Huawei OptiX PTN 950 Commissioning Guide (V100R005)

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN
Series
V100R005C01
Commissioning Guide
Issue
02
Date
2013-08-10
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.

No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written
consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks and Permissions

and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the
customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the
purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information,
and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations
of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address:
Huawei Industrial Base

Bantian, Longgang
Shenzhen 518129
People's Republic of China
Website:
http://www.huawei.com
Email:
support@huawei.com
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

Commissioning Guide
About This Document
About This Document

Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document.
Product Name
Version
OptiX PTN 950
V100R005C01
Huawei iManager U2000
V100R009C00
Intended Audience
This document describes the commissioning process of the OptiX PTN 950 in terms of
preparations for commissioning and system commissioning.
This document describes the commissioning flow and method.
This document is intended for:
l
Installation and commissioning engineers
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Symbol
Description
DANGER
WARNING
CAUTION
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or medium

level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.
WARNING indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which,
if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation that,
if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss,
performance deterioration, or unanticipated results.

ii

Commissioning Guide
Symbol
About This Document
Description
TIP
TIP indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save
time.
NOTE
NOTE provides additional information to emphasize or

supplement important points of the main text.
GUI Conventions
The GUI conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Convention
Description
Boldface
Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles

are in boldface. For example, click OK.
>
Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">"

signs. For example, choose File > Create > Folder.
Change History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue contains
all updates made in previous issues.
Changes in Issue 02 (2013-08-10) Based on Product Version V100R005C01

Compared with issue 01 of the V100R005C01 version, this issue has the following updates:
Update
Description
Whole manual
Known bugs are fixed.

Update
Description
Whole manual

Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

iii

Commissioning Guide
About This Document
Update
Description
Whole manual

This document of the V100R005C00 version is the first release.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

iv

Commissioning Guide
Contents
Contents
About This Document.....................................................................................................................ii
1 Equipment Commissioning Flow..............................................................................................1
2 Preparations for the Commissioning.........................................................................................3
2.1 Checking Commissioning Conditions............................................................................................................................4
2.2 References and Instruments Required for the Commissioning......................................................................................4
3 Network Commissioning.............................................................................................................6
3.1 Checking the Connection between the Equipment and the NMS Computer..................................................................8
3.2 Starting the U2000..........................................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Creating the Network Topology.....................................................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Creating NEs................................................................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Uploading NE Data...................................................................................................................................................15
3.3.3 Setting NE Name, NE IP Address, NE ID and LSR ID............................................................................................17
3.3.4 Creating Links...........................................................................................................................................................19
3.4 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by Inband DCN.......................................................................................23
3.5 Synchronizing NE Time...............................................................................................................................................25
3.6 Enabling the NE Performance Monitoring Function....................................................................................................26
3.7 Checking the Optical Power of Optical Interface.........................................................................................................27
3.8 Configuring Services....................................................................................................................................................29
3.9 Testing Service Connectivity........................................................................................................................................29
3.9.1 Testing Connectivity of an E-Line Service...............................................................................................................30
3.9.2 Testing Connectivity of an E-LAN Service..............................................................................................................31
3.9.3 Testing Connectivity of a UNIs-NNI ATM Service.................................................................................................35
3.9.4 Testing Connectivity of a CES Service.....................................................................................................................38
3.9.5 Testing Connectivity of a CES Service (VC3/VC4).................................................................................................41
3.9.6 Testing Connectivity of an IP over PW Service........................................................................................................43
3.9.7 Testing Connectivity of a UNI-NNI L3VPN Service...............................................................................................46
3.10 Testing the Network Protection Switching.................................................................................................................48
3.10.1 Testing MPLS Tunnel APS Protection....................................................................................................................48
3.10.2 Testing LMSP Protection........................................................................................................................................50
3.10.3 Test on Ring Protection Switching..........................................................................................................................51
A Glossary........................................................................................................................................53
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
1 Equipment Commissioning Flow
Equipment Commissioning Flow
This section describes the flow of commissioning the equipment. The commissioning flow
covers preparation and network commissioning.
Figure 1-1 shows the equipment commissioning flow.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
1 Equipment Commissioning Flow
Figure 1-1 Equipment commissioning flow
Preparation
Network
Commissioning
Setup commissioning
enivronment
Prepare tools and

references
Checking
commissioning
conditions
Commissioning
items
Check the connection

between the
equipment and NMS
computer
Start the U2000
Create the network

topology
Set VLAN ID and
Bandwidth Used by
Inband DCN
Synchronize NE time
Enable the NE
performance
monitoring function
Required
Required
Optional
Configure the
services
Check the optical

power of optical
interface
Test service
connectivity
Test the protection
switching
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
2 Preparations for the Commissioning
Preparations for the Commissioning
About This Chapter

Before starting the commissioning, make sure that the equipment is ready for commissioning
and prepare the required documents and tools.
2.1 Checking Commissioning Conditions
This section describes the conditions required for the commissioning.
2.2 References and Instruments Required for the Commissioning
This section describes the references and tools prepared for the commissioning in advance. The
references include reference manuals and engineering design documents, and the tools include
instruments and materials required for the commissioning.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
2.1 Checking Commissioning Conditions

This section describes the conditions required for the commissioning.
Network Commissioning Conditions

l
The U2000 must be installed in the NMS center and the installation must be checked.
Refer to the OptiX iManager U2000 Installation Guide.
The equipment must be installed and the installation must be checked.

Refer to the OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Quick Installation
Guide.
The board configuration of the equipment should be consistent with the board configuration
diagram.
Fibers and cables must be connected to interfaces on the equipment and routed to the
distribution frame. The fiber and cable connections must be consistent with the fiber and
cable connection table.
NEs must be correctly connected according to the fiber and cable connection table, and the
networking diagram.
The required instruments, tools and materials must be ready.
2.2 References and Instruments Required for the

Commissioning
This section describes the references and tools prepared for the commissioning in advance. The
references include reference manuals and engineering design documents, and the tools include
instruments and materials required for the commissioning.
Reference manuals
Prepare the following references for equipment commissioning:
l
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Configuration Guide
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Feature Description
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Product Description
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Hardware Description
OptiX iManager U2000 Installation Guide
Engineering design documents

The engineering design document should contain engineering information required for
equipment commissioning. Engineering information required for equipment commissioning
includes the following:
l
Networking diagram
NE name, NE ID and NE IP address allocation table
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
NE board configuration diagram
NE software version (The software is installed correctly before delivery)
Fiber and cable connection table
Resource allocation table
Tools
Table 2-1 lists the tools required for the commissioning.
Table 2-1 Tool list
Type
Description
Common tool
Adjustable wrench
Special tool
Anti-static glove, Anti-static wrist strap,

telescope, walkie-talkie , hex key wrench-set
Meter
Multimeter (with a BNC connecter prepared

at one end for future tests), laptop computer,
SDH analyzer or BER tester, Ethernet service
tester, Network cable tester
Materials
Fiber flange, Fiber jumper, Straight through/

crossover cable, 2M jumper
NOTE
Number of optical attenuators required for each station:

l
Five to ten optical attenuators of each specification of 5 dB, 7 dB, or 10 dB
Two to five optical attenuators of each specification of 2 dB or 15 dB
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
3 Network Commissioning
Network Commissioning
About This Chapter

This chapter describes the network commissioning items and the commissioning methods.
1.
3.1 Checking the Connection between the Equipment and the NMS Computer
The NMS runs on the NMS computer to manage the NEs. If the NMS computer is
incorrectly connected to the equipment, the NMS cannot manage the NEs. Check the
connection between the equipment and the NMS computer to ensure that the connection is
correct. This section describes how to check the connection between the equipment and the
NMS computer.
2.
3.2 Starting the U2000

During network commissioning, use the U2000 to configure the equipment in the network.
3.
3.3 Creating the Network Topology

According to the connections among NEs in the network, create a network topology on the
U2000. After the topology is configured, you can use the U2000 to configure services on
each NE and perform each commissioning task.
4.
3.4 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by Inband DCN

The network management (NM) center manages the OptiX PTN equipment through the
inband DCN scheme. That is, the service information and NM information (DCN packet)
are transmitted in the same physical link. When the Ethernet port is used to carry the DCN
packets, the NE distinguishes the DCN packets from the service packets by an NMdedicated VLAN ID. Therefore, you need to set the bandwidth used by inband DCN and
the VLAN ID for the inband DCN packets according to the actual planning during
engineering commissioning.
5.
3.5 Synchronizing NE Time

Adjust the NE time to make it synchronous with the U2000 time so that the U2000 can
accurately record the time when an alarm, a performance event, or an abnormal event
occurs.
6.
3.6 Enabling the NE Performance Monitoring Function

Enabling the performance monitoring function for an NE helps perform the following
commissioning operations and monitor new performance events in the commissioning
process. If the performance monitoring function is enabled, you can obtain detailed
performance records during the operation process of this NE so that you can easily monitor
and analyze the running status of the NE. This task is optional.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
7.
3.7 Checking the Optical Power of Optical Interface

If the transmitted or received optical power at an optical interface is excessively low or
high, bit errors may be generated on the equipment, and the optical component may even
be damaged. This section describes how to check the transmitted and received optical power
at optical interfaces to ensure that the transmitted and received optical powers at all the
optical interfaces are within the normal range.
8.
3.8 Configuring Services

When the U2000 complete to maintain and manage the network for commissioning, you
can use the U2000 to configure all kinds of services that the equipment supports. This
section describes how to configure services for conducting the tests of these services.
9.
3.9 Testing Service Connectivity

After services are configured on the U2000, test the connectivity of the services to ensure
that the services are created correctly. This section describes how to test the connectivity
of various basic network services.
10. 3.10 Testing the Network Protection Switching

After the network protection is configured on the U2000, the network protection switching
should be tested to ensure the effectiveness of the network protection. This section describes
how to test the network protection schemes supported by the PTN equipment.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
3.1 Checking the Connection between the Equipment and

the NMS Computer
The NMS runs on the NMS computer to manage the NEs. If the NMS computer is incorrectly
connected to the equipment, the NMS cannot manage the NEs. Check the connection between
the equipment and the NMS computer to ensure that the connection is correct. This section
describes how to check the connection between the equipment and the NMS computer.
Prerequisites
l
The NMS computer must be connected to the equipment through a network cable or LAN.
The equipment and the NMS computer must be powered on.
The NMS computer must start up normally.
Tools, Instruments and Materials

None
Procedure
l
The NMS computer is connected to the equipment through a network cable.

1.
Check the connection of the network cable.

One end of the network cable should be connected to the network interface card of
the NMS computer and the other end should be connected to the network management
interface of the gateway NE.
2.
Observe the indicator for the network interface card of the NMS computer and the
indicator for the network management interface of the gateway NE.
The LINK indicator should stay on and green. If there are packets to be sent or
received, the orange ACT indicator should flash.
The NMS computer is connected to the equipment through LAN.

1.
Check the connection of the network cable.

On the NMS side, one end of the network cable should be connected to the network
interface card of the NMS computer and the other end should be connected to the
LAN switch.
On the equipment side, one end of the network cable should be connected to the
network management interface of the gateway NE and the other end to the LAN
switch.
2.
Observe the indicators beside the interfaces with connection.

The LINK indicator should stay on and green. If there are packets to be sent or
received, the orange ACT indicator should flash.
----End
3.2 Starting the U2000

During network commissioning, use the U2000 to configure the equipment in the network.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
For details on how to start the U2000, see Huawei iManager U2000 Operator Guide .
3.3 Creating the Network Topology

According to the connections among NEs in the network, create a network topology on the
U2000. After the topology is configured, you can use the U2000 to configure services on each
NE and perform each commissioning task.
3.3.1 Creating NEs

Each equipment is represented as an NE on the U2000. Before the U2000 manages the actual
equipment, you need to create the corresponding NEs on the U2000. There are two methods of
creating NEs: creating a single NE and creating NEs in batches. When you need to create a large
number of NEs, for example, during deployment, it is recommended that you create NEs in
batches. When you need to create only a few NEs, it is recommended that you create the NEs
one by one.
Automatically Discovering NEs

During network construction or expansion, many NEs may be created. The U2000 can
automatically discover connected NEs and create these NEs on itself in batches, which facilitates
network planning.
Prerequisites
The U2000 server must have been configured for gateways.
DCN must have been enabled on ports.
Context
If PTN NEs need to be deployed in a large quantity or for network expansion, usually, field
maintenance engineers have to ensure that the NEs have been connected to the network before
instructing engineers at the network management center to manually acknowledge the NEs and
create them on the U2000. Moreover, resources are wasted and efficiency is low if many NEs
need to connect to the network and the process takes a long time. If the automatic NE connection
function is configured, engineers at the network management center do not need to manually
acknowledge NEs. Instead, the U2000 automatically identifies the NEs, creates them on itself,
and uploads configuration data. NE creation in this manner is faster and more reliable.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)


Commissioning Guide
Figure 3-1 Inband DCN networking
Management
interface
Gateway
NMS
Network management
on the DCN plane
IP tunnel
Third-party
network
Figure 3-1 shows the networking scheme for automatic NE connection. The PTN equipment
are configured for network deployment or expansion and are connected by fibers/cables or IP
tunnels. DCN is enabled on ports on the two sides of each link after the PTN NEs are connected
to the network, or DCN is enabled on IP tunnels after these tunnels are configured, to transmit
NE information over the inband DCN and third-party network. The U2000 manages the PTN
NEs on the DCN plane by using gateways that report information about new non-gateway NEs
to the U2000.
Procedure
Step 1 Operation and maintenance engineers can set a U2000 server IP address and Enable the
automatic NE reporting function for gateways.
1.
In the NE Explorer, select an NE and choose Communication > NMS Server from the
Function Tree.
2.
Set NE Automatic Reporting to Enabled and set a U2000 server IP address for gateways.
Click Apply.
Step 2 Choose File > Discovery > NE Auto Discovery from the shortcut menu.
Step 3 In the Auto Discovery Configuration area, select the Discovery Automatically check box.
Step 4 Optional: Click Filter. In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter criteria for automatic NE
discovery. Click OK.
Step 5 Optional: In the Auto Discovery Configuration area, select the Create Automatically check
box. Set NE User, NE password, and Connection Mode.
Step 6 Optional: In the Auto Discovery Configuration area, select the Upload Automatically check
box.
Step 7 Click Apply.
NOTE
In the NE Found area, information about automatically discovered NEs is displayed. If the Create
Automatically and Upload Automatically check boxes are selected, the U2000 automatically creates and
uploads in batches the NEs that are discovered but not created.
----End
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

10

Commissioning Guide
Follow-up Procedure
If the Create Automatically check box is not selected, you can manually create an NE that is
discovered but not created as follows:
1.
In the NE Found area, select an NE that is not created, and then click Create NE.
2.
In the dialog box that is displayed, enter information about the NE and click OK.
Creating NEs in Batches

If the U2000 communicates with the gateway NE normally, you can search out all the NEs that
normally communicate with the gateway NE and create these NEs in batches on the U2000.
Creating NEs in batches is quicker than creating NEs manually. This section describes how to
create NEs in batch.
Prerequisites
l
The U2000 server and U2000 client must start up normally.
You must be a U2000 user with "Maintenance Group" authority or higher.
The U2000 must normally communicate with the gateway NE and the gateway NE must
normally communicate with the other NEs in the network.

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Choose File > Search > Auto Discovery ... from the Main Menu. The Auto Discovery window
is displayed.
Step 2 Click the Transport NE Search tab.
Step 3 Select the search mode from the drop-down list of Search Mode.
l
Set the Search Mode to Search for NE:

1.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
Enter the network segment or IP addresses of NEs to search for the NEs.
a.
Click Add and the Input Search Domain dialog box is displayed.
b.
Set the address type to IP Address Range of GNE, IP Address of GNE, or

NSAP Address. Enter the Search Address, User Name, and Password. Click
OK.

11

Commissioning Guide
NOTE
l The device supports to search and create NEs by using the LSR ID as the IP address.
l The default NE user is root. The default password is password.
l If you search by IP address:
l Only the NEs (not across routers) in the same network segment can be searched
out normally if you select the IP Address Range of GNE because broadcasting
is usually disabled for the routers in the network (to prevent network storm).
l Search out the NEs in the network segment by using the IP Address of GNE if
you need to search for the NEs across routers.
l Only NSAP Address can be selected If you search for NEs by using the NSAP
address.
l Repeat the above steps to add more search domains. You can also delete the systemdefault search domain.
2.
In the Search for NE area, perform the following operations:

Select Create NE after search, click Common Connection Mode or Security
SSL Connection Mode, and then enter the NE User and Password.
NOTE
Security SSL is recommended because of its higher security than Common

The default NE user is root. The default password is password.
Select Upload after being created. The NE data is uploaded to the U2000 after
the NEs are created.
NOTE
You can select all options in the Search for NE area to search for NEs, create NEs, and upload
the NE data at a time.
Set the Search Mode to IP auto discovery:

NOTE
If you fail to enter a network segment correctly, enable IP auto discovery. After enabling IP auto
discovery, you can obtain the IP address of the GNE and search out all the NEs related to the GNE.
CAUTION
In the case of NEs that are connected to the U2000 through the router, these NEs cannot
be searched out by IP auto discovery. They can be searched out only by network segment.
Step 4 Click Next and the Result area is displayed.
TIP
You can select the Display uncreated NEs to only display the uncreated NEs.
Step 5 Optional: If you select Search for NE only, you can select the NEs, which are not yet created,
in the Results list after the search for NEs is complete. Click Create and then the Create dialog
box is displayed. Enter User Name and Password in the Create dialog box, and then click
OK.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

12

Commissioning Guide
Step 6 Optional: Click Change NE ID. Then, the Change NE ID dialog box is displayed. Users can
check against the Bar Code List by the value of Bar Code, and then modify the NE Name,
Extend NE ID, Base NE ID, and IP Address fields accordingly.
CAUTION
Change NE ID will make NEs unreachable from the U2000.
NOTE
The Bar Code List is provided by the hardware installation personnel to the software commissioning
personnel. The list contains the bar codes of stations.
Step 7 Optional: Select the NEs from the Results list and click Set Gateway NE. The Set Gateway
NE dialog box is displayed. Enter the message, and click OK.
Step 8 In this case, the NE is in the un-configured state. Choose Configuration > NE Configuration
Data Management from the Main Menu to display the NE Configuration Data
Management interface.
. Right-click the selected NE in the configuration
Step 9 Select the NE for verification and click
data management list and choose Verify from the shortcut menu. Then, click OK to display the
Operation Result dialog box, indicating that the operation is successful. Click Close.
----End
Result
When the verification is complete, the NE is still in the un-configured state. In this case, the NEs
created in batches are grayed out.
Make sure that the number of NEs to be created by searching is consistent with the planning. If
certain NEs cannot be searched out, it indicates that the DCN channels between the NEs and the
gateway NE are unavailable, or the NEs are faulty. In this case, troubleshoot the fault with
reference to "Configuring an Inband DCN" of the OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform
of PTN Series Feature Description and "Inband DCN Troubleshooting" of the OptiX PTN 950
Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide.
Follow-up Procedure
After an NE is created, if you fail to log in to the NE, possible causes are listed as follows:
l
The password for the NE user is incorrect. Enter the correct password for the NE user.
The NE user is invalid or the NE user is already logged in. Change to use a valid NE user.
Creating a Single NE
The U2000 can manage an NE after the NE is created. Although creating a single NE is not as
fast and accurate as creating NEs in batches, you can perform this operation regardless of whether
the data is configured on the NE or not.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

13

Commissioning Guide
Prerequisites
You must be an NM user with "Operator Group" authority or higher.
The license must be installed and the license must support creating the NE of the type.
Background Information
First create a GNE, and then create a non-gateway NE.
If the NE is not created properly or the communication between the NE and the U2000 is
abnormal, the NE is displayed in gray color.
Procedure
Step 1 Right-click in the blank space of the Main Topology and choose New > Device from the shortcut
menu. The Create NE dialog box is displayed.
Step 2 Select the NE type from the Object Type tree.
Step 3 Complete the following information: ID, Extended ID, Name and Remarks.
Step 4 To create a GNE, proceed to Step 5. To create a non-gateway NE, proceed to Step 6.
Step 5 Choose Gateway Type, Protocol and set the IP address.

