BS 4465 1989 Electric Hoists PDF

as 4465 : 1 989
UDC 621.876.1-83:69.057.7
British Standard Specification for
Design and construction of electric hoists

for both passengers and materials
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(f)
Conception et construction des elt~vateursde personnel et monte-charge electriques - Specifications

Ausfuhrung und Konstruktion von elektrischen Personen- und Lastenaufzugen
FRANKLIN OFFSHORE EUROPE LTD

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WILL BE UPDATED WHEN REQUIRED
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EUROPE lTD
CONTROLLED COPY. THIS
DOCUMENT
_WILL BE UPDATED WHEN
REQUIRED
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION
EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
British Standards
BS 4465 : 1989
Foreword
This British Standard, prepared under the direction of the

Mechanical Handling Standards Policy Committee at the
request of the Health and Safety Executive, is a new edition
of BS 4465 : 1986, which is withdrawn. This edition introduces technical changes to bring the standard up-to-date
but it does not reflect a full review of the standard, which
will be undertaken in due course. It specifies requirements
for hoists carrying both passengers and materials used in
construction work and applies to machines employing
rope suspended cages driven by drum and traction, and also
to rack and pinion drive machines.
The primary object of the standard is to promote reliability
and safety without placing undue restrictions on the general
design of hoists or methods employed in their construction
and erection.
The standard follows closely the requirements specified in
draft European Standard prEN 109. It was originally
envisaged that EN 109 would be directly implemented as
the revision of this British Standard but, owing to administrative problems, final publication of the European Standard
cannot be anticipated for some considerable time. However,
upon the publication of EN 109 this standard may be
revised to implement that European Standard.
The design practice in this specification is based upon that
for cranes and thus the structural requirements specified in
this standard are similar to those specified in BS 2573 :
Part 1.
Account has also been taken of BS 5655 : Part 1 for electric
lifts. There are however some radical departures from lift
design practice in this standard, these being necessitated by
such factors as the open air environment of the hoist,
and the need for its periodic dismantling, re-erection and
extension in service.
It is assumed that a base structure and other supports will
be provided on the construction site which will support and
resist all loads, moments and overturning forces which may
develop due to the use of the hoist, wind forces and other
.in.cidanal-fOfiteS
'6"
lhe ..IClst mmNij
11Hi'~klJo~ledQedA1i!i ~ ftbJ~t~~~ d to carry both

".
ge larger than that
passengers 1!tIdm3teri~JdD1ti_
carry bulky but not
re~irecrtor-'~s~~~ers
9l1W.~, 9~~
l1ec:essatilyheavy objec~. ')15 eJ~r)ti., therefore, that users
of these h()4Jt~'eilterc:~eQJa{e
'lSb'Ht l over their loading.
C9.J1~ipl!ra1;j,p.Q~ouJd.l?egW8fI tPt'II\'t; stallation of over10adWarning~evices.lt
is anticip~1~'t. at a code of practice
wiJ1 be,prepared on-t~safem$'tmlaHo~
and use of the
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the selection of
ng down safe systems

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nd planning ofthe
examinati0,q.
peration
and mainte-
",/lqqce ~CP~~ft~jf9~~clf~'41s
ell as giving guidance
\hE!'~~I!e~ty'0~4af1d
t~)j1iJlRV"ertors and operators.
.~~~diJ<]i{ tMs l\Jg\SI~fibn;"MgUla.\lons
and related
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documents
thatmay-be'
dfJPtfCiib1e to electric
hoists.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself

confer immunity from legal obligations.
as 4466 : 1989
Contents
Page
Foreword
Committees
Inside front cover

Back cover
responsible
E Basic formula for calculation

of C,
F Text deleted
G Certificate of type test for safety gear
Specification
Section one. General
2
2
2
2 Definitions
3 Design considerations
two. Structural
design and construction
4 Loads and load combinations

6 Selection of steel, minimum thickness and
working stresses
6 Stresses in structural components
7 Basic stresses in connections
8 Proportions
of structural components,
plates
and web stiffeners
9 Fluctuating
loads: permissible fatigue stresses
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Section three. Mechanical design and construction

10 Hoist cage and enclosure
11 Hoistway enclosure and gates
12 Interlocking of gates
13 Rope suspension
14 Rack and pinion suspension system
15 Driving machinery
16 Brake
17 Counterweights
18 Safety gear
19 Overspeed governors
20 Buffers
21 Hoist cage overrun
22 Safety switches
23 Guarding
24 Noticas
43
43
43
45
Section five. Testing

31 General
46
3
3
3
4
5
5
9
10
11
13
13
15
16
18
22
24
24
26
27
27
31
36
38
40
40
Figures
manual
Appendices
A Legislation and related documents
B Text deleted
C Derivation of design wind pressures
D The use of steels of higher tensile strengths than
those of steels complying with BS 4360
1
2
3
4
List of loads
Load combinations
I mpact factors
Design wind pressures
6 Force coefficients Cf
6 Shielding factors q,
3
7 Basic stresses in structural members
8 Values of Robertson constant Q for struts of
6
various sections
8
9 Values of Fcrlp for steels complying with
21
BS 4360
10 Values of K1
24
11 Values of K2
29
12 Values of A and 8 to be used for calculating
values of C,
36 13 Basic stress Pbc,b81 for different values of
critical stress C,
36
14
Basic average shear stress Pq,b81 in stiffened
36
webs
of steel complying with BS 4360
37
38 16 Basic stresses in welds
38 16 Basic stresses in rivets as a percentage of YRO.2
39 17 Effective lengths of parts in compression
39 18 Effective lenCl1:hwith no lateral bracing
40 19 Maximum width of plates in compression
40 20 Projection of unstiffened compression flange
plates
40
41 21 Values of P for fluctuating stresses for various
classes of constructional details
41
41 22 Size of perforation or opening in cage enclosure
related to clearance
42
23 Clearance betWeen turns of rope on helically
grooved drums
24 Type of safety gear for counterweights
43
26 Governor tripping speeds
43
Section four. Electrical design and construction

26 Mains supply isolating switch
26 Cables and wiring
27 Protection against the effects of external
influences
28 Earthing
29 Control circuits, panels, equipment and systems
30 Suppression of radio and television interference
Section six. Instruction

32 General
50
50
61
Tables
1 Scope
Section
Page
48
49
49
49
49
1 Conversion chart for wind speed and pressure

2 Definitions: aerodynamic slenderness, section
ratio, solidity ratio and spacing ratio
3 Design throat thickness of fillet welds
4 Design throat thickness of deep-penetrCition
fillet welds
5 Effective length with lateral bracing
6 Typical class E weld details
7 Typical class F weld details
8 Typical class F and class G weld details
9 Typical class G weld details
10 Angle of fleet
23
25
32
....
.:J.)
21
36
37
Index
62
6
7
23
as 4465 : 1989
Specification. Section one
Section one. General
2.8 rated speed. The speed of the hoist cage for which the
equipment has been built and for which normal operation
is guaranteed by the vendor.
1 Scope
This British Standard specifies requirements for the design
and construction of hoists that are intended to be used as
temporary installations during construction work. They are
primarily intended for the carriage of personnel but may
also carry materials. The hoist cage is restrained against
lateral movement by a guide or guides and is suspended or
supported by either steel wire ropes or a rack and pinion(s).
The maximum speed of travel of the hoist cage is 2 m/s.
NOTE. The titles of the publications
listed on the inside back cover.
referred
to in this standard
2.9 safety gear. A mechanical device for stopping and

maintaining stationary on the guides the hoist cage or
counterweight in the case of overspeeding in the downward
direction.
2.10 stopping distance. The distance the cage will fall
during a safety gear test, measured from the point of
release of the stationary cage to the point of arrest.
are
2.11 terminal stopping switch. A switch or combination of

switches arranged to bring the cage to rest automatically
at or near a terminal landing, independently of the functioning of the operating control device.
2 Definitions
2.12 tower. A structure that supports and guides the cage

(and the counterweight when provided) within the tower
structure.
For the purposes of this British Standard the following

definitions apply.
2.1 in service. A condition when the cage(s) is in any
position other than at the lowest landing position of its
travel (whether it is laden or unladen). and when the
cage(s) is at the lowest landing position and laden.
2.13 ultimate limit switch. An emergency switch arranged

to stop the hoist automatically, in the event of the cage
travelling a predetermined distance beyond a terminal
landing.
2.2 text deleted
3 Design considerations
2.3 mast. A structure that supports and guides the cage

(and the counterweight when provided) outside of the mast
structure.
3.1 Design features

All components shall be correctly designed and of sound
construction using materials that are free from patent
defects and that are of adequate strength and suitable
quality. The construction and reliability of the equipment,
in whole or part, shall be appropriate to its intended use,
operating environment and design life.
2.4 out of service. A condition when the cage(s) is at the

lowest landing position and unladen.
2.5 passenger. Any person, including the driver, transported
by a hoist.
2.6 progressive safety gear.
tion is effected by a braking
provisions are made so as to
pended part to a permissible
A safety gear in which deceleraaction, and for which special

limit the forces on the susvalue.
Materials used in the construction

support combustion.
of the hoist shall not
3.2 Accessibility
The hoist shall be designed, constructed and installed in
such a manner that periodic examination, testing, maintenance or repairs may be readily and safely carried out.
2.7 rated load. The load for which the equipment has been
built and for which normal operation is guaranteed by the
vendor.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Section two. Structural
design and construction
4 Loads and load combinations

4.1 Loads and load combinations
Table 3. Impact facton
to be considered in d~sign
4.1.1 General. The structure as a whole and each part of it

including ties shall be designed to withstand the loads listed
in table 1 in the combinations given in table 2.
Tab!e1. Listof loads

I Oescription of load
Symbol
--
Rope suspended masses

Progressive safety gear application
Rack and pinion suspended masses
Collision with resilient buffers:
(a) rope suspended cages
(b) rack and pinion supported cages
1.25
1.40
1.40
2.0
see note
NOTE. Take into account the kinetic energy of the drive
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II
L1
Loads due to static components,

ties and other appendages
L2
Loads due to moving components, e.g. cage,

counterweight, ropes, moving cables
*
*
e.g. masts,
4.1.4 Wind loads
L3
Rated load
L4
(L2 + L3) x impact factor
4.1.4.1 Wind action. It shall be assumed that the wind can

blow horizontally from any direction at a constant velocity,
and that there is a static reaction to the loadings it applies
to a hoist structure.
Ls
(L2 x impact factor) + (L3 x impact

factor x load spectrum factor)
4.1.4.2 Wind pressure. The dynamic wind pressure shall be

calculated from
q = 0.613V.2
L6
Load due to in-service wind acting horizontally

in any direction on the mast or tower, cage and
auxiliary items when applicable
where
q is the dynamic pressure (ill N/m2);
Load due to out-of-service wind acting

horizontally in any direction on the mast or
tower, cage and auxiliary items when
applicable
Aconversion chart covering V. in knots, mile/h and mis,

and q in Ib/ft2, 1\1.':-..2and kgf/m2 is given in figure 1.
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unit when calculating the impact factor. Such factors can

be in excess of 10.
L7
Table 2. Load combinations

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
V. is the design wind speed (in m/s).
4.1.4.3 Design wind conditions. Two design wind conditions shall be taken into account in calculating wind loads
on hoists, as follows.
(a) In-service wind. This is the wind pressure, irrespective
of height, in which the hoist is designed to operate.
The wind loadings, which shall be assumed to be applied
in the least favourable direction in combination with the
appropriate service loads specified in 4.1.1, shall be not
less than the pressures specified in table 4.
(b) Out-of-service wind. This is the wind pressure that a
hoist is designed to withstand when in an out-of-service
condition.
For hoists used in the UK, the out-of-service wind
pressures specified in table 4 shall be used as the basis
of design.
(see 5.3)
Hoist in use without wind

