ceeslomraiocby arene ntesied by seaker We can sce im tis interview a tance ween the Interviewer and that provide bythe subject Figure 40s ‘of the smerviow cerly marked a shit towards speakenin expec. © sept ay een bud OOMOMOMC)« my 245, Power relationships inthe inervew seting. One of the crs cements that determine the couse Of 4 ocilingstie otic and fuer onace isthe relive degre of uthoriy ef he inteviewer and speaker The “SGhaerers prado” ii fo be seen 26 absolute, but closely liked 10 the persed relationship ofan outside observer ina dominating elas (Eoeevé 1975. "The inteviewer engaged in an ocapation tat lal posts to membership in imidleclaeinsttuton of some Kind texearch jonas Any Metieatn Sf the interviewer ar a teacher would sess the fact that he i 2 person hat information flows fro, so to” The baie counter stategy ofthe socaingusi Interview ito emphasize the postion of te intrviewe a8 are. n postion of Tower authorty thn the person bei aking This favorable intracive postion can only be achieved by a hovoughgoing rejection of the autor tat stems from asocation with the dominating seal ‘dns. Sucoingunicitevewers mist cotinsally mona heir behavior fr any Sipn of hie authority They mast ele thei exal ad ermal eeies 1s femove any evidence of bocksines of infsence of rary longus an futlesty plane sway all remains of cngpcuous osettion to achive psn Unvarihe style. On the postive side the sociolinguistic inteviewer will develop bie own ue of collgual tom, even atthe expen of generated ttl ‘Thecnten and syle of morpalogial iodensaton wl show snr adjusincn. Inthe direction of the local let. Is not eaconman for intervewers to ake ft phone hts towards a led! lec as hng ss mt so exec 0 Extccwas en rutation of tat alc, wil be accepted 3 symbaiceney intthe Ioeal aie ester ‘Gn he erative level, the interviewer wil work 10 develop psition of lower authority and lesser conreqoence tthe conversation One pt tt ik techavor fa consequence ofthe principles aeay developed. Ia mumiring he ‘he and fll of interest shown by the speaker fe mutually alms ce ‘renting being sai and pies the other more tha he ime nese to fish ‘den and Isnt no new one His rest mst nx bea mechani one a tu ot be dsraced from the content f what x being sa by to mc tet tothe speaker’ phonsogy or syman. The ntrvewer mot have 3 keen appre ‘ofthe engine ad expertise of th speaker genuine and peo ite i wa the speaker knows I be pays atenton, bei Bound lear an abso kel {tat willbe fel ck nto fre interviews, and aise is discussions wath ers ta bigher level of inert and expense [Espertenced interviewers work tants sted removing themslves from 2 poson of consequence nthe converetion being conducted. When ahd fourth ‘Feson appears haem wil hen not be drow tthe iteiewer sd what he fr doing, bat rather tothe sujet of he conersation, and itis ute psa fx» facet face conversation between the eriewer and speakers raaly sito 3 {sreal conversation where the interviewer lays vey small par isone respect, he inesiewer shoal retin authori nh own ae ‘expense in making recordings, He should fel feet sagget where thee *thsingresion conf te one perc ove gue as we t+ smi maf Padpachns noneefanemra ‘Rojee ems hl ce swt tos ma so ory Ta Lee sm anne oy ad he ete rt Lite Coa ton “ not ito that he can ge the best sound: etdons 19 moe ou ofthe wid or eet m te set if nders, 1 tno he sound onthe television et, ta fT ‘kata ans, of move avay toma nosy motor Once subjects have agree to make Moning they have the sue invest! i bing good resus as the Jhcewer and they wil be even moe disappointed ifthe paytack dened By ‘Somerton or ouside nie 24.6. Cominuedinersiens. Given te nat of our neghorood ses 1 coingous comat wih the speech cummunity, were Is 80 imperative 1 “Seta itervew schedule single sso. In many cases, the goals 1-10 etd ot several Sessions I fet, he recoding of group iteration under {fol 3 est caned oa by patcipant-observaton inthe months lowing the Jl merview (ce the dscuson of group session in section 8, below), But he ‘fall the nid! meri are ute tint Irom hoe of prop eins at ‘ntoclre necessary and dese to conte he formato he nial ervew {hand orth meetings wah sje a inividants pais. The farlzaion css which i evident tragphout the individual nerview Low 