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Cognition
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and
the senses.
Types of Cognitive
Observational Learning
In observational or vicarious learning, we learn by watching a model perform a particular action and then
trying to imitate that action correctly.
Latent Learning
is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any
obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned
Intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to
adapt to new situations.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
numerical value of intelligence based on a test where 100 is average.
IQ Range
Classification
110-120
Superior intelligence
90-110
80-90
Dullness
70-80
Borderline deficiency
Below 70
Definite feeble-mindedness
Sternberg's theory that intelligence involves mental skills (analytical intelligence), insight and creative
adaptability (creative intelligence), and environmental responsiveness (practical intelligence).
Analytical: an individual who is able to analyze problems by using critical thinking
Ex: a person who is highly philosophical and sophisticated, a person who has high analytical intelligence
is one that for example can analyze a book better than the average person: they see meanings and
themes that perhaps no one else sees
Practical: an individual that is able to learn something and implement it on daily basis
Ex: this may be the sort of person who learns something about financial equations in mathematics and is
able to use this new skill learned in their daily lives, for example using an equation learned in a certain
course to calculate their financial income.
a type of thinking in which problem solvers devise a number of possible alternative approaches.
Convergent Thinking
finding one solution to a problem.
Thinking that narrows its focus in a particular direction, assuming that there is only one solution.
Implementing strategies and evaluating progress
Heuristic
Greek word meaning "to find".
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually
speedier but also more error prone than algorithms.
allows people to quickly arrive at a conclusion.
Example: After seeing news reports about people losing their jobs, you might start to believe that you are
in danger of being layed-off. You start lying awake in bed each night worrying that you are about to be
fired.
trial and error
a strategy that works best when choices are limited
Subgoals
intermediate more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final
goal
Example: you study every night for a week before the test.
Obstacles to solving problems
Factors:
motivation
Emotional arousal
Mental Set
a tendency to approach a problem in particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Functional Fixedness
the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
the tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an