Hoist in use with in-service wind
Hoist in out-of-service condition
Hoist being erected or dismantled
Hoist cage in collision with overrun
buffers
(6) Hoist with application of safety gear
(7) Fatigue check (for each member in
which fluctuating stresses occur
when tested in accordance with
clause 9)
L 1 + L4
L1+L4+L6
L1 + L2 + L7
L1 + L4 + L6
L1+L4+L6
L1 + L4 + L6
L1+Ls+L6
4.1.4.4 Wind load calculations. For mc~t complete and

part structures, and individual members used in hoist
structures, the wind load shall be calculated from:
F =AqCf
4.1.2 Impact factor. In calculating live loads in members of

the structure, forces due to moving masses, inertia forces
and shock shall be multiplied by an impact factor (see
table 1). The appropriate impact factor shall be as given in
table 3.
where
F is the wind load (in N);
A is the effective frontal area of the part under
consideration, i.e. the shadow area of its solid parts
projected onto a plane perpendicular to the wind
direction (in m2);
q is the wind pressure corresponding to appropriate
design condition (in N/m2);
4.1.3 Load spectrum factor. The load spectrum factors K p

required to take account of the state of loading of the hoist
throughout its lifetime, as used in the treatment for fatigue
design as specified in clause 9, shall be as follows:
(a) masses of constant magnitude, e.g. cages,
1.0
(b) masses of variable magnitude, e.g. payload,
0.6
Cf is the force coefficient in the direction of the wind,

for the part under consideration.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
and DVs ~ 6 m2 Is where D is the diameter of the section in

metres) the appropriate force coefficients shall be applied
to the corresponding frontal areas.
NOTE. It is acceptable for A and Cf for specific designs to be

determined by full scale experimental testing.
The total wind load on the structure shall be taken as the

sum of the loads on its component parts.
In calculating wind moment for out-of-service conditions,
either:
(a) the wind pressure at the top shall be taken as
constant over the entire height of the structure; or
(b) the structure shall be divided into the horizontal
zones of assumed constant pressure given in table 4 and
the appropriate value used for each zone.
4.1.4.6 Multiple members, multiple frames, etc: shielding

factors. Where parallel frames or members are positioned so
that the windward parts have a shielding effect on those
behind them, the wind load on the unsheltered parts shall
be calculated from the formula given in 4.1.4.4, taking A as
the area in square metres of the windward frame or member
plus the unsheltered parts of those behind it. The wind load
on sheltered parts shall be calculated from:
Fs
4.1.4.5 Individual members, single lattice frames, etc: force

coefficients. Force coefficients for individual members,
single lattice frames, machinery houses, cages, etc. shall be
as given in table 5.
= AsqCfcf>
where
q and Cf are as defined in 4.1.4.4;
Fs is the wind load on the sheltered parts (in N);
NOTE. The values for individual members vary according to the

aerodynamic slenderness and, in the case of large box sections,
with the section ratio. Aerodynamic slenderness and section ratio
are defined in figure 2.
As is the area of the sheltered parts under consideration

(in m2);
cf> is the shielding factor given in table 6 according to the
solidity ratio of the front frame and the spacing
ratio; these ratios are defined in figure 2.
Where a frame is made up of flat-sided and circular sections,

or of circular sections in both flow regimes (DVs < 6 m2 Is
Table 4. Design wind pressures

Height
Wind pressure
In-service*
Out-of-service*
All zonest
Zone 1t
Zone 2t
Zone 3t
Zone 4t
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
Parts of hoist under 30 m from ground level
250
731
1167
1370
1588
Parts of hoist over 30 m and up to 60 m

from ground level
250
868
1384
1625
1884

from ground level
250
940
1500
1760
2041

from ground level
250
998
1593
1869
2168

from ground level
250
1041
1661
1950
2261

from ground level
250
1102
1759
2064
2394
*See appendix C for details of the in-serviceand out-of-service wind speeds and the methods used to calculate the design pressures.
tZone 1: Greater London.
Zone 2: Remainder of England and most of Walesand the southern half of Northern Ireland (see also zone 3).
Zone 3: Lowlands of Scotland, the extreme south-western tip of Walesand most of the northern half of Northern Ireland
(see also zone 41-
Zone 4: Highlandsand Islands of Scotland and the extreme northern tip of Northern Ireland.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 5. Force coefficients Cf

Type
Description
Aerodynamic slendern_l/b
Individual Rolled sections, rectangular hollow sections,

members flat plates, fabricated box sections with
band D not greater than 0.5 m
Fabricated box sections with b or d

greater than 0.5 m
Section
ratio
b/d*
~2
1
0.5
0.25
Circular sections:
where DV. < 6 m2 /s
where DVs ~6m2/s
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Flat-sided sections
Single
lattice
frames
Cages
and
counterweights,
etc.
or I/D.
10
20
30
40
50
1.3
1.35
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.8
1.55
1.40
1.75
1.55
1.95
1.75
2.1
1.85
2.2
1.9
1.0
0.8
1.2
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.35
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.75
0.60
0.80
0.65
0.90
0.70
0.95
0.70
1.0
0.75
1.1
0.8
1.7
Circular sections:
where DVs
< 6 m2/s
where DV.
~6m2 Is
1.2
0.8
Rectangular clad structures
1.0
.See figure 2.
4.1.4.7 Latticetowersofsquarecrosssection.
In calculating
the 'face-on' wind load on square towers, the solid area of
the windward face shall be multiplied by the following
overall force coefficients:
for towers composed of flat-sided sections 1.7q (1 + 1jJ)
for towers composed of circular sections
whereDV.<6m2/s
where DV. ~ 6 m2/s
The value of IjJshall be taken
1.2q(1+1jJ)
1.4q
from table 6 for a/b
=1
according to the solidity ratio of the windward face.

The maximum wind load on a square tower, which occurs
when the wind blows on to a corner, shall be taken as
1.2 times the face-on, load.
4.2 Loads due to climatic conditions and natural
phenomena
For conditions of service outside the UK, loads due to wind,
snow and temperature variation shall be taken into account
as appropriate.
NOTE 1. These should be the subject of agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
NOTE 2. Attention
ments of a country
Such fo.rces should
ments end included
laws or requireearthquake forces.

with those requirein design.
Table 6. Shielding factors IjJ

Specing Solidity ratio. A/A.
ratio.
Bib
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
.. 0.6
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.21
0.43
0.5
0.66
0.81
1
0.15
0.25
0.33
0.55
0.75
1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.45
0.68
1
0.75
0.92
0.95
1
1
1
.See figure2.
is drawn to the fact that the

may require the inclusion of
be determined in accordance
in the loads to be considered
0.4
0.75
0.8
0.88
0.95
1
0.32
0.59
0.63
0.76
0.88
1
BS 4465
: 1989
Section two
knots
o
1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1.5 50 55 60 65
... .. .. .. 1 .. .. . .. . 1 .. . .. . .. . 1 .. . .. . . .. I .. .. ... .1. .. . ... . I .. .. ..
I
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

.. I .. .. .. .. I .. . .. . .. .1. .. . I . .. . I . . . .. .. .. 1
mile/h
o
Veloc i ty
10
15 20
25 30
35 40
1.5 50
55 60
65 70
1,1
10
I
20
15
I
Ibfld
o
I
N/m2
o
I
kgf 1m2
Figure
5 Selection
1
I
2
I
3
I
I.I
50
I
100
I
150
I
200
I
10
15
20
1. Conversion
chart
5
I
300
I
400
I
130
95 100 105 110 115 120 125
600
I
700
I
15
I
500
I
40
35
I
20
I
25
I I I I I.
800 9001000
I I I
I
I
50
1.5
I
30
. 1200
I
lIfo
40
35
I I I I...
60
55
. I I
I1IIIII
. .
16~
18fO
2000
I
25
for wind
speed and pressure
NOTE.
counter
of steel, minimum thickness
5.2
of steel
For further information

regarding selection of steels to
brittle fracture see chapter 2 of BS 449 : Part 2 : 1969.
Minimum
thickness
of plates
and sections
The proportioning
of members of hoist structures shall
follow from consideration of the stresses engendered by
service conditions, and shall have regard to other practical
considerations including the requirements of manufacturing
processes, vulnerability
to accidental damage, the incidence
of corrosion in relation to protective coatings used, etc.
NOTE. This standard does not impose minimum thicknesses.
Attention is drawn to the requirements laid down in BS 4395 for
the thicknesses of members at joints made with high strength friction
grip bolts.
5.1.1 Steel shall be selected from either:

(a) structural steels complying with BS 4360; or
(b) other steels, provided that the hoist manufacturer
shows that they have comparable properties to steels
complying with BS 4360 and they have been subjected
to equivalent tests.
5.1.2 Where thicknesses of steel are specified that exceed
the maximum values given in BS 4360 for Charpy V-notch
impact tests, the impact value derived from standard test
pieces shall be not less than that given in BS 4360 for the
type of steel under consideration on the standard test piece.
5.1.3 Where hoists are to be used at
that brittle fracture might occur, the
bearing members shall have specified
impact properties, adequate to meet
inherent in the design.
10
I
8 9
30
25
. I I I I
and working stresses

5.1 Selection
85 90
111111.1111111111111111111111111111111111III,IIIul
m/s
Dynamic
pressure
75 80
1111111...1111111111111111111111111111111.11111111111111,111111111111.111111
5.3
Permissible
working
stresses
The calculated stresses in each part of the structure due to

the load combinations listed in table 2 shall not exceed any
of the following.
(a) Under load combination
(1). The basic stress
low temperatures such

material used for loadlow temperature
the service conditions
multiplied
by the duty factor
(b) Under load combination
0.95.
(2). The basic stress
multiplied by the duty factor 1.07.

(c) Under load combination
(7). The permissible fatigue
5.1.4 For temperate or tropical conditions, steels having no

specified impact properties are acceptable, with the exception of the following, which shall not be used unless impact
or other tests show that the material is suitable for service:
(a) plates and sections above 30 mm thickness where
brittle fracture might occur under tension loads;
(b) plates and sections above 25 mm thickness where
brittle fracture under tension loads would result in major
structural collapse.
stress.
(d) Under
separate
load combinations
and (6). The basic stress multiplied

1.36.
(3), (4), (5)

by the duty factor
as 4465
: 1989
Section two
~
Wind
Aerodynamic slenderness =
Section ratio
(for box sections)
(a) Aerodynamic
length of member
1
1
K
or
breadth of section across wind front
b
D
- -
breadth of section across wind front

depth of section parallel to wind flow
=-d
slenderness and section ratio
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b
(/)
*
*
A
-A.
Solidity ratio
area of solid parts (shown shaded)

enclosed area
:tAmember.
b X1
(b) Solidity ratio
Spacing
ratio
(c) Spacing
Figure
distance between facing sides

breadth of member across wind front
8
b
ratio
2. Definitions: aerodynamic slenderness, section ratio, solidity ratio and spacing ratio
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
6 Stresses
in structural
components
6.1 Individual members, rolled sections, hollow sections

and members with plated webs: verification relative to the
yield stress
is the effective length relative to the same axis,

as defined in 8.1.
6.1.1 Basic stresses. Basic stresses for steels complying with

BS 4360 for use in the application of this standard shall
comply with 6.1.2 to 6.1.8.
Tabulated values of Fcrip for the range of steels covered by

BS 4360 are given in table 9 for the values of a: given in
table 8.
For slenderness ratio less than so, Fcrip = YS'
The effective and maximum widths of plates in compression are specified in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 respectively.
The slenderness ratio s for any strut shall be obtained by
dividing its effective length 1 as given in 8.1 by the minimum
radius of gyration r of any cross section within the middle
third of the length. Where the end fixing conditions of the
strut in the X and Y planes are different, its effective lengths
in these planes will also differ.
NOTE 1. In general, the basic stress is expressed as a proportion

of the yield stress of the grade of steel under consideration.
The formulae for deriving basic stresses and tabulated values are
both given.
NOTE 2. Members subjected
to secondary stresses. Relaxations
in
some of the requirements
of 6.1.2 to 6.1.8 are allowed in cases
where secondary stresses are calculated and taken into account in
the design (see 6.3).
If steels with higher tensile strengths than those of BS 4360

steels are used, the specific' requirements of appendix D
shall be met.
6.1.2 Members subject to simple axial tension (see 5.3).
The basic tensile stress Pat,bas (in N/mm2) shall not exceed
the value
Pat,bas (on net section)
where
6.1.4 Members subject to bending (see 5.3)

6.1.4.1 Areas in tension. The basic tensile bending stress
Pbt,bas (in N/mm2) shall not exceed the following values:
for plates, flats, tubes, rounds,
square and similar sections
Pbt,bas= 0.65Ys
bending about their minor axis; )
= 0.6Ys
Ys is the yield stress of the steel under consideration

(in N/mm2).
for rolled beams, channels

angles and tees, and for plate
girders with single or multiple
webs with:
Tabulated values of Pat,baSfor the range of steels covered by

BS 4360 are given in table 7.
The maximum widths of tension flange plates with stiffened
or unstiffened edges are specified in 8.2.3.
d1 It
steel
ddt
steel
d1 It
steel
6.1.3 Members subject to simple axial compression

(see 5.3). The basic compressive stress Pac bas shall not
exceed Pat bas as defined in 6.1.2 or the v~lue (in N/mm2)
obtained from
Pac,bas
= 0.6F
crip
Fcrlp is the applied stress at failure of a member

(in N/mm2)
d1 It greater than 85 for steel

of grade 43;
d1 It greater than 75 for steel
of grade 50;
ddt greater than 65 for steel
of grade 55;
where
subjected to overall flexural buckling due to axial compression as given by the equation:
2
J{(
YS+(1I+1)CO
2
not greater than 85 for

of grade 43;
of grade 50;
of grade 55;
Pbt,bas = 0.62Ys
for plate girders with single

or multiple webs with:
where
F.cnp = Ys+(71+1)Co
is the slenderness ratio (= lIr);
So is the limiting slenderness ratio for stub columns

(= 0.2."yEIYs);
r is the radius of gyration about the appropriate axis;
Y.C
s 0}
where
Pbt,bas
= 0.59Ys
Ys is as defined in 6.1.2 and d1 and t are as defined in

table 7 for parts in bending. Tabulated values of
Pbt,bas for the range of steels covered by BS 4360
are given in table 7.
The maximum widths of tension flange plates with stiffened
or unstiffened edges are specified in 8.2.3.
Co is the Euler critical stress

Ys is the yield stress of the steel under consideration;
for sections fabricated from plate by welding,
the yield stress Ys is reduced by 25 N/mm2 .
NOTE. This provision need not be applied to welded compound
roiled sections or to rolled sections with welded flange cover plates.
E is Young's modulus (= 205 000 N/mm2);
6.1.4.2 Areas in compression