197297 98) [anc to reduce the eel of ora eansaintin hese continue Sessions, Bat Ite tandamentl dynamic are the same tone sketched ve Tncurentteghorhood suis of Piodeipia. Second complete sres of inves intervie war camed out centered sound 4 group of cormmunication ial ‘Thewe mules cate the Teation of the tpeskers sci etch eam ad fends-~in ean othe back. They investigate the Kinds of help Ar wghuood peopl ve each ater tht rig them ino sal elton —re Aivcing mals abating. elsying metry slotbex erences. and sckaes ‘NSS aes dents withsotaiingspr,afternona and evening gathering A thal nade das with be lepton of special ites to sn bang Jats at ihe neighborood ties to tlehoe interviews se section 3. Blow). A Teh mole concern privacy andthe Tack of Homi. Inemship, and he Deing af ofS elation. “The ulate extension of sich continued interviews sa eres of confide oman that the eh worker recorded with the Cental informant i e3¢ ‘ilhorod: She obtained © sketch of the octal posticyand ory of each ‘non the lk rom the pit of vew ober snr After several yar of ‘macy aed amination, th eaaloge aid bare many ofthe dtermians of ‘iv behavior that woud have Been hidlen from view mini interviews. ‘esse such daa is charged with strong social spifiance, the recordings are ‘sported forthe normal archiving procedures andre not sealable ‘even 10 ‘sembes ofthe research staff wibout special precautions (se sethon 7, team). ‘Continued ieriews allow uso resolve pst ofthe condiciones interview format The ned follow the principles of unfocused conversation ‘nd tinge hitng confit it the eed To acquire comparable Gta. As ‘ie fstineriews, we fad that questions neded for comparability (such a Mites towards fate oe educates! spratons) were sometimes passed yon the ‘ar of elowing the speakers natural interest, and for one reason o another the imervwer neve tetared though the conversational network f ha aes. These ‘nmisions ar then systema repaied ia the second tere “The consrection of efecive subjective reaction, self-report and family "ckgsound et often eqhres lng fais with he speech commu. Snregully happens that hse are ot comple unt man is nkervews Rave en eae eect us ml ely ins poe i contued Imei 247. The recosrason of odes drag ear, Tec exearh tn te speech commun new information on speaks” acti IRs, anne cat concer ofthe neighorioed flows ack hough at regen an rough new ois inined by te spears. Ie conan cat rong od ons we elt feedtck this new sormation to SETI comtocton. The quliy of the conversation that flow ss 2 SE B/ shit onde more imvement fhe speaker, ogee, andre aN st approach to x oew neighborhood, subculture, o gegrahle at incisive nieve the poston ofthe ouse The tion ‘Mater efoces he lappa for el. and mos peopl esp avo Meera bore wil apeer ar te very fica to maintain a onvcraio of wey eioriavevement with someone wos ak bean here mp) wo wea nando hand on wher to tan. is nly whe th ne peron Tews oon endrtandng ofthe eiica us, andasks gsi tha po at rBien a concen lea pep tht he conversation takes on fe, Am caer remem each ne cast cape knowlege at for the fs feted Renee acco inline comity recostctng ms er to'svance me ply ino he ares of erst ‘fodsle 1.1 abou the bgimings of ach develpment i te dncosion of et Mt Stee Question cones pajama pie ad begs with a pao ery genera inguin 1. Dogauerertve pom pies? 1 nao ea “These have (oo ite focus © pradice very much response fromm mut acer TS eth fotlnwangqurson fod tack tthe mere station the ei ot ew productive early sessions: y Rrra tn varity of speech communis doug the ied St, tee aeons yee ops sen fennel Gcssion. Bu the cess of feedback ot ‘Spt ere and tere ae sent routes ofl. An expend never Siti tne an wero rota ely wk" anon fan io cac whee ie sje wer really ered.” Cais fn 39 ot nau Pent burs Sy hing at cen go ejond come a2 Sona dace ssponid, ones mali 1. Field experiments, The study of soiling saiction i Now ‘York City Labo 1968) tue sees of fel experiments ino the nee TAS Gaich mere fer seveloped inthe Sou Harem say and ebewhse {Roy nay be charceied bey where descriptions fe avulable he sere seo Peon Lute Cre a ee « 25.1. Minimal por tes. ‘The simplest fom of conrad ingaey into speech perception alist of pir: The speaker sasked to repeat each one and hen {Uy whether they ne