1.
Select Gateway from the Gateway Type drop-down list.
2.
Select the Protocol type.

If the U2000
communicates with
NEs through
Do...
IP protocol
Select IP from the Protocol drop-down list. Enter the IP

Address and use the default value for the Port number of
the GNE.
Step 6 Select Non-Gateway from the Gateway Type drop-down list. Select the GNE to which the NE
is associated to from the Affiliated Gateway drop-down list.
Step 7 Enter the NE User and Password.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

14

Commissioning Guide
NOTE
The default NE user is root, and the default password is password.
Step 8 Click OK. Then, click in the blank space of the Main Topology and the NE icon appears in the
position where you clicked.
----End
Result
After an NE is successfully created, the system automatically saves the information, such as the
IP address, subnet mask to the U2000 database.
Follow-up Procedure
After an NE is created, if you fail to log in to the NE, possible causes are listed as follows:
l
The communication between the U2000 and the NE is abnormal. Check the settings of
communication parameters, such as the IP address of the NE.
The password for the NE user is incorrect. Enter the correct password for the NE user.
The NE user is invalid or the NE user is already logged in. Change to use a valid NE user.
3.3.2 Uploading NE Data

Uploading NE data is a common method of configuring NE data. When uploading NE data, you
can upload the current configuration data of the NE to the U2000, such as NE configuration data,
and alarm and performance data.
Prerequisites
l
The NEs in the network must be created successfully.

U2000
Procedure
l
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
Upload:
1.
Double-click the unconfigured NE on the Main Topology.

The NE Configuration Wizard dialog box is displayed.
2.
Choose Upload and click Next.

15

Commissioning Guide
The Confirm dialog box is displayed indicating that the upload may take a long time.
3.
Click OK to start the upload.

Wait for a whiles. The Operation Result dialog box is displayed.
4.
Click Close.
----End
Result
When uploading the NE data is complete, indications of the colors of the NE icon are as follows:
l
If the NE icon is green, it indicates that the NE is normal without an alarm.
If the NE icon is red, it indicates critical alarms on the NE. In this case, check and handle
the alarms.
in the toolbar.
1.
On the Main Topology, double-click the NE icon and click
2.
Choose Display Latest Alarms.
3.
Check for alarms of the equipment category, such as the

BD_STATUS,BUS_ERR,FAN_FAIL,HARD_BAD,HARD_ERR,OUT_PWR_AB
N,TEMP_OVER.
For details on the alarms and on how to handle the alarms, see the OptiX PTN 950
Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
If the NE icon turns to other colors, it indicates major, minor, or warning alarms on the NE.
In this case, check and handle the alarms by performing the preceding steps.
16

Commissioning Guide
NOTE
An interface without any cable connection reports alarms. For example, an optical interface reports the R_LOS
alarm. Reporting these alarms in this case is normal and does not affect monitoring of other alarms. You can set
alarm reversion so that these alarms, when generated, are not reported. For details on how to set alarm reversion,
see the Online Help of the Huawei iManager U2000.
3.3.3 Setting NE Name, NE IP Address, NE ID and LSR ID

If you commission the NE by downloading data from the CF card, skip this step. When the NM
center manages an NE, it marks the NE by the NE name and addresses the NE by using the NE
IP address and the NE ID. Before delivery, the default NE Name, NE IP and NE ID are set. After
logging in to the NE, you need to set the NE Name, NE IP and NE ID according to the actual
planning. In a PSN network, each NE is allocated with a unique LSR ID. You need to set the
LSR ID according to the actual planning.
Prerequisites
l
You must be an NM user with "Maintenance Group" authority or higher.
The PCB electronic label of each NE at each site must be provided to the software
commissioning engineer by the installation personnel.

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Confirm the NE name, NE IP address, and NE ID to be set for the NE.
1.
Choose Inventory > Project Document > Board Manufacturer Information from the
Main Menu to display the Board Manufacturer Information interface.
2.
to display
Select the system control board of the NE for confirmation and click
the slot information of the system control board. Then, click Query in the right corner to
display the Queryprogress dialog box. When the query is complete, the Operation
Result dialog box, indicating that the operation is successful. Click Close.
3.
Check and record the electronic label of the PCB of the system control board. Then,
compare the recorded electronic label with the PCB electronic label table provided by the
hardware engineer to determine the NE name, NE IP address, and NE ID to be set for the
NE.
Step 2 Set the NE IP address.

1.
On the Main Topology, select and right-click the desired NE. In the shortcut menu, choose
NE Explorer to display the NE Explorer window.
2.
Choose Communication > Communication Parameters from the Function Tree on the
left. The Set NE Parameter is displayed on the right.
3.
Modify the IP address and subnet mask according to the engineering planning, and then
click Apply.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

17

Commissioning Guide
NOTE
The IP address of the NE should be unique in the entire network.

Modifying NE ID or NE IP address does not result in an NE being reset or unreachable by the NMS.
4.
In the Warning dialog box that is displayed, click OK. In the Warning dialog box
displayed, click OK.
Step 3 Set the NE name and NE ID.

1.
2.
Choose Configuration > NE Attribute in the Function Tree.
3.
According to the actual engineering planning, modify Name of the NE, and then click
Apply. The Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating that the operation is
successful. Click Close.
4.
Click Modify NE ID to display the Modify NE ID dialog box.
5.
According to the actual planning, enter values for the New ID and New Extended ID fields
and then click OK. In the Warning dialog box that is displayed, click OK.
NOTE
The ID ranges from 1 to 49135 and the extended ID ranges from 1 to 254.
The NE ID consists of the ID and extended ID. An NE ID should be unique in the entire network.
Step 4 Change the LSR ID.

1.
2.
Choose Communication > MPLS Management > Basic Configuration from the
Function Tree on the left.
3.
Modify the LSR ID according to the engineering planning, and then click Apply.
CAUTION
LSR ID of an NE with services cannot be changed.
The LSR ID cannot be the same as the IP address of the NE, nor can they be configured
within the same network segment.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

18

Commissioning Guide
4.
In the Hint dialog box that is displayed, click OK. In the Operation Result dialog box
displayed, click Close.
----End
Result
When setting the NE name, NE IP address, NE ID, and LSR ID is complete, you can query and
verify the settings on the NMS.
Query the NE name, NE IP address, and NE ID to check whether they are set correctly.
1.
On the Main Topology, right-click the NE and choose Attributes to display the Object
Attributes interface.
2.
Check the NE name, NE IP address, and NE ID on the NE Attributes tab to see whether
they are consistent with the planning.
Query the LSR ID to check whether it is set correctly.

1.
On the Main Topology, right-click the NE and choose NE Explorer to display the NE
Explorer interface.
2.
Choose Configuration > MPLS Management > General Configuration from the
Function Tree on the left.
3.
Check whether the LSR ID is consistent with the project planning.
3.3.4 Creating Links

You can create fibers/cables, Ethernet lines, serial port lines by using the U2000.
Creating Links Automatically

Using the link search function, you can know whether any links are connected at a specified
interface. This helps you quickly create links in batches at the interface. For a newly created
network, you can search for all the interfaces network-wide to create links after you complete
the board configuration on the U2000. In this way, you can monitor the actual working state of
each link.
Prerequisites
l
You are an NMS user with "Operator Group" authority or higher.
Link search has been enabled. and the boards to be connected with fibers or cables must
be added.
Procedure
Step 1 Choose File > Discovery > Link from the Main Menu.
Step 2 On the left-hand Object Tree, select one or more NEs, and click
Step 3 In the dialog box that prompts the success, click Close. In the window, the search results for
each links are displayed.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

19

Commissioning Guide
Step 4 Optional: You can select Links not exist in the NMS, Links exist in the NMS, or Conflicting
links to view the status of links. You can select a conflicting link and click Delete Error
Links to delete the link.
NOTE
l Links not exist in the NMS: The link exists only in NEs and is not created in the NMS.
l Links exist in the NMS: The link exists in the NMS and in the NEs.
l Conflicting links: The link has certain different data on NEs and the NMS.
Step 5 Select one or more links whose Status is Not exist and click Create.
Step 6 In the dialog box that prompts the success, click Close.
The Are you sure to import links as fibers/cables dialog box is displayed.
Step 7
l
Click OK in the Confirm dialog box.

1.
The Import Link dialog box is displayed.
2.
In the Import Link dialog box, select one or more links and do as follows:
Click
. The selected link is moved to the Selected Link area.
Click
. All links in the Available Link area are moved to the Selected Link
area. This operation is applicable to batch import.
Click
. The selected link is moved to the Available Link area.
Click
area.
. All links in the Selected Link area are moved to the Available Link
NOTE
For PTN series NEs, when import the link, you can set whether to allot IP address automatic
on the ports of the link.
3.
Click OK. The dialog box for the operation result is displayed. Click Close.
NOTE
l After you successfully create a link in the U2000, the status of the link is displayed as Exist.
l The created links are displayed in the Link Management area. Navigation path: Choose
Inventory > Link Management from the Main Menu.
l The imported fibers/cables are displayed in the Fiber/Cable/Microwave Link Management
area. Navigation path: Choose Inventory > Fiber/Cable/Microwave Link > Fiber/Cable/
Microwave Link Management from the Main Menu.
Click Cancel in the Confirm dialog box.

NOTE
l After you successfully create a link in the U2000, the status of the link is displayed as Exist.
l The created links are displayed in the Link Management area. Navigation path: Choose
Inventory > Link Management from the Main Menu.
Step 8 Optional: Select conflicted links and click Error Links to delete the records.
----End
Follow-up Procedure
If you want to import links as fibers/cables after clicking the Cancel in the Import Link
displayed dialog box, you can perform the follow steps:
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

20

Commissioning Guide
1.
Choose Inventory > Fiber/Cable > Fiber/Cable Management from the Main Menu.
2.
In the Fiber/Cable/Microwave Link Management area, right-click, and choose Import

Link from the shortcut menu.
3.
In the Import Link dialog box, select one or more links and do as follows:
l Click
. The selected link is moved to the Selected Link area.
. All links in the Available Link area are moved to the Selected Link area.
l Click
This operation is applicable to batch import.
l Click
. The selected link is moved to the Available Link area.
l Click
. All links in the Selected Link area are moved to the Available Link area.
NOTE
For PTN/ATN series NEs, when import the link, you can set whether to allot IP address automatic
on the ports of the link.
4.
Click OK. The dialog box for the operation result is displayed. Click Close. The imported
fibers/cables are displayed in the Fiber/Cable/Microwave Link Management area.
Creating Fibers for PTN Equipment Manually

NEs communicate with each other through fibers. After creating boards for each NE, you need
to create fibers for further configuration of services. In this situation, you can manually create
fibers one by one.
Prerequisites
l
You are an NMS user with "Maintenance Group" authority or higher.
The boards to be connected with fibers or cables must be added.
Before setting the parameter Automatically Allocate IP Address to No, make sure that
the port is not used by services or logical ports.
Procedure
Step 1 Method 1:
1.
Choose File > Create > Link from the Main Menu.
2.
In the dialog box that is displayed, choose Fiber/Cable > Fiber from the Object Type tree.
3.
Set Create Ways to Common Ways in the right pane.
4.
In the Name text box, enter the name of the fiber.
5.
Select the source NE from the Source NE drop-down list.

NOTE
You can also click

next to Source NE. Then the cursor is display as + and you can
click the source NE of the fiber in the Main Topology. In the dialog box displayed, select the source
board and source port and click OK. The Create Link dialog box is displayed.
You can also select a port from the Source NE Shelf-Slot-Board Type-Port drop-down list.
TIP
When selecting an incorrect source or sink NE, right-click and click OK in the Coordinate
Selection dialog box to exit.
6.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
Select the fiber medium type from the Medium Type drop-down list.
21

Commissioning Guide
7.
Select the sink NE of the fiber from the Sink NE drop-down list.
NOTE
You can also click

next to Sink NE. Then the cursor is display as +, and you can click
the sink NE of the fiber in the Main Topology. In the dialog box displayed, select the sink board and
sink port. Click OK. The Create Link dialog box is displayed.
You can also select a port from the Sink NE Shelf-Slot-Board Type-Port drop-down list.
8.
In the Create Link dialog box, set the attributes of the fiber, such as Direction, Length,
Attenuation, Creator, Maintainer, and Automatically Allocate IP Address.
NOTE
If both ends of the fiber/cable are the PTN equipment, when the Automatically Allocate IP
Address is set to Yes and the Port IP Address Management is configured, the system automatically
allocates IP addresses to the ports on the two ends of a fiber after the fiber is created. For details,
refer to Allocating IP Addresses to Ports Automatically.
The virtual NE do not support automatically allocate IP address.
9.
Click OK.
The created fiber is displayed between the source and sink NEs in the Main Topology.
Step 2 Method 2:
in the Main Topology tab. The cursor is displayed as "+".
1.
Click the shortcut icon
2.
Click the source NE of the fiber in the Main Topology.
3.
In the dialog box displayed, select the source board and source port.
4.
Click OK. The Main Topology is displayed and the cursor is displayed as "+" again.
5.
Click the sink NE of the fiber in the Main Topology.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

22

Commissioning Guide
6.
In the dialog box displayed, select the sink board and sink port.
7.
Click OK and set the attributes of the fiber in the Create Fiber/Cable dialog box.
8.
Click OK.
The new fiber is displayed between the source and sink NEs in the Main Topology.
----End
3.4 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by Inband

DCN
The network management (NM) center manages the OptiX PTN equipment through the inband
DCN scheme. That is, the service information and NM information (DCN packet) are transmitted
in the same physical link. When the Ethernet port is used to carry the DCN packets, the NE
distinguishes the DCN packets from the service packets by an NM-dedicated VLAN ID.
Therefore, you need to set the bandwidth used by inband DCN and the VLAN ID for the inband
DCN packets according to the actual planning during engineering commissioning.
Prerequisites
l
Configuring NE data must be performed.
When the Ethernet port is used to carry the DCN packet, the NE distinguishes the DCN
packet from the service packet by an NM-dedicated VLAN ID. When the E1 port is used,
the NE distinguishes the DCN packet from the service packet by a special MPLS label. The
MPLS label of the DCN packet cannot be modified.
The bandwidth used by inband DCN is set to limit the bandwidth used to carry the in-band
DCN information on the physical port.
If the set bandwidth is not fully occupied by the DCN packet, the remaining bandwidth can
be used by the service packets.
Context
Tools, Instruments, and Materials

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 On the Main Topology, select and right-click the desired NE. In the shortcut menu, choose NE
Explorer to display the NE Explorer window.
Step 2 Choose Communication > DCN Management from the Function Tree in the NE Explorer
window.
Step 3 Click the Bandwidth Management tab, and set the VLAN ID for the inband DCN packets and
the bandwidth used by inband DCN according to the actual planning.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

23

Commissioning Guide
For description of bandwidth management parameters of the inband DCN, see Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Description of bandwidth management parameters of the inband DCN
Parameter
Value
Description
Ethernet Board VLAN ID
2-4094
Sets the VALN ID used by the DCN packet.

When Ethernet ports are used to carry DCN
packets, you can set this parameter.
Default:
4094
Generally, the default VLAN ID is

recommended. When the VLAN ID of the
service packets conflicts with the VLAN ID
of the DCN packets, you can customize the
VLAN ID for the DCN packets. Note that
VLAN IDs of the DCN packets in the entire
network must be consistent.
Bandwidth (kbps)
64-2048
Default:
1024
Sets the bandwidth used by the DCN. When

Ethernet ports are used to carry DCN packets
among NEs, you can set this parameter.
The default value is recommended.
Tunnel Bandwidth (kbps)
64-2048
Default:
1024
Set the bandwidth used by the DCN. Set this

parameter when the Tunnel is used to carry
services between NEs.
E1 Port Bandwidth (kbps)
64-2048
Default: 192
Sets the bandwidth used by the DCN. When

E1 ports are used to carry DCN packets
among NEs, you can set this parameter.
Step 4 Click Apply.

----End
Result
When the configuration of the VLAN ID and the bandwidth for the inband DCN is complete,
verify the configuration by performing the preceding steps.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

24

Commissioning Guide
3.5 Synchronizing NE Time

Adjust the NE time to make it synchronous with the U2000 time so that the U2000 can accurately
record the time when an alarm, a performance event, or an abnormal event occurs.
Prerequisites
l
All the NEs in the network must be properly configured according to 3.3 Creating the
Network Topology.
You must be an NM user with "Maintenance Group" authority or higher.
You must log in to the NE as an NE user with system level authority or higher.
NOTE
The default NE user root is of system level.

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Make sure that the time zone of the computer where the U2000 server and the U2000 client
operate is correct and the time of this computer is accurately set.
Step 2 Choose Configuration > NE Batch Configuration > NE Time Synchronization from the
Main Menu on the U2000. Then, the NE Time Synchronization window is displayed.
. Then, the selected NEs are

Step 3 Select all the NEs in the left-hand object tree and click
displayed in the right-hand list of the NE Time Synchronization window.
Step 4 Select all the NEs in the list and right-click the Synchronous Mode field. Choose NM from the
shortcut menu to set Synchronous Mode of all the NEs to NM.
Step 5 Click Apply. The Result dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation is successful. Click
Close.
Step 6 Select all the NEs in the list and right-click them. Choose Synchronize with NM Time from
the shortcut menu.
Step 7 Click Yes in the displayed Time Synchronization Operation dialog box. Then, the Result
dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation is successful. Click Close.
----End
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

25

Commissioning Guide
Result
Click the NE in the NE list and choose Current NE Time to check whether the current time is
consistent with that of the NMS. If yes, it indicates successful operations. If not, repeat the
preceding steps.
3.6 Enabling the NE Performance Monitoring Function

Enabling the performance monitoring function for an NE helps perform the following
commissioning operations and monitor new performance events in the commissioning process.
If the performance monitoring function is enabled, you can obtain detailed performance records
during the operation process of this NE so that you can easily monitor and analyze the running
status of the NE. This task is optional.
Prerequisites
l
All the NEs in the network must be properly configured according to Synchronizing NE
Time.
You must log in to the NE as an NE user with system level authority or higher.
NOTE
The default NE user root is of system level.

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Performance > NE Performance Monitoring
Time from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Enable the 15-minute performance monitoring for the NE.
1.
Select the NE in the Performance Monitor Time.
2.
Select the check box before 15-Minute.
3.
Select the option button before Enable in the Set 15-Minute Monitoring group box.
4.
Click
NM.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
to set from. The starting time must be later than the current time of the NE and

26

Commissioning Guide
5.
If you need to set the ending time, you can select the check box before To and then click
to set To for the performance monitoring.
6.
Click Apply. Then, the Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating that the
operation is successful. Click Close.
Step 3 Follow Step 2 to enable the 24-hour performance monitoring for the NE.
----End
Result
After the NE starts performance monitoring, you can check whether performance monitoring is
started on the NMS.
1.
In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Performance > NE Performance

Monitoring Time from the Function Tree.
2.
Select the NE in the Performance Monitor Time interface.
3.
Click Query in the right corner to display Query Monitoring Time progress bar. When
the progress is 100% complete, the Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating
that the operation is successful. Then, click Close.
4.
The 15-Minute Performance Monitoring or 24-Hour Performance Monitoring field

shows that the performance monitoring starts.
Follow-up Procedure
After the commissioning tasks for the entire network are complete, keep the performance
monitoring function of the NE enabled or disable it according to the customer requirement.
3.7 Checking the Optical Power of Optical Interface

If the transmitted or received optical power at an optical interface is excessively low or high, bit
errors may be generated on the equipment, and the optical component may even be damaged.
This section describes how to check the transmitted and received optical power at optical
interfaces to ensure that the transmitted and received optical powers at all the optical interfaces
are within the normal range.
Prerequisites
l
All the NEs in the network must be properly enabling the NE performance monitoring
function.
You must be a U2000 user with the "Monitor Group" authority or higher.
The fibers must be routed to the ODF on all the stations.

l
Fiber cleaning tools
Optical attenuator
Fiber flange
U2000
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

27

Commissioning Guide
Operation Criteria
The mean transmitted optical power and received optical power must be in the corresponding
value ranges that are listed in Technical Specifications of Boards in the OptiX PTN 950 Packet
Transport Platform of PTN Series Product Description manual.
Procedure
Step 1 In NE Explorer, click the target board and choose Configuration > Optical Power Operatio
from the Function Tree.
Query networkwide optical power: choose Configuration > Optical Power Operation from
the main menu.
Step 2 Click Query to read and record the current transmitted or received optical power value. Then,
the Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating that the operation is successful.
Step 3 Check the optical port type with reference to related engineering documents.
Step 4 Check whether the transmitted and received optical powers are within the normal range.
NOTE
The received optical power must follow the standard: receiver sensitivity + 3 dBm < received optical power
(tested) < overload threshold - 5 dBm.
Step 5 Optional: If the transmitted optical power is not within the normal range, handle the fault with
reference to the following.
1.
Clean the fiber connector if the fiber connector is not clean.
2.
Restore the fiber connection at the tested optical port.
3.
Check the transmitted optical power of the optical port again, until the transmitted optical
power obtained is within the normal range.
Step 6 Optional: If the received optical power is not within the normal range, handle the fault with
reference to the following.
l
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
If the received optical power is less than sensitivity + 3 dBm

1.
Check whether the fiber connector, the optical attenuator, and the fiber flange are
clean.
2.
If the fiber connector is not clean, clean it.
3.
Restore the fiber connection at the tested optical port.
4.
If the fiber flange or the optical attenuator on the ODF side is not clean, replace the
fiber flange or the optical attenuator.
5.
Check the received optical power of the optical port again, until the received optical
If the received optical power is larger than overload threshold - 5 dBm

1.
Check whether the optical attenuator is normal.
2.
If the optical attenuator is normal, add an optical attenuator on the ODF side.
3.
If the optical attenuator is not normal, replace the optical attenuator.
4.
Check the received optical power of the optical port again, until the received optical
28

Commissioning Guide
Step 7 Check whether the transmitted and received optical powers at all the other optical ports of the
equipment are within the normal range one by one with reference to the previous steps.
----End
3.8 Configuring Services

When the U2000 complete to maintain and manage the network for commissioning, you can use
the U2000 to configure all kinds of services that the equipment supports. This section describes
how to configure services for conducting the tests of these services.
Prerequisites
3.3 Creating the Network Topology must be performed on the U2000.