6.1.4.2.1 Maximum widths of plates. The maximum widths
of plates in compression shall be as specified in 8.2.2.
71 is the Perry coefficient (= a:(s - so) X 10-3, but not

less than zero),
a: is the Robertson constant from table 8;
as 4465 :
1989
Section two
to
o,...
N
0,...
co
co
N
M
(I)
N
XI
.- .r:
.r:..
:;;
o
QO
N
to
o
~
N
o
co
N
...
co
M
N
to
E
E
M
N
- .Z
...
M
N
o
N
N
to
...
-E~
Z N
N
N
...
...
E
E
...
...
N
10
z~
...
..~ ..5
~ ..
o.r:
.r:"
eO
...
".r:'"
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~o.
..:..:~
:I ..
".r:
=..
~o
.:... ~E
- ..
co
QO
M
N
M
M
..o ..::J
" '"
o
.~~'"
to
iiiii
!!!!!!
iiiii
iiiii
...
-E!8
Z ...
N
QO
co
N
....
N
co
o
N
...
o
co
N
N
o
M
o
co
N
,...
~
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(I)
o
co
.-
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'B
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BS 4465 : 19B9
Section two
Table 8. Values of Robertson

of various sections
Type of section
constant
Thickness of
flange or plate
6.1.4.2.2 For sectional shapes with I y equal to or greater

than Ix. Where
Iy is the moment of inertia of the whole section about
the axis lying in the plane of bending (the y-y axis), and
Q for struts
Axis of
buckling
xx
yy
2.0
3.5
xx
yy
xx
yy
3.5
5.5
5.5
8.0
xx
yy
xx
yy
3.5
5.5
3.5
8.0
xx
yy
3.5
2.0
6.1.4.2.3.2 For sections with a single web, including I

sections with stiffened or un stiffened edges, channels,
angles, tees, etc., but excluding I sections where the thi.ckness of one flange is more than 3 times the thickness of the
Any
Any
3.5
5.5
Rolled channel
sections, rolled angle
sections and T -bars
(rolled or cut from
UB or UC)
Any
5.5
follows.
(a) Where the flanges have equal moments of inertia
about the y-y axis
Hot-rolled structural
hollow sections
Any
Rolled I section
(universal beams, UBI
Rolled H section
(universal columns,
UC) (see note 1)
Welded plate I or H
sections
(see notes 1, 2 and 3)
Up to 40 mm
Over 40 mm
Upt040mm
Over 40 mm
Rolled I or H sections
with welded flange
cover plates
(see notes 1 and 4)
Welded box sections
(see notes 1, 3 and 5)
Up to 40 mm
Over 40 mm
Ix is the moment of inertia of the whole section about

the axis normal to the plane of bending (the x-x axis),
the basic compressive bending stress shall not exceed the
value of Pbt,b8S given in 6.1.4.1.
6.1.4.2.3
6.1.4.2.3.1 Where Iy and Ix are as defined in 6.1.4.2.2,

the basic compressive bending stress Pbc bes shall not
exceed Pbt,bes as defined in 6.1.4.1, or the value of Pbc,ba.
corresponding to C., the critical stress in the compression
element (in N/mm2) calculated as set out in 6.1.4.2.3.2
and 6.1.4.2.3.3.
other flange, the critical stress Cs shall be calculated as
C.
Up to 40 mm
Over 40 mm
= (1644
~y
r j{
1+
2~ (,~~)
2} =A
except that the value of C. shall be increased by 20 % for

rolled beams, channels, and plate girders provided that:
2.0
Tit
is not greater than 2;
ddt
is not greater than 85, for steel of grade 43

complying with as 4360;
Any
Any
3.5
Compound rolled
sections (two or more
I, H or channel
sections, I section
plus channel, etc.)
Any
5.5
Two rolled angle,

channel or tee sections
back-to-back
Any
5.5
Two rolled sections

laced or battened
Any
5.5
Composite members
of closed latti ce
construction
Any
2.0
Rounds, square and

flat bars
(see note 1)
For sectional shapes with I y smaller than Ix.
5.5
d1 It is not greater than 75, for steel of grade 50

d1 It is not greater than 65, for steel of grade 55
where
is the effective length of the compression flange
(see 8.1.3);
ry
NOTE 1. For thicknesses between 40 mm and 50 mm the value of

Fcrip may be taken as the average of the value for thicknesses less
than 40 mm and the value for thicknesses greater than 40 mm.
NOTE 2. For welded plate lor H sections where it can be
guaranteed that the edges of the flanges will only be flama-cut,
a = 3.5 may be used for buckling about the y-y axis for flanges up
to 40 mm thick and a = 5.5 for flanges over 40 mm thick.
NOTE 3. Yield strength for sections fabricated from plate by welding reduced by 25 N/mm2.
NOTE 4. To qualify under the category 'rolled I or H section with
welded flange cover plates' the widths of the flange and the plate
have to be within the greater of 25 mm or 25 % of the larger width.
If the smaller width is less than 25 % of the larger, the category
'welded plate I or H sections' shall apply, otherwise the category
shall be taken as 'rolled I section' or 'rolled H section' as appropriate.
NOTE 5. 'Welded box sections' include those fabricated from four
plates, two angles or an I or H section and two plates but not box
sections composed of two channels or plates with welded longitudinal stiffeners.
is the radius of gyration about the y-y axis of the

gross section of the member, at the point of
maximum bending moment;
is the overall depth of member, at the point of
maximum bending moment;
is the effective thickness of the compression
flange; i.e. K 1 X mean thickness of the horizontal
portion of the compression flange at the point
of maximum bending moment.
NOTE. For rolled sections, T = K 1 X thickness given in
reference books. The coefficient K 1 makes allowance for
reduction in thickness or breadth of flanges between
points of effective lateral restraint and depends on N,
the ratio of the total area of both flanges at the point of
least bending moment to the corresponding area at the
point of greatest bending moment between such points
of restraint.
d1 and t are as defined in table 7 for parts in bending.

Flanges shall not be reduced in breadth to give a value
of N lower than 0.25.
10
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 9. Values of Fcrlp for steels complying with as 4360

S'endern_
ratio l/r
Grade 43 It.., with a yie'd

Itr_ in N/mm2 of:
215
Limiting
(al
iiiiii
!!!!!!!!!
iiiiii
iiiiii
iiiiii
!!!!!!!!!
2.0 (see 6.1.31
'0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
(bl
230
l'end_nISI
245
ratio,o
280
Grade 60 Iteel with a yield

str_ in N/mm2 of:
Grlde 66 lteel with a yield

str_ in N/mm2 of:
325
355
400
415
430
450
14
14
13
N/mm2
430
424
413
399
378
346
302
255
212
178
150
128
110
96
84
74
66
59
53
48
44
40
37
34
N/mm2
450
444
432
417
394
358
below which
Fcrlp
340
- Y.
19
19
18
17
16
15
15
14
N/mm2
215
213
208
203
197
190
180
168
155
139
124
110
97
86
77
68
61
55
50
46
42
38
35
32
N/mm2
230
228
223
217
210
202
191
178
162
145
128
112
99
87
78
69
62
56
51
46
42
38
35
33
N/mm2
N/mm2
280
277
271
264
254
242
226
205
181
158
137
119
104
91
80
71
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
N/mm2
325
322
314
305
293
276
253
225
194
166
143
123
106
93
82
72
65
58
52
47
43
39
36
33
N/mm2
340
337
329
319
306
288
262
230
198
169
144
124
107
93
82
73
65
58
52
48
43
40
36
33
N/mm2
355
350
342
331
317
297
268
234
200
170
145
124
108
94
83
73
65
58
53
48
43
40
36
33
N/mm2
N/mm2
400
394
385
372
354
327
290
248
208
175
148
127
109
95
83
74
66
59
53
48
44
40
37
34
415
409
399
386
366
337
296
251
210
176
149
127
110
95
84
74
66
59
53
48
44
40
37
34
245
243
237
231
224
214
202
186
168
149
131
115
101
89
79
70
63
56
51
46
42
39
35
33
310
259
215
179
151
129
111
96
84
74
66
59
53
48
44
40
37
34
- 3.5 (see 6.1.31
(f)
'0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
215
211
204
195
186
175
163
150
136
123
110
98
87
78
70
63
57
51
47
43
39
36
33
31
230
226
218
209
198
186
173
158
143
128
113
101
89
79
71
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
31
245
241
232
222
211
198
183
166
149
132
117
103
91
81
72
65
58
53
48
44
40
37
34
31
280
275
265
253
239
223
203
182
161
141
124
108
95
84
75
67
60
54
49
44
41
37
34
32
325
320
307
292
275
253
228
201
174
151
130
113
99
87
77
68
61
55
50
45
41
38
35
32
11
340
334
321
305
286
263
235
206
178
153
132
114
100
88
77
69
62
55
50
46
42
38
35
32
355
346
332
316
295
270
241
210
181
155
133
115
100
88
78
69
62
56
50
46
42
38
35
32
400
390
374
354
329
297
260
223
190
161
138
118
103
90
79
70
63
56
51
46
42
39
35
33
415
405
388
367
340
306
266
227
192
163
139
119
104
90
80
71
63
57
51
46
42
39
36
33
430
419
402
380
351
314
272
231
195
164
140
120
104
91
80
71
63
57
51
47
42
39
36
33
450
439
420
396
365
325
279
235
197
166
141
121
105
92
81
71
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 9 (concluded)
Slenderness ratio 11r
215
(e)
= 5.5 (see6.1.3)
'0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
(d)
'0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
=8.0

Itr_ in N/mm2 of:
Grade 43 ,teel with a yield

Itr_ in N/mm2 of:
230
245
280
below which
325
Ferlp
340

Itr_ in N/mm2 of:
355
400
416
430
450
14
14
13
Y,
Limiting,lendern_
ratio,o
19
19
18
17
16
16
15
14
N/mm2
N/mm2
230
224
211
198
185
170
155
140
126
112
100
89
80
71
64
58
52
48
44
40
37
34
31
29
N/mm2
N/mm2
355
342
321
298
272
244
215
187
162
140
121
106
93
82
73
65
58
53
48
43
40
36
34
31
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
325
317
298
277
254
230
204
179
156
135
118
103
91
80
71
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
31
N/mm2
340
331
311
289
265
238
211
184
159
138
120
105
92
81
72
64
58
52
47
43
39
36
33
31
N/mm2
245
239
225
211
196
180
164
147
131
117
104
92
82
73
66
59
53
49
44
40
37
34
32
29
N/mm2
280
273
257
240
222
202
182
162
143
126
111
97
86
77
68
61
55
50
46
42
38
35
32
30
N/mm2
215
210
198
186
173
160
147
133
120
108
96
86
77
69
63
57
51
47
43
39
36
33
31
29
400
385
361
334
303
268
233
200
171
147
126
109
96
84
74
66
59
54
49
44
40
37
34
31
415
399
374
345
313
276
239
204
174
149
128
111
96
85
75
67
60
54
49
44
41
37
34
32
430
414
387
357
322
283
244
208
177
150
129
112
97
85
76
67
60
54
49
45
41
37
34
32
450
433
405
373
335
293
251
213
180
153
131
113
98
86
76
68
61
55
49
45
41
37
34
32
215
207
191
175
160
145
131
118
106
95
85
76
68
62
56
51
46
42
39
36
33
31
28
26
230
222
204
187
170
154
139
124
111
99
88
79
71
64
58
52
47
43
40
37
34
31
29
27
245
236
217
199
181
163
146
130
116
103
92
82
73
66
59
54
49
44
41
37
34
32
29
27
280
270
248
226
204
183
163
144
127
112
99
87
78
69
62
56
51
46
42
39
36
33
30
28
325
313
287
261
234
208
182
159
139
121
106
93
82
73
66
59
53
48
44
40
37
34
31
29
340
327
300
272
244
215
189
164
142
124
108
95
84
74
66
60
54
49
44
40
37
34
32
29
355
336
308
279
249
220
192
167
145
126
110
96
85
75
67
60
54
49
45
41
37
34
32
29
400
378
345
312
277
242
209
179
154
133
115
100
88
78
69
62
56
50
46
42
38
35
32
30
415
393
358
323
286
249
214
183
157
135
117
102
89
79
70
63
56
51
45
42
39
35
33
30
430
407
371
334
295
255
219
187
160
137
118
103
90
80
71
63
57
51
46
42
39
36
33
30
450
426
388
348
306
264
225
191
163
139
120
104
91
80
71
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
31
(see6.1.3)
12
as 4465 : 1989
two
Section
Values of K 1 for different values of N are given in

table 10.
Where the value of N calculated for the compression
flange alone is smaller than that when both flanges are
combined, this smaller value of N shall be used.
Table 10. Values
Valuesof K2 for different values of M are given in

table 11.
NOTE. For tees and angles. M - 0 and K2 - -1.
Table
of K1
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Kl
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
*
*
(f)
2~C:D)2} +K2~644 ;vY
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
K2
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
6.1.4.2.3.3 For sections other than those described

in 6.1.4.2.3.2:
(a) where the section is symmetrical about the x-x axis,
(1) the formula
given in
6.1.4.2.3.2,
which will give
6.1.5 Members subjected to shear (see 5.3)

