Fiducia + Admin in Noul Cod Civil

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<div>
<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'>Fiducia
n Noul Cod civil<o:p></o:p></h1>
<h1>Noiune<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div>
 Noul Cod civil (Legea
287/2009) a introdus o nou instituie, fiduc
ia,
la art. 773-791, operaiunea juridic prin care unul sau mai muli constituitori
transfer drepturi reale, drepturi de crean, garanii ori alte drepturi
patrimoniale sau un ansamblu de asemenea drepturi, prezente ori viitoare, ctre
unul sau mai muli fiduciari care le exercit cu un scop determinat, n folosul
unuia sau mai multor beneficiari.<o:p></o:p>
 nainte de reglementarea
expres a acestei institu ii prin noul Cod civil, existau n legisla ia
romneasc o serie de referiri la fiducie, n acte interna ionale bilaterale
sau multilaterale la care Romnia este parte, precum i n unele acte normative
interne, fr a exista ns o reglementare general a acestei institu ii
juridice
</div>
<div>
<o:p> </o:p></s
trong>
Caracteristici generale 
 - Izvoarele fiduciei: este stabilit expres prin lege sau prin
contract ncheiat n form autentic;
 - la ncetarea
contractului, masa patrimonial se transfer la beneficiar sau, n lipsa
acestuia, la constituitor;
 - contractul de fiducie
este lovit de nulitate absolut dac prin el se realizeaz o liberalitate
indirect n folosul beneficiarului.
 
Prile contractului de fiducie 
1. Constituitor poate fi orice persoan fizic sau juridic.
2. Fiduciar numai instituiile de credit, societile de investiii i de
administrare a investiiilor, societile de servicii de investiii financiare,
societile de asigurare i de reasigurare, notarii publici, avocaii.
3. Beneficiarul fiduciei poate fi constituitorul, fiduciarul sau o ter
persoan.
 
Coninutul contractului de fiducie 
Contractul de fiducie, sub sanciunea nulitii, trebuie s cuprind:
- drepturile reale, drepturile de crean, garaniile i orice alte drepturi
patrimoniale transferate
- durata transferului, care nu poate depi 33 de ani ncepnd de la data
ncheierii sale
- identitatea constituitorului sau a constituitorilor
- identitatea fiduciarului sau a fiduciarilor
- identitatea beneficiarului sau a beneficiarilor ori cel puin regulile
care permit determinarea acestora
- scopul fiduciei i ntinderea puterilor de administrare i de dispoziie
ale fiduciarului/fiduciarilor
- condiiile n care fiduciarul d socoteal constituitorului cu privire la
ndeplinirea obligaiilor sale
- intervalele de timp la care fiduciarul d socoteal beneficiarului i
reprezentantului constituitorului
 
Formaliti privind contractul de fiducie 
 
1. nregistrarea fiscal 
Sub sanciunea nulitii absolute, contractul de fiducie i modificrile
sale trebuie s fie nregistrate, la cererea fiduciarului, n termen de o lun,
de la data ncheierii, la organul fiscal competent s administreze sumele
datorate de fiduciar bugetului general consolidat al statului.
 
Cnd masa patrimonial fiduciar cuprinde drepturi reale imobiliare, acestea
sunt nregistrate, sub aceeai sanciune, la compartimentul de specialitate al
autoritii administraiei publice locale competent pentru administrarea
sumelor datorate bugetelor locale ale unitilor administrativ-teritoriale n
raza crora se afl imobilul.
 
2. Opozabilitatea fiduciei 
Fiducia este opozabil terilor de la data menionrii n Arhiva Electronic
de Garanii Reale Mobiliare. nscrierea drepturilor reale imobiliare, inclusiv
a garaniilor imobiliare care fac obiectul contractului de fiducie se face i
n cartea funciar, pentru fiecare drept n parte.
 
3. Cerine speciale de form 
Dac pentru transmiterea unor drepturi este necesar ndeplinirea unor
cerine speciale de form, se va ncheia un act separat cu respectarea
cerinelor legale.
 
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Rspunderea fiduciarului pent
ru
prejudiciile cauzate prin actele de conservare sau administrare a masei
patrimoniale fiduciare: fiduciarul rspunde numai cu celelalte drepturi
cuprinse n patrimoniul su.
<o:p> </o:p>
Puterile fiduciarului: n raporturile cu ter ii, se consider
c fiduciarul are puteri depline asupra masei patrimoniale fiduciare, cu
anumite excep ii; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Denun area, modificarea i revocarea contractului de fiducie:
reguli diferite sunt aplicabile n func ie de momentul la care acestea

intervin, nainte sau dup acceptarea de ctre beneficiar; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Cazurile de ncetare a contractului de fiducie: (i) mplinirea
termenului, (ii) realizarea scopului urmrit, etc. 
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Administrarea
bunurilor altui n Noul Cod Civil<o:p></o:p>
 <o:p></o:p>
 Prin dispozi iile Titlului V a Cr ii a
III-a a noului Cod civil, se reglementeaz cadrul general aplicabil tuturor
situa iilor de administrare de bunuri de ctre o ter persoan, prin
introducerea unei noi institu ii juridice Administrarea bunurilor altuia,
institu ie preluat din Codul civil al provinciei Quebec din Canada. 
<o:p> </o:p>
 Legiuitorul, dei nu
definete administrarea bunurilor altuia, definete administratorul = persoana care este mputernicit, prin legat sau
convenie, cu administrarea unuia sau mai multor bunuri, a unei mase
patrimoniale sau a unui patrimoniu care nu i aparine. 
<o:p> </o:p>
Domeniu de aplicare: n absen a unor dispozi ii legale
speciale, prevederile Titlului V a Cr ii a III-a se aplic n toate cazurile
de administrare a bunurilor altuia; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Formele de administrare: (i) administrarea simpl i (ii)
administrarea deplin.
 Pr ile ar putea stabili, totui, n baza
principiului libert ii contractuale, ntinderea mputernicirii
administratorului, urmnd ca, n func ie de complexitatea actelor pe care
administratorul ar urma s le ndeplineasc, s fie aplicabile dispozi iile
uneia dintre cele dou tipuri de administrare; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Regimul juridic al
administrrii: NCC reglementeaz 
(i) obliga iile care revin administratorului fa de beneficiar 
(ii) obliga iile administratorului i
ale beneficiarului n raporturile cu ter ii; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Administrarea colectiv: n cazul unei pluralit i de persoane
desemnate n calitate de administratori, dac legea sau actul de desemnare nu
prevede altfel, hotrrile se iau prin voin a majorit ii acestora; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Delegarea: administratorul i poate delega par ial
atribu iile sau poate mputernici un ter s l reprezinte la ncheierea unui
act determinat, fr a putea, ns, s delege unei ter e persoane administrarea
general sau exerci iul unei puteri discre ionare, cu excep ia cazului n care
delegarea se face ctre un co-administrator; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Obliga iile administratorilor referitoare la plasamentele considerate
sigure: noul Cod civil con ine o sec iune dedicat reglementrii
obliga iilor care revin administratorilor n cazul acestor plasamente, fiind
prezumate a fi sigure plasamentele stabilite periodic de Banca Na ional a
Romniei i de Comisia Na ional a Valorilor Mobiliare; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Darea de seam anual: cel pu in o dat pe an, administratorul
trebuie s prezinte beneficiarului o dare de seam a gestiunii sale; 
<o:p> </o:p>
Cauze de ncetare a administrrii bunurilor altuia: (i)
stingerea dreptului beneficiarului asupra bunurilor administrate, (ii)
ndeplinirea scopului administrrii sau ncetarea cauzei care a dat natere
administrrii, etc. 
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