U2000
Operation Procedure
Table 3-2 lists details on configuration of the network services.
Table 3-2 Configuration of services
Configuration items
Reference
E-Line service
"Configuration Flow for the E-Line Service" in the Configuration

Guide.
E-LAN service
"Configuration Flow for E-LAN Service" in the Configuration

Guide.
ATM service
"ATM Service Configuration Flow" in the Configuration

Guide.
CES service
"Configuration Flow of CES Services" in the Configuration

Guide.
L3VPN service
"Configuration Flow of BGP/MPLS L3VPN Services" in the

Configuration Guide.
3.9 Testing Service Connectivity

After services are configured on the U2000, test the connectivity of the services to ensure that
the services are created correctly. This section describes how to test the connectivity of various
basic network services.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

29

Commissioning Guide
3.9.1 Testing Connectivity of an E-Line Service

Test the connectivity of an E-Line service by running Ethernet service OAM to ensure that the
E-Line service is normal.
Prerequisites
l
An end-to-end E-Line service must be configured.

U2000
Test Connection Diagram

Figure 3-2 shows the connection diagram for testing connectivity of an E-Line service.
Figure 3-2 Connection diagram for testing connectivity of an E-Line service
MD
MA
MEP2
MEP1
PSN
PE 2
PE 1
RMEP:MEP2
RMEP:MEP1
MD: Maintenance domain

MA: Maintenance association
MEP: Maintenance end point
RMEP: Remote maintenance end point
Procedure
Step 1 Choose Service > PWE3 Service > Manage PWE3 Service from the Main Menu to display
the Manage PWE3 Service and Set Filter Criteria windows.
Step 2 In the Set Filter Criteria window, specify the criteria for filtering E-Line services under test
and then click Filter.
Step 3 Right-click an E-Line service and choose Ethernet OAM > Ethernet Test to display the LB
Test window.
Step 4 In theTest type , ChooseLB.
Step 5 Click Run in the lower right corner. When Progress is 100% complete, check Test Result. If
Test Result is Test Succeeded, it indicates that the E-Line service passes the LB test.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

30

Commissioning Guide
Step 6 Check LB Statistic Information.

l If Packet Loss Ratio (%) is 0, it indicates that the E-Line service is available.
l If Packet Loss Ratio (%) is not 0, it indicates that the E-Line service has a connectivity
fault. In this case, handle the fault with reference to Ethernet Service Troubleshooting in the
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide.
----End
3.9.2 Testing Connectivity of an E-LAN Service

Use the Ethernet OAM function to test the connectivity of an E-LAN service to ensure that an
E-LAN service works normally.
Prerequisites
E-LAN service must be configured.
The Ethernet service must be configured with the Ethernet OAM.
Context
As shown in Figure 3-3, to verify the correctness of service configuration, the Ethernet OAM
should be configured.
Figure 3-3 OAM of the E-LAN service
CE 1
MD
MEP
NE 1
MA3
MEP
NE 3
PSN
MA1
CE 3
MA2
NE 2
MEP
CE 2
PW
MEP: Maintenance End Point
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
MD: Maintenance Domain

MA: Maintenance Association

31

Commissioning Guide
As shown in the preceding figure, services carried by PWs are available among CE networks.
To verify the configuration correctness of the service configuration, the Ethernet OAM should
be configured.

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 On the U2000, select NE1 to create the maintenance domain. For the creation method, see
Creating an MD.
The parameters of the maintenance domain are as follows:
l Maintenance Domain Name: MD
l Maintenance Domain Level: 4
Creating an MD.
Creating an MD.
NOTE
The MD name and MD level for each NE should be consistent. In this way, the NEs belong to the same
maintenance domain.
Step 4 On the U2000, select NE1 and NE2 separately to create the maintenance association for the
service between NE1 and NE2. For the creation method, see Creating an MA.
The parameters of the maintenance association are as follows:
l Maintenance Association Name: MA1
l Relevant Service: 1-E-LAN-1
l CC Test Transmit Period (ms): 3.33 ms
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

32

Commissioning Guide
Step 7 On the U2000, select NE1 to create the MEP. For the creation method, see Creating a MEP
Maintenance Point.
The parameters of the MEP of MA1 are as follows:
l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 1 (Port-1)
l VLAN: 100
l MEP ID: 1
l Direction: Ingress
l CC Status: Active
l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 2 (Port-2)
l VLAN: 300
l MEP ID: 1
l CC Status: Active
Maintenance Point.
l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 1 (Port-1)
l VLAN: 100
l MEP ID: 2
l CC Status: Active
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

33

Commissioning Guide

l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 2 (Port-2)
l VLAN: 200
l MEP ID: 2
l CC Status: Active
Maintenance Point.
l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 1 (Port-1)
l VLAN: 200
l MEP ID: 3
l CC Status: Active
l Board:
3-EF8T
l Port: 2 (Port-2)
l VLAN: 300
l MEP ID: 3
l CC Status: Active
Step 10 On the U2000, select NE1 to create the remote MEP. For the creation method, see Adding a
Remote MEP of the MA.
The parameters of the remote MEP of MA1 are as follows:
l Remote Maintenance Point ID: 2
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

34

Commissioning Guide

Step 13 Optional: If you configure MEP with CC unactivated, you need to activate CC. For the creation
method, see Performing a Continuity Check.
NOTE
After the CC is activated at the source and sink of a service, the source periodically builds and sends CC
cells. The end automatically reports the ETH_CFM_LOC alarm if it does not receive the CC cells from
the source within the required time.
If a link is already faulty when CC is initiated, TND1CXP boards will report the ETH_CFM_FAIL
alarm. TND2CXP, and TND2CXPC boards will report the ETH_CFM_LOC alarm.
----End
3.9.3 Testing Connectivity of a UNIs-NNI ATM Service

Use the ATM OAM function to test the connectivity of the UNIs-NNI ATM service to ensure
that the ATM service works normally. This section describes how to test the connectivity of the
ATM service by performing loopback (LB) test.
Prerequisites
l
An end-to-end ATM service must be configured.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

35

Commissioning Guide

U2000

Figure 3-4 shows the connection diagram for testing the connectivity of the ATM service.
Figure 3-4 Connection diagram for ATM service connectivity test
Inloop
Inloop
PSN
PE1
PE2
Procedure
Step 1 Set the loopback automatic disabling function to Disabled for the UNI interfaces accessing the
tested ATM service on the PE1 and PE2 equipment.
1.
Choose Configuration > NE Batch Configuration > Automatic Disabling of NE

Function from the Main Menu to display the Automatic Disabling of NE Function dialog
box.
2.
. The selected NEs

Select the PE1 and PE2 in the left-hand object tree and click
are displayed in Automatic Disabling of NE Function on the right.
3.
Set Auto Disabling to Disabled for SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback of the
PE1 and PE2.
NOTE
When the automatic disabling function of SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on the NE is set
to Disabled, the loopback automatic disabling function for all of the SDH optical interfaces, PDH electrical
interfaces and ATM IMA groups on the NE is disabled.
Step 2 Set inloop for the UNI interface (to be tested) accessing the ATM service on PE1 by using the
U2000.
l The UNI interface accessing the ATM service is IMA group.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
1.
On the Main Topology, select and right-click the PE1 NE. In the shortcut menu, choose
2.
In the NE Explorer window, select the NE, and choose Configuration > Interface
Management > ATM IMA Management from the Function Tree.
36

Commissioning Guide
3.
Select the ATM Interface Management tab and then select the IMA group carrying
the tested ATM service.
4.
Double-click the Loopback of the IMA group, and then select Inloop in the shortcut
menu.
5.
Click Apply. A dialog box is displayed for confirmation, click OK. The Operation
Result dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation is successful. Click Close.
l The UNI interface accessing the ATM service is ATM interface.

1.
On the Main Topology, select and right-click the PE1 NE. In the shortcut menu, choose
2.
In the NE Explorer window, select the ATM carrying the tested ATM service, and
choose Configuration > Interface Management > SDH Interface from the Function
Tree.
3.
Select the Advanced Attributes tab and then select the ATM interface carrying the
ATM service.
4.
Double-click the Loopback of ATM interface, and then select Inloop in the shortcut
menu.
5.
Step 3 Set inloop for the UNI interface (to be tested) accessing the ATM service on PE2 with reference
to Step 2.
Step 4 In the NE Explorer window, select the PE1 NE, and choose Configuration > ATM OAM
Management from the Function Tree.
Step 5 Select the Remote Loopback Test tab, and then select the tested ATM service.
Step 6 Set Segment and End Attribute of the service whose Connection Direction is Sink to
Segment point.
NOTE
Segment End Attribute of ATM service specifies the type of the transmitted OAM cells during the LB test.
l If Segment End Attribute is set to Segment point, seg_LB cells is transmitted.
l If Segment End Attribute is set to Endpoint, e-t-e_LB cells is transmitted.
Step 7 Set the Loopback Point NE of the tested ATM service to PE2 NE.
Step 8 Click Test to start the LB test. Then, a progress bar is displayed. After the test is complete, the
Operation Result dialog box, indicating that the operation is successful, is displayed. Then,
click Close.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

37

Commissioning Guide
Step 9 After the test is finished, check the Test Result of the tested ATM service. Normally, the Test
Result should be Test succeeded.
l Normally, Test Result should be Test Succeeded. After a message indicating that the test
is successful is displayed, view the new performance events to determine whether the LB
test is successful.
1.
In the Main Topology, click the

icon to display the Query Event Logs window.
Then, select the Reporting of LB status information performance event.
2.
Right-click Reporting of LB status information. In the displayed menu, choose

Details .... Then, a window indicating detailed information is displayed. You can check
the additional information to confirm the test result.
l If the test result is Test Failed or another failure message, handle the fault with reference to
the Test Result hint and "IMA Troubleshooting" in the OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport
Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide.
Step 10 Release the inloop of the UNI interface accessing the ATM service on PE1 and PE2 with
reference to Step 2.
Step 11 Follow Step 2 - Step 10 to test the connectivity of all the other ATM services on PE1 and PE2.
Step 12 Set Automatic Disabling to Enabled for SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on PE1
and PE2 with reference to Step 1.
Step 13 Test the connectivity of the ATM services on all the other NEs with reference to Step 1 - Step
12.
----End
3.9.4 Testing Connectivity of a CES Service

Test connectivity of an end-to-end CES service, which works normally only when it is
connective. This section describes how to test connectivity of a CES service by using the PRBS
function.
Prerequisites
l
An end-to-end CES service must be configured.
The board under test, which carries CES services, must support the PRBS function.

l
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
U2000
38

Commissioning Guide
Precautions
CAUTION
On an NE, when using the PRBS function to test connectivity of a CES service, make sure that
no activated service is running at the optical port or E1 port where a loopback is performed.
Otherwise, the service is interrupted.
NOTE
On the UNI/NNI side of the equipment, connectivity of an E1 service in framed or unframed mode can be tested
by using the PRBS function.
On the UNI/NNI side of the equipment, connectivity of a VC-12 service in framed or unframed mode can be
tested by using the PRBS function.
Fractional E1 services do not support the connectivity test.

Figure 3-5 shows the connection diagram for testing connectivity of a CES service.
Figure 3-5 Connection diagram for testing connectivity of a CES service
Inloop
PSN
PE1
PE2
Procedure
Step 1 Set the loopback automatic disabling function to Disabled for the CES service interface under
test on PE2 by using the U2000.
1.
Choose Configuration > NE Batch Configuration > Automatic Disabling of NE

Function from the Main Menu to display the Automatic Disabling of NE Function
window.
2.
Select PE2 in the left-hand object tree and click

Automatic Disabling of NE Function on the right.
3.
Set Auto Disabling to Disabled for SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

. The selected NE is displayed in
39

Commissioning Guide
The loopback automatic disabling function for all PDH electrical interfaces and otherwise
of PE2 is set to Disabled.
4.
Click Apply. The Operation Result dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation
is successful. Click Close.
Step 2 On the U2000, perform an inloop at the UNI port for the CES service under test on PE2.
1.
On the Main Topology, right-click PE2. In the shortcut menu, choose NE Explorer to
display the NE Explorer window.
2.
In the NE Explorer window, select the NE, and choose Configuration > Interface
Management > PDH Interface from the Function Tree.
NOTE
At this step, the test is based on the condition that an inloop is performed at the E1 port. If the port under
test is a VC-12 port, choose Configuration > Interface Management > SDH Interface from the
Function Tree.
3.
Select the Advanced Attributes tab and then select the interface receiving/transmitting
the CES service under test.
4.
Right-click the Loopback Mode field of the interface, and then select Inloop from the
shortcut menu.
5.
Step 3 Start the PRBS test at the corresponding port for the CES service under test on PE1.
1.
On the U2000, right-click PE1 in the Main Topology. Then, choose NE Explorer to display
the NE Explorer.
2.
Choose the board under test from the Object Tree on the upper right side and choose
Configuration > PRBS Test from the Function Tree on the lower left side.
3.
Select the CES service port under test. Then, set PRBS Frame Modeto Frame or No
Frame. The framing modes of interconnected service ports must be consistent.
4.
In the Set Test Parameters areaon the lower right side,set Direction, Duration, and
Measured in times for the CES service under test.
5.
Click Start to test to display the confirmation dialog box. Then, click OK. The Operation
Result dialog box is displayed. Then, click Close.
6.
WhenProgressis displayed as 100%, click Query and observe the test result.
l If bit errors are indicated in the test result, go to Step 4.
l If no bit error is indicated in the test result, go to Step 5.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

40

Commissioning Guide
Step 4 Check for abnormal CES-related alarms and rectify faults by referring to CES Service
Troubleshooting in the OptiX PTN950 Packet-Based Transport Platform of Optical PTN
Series Maintenance Guide.
Step 5 Release the inloop at the port under test on PE2 by referring to Step 2.
Step 6 Set Auto Disabling on the loopback at the optical/electrical interface on PE2 to Enabled by
referring to Step 1.
Step 7 Test connectivity of CES services on other NEs by referring to Step 1 to Step 6.
----End
3.9.5 Testing Connectivity of a CES Service (VC3/VC4)

Test connectivity of an end-to-end CES service, which works normally only when it is
connective. This section describes how to test connectivity of a CES service by using the PRBS
function.
Prerequisites
l
An end-to-end CES service must be configured.
The board under test, which carries CES services, must support the PRBS function.

l
U2000
Precautions
CAUTION
When using the NE's PRBS function to check CES connectivity,make sure that no active service
is running at the interface to be loopbacked, otherwise, the service is interrupted.

Figure 3-6 shows the connection diagram for testing connectivity of a CES service.
Figure 3-6 Test Connection Diagram
Remote Loopback
PSN
PE1
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
PE2

CE
41

Commissioning Guide
Procedure
Step 1 On the U2000, configure a CE side remote loopback for the CES service under testing, at PE2's
UNI.
1.
On the main topology of the U2000, right-click and select the PE2 NE. Right-click and
select NE Explorer. The NE Explorer window is displayed.
2.
Select the TND1CQ1 board to be tested on the upper left of the window and then select
Configuration > Remote Loopback on the lower left function tree of the window.
3.
Select the CES service port in the displayed window, and set Remote Loopback to
Enabled on the lower right of the window.Click Apply.
Figure 3-7 shows the bit sequence of the Z2 byte. The b8 bit is the least significant bit and is
on the most right; the b1 bit is the most significant bit and is on the most left.
Figure 3-7 Bit sequence of the Z2 byte
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
When the remote loopback function is enabled for PE2:

1.
PE2 repeatedly sends Z2 (b7=1) in SDH frames so that the remote CE performs a loopback.
2.
PE2 confirms a loopback start at the CE after receiving six consecutive Z2 (b6=1) from the
CE.
When the remote loopback function is disabled for PE2:

1.
PE2 repeatedly sends Z2 (b7=0) so that the remote CE releases the loopback.
2.
PE2 confirms the loopback release at the CE after receiving six consecutive Z2 (b6=0) from
the CE.
Step 2 Start the PRBS test on the CES service port on PE1.
1.
Right-click the PE1 NE on the main topology of the U2000. Select NE Explorer. The NE
Explorer window is displayed.
2.
Select the TND1CQ1 board to be tested on the upper right of the window and then select
Configuration > PRBS Test on the lower left function tree of the window.
3.
Select the CES service port to be tested, select PRBS15 or PRBS23for the PRBS Frame
Mode of this port and select UNI or NNI for the PRBS Insertion Direction.
NOTE
For the TND1CQ1 board, CES services support two working modes for VC3 or VC4 channels. VC3
channel can support only thePRBS15 code pattern and the VC4 channel support PRBS15 and PRBS23
two code patterns.
UNI indicates that PRBS is sent to the UNI side, and NNI indicates that PRBS is sent to the NNI side.
4.
In the lower right Set Test Parameters area, set the parameters of the Duration and
Measured in times for the CES service under testing.
5.
Click Start to test and click OK in the dialog box displayed.The Operation Result dialog
box is displayed. Click Close.
6.
If Progress is displayed as 100%, click Query to check the test result.

l If any bit error is found in the result, go to Step 3.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

42

Commissioning Guide
l If no bit error is found in the result, go to Step 4.