6.1.5.1 Rolled beams, channels, angles and tees. The basic
average shear stress Pq,b88 (in N/mm1) on the effective
sectional area shall not exceed the value
Pqp. = 0.37Y.
where
Y. is as defined in 6.1.2.
Tabulated values of Pqp. for the range of steels covered by
Values of K2 for different valuesof M are givenin

table 11.
(c) Where the moment of inertia of the tension flange
about the y-y axis exceeds that of the compression flange
;,)' jh~ (:.:) '1+
6.1.5.2 Solid web plates. Solid web plates and stiffeners

shall be proportioned in accordance with 8.3.
The basic average shear stress PqiJal (in N/mm2) on the
effective sectional area of a solid web shall not exceed the
value given in 6.1.5.1 or that given by the following
equations.
For grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360
Pq,b88
;,) ']
0.4
conservative values; or
(2) more precise methods.
NOTE. For flanges of equal moment of inertia M .. 0.5 and

K2 .. O. For tees and angles M = 1.0 and K2 .. 0.5.
+ K'~644
0.7
C. shall be calculated from the formula given in appendix E;

(b) where the section is not symmetrical about the
x-x axis, C. shall be calculated using either:
is the effective thickness of flange;

Le. K 1 X mean thickness ofthe horizontal portion
of the flange of greater moment of inertia about
the y-y axis of the member at the point of
maximum bending moment, where K 1 is obtained
from table 10;
[(1644
0.8
Table 13 gives values of PbCp. for different values of C..
K2 is a coefficient to allow for inequality of tension

and compression flanges, and depends on M,
the ratio of the moment of inertia of the compression flange alone to that of the sum of the
moments of inertia of the compression and
tension flanges, each calculated about its own
axis parallel to the y-y axis of the member, at the
point of maximum bending moment.
C. =
1.0 0.9
Table 12 gives values of A and 8 for different ratios of
= A + K2B
where
I, rv and D are as defined in (a);
T
l/r and D/T to be used for calculating C. (in N/mm2).
(b) Where the moment of inertia of the compression

flange about the y-y axis exceeds that of the tension
flange
C.= ~644 :Vrjf1+
11. Values of K2
= 91
bl'
.3-
1 + % - b)
a
~:
where
I, rv and D are as defined in (a);
pqP.=131
T and K2 are as defined in (b);

Yc is the distance from the neutral axis of girder to
extreme fibre in compression;
250
'I
bl'
'.3-
2001+%1
(b)'I
a
Yt is the distance from the neutral axis of girder to

extreme fibre in tension.
Pqp. = 167
[
13
'.3 -
bl'
180 1 + % a
I
en]
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
where
6.1.7.1.3 Members subjected to bending and axial tension

shall be so proportioned that
a is the greater clear dimension of the web in a panel,

not greater than 270t;
b is the lesser clear dimension of the web in a panel,
not greater than 1BOt;
fat
Pat
where
t is the thickness of web.
fat
Tabulated values of Pq,balfor stiffened webs for varying
fa
Pa
or from
of stresses
fa =..j(fbc2
+fb2
- fbcfb
+3fq2)
is not greater than Pa

where
6.1.7.1.1 Members subjected to a combination of coexistent bending and axial loads shall be designed in accordance
with 6.1.7.1.2 and 6.1.7.1.3; those subjected to a combination of shear and other stresses shall be designed in
accordance with 6.1.7.1.4 and 6.1.7.1.5.
fb is the calculated bearing stress;

fq, fbc, fbt and Pe are as defined in 6.1.7.1.4.
6.1.7.2 Basic equivalent stress. The basic equivalent stress
Pa,bes (in N/mm2) due to a combination of shear and other
stresses shall not exceed the value
6.1.7.1.2 Members subjected to bending and axial compression shall be so proportioned that
Pbc
is the permissible equivalent stress (in N/mm2)

(see 5.3 and 6.1.7.2).
6.1.7.1.5 Members subjected to shear, bearing and bending,

shall be so proportioned that the equivalent stress fa
(in N/mm2 ) calculated from
fa=..j(fbt2 +fb2 +fbtfb+3fq2)
Proportioning of members
Pac
=..j(fb/ + 3fq2) or from
fbt and fbc are as defined in 6.1.7.1.3 and 6.1.7.1.2

respectively;
Tabulated values of Pb,bal for the range of steels covered by
fbc
is the calculated axial tensile stress;
2
fa = ..j(fbc + 3fq 2)
is not greater than Pa
where
fq
is the calculated shear stress;
Pb,bal = O.BOY,
where
fac
~1
6.1.7.1.4 Members subjected to shear and bending shall be

so proportioned that the equivalent stress fa (in N/mm2)
calculated from
6.1.6 Members subjected to bearing (see 5.3). The basic

bearing stress Pb bal (in N/mm2) on flat surfaces and on the
projected area of fixed axles and pins shall not exceed the
value
-+-
Pbt
Pbt is the permissible tensile stress in bending (see 5.3

and 6.1.4).
For webs with horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance

between the tension flange (angles or flange plate or tongue
plate) and the horizontal stiffener.
6.1.7.1
Pat is the permissible tensile stress in axially loaded

tension members (see 5.3 and 6.1.2);
fbt is the calculated maximum tensile stress due to
bending about both principal axes;
ratios of depth of panel d to thicltness of web t and various

spacings of stiffeners are given in table 14 for the range of
steels covered by BS 4360. The depth of panel d is defined
as follows.
For webs without horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance between flange angles or, where there are no flange
angles, between flanges (ignoring fillets); where tongue
plates having a thickness not less than twice the thickness
of the web plate are used, d is the depth of the girder
between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the tongue
plates or eight times the sum of the thicknesses of the
tongue plates, whichever is the less.
6.1.7 Members subjected to a combination
fbt
-+
Pa,bes = 0.93 Y.
where
~ 1
Tabulated values of Pa,besfor the range of steels covered by

BS 4360 are given in table 7. (See also note 3 to table 7.)
where
fac is the calculated axial compressive stress;
Pac is the permissible compressive stress in axially
loaded compression members (see 5.3 and 6.1.3);
fec is the calculated maximum compressive stress due to
bending about both principal axes;
Pbc is the permissible compressive stress in bending,
using the lesser value when bending occurs about
both axes (see 5.3 and 6.1.4).
14
6.1.8 Members with flanges subjected to transverse bending

stress. The design of members subjected to this type of
loading shall take into account both the longitudinal and
transverse bending stresses.
NOTE. A suitable method is that given for the design of overhead
runway beams in as 2853.
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 12. Values of A and 8 to be used for calculating values of C.
A (see notes 1 and 2)

I/r\fIT
10
12
14
16
18
20
2&
30
35
40
&0
60
80
100
8
(see
note 31
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
25
30
35
N/mm2
5276
3919
3087
N/mm2
4954
3616
2802
N/mm2
N/mm2
4771
3440
2634
N/mm2
4656
3330
2528
458r
3256
2456
N/mm2
N/mm2
4528
3205
2406
4490
3167
2369
4431
3109
2312
4399
3077
2280
40
45
50
4379
3058
2261
2534
2145
1858
4366
3045
2248
4351
3030
2233
2266
1893
1622
4343
3022
2225
2107
1742
1478
2005
1644
1384
4335
3014
2217
4331
3010
2213
1935
1577
1319
4324
3003
2206
1886
1529
1273
1850'
1494
1239
1794
1439
1184
55
60
65
1763
1408
1154
1743
1389
1135
1639
1466
1327
1731
1376
1123
1416
1256
1129
1716
1361
1108
1279
1126
1005
1708
1353
1100
1189
1040
922
1700
1345
1092
1696
1341
1088
1127
980
864
1689
1335
1081
1082
936
822
1049
904
791
996
852
740
70
75
80
966
822
711
947
804
693
1212
1116
1034
935
792
681
1025
938
865
920
777
666
907
826
758
912
769
658
904
761
650
827
750
685
772
696
633
900
757
646
731
657
595
893
751
640
700
627
567
651
579
519
622
550
492
85
90
95
604
533
474
964
903
850
592
521
463
803
750
703
578
507
449
570
499
441
701
652
609
562
491
433
631
584
544
581
536
498
558
487
429
552
480
422
544
501
463
516
473
437
470
428
393
443
402
367
100
110
120
426
385
350
414
374
339
802
722
657
662
593
537
400
360
325
392
352
318
572
509
460
384
344
310
509
452
406
464
410
366
381
340
306
374
334
299
431
378
337
405
354
314
363
313
275
337
289
252
321
273
237
130
140
150
310
262
226
603
557
518
296
249
213
492
453
420
288
241
206
419
385
357
281
234
198
369
338
312
277
230
194
iiiii
!!!!!!!
iiiii
iiiii
332
303
279
270
223
188
304
277
254
282
256
235
245
221
201
223
199
180
160
170
180
208
185
166
484
454
428
198
175
157
392
368
346
185
163
145
332
311
292
178
156
138
290
271
254
170
148
130
259
241
226
167
144
127
160
138
120
235
219
204
216
201
187
184
170
158
164
151
140
iiiii
!!!!!!!
190
200
210
151
138
127
405
384
365
142
129
118
327
310
294
130
117
107
239
226
215
116
104
93
212
201
190
112
100
90
192
181
171
106
94
83
176
166
156
148
138
130
220
230
240
130
121
114
118
110
103
109
101
95
280
268
256
98
91
84
92
84
78
204
195
186
181
172
164
163
155
148
148
141
134
123
117
111
107
101
96
96
91
86
89
83
79
246
236
227
78
73
69
72
67
63
178
171
164
85
77
71
66
61
57
81
74
68
250
260
270
348
332
318
305
293
282
275
261
248
236
225
215
206
198
190
123
111
100
62
57
53
157
151
145
141
135
130
75
68
61
56
51
47
128
123
118
106
101
97
280
290
300
91
87
83
272
262
254
81
78
74
219
211
204
65
61
58
183
177
171
59
56
53
158
152
147
53
49
46
139
134
129
50
46
43
125
128
116
43
40
37
113
109
105
93
89
86
80
77
74
71
68
65
74
71
67
64,
61
59
55
53
50
50
47
45
44
41
39
41
38
36
34
32
30
*
*
(I)
NOTE
1. The value of A is as follows.
A = (1644-L)
IT
V { 1 + -201 (_)
ryD
2}
NOTE 2. Where flanges are equal and of constant
cross section C. = A.
NOTE 3. The value of 8 is as follows.

2
B=
(1644
~y)
15
as 4465 :
1989
Section two
Table 13. Basic stress Pbc,b81 for different values of critical stress C. (see also table 7)
Cs
N/mm2
Pbc,bas for steels complying with BS4360

Grade 43 steel with a yield
stress in N/mm2 of:
stress in N/mm2 of:

stress in N/mm2 of:
215
230
245
280
325
340
355
400
415
430
450
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
Nlmm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
20
30
40
50
60
11
16
20
25
29
11
16
21
25
30
11
16
21
26
30
11
16
21
26
31
11
16
22
27
31
11
16
22
27
32
11
16
22
27
32
11
17
22
27
32
11
17
22
27
32
11
17
22
27
32
11
17
22
27
33
70
80
90
100
110
34
38
41
45
48
34
38
42
46
50
35
39
43
47
51
35
40
44
48
52
36
41
46
50
54
36
41
46
50
55
37
41
46
51
55
37
42
47
52
56
37
42
47
52
57
38
42
47
52
57
38
43
48
53
57
120
130
140
150
160
52
55
58
60
63
53
56
59
62
65
54
57
61
64
67
56
60
64
67
70
58
63
67
70
74
59
63
67
71
75
60
64
68
72
76
61
65
70
74
78
61
66
70
75
79
62
66
71
75
80
62
67
71
76
80
170
180
190
200
210
65
67
70
71
73
67
70
72
74
76
70
72
75
77
79
74
77
79
82
85
78
81
84
88
90
79
82
86
89
92
80
83
87
90
94
82
86
90
94
98
83
87
91
95
99
84
88
92
96
100
85
89
93
97
101
220
230
240
250
260
75
77
78
80
81
78
80
82
83
85
81
83
85
87
89
87
90
92
94
96
94
96
99
102
104
95
98
101
104
107
97
100
103
106
109
101
105
108
111
115
102
106
110
113
116
104
107
111
114
118
105
109
112
116
120
270
280
290
300
310
82
84
86
88
90
86
88
91
93
94
90
92
95
97
99
98
101
104
106
109
107
110
113
116
119
109
113
116
120
123
112
115
119
123
126
118
122
126
130
134
119
124
129
133
137
121
126
131
135
139
123
128
133
138
142
320
330
340
350
360
91
93
95
96
97
96
98
100
101
103
101
103
105
106
108
111
113
115
117
119
122
125
127
130
132
126
129
131
134
136
129
132
135
138
140
138
141
145
148
151
141
144
148
151
155
143
147
151
154
158
147
151
155
158
162
16
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 13 (concluded)
c.
Pbc,b.. for steels complying with BS 4360

