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~u ~v = ~v ~u
~u (~v + w)
~ = ~u ~v + ~u w
~
(~u ~v ) = (~u) ~v = ~u (~v )
~u ~u > 0, se ~u 6= ~0 e ~u ~u = 0, se ~u = ~0.
5) ~u ~u = |~u|
6) |~u ~v | |~u| |~v | (Desigualdade de Schwarz)
7) |~u + ~v | |~u| + |~v | (Desigualdade Triangular)
GEOMETRICA
DEFINIC
AO
de produto escalar
Se ~u e ~v sao vetores n
ao-nulos e o
angulo entre eles, entao ~u ~v = |~u| |~v | cos ou cos =
~u~v
. Sendo |~u| > 0 e |~v | > 0,
|~u| |~v |
b) ~i e ~k
c) ~u = (1, 2) e ~v = (2, 1)
~u ~v = 1.2 + (2) .1 = 0
Exemplo 3 (P
ag. 67 Ex. 19) Dados os pontos A (m, 1, 0), B (m 1, 2m, 2) e C (1, 3, 1), determinar m de modo que o
tri
angulo ABC seja ret
angulo em A. Calcular a
area do tri
angulo.
(
AB = B A = (m 1, 2m, 2) (m, 1, 0) = (1, 2m 1, 2)
AC = C A = (1, 3, 1) (m, 1, 0) = (1 m, 2, 1)
ABAC AB AC = 0 (1, 2m 1, 2) (1 m, 2, 1) = 5 + 5m = 0 m = 1
2
AC . AB
AB = (1, 1, 2) (1, 1, 2) = 6
6 5
30
2
=
=
Area =
2
2
2
AC = (0, 2, 1) (0, 2, 1) = 5
Exemplo 4 (P
ag. 68 Ex. 27) Calcular os a
ngulos internos do tri
angulo de vertices A (2, 1, 3), B (1, 0 1) e C (1, 2, 1).
p
w
~ = BC = C B = (1, 2, 1) (1, 0, 1) = (2, 2, 2)
~u ~v = (1, 1, 4) (3, 1, 2) = 10
~u w
~ = (1, 1, 4) (2, 2, 2) = 8
~v w
~ = (3, 1, 2) (2, 2, 2) = 4
|~v | =
(3, 1, 2) (3, 1, 2) = 14
|w|
~ =
(2, 2, 2) (2, 2, 2) =
b = ~u ~v = 10 = 10
b = arccos 10
A
51
cos A
|~u| |~v |
18 14
18 14
18 14
b=
cos B
(
u)w
~
8
(~u) w
~
b = arccos 8 57
= B
=
|~u| |w|
~
|(
u )| |w|
~
18 12
18 12
~v w
~
4
~
b = 4 72
b = (~v ) (w)
=
= C
cos C
|(~v )| |(w)|
~
|~v | |w|
~
14 12
14 12
12
Exerccio 1 (P
ag. 66 Ex. 1) Dados os vetores ~u = (2, 3, 1) e ~v = (1, 1, 4), calcular
a) 2~u (~v )
c) (~u + ~v ) (~u ~v )
Exerccio 4 (P
ag. 67 Ex. 17) Dados os pontos A(1, 0, 5), B(2, 1, 4) e C(1, 1, 1), determinar x tal que AC e BP sejam
ortogonais, sendo P (x, 0, x 3).
Exerccio 5 (P
ag. 67 Ex. 18) Provar que os pontos A (1, 2, 3), B (3, 6, 0) e C (4, 7, 2) s
ao vertices de um tri
angulo
ret
angulo.
Exerccio 6 (P
ag. 67 Ex. 25) Determinar o
angulo entre os vetores
a) ~u = (2, 1, 1) e ~v = (1, 1, 2)
b) ~u = (1, 2, 1) e ~v = (1, 1, 0)
Exerccio 7 (Ex. 44) Determinar o valor de k para que os vetores ~u = (2, 3) e ~v = (k, 4) sejam
a) paralelos
b) ortogonais
b) ~u = (1, 1) e ~v = (4, 2)
c) ~u = (1, 1) e ~v = (1, 1)
DE ~v SOBRE ~u
PROJEC
AO
v1 = proj~u~v =
~v ~u
~u ~u
~u =
~v ~u
2
|~u|
~u
Demonstracao:
~v ~u
~v ~u
~v1 =
~u
~v2 ~u ~v2 ~u = 0 (~v ~u) ~u = 0 ~v ~u (~u ~u) = 0 ~v ~u = ~u ~u =
~u ~u
~u ~u
(1,
1,
0)
=
,
,
0
proj~u~v =
2
2
2
2 2
|~u|
12 + (1) + 02
Exerccio 9 (Ex. 40) Dados os vetores ~u = (3, 0, 1) e ~v = (2, 1, 2), determinar proj~v ~u e proj~u~v .
C0SSENOS DIRETORES
cos =
cos =
x
~v ~i
=
~
|~
v|
|~v | i
~v ~j
y
=
~
|~
v|
|~v | j
~v ~k
z
=
~
|~
v
|
|~v | k
Exemplo 6 (P
ag. 58) Calcular os
angulos diretores de ~v = (1, 1, 0).
2
2
1
x
=
=
= arccos
= 45
cos =
|~
v
|
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
y
|~v | = 12 + (1) + 02 = 2
= =
= arccos
= 135
cos =
|~v |
2
2
cos =
= 0 = 90
|~v |
Exerccio 11 (Ex. 32) Calcular os
angulos diretores do vetor ~v = (6, 2, 3).
b) ~v
c) ~u + ~v
d) ~u ~v
e) ~v ~u