Step 3 Check for alarms about the CES service, and see the CES Service Troubleshooting in the OptiX
PTN 950960 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide to identify and
rectify the fault.
Step 4 Refer to the Step 1to cancel the remote loopback configurations on PE2.
Step 5 Repeat Step 1 -Step 4 to other CES services on other NEs.
----End
3.9.6 Testing Connectivity of an IP over PW Service

To ensure normal working of an IP over PW service, you must check connectivity of the IP over
PW service. This section describes how to test connectively of an IP over PW service.
Prerequisites
l
An IP over PW service must be configured.
Tools, Meters, and Materials

l
U2000

Figure 3-8 shows the connections for testing connectivity of an IP over PW service between
PE1 and PE2.
Figure 3-8 Connections for testing connectivity of an IP over PW service
IP over PW
NodeB
PE1
OptiX PTN 910/950
Tunnel
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
PE2
RNC
OptiX PTN
1900/3900/3900-8
PW

43

Commissioning Guide
CAUTION
l Ensure that only commissioning engineers are present on the test site.
l Do not touch cables, unless necessary.
l Do not insert or remove any power supply device near the test site.
Procedure
Step 1 On the U2000, confirm the PW of the IP over PW service under test on PE1 or PE2.
Step 2 Perform a PW ping test to test connectivity of the IP over PW service.
1.
In the NE Explorer, click PE1 or PE2. Then, choose Configuration > MPLS
Management > PW Management from the Function Tree.
2.
Click PW OAM Parameters tab, select a PW and choose OAM Operation > Ping
Test. The Ping Test dialog box is displayed.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

44

Commissioning Guide
NOTE
You can perform only one ping test for each PW at any time.
The packet length ranges from 64 to 1400. If you set Packet Length to a value beyond the range,
the ping test fails.
3.
4.
Set the associated parameters.For the parameters of the ping test, see Table 2.
Click Start Test to check the ping test result.
Step 3 Check the test result and determine whether any packets are lost.
l If packets are lost, check for abnormal alarms associated with the IP over PW service. Then,
handle the alarms according to Alarms Handling in the OptiX PTN950Packet Transport
Platform of PTN SeriesMaintenance Guide.
l If no packet is lost, it indicates that the connectivity test of the IP over PW service is
successful.
Step 4 For how to test another IP over PW service, see Step 1 to Step 3.
----End
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

45

Commissioning Guide
3.9.7 Testing Connectivity of a UNI-NNI L3VPN Service

When configuring an L3VPN service is complete, test the connectivity of the service to ensure
that the L3VPN service is normal. This section describes how to test connectivity of the L3VPN
service by performing a ping test.
Prerequisites
An L3VPN service must be created.
Context
In the scenario, there is service communication between Site1 and Site3, Site2 and Site3, but
not between Site1 and Site2. On the PTN equipment, create a CE1-CE3 L3VPN service and a
CE2-CE3 L3VPN service.
Start a ping test from PE1 to PE3 and from PE2 to PE3 to check the network connectivity.
Figure 3-9 Networking application of an Extranet VPN service
UNI: 1-EG2-1
192.168.1.1/24
UNI: 1-EG16-1
192.168.9.1/24
CE1
Site1
NE1
PE1
192.168.9.2
NE2
Backbone
AS: 100
CE3
NE3
PE3
Site3
CE2
Site2
PE2
NE5
NE4
UNI: 1-EG2-1
192.168.2.1/24
OptiX PTN
Router
Procedure
Step 1 Choose Service > BGP/MPLS VPN Service > Manage BGP/MPLS VPN Service from the
Main Menu. The Manage BGP/MPLS VPN Service window is displayed. ClickFliter and to
display Set Fliter Condition dialog box.
Step 2 In the Service ID field, enter the ID of the L3VPN service for the connectivity test and click
Filter. Then, the created L3VPN service is displayed.
Step 3 Select the service, click the PE tab, select NE1, and click Ping to display the Ping dialog box.
Then, set the test parameters. Start a ping test from NE1 to NE3.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

46

Commissioning Guide
Step 4 Click Start Test and then check Test Result.
You can check the test result as follows:

l If the service normal, neither TXNUM nor RXNUM is 0, and LOSERATE(%) is not 100.
In this case, go to Step 5.
l If the service is faulty, RXNUM is 0 and LOSERATE(%) is 100. Rectify the fault with
reference to the steps in "Operation Result".
Step 5 Repeat Step 3 through Step 4, select NE5, and start a ping test from NE5 to NE3.
Step 6 Check the test result. Then, testing the connectivity of the L3VPN service is complete.
----End
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

47

Commissioning Guide
Result
1.
In L3VPN Service Management, check Alarm Status for alarms related to the service.
2.
If Alarm Status displays alarms, choose Alarm > Current Alarm to display the alarms
related to the service in Current Alarms. Handle the related alarms with reference to
Alarms Handling in the OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series
Maintenance Guide.
3.
If there is no alarm, repeat Step 3 through Step 4 in "Procedure" to start another ping test.
Then, check the test result. When the service is normal, the test is complete.
4.
In case of a service fault, rectify it with reference to Handling L3VPN Service Faults in the
OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series Maintenance Guide.
3.10 Testing the Network Protection Switching

After the network protection is configured on the U2000, the network protection switching
should be tested to ensure the effectiveness of the network protection. This section describes
how to test the network protection schemes supported by the PTN equipment.
3.10.1 Testing MPLS Tunnel APS Protection

The OptiX PTN equipment supports 1+1 and 1:1 protection for MPLS tunnels, with an intention
to improve the reliability of end-to-end connections through the PSN. This section describes
how to test 1+1 or 1:1 MPLS tunnel protection.
Prerequisites
l
An MPLS tunnel protection group must be created.
Tools, Equipment and Materials

U2000
Context
l
1+1 protection
Services are transmitted over the working tunnel and protection tunnel at the same time.
Then, the receive end selects a tunnel according to the status of the two tunnels and receives
the services from the tunnel. That is, the services are dually fed and selectively received.
When the receive end detects loss of signals over the working tunnel or when the working
tunnel is detected as faulty by the MPLS OAM, the receive end receives the signals from
the protection tunnel. In this manner, the services are switched.
1:1 protection
Normally, services are transmitted over the working tunnel. That is, the services are singly
fed and received. When the working tunnel is faulty, the equipment at the two ends
negotiates through the APS protocol. Then, the transmit end transmits the services over the
protection tunnel and the receive end receives the services from the protection tunnel. In
this manner, the services are switched.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

48

Commissioning Guide
Procedure
Step 1 Check the switching status of the 1+1 or 1:1 MPLS tunnel protection group.
1.
On the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the source NE of the tunnels under test.
Choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu to display the NE Explorer window.
2.
In the Function Tree of NE Explorer, choose Configuration > APS Protection

Management.
3.
Click the Tunnel APS Configuration tab, right-click the protection group under test, and
choose Query Switching Status from the shortcut menu to refresh the status of the MPLS
tunnel protection group configured on the NE.
4.
Select the MPLS tunnel protection group under test and check the switching status of the
MPLS tunnel protection group. Normally, the status of the protection group is No Request
(Working Active).
Step 2 Switch the services to the protection tunnel.

1.
In the Function Tree of NE Explorer, choose Configuration > APS Protection

Management.
2.
Click the Tunnel APS Configuration tab and select the protection group for service
switching.
3.
Right-click the protection group under test and choose Forced Switching from the shortcut
menu. In this case, a message indicating that this operation will interrupt service is
displayed. Then, click OK to perform the manual switching.
Step 3 Right-click the protection group under test and choose Query Switching Status from the
shortcut menu. Check Switching Status of the protection group, which should be in Forced
Switching state normally. Then, query Active Tunnel of the protection group. After a normal
switching, Working matches Standby and Protection matches Active.
NOTE
l If Forced Switching is performed at the previous step, the state of the protection group should be
Forced Switching.
l If Manual Switching to Protection is performed at the previous step, the state of the protection group
should be Manual Switching to Protection.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

49

Commissioning Guide
Step 4 Right-click the protection group under test and choose Clear from the shortcut menu to revert
the services to the working tunnel.
----End
3.10.2 Testing LMSP Protection

When the OptiX PTN equipment is networked as a chain, LMSP protection can be configured,
with an intention to improve the reliability of the transmission over the chain network. This
section describes how to test LMSP protection.
Prerequisites
l
LMSP protection must be correctly configured.
Tools, Equipment and Materials

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Check the switching status of the LMSP protection group under test.
1.
On the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the NE configured with LMSP. Choose
NE Explorer from the shortcut menu to display the NE Explorer window.
2.
In the Function Tree of NE Explorer, choose Configuration > Linear MS.
3.
Click Query and choose Query Protection Group from the shortcut menu to refresh the
configuration of protection groups on the NE.
4.
Click Query and choose Query Switching Status from the shortcut menu. Then, check
West Switching Status of the working and protection units in the protection group under
test. West Switching Status of both units should be Normal.
Step 2 Disable the working port of the LMSP protection group under test.
1.
In NE Explorer, select the board configured with the LMSP protection and choose
Configuration > Interface Management > SDH Interface from the Function Tree.
2.
On the General Attributes tab, select the working port in the LMSP protection group and
set Laser Interface Enabling Status to Close.
Step 3 Check the switching status. If West Switching Status of the protection unit is Idle, it indicates
a successful switching.
Step 4 Enble the working port of the LMSP protection group under test with reference to Step 2.
Step 5 Revert the services to the working tunnel of the LMSP protection group.
l
If Revertive Mode of the LMSP protection group is set to Revertive, the services are
reverted to the working tunnel when WTR expires.
If Revertive Mode of the LMSP protection group is set to Non-Revertive, select the
protection group and click the Slot Mapping Relation list, select Protection Unit in
Protection Unit and right-click Protection Unit, and choose Manual Switching to
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

50

Commissioning Guide
Working from the shortcut menu. After the services reverting to the working tunnel, select
and then right-click Protection Unit in Protection Unit, and choose Clear from the
shortcut menu. The status of Protection Unit is Idle.
----End
3.10.3 Test on Ring Protection Switching

Ring protection applies to a single two-fiber bidirectional ring and two-fiber bidirectional
intersecting rings. Ring protection protects services. This section describes how to test the ring
protection function.
Prerequisites
l
The ring protection is created properly.
You must be an NMS user with "Operator Group" authority or higher.
Tools, Meters, and Materials

U2000
Procedure
Step 1 Check the switching status of the ring protection to be tested.
1.
Choose Service > IP Protection Subnet > Manage MPLS Protection Ring from the main
menu, and then the Manage MPLS Protection Ring and Set Filter Criteria windows are
displayed.
2.
Enter the filter criteria in the Set Filter Criteria window to filter the ring protection to be
tested, and click Filter.
3.
Right-click on the ring protection to be tested, and choose a window is displayed. Choose
the Topo tab, and check the West Status or East Status of the ring protection to be tested.
Normally, the status is Idle State.
Step 2 Perform a forced switching to the east or west ring protection and check its status after the
switching.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

51

Commissioning Guide
1.
Select the ring node to be tested, click East Maintance or West Maintance at the right
bottom of the Topo tab, and select Force Switching from the drop-down list. A warning
dialog box is displayed prompting that services will be interrupted by this action, and click
OK to proceed the forced switching.
2.
Check West Status or East Status of the ring node to be tested. If the status is Forced
switch, the forced switching succeeds.
Step 3 Click Clear All at the right bottom of the window, and then the ring protection is restored to
normal status.
----End
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

52

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Glossary
Numerics
1+1 hot backup
A backup mode in which two systems with the same functions are deployed, one in the
active state and the other in the standby state with power on. The standby system backs
up the data of the active system automatically. Once the active system encounters a fault,
the standby system takes over the service of the active system automatically or by manual
intervention.
1000BASE-T
Twisted cable with the transmission speed as 1000 Mbit/s and the transmission distance
as 100 m.
100BASE-TX
IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer specification for a 100 Mb/s CSMA/CD local area network
over two pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or shielded twisted-pair
(STP) wire.
10BASE-TX
IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer specification for a 10 Mb/s CSMA/CD local area network
over two pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or shielded twisted-pair
(STP) wire.
A
AAL
See ATM Adaptation Layer
ABR
See available bit rate
AC
See attachment circuit
access control list
A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have access
to a resource.
ACL
See access control list
active link
In the link aggregation group, the links connected to active interfaces are active links.
active/standby
switchover
A troubleshooting technology. When an active device becomes faulty, services and

control functions are automatically switched over to the standby device to ensure the
normal running of the services and functions.
address pool
A set of IP addresses assigned by Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) or an

organization tied to IANA.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

53

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Address Resolution
Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to

MAC addresses. It allows hosts and routers to determine the link layer addresses through
ARP requests and ARP responses. The address resolution is a process in which the host
converts the target IP address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame.
The basic function of the ARP is to query the MAC address of the target equipment
through its IP address.
administrative unit
The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer
and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order
VC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to
the multiplex section frame start.
Administrator
A user who has authority to access all the Management Domains of the EMLCore
product. He has access to the whole network and to all the management functionalities.
ADSL
See asymmetric digital subscriber line
advanced ACL
An advanced ACL can define ACL rules based on the source addresses, target addresses,
protocol type, such as TCP source or target port, the type of the ICMP protocol, and
message codes.
AF
See assured forwarding
aggregated link
Multiple signaling link sets between two nodes.
aggregation
A collection of objects that makes a whole. An aggregation can be a concrete or

conceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects.
AIS
See alarm indication signal
alarm automatic report When an alarm is generated on the device side, the alarm is reported to the Network
Management System (NMS) . Then, an alarm panel prompts and the user can view the
details of the alarm.
alarm cascading
The shunt-wound output of the alarm signals of several subracks or cabinets.
alarm cause
A single disturbance or fault may lead to the detection of multiple defects. A fault cause
is the result of a correlation process which is intended to identify the defect that is
representative of the disturbance or fault that is causing the problem.
alarm clearance
An operation performed on an alarm. Through this operation, the status of an alarm is

changed from uncleared to cleared, which indicates that the fault causing the alarm has
been rectified.
alarm indication signal A code sent downstream in a digital network as an indication that an upstream failure
has been detected and alarmed. It is associated with multiple transport layers.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

54

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
alarm inversion
For the port that has already been configured but has no service, this function can be
used to avoid generating relevant alarm information, thus preventing alarm interference.
The alarm report condition of the NE port is related to the alarm inverse mode (not
inverse, automatic recovery and manual recovery) setting of the NE and the alarm
inversion status (Enable and Disable) setting of the port. When the alarm inversion mode
of NE is set to no inversion, alarms of the port will be reported as usual no matter whatever
the inversion status of the port is. When the alarm inversion mode of the NE is set to
automatic recovery, and the alarm inversion state of the port is set to Enabled, then the
alarm of the port will be suppressed. The alarm inversion status of the port will
automatically recover to "not inverse" after the alarm ends. For the port that has already
been configured but not actually loaded with services, this function can be used to avoid
generating relevant alarm information, thus preventing alarm interference. When the
alarm inverse mode of the NE is set as "not automatic recovery", if the alarm inversion
status of the port is set as Enable, the alarm of the port will be reported.
alarm mask
On the host, an alarm management method through which users can set conditions for
the system to discard (not to save, display, or query for) the alarm information meeting
the conditions.
alarm name
Alarm name is a brief description of the symptom of the failure related to this alarm.
Alarm notification
When an error occurs, the performance measurement system sends performance alarms
to the destination (for example, a file and/or fault management system) designated by
users.
alarm parameter
Alarm parameters describe the location where the fault has occurred. For example, for
an alarm on a board, the parameters include the shelf ID, slot ID and port ID.
alarm severity
The significance of a change in system performance or events. According to ITU-T

recommendations, an alarm can have one of the following severities: Critical, Major,
Minor, Warning.
alarm status
The devices in the network report traps to the Network Management System (NMS),
which displays the alarm statuses in the topological view. The status of an alarm can be
critical, major, minor and prompt.
alarm suppression
A function used not to monitor alarms for a specific object, which may be the
networkwide equipment, a specific NE, a specific board and even a specific function
module of a specific board.
ALS
See automatic laser shutdown
APS
See automatic protection switching
ARP
See Address Resolution Protocol
AS
See Autonomous System
assured forwarding
One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF.
It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay.
For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that
exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the
traffic instead of discarding the packets.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

55

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
asymmetric digital
subscriber line
A technology for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone

lines to homes and businesses. Unlike regular dialup phone service, ADSL provides
continuously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most
of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive
information from the user. ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice)
information on the same line. ADSL is generally offered at downstream data rates from
512 Kbps to about 6 Mbps.
asynchronization
Asynchronization does not use the exact data signals timed by the clock. The signals
have different frequencies and phases. The asynchronization usually encapsulates the
bits into the control flag, which specifies the beginning and end of the bits.
Asynchronous
Transfer Mode
A protocol for the transmission of a variety of digital signals using uniform 53 byte cells.
A transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells; it is asynchronous in
the sense that the recurrence of cells depends on the required or instantaneous bit rate.
Statistical and deterministic values may also be used to qualify the transfer mode.
ATM
See Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATM Adaptation
Layer
An interface between higher-layer protocols and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM). The AAL provides a conversion function to and from ATM for various types of
information, including voice, video, and data.
ATM PVC
ATM permanent virtual circuit
attachment circuit
The physical or virtual circuit attaching a CE to a PE.
attenuation
Reduction of signal magnitude or signal loss, usually expressed in decibels.
AU
See administrative unit
auto-negotiation
An optional function of the IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet standard that enables devices to
automatically exchange information over a link about speed and duplex abilities.
automatic laser
shutdown
A technique (procedure) to automatically shutdown the output power of laser transmitters

and optical amplifiers to avoid exposure to hazardous levels.
automatic protection
switching
Capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch

to a standby facility to recover the traffic.
Autonomous System
A network set that uses the same routing policy and is managed by the same technology
administration department. Each AS has a unique identifier that is an integer ranging
from 1 to 65535. The identifier is assigned by IANA. An AS can be divided into areas.
available bit rate
A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible
forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time
quality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.
B
B-ISDN
See Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks
backward
Pertaining to signals or operations propagating in the opposite direction relative to the

call set-up.
backward defect
indication
When detecting a defect, the sink node of a LSP uses backward defect indication (BDI)
to inform the upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

56

Commissioning Guide
base station controller
A Glossary
A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM network. It interworks
with the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface. It provides
the following functions: radio resource management, base station management, power
control, handover control, and traffic measurement. One BSC controls and manages one
or more BTSs in an actual network.
base transceiver station A Base Transceiver Station terminates the radio interface. It allows transmission of traffic
and signaling across the air interface. The BTS includes the baseband processing, radio
equipment, and the antenna.
Basic ACL
A basic ACL can define ACL rules based on only source addresses.
basic input/output
system
A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output control

programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting
information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer.
bayonet-neillconcelman
A connector used for connecting two coaxial cables.
BC
See boundary clock
BDI
See backward defect indication
BE
See best effort
BER
See bit error rate
best effort
A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded
following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of the
network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the time
it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet loss
ratio, and high reliability.
BFD
See bidirectional forwarding detection
BGP
See Border Gateway Protocol
bidirectional
forwarding detection
A simple Hello protocol, similar to the adjacent detection in the route protocol. Two
systems periodically send BFD detection messages on the channel between the two
systems. If one system does not receive the detection message from the other system for
a long time, you can infer that the channel is faulty. Under some conditions, the TX and
RX rates between systems need to be negotiated to reduce traffic load.
BIOS
See basic input/output system
BIP
See bit-interleaved parity
bit error
An incompatibility between a bit in a transmitted digital signal and the corresponding

bit in the received digital signal.
bit error rate
Ratio of received bits that contain errors. BER is an important index used to measure the
communications quality of a network.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

57

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
bit-interleaved parity
A method of error monitoring. With even parity an X-bit code is generated by the
transmitting equipment over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the
first bit of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the
covered portion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of
all X-bit sequences within the specified portion, etc. Even parity is generated by setting
the BIP-X bits so that there is an even number of 1s in each monitored partition of the
signal. A monitored partition comprises all bits which are in the same bit position within
the X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes
the BIP-X.
BITS
See building integrated timing supply
BMC
best master clock
BNC
See bayonet-neill-concelman
Border Gateway
Protocol
An interautonomous system routing protocol. An autonomous system is a network or

group of networks under a common administration and with common routing policies.
BGP is used to exchange routing information for the Internet and is the protocol used
between Internet service providers (ISP).
boundary clock
A clock with a clock port for each of two or more distinct PTP communication paths.
BPDU
See bridge protocol data unit
bridge protocol data

unit
The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that
uses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on
ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was
intended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a
network topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridges
interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.
Broadband Integrated A standard defined by the ITU-T to handle high-bandwidth applications, such as voice.
Services Digital
It currently uses the ATM technology to transmit data over SONNET-based circuits at
Networks
155 to 622 Mbit/s or higher speed.
broadband TV
Broadband TV involves accessing multimedia content via a broadband connection and

viewing it on a normal TV.
broadcast address
In computer networking, a broadcast address is a network address that allows information

to be sent to all nodes on a network, rather than to a specific network host.
broadcast domain
A group of network stations that receives broadcast packets originating from any device
within the group. Broadcasts do not pass through a router, which bound the domains. In
addition, the set of ports between which a device forwards a multicast, broadcast, or
unknown destination frame.
BSC
See base station controller
BTS
See base transceiver station
BTV
See broadband TV
building integrated
timing supply
In the situation of multiple synchronous nodes or communication devices, one can use
a device to set up a clock system on the hinge of telecom network to connect the
synchronous network as a whole, and provide satisfactory synchronous base signals to
the building integrated device. This device is called BITS.
bus
A path or channel for signal transmission. The typical case is that, the bus is an electrical
connection that connects one or more conductors. All devices that are connected to a
bus, can receive all transmission contents simultaneously.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

58

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
C
cable distribution plate A component which is used to arrange the cables in order.
cable tie
The tape used to bind the cables.
CAR
See committed access rate
carrier sense multiple

access/ collision
detection
A network access method in which devices that are ready to transmit data first check the
channel for a carrier. If no carrier is sensed, a device can transmit. If two devices transmit
at once, a collision occurs and each computer backs off and waits a random amount of
time before attempting to retransmit. This is the access method used by Ethernet.
CBR
See constant bit rate
CBS
See committed burst size
CC
See connectivity check
CCF
See connection control function
CCM
See continuity check message
CDR
clock and data recovery
CDV
cell delay variation
CDVT
See cell delay variation tolerance
CE
See customer edge
cell delay variation

tolerance
This parameter measures the tolerance level a network interface has to aggressive
sending (back-to-back or very closely spaced cells) by a connected device, and does not
apply to end-systems.
cell loss priority
Field in the ATM cell header that determines the probability of a cell being dropped if
the network becomes congested. Cells with CLP = 0 are insured traffic, which is unlikely
to be dropped. Cells with CLP = 1 are best-effort traffic, which might be dropped.
CEP
circuit emulation over packet
CES
See circuit emulation service
CF
See compact flash
CFM
See connectivity fault management
chain network
One type of network that all network nodes are connected one after one to be in series.
channel
A telecommunication path of a specific capacity and/or at a specific speed between two

or more locations in a network. The channel can be established through wire, radio
(microwave), fiber or a combination of the three. The amount of information transmitted
per second in a channel is the information transmission speed, expressed in bits per
second.
CID
See connection identifier
CIR
See committed information rate
circuit emulation
service
A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At the
transmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATM
cells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, the
interface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CES
technology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the original
sequence at the reception end.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