stress in N/mm2 of:
iiii
!!!!!
(fJ

stress in N/mm2 of:
215
230
245
280
325
340
355
400
415
430
450
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
370
380
390
400
420
99
100
101
102
105
104
106
107
108
111
109
111
112
114
116
121
123
125
126
129
135
137
139
141
145
139
141
143
145
149
143
145
148
150
154
154
157
160
162
167
148
161
163
166
171
161
164
167
170
176
165
169
172
175
181
440
460
480
500
520
107
109
111
112
114
113
115
117
119
121
119
121
123
125
127
132
135
137
140
142
148
151
154
157
160
153
157
160
163
166
158
162
165
168
171
172
176
180
184
188
176
181
185
189
193
181
185
190
194
198
186
191
196
200
204
540
560
580
600
620
115
117
118
120
121
122
124
125
127
128
129
131
132
134
135
144
146
148
150
152
163
165
167
170
172
169
171
174
176
178
174
177
180
182
184
191
194
197
200
203
196
200
203
206
209
202
205
208
212
215
208
212
216
219
222
640
660
680
700
720
122
123
124
125
126
129
131
132
133
134
137
138
139
141
142
153
155
156
158
159
174
176
177
179
181
180
182
184
186
188
187
189
191
193
195
205
208
210
213
215
211
214
217
219
221
217
220
223
225
228
225
228
231
234
236
740
760
780
800
850
127
128
129
130
132
135
136
137
138
140
143
144
145
146
148
161
162
163
164
167
182
184
185
187
190
189
191
193
194
198
196
198
200
201
205
217
219
221
223
227
223
226
228
229
234
230
232
234
236
241
238
241
243
245
250
900
950
1000
1050
1100
134
135
137
138
140
142
144
145
147
148
150
152
154
156
157
169
172
174
176
178
193
196
199
201
203
201
204
207
209
211
209
212
215
217
220
231
235
238
241
244
238
242
246
249
252
245
249
253
257
260
255
259
263
267
270
1150
1200
1300
1400
1500
141
142
144
146
148
150
151
153
155
157
159
160
163
165
167
179
181
184
187
189
205
207
211
214
217
214
216
220
223
226
222
224
228
232
235
247
249
254
258
262
255
258
262
267
271
263
266
271
275
279
273
276
282
287
291
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
149
151
152
153
I 154
159
160
162
163
164
169
170
172
173
174
191
193
195
196
198
219
222
224
226
228
229
231
233
236
237
238
241
243
245
247
265
268
271
274
276
274
277
280
283
286
283
286
290
292
295
295
298
302
305
308
N/mm2
iiii
!!!!!
iiii
iiii

stress in N/mm2 of:
17
BS 4465 : 1989
Section
two
Table 14. Basic average shear stress Pq,bas in stiffened

(see also 6.1.5.2 and table 7)
(a) Grade 43 steel complying
dlt
webs of steel complying
with BS 4360
with BS 4360
Pq,bas for different distances between stiffeners

O.2d
O.3d
O.4d
O.5d
O.6d
O.7d
O.8d
O.9d
1.0d
1.1d
1.2d
1.3d
1.4d
1.5d
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
70
75
80
85
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
95
100
105
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
91
91
90
89
91
91
89
88
91
90
89
87
110
115
120
125
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
89
91
90
89
88
90
89
87
86
89
87
86
85
87
76
85
83
86
85
83
82
86
84
83
81
130
135
140
150
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
88
90
89
87
85
88
87
86
83
87
86
84
82
85
84
82
80
83
82
80
78
82
80
79
76
81
79
78
75
80
78
77
74
160
170
180
190
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
89
88
89
87
85
83
86
84
81
79
83
81
79
76
81
79
76
74
79
77
75
77
75
72
75
72
70
73
71
68
72
69
66
71
68
65
200
210
220
230
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
89
87
86
84
83
81
81
79
78
76
77
75
73
71
74
72
70
72
The stepped line applies to steels of

Ys= 280 N/mm2 and 245 N/mm2 for which
the maximum value of Pq,besis 91 N/mm2
240
250
260
270
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
90
86
85
83
82
79
78
76
75
74
72
70
68
69
67
For steels of Ys = 230 N/mm2 the maximum

value of Pq,baS is 85 N/mm2
For steels of Ys= 215 N/mm2 the maximum
value of Pq,baS is 77 N/mm2
effective slenderness ratio s as defined in 6.1.3 for the

lattice as a whole. The basic stress shall not exceed the
value of Pac,besgiven in 6.1.3.
6.2 Lattice girders and trusses: verification relative to

the yield stress
6.2.1 Designprocedure. For lattice members, design
6.2.2.3 Subjected to bending
verification relative to the yield stress shall be carried out

in accordance with 6.2.2 to 6.2.4:
(a) for the lattice as a whole;
6.2.2.3.1 Latticebox girders.For lattice box girders having

an l/r y not exceeding 140 and a depth-to-breadth ratio not
exceeding 6, the basic stress Pat,bas and P8/C,basshall not
exceed the value of Pat,bel as given in 6.1.2 (where 1 and ry
are as defined in 6.1.3). Lattice box girders having a depthto-breadth ratio exceeding 6 shall be designed as lattice
trusses. The girder shall be stiffened to prevent distortion
of the cross-sectional shape when the girder deflects.
(b) for the individual members comprising the lattice.

NOTE. Secondary stresses in lattice girders and trusses. Relaxations
in some requirements of 6.2.2 to 6.2.4 are allowed in cases where
secondary stresses are calculated and taken into account in the
design (see 6.3).
6.2.2
The lattice as a whole
6.2.2.3.2 Lattice trusses.
For lattice trusses, and lattice box

girders having a depth-to-breadth ratio exceeding 6, the main
compression members shall be designed as axially loaded
struts using the basic compressive stresses P8/Cbas given
in 6.1.3 and the effective lengths specified in 'S.1. The main
tension members shall be designed as axially loaded ties.
6.2.2.1 Subjected to axial tension. The lattice shall be

designed as an axially loaded tie. The basic stress shall not
exceed the value of Pat,beS given in 6.1.2.
6.2.2.2 Subjected to axial compression. The lattice shall
be designed as an axially loaded strut using the maximum
18
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 14 (continued)
(b) Grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360
d/t
*
*
(I)
Pq,b.. for different distanceo bet_n
atiffener.
O.2d
O.3d
O.4d
O.5d
O.6d
O.7d
O.ad
O.9d
1.0d
Ud
1.2d
1.3d
1.4d
1.5d
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
70
75
80
85
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
129
131
131
130
127
131
131
129
126
131
130
127
125
90
95
100
105
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
129
131
130
128
126
131
129
127
124
129
126
124
122
127
124
122
119
125
122
120
117
123
121
118
116
122
119
117
114
110
115
120
125
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
130
129
130
128
126
124
127
125
123
121
124
122
120
118
122
120
118
116
119
117
115
112
117
114
112
110
115
112
110
107
113
110
108
105
111
109
106
103
130
135
140
150
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
130
127
127
125
124
120
122
121
119
115
119
117
115
111
116
114
112
107
114
111
109
105
110
108
105
101
107
105
102
97
105
102
100
94
102
100
97
92
101
98
95
90
160
170
180
190
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
129
127
124
124
121
118
115
117
114
110
107
111
108
104
100
107
103
99
95
103
99
95
91
100
96
92
96
92
87
93
88
83
89
84
79
87
82
76
85
79
74
200
210
220
230
131
131
131
131
131
131
129
127
122
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
104
100
97
94
97
93
89
86
91
87
83
86
240
250
260
270
131
131
131
121
125
123
121
120
112
110
107
105
100
98
95
92
90
87
84
80
82
78
fac
fbe
Pac
Pbe
chord
N/mm2 for which the maximum
fbe is the calculated maximum compressive stress due

to bending about the principal axes of the lattice
as a whole;
Pbe is the permissible compressive stress in bending
based upon the value of the basic stress given in
table 7 for parts in bending (tension or compression).
6.2.3 Individual members of a lattice
Pbt
In the compression
=355
For steels of Y. = 325 N/mm2 the maximum

value of Pq,b8Iis 120 N/mm2
6.2.2.4 Subjected to axial tension and bending, and axial

compression and bending. The lattice shall be so proportioned that in the tension chord members
fet fbt
-+-:s;;;
fat, Pat, fbt, Pbt are as defined
Y.
value of Pq,b8. is 131 N/mm2

value of Pq,b8. is 126 N/mm2
The basic stresses shall not exceed the value of Pet bu given
in 6.1.2.
'
Pet
where
6.2.3.1 The basic stresses in the individual members of a

lattice shall not exceed those given in 6.1.
in 6.1.7.1.2.
members
6.2.3.2 In the case of an individual member subjected to

axial compression due to loadings applied to the lattice as
a whole at panel points, the total compressive stress in the
member shall not exceed the permissible stress corresponding to the effective slenderness of the member between
panel points as given in 8.1.
-+1.1-:S;;;1
where
is the calculated axial compressive stress;

is
the permissible axial compressive stress
Pac
corresponding to the maximum effective
slenderness ratio of the lattice as a whole;
fae
6.2.3.3 In the case of an individual member subjected to a

combination of bending stresses due to loads applied to the
member between panel points and axial stresses due to
19
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 14 (concluded)
(c) Grade 55 steel complying
d/t
with BS 4360
Pq,bas for different distenclS between stiffeners

O.2d
O.3d
O.4d
O.5d
O.6d
O.7d
O.ad
O.9d
1.0d
1.1d
1.2d
1.3d
1.4d
1.5d
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
70
75
80
85
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
164
167
167
166
162
167
167
164
161
167
166
162
159
90
95
100
105
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
164
167
166
164
161
167
164
161
159
164
161
158
155
161
158
155
152
159
156
153
149
157
154
151
147
156
152
149
145
110
115
120
125
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
164
165
163
161
158
161
159
156
154
158
156
153
150
156
153
150
148
152
149
146
143
149
146
143
140
146
143
140
137
144
141
137
134
142
139
135
132
130
135
140
150
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
165
161
162
160
158
153
156
154
151
147
151
149
146
141
148
145
142
137
145
142
139
134
140
137
134
128
137
133
130
124
133
130
127
120
131
127
124
117
128
125
121
115
160
170
180
190
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
165
161
158
158
154
150
147
149
145
141
136
142
137
133
128
136
131
126
121
132
126
121
115
128
122
117
123
117
111
118
112
106
114
108
101
111
104
97
108
101
94
200
210
220
230
167
167
167
167
167
167
164
162
155
152
149
146
143
139
135
132
132
128
124
119
123
119
114
109
116
111
106
110

Y. = 450 N/mm2 for which the maximum
value of Pq,ba.is 167 N/mm2
240
250
260
270
167
167
167
167
160
157
155
152
143
140
137
134
128
124
121
117
115
111
107
102
104
100

value of Pq,ba. is 159 N/mm2
value of Pq,ba' is 154 N/mm2
value of Pq,_ is 148 N/mm2
loadings on the lattice as a whole at panel points. the combined stress formulae given in 6.1.7.1.2 and 6.1.7.1.3 shall
be used.
6.3
Secondary
subject to the limitation that

fac
-=s;;;;
Pac
where
stresses
Secondary
stresses shall be added to the coexistent
(primary) stresses in the individual members and shall be
checked in accordance
with the following.
NOTE. For the purposes of this standard, stresses in the individual
members of lattice or braced structures that are the result of
eccentricitY of connections, elastic deformation of the structure,
and rigiditY of joints are defined as secondary stresses. Where
secondary stresses are computed and added to the coexistent
(primary) stresses calculated in accordance with 6.1 and 6.2 higher
stress levels are permitted.
fac. Pac. fbe and Pbc are as defined in 6.1.7.1.2.