the sae oe difltet (Labor 196696; Latwy. Cohen, and ‘Robin 1965) Nay in which suc est fal ole the vernacaar or pructive systom ae utned a Labo. Vege. and Seer (1972 23035), andi parca, ‘Sass where the peter pomounes ihe wo words diferetly but says they ae Oe 252, Commutation tt Refences to commutation tes may be found in tars 195, bur we do pot ow of sy sptematc repo on commuraon et ‘oe ato. ge: nd Stier (197223657) pio wor distingusbed by ‘he phoneme oponion appenin andorzed Io ive stances a exch. ‘fem ft tone tne peker ented aoe ens he ‘ond In ace Titener maybe aed 0 semify his own pronunciations ‘Sie rm prior reading Commutation et were ted when ae is tha many leche were minal oposton that wee conten Ime nspesch though has ain of scr) Bt at Cold 4B Ui n minal par commutation sts y nate speaker In Pilacpin, we have been systema investigating the earmegs of ‘east mer vu. a the fal ger of ab ah 38 oe ‘ar sng ni pir and comation es 23.3. Embedded conras tes, The deveopmet of 3 mote natuaiic con ah at ye taf ae a 0 el tat ‘Smuts tt ta they emselves made specs posse tha speaker ‘col label a eomret in a forma ett Coud wii the ont coma Sewnscouny to dsinguih wots the couse of xdnary convention To et {hs pm we devled embeded conta ess which foes on smal problem ‘shot any evideac of tention f the protlem of phonlogia const. Ear ‘Celng tx (abv 196098) hve ented pheslopa contain Ce Concton witht foes of aemton (aia subway thr. My Gat Up thats one way to get fs in New Nek Cay") Bute semantic ince depended on e cor Embed const ests wea arate tat develops a ere of well-balanced semantic erates hat ean be resolved none way er ater hugh gle ‘Sethe’ That choc ie then mained thwugh 9 follwing aes of seco that ar completely Consistent wth ete chace, When the experince! shuns the soyetjulgment on the mora nes involved the semantic Imereti tht he made swell ited nd csy deter "Te most hight developed example ofan embeded Cotas expeimen is Te Cac" Aer pete Pins ct pas cnn ‘ith mey vs Muray bt ail ain consistent ference in apes we ‘Keir examine the: posibity at tenes col We the sition in ‘meting Sete nerpctaton comet ext W was neces) Std 0) fer on angeages tht Cotas chs Marry: mery were fo be woud The comrast was ested tough the onobrsive pi Meron’ (a Pinelhia ssh) andy “Te necessary context was etabsed though a fail fng aatve aboot = ‘uh of Lite League team une res fo py som am. The sae‘Muay was ease for boy who tied very bad but could’ catch anhing. ‘The mime Merion was eanhinhed at's nickhame foe gi whose ich ‘overbearing mother cme from Lower Meron. The coach gave both Muray and ‘Merion the ie of Fest UU Outil Ata ell momen inthe sees the eter Welder wa nord, and the coach found Minel sna demma: which Tt ‘ity outer play? He considered the aernaives and died, No ep for ve gt ay Iain there 1 various versions of the ext, the word phonetics i the ata ponunciation of 1 Philadelphia speaker who had intended to sy “Mion na econ version the ‘wots "Mura in” are intended. ‘The reson ifeence [i the st vowel & shout 100 Hz F2. Two other versions use exaggerated difereces of 20 a. F2. Alle the final question, “Did he d he ight tig?” the sabe’ option on the mol iss demonstites whether he inerprele the phonetic ors 2 Mary Inv or'Meton™ The semantics are tlapel enought give abou qua number ich responce for those who do not hea he ilerence The experimenter hen ‘eplays the section where the coach easons though the problem an inthis Yeon the opposing phoneme fused in the key sentence. The sujet then has second ‘promtnty a demonste whether or it be ean tlie the phonetic dlleren ‘isinguish wens 254. Slfrpor tests A selfepon tes resets subjects wih eon 12 of phonetic saan, and asks deo select he on tha hey themselves we ‘mest often (aov 1966-48674," 1972). Is ound tat subjects regury SMW inthe Geton ofthe prestige norm, though a reverse shill was unl y ‘radgill among men in Norwich (1972), In Phinda, we have utlized sl repot est in eoninucd interviews for he major Sound changes in progress 25.8. Subjective reaction tests. The original subjective reaction or sj Live evaluation ets (Law 196640554) were a agus adaption of Las “matched gue” tests (Lambea etal. 1960). A sbect makes Jodgens of the ‘eons or social sites of recoded sit of speakers Arne hese Speakers, the same person fecus using differen linguistic forms. Wheres {Uber’s metode use nguistcally unnsiyaed forms ofthe det lange that are jdgedimpresioncally by expen to te characters, the lings spproch concentrates te variables of fest nid eetenees, nd conto ‘avon fo thee ith reactions fo peal sentences oe wih ten vale oth Same vale, a wed by the same speaker Sebjectveevalaton sts were ued in he South Harlem sayin a way ‘at eid cover as well ove vale systems (Labo eta 1968 L217 88 ‘abow 1972280) and the general principles behind the linguse adaptation ae ‘vent Labow 1972247°31 Inout Piladelpia sy.» subjective evaluation st as been developed by. Herman, wih talaned design using four speakers and Five input variates 25.6. Family backround et Many linguistic investigators have exam ined the ability of subject 0 Meniy speakers” cso ethnic Facground o he sis of thei peeh, eg, Shay, Barat, and Wola 1969. Such tests ae nt ans en ni Cee in “ coool for either lingisic eames or voice qualifier, bt they do reveal Something ofthe subjects Sensivity Yo markers of ethnic ent. inate ‘euch fo determine what thoe fetes te, The South area staly wsed ‘ginal speakers to determine how judes could e systematically wrong hough ‘me degie of special Sestvity onthe art of lack subject emerged tabov e Nest, 266.89). Underwood (1975) sed 2 series often ative pas 10 reser reactions by Arhanes subjects to ten ferent dls, unanalyzd, at ‘dl a fequest for acl Weston; his showed tht Aansawyer reply tansfeme tee negative reaction fo wit South Calica who they jadgec tobe In Pilsephi, we fave begun work wih family tackground et hat is speilized to naraive se node sei thee are bjectivecomlss to the Ups ncourse Yeates tha seem tobe characteris of he lian, Hah or ews ssteoups 2.5.7. Lingus inseurity tes. The New York City study wed eighteen stemaive promancaions to mesure linguistic insecurity (Labor 1966: 8. Sijets ar asked oc one of two numbers conespumting fo the pronation ‘hat they think is corect and alerwads, todo the name fo ince thei Own froaunciation. The ems used were lens serans tat had beens setetypes [tcrecthes or pension i New York City auch fant) Taal for un Incri ws. [val for vase. Here the mesure of nccanty ma the numb of tes ‘ere the two jdgtbents ete dierent. Underwood (1975) ed sma es for lying insecurity mong APansas sujet, using phonological alterations such 2 daghvs dara] for doy 35a tken ofthe lng open» ins. These were then “Snare tothe phonetic reat of this phoneme in spomtncous speech, Te Piladepia, we hve adapted the New York City nade nou continued smevews, snd ade a ees of grammatical eae, 25.8. Frequency tess. Our research on the socal significance of gusto ‘aviation has been primarily confined othe exaiaton othe sail dsriuton of ‘arts im peducton. The qustan of subjective. coneines of tee sable “qsttavepaters remains an open question. The subjective reaction ets fr) intiew You Cay showed a strong dierent reaction to vale (0) se apaist ategurial e] pronuneistion (Labov 1966:#30°36), bu the Ge grined pater of ‘liste and socal ifleremiaton win the varble iar was not teed for ‘nbjctive reachons In Pde, we have begon to develop fel ests for ‘amining subjective reactions to dieing distbutons of the warble Tete Indret evidence tht quantitate perceptions are transformed inf @alative subjects, often categorical. In Phisdiphia, tet developed ty S" Herman ‘ames dlrs responses the realization of (ing) Sebjects ae asked #0 Sndge speakers surces nimproing his speech aed leer ney red in which ‘ery semence as one progres sux. There ae tee fom ofthe time {perm A theft ive te second five nin he ero the chs ‘ered and nC, the wo forms aerate speakers a continuously sera 0 frequencies, ten eactons A,B tC may be gute sim, tf onning of Suecis is terminated by exieporialjalgment, A and 8 should peduce very siteen types ection4. The Tlophone Survey rari, mt te wns nt, es secede Sl ee eae ee Seniesa van oer oe Herston tod ice ecne eames ree areas Seas Reems coe Ses RO i rece eae See hae ec nc Steet eran Be Sab acinar aeecmanremre Sind diet aes ammemctine Sameer serene ct Sh pam gee mncnaeae nem meee tea seria ante dct ota Pe eee Soo e seein ame sia ecient Noe ecct eaten vencrsieege nectar apenas rn 132. The Philadephia sample. In he Pildelpia say. we have concen trated ou ajo eflonts on si neigborhond stds, These incl wo wing ‘as eighborboode tht are pedorinanly Hain ad lsh» bower as Pst Rican eeighborbod: 2 lower midl-cls meighborhood that predominantly aint wha far varey of che represematon In son, we have acces ‘hts from a nimber of oer reighorbood stash clade working-class ad ‘middle-class neipborhoods, tack and white, cared out by stodents and aes ‘Esocated with oe recearch project. These neighborood studies gve usa view | ‘aracesic Philadephia pts na wide range of gengraphi es, with aity Sie spread of soil etane membership win and aos neighborhoods Bat the ‘eighboroods were not chosen as pat of systematic enumeration and fandom ‘Section and we canny fr ceria wich pao ow moc of Pipa they represent. By emphasiing deeper stules of groups and social networks. we fn inte possiblities of explaining ling behavior ba lose We representative ‘Stace of the ear studies, “To enake up fortis ition, we planed sppement these acter dcp studies with 9 hallow tat bond sty, which would have sours of enor Complementary wth tose of be neighborhood ties T tain he fl eel ‘TGomerpence of to methods, th second sry soul explo the demons of Trendth and represettivenes im a single se, wiht alerting to obain ‘Svples ofthe vernacular or social imeractio, or the ene the hg aad Penetrating lterews earl out athe weighbooods, Fo te et Lge Ce tor . 3.3. Design of the Rlaphone Survey. To mect these requirements, the ‘Rlepone Survey was designed and cared out by B. Hindle "Subjects wee sete through a random chace of listed telephone umber, Tay were oke {angle in shor interview dealing with communtcton in Phiodlpia, wih Enghass on tlphone commonicaon, and special wor and sounds of he ‘hladlphia dialer that mip be the sources of misandertanding. The imcviens last no more than 1S minutes. They iclade enough spontaneos comvcston 10 allow ufo chat the speakers vowel yer instrmently. Weed Tits nd il pus weceincued. In addon, be Telephone Survey inlaed questions othe Inerpetation and acceptability of sync: features of the Pasi, Slee Pose anymore, the be aula with done a finished ‘Alle the siject indicated at ey woul paricpae in th interviews hey were asked fr permission to record It permission was denied (25) ssh Tr ‘es conducted without recording, Te signal was rood fom pin prt the ‘lephonelosdspeaker, on a Sony Te120 caste reorder, “The question nary arose as 1 wheter lephone sighs ae god enough ‘operon tsrumeral measurements of vowel. ‘The telephone tant shamply lined aang of 80-3000 He Bua ex of the same signal eared ec wih 4 NagneIV anda Seabiser dynamic mitophone, and recone afer telephone tansmssion, indicated that for all bt the ph vowels, the errs iw tlephone Ieasurement were within an acceptable range. From aol selection of 28 ted aur, 196 subjects were contc by ‘cee There were 8 ela, and 10 intrccws ere comple Of hee, 6 ‘se atlyzed inset for comparaon sth the white neighbor Sanpies ‘nd who appeared tobe members the ack community wee soe separtey 34, Evaluation ofthe Rlephone Survey. The teepone survey is therefore 'represetative sample, wihia hts of Padlphans who list thet lepones ‘The sample covers a wide range ofthe city geographical, and & wider ane of sceronomic clases than the teghtorbood sce. There ate two. major ‘robin in determining the representativenese ote sample The popeloton tat ‘not afford teybones i not represeted a ll and we ast coir that the {sephone surveys sharply uuncaed the lower end We ae informed bythe Bel ‘keane Survey Compaty tht ony woh ofthe subsebers in Philadeg lin he telephones, and on-hird ay to have ther eephones ulsted. ‘One yt compen or unis elephones ie andetakew survey wih dm ton omnes, wit ening one sings, Ascod way to compare the linguistic behavior of people nor eeighborbod sles wh at ther telephones wih hme who do not Our cumeat mthod i the second Incatons to this point comm the feport ofthe New York iy ‘leone {Company (New York Tunes, Sepember 1s, 1973.35) there Is no conelaion betwen listing of lephoes and socio-economic cae Wee hat about he ase option of our subject in each neighborhood pay to have thet telephones nied as those reported fr the cy a4 whe. Furtecomparson of the toe ‘Peltins wil make the effet of ths tation to ised tekyboncs moe presi, ‘The Telephone Survey is ths designed to suppemet the segs ofthe ‘eithtorhod sy wit the advanages of random selection, and compen for "Se hmtations ofthe eightorhod ses inthis respect A the Same ime: theIinitaions ofthe telephone interviews in hei formal characte, inte length and reed quay re compensated ory the vey high quality of the rego 4. Group Sessions Some progses can be made in siting towards the verse divi imesiews, But he test records of veraclar spec have Ben iste 0 rsh ‘titan where the eflets of observation are mmumined thou the coating ration of pets Gumpert’ monk in Hermes (1961 was he fs 0 rec uch ‘Soup imerecon stemanaly, The Sou Hslem std wed proup seins soe adolescents 2 the primary means of otaiing corso he Back English ‘Soma The technique for sting up and conducting such esos ae gen ‘Sean Labo eta (19681, S1-60, ah examples of the types of iteration Ahmed. In these season, each speaker wa eorel osu task rong vai microphone, with as many sen psa rset 2 vary of Pe ‘cers wa wed and he anscrpony cooriated, Spesch wae ected Ng Tle gures, caing and drkings and spontaneous conversion tht sce Strate, ital nul and confrontations. Th date the South Harlem groups uc the only ones tht have hse sted _qunittvely bt other work fr pees. J Baugh corey aang dts Feat back mmunty of Paco, Caton, where be wed evn ee 38 COT a indiigel imervews, Te comparison ofthese aie wh Baugh. ‘Se ft reanalysis of he So Harlem di (19807 i ely exe vt reat of the terra, since te Poona subjects ae young ls Mccabe har ecorded grape of ac out in ide. wing nek Mice poof her tng trom prcantobservation Bath avin’ ahd Haopr mats are hited ine iy of recording, ut show reat = mizing the elect of observation Tau Phaadelpis stg), A Payne conducted an extended series of ep est Sotanp the youth o King of Pia al sutounding cmt, ee 3 ‘Selatimonte oumrack tage recover wo ae (Sony TC 3888) with four sale Sree erophones Ccmmener MD:214) Tari. from so thee area er we by Gelso Since posible on ths equipment ult eat chs, tr ear hem al together the working ad cooristion of Setzosous conversation ae much more feasible, apd theta amount of acute ecaton on lefersonscsmaton, 1s much higher than wih ecocdings of rom a single miropbone Pre cour of paren observation i South Philadel, A Bower has eco a mame pops the hemes fr infra. Tes ecolings ‘Sob fear ot the aeoncuar hs en, No such econ of at gr incon wea fan he cfs olga sa = Nox ‘Sebi Panama Ciycor Norwich, In Pndelphi, we wl be abe clea GeamareSiste shag wn he imervien wih spesch and 8 sh gO ress nd eve qanaive measures of dance fom he eral see hm Bh, "A Retin fhe BEng Cap” in Sesion fa of es Pn pie Og en « i Moateal the research group headed by ©. Sankot collected recordings of| reople in 8 varity of soci contexts Antroplegy ston were verted ho Eval pesto someone tallow them o accompany chem thoughout the course af Uy! caning a caste lupe recorder Ths model was developed futher by ‘Payne in out Phlaelphi study. She acommpanied Carl Myers, one of he malt informants, throughout ber worting day and at home, wing 2 Nagi tape ‘Reorder and Sennheiser 408 condenser microphone Recordings made i te evel agency where te format waked hve romarkable Cnty and vat Of ‘cil ineracton whch have made them valuable tase for analysis of Conversation and for deeper analysis of phonetic variation. A second seis of tape ‘ein ws ma oe ane, eh player on 8p er , Hindle caren engaged detailed analysis ofthe Alice B. materials, sing instrumental measurement of vorel postion to ree Iinguistc performance ‘soca iteration Through this sty, we hoe to btn further sgh toe ‘ncsanism of linguistic change by determining the cumstances under which he, trot advanced token ofa sound dang in profess ae rel Inthe ight ofthe many advantages of grap sessions ea5y to dsegard some othe enittons Fit fal def no town way of sampling the groups (oF society. and no way Of determining what proportion ofthe tol nome of Incrctngcallectons of people have en reared I we coat enumerate al he ‘ups neighborhood, woul stl ot be posible to ecrd moe than a fern [wp rewionr, spd the oppotunty Io stay thse would be the res of marty ecient ltrs. Is pose toobtan very good sound quality ingroup Sesion though the equipment mos fen used oes ov ive tis salt But even wih be ‘RStewuipments we fad hat some nivale domo fk very mich in gop. In ‘or South Harlem studies, the ost eteme example was Jesse Hl who never ‘poke a singe word nwo goup sessions. Yet Jes wae wel Known tbe 3 person consequence, who ars tre to for ac, apd in snividalserviews De ‘kd rely and at pret enh | Rapid and Anonymous Surveys ‘The vavious methods set out in he preceding sections converge upon the coer eet of characterizing the sesch community ia ways hat are eatvey Iedepenseat of the socal postion ofthe aber The method of rapid and Sornmoar sey eae RAR) povis wer ore of dat hs et Ino distnt ins perspective sod inthe stengths and weakneses of the data Promde. me othe “Teel xa of RAA sates te saislngie eae was ‘aed out in New York iy depamen stores and described in deta in Laboy [312 Cx2 Empyrean Spun se nr sted dco fora em tat was fa lead he fourth fot. The plone reaiaen a) infourh oor was thas recorded tice n handeten "The department store survey proved sources of err tat were complemen ‘ary withthe survey ofthe Lower Eas Side. The Eas Sic inerviewsreotded {Peat deal of duh of high gal, sppated ty fll demographic afrmaton, ye ‘hey wer ited eopapic range within he iy, and ad only paral successPs ues overcoming te eet faberation. The depen tre data was quite inited Itoi and quay, and ere wa ery te ffrmaton onthe cron of the speaker bu it caded 8 mach larger azarae tse, and the elects of ‘heaton were minimal ushermae 8 reat ea of da cold be scaled ina very shor time Sree similar studies were cared out by stodente of sacainguisie sion eae (Aen 98, a te etd ove ce in giving spi profile ofa single variable ina new aca. RBA studies maybe sect ts peccn fe owe ect Gus of "one econ (ee 968, in our coment studies of Philadipia, we have ered REA methodology to ac the pan a's paar Sourd change in pores whichis osc ace Dy impesioninic means ‘The else (st) represents th variation betwee ising ‘nda hashing sian efor ough aio extends luster wit {lowing had acows wd boundani. We one Gan) wide vy ‘of Philadephia aeighboiood by asking for directions in he neighbociod of [ven street which had a me of form Sree. However, we ke the great majority of cas, the informants would respond °X Steet?™ with omiderble emphasis on set. This teciga for obtaining xt empha oe Savble win formal cicaton wor lsd cect im an REA gry Fann wih Sint, where we oqured forse Tantei or ‘Tats in ero ota son he usta ia “fncuampling techies of LA metho canbe ge pec anys a weltdenes polation al ae pope fund t's pi pice June 2 erain timc: Stlegeop in parent sore ret fixed sn dy ‘Spica But REA sas camden eden ach se samplings of te ‘lain found onthe set, sn the tel of ths poplin he te ‘ental poplin sa own 6 ating the tathods ot Acquitng ‘Sociol Date Seven methods of gaerng dita are wet: socningusic surveys of individu tevews in the ncighborbood suis av fit Hneniews) abd 3 oninuedinevcws, gap ses; parteipa-bsevato,lephone neve. ‘il rapid and anoyour surveys. ach of ese te fated On seven sifrent “tera the posit of obtaining ereennve sample the deat data ‘Shae th compary ofthe ta Sane. sucess in using eects berate guy fhe sound ec thew dot Sd ie ea of lading Fel eperimen “Ine lings are acorn wi the aceon in he reseig page. canrealy besten hat noone metodo nal respect aso ae wy ‘Sip hn Butte jt eof serach seo alow fo conse Spm er iumat jet to oban elable an va ears fe ngage a 9 speech commun st Pe nate ein ay 7. Pole toward the Protection of Data and Subject’ Rights ‘Thi repor on methods would not be complete fi di not de with sevest _gesions of socal policy that ust confroat anyone who cles cet Sat rome sec communis. Ove teh of oh ering» ste conf the anonymity ofthe subject and preservation of th conta of the dats eared. Thi inet involves the problem fates to De eed Candid recording. general, we hive easing and cer pcy © loi ca recording Atal tines, he per no cred masthane tse i being teomded, This principle flows aly om pacts! snl a ons. If ob opinion that rescareher. who Cage in cane rece “il evenly cause epessvelgsation. The policy ne ine marine sie tine cosnem withthe poceduren ads yt Camm om Hanon Seta the Univesity of Pemyvane, From a prac viewpoin, such anil rcondings have ile val foe nuit rescth, since the-quliy of the Jas Fated spe ha he interrctton of the words ure is ft abitay, To tai’ pod ed ssconng, is neestry 0. pay lone ates fo ign eel me Sept may fat in he pez cn when con nw om ‘lines and principed bass, ray Teld worker fail to axheve Nok wel sowing though thet eatace to py aenon to he caumen A Males tne reer ana hiden microphone pace dats tt Soul ‘Some researchers have taken advanage of the prsence of builtin mic> tinhones to deceive abject in what Set them am canes wa Thy se Sole mune rng te erewmop an then Jace tt mcrophone, eaving the bic in meropbone operating, We hae mec eaphed ths vie ia LEW Recargs of type ae alc fra br coe ssoigs rm the bun mcroptone Ma sascy ity femmes dna of inter oto, seems ous hate elles sich mil devel wb deeag ogc. The specs usually afterwards at hema eon a kd permis 1 sete material I should be born in nda when fe ene Permit a mater of eco that sch inde cans were we Lone ‘omles witha meghtorhod ean ony sr fom such ecagos ‘Thee remain many stations where may happen tat seakers ar record out thr knowlege. Inthe cue os recor in, patsy rise on he scene witout being invited. his neces he rapecai of (he intevieur to iterupe whoever ss speaking in eet to chet a ‘gations is our practice to make such stot whcnerer snag ‘ee ra i the cveration males paca ee dy hv so nally teeta sue concerning recline input pace, No oe will sto recrding td na pad oa secre oe Our South soy ‘cons nde a feceding ofa cnontaion ete nn Lehn s pcan ‘ho obese to Lews's recording him. Levis soy mainined ta Pte ee “es honest he would hve had objection to being eco nd eed akun. The genera principle is oid any ct that would te embarassing explain it tecame plc su nd ere Lews felt no embarassment Tire iso eiveat on the roles fr focodimg input paces. Some members of LCV tte that apy tain oud enough na fern Tor any Stanger to ea. i que legtimat to record them; ers disagree Thwgh fot ikely at such dla wal be important for quanittive analsi f nguste ‘hang and aration, there are nes when ity be vale quate even fon he ws of Syntace or dacourse statues ts posse tat such a a be ‘Renee more ecient) in Greg shotRand. and seme members of the a fe ‘menly making efos to develop the use of is phonetic method 1.2. Protection of anonym. All subjects recorded by LCV ae assured ‘ta 0 oe mil steno he tape recordings exeet member ofthe research ou ‘Though this satan important coniertion far every sub we del wih iss standard poicy manned over more than a decade When excerpts chat are plished. is always wi psewdooyms at pzadosicets and comsleabe care "ken obese shat ao quotation permis he entiation ofthe pen 7.3. Accesso tape recordings. At eset the chives of LCV amount sppcotimacy 000 hoon of tape recrtings, covering 2 mamber of reat projets ower a span of 1 years. Acces 1 these mata limited w Memes Se research group, in accordance with cur sateen 1 siete The it ernment this piy makes impose or LCV Yo apt the peace ol the Universty of Monreal group. who mae tir tape recordings ava ta scholar terested in Canadian etch. In any ease, we do nt believe tha posse for someone to do an elective aalss of eccrel speech witht ty Femiiariy with the speech commantyitcomes rom. When spe eon ois sat research gop, and makes asignficat contibtion tote materials by airing Troms orher own eld wor then aces othe pnerl body of ape eng [ven the same basis a octet members fhe Sal ‘lihese tations to's eneaized scent shoal be tated tha ny pe recordings tat form te tsi of or conelsions are aval Yo crrburt hie fenclsios. inthe same way tha sy Ibary sources se. Visors fom tor ‘esearch pops, conditing pall sts, ae frequen given he oppor 0 Tien to 3 wide variety of materi from oat tape recordings. wih the gee Sndertanding that we ae engaged inthe Jat stidy of ingwic change ab ‘arian, Reis teste or ne inne aalyacscan te made fom ny sf these tage recordings by Scholars who have reson to tle tats would be Inport! od 0,3 la they subcribe fo these peal polices ied thirsection. Toward ths end, we wil comin to pulsar anys ata wth ‘ach india cation ented by tape amber. sex, and the speech conuly tas repeseate. 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