59

Commissioning Guide
CIST
See common and internal spanning tree
CLNP
connectionless network protocol
A Glossary
clock synchronization A type of high-decision clock defined by the IEEE 1588 V2 standard. The IEEE 1588
compliant with
V2 standard specifies the precision time protocol (PTP) in a measurement and control
precision time protocol system. The PTP protocol ensures clock synchronization precise to sub-microseconds.
clock tracing
The method to keep the time on each node being synchronized with a clock source in a
network.
CLP
See cell loss priority
coarse wavelength
division multiplexing
A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels into

the same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDM
does not support optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking.
colored packet
A packet whose priority is determined by defined colors.
committed access rate
A traffic control method that uses a set of rate limits to be applied to a router interface.
CAR is a configurable method by which incoming and outgoing packets can be classified
into QoS (Quality of Service) groups, and by which the input or output transmission rate
can be defined.
committed burst size
committed burst size. A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is,
the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed
information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this
parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be
forwarded.
committed information The rate at which a frame relay network agrees to transfer information in normal
rate
conditions. Namely, it is the rate, measured in bit/s, at which the token is transferred to
the leaky bucket.
common and internal
spanning tree
The single spanning tree calculated by STP and RSTP together with the logical
continuation of that connectivity by using MST Bridges and regions, calculated by MSTP
to ensure that all LANs in the bridged local area network are simply and fully connected.
common spanning tree A single spanning tree that connects all the MST regions in a network. Every MST region
is considered as a switch; therefore, the CST can be regarded as their spanning tree
generated with STP/RSTP.
compact flash
Compact flash (CF) was originally developed as a type of data storage device used in
portable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory in
a standardized enclosure.
congestion
An extra intra-network or inter-network traffic resulting in decreasing network service

efficiency.
congestion
management
A flow control measure to solve the problem of network resource competition. When
the network congestion occurs, it places the packet into the queue for buffer and
determines the order of forwarding the packet.
connection control
The set of functions used for setting up, maintaining and releasing a communication path
between two or more users or a user and a network entity, e.g. a dual tone multi-frequency
receiver.
connection control
function
A functional entity in the distributed functional plane of the intelligent network (IN)
conceptual model, which provides the basic call services of the bearer (telecom) network
and the advanced switch-based services with the call processing and controlling
functions.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

60

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
connection identifier
The MAC layer defined in the IEEE802.16 protocol is based on connection. Each
connection is uniquely identified with a CID.
connectivity check
Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved by
each MEP transmitting a Continuity Check Message (CCM) periodically.
connectivity fault
management
Ethernet connectivity fault management (CFM) is an end-to-end per-service-instance

Ethernet layer operation, administration, and management (OAM) protocol. It includes
proactive connectivity monitoring, fault verification, and fault isolation for large
Ethernet metropolitan-area networks (MANs) and WANs.
constant bit rate
A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based on
the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on precise
clocking to ensure undistorted transmission.
constraint shortest path An extension of shortest path algorithms like OSPF and IS-IS. The path computed using
first
CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling set of constrains. It simply means that it runs shortest
path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A
constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also know as bandwidth
guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of link traversed etc. CSPF
is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as
Constraint Based Routing (CBR).
constraint-based
routed label switched
path
An Label Switched Path set up based on certain constraints is called Constraint-based

Routed Label Switched Path (CR-LSP).
continuity check
message
CCM is used to detect the link status.
control plane
The control plane performs the call control and connection control functions. Through
signaling, the control plane sets up and releases connections, and may restore a
connection in case of a failure. The control plane also performs other functions in support
of call and connection control, such as routing information dissemination.
control word
A 4-byte encapsulated packet header. It is used to transmit packets in a MPLS packet

switching network.
convergence layer
The convergence layer is a "bridge" between the access layer and the core layer. It
provides the convergence and forwarding functions for the access layer. It processes all
the traffic from the access layer devices, and provides the uplinks to the core layer.
Compared with the access layer, the convergence layer devices should have higher
performances, fewer interfaces and higher switching rate. In the real network, the
convergence layer refers to the network between UPEs and PE-AGGs.
core layer
The core layer functions as the backbone of high speed switching for networks, and it
provides high speed forwarding communications. It has a backbone transmission
structure that provides high reliability, high throughput, and low delay. The core layer
devices must have a good redundancy, error tolerance, manageability, adaptability, and
they support dual-system hot backup or load balancing technologies. In a real network,
the core layer includes the IP/MPLS backbone network consisting of NPEs and backbone
routers.
CPE
See customer premises equipment
CPN
customer premises network
CR-LSP
See constraint-based routed label switched path
CRC
See cyclic redundancy check
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

61

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
crossover cable
A twisted pair patch cable wired in such a way as to route the transmit signals from one
piece of equipment to the receive signals of another piece of equipment, and vice versa.
CSMA/CD
See carrier sense multiple access/ collision detection
CSPF
See constraint shortest path first
CST
See common spanning tree
CTD
cell transfer delay
current alarm
An alarm not handled or not acknowledged after being handled.
current performance
data
Performance data stored currently in a register. An NE provides two types of registers,

namely, 15-minute register and 24-hour register, to store performance parameters of a
performance monitoring entity. The two types of registers stores performance data only
in the specified monitoring period.
customer edge
A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to the
Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host.
customer premises
equipment
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) is equipment located at an end-user's premises.

Most CPEs are telephones or other service equipment. A CPE can be a Mobile Station
(MS) or a Subscriber Station (SS). An MS is mobile equipment, and an SS is fixed
equipment.
CV
connectivity verification
CW
See control word
CWDM
See coarse wavelength division multiplexing
cyclic redundancy
check
A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses
a complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending
device performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that it
sends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation after
transmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmission
was error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmission
includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.
D
data communication
network
A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the Data

Communication Function (DCF).
data communications
channel
The data channel that uses the D1-D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal to
transmit information on operation, management, maintenance and provision (OAM&P)
between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1-D3 is referred to as the
192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channel that are composed of bytes D4-D12
is referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel.
data connection
equipment
Data connection equipment including analog, DSL, ISDN, cable modem circuits.
data link layer
Layer 2 in the open system interconnection (OSI) architecture; the layer that provides
services to transfer data over the transmission link between open systems.
data terminal
equipment
A user device composing the UNI. The DTE accesses the data network through the DCE
equipment (for example, model) and usually uses the clock signals produced by DCE.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

62

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Datagram
A kind of PDU which is used in Connectionless Network Protocol, such as IP datagram,

UDP datagram.
DC
See direct current
DCC
See data communications channel
DCE
See data connection equipment
DCN
See data communication network
DDF
See digital distribution frame
DDN
See digital data network
DE
See discard eligible
DEI
See drop eligible indicator
delay variation
A component of cell transfer delay, which is induced by buffering.
dense wavelength
division multiplexing
Technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuation of
single mode optical fiber, employs multiple wavelengths with specific frequency spacing
as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in the same fiber.
desired Min Tx interval The minimum interval that the local system would like to use when transmitting BFD
control packets.
Detection multiplier
The desired detect time multiplier for BFD control packets. It determines the session
detection time together with the DMTI and RMRI.
DHCP
See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP Relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay (DHCP relay) is a function that enables
forwarding of DHCP data between the device that requests the IP address and the DHCP
server.
DHCP Server
A program that allocates the IP addresses of the local address pool to the users at the
user side and allocates the IP addresses of the relay address pool to the users that pass
through the DHCP proxy at the network side.
differentiated services
A service architecture that provides the end-to-end QoS function. It consists of a series
of functional units implemented at the network nodes, including a small group of perhop forwarding behaviors, packet classification functions, and traffic conditioning
functions such as metering, marking, shaping and policing.
DiffServ
See differentiated services
digital data network
A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiber
channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplex
technology.
digital distribution
frame
A type of equipment used between the transmission equipment and the exchange with
transmission rate of 2 to 155 Mbit/s to provide the functions such as cables connection,
cable patching, and test of loops that transmitting digital signals.
digital subscriber line
A technology for providing digital connections over the copper wire or the local
telephone network. DSL performs data communication over the POTS lines without
affecting the POTS service.

access multiplexer
A network device, usually situated in the main office of a telephone company that
receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and
puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

63

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
direct current
Electrical current whose direction of flow does not reverse. The current may stop or
change amplitude, but it always flows in the same direction.
discard eligible
A bit in the frame relay header. It indicates the priority of a packet. If a node supports
the FR QoS, the rate of the accessed FR packets is controlled. When the packet traffic
exceeds the specified traffic, the DE value of the redundant packets is set to 1. In the
case of network congestion, the packets with DE value as 1 are discarded at the node.
Discrete service
The cross-connection that exists on an NE but cannot form trails on the network
management system.
dispersion
The dependence of refraction on the wavelength of light. Different wavelengths are

transmitted in an optical medium at different speeds. Wavelengths reach the end of the
medium at different times. As a result, the light pulse spreads and the dispersion occurs.
DLL
See data link layer
DMTI
See desired Min Tx interval
DNI
See dual node interconnection
DNS
See domain name service
domain name service
A hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the
Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names
assigned to each of the participants. The Domain Name System distributes the
responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by
designating authoritative name servers for each domain.
DRDB
dynamic random database
drop eligible indicator
DEI indicates the eight transmission precedence in the PRI field can be combined with
drop precedence.
DS
See dynamic service
DS boundary node
A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in a

domain that is not DS-capable.
DS domain
In the DifferServ mechanism, the DS domain is a domain consisting of a group of

network nodes that share the same service provisioning policy and same PHB. It provides
point-to-point QoS guarantees for services transmitted over this domain.
DS interior node
A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node.
DS node
A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior node.
DSL
See digital subscriber line
DSLAM
See digital subscriber line access multiplexer
DTE
See data terminal equipment
dual homing
A network topology in which a device is connected to the network at two independent

access points. One point is the primary connection and the other a standby connection
that is activated in the event of a failure of the primary connection.
dual node
interconnection
DNI provides an alternative physical interconnection point, between the rings, in case
of an interconnection failure scenario.
dual-ended switching
A protection operation method which takes switching action at both ends of the protected
entity (e.g. "connection", "path"), even in the case of a unidirectional failure.
DWDM
See dense wavelength division multiplexing
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

64

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Dynamic Host
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client-server networking protocol.
Configuration Protocol A DHCP server provides configuration parameters specific to the DHCP client host
requesting, generally, information required by the host to participate on the Internet
network. DHCP also provides a mechanism for allocation of IP addresses to hosts.
dynamic service
A term used in IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 802.16 networks
to describe a set of messages and protocols that allow a base station and subscriber station
to add, modify, or delete the characteristics of s service flow.
E
E-LAN
See Ethernet LAN
E-Tree
See Ethernet-tree
E1
A European standard for high-speed data transmission at 2.048 Mbit/s. It provides 32 x

64 kbit/s channels.
EBS
See excess burst size
ECC
See embedded control channel
Edge LSR
The basic unit of the MPLS network is LSR. The network composed by LSR is named
MPLS domain. LSR is located at the edge of the MPLS domain. LSR used to connect
other user network is named Label Edge Router (LER). The LSR in the core of the
internal area is the core LSR. The core LSR can be the router that supports MPLS and
be the ATM-LSR generated after the ATM switch is ungraded. LSRs in the domain
communicated by MPLS.
EF
See expedited forwarding
EFM
See Ethernet in the first mile
EGP
See Exterior Gateway Protocol
Egress
The group is transferred along the LSP consisting of a series of LSRs after the group is
labeled. The egress LER is named Egress.
electromagnetic
compatibility
Electromagnetic compatibility is the condition which prevails when telecommunications

equipment is performing its individually designed function in a common electromagnetic
environment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional
electromagnetic interference to or from other equipment in the same environment.
electromagnetic
interference
Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or

limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment.
electromagnetic
shielding
The process of limiting the coupling of an electromagnetic field between two locations.
Typically, it is applied to enclosures, separating electrical circuits from external
surroundings, and to cables, separating internal wires from the surroundings that the
cable passes through.
electrostatic discharge
The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different
electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field.
embedded control
channel
A logical channel that uses a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer,
to enable transmission of operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM)
information between NEs.
EMC
See electromagnetic compatibility
EMI
See electromagnetic interference
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

65

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
EMS
See electromagnetic shielding
Engineering label
A mark on a cable, a subrack, or a cabinet for identification.
EPL
See Ethernet private line
EPLAN
See Ethernet private LAN service
error tolerance
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence
of erroneous inputs.
errored frame second
A one-second interval during which at least one errored frame is detected.
ESD
See electrostatic discharge
ESD jack
Electrostatic discharge jack. A hole in the cabinet or shelf, which connect the shelf or
cabinet to the insertion of ESD wrist strap.
ETH-LT
Ethernet link trace
Ethernet in the first

mile
Last mile access from the broadband device to the user community. The EFM takes the
advantages of the SHDSL.b is technology and the Ethernet technology. The EFM
provides both the traditional voice service and internet access service of high speed. In
addition, it meets the users' requirements on high definition television system (HDTV)
and Video On Demand (VOD).
Ethernet LAN
A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernet

virtual connection).
Ethernet private LAN

service
An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a

dedicated bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or
MPLS server layer networks.
Ethernet private line
A type of Ethernet service that is provided with dedicated bandwidth and point-to-point
connections on an SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer network.
Ethernet virtual
private LAN
A service that is both a LAN service and a virtual private service.
Ethernet virtual
private LAN service
An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a shared
bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server
layer networks.
Ethernet-tree
An Ethernet service type that is based on a Point-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual

Connection.
ETS
European Telecommunication Standards
ETSI
See European Telecommunications Standards Institute
European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute
A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.
EVPLAN
See Ethernet virtual private LAN service
EVPLn
See Ethernet virtual private LAN
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

66

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
excess burst size
A parameter related to traffic. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the
traffic control is achieved by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter
used to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size
when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter
must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the
maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
Exercise Switching
An operation to check if the protection switching protocol functions normally. The

protection switching is not really performed.
EXP
See experimental bits
expedited forwarding
The highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services that
demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EF
traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DSCP
value of EF PHB is "101110".
experimental bits
A field in the MPLS packet header, three bits long. This field is always used to identify
the CoS of the MPLS packet.
Extended ID
The number of the subnet that an NE belongs to, for identifying different network
segments in a WAN. The extended ID and ID form the physical ID of the NE.
Exterior Gateway
Protocol
A protocol for exchanging routing information between two neighbor gateway hosts
(each with its own router) in a network of autonomous systems.
extra traffic
The traffic that is carried over the protection channels when that capacity is not used for
the protection of working traffic. Extra traffic is not protected.
F
fair queue
A mechanism for queue scheduling in which network resource is allocated equally and
delay and jitter time of all traffic are optimized.
fast Ethernet
Any network that supports transmission rate of 100Mbits/s. The Fast Ethernet is 10 times
faster than 10BaseT, and inherits frame format, MAC addressing scheme, MTU, and so
on. Fast Ethernet is extended from the IEEE802.3 standard, and it uses the following
three types of transmission media: 100BASE-T4 (4 pairs of phone twisted-pair cables),
100BASE-TX (2 pairs of data twisted-pair cables), and 100BASE-FX (2-core optical
fibers).
fast reroute
A technology to locally protect MPLS TE network. Only the interface with the speed of
100 Mbps can support FRR. If the switching speed of FRR can reach 50ms, the packet
loss decreases when some faults occur on the network. FRR is applicable to services that
are very sensitive to packet loss and delay. When a fault is detected at the lower layer,
the lower layer informs the upper routing system of the fault. Then the routing system
forwards packets through a backup link. In this manner, the impact of the link fault on
services is minimized. FRR is local and temporary. Once the protected LSP recovers or
a new LSP is set up, traffic is switched to the original or the new LSP. After you configure
FRR on LSP and some link or some node on LSP is invalid, traffic is switched to the
protected link and a new LSP is trying to be set up on the LSP ingress.
FDI
See forward defect indication
FE
See fast Ethernet
FEC
See forwarding equivalence class
FF
See fixed filter style
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

67

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
FFD
fast failure detection
FFD packet
FFD is a path failure detection method independent from CV. Different from a CV
packet, the frequency for generating FFD packets is configurable to satisfy different
service requirements. An FFD packet contains information the same as that in a CV
packet. The destination end LSR processes FFD packets in the same way for processing
CV packets.
FIB
See forward information base
fiber patch cord
A kind of fiber used for connections between the subrack and the ODF, and for
connections between subracks or inside a subrack.
field programmable
gate array
A type of semi-customized circuit used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit

(ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the
PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits, but also
overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of the
limited number of gate arrays.
FIFO
See first in first out queuing
File Transfer Protocol
A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computers
on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one must be an
FTP client and the other an FTP server.
filler panel
A piece of board to cover vacant slots, to keep the frame away from dirt, to keep proper
airflow inside the frame, and to beautify the frame appearance.
first in first out queuing A queuing policy that features that the packet reaching earlier can be allocated resource
firstly.
fixed filter style
On an MPLS network, an RSVP node creates a distinct reservation for data packets from
a particular sender. This sender does not share its resource reservation with other senders.
flash memory
A type of special electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and

can be erased and rewritten in blocks at a time instead of only one byte. The data shored
in flash memory will not be lost if the flash memory is powered off.
flow control
A set of mechanisms used to prevent the network from being overloaded by regulating
the input rate transmissions.
flow queue
The same type of services of a user is considered one service flow; HQoS performs queue
scheduling according to the services of each user. The service flows of each user are
classified into four FQs, namely, CS, EF, AF, and BE. CS is assigned a traffic shaping
percentage for Priority Queuing (PQ); EF, AF, and BE are assigned weights for Weighted
Fair Queuing (WFQ). The preceding two scheduling modes occupy a certain bandwidth
each; they can act at the same time without interfering each other.
Forward
It is the direction that traffic flows along the detected LSP.
forward defect
indication
Forward defect indication (FDI) is generated and traced forward to the sink node of the
LSP by the node that first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the
defect and its location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected
higher level client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers.
forward information
base
In data communication, a table of information that provides network hardware (bridges

and routers) with the directions needed to forward packets of data to locations on other
networks. The information contained in a routing table differs according to whether it is
used by a bridge or a router. A bridge relies on both the source (originating) and
destination addresses to determine where and how to forward a packet.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

68

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
forwarding equivalence As a class-based forwarding technology, MPLS classifies the packets with the same
class
forwarding mode, and the process is called Forwarding Equivalence Class. Packets with
the same FEC are processed similarly on an MPLS network. It is flexible to divide FECs,
and it can be a combination of the source address, the destination address, the source
port, the destination port, the protocol type, the VPN, and so on.
Forwarding plane
Also referred to as the data plane. The forwarding plane is connection-oriented, and can
be used in Layer 2 networks such as an ATM network.
FPGA
See field programmable gate array
FPS
PW fast protection switching (FPS) achieves dual-homing protection for E-Line services.
FQ
See fair queue
FR
See frame relay
frame relay
A packet-switching protocol for use on WANs (wide area networks). Frame relay
transmits variable-length packets at up to 2 Mbps over predetermined, set paths known
as PVCs (permanent virtual circuits). It is a variant of X.25 but dispenses with some of
X.25's error detection for the sake of speed. See also ATM (definition 1), X.25.
Free-run mode
An operating condition of a clock, the output signal of which is strongly influenced by

the oscillating element and not controlled by servo phase-locking techniques. In this
mode the clock has never had a network reference input, or the clock has lost external
reference and has no access to stored data, that could be acquired from a previously
connected external reference. Free-run begins when the clock output no longer reflects
the influence of a connected external reference, or transition from it. Free-run terminates
when the clock output has achieved lock to an external reference.
FRR
See fast reroute
FTP
See File Transfer Protocol
full-duplex
A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both

directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line
telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both callers to speak and be heard
at the same time. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two-lane road with
one lane for each direction.
G
Gateway IP
When an NE accesses a remote network management system or NE, a router can be used
to enable the TCP/IP communication. In this case, the IP address of the router is the
gateway IP. Only the gateway NE requires the IP address. The IP address itself cannot
identify the uniqueness of an NE. The same IP addresses may exist in different TCP/IP
networks. An NE may have multiple IP addresses, for example, one IP address of the
network and one IP address of the Ethernet port.
gateway network
element
A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer and
the NM application layer
GE
See gigabit Ethernet
generic framing
procedure
A framing and encapsulated method which can be applied to any data type. It has been
standardized by ITU-T SG15.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

69

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
generic routing
encapsulation
Applied to the encapsulation of IP datagrams tunneled through the internet, GRE is a

mechanism for encapsulating any network layer protocol over any other network. GRE
serves as a Layer 3 tunneling protocol, and provides a tunnel for transparently
transmitting data packets.
GFP
See generic framing procedure
gigabit Ethernet
GE adopts the IEEE 802.3z. GE is compatible with 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet.
It runs at 1000 Mbit/s. Gigabit Ethernet uses a private medium, and it does not support
coaxial cables or other cables. It also supports the channels in the bandwidth mode. If
Gigabit Ethernet is, however, deployed to be the private bandwidth system with a bridge
(switch) or a router as the center, it gives full play to the performance and the bandwidth.
In the network structure, Gigabit Ethernet uses full duplex links that are private, causing
the length of the links to be sufficient for backbone applications in a building and campus.
Global Positioning
System
A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and

timing services to worldwide users.
global system for

mobile
communications
The second-generation mobile networking standard defined by ETSI (European

Telecommunications Standards Institute).
GND
Ground
GNE
See gateway network element
GPS
See Global Positioning System
GR
See graceful restart
graceful restart
In IETF, protocols related to Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/

MPLS) such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System-Intermediate
System (IS-IS), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP),
and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) are extended to ensure that the forwarding
is not interrupted when the system is restarted. This reduces the flapping of the protocols
at the control plane when the system performs the active/standby switchover. This series
of standards is called graceful restart.
graphical user interface A visual computer environment that represents programs, files, and options with
graphical images, such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes, on the screen.
GRE
See generic routing encapsulation
GSM
See global system for mobile communications
GUI
See graphical user interface
H
half-duplex
A transmitting mode in which a half-duplex system provides for communication in both

directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party
begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before
replying.
Hardware loopback
A connection mode in which a fiber jumper is used to connect the input optical interface
to the output optical interface of a board to achieve signal loopback.
HDSL
high-speed digital subscriber line
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

70

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
hello packet
It is the commonest packet which is periodically sent by a router to its neighbors. It

contains DR, Backup Designated Router (BDR), the known neighbors and the values of
timers.
High Speed Downlink

Packet Access
A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement

for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the
maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the
WCDMA network topology.
higher order path
In an SDH network, the higher order path layers provide a server network from the lower
order path layers.
History Performance
Data
The performance data that is stored in the history register or that is automatically reported
and stored in the NMS.
Hold priority
The priority of the tunnel with respect to holding resources, ranging from 0 (indicates
the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the resources occupied by the
tunnel can be preempted by other tunnels.
hot plugging
A technology used to improve the reliability and maintainability of a system. It ensures

that the system performance is not affected when a board is inserted and removed during
system running.
hot standby
A mechanism of ensuring device running security. The environment variables and

storage information of each running device are synchronized to the standby device. When
the faults occur on the running device, the standby device can take over the services in
the faulty device in automatic or manual way to ensure the normal running of the entire
system.
HP
See higher order path
HSB
See hot standby
HSDPA
See High Speed Downlink Packet Access
I
I/O
input/output
IANA
See Internet assigned numbers authority
ICMP
See Internet Control Message Protocol
IE
See information element
IEC
See International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF
See Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP
See Internet Group Management Protocol
IGMP snooping
A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol manages

and controls the multicast group by listening to and analyze the Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) packet between hosts and layer 3 devices. In this manner,
the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently.
IGP
See Interior Gateway Protocol
IGRP
See Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

71

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
IMA
See inverse multiplexing over ATM
IMA frame
The IMA frame is used as the unit of control in the IMA protocol. It is a logical frame
defined as M consecutive cells, numbered 0 to M-l, transmitted on each of the N links
in an IMA group.
information element
An Information Element is a group of information which may be included within a

signaling message or data flow which is sent across an interface. Examples may include
QoS (Quality of Service) definitions, setup parameters, user identifiers etc.
Ingress
labeled. The ingress LER is named Ingress.
Inloop
A method of looping the signals from the cross-connect unit back to the cross-connect
unit.
Institute of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers
A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States but
boasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical,
electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.
integrated services
digital network
A network defined in CCITT, providing comprehensive transmission service for the

voice, video, and data. The ISDN enables the voice, video, and data transmission on a
small number of data channels simultaneously, thus implementing a comprehensive
transmission service.
Interior Gateway
Protocol
A routing protocol that is used within an autonomous system. The IGP runs in smallsized and medium-sized networks. The commonly used IGPs are the routing information
protocol (RIP), the interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP), the enhanced IGRP
(EIGRP), and the open shortest path first (OSPF).
Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
A routing protocol from Cisco that was developed in 1988 to overcome the shortcomings
of RIP. IGRP takes bandwidth, latency, reliability and current traffic load into
consideration. It is typically used within an autonomous system, such as an Internet
domain. IGRP was superseded by Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).
internal spanning tree
A segment of CIST in a certain MST region. An IST is a special MSTI whose ID is 0.
International
Electrotechnical
Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international and nongovernmental standards organization dealing with electrical and electronical standards.
International
Telecommunication
Union
A United Nations agency, one of the most important and influential recommendation
bodies, responsible for recommending standards for telecommunication (ITU-T) and
radio networks (ITU-R).
Internet assigned
numbers authority
The organization operated under the IAB. IANA delegates authority for IP address-space
allocation and domain-name assignment to the NIC and other organizations. IANA also
maintains a database of assigned protocol identifiers used in the TCP/IP suite, including
autonomous system numbers.
Internet Control
Message Protocol
A network-layer (ISO/OSI level 3) Internet protocol that provides error correction and
other information relevant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP software
on one machine inform another machine about an unreachable destination. See also
communications protocol, IP, ISO/OSI reference model, packet (definition 1).
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

72

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Internet Engineering
Task Force
A worldwide organization of individuals interested in networking and the Internet.

Managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the IETF is charged with
studying technical problems facing the Internet and proposing solutions to the Internet
Architecture Board (IAB). The work of the IETF is carried out by various working groups
that concentrate on specific topics, such as routing and security. The IETF is the publisher
of the specifications that led to the TCP/IP protocol standard.
Internet Group
Management Protocol
The protocol for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups among
the TCP/IP protocols. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish
and maintain multicast group memberships.
Internet Protocol
The TCP/IP standard protocol that defines the IP packet as the unit of information sent
across an internet and provides the basis for connectionless, best-effort packet delivery
service. IP includes the ICMP control and error message protocol as an integral part. The
entire protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because TCP and IP are the two
fundamental protocols. IP is standardized in RFC 791.
Internet protocol
television
In the Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) system, video is transmitted in IP packets.

Also called "TV over IP", IPTV uses streaming video techniques to deliver scheduled
TV programs or video-on-demand (VOD). Unlike transmitting over the air or through
cable to a TV set, IPTV uses the transport protocol of the Internet for delivery and requires
either a computer and software media player or an IPTV set-top box to decode the images
in realtime.
Internet Protocol
version 4
The current version of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 utilizes a 32bit address which is
assigned to hosts. An address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is
written as 4 octets separated by periods and may range from 0.0.0.0 through to
255.255.255.255. Each IPv4 address consists of a network number, an optional
subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together
are used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host within the
network or subnetwork.
Internet protocol
version 6
A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specifications
and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF). IPv6 is also called. It is a new version of the Internet Protocol, designed
as the successor to IPv4. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address
has 32 bits while an IPv6 address has 128 bits.
Internet service
provider
An organization that offers users access to the Internet and related services.
interworking
A way to connect telecom devices so that they can communicate with each other.
inverse multiplexing
over ATM
The ATM inverse multiplexing technique involves inverse multiplexing and demultiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher
bandwidth logical link whose rate is approximately the sum of the link rates. This is
referred to as an IMA group.
IP
See Internet Protocol
IP address
A 32-bit (4-byte) binary number that uniquely identifies a host (computer) connected to
the Internet for communication with other hosts in the Internet by transferring packets.
An IP address is expressed in dotted decimal notation, consisting of the decimal values
of its 4 bytes, separated with periods; for example, 127.0.0.1. The first three bytes of the
IP address identify the network to which the host is connected, and the last byte identify
the host itself.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

73

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
IP Protocol
IP protocol refers to a protocol suite consisting of a series of standards that enables a

data packet to be transmitted to its destination through the Internet. IP protocol provides
a connectionless data packet transmission mechanism, shields physical network
transmission, addresses IP, and selects routes.
IPTV
See Internet protocol television
IPv4
See Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6
See Internet protocol version 6
ISDN
See integrated services digital network
ISP
See Internet service provider
IST
See internal spanning tree
ITU
See International Telecommunication Union
J
jumper
A connection wire for connecting two pins.
L
L2VPN
See Layer 2 virtual private network
Label distribution
Packets with the same destination address belong to an FEC. A label out of an MPLS
label resource pool is allocated to the FEC. LSRs record the relationship of the label and
the FEC. Then, LSRs sends a message and advertises to upstream LSRs about the label
and FEC relationship in message. The process is called label distribution.
Label Distribution
Protocol
A protocol defined for distributing labels in MPLS network. It is the set of procedures
and messages by which Label Switched Routers (LSRs) establish Label Switched Paths
(LSPs) through a network by mapping network-layer routing information directly to
data-link layer switched paths. More information about the applicability of LDP can be
found in [RFC3037].
label edge router
A device that sits at the edge of an MPLS domain, that uses routing information to assign
labels to datagrams and then forwards them into the MPLS domain.
Label space
Value range of the label allocated to peers.
label switched path
A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through label

switching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based on
normal routing mechanisms, or through configuration.
label switching router
Basic element of MPLS network. All LSRs support the MPLS protocol. The LSR is
composed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible for
allocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating and
removing the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groups
received in the label forwarding table.
LACP
See Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LAG
See link aggregation group
LAN
See local area network
LAN switch
It is a piece of equipment used to allocate communication links in a LAN.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

74

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Layer 2 Multicast
When Ethernet is used as the link layer, Layer 2 multicast uses multicast MAC addresses
for traffic transmission. Therefore, a technology must exist to map the IP multicast
address to the multicast MAC address.
layer 2 switch
A data forwarding method. In LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch transmits
and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address is the
second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called layer 2 switch.
Layer 2 virtual private A virtual private network achieved by Layer 2 switching technologies in the packet
network
switched (IP/MPLS) network.
LB
See loopback
LBM
See loopback message
LBR
See loopback reply
LC
Lucent connector
LCT
local craft terminal
LDP
See Label Distribution Protocol
LDP peer
Two LSRs that use LDP to exchange labels or FEC mappings. LDP sessions exist
between them.
LER
See label edge router
limit rate
A traffic management technology used to limit the total rate of packet sending on a
physical interface or a Tunnel interface. LR is directly enabled on the interface to control
the traffic passing the interface.
line rate
The maximum packet forwarding capacity on a cable. The value of line rate equals the
maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media.
Link Aggregation
Control Protocol
A method of bundling a group of physical interfaces together as a logical interface to

increase bandwidth and reliability. For related protocols and standards, refer to IEEE
802.3ad.
link aggregation group An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a link
aggregation group so that a MAC client can treat the link aggregation group as if it were
a single link.
Link Control Protocol
In the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), the Link Control Protocol (LCP) establishes,
configures, and tests data-link Internet connections.
Link Group
According to some principles, links are divided into the set in the logical term. A set of
links is called the link group. The division makes management more convenient.
Link Layer Discovery

Protocol
The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is an L2D protocol defined in IEEE 802.1ab.
Using the LLDP, the NMS can rapidly obtain the Layer 2 network topology and changes
in topology when the network scales expand.
Link Monitoring
Link monitoring is a mechanism for an interface to notify the peer of the fault when the
interface detects that the number of errored frames, errored codes, or errored frame
seconds reaches or exceeds the specified threshold.
Link Protection
Protection provided by the bypass tunnel for the link on the working tunnel. The link is
a downstream link adjacent to the PLR. When the PLR fails to provide node protection,
the link protection should be provided.
link state
advertisement
The link in LSA is any type of connection between OSPF routers, while the state is the
condition of the link.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

75

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
link state database
A database containing the states of all the links.
Link status
The running status of a link, which can be Up, Down, backup, or unknown.
linktrace message
The message sent by the initiator MEP of 802.1ag MAC Trace to the destination MEP
is called Linktrace Message(LTM). LTM includes the Time to Live (TTL) and the MAC
address of the destination MEP2.
linktrace reply
For 802.1ag MAC Trace, the destination MEP replies with a response message to the
source MEP after the destination MEP receives the LTM, and the response message is
called Linktrace Reply (LTR). LTR also includes the TTL that equals the result of the
TTL of LTM minus 1.
LLC
See logical link control
LLDP
See Link Layer Discovery Protocol
LLID
locate loopback ID
LMP
link management protocol
LMSP
linear multiplex section protection
load sharing
A device running mode. Two or more hardware units can averagely share the system
load according to their processing capabilities when they work normally. When a
hardware unit becomes faulty, the other units fulfill the tasks of the faulty unit on the
precondition of guaranteeing the system performance, for example, few call loss.
local area network
A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square
kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet,
FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs
are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/
s (that is, 1 Gbit/s).
Lock status
Services are not switched to the protection board or channel when a fault occurs, if
currently no switching takes place. If currently the switching takes place, after the
working board or channel recovers to normal, the services are not switched back to the
working board or channel.
Locked switching
When the switching condition is satisfied, this function disables the service from being
switched from the working channel to the protection channel. When the service has been
switched, the function enables the service to be restored from the protection channel to
the working channel.
LOF
See Loss Of Frame
logical link control
According to the IEEE 802 family of standards, Logical Link Control (LLC) is the upper
sublayer of the OSI data link layer. The LLC is the same for the various physical media
(such as Ethernet, token ring, WLAN).
LOM
loss of multiframe
loopback
A troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the
signal or message can be analyzed for errors.
loopback message
The loopback packet sent by the node that supports 802.2ag MAC Ping to the destination
node. LBM message carries its own sending time.
loopback reply
For 802.2ag MAC Ping, the destination MEP replies with a response message to the
source MEP after the destination MEP receives the LBM, and the response message is
called Loopback Reply. The LBR carries the sending time of LBM, the receiving time
of LBM and the sending time of LBR.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

76

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
LOP
See loss of pointer
LOS
See Loss Of Signal
Loss Of Frame
A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead

indicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitor
the performance of the PHY layer.
loss of pointer
Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the

PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of
cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.
Loss Of Signal
Loss of signal (LOS) indicates that there are no transitions occurring in the received
signal.
low priority queuing
LPQ is performed after WFQ. It also means the device schedules queues strictly based
on the priority of queues.
Lower subrack
The subrack close to the bottom of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.
Lower Threshold
When the performance event count value is smaller than a certain value, a thresholdcrossing event occurs. The value is the lower threshold.
LP
lower order path
LPQ
See low priority queuing
LPT
link-state pass through
LR
See limit rate
LSA
See link state advertisement
LSDB
See link state database
LSP
See label switched path
LSP tunnel
For an LSP, after a label is assigned to an FEC on the ingress, the label determines the
traffic forwarding. The traffic is transparent to the intermediate nodes. In this sense, an
LSP can be regarded as an LSP tunnel.
LSR
See label switching router
LSS
loss of sequence synchronization
LT
linktrace
LTM
See linktrace message
LTR
See linktrace reply
M
MA
See maintenance association
MAC
See media access control
MAC address learning Service that characterizes a learning bridge, in which the source MAC address of each
received packets is stored so that future packets destined for that address can be
forwarded only to the bridge interface on which that address is located. Packets destined
for unrecognized addresses are forwarded out every bridge interface. This scheme helps
minimize traffic on the attached LANs. MAC address learning is defined in the IEEE
802.1 standard.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

77

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
main distribution
frame
A device at a central office, on which all local loops are terminated.
mains supply
The commercial power supply of a nation. In China, the nominal voltage of the mains
supply is 220 V AC and the frequency is 50 Hz.
maintenance
association
That portion of a Service Instance, preferably all of it or as much as possible, the

connectivity of which is maintained by CFM. It is also a full mesh of Maintenance
Entities.
maintenance
association end point
A MEP is an actively managed CFM Entity, associated with a specific DSAP of a Service
Instance, which can generate and receive CFM frames and track any responses. It is an
end point of a single Maintenance Association, and terminates a separate Maintenance
Entity for each of the other MEPs in the same Maintenance Association.
maintenance
association
intermediate point
A CFM Entity, associated with a specific pair of ISS Service Access Points or EISS
Service Access Points, which reacts and responds to CFM frames. It is associated with
a single Maintenance Association, and is an intermediate point within one or more
Maintenance Entities.
maintenance domain
The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by CFM. The
devices in an MD are managed by a single ISP.
maintenance point
Maintenance Point (MP) is one of either a MEP or a MIP.
MAN
See metropolitan area network
Management right
The right enabling a user to manage the specified devices and boards or the group of a
user to manage specified domains.
manual switch
Switches normal traffic signal to the protection section, unless a failure condition exists
on other sections (including the protection section) or an equal or higher priority switch
command is in effect, by issuing a manual switch request for that normal traffic signal.
master-slave
synchronization
In the master-slave mode, a designated master clock disseminates its frequency reference
to all other slave clocks.
maximum transmission The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies,
unit
depending on the network, 576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on
Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbps Token Ring. Responsibility for determining the
size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted
across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one
that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks
involved.
MBS
maximum burst size
MCF
See message communication function
MCR
See minimum cell rate
MD
See maintenance domain
MD5
See message digest algorithm 5
MDF
See main distribution frame
MDP
See message dispatch processor
Mean Time Between

Failures
The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measure

of the reliability of the system.
Mean Time To Repair
The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

78

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
media access control
A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the
data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting
the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol
checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control
information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are
transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC
protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted
correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control
information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.
media gateway
A logical entity that converts the format of the media of a network to meet the format
requirement of another network. It can process audio services, video services and data
services, and convert the media format in full duplex mode. In addition, it can play certain
audio and video signals, and provide the IVR function and media conference.
MEP
See maintenance association end point
merge point
The LSR where one or more backup tunnels rejoin the path of the protected LSP
downstream of the potential failure. The same LSR may be both an MP and a PLR
simultaneously.
message
communication
function
The MCF is composed of a protocol stack that allows exchange of management

information with their prs.
message digest
algorithm 5
A hash function that is used in a variety of security applications to check message

integrity. MD5 processes a variable-length message into a fixed-length output of 128
bits. It breaks up an input message into 512-bit blocks (sixteen 32-bit little-endian
integers). After a series of processing, the output consists of four 32-bit words, which
are then cascaded into a 128-bit hash number.
message dispatch
processor
The MDP roughly processes the received messages, and then sends the messages to the
destinations.
metropolitan area
network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local
area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger
network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is
also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them
with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.
MGW
See media gateway
microwave
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with much longer wavelengths than infrared
radiation, typically above about 1 mm.
minimum cell rate
Minimum Cell Rate (MCR). Parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic
management. MCR is defined only for Available Bit Rate (ABR) transmissions, and
specifies the minimum value for the ACR.
MIP
See maintenance association intermediate point
mirror
It is an action to store a copy of a file to another archive site to release the load of the
original site, or to provide an archive site closer to the users geographically.
MLD
See multicast listener discovery
MLPPP
See Multi-link Point to Point Protocol
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

79

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
MP
See merge point
MP
See maintenance point
MP-BGP
See Multi-protocol Extensions for Border Gateway Protocol
MPLS L2VPN
The MPLS L2VPN provides the Layer 2 VPN service based on an MPLS network. In
this case, on a uniform MPLS network, the carrier is able to provide Layer 2 VPNs of
different media types, such as ATM, FR, VLAN, Ethernet, and PPP.
MPLS OAM
The MPLS OAM provides continuity check for a single LSP, and provides a set of fault
detection tools and fault correct mechanisms for MPLS networks. The MPLS OAM and
relevant protection switching components implement the detection function for the CRLSP forwarding plane, and perform the protection switching in 50 ms after a fault occurs.
In this way, the impact of a fault can be lowered to the minimum.
MPLS TE tunnel
In the case of reroute deployment, or when traffic needs to be transported through

multiple trails, multiple LSP tunnels might be used. In traffic engineering, such a group
of LSP tunnels are referred to as TE tunnels. An LSP tunnel of this kind has two
identifiers. One is the Tunnel ID carried by the SENDER object, and is used to uniquely
define the TE tunnel. The other is the LSP ID carried by the SENDER_TEMPLATE or
FILTER_SPEC object.
MS
See multiplex section
MSP
See multiplex section protection
MST
See multiplex section termination
MSTI
See multiple spanning tree instance
MSTP
See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
MTBF
See Mean Time Between Failures
MTTR
See Mean Time To Repair
MTU
See maximum transmission unit
Multi-link Point to
Point Protocol
A protocol used in ISDN connections. MLPPP lets two B channels act as a single line,
doubling connection rates to 128 kbit/s.
Multi-protocol
Extensions for Border
Gateway Protocol
A multi-protocol extension of BGP-4. MP-BGP supports multiple network layer

protocols and identifies the protocols based on address families. MP-BGP transmits VPN
composition information and VPN-IPv4 routes between PEs.
Multicast
A process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many destinations. The
destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address
ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicast
group rather than a host.
multicast group
A set of members participating in the packet multicast service. The multicast group is
defined by a rule (or set of rules) which identifies a collection of members implicitly or
explicitly. This rule may associate members for the purpose of participating in a call, or
may associate members who do not participate in data transfer but do participate in
management, security, control, and accounting for the multicast group.
multicast listener
discovery
The MLD is used by the IPv6 router to discover the multicast listeners on their directly
connected network segments, and set up and maintain member relationships. On IPv6
networks, after MLD is configured on the receiver hosts and the multicast router to which
the hosts are directly connected, the hosts can dynamically join related groups and the
multicast router can manage members on the local network.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

80

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
multiple spanning tree Multiple spanning tree instance. One of a number of Spanning Trees calculated by MSTP
instance
within an MST Region, to provide a simply and fully connected active topology for
frames classified as belonging to a VLAN that is mapped to the MSTI by the MST
Configuration. A VLAN cannot be assigned to multiple MSTIs.
Multiple Spanning
Tree Protocol
Multiple spanning tree protocol. The MSTP can be used in a loop network. Using an
algorithm, the MSTP blocks redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed
as a tree network. In this case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided
in the loop network. The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and
multiple spanning trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded
in a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.
Multiple Spanning
Tree Region
The MST region consists of switches that support the MSTP in the LAN and links among
them. Switches physically and directly connected and configured with the same MST
region attributes belong to the same MST region. The attributes for the same MST region
are as follows: Same region name Same revision level Same mapping relation between
the VLAN ID to MSTI
multiplex section
The trail between and including two multiplex section trail termination functions.
multiplex section
protection
A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between and
including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a
"protection" channel.
multiplex section
termination
The function performed to generate the MSOH in the process of forming an SDH frame
signal and terminates the MSOH in the reverse direction.
Multiplexing
A procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted into a higher
order path or the multiple higher order path layer signals are adapted into a multiplex
section.
Multiservice capability It specifies whether multiple services can be independently processed during a session.
N
NA
See network address
NCP
See Network Control Protocol
NE database
There are three types of database on NE SCC board as following: (1) DRDB: a dynamic
database in a dynamic RAM, powered by battery; (2) SDB: a static database in a powerdown RAM; (3) FDB0, FDB0: permanently saved databases in a Flash ROM. In efficient
operation, the NE configuration data is saved in DRDB and SDB at the same time.
Backing up an NE database means backing up the NE configuration data from SDB to
FDB0 and FDB1. When an NE is restarted after power-down, the NE database is restored
in the following procedures: As the SDB data is lost due to power-down, the main control
restores the data first from DRDB. If the data in DRDB is also lost due to the exhaustion
of the battery, the data is restored from FDB0 or FDB1.
NE ID
An ID that indicates a managed device in the network. In the network, each NE has a
unique NE ID.
NE side
The NE configuration data saved on the SCC board of the equipment, which can be
uploaded to the network management system and then stored in databases on the network
management system NE side.
network address
On the Internet, addresses are based on the IP protocol, which uses a 32-bit code in the
IP header to identify host addresses.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

81

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Network Control
Protocol
This is the program that switches the virtual circuit connections into place, implements
path control, and operates the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) link.
Network diameter
The maximum of network bridges that the communication passes through between any
two terminal devices in the switched network.
Network entity
Network entity refers to the universal basic devices used to describe the functions and
structure of the transmission network, which considerably facilitates the description of
the network. The network entities include transmission object and sub-network.
network layer
The network layer is layer 3 of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The
network layer provides routing and addressing so that two terminal systems are
interconnected. In addition, the network layer provides congestion control and traffic
control. In the TCP/IP protocol suite, the functions of the network layer are specified
and implemented by IP protocols. Therefore, the network layer is also called IP layer.
Network Management A system in charge of the operation, administration, and maintenance of a network.
System
network node interface The interface at a network node which is used to interconnect with another network node.
network segment
A part of an Ethernet or other network, on which all message traffic is common to all
nodes, that is, it is broadcast from one node on the segment and received by all others.
network service access A network address defined by ISO, through which entities on the network layer can
point
access OSI network services.
network storm
A phenomenon that occurs during data communication. To be specific, mass broadcast

packets are transmitted in a short time; the network is congested; transmission quality
and availability of the network decrease rapidly. The network storm is caused by net
Network Time Protocol The Network Time Protocol (NTP) defines the time synchronization mechanism. It
synchronizes the time between the distributed time server and the client.
network unit layer
The logical layer that implements the configuration, failure and performance for a single
network element in the layered management architecture of the telecom network
management system.
NMS
See Network Management System
NHOP
next-hop
NNI
See network node interface
Node Protection
A parameter of the FRR protection. It indicates that the bypass tunnel should be able to
protect the downstream node that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the
PLR. The node cannot be a merge point, and the bypass tunnel should also be able to
protect the downstream link that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the
PLR.
NPC
network parameter control
NRT
non-real-time
NSAP
See network service access point
NSF
not stop forwarding
NTP
See Network Time Protocol
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

82

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
O
OAM
See operation, administration and maintenance
OAMPDU
oam protocol data unit
ODF
See optical distribution frame
OOF
See out of frame
open shortest path first A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra's
algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A
link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers
in the area.
Open Systems
Interconnection
A framework of ISO standards for communication between different systems made by

different vendors, in which the communications process is organized into seven different
categories that are placed in a layered sequence based on their relationship to the user.
Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a service to the layer above.
Layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communication between the message source
and destination, and layers 3 through 1 deal with network functions.
operation log
The Operations Log is a list of information about operation events.
operation,
administration and
maintenance
A group of network support functions that monitor and sustain segment operation,
activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection, notification,
location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segment in an
operational state and support activities required to provide the services of a subscriber
access network to users/subscribers.
optic fiber connector
A device installed at the end of a fiber, optical source or receive unit. It is used to couple
the optical wave to the fiber when connected to another device of the same type. A
connector can either connect two fiber ends or connect a fiber end and a optical source
(or a detector).+
optical distribution
frame
A frame which is used to transfer and spool fibers.
optical fiber
A thin filament of glass or other transparent material, through which a signal-encoded

light beam may be transmitted using total internal reflection.
OSI
See Open Systems Interconnection
OSPF
See open shortest path first
out of frame
An NE transmits an OOF downstream when it receives framing errors in a specified

number of consecutive frame bit positions.
Outloop
A method of looping back the input signals received at an port to an output port without
changing the structure of the signals.
overcurrent protection A circuit protection technology. When there is a great volume of traffic on a circuit and
the current is stronger than the protection threshold, the circuit is cut off after the circuit
protector timer expires.
overhead cabling
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
Cables or fibers connect the cabinet with other equipment from the top of the cabinet.

83

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
P
P
A backbone device that is located in the service provider network. A P device is not
directly connected with the CE devices. The P devices only need the basic MPLS
forwarding capability and do not maintain information about a VPN.
P2P
See point to point service
packet loss
The discarding of data packets in a network when a device is overloaded and cannot
accept any incoming data at a given moment.
packet over SDH/

SONET
A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POS
interface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and supports the transport of
packet data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN.
Packet rate
The number of bits or bytes passed within a specified time. It is expressed in bits/s or
bytes/s.
packet switching
A network technology in which information is transmitted by means of exchanging

packets and the bandwidth of a channel can be shared by multiple connections.
parity
A method for character level error detection. An extra bit added to a string of bits, usually
a 7-bit ASCII character, so that the total number of bits 1 is odd or even (odd or even
parity). Both ends of a data transmission must use the same parity. When the transmitting
device frames a character, it counts the numbers of 1s in the frame and attaches the
appropriate parity bit. The recipient counts the 1s and, if there is parity error, may ask
for the data to be retransmitted.
pass-through
The action of transmitting the same information that is being received for any given
direction of transmission.
path layer
A layer within an SDH entity that supports the SDH based network transport services,
e.g. multiplexing, cross-connection, regeneration. The network element function is
modeled by managed objects.
PBS
See peak burst size
PCB
See printed circuit board
PCI bus
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. A high performance bus, 32-bit or 64-bit
for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems.
PCR
See peak cell rate
PDH
See plesiochronous digital hierarchy
PDU
See protocol data unit
PE
See provider edge
peak burst size
A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum burst
IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This
parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not
less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
peak cell rate
The maximum rate at which an ATM connection can accept cells.
peak information rate
Peak Information Rate. A traffic parameter, expressed in bit/s, whose value should be
not less than the committed information rate.
Peer
BGP speakers exchanging information with each other.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

84

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
penultimate hop
popping
Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS

enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged
packet is removed by a Label Switched Router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an
adjacent Label Edge Router (LER).
per-hop behavior
IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hop

behaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network should
select the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DSCP. At present, the IETF
defines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF),
assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE).
Performance register
Performance register is the memory space for performance event counts, including 15min current performance register, 24-hour current performance register, 15-min history
performance register, 24-hour history performance register, UAT register and CSES
register. The object of performance event monitoring is the board functional module, so
every board functional module has a performance register. A performance register is
used to count the performance events taking place within a period of operation time, so
as to evaluate the quality of operation from the angle of statistics.
permanent virtual path Virtual path that consists of PVCs.

PGND
protection ground
phase-locked loop
A circuit that consists essentially of a phase detector which compares the frequency of
a voltage-controlled oscillator with that of an incoming carrier signal or referencefrequency generator; the output of the phase detector, after passing through a loop filter,
is fed back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to keep it exactly in phase with the
incoming or reference frequency.
PHB
See per-hop behavior
PHP
See penultimate hop popping
physical layer
Physical layer is the Layer 1 in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) architecture; the
layer that provides services to transmit bits or groups of bits over a transmission link
between open systems and which entails electrical, mechanical and handshaking
physical link
The physical link refers to the link between two physical NEs. When the user creates
NEs or refreshes the device status, the system automatically creates the physical link
according to the topology structure information on the device. The physical link can
modify the remarks information. It cannot be deleted.
Ping Test
A test that is performed to send a data packet to the target IP address (a unique IP address
on the device on the network) to check whether the target host exists according to the
data packet of the same size returned from the target host.
PIR
See peak information rate
plesiochronous digital
hierarchy
A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimum
rate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.
PLL
See phase-locked loop
PLR
See point of local repair
point of local repair
The ingress node of the bypass tunnel. The head-end node of a backup tunnel or a detour
tunnel.
point to multipoint
A communications network that provides a path from one location to multiple locations
(from one to many).
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

85

Commissioning Guide
point to point service
A Glossary
A service between two terminal users. In P2P services, senders and recipients are
terminal users.
Point-to-Point Protocol A protocol on the data link layer, provides point-to-point transmission and encapsulates
data packets on the network layer. It is located in layer 2 of the IP protocol stack.
policy template
To define the calculation rules of a charging event, for example, rating, debiting and
accumulating. A policy template may contain the parameters to be instantiated. They
can be used when the attributes of the condition judgment, calculation method, and action
functions are carried out.
port forwarding
Forwarding of interface-based TCP application data through SSL-encrypted tunnels.
Port priority
The priority used when a port attaches tags to Layer 2 packets. Packets received on ports
with higher priorities are forwarded preferentially.
POS
See packet over SDH/SONET
power up
To start up a computer; to begin a cold boot procedure; to turn on the power
PPP
See Point-to-Point Protocol
PPS
See pulse per second
PQ
See priority queue
PQ
See priority queuing
PRBS
See pseudo random binary sequence
PRC
primary reference clock
Precision Time
Protocol
Precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control

systems, the 1588 standard stipulated by IEEE.
Preemption
During the process of establishing CR-LSP, if you cannot fine one path that satisfies
requirements, you can remove another established path and take up its bandwidth
resource. That is called preemption. CR-LSP check whether the path can be preempted
according to two priority features, that is, Setup Priority and Holding Priority.
Preemption is activated by the Resv message of RSVP-TE. Only when the priority of
Path1, which you want to set up, is higher than that of Path2, you can preempt the
bandwidth source of Path2 for Path1.
printed circuit board
A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components

using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto
a non-conductive substrate.
priority queue
A priority queue is an abstract data type in computer programming that supports the
following three operations: (1) InsertWithPriority: add an element to the queue with an
associated priority (2) GetNext: remove the element from the queue that has the highest
priority, and return it (also known as "PopElement(Off)", or "GetMinimum") (3)
PeekAtNext (optional): look at the element with highest priority without removing it
priority queuing
The Priority Queuing (PQ) is a queue scheduling algorithm based on the absolute priority.
According to the PQ algorithm, services of higher priorities are ensured with greater
bandwidth, lower latency, and less jitter. Packets of lower priorities must wait to be sent
till all packets of higher priorities are sent. In this manner, services of higher priorities
are handled earlier than others.
protection channels
The channels allocated to transport the working traffic during a switch event. When there
is a switch event, traffic on the affected working channels is bridged onto on the
protection channels.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

86

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
protection ground bar
A bar connecting the PGND cable of the cabinet so that the cabinet and the earth are in
the same equipotential level.
protection ground
cable
A cable which connects the equipment and the protection groud bar. Usually, one half
of the cable is yellow; while the other half is green.
Protection path
A specific path that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.
Protection service
A specific service that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.
protocol data unit
It is a data packet at the network layer of the OSI model.
provider edge
A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is
responsible for VPN user management, establishment of LSPs between PEs, and
exchange of routing information between sites of the same VPN. During the process, a
PE performs the mapping and forwarding of packets between the private network and
the public channel. A PE can be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.
pseudo random binary A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the
sequence
values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences.
pseudo wire emulation A type of end-to-end Layer 2 transmitting technology. It emulates the essential attributes
edge-to-edge
of a telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a Packet Switched
Network (PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed Time Division
Multiplexed (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real
situation.
PSTN
See public switched telephone network
PTMP
See point to multipoint
PTN
packet transport network
PTP
See Precision Time Protocol
public switched
telephone network
A telecommunications network established to perform telephone services for the public

subscribers. Sometimes called POTS.
pulse per second
Pulse per second, which, strictly speaking, is not a time synchronization signal. This is
because 1PPS provides only the "gauge" corresponding to the UTC second, but does not
provide the information about the day, month, or year. Therefore, 1PPS is used as the
reference for frequency synchronization. On certain occasions, 1PPS can also be used
on other interfaces for high precision timing.
PVP
See permanent virtual path
PWE3
See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge
Q
QinQ
A layer 2 tunnel protocol based on IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation. It encapsulates the tag
of the user's private virtual local area network (VLAN) into the tag of the public VLAN.
The packet carries two layers of tags to travel through the backbone network of the
carrier. In this manner, the layer 2 virtual private network (VPN) is provided for the user.
QoS
See quality of service
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

87

Commissioning Guide
quality of service
A Glossary
A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel.

Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet loss
ratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of the
transmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of a
service provider to meet the demands of users.
R
R99
Release 1999
radio access network
The network that provides the connection between CPEs and the CN. It isolates the CN
from wireless network.
radio frequency
A type of electric current in the wireless network using AC antennas to create an

electromagnetic field. It is the abbreviation of high-frequency AC electromagnetic wave.
The AC with the frequency lower than 1 kHz is called low-frequency current. The AC
with frequency higher than 10 kHz is called high-frequency current. RF can be classified
into such high-frequency current.
radio network
controller
An equipment in the RNS which is in charge of controlling the use and the integrity of
the radio resources.
RAN
See radio access network
random early detection A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet according
to the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronization
resulted in traditional Tail-Drop can be prevented.
Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol
An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning tree
convergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible with
the STP protocol.
rated current
The input current of the equipment as declared by the manufacturer.
RDI
See remote defect indication
Re-optimization
Re-optimization refers to the dynamic optimization of CR-LSPs, namely, the periodic

calculation of CR-LSP routes. If the recalculated route is better than the current route, a
new CR-LSP is created. Traffic switches from the original CR-LSP to the new CR-LSP,
and then the original CR-LSP is deleted.
Real Time Protocol
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a host-to-host protocol. It is used to deliver realtime services such as audio and video over the IP network.
real time variable bit

rate
The rt-VBR is intended for real-time applications, such as compressed voice over IP
(VoIP) and video conferencing. The rt-VBR is characterized by a peak cell rate (PCR),
sustained cell rate (SCR), and maximum burst size (MBS). You can expect the source
device to transmit in bursts and at a rate that varies with time.
Real-time Transport
Protocol
A type of host-to-host protocol used in real-time multimedia services such as Voice over
IP (VoIP) and video.
reboot
To start the system again. Programs or data will be reloaded to all boards.
RED
See random early detection
reference clock
A kind of stable and high-precision autonous clock providing frequencies for other clocks
for reference.
REI
See remote error indication
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

88

Commissioning Guide
remote defect
indication
A Glossary
A signal transmitted at the first opportunity in the outgoing direction when a terminal
detects specific defects in the incoming signal.
remote error indication A remote error indication (REI) is sent upstream to signal an error condition. There are
two types of REI alarms: Remote error indication line (REI-L) is sent to the upstream
LTE when errors are detected in the B2 byte. Remote error indication path (REI-P) is
sent to the upstream PTE when errors are detected in the B3 byte.
remote maintenance
association end point
For the other devices in the same MA, their MEPs are called the Remote Maintenance
association End Points (RMEPs).
remote monitor
A widely used network management standard defined by the IETF, and it enhances the
MIB II standard greatly. It mainly functions to monitor the data traffic over a network
segment or the entire network. RMON is completely based on the SNMP architecture,
including the NMS and the Agent running on each network device.
Request For Comments A document in which a standard, a protocol, or other information pertaining to the
operation of the Internet is published. The RFC is actually issued, under the control of
the IAB, after discussion and serves as the standard. RFCs can be obtained from sources
such as InterNIC.
required Min Rx
interval
The minimum interval between received BFD control packets that the local system is
capable of supporting.
Resource Reservation
Protocol
The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is designed for Integrated Service and is
used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP operates on the transport
layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data. RSVP is a network control
protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
reverse pressure
A traffic control method. In telecommunication, when detecting that the transmit end
transmits a large volume of traffic, the receive end sends signals to ask the transmit end
to slow down the transmission rate.
RF
See radio frequency
RFC
See Request For Comments
ring network
A type of network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes,
forming a circular pathway for signals.
RIP
See Routing Information Protocol
RMEP
See remote maintenance association end point
RMON
See remote monitor
RMRI
See required Min Rx interval
RNC
See radio network controller
RoHS
restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances
rollback
A return to a previous condition through cancellation of a certain operation.
Root alarm
An alarm directly caused by anomaly events or faults in the network. Some lower-level
alarms always accompany a root alarm.
Route restriction
The constraint conditions for calculating a route. When creating a trail, the user can
specify the explicit route and the NEs that the trail cannot pass. The explicit route and
the NEs are the constraints for calculating the route. The inevitable trail only functions
when the number of routes is calculated as 1. Double-click the NE icon can set the NE
as an NE that cannot be passed, and double-clicking it again can cancel the setting.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

89

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Routing Information
Protocol
A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route
based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector
protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is
known to waste bandwidth.
routing policy
Routing policies are implemented to filter routing information, mainly through the
change of route properties.
routing protocol
A formula used by routers to determine the appropriate path onto which data should be
forwarded.
routing table
A table that stores and updates the locations (addresses) of network devices. Routers
regularly share routing table information to be up to date. A router relies on the
destination address and on the information in the table that gives the possible routes--in
hops or in number of jumps--between itself, intervening routers, and the destination.
Routing tables are updated frequently as new information is available.
RS232
In the asynchronous transfer mode and there is no hand-shaking signal. It can

communicate with RS232 and RS422 of other stations in point-to-point mode and the
transmission is transparent. Its highest speed is 19.2kbit/s.
RS422
The specification that defines the electrical characteristics of balanced voltage digital
interface circuits. The interface can change to RS232 via the hardware jumper and others
are the same as RS232.
RSTP
See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
RSVP
See Resource Reservation Protocol
rt-VBR
See real time variable bit rate
RTP
See Real-time Transport Protocol
RTP
See Real Time Protocol
S
S-VLAN
service VLAN
S1 byte
In an SDH network, each network element traces step by step to the same clock reference
source through a specific clock synchronization path, thus realizing the synchronization
of the whole network. If a clock reference source traced by the NE is missing, this NE
will trace another clock reference source of a lower level. To implement protection
switching of clocks in the whole network, the NE must learn about clock quality
information of the clock reference source it traces. Therefore, ITU-T defines S1 byte to
transmit network synchronization status information. It uses the lower four bits of the
multiplex section overhead S1 byte to indicate 16 types of synchronization quality
grades. Auto protection switching of clocks in a synchronous network can be
implemented using S1 byte and a proper switching protocol.
SC
See square connector
SCR
sustainable cell rate
SD
See signal degrade
SDH
See synchronous digital hierarchy
SDP
serious disturbance period
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

90

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
security alarm
A message generated when a security-related event that is defined by security policy as

being an alarm condition has been detected. A security alarm is intended to come to the
attention of appropriate entities in a timely manner.
security level
The classification of the security according to its significance.
security log
Security logs record the security operations on the NMS, such as logging in to the server,
modifying the password, and exiting from the NMS server.
SEMF
See synchronous equipment management function
sequence number
An identifying number used to designate a block of data, an operation, or part of an

operation.
service data
The user and/or network information required for the normal functioning of service.
SETS
See synchronous equipment timing source
Setup Priority
The priority of the tunnel with respect to obtaining resources, ranging from 0 (indicates
the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the tunnel can preempt the
resources required by other backup tunnels.
SFP
See small form-factor pluggable
shaping
The process of delaying packets within a traffic stream to cause it to conform to certain
defined traffic profile.
SHDSL
See single-line high speed digital subscriber line
shortest path first
Link-state, is a hierarchical IGP routing algorithm proposed as a successor to RIP in the

Internet community. OSPF features include least-cost routing, multipath routing, and
load balancing. OSPF was derived from an early version of the IS-IS protocol. See ISIS.
signal cable
Common signal cables cover the E1 cable, network cable, and other non-subscriber
signal cable.
signal degrade
A signal indicating the associated data has degraded in the sense that a degraded defect
(e.g., dDEG) condition is active.
signaling stream
Control stream that controls calls and bearer.
Simple Network
Management Protocol
A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modify
the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the
transmission of management information between any two points. The polling
mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which
can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the
network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control
information about each device is maintained by a management information block.
Simple Traffic
Classification
Simple traffic classification (STC) organizes data packets into multiple priorities or
multiple service classes. A network administrator can set STC policies. An STC policy
can include the IP precedence or the DSCP value of an IP packet, the EXP value of an
MPLS packet, the ToS field in the IP packet header or the 802.1p value of a VLAN
packet.
single-ended switching A protection operation method which takes switching action only at the affected end of
the protected entity (e.g. "trail", "subnetwork connection"), in the case of a unidirectional
failure.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

91

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
single-line high speed

A symmetric digital subscriber line technology developed from HDSL, SDSL, and
HDSL2, which is defined in ITU-T G.991.2. The SHDSL port is connected to the user
terminal through the plain telephone subscriber line and uses trellis coded pulse
amplitude modulation (TC-PAM) technology to transmit high-speed data and provide
the broadband access service.
Slicing
To divide data into the information units proper for transmission.
small form-factor
pluggable
A specification for a new generation of optical modular transceivers.
SMB
sub-miniature B
Smooth upgrade
Process of upgrading the system files without service interruption
SNMP
See Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET
See synchronous optical network
Spanning Tree Protocol STP is a protocol that is used in the LAN to remove the loop. STP applies to the redundant
network to block some undesirable redundant paths through certain algorithms and prune
a loop network into a loop-free tree network.
SPE
See superstratum provider edge
SPF
See shortest path first
SQN
See sequence number
square connector
Cables may use two styles of connectors: "square" and "D-style".
SSM
See Synchronization Status Message
SSMB
synchronization status message byte
static ARP
A protocol that binds some IP addresses to a specified gateway. The packet of these IP
addresses must be forwarded through this gateway.
static route
A route that cannot adapt to the change of network topology. Operators must configure
it manually. When a network topology is simple, the network can work in the normal
state if only the static route is configured. It can improve network performance and ensure
bandwidth for important applications. Its disadvantage is as follows: When a network is
faulty or the topology changes, the static route does not change automatically. It must
be changed by the operators.
static routing table
A static routing table is constructed manually by the system administrator using the route
command.
Statistical multiplexing A multiplexing technique whereby information from multiple logical channels can be
transmitted across a single physical channel. It dynamically allocates bandwidth only to
active input channels, to make better use of available bandwidth and allow more devices
to be connected than with other multiplexing techniques. Compare with TDM.
STP
See Spanning Tree Protocol
subnet mask
The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets are
destined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine,
server or router and is matched with the IP address.
super long packet
The packet that has a length of more than 1,600 bytes.
super short packet
The packet that has a length of less than 64 bytes.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

92

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
superstratum provider The SPE devices are core devices that are located within a VPLS full-meshed network.
edge
The UPE devices that are connected with the SPE devices are similar to the CE devices.
The PWs set up between the UPE devices and the SPE devices serve as the ACs of the
SPE devices. The SPE devices must learn the MAC addresses of all the sites on UPE
side and those of the UPE interfaces that are connected with the SPE. SPE is sometimes
called NPE.
Switching restoration
time
It refers to the period of time between the start of detecting and the moment when the
line is switched back to the original status after protection switching occurs in the MSP
sub-network.
Synchronization Status A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link.
Message
Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clock
information through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on their
clocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward the
synchronization information to downstream nodes.
Synchronize Alarm
When synchronizing the alarms, the network management system checks the alarms in
the network management system database and the alarms in the NE. If they are
inconsistent, the alarms in the NE are uploaded to the network management system
database and overwrite the old ones.
synchronize NE time
To send the system time of the server of the network management system to NEs so as
to synchronize all NEs with the server.
synchronous digital
hierarchy
A transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines the
transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode,
transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and BISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speed
counterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is only used only for signals. SDH is
suitable for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since
it uses synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.
synchronous
equipment
management function
The SEMF converts performance data and implementation specific hardware alarms into
object-oriented messages for transmission over DCCs and/or a Q interface.
synchronous
equipment timing
source
The SETS function provides timing reference to the relevant component parts of
multiplexing equipment and represents the SDH network clement clock.
synchronous optical
network
A high-speed network that provides a standard interface for communications carriers to

connect networks based on fiberoptic cable. SONET is designed to handle multiple data
types (voice, video, and so on). It transmits at a base rate of 51.84 Mbps, but multiples
of this base rate go as high as 2.488 Gbps (gigabits per second).
Synchronous source
A clock providing timing services to connected network elements. This would include
clocks conforming to Recommendations G.811, G.812 and G.813.
SYSLOG
Syslog is an industry standard protocol for recording device logs.
Syslog Service
Syslog service is used to manage the device to send the log information to the host. It is
used on the sending-information port.
system logging
System log tracks miscellaneous system events like startup, shutdown and events like
hardware and controller failures.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

93

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
T
Tail drop
A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded when
the queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-wide
synchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism.
tangent rings
It is a concept in geometry. There is a public node between two ring networks. The public
node often brings in single-point failure.
TCH
See traffic channel
TCP
See Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP
See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDD
See time division duplex
TDM
See time division multiplexing
TE
See traffic engineering
Telecommunication
A protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications
Management Network network. An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation,
maintenance, operation and administration of telecommunications equipment, networks
and services.
threshold-crossing
A performance monitoring parameter reaches or exceeds a preset threshold.
throughput
The maximum transmission rate of the tested object (system, equipment, connection,
service type) when no packet is discarded. Throughput can be measured with bandwidth.
TIM
trace identifier mismatch
time division duplex
In Time Division Duplex (TDD) system, the uplink and downlink links use different
timeslots. They usually share the same frequency.
time division
multiplexing
A multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots
(TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3, ...), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time
slots in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted
over one channel.
Time Slot
Continuously repeating interval of time or a time period in which two devices are able
to interconnect.
time to live
A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to prevent packets that loop endlessly.
The TTL is set by the sender to the maximum time the packet is allowed to be in the
network. Each router in the network decrements the TTL field when the packet arrives,
and discards any packet if the TTL counter reaches zero.
timing loop
A network condition where a slave clock providing synchronization becomes locked to

its own timing signal. It is generally created when the slave clock timing information is
looped back to its own input, either directly or via other network equipment. Timing
loops should be prevented in networks by careful network design.
TM
See traffic management
TM
See topology management
TMN
See Telecommunication Management Network
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

94

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
token bucket algorithm The token bucket is a container for tokens. The capacity of a token bucket is limited, and
the number of tokens determines the traffic rate of permitted packets. The token bucket
polices the traffic. Users place the tokens into the bucket regularly according to the preset
rate. If the tokens in the bucket exceed the capacity, no tokens can be put in. Packets can
be forwarded when the bucket has tokens, otherwise they cannot be transferred till there
are new tokens in the bucket. This scheme adjusts the rate of packet input.
token ring
The IEEE 802.5 standard for a token-passing ring network with a star-configured
physical topology. Internally, signals travel around the network from one station to the
next in a ring. Physically, each station connects to a central hub called a multistation
access server.
tolerance
Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.
topology management
Topology management displays static configuration objects on a graphic interface, as

well as the status data, monitoring data, and alarm data on the objects. It also enables
users to perform operations on the GUI. The topology management is integrated with
the EAM, fault, and security NBI common service subsystems to provide the domainbased element management solution.
Topology Object
A basic element in the NMS topology view, which includes submap, node, connection,
and so on.
Topology view
A basic component for the human-machine interface. The topology view directly
displays the networking of a network as well as the alarm and communication statuses
of each network element and subnet. In this manner, the topology view reflects the basic
running conditions of the network.
ToS
See type of service
ToS priority
A ToS sub-field (the bits 0 to 2 in the ToS field) in the ToS field of the IP packet header.
TPS
See tributary protection switch
TPS protection
The equipment level protection that uses one standby tributary board to protect N
tributary boards. When a fault occurs on the working board, the SCC issues the switching
command, and the payload of the working board can be automatically switched over to
the specified protection board and the protection board takes over the job of the working
board. After the fault is cleared, the service is automatically switched to the original
board
TR
See token ring
traffic channel
Indicates the channel that carries voice coding information or user data. Traffic channels
are classified into voice traffic channels and data traffic channels.
traffic classification
Traffic classification enables you to classify traffic into different classes with different
priorities according to some criteria. Each class of traffic has a specified quality of service
(QoS) in the entire network. In this way, different traffic packets can be treated
differently.
traffic engineering
A technology that is used to dynamically monitor the traffic of the network and the load
of the network elements, to adjust in real time the parameters such as traffic management
parameters, route parameters and resource restriction parameters, and to optimize the
utilization of network resources. The purpose is to prevent the congestion caused by
unbalanced loads.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

95

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Traffic frame discard

flag
It is the traffic frame discard control. Two options are provided: enable and disable. It
indicates the means by which the NE discards cells when the network is congested. When
the frame discard mark is closed, the cells will be discarded at the cell level; when it is
opened, they will be discarded at the frame level. Here, "frame" refers to the AAL
protocol data unit.
traffic management
Traffic management refers to the process of monitoring user traffic on a network and
redistributing/rerouting it when necessary in order to ensure optimal network
performance
traffic policy
A full set of QoS policies formed by association of traffic classification and QoS actions.
trail termination source The trail termination source identifier (TTSI) of the LSP is used to uniquely identify an
identifier
LSP on a network.
transit
labeled. The middle node is named Transit.
transit delay
The period from the time when a site starts to transmit a data frame to the time when the
site finishes the data frame transmission or to the time when all data frames are received
by the receiver.
Transmission Control
Protocol
The protocol within TCP/IP that governs the breakup of data messages into packets to
be sent via IP (Internet Protocol), and the reassembly and verification of the complete
messages from packets received by IP. A connection-oriented, reliable protocol (reliable
in the sense of ensuring error-free delivery), TCP corresponds to the transport layer in
the ISO/OSI reference model.
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet
Protocol
Common name for the suite of protocols developed to support the construction of
worldwide internetworks.
transparent
transmission
A process during which the signaling protocol or data is not processed in the content but
encapsulated in the format for the processing of the next phase.
transport plane
The transport plane provides bidirectional or unidirectional transfer of user information,

from one location to another. It can also provide transfer of some control and network
management information. The transport plane is layered; it is equivalent to the transport
network defined in ITU-T Rec. G.805.
tributary protection
switch
Tributary protection switching, a function provided by the equipment, is intended to

protect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary processing board.
tributary unit group
One or more Tributary Units, occupying fixed, defined positions in a higher order VCn payload is termed a Tributary Unit Group (TUG). TUGs are defined in such a way that
mixed capacity payloads made up of different size Tributary Units can be constructed
to increase flexibility of the transport network
trTCM
See two rate three color marker
trunk cable
The main (often large diameter) cable of a coaxial cable system.
trunk line
A transmission channel between two switching centers or nodes. It is used to connect

the exchange to the network.
TTL
See time to live
TTSI
See trail termination source identifier
TU
tributary unit
TUG
See tributary unit group
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

96

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
Tunnel
A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs.
In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnel
ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnel
is an MPLS tunnel.
twisted pair
It is a four-pair wire medium-composed of pairs of wires - used in a variety of networks.
two rate three color

marker
The trTCM meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets based on two rates, Peak
Information Rate (PIR) and Committed Information Rate (CIR), and their associated
burst sizes to be either green, yellow, or red. A packet is marked red if it exceeds the
PIR. Otherwise it is marked either yellow or green depending on whether it exceeds or
doesn't exceed the CIR.
type of service
A field in an IP packet (IP datagram) used for quality of service (QoS). The TOS field
has 8 bits in length, which is divided into five subfields.
U
U-VLAN
A VLAN attribute indicating that the current VLAN is a user VLAN of an M-VLAN.
Multicast services are copied from the M-VLAN to the user VLAN.
UAS
unavailable second
UAT
See unavailable time event
UBR
See unspecified bit rate
UBR+
Unspecified Bit Rate Plus
UDP
See User Datagram Protocol
unavailable time event A UAT event is reported when the monitored object generates 10 consecutive severely
errored seconds (SES) and the SESs begin to be included in the unavailable time. The
event will end when the bit error ratio per second is better than 10-3 within 10 consecutive
seconds.
underfloor cabling
The cables connected cabinets and other devices are routed underfloor.
UNI
See user network interface
unicast
The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient.
unspecified bit rate
No commitment to transmission. No feedback to congestion. This type of service is ideal

for the transmission of IP datagrams. In case of congestion, UBR cells are discarded,
and no feedback or request for slowing down the data rate is delivered to the sender.
UPC/NPC
See usage parameter control/network parameter control
Upper subrack
The subrack close to the top of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.
Upper threshold
The critical value that can induce unexpected events if exceeded.
UPS
uninterruptible power supply
usage parameter
control/network
parameter control
Usage Parameter Control/Network Parameter Control. During the communication, the

UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtual circuit that is input to
the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measures will be taken to control.
NPC is similar to the UPC in function. The difference is that the incoming traffic
monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to their positions. The UPC
locates at the user/network interface, while the NPC at the network interface.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

97

Commissioning Guide
User Datagram
Protocol
A Glossary
A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a
datagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP
to deliver datagrams. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable
connectionless packet delivery service. Thus, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated,
delayed, or delivered out of order. UDP is used to try to transmit the data packet, that is,
the destination device does not actively confirm whether the correct data packet is
received.
user network interface The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (for
example, ATM switches).
User operation log
Record the operation of the user for the convenience of analysis and query.
V
V-NNI
See virtual network-network interface
V-UNI
See virtual user-network interface
variable bit rate
One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a
permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth
and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls.
VBR
See variable bit rate
VC
See virtual channel
VCC
See virtual channel connection
VCCV
virtual circuit connectivity verification
VCI
See virtual channel identifier
VCTRUNK
A virtual concatenation group applied in data service mapping, also called the internal
port of a data service processing board
virtual channel
Any logical connection in the ATM network. A VC is the basic unit of switching in the
ATM network uniquely identified by a virtual path identifier (VPI)/virtual channel
identifier (VCI) value. It is the channel on which ATM cells are transmitted by the
switching.
virtual channel
connection
The VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A
logical grouping of multiple virtual channel connections into one virtual connection.
virtual channel
identifier
A 16-bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, together with the VPI, is used to
identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on
its way to its destination.
virtual circuit
A channel or circuit established between two points on an ATM /a network. Virtual

circuits can be Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) or Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) .
virtual leased line
A point-to-point, layer-2 channel that behaves like a leased line by transparently

transporting different protocols with a guaranteed throughput.
virtual local area

network
A logical grouping of two or more nodes which are not necessarily on the same physical
network segment but which share the same IP network number. This is often associated
with switched Ethernet.
virtual networknetwork interface
A virtual network-network interface (V-NNI) is a network-side interface.
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

98

Commissioning Guide
A Glossary
virtual path
A bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across an ATM
network based on a common VPI.
virtual path identifier
The field in the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cell header that identifies to which
VP (Virtual Path) the cell belongs.
virtual private LAN

service
A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLS
enables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through the
MAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.
virtual private network A system configuration, where the subscriber is able to build a private network via
connections to different network switches that may include private network capabilities.
virtual private wire
service
A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR,
Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN.
virtual route forward
VRF performs the function of establishing multiple virtual routing devices on one actual
routing device. That is, the L3 interfaces of the device are distributed to different VRFs,
performing the function of establishing multiple virtual route forwarding instances on
the device.
virtual switch instance An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to the
virtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridge
function and can terminate PW.
virtual user-network
interface
A virtual user-network interface, works as an action point to perform service

classification and traffic control in HQoS.
VLAN
See virtual local area network
VLAN ID
Namely, it is the virtual LAN identifier. One Ethernet port can support 4K VLAN routes,
and one NE can support up to 8K VLAN routes.
VLAN mapping
A technology that enables user packets to be transmitted over the public network by
translating private VLAN tags into public VLAN tags. When user packets arrive at the
destination private network, VLAN mapping translates public VLAN tags back into
private VLAN tags. In this manner, user packets are correctly transmitted to the
destination.
VLAN mapping table
One of the properties of the MST region, which describes the relationship between
VLANs and spanning tree instances.
VLL
See virtual leased line
voice over IP
An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice
information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital form
in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the
public switched telephone network (PSTN).
VoIP
See voice over IP
VP
See virtual path
VPI
See virtual path identifier
VPLS
See virtual private LAN service
VPN
See virtual private network
VPWS
See virtual private wire service
VRF
See virtual route forward
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

99

Commissioning Guide
VSI
A Glossary
See virtual switch instance
W
WAN
See wide area network
Wander
The long-term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal
position in time (where long-term implies that these variations are of frequency less than
10Hz).
wavelength
The distance between successive peaks or troughs in a periodic signal that is propagated
through space. Wavelength is symbolized by the Greek letter lambda and can be
calculated as speed divided by frequency.
wavelength division
multiplexing
A technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuation of
single mode optical fiber, uses multiple wavelengths as carriers, and allows multiple
channels to transmit simultaneously in a single fiber.
WDM
See wavelength division multiplexing
weighted fair queuing
A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This

scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according
to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priority
queues can be scheduled.
weighted random early A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCP
detection
synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority
packet when calculating the packet loss ratio.
WFQ
See weighted fair queuing
wide area network
A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are
physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a
province, a state or even a country.
winding pipe
A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe.
Working path
The channels allocated to transport the normal traffic.
WRED
See weighted random early detection
wrong packets
The packets with received messages not translated or translated incorrectly.
X
X digital subscriber line A family of bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques, developed to achieve extremely
high data transfer rates over twisted- pair cables. While the letter "X" represents a
variable, DSL stands for "Digital Subscriber Line". XDSL techniques may offer several
benefits such as, capability to offer high-speed data services to customers, low cost by
using existing infrastructure and switching congestion relief caused by existing data
users.
xDSL
Issue 02 (2013-08-10)
See X digital subscriber line

100

Huawei OptiX PTN 950 Commissioning Guide (V100R005)

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Huawei OptiX PTN 950 Commissioning Guide (V100R005)

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.

Trademarks and Permissions

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Industrial Base

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

About This Document

About This Document

OptiX PTN 950

Huawei iManager U2000

Installation and commissioning engineers

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or medium

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

About This Document

NOTE provides additional information to emphasize or

Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles

Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">"

Changes in Issue 02 (2013-08-10) Based on Product Version V100R005C01

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 01 (2013-05-31) Based on Product Version V100R005C01

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 02 (2013-01-15) Based on Product Version V100R005C00

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

About This Document

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 01 (2012-10-30) Based on Product Version V100R005C00

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

1 Equipment Commissioning Flow

Equipment Commissioning Flow

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

1 Equipment Commissioning Flow

Figure 1-1 Equipment commissioning flow

Prepare tools and

Check the connection

Create the network

Check the optical

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

2 Preparations for the Commissioning

Preparations for the Commissioning

About This Chapter

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

2 Preparations for the Commissioning

2.1 Checking Commissioning Conditions

Network Commissioning Conditions

The equipment must be installed and the installation must be checked.

The required instruments, tools and materials must be ready.

2.2 References and Instruments Required for the

OptiX iManager U2000 Installation Guide

Engineering design documents

NE name, NE ID and NE IP address allocation table

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series

2 Preparations for the Commissioning