(b) Members subjected to axial tension and bending
fat
fbt
-+
-=s;;;; 1.20
Pat
Pbt
subject to the limitation that
fat
-=s;;;;
Pat
where
(a) Members subjected to axial compression and bending

fac fbc
-+-=s;;;;
Pac
Pbe
1.0
1.0
fat. Pat. fbt and Pbt are as defined in 6.1.7.1.3.
1.20
20
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
7 Basic stresses in connections
the weld metal relative to the parts joined shall also be

allowed for when calculating the strength.
The specified penetration of such a weld shall be not less
than 2 v't' where t' is the thickness (in mm) of the thinner
part joined.
7.1 Welds
7.1.1 General. All welding on loadbearing structures shall
be carried out in accordance with BS 5135.
7.1.2 General butt welds
iiiiii
!!!!!
iiiiii
iiiiii
iiiiii
!!!!!
U)
*
*
7.1.2.1 All butt welds shall be made using a type of

electrode (or other welding consumable) that will produce
all-weld tensile test specimens as specified in BS 709 having
both a yield strength and a tensile strength not less than
that of the parent metal.
Where electrodes complying with BS 639 are used to weld
steel complying with BS 4360 the matching electrodes for
butt welds are as follows.
Steel grade in BS 4360
Classification of electrodes
complying with BS 639
43
E43 R
50
E51 B
WR 50
E51 B*
55
E51 B
Electrodes for use with grade 55 steel shall have a minimum
all-weld yield stress of 450 N/mm2 and a minimum tensile
strength of 550 N/mm2 .
7.1.2.2 The basic strength of a butt weld shall be taken as
equal to that of the parent metal, provided that the weld
complies with 7.1.2.1.
butt welds
7.1.3 Butt welds with partial penetration

7.1.3.1 A continuous partial-penetration
butt weld welded
from one side only or from both sides can be used provided
that it is not subjected to a bending moment about the
longitudinal axis of the weld other than that resulting from
the eccentricity of the weld metal relative to the parts
joined or from secondary moments.
7.1.4.1 The effective throat thickness aw of a fillet weld

(other than a deep-penetration fillet weld covered by 7.1 A.3)
shall be taken as the maximum perpendicular distance from
the root of the weld to a straight line joining the fusion
faces that lies within the cross section of the weld (as shown
in figure 3). However aw shall not be taken as more than
0.7Sw, where Sw is the effective leg length of the weld as
defined by the figure (or the average if the legs are unequal).
7.1.4.2 Fillet welds shall not be considered capable of
transmitting primary loadings between connecting parts the
fusion faces of which form an angle of more than 1200 or
less than 600, except in the case of hollow sections continuously welded around the periphery, where the normal
limitations are 150 0 and 30 0, which can be exceeded
subject to proof of efficiency (see appendix D of BS 5135 :
1974).
7.1.4.3 Deep-penetration fillet welds shall be used only
where it can be shown that the required penetration can
consistently be achieved, for example by automatic welding
processes. The depth of penetration dw shall be measured
as shown in figure 4 and shall be at least 2 mm. The effective leg length Sw and the design throat thickness aw shall
be taken as shown in the figure.
A partial-penetration
butt weld welded from one side only
shall not be subjected to any loading that would cause the
root of the weld to be in tension if failure due to such
tension would be liable to be progressive and lead to structural collapse unless it can be demonstrated that proper
attention has been paid to the detailed design of the joint,
and testing and operational experience have shown this
detail to be satisfactory.
7.1.4.4 The maximum stress in a fillet weld shall be taken

as the vector sum of the stresses due to all forces and
moments transmitted by the weld, each based on a thickness equal to the design throat thickness aw.
7.1.3.2 The throat thickness of a partial-penetration

butt
weld welded from one side only shall be taken as the depth
of penetration and the adverse effect of the eccentricity of
*Special electrodes may be necessary to suit weather-resisting
7.1.3.4 The basic strength of a compound weld comprising

a partial-penetration butt weld reinforced by a fillet weld
shall be calculated as for a deep-penetration fillet weld
(see 7.1.4.3).
7.1.4 Fillet welds
7.1.2.3 Interm ittent complete-penetration

butt welds shall
be used only to resist shear. The effective length of an
intermittent weld shall be taken as its overall length minus
2t', where t' is the thickness (in mm) of the thinner part
joined. The minimum effective length of any such weld shall
be not less than 4t' or less than 40 mm, and the longitudinal
space between the effective lengths of weld shall be not
more than 12t'.
NOTE. Where fatigue is a design criterion, intermittent
are not to be used.
7.1.3.3 The throat thickness of a partial-penetration butt

weld welded from both sides shall not be taken as more
than the total depth of penetration relative to the surfaces
of the thinner part joined. Except where it can be shown
that greater penetration can consistently be achieved,
the depth of penetration from each side shall not be taken
as more than the depth of grooved weld preparation on that
side in the case of a J or U weld, or more than the depth of
groove less 3 mm in the case of a V or bevel weld.
Where the weld metal is placed asymmetrically relative to
the axis of the parts joined, the adverse effect of the
eccentricity shall also be allowed for when calculating the
strength of the weld.
The specified penetration from each side of such a weld
shall be not lessthan 2v't' where t' is the thickness (in mm)
of the thinner part joined.
The basic stress Pw,ba8 in a fillet weld, based on a thickness

equal to the design throat thickness aw, shall not exceed
0.3Us., where Us. is the tensile strength of the electrode or
steel.
21
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
other welding consumable based on all-weld tensile tests as

specified in as 709. However Pw,b8S shall not be taken as
more than 0.3Us, where Us is the minimum ultimate tensile
strength of the parent metal.
7.2 Basic stresses for bolts, studs and rivets

7.2.1 Bolts and studs
Where electrodes complying with as 639 are used to weld

steel complying with as 4360, the basic weld stresses Pw bes
given in table 15 shall apply.
'
Table 15. Basic stresses in welds
7.2.1.1 Friction grip bolts. These bolts shall comply with

as 4395 : Parts 1, 2 and 3 and shall be fitted in accordance
with as 4604 : Parts 1, 2 and 3.
In the design of joints using friction grip bolts, the duty
factor (see 5.3) shall be taken as 1.0 irrespective of the
hoist classification.
7.2.1.2
Steel grade
in BS 4360
43
50
WR 50
55
*
Electrodes complying with BS 639

Clallification
E43 R
Clallification
E51 B
Use =
430 N/mm2
Use
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
118
118
118
118
126
144
141*
147
126
144
141*
162t
510 N/mm2
Precision
bolts
7.2 1.2.1 General. Precision bolts shall be turned or cold

finished and fitted into reamed or drilled holes whose
diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the bolts by
more than 0.4 mm.
Clallification
E51 B
Use ..
550 N/mm2
7.2.1.2.2 Bolts in tension

7.2.1.2.2.1 Bolts not tightened by controlled means.
The basic permissible tensile stress Pet,bas at the root of the
thread for these bolts shall not exceed
Pat,bl!lS
= 0.4YRO.2
where
Y R0.2 is the yield stress or 0.2 % proof stress of the
material.
Where there is a fluctuating load or a reversal of load across
the joint, the number of bolts or studs required shall be
determined in accordance with 9.7 except in the case of
bolts or studs having a yield stress in excess of 250 N/mm2 .
In such cases, the difference between the stresses corresponding to fmax and fm1n shall be not greater than 10 % of
the ultimate tensile strength of the material and the mean
stress shall be not greater than 15 % of the ultimate strength
of the material.
147 N/mm2 for structural hollow sections of grade WR 50.
tThis applies only when electrodes with a minimum yield

stress of 450 N/mm2 and a minimum tensile strength of
550 N/mm2 are used.
7.1.4.5 The effective length of a discontinuous run of
fillet weld shall be taken as the overall length less 2Sw'
The effective length of a fillet weld required to transmit
primary loading shall be not less than 40 mm or less than
4Sw'
7.2.1.2.2.2 Bolts tightened by controlled means. These

bolts shall be tightened by controlled means so that the
pretensioned stress Pat at the root of the thread is not
greater than 0.8YRO.2 or less than 0.7YRO.2.
The virtual permissible stress Pat,virt at the root of the
thread induced in these bolts by external loading shall not
exceed:
7.1.4.6 The space along anyone edge of an element

between consecutive effective lengths of intermittent fillet
welds (other than those interconnecting the components of
back-to-back tension or compression members) shall not
exceed 300 mm nor shall it exceed 16t' for elements in
compression or 24t' for elements in tension, where t' is the
thickness of the thinner part joined.
An intermittent fillet weld connecting components subject
to primary loadings shall extend to the end of the part
connected.
Pet,virt = 0.48 YR 0.2 for non-fluctuating loads;

Pat,virt = 0.40YRO.2 for fluctuating loads.
7.2.1.2.3 Bolts in shear. The basic shear stress Pq,bas for
the section of the bolt at the interface of the joint shall not
exceed
7.1.4.7 Where the end of an element is connected only by

intermittent fillet welds the transverse spacing of the welds
shall not exceed 200 mm and the length of each weld shall
be not less than the transverse spacing.
Pq,bl!lS = 0.375YRO.2
Where there is a fluctuating load or a reversal of load across
the joint, the number of bolts or studs required shall be
determined in accordance with clause 9.
7.1.4.8 A single fillet weld shall not be subjected to a

bending moment about its longitudinal axis that is produced
by primary loading.
7.2.1.2.4 Bolts subjected to combined tension and shear.

A check shall be made that
A single fillet weld shall not be subjected to any loading

that would cause the root of the weld to be in tension if
failure due to such tension would be liable to be progressive
and to lead to structural collapse unless it can be demonstrated that proper attention has been paid to the detailed
design of the joint and testing and operational experience
has shown this detail to be satisfactory.
fat
=r;;;;
Pat
fq
=r;;;;Pq
...; (fal
22
+ 3fq 2) :s;;;1.2Pet
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
iiii
!!!!!
iiii
iiii
Figure 3. Design throat thickness of fillet welds
iiii
!!!!!
*
*
(f)
Figure 4. Design throat thickness of deep-penetration

fillet welds
23
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
7.2.1.2.5 Bolts in bearing. The basic permissible pressure

Pb,bas in the hole shall not exceed the value
Pb,bas
= 0.9
Table
YR 0.2
17. Effective
Diagrammatic
representation
where
Y R0.2 is the yield stress or 0.2 % proof stress for the
bolt or for the joint material, whichever gives the
lowest value.
.
\
I
I
For other applications of use the basic permissible stresses

shall not exceed:
'/
Pm. bas
= 0.66YRO.2
I]
bearing
where
Y RO.2 is as defined in 7.2.1.2.5.
7.2.2 Rivets. The basic stresses for rivets shall be as given
in table 16. Where there is a fluctuating load or a reversal of
load across the joint, the number of rivets shall be determined in accordance with clause 9.
[]
Table 16. Basic stresses in rivets as a percentage

of YRO.2
Type
In tension In shear
In bearing
Power-driven shop rivets
%
40
%
43.5
%
90*
Power-driven field rivets
40
40
85*
Hand-driven rivets
40
36.5
80*
IJ
D
*The YRO.2of the rivet or the joint material, whichever is the

lower, should be used to determine the basic bearing stress.
8 Proportions of structural components,

plates and web stiffeners
8.1 Effective lengths of parts in compression
8.1.1 Struts. For the purpose of calculating slenderness
ratio 1/r for struts, the effective length (1) given in table 17
shall be taken, where L is the actual length of the member
as shown in the appropriate figure of table 17.
Restraint conditions
Effective
length 1
Effectively
o.n
held in
'/
'/
P fIt,bas = 0.4 Y R0.2 tension
Pq,bas = 0.33YRO.2 shear

where
Y R0.2 is as defined in 7.2.1.2.2.1;
of parts in compression
position and
restrained in direction at both ends
1\
7.2.1.3 Black bolts other than friction grip bolts. Black

bolts shall not be used in main members, in shear for joints
in stress-bearing members, or in joints subjected to fatigue.
lengths
Effectively held in
position at both
ends and restrained
in direction at one
end
0.85L
Effectively held in
position at both
ends but not
restrained in
direction
1.0L
Effectively held in
position and
1.5L
restrained in direction at one end and

partially restrained
in direction but not
held in position at
the other
Effectively held in
2.0L
position and
restrained in direction at one end but
not held in position
or restrained in
direction at the
other end
8.1.2.2 Where there are no lateral bracings between compression flanges and no cross frames the effective length
shall be as shown in table 17.
Restraint against torsion shall be provided by web or flange
cleats, bearing stiffeners, lateral end frames or other supports to the end of the compression flanges.
8.1.2 Single web plate girders and rolled beams

8.1.2.1 The effective length (1) of the compression flange
for buckling normal to the plane of the girder to be used as
described in 6.1.4.2.3 shall be as given in 8.1.2.2 and 8.1.2.3.
24
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
8.1.2.3 Where there is effective lateral bracing direct to

compression flanges the effective length shall be as shown
in figure 5.
Plan view
1=tOL
Figure 5. Effective length with lateral bracing
8.1.3
Lattice structures
8.1.3.1 Effective length of a lattice structure as a whole.

Where there is no adequate lateral bracing, the effective
length shall be taken as the span when considering buckling
normal to the plane of the member.
(J)
*
*
8.1.3.2 Effective lengths of the individual members of a

lattice structure
8.1.3.2.1 Main mast or tower members. For main mast or
tower members the effective length shall be 0.85 times the
distance between centres of intersection of bracing members
in the plane in which buckling is being considered.
Where there is no adequate lateral bracing, the effective
length when considering buckling normal to the plane of
the structure shall be taken as the span, as in 8.1.3.1.
8.1.3.2.2 Bracing (or web) members axially loaded.
For bracing or web members aXially loaded the effective
length shall be:
(a) 0.70 times the distance between centres of intersection with the main members for buckling in the plane
of the mast or tower; and
(b) 0.85 times the distance between centres of intersection with the main members for buckling normal
to the plane of the mast or tower.
In the case of cross-braced systems the effective length of a
member shall be taken as 0.85 times the greatest distance
between any two intersections when considering buckling
in the plane of the mast or tower.
8.1.3.2.3 Single-angle discontinuous struts connected to
gussets or to a section. For single-angle discontinuous struts
connected to gussets or to a section, either by riveting or by
bolting with not less than two bolts in line along the angle at
25
each end, or by their equivalent in welding, the eccentricity

of the connection with respect to the centroid of the strut
can be ignored and the strut designed as an axially-loaded
member. This is provided that the calculated average stress
does not exceed the allowable stresses derived from the
basic stresses given in 6.1.3 in which 1 is the length of the
strut, between the centres of the fastenings at each end,
and r is the minimum radius of gyration.
8.1.3.2.4 Single-angle discontinuous struts intersected by,
and effectively connected to, another angle in cross bracing.
For single-angle discontinuous struts intersected by,
and effectively connected to, another angle in cross bracing,
the effective length in the plane of the bracing shall be taken
as in 8.1.3.2.2. In the plane normal to the plane of the
bracing, the effective length 1 shall be taken as the distance
between the points of intersection and the centroids of
the main members. In calculating the slenderness ratio,
the radius of gyration about the appropriate rectllngular
axis shall be taken for buckling normal to the plane of the
bracing and the least radius of gyration for buckling in the
plane of the bracing.
8.1.4
Cantilever beams without intermediate lateral support
8.1.4.1 The effective length (1) of cantilever beams of

projecting length L to be used in 6.1.3.2 shall be as follows.
(a) Built-in at the support
(1) Free at the end
1 = 0.85L
(2) Restrained against torsion at the free

end by contiguous construction
(3) Restrained against lateral deflection
1 = 0.75L
and torsion at the free end
1 = 0.50 L
(b) Continuous at the support

(1) Unrestrained against torsion at
the support and free at the end

(2) With partial restraint against torsion
at the support and free at the end
(3) Restrained against torsion at the
support and free at the end
1 = 3L
1=2 L
1=L
8.1.4.2 For cases (1), (2) and (3) of8.1.4.1(b) in which the
cantilever end is not free but is subject to a degree of
restraint, the effective length shall be multiplied by a factor
as follows.
(a) Where the end is restrained against torsion by
contiguous construction, the effective lengths given
in 8.1.4.1(b) shall be mUltiplied by a factor of 0.88.
(b) Where the end is restrained against lateral deflection
and torsion, the effective lengths given in 8.1.4.1 (b) shall
be multiplied by a factor of 0.59.
8.1.4.3 For cantilever beams loaded on the compression
flange, the effective lengths given in 8.1.4.1 (a) and (b)
and 8.1.4.2 shall be increased by a factor of 1.2.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 18. Effective length with no lateral bracing

Load appl ied to the tension
flenga
Load applied to the compr_ion

flange and
both load end flange fr88 to move laterally
Restraint conditions against

leteral bending and torsion
of section
Ends completely
restrained
1 = 0.85L
1 = 0.7L
Ends partially restrained
E..#======~
R===
= = =E3
1= 1.0 L
1= 0.85L
Ends unrestrained
1=--------
-~
1= 1.0L
1= 1.2 L
(3) Using grade 55 steel complying
8.2 Widths of plates
for bIt' ~ 35, the effective width =b

for bIt' > 35, the effective width = 35t'
(b) For as-welded members
(1) Using grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360
8.2.1 Effective widths of plates in compression. For the

computation of the effective cross-sectional area of a
compression member subjected to the design checks given
in 6.1.3, the effective width of an unstiffened plate, in terms
of its width b measured between adjacent lines of rivets,
bolts or welds connecting it to other parts of the section,
shall be as follows.
(a) For riveted, bolted or stress relieved welded members
(1) Using grade 43 steel complying
with BS 4360
for bIt' ~ 30, the effective width = b

for bIt' > 30, the effective width
= 40t'(blt' - 18)/(blt' - 14)
(2) Usinggrade 50 steel complying with BS 4360
27, the effective width = b
for bIt'
'"
= 34t'(blt' - 15)/(blt' - 12)
23, the effective width = b
for bIt' OS;;;
= 30t'(blt' - 13)/(blt' - 10)
with BS 4360
for bIt' ~ 45, the effective width = b

for blt'.so;; 40, the effective width = b
26
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
In (a) and (b). t' is the thickness of the thinnest plate, or

the aggregate thickness of two or more plates provided
these plates are adequately connected together.
8.2.2 Maximum
width of plates in compression
8.2.2.1 The width of a plate, measured between adjacent

lines of rivets, bolts or welds connecting it to other parts of
the section, unless effectively stiffened, shall not exceed the
values given in table 19, where t' is as defined in 8.2.1.
Table 19. Maximum width of plates in compression
Grad. of steel
to BS 4360
Riv.ted, bolted or
str....r.lI.ved w.lded
members
A._Idee!
members
43
50
55
90t'
80t'
70t'
80t'
70t'
60t'
8.3.1.2 For vertically stiffened webs. The thickness t of the

web plates shall be not less than:
1/180 of the small clear panel dimension;
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension and d2/200
for grade 43 steel complyingwith BS4360 or d2/180
for grade 50 steel complying with BS4360 or d2/155
for grade 55 steel complying with BS4360;
where
d2 is twice the clear distance from the compression
flange angles or plate or tongue plate to the neutral
axis.
8.3.1.3 For webs stiffened both vertically and horizontally
and with the horizontal stiffener at a distance from the
compression flange of 2/5 of the distance from the com.
pression flange to the neutral axis. The thickness t of the
web plate shall be not less than:
1/180 of the smaller clear dimension in each panel;
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension and d2/250
iiii
!!!!!!
iiii
iiii
iiii
!!!!!!
(/)
*
*
for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/225

8.2.2.2 Compression flange plates unstiffened at their
edges shall not project beyond the outer line of connections
for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360.
to the flange angles (or where there are no flange angles to
the tongue plates) by more than the values given in table 20, When there is also a horizontal stiffener at the neutral axis
where t' is as defined in 8.2.1.
of the girder, the thickness t of the web plate shall be not
less than:
Table 20. Projection of unstiffened
flange plates
compression
1/180 of the smaller clear dimension in each panel;

1/270 of the greater clean panel dimension and d2/400
Grad. of st.eI
to BS 4360
Riveted, bolted or
str....r.lleved w.lded
m.mbers
As.welded
members
43
50
55
16t'
14t'
12.5t'
12t'
12t'
12t'

for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
where
d2 is as defined in 8.3.1.2.
8.3.2 Web stiffeners for open sections
8.3.2.1
8.2.3 Maximum widths of plates in tension. In all cases,

tension flange plates, stiffened or unstiffened at their edges,
shall not project beyond the line of connections to the web
or tongue plates by more than 12t', where t' is as defined
in 8.2.1.
8.3 Web plates and web stiffeners
Loadbearing web stiffeners
8.3.2.1.1 Rolled I beams and channels. For rolled I beams

and channels, loadbearing stiffeners shall be provided at
points of concentrated load (including points of support)
where the concentrated load or reaction exceeds the value
Pac x t X Lb
where
Pac is the permissible axial stress for struts as given
in 5.1.3 corresponding to a slenderness ratio of
1.7d3/t and ex= 5.5;
t
is the web thickness;
8.3.1 Minimum thickness of web plates for open sections

8.3.1.1 For unstiffened webs. The thickness t of the web
plate shall be not less than:
dd85 for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360;
d3
d1 /75 for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360;

d1/65 for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
where d1 is the clear distance between flange angles or,
where there are no flange angles, between flanges (ignoring
fillets); where tongue plates having a thickness not less than
twice the thickness of the web plate are used, d1 is the
depth of the girder between the flanges less the sum of the
depths of the tongue plates or eight times the sum of the
thickness of the tongue plates, whichever is the less.
is the clear depth of web between root fillets;
Lb is the length of the stiff portion of the bearing plus

the additional length given by dispersion at 45 0 to
the level of the neutral axis, and measured along the
neutral axis.
The stiff portion of a bearing is the length that cannot
deform appreciably in bending, and shall not be taken as
greater than half the depth of the beam for simply supported
beams and the full depth of the beam for continuous beams.
27
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
8.3.2.1.2
Plate girders. For plate girders, loadbearing

stiffeners shall be provided at points of support and at
points of concentrated load where the web would otherwise
be overstressed (see 8.3.2.1.1).
8.3.2.1.3 Details of stiffeners. Loadbearing stiffeners shall
be symmetrical about the web, where possible.
Loadbearing stiffeners in which the concentrated load
causes compression shall be designed as struts, assuming that
the section consists of a pair of stiffeners together with a
length of web on each side of the centreline of the stiffeners
equal to 20 times the web thickness. The radius of gyration
shall be taken about the axis parallel to the web of the
beam or girder and the calculated stress shall not exceed the
allowable stress for a strut, assuming an effective length
equal to 0.7 times the length of the stiffener.
These stiffeners shall be so designed that

d13 X t3
I ~ 1.5
2
5t
where
I
is the moment of inertia of a pair of stiffeners about

the centre of the web, or of a single stiffener about
the face of the web;
is the minimum required thickness of the web;
5t is the maximum permitted clear distance between

stiffeners for thickness t.
NOTE. Where, on the basis of requirements of strength, the web
thickness provided is greater than the minimum required, or the
stiffener spacing is made closer than the maximum permissible,
the moment of inertia of the stiffeners nead not be correspondingly
increased.
The outstanding legs of each pair of loadbearing stiffeners

shall be so proportioned that the bearing stress on that part
of their area in contact with the flange and clear of the root
of the flange or flange angles or clear of the flange welds
does not exceed the bearing stress specified in 6.1.6.
Loadbearing stiffeners shall be provided with sufficient
rivets, bolts or welds to transmit to the web the whole of
the load in the stiffeners.
Loadbearing stiffeners shall be fitted to provide a tight and
uniform bearing upon the flange transmitting the load or
reaction unless welds are provided between the flange and
stiffener for this purpose. At points of support this requirement shall apply at both flanges. Where the ends of stiffeners are not fitted or connected to the flange, they shall
be kept well clear of the flange.
Loadbearing stiffeners shall not be joggled and shall be
solidly packed throughout.
When load bearing stiffeners at supports are the sole means
of providing restraint against torsion, the stiffener shall be
so proportioned that
D3 TmaxR
I~
Intermediate vertical stiffeners, when not acting as loadbearing stiffeners, can be joggled and can be in pairs placed
one on each side of the web or single, and shall extend to
the full depth of the web. Unless they are connected to the
flanges, they shall be kept well clear of them.
250W
d2 is the depth of the web as defined in 8.3.1.2.

The stiffener shall have a moment of inertia I not less than
451 t3 where I and t are as defined in 8.3.2.2.1 and 51 is
the actual distance between the vertical stiffeners.
where
I
is the moment of inertia of the pair of stiffeners

about the centreline of the web-plate;
A second horizontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the

web, shall be placed on the neutral axis of the girder when
the thickness of the web is less than:
is the overall depth of the girder;
8.3.2.2.2
is the reaction on the bearing;
is the total load on the girder.
8.3.2.2
stiffeners.
Where horizontal
stiffeners
d2/200 for grade 43 steel complying with as 4360;

where

Tmax is the maximum thickness of the compression

flange;
R
Horizontal
are used in addition to vertical stiffeners they shall be as

follows.
One horizontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the web,
shall be placed at a distance from the compression flange
equal to two-fifths of the distance from the compression
flange to the neutral axis when the thickness of the web is
less than:
d:z/190 for grade 55 steel complying with as 4360.

This stiffener shall have a moment of inertia I not less than
d:zt3 where I and t are as defined in 8.3.2.2.1 and d:z is as
defined in 8.3.1.2.
Horizontal stiffeners shall extend between vertical stiffeners
but need not be continuous over them, or connected to
them.
Intermediate stiffeners
8.3.2.2.1 Vertical stiffeners. To limit web buckling, vertical

intermediate stiffeners shall be provided throughout the
length of the girder at a distance apart not greater than
1.5d1 when the thickness of the web is less than d1 /85 for
grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d1 /75 for
grade 50 steel complying with as 4360 or d1/65 for
grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360, where d1 is the
depth of web as defined in 8.3.1.1.
8.3.2.2.3 External forces on intermediate stiffeners. When

vertical intermediate stiffeners are subject to bending
moments and shears due to the eccentricity of vertical loads,
or the action of transverse forces, the moment of inertia I
of the stiffeners given by 8.3.2.2.1 shall be increased as
follows.
28
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
For bending moment on stiffener due to eccentricity of

vertical loading with respect to the vertical axis of the web
1.5MD2
increase of 1=
Et
For lateral loading on stiffener
3PD3
increase of I =
Et
where
M is the applied bending moment;
P is the lateral force to be taken by the stiffener and
deemed to be applied at the compression flange of
the girder;
D is the overall depth of girder;
-iiii
i!!!!!!!
(/)
*
*
9.2 Number of stress cycles

For calculation purposes the number of stress cycles, N,
for all members of the structUre shall be 5 x 105.
9.3 Loads and stresses to be considered
9.3.1 Loads. A verification of the adequacy of structural
members for fatigue shall be made on the basis of the load
combinations specified in 4.1.
t is the thickness of web;

E is Young's modulus (= 205 000 N/mm2).
iiiii
!!!!!!!
iiiii
iiiii
are very much lower than those that would be necessary to cause
failure under a single application. The Inltletlon of fatigue cracks
is due, primarily, to stress concentrations Introduced by the
constructional details. Discontinuities such as bolt or rivet holes,
welds and other local or general changes In geometrical form set
up such stress concentrations from which fatigue cracks may be
initiated, and these cracks may subsequently propagate through
the connected or fabricated member.
8.3.2.2.4 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web.

Intermediate vertical and horizontal stiffeners not subjected
to external loads shall be connected to the web by welds or
rivets in order to withstand a shearing force (in kN/mm)
run between each component of the stiffener and the web,
of not less than t2 ISh, where t equals web thickness
(in mm) and h equals the projection (in mm) of the stiffener
component from the web.
9.3.2 Stresses. Under the specified loading combinations

the elements of a structure will be subjected to a variety of
stress cycles in which both the degree of stress fluctuation
and the level of maximum stress will vary. The degree of
stress fluctuation shall be expressed as the ratio fmlnlfmax
where fm1n is the minimum stress in the element during a
cycle and fmax is the maximum stress in the element during
the same cycle. The maximum stress level, whether tension
or compression, corresponds to
fmax'
9.4 Method
The nominal load spectrum factor, Kp, specified in 4.1,
according to the state of loading of the hoist, shall be
applied to the rated load to make an allowance for the
varying loads handled by the hoist throughout its life.
Using this factored load, the ratio fmlnlfmax shall be
determined for the extreme conditions of stress that occur
in a single typical operating cycle due to the combination
of loadings specified in 4.1. The maximum stress thus
determined shall be in accordance with 9.5.
8.3.2.3 Outstand of all stiffeners. Unless the outer edge

of each stiffener is continuously stiffened, the outstand
of all stiffeners from the web shall be not more than the
following:
for sections
16t for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360;
14t for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360;
12.5t for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
for flats
12t for all steels
9.5 Permissible fatigue stress
where
t is the thickness of the section or flat.
9 Fluctuating loads: permissible fatigue

stresses
9.1 Detail design
All details shall be designed to avoid stress concentrations
likely to result in excessive reduction of the fatigue strength
of members or connections. Care shall be taken to avoid
sudden changes of shape of a member or part of a member,
especially in regions of tensile stress or local secondary
bending.
Except where specifically stated to the contrary, the
fatigue stresses permissible under this clause for any
particular detail shall apply to all steels.
NOTE. Memberssubjected to fluctuetlons of stress are liable to
suffer from fatigue failure and this may be caused by loads that
29
9.6.1 Table 21 gives the permissible tensife and compressive

fatigue stresses, Pft and
Pfc' according to the number of
stress cycles, the class of constructional detail given in 9.6
and the ratio fmlnlfm8x' The tabulated stresses are
applicable to grades 43,50 and 65 steels complying with
BS 4360.
The value of fmax shall not exceed the appropriate
permissible tensile or compressive fatigue stress, Pft or
Pfc' from table 21.
Where coexistent bending and shear stresses are present,
the principal stress at the point under consideration shall
not exceed the appropriate permissible tensile or
compressive fatigue stress, Pft or
Pfc' from table 21.
9.5.2 Under no circumstances shall fmax exceed the
permissible working stresses given in 9.3.2 or any lower
stresses which may be required by other clauses in this
standard.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
(f) Class F
(1) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds
made on permanent backing material.
(2) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds
made by submerged arc welding or manually by
deep-penetration methods.
(3) Members fabricated with transverse non-loadcarrying fillet or butt-welded attachments.
(4) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds in
which the load is resisted by bending in the plate.
(5) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-Ioadcarrying fillet or butt welded attachments.
(6) Members fabricated with intermittent longitudinal
fillet welds.
(7) Members fabricated with full-penetration
cruciform butt welds.
(8) Members fabricated with transverse load-carrying
fillet welds.
(9) The main chord members of a lattice girder or
truss at the point where a bracing member is
connected to it by a butt or fillet weld.
(g) Class G
9.6 Classes of constructional details

The classes of constructional detail A to G, referred to in
table 21, are described below and shown in figures 6 to 9.
(a) Class A
(1) Plain steel in the as-rolled condition with no
gas-cut edges.
longitudinal or transverse butt welds with the weld
overfill dressed flush with the plate surface and the
weld proved free from defects by non-destructive
examination, provided also that the members do not
have exposed gas-cut edges.
Welds shall be dressed flush by machining or grinding,
or both, which shall be finished in the direction
parallel to the direction of the applied stress.
(b) Class 8
(1) Members fabricated with continuous longitudinal
butt welds with full or partial penetration made with
either a submerged or open arc automatic process but
with no intermediate stop-start positions within the
weld length.
(c) Class C
fillet welds made with either a submerged or open arc
automatic process but with no intermediate stop-start
positions within the weld length.
(2) Members fabricated with transverse non-Ioadcarrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the
weld fully machined.
(3) Members of grade 50 or 55 steel complying with
BS 4360 fabricated or connected with rivets or bolts.
(d) Class D
transverse butt welds made in the shop in the flat
position, manual welds not giving deep penetration
and automatic welds made by a process other than
submerged arc welding.
fillet welds with stop-start positions within the weld
length.
(3) Members fabricated with transverse non-loadcarrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the
weld toe lightly ground.
(4) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-loadcarrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the
weld ends fully machined.
(5) Members of grade 43 steel complying with
BS 4360 fabricated or connected with rivets or bolts.
(e) Class E
(1) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-loadcarrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the
weld ends lightly ground.
(2) Girder webs with stiffeners in regions of
combined bending and shear.
(3) Members with stud shear connectors.
(1) Members with intermittent longitudinal non-loadcarrying attachments butt or fillet welded to their
edges.
(2) Members connected by longitudinal load-carrying
fillet welds.
(3) Members with partial-length welded cover plates.
(4) The bracing member of a lattice girder or truss at
the point where it is connected to a main member by
a butt or fillet weld.
(5) Members connected by load-carrying cruciform
fillet welds.
9.7 Connections:
riveted or bolted
9.7.1 Connections made with rivets and bolts. No

allowance for fatigue shall be made in calculating the
required number of rivets or bolts in a riveted or bolted
connection, except that all rivets or bolts subjected to
reversal of stress shall be proportioned for the arithmetical
sum of the load in the member corresponding to 'max plus
50 % of the load of opposite sign corresponding to 'min'
9.7.2 Connections made with friction grip bolts. No
allowance for fatigue shall be made in calculating the
required number of bolts.
9.8 Connection: load-carrying fillet welds
Load-carrying fillet welds shall be designed such that the
stress on their total effective throat area does not exceed
the relevant value given for class G in table 21.
9.9 Guides and guide rails
9.9.1 Cage guides, guide rails and their fixings shall
withstand all stresses produced by the normal operation of
the hoist under the worst loading conditions given in 10.1.2
and 10.1.3.
30
BS 4465
19B9
Section two
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
9.9.2 If safety gears for either cages or counterweights

operate on the guide rails, the latter shall be capable of
withstanding the additional stresses produced by the
brak ing force using the factors given in 4.1.2.
tion of the loads produced by the distribution given

in 10.1.2 and 10.1.3 all simultaneously applied, as follows:
(a) vertical load due to live load including impact;
(b) vertical load due to own mass of the structure;
(c) horizontal loads due to wind;
(d) horizontal loads due to cantilever moments of the
cage or counterweight;
(e) crushing loads due to the application, when fitted,
of safety gear gripping elements to the sides of the mast
members.
9.9.3 Where a safety gear operates on the face of a guide

rail, that face shall have a surface finish appropriate to the
type of safety gear.
Where vertical members of the mast or tower are used to
guide the cage or counterweight and these members are
made of hollow sections, the wall thickness of the sections
shall be designed to resist the most unfavourable combina-
Figure 6. Typical class E weld details
32
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
iiiii
~
iiiii
iiiii
(f)
*
*
.
.
Figure 7 . T VPlcal
class F wel d d etalls
33
as 4465 : 1989
Section two
-0
Tubular la ttice
'-Class
Angle lattice
Figure 8. Typical class F and class G weld details
34
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
iiii
~
iiii
iiii
(J)
Figure 9. Typical class G weld details
35
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
Section three. Mechanical design and construction

10 Hoist cage and enclosure
Table 22. Size of perforation

enclosure related to clearance
or opening
in cage
10.1 Hoist cage

10.1.1 Basic construction. The hoist cage shall consist
fundamentally of a frame which shall be designed to
comply with the permissible working stresses specified
in 5.3 whilst carrying the loads given in 10.1.2 and 10.1.3.
10.1.2 Load distribution for persons. The area of the cage
floor shall be not less than 0.2 m2 per person, on the basis
of each person weighing not less than 80 kg (i.e. 400 kg/m2).
10.1.3 Load distribution for materials. The design of the
hoist shall take into account the fact that loads could be
such that their distribution will not necessarily be either
symmetrical or uniform (see also clause 24(e) and
clause 32(b)).
Maximum size of
perforation or opening"
Minimum clearance from

adjacent moving parts
mm
mm
.;; 10
22
>10,.;;13
50
> 13,';; 32
100
> 32, .;; 38
125
* When the opening is in the form of a slot the length of

the slot may be longer than this maxima, provided its width
does not exceed the maximum stated in the table.
10.1.4 Floor. For hoists of 1000 kg rated load and over,

the floor surface and supporting members shall be designed
to carry wheel loads equal to 500 kg anywhere within an
area stated by the manufacturer (see clause 32(b)).
It shall be assumed that only one such load will occur
with in a floor area of 1.0 m x 0.5 m and that the area of
wheel contact is 150 mm x 40 mm.
by means of a removable key and from the outside by a

permanent handle. A safety switch complying with 22.7
shall be provided to prevent movement of the cage whilst
the cover is not in place.
A ladder, giving access to the emergency opening, shall be
permanently available inside the cage.
The roof of the cage including the emergency opening shall
be protected by a railing consisting of an upper rail not less
than 1 m above the roof, and an intermediate rail at halfheight, and by a toe-board not less than 150 mm high.
10.2 Enclosure
10.2.1 The cage shall be roofed with imperforate panels.
The sides of the cage unoccupied by the access gates shall
be enclosed to a height of not less than 1.98 m. Each
entrance shall be provided with an access gate, or door,
extending to the full width of the cage opening and to a
height of not less than 1.98 m.
10:5 Emergency audible alarm

In order that passengers may call for assistance from outside
an easily distinguishable and accessible emergency audible
alarm device shall be fitted within the cage. This device shall
be capable of being operated in the event of electrical
supply failure.
10.2.2 The cage enclosure and gates, or doors, shall be

capable of withstanding a thrust of 350 N applied normally
at any position without permanent deformation and
without the gates or doors being sprung from their guides.
The 350 N thrust shall be applied by a rigid square flat face
of 50 mm whose edges are a radius of 3 mm.
11 Hoistway enclosure and gates
10.2.3 Landing gate and cage threshold members shall be

designed for a single vertical load of 40 % of the rated load
or 500 kg, whichever is greater, and a single horizontal
force of 1500 N both applied centrally.
Sufficient enclosure of the hoistway and counterweight

shall be provided to protect persons from being struck by
moving parts of the hoist.
Gates shall be provided in the hoistway at every access
point.
The height of the enclosure and the gates shall be not less
than 1.98 m above the landing floor.
The enclosure and the gates shall comply with 10.2.2
to 10.2.4.
10.2.4 Solid doors, when fitted, shall be provided with a

vision panel located at eye level. This vision panel shall have
an area not less than 250 cm2 and shall be shatter resistant.
10.2.5 The size of any perforation or opening in the cage
enclosure and gates or doors, when closed, (including vision
panels) related to the clearances from adjacent moving parts
shall be as given in table 22.
10.3 Cage/landing clearance
The distance between the outside of the cage threshold and
the landing sill shall not exceed 45 mm.
12 Interlocking
of gates
10.4 Emergency egress

An opening for emergency egress shall be provided in the
roof of the cage. The opening shall be provided with a cover
that opens outwards, shall only be operable from the inside
12.1.1 Every gate shall be fitted with an effective electrical

and mechanical locking device that complies with 12.2.
12.1 Interlocks
12.1.2 It shall not be possible under operating conditions

to open any landing gate from the landing side, or to open
36
as 4465 : 1989
Section three
a cage gate, unless the cage floor is within a :!: 150 mm zone
of that particular landing.
12.1.3 It shall not be possible under operating conditions
to start or run the hoist, unless all gates (both cage and
landing) are within 20 mm of the closed position.
-FnK
W
12.2.1 All locking devices shall be fastened securely and

the fastenings shall be restrained against working loose.
12.2.2 The locking elements shall engage fully by not less
than 10 mm at right angles to the direction of motion of
the part to be locked.
12.2.3 In the case of flap type locks the flaps shall overlap
the gate leaves over the entire width by an amount
sufficient to prevent the gate from opening. It shall not be
possible for the locking flap to drop into the closed
position whilst the gate leaf or leaves are in any position
other than the closed position.
.. 10 for cage suspension ropes
.. 6 for counterweight suspension ropes used with

rack and pinion hoists
where
F is the minimum breaking load of the rope;
n is the number of separate suspension ropes;
K is the roping factor, i.e. 1 for 1: 1 roping
2 for 2: 1 roping
3 for 3: 1 roping, etc.;
W is the maximum total static load imposed on the
ropes with the cage, and its rated load located in any
position in the cage (including the mass of stored
ropes) .
NOTE. The minimum ratio is considered sufficient to take account
of the increase of load due to bending the rope and due to pulley
bearing friction when the pulley, sheave and drum sizes are not less
than those specified in 13.2.1.
12.2.4 The electrical contacts in the gate locking devices

shall be opened positively and independent of gravity.
(I)
*
-FnK
W
or
12.2 Locking devices
i~-iiiii
This ratio shall be obtained from the equation:
12.2.5 All gate locking devices, together with any

associated actuating mechanism and electrical contacts,
shall be so situated or protected as to be normally
inaccessible to persons from the landing. The devices shall
also be so designed that they cannot readily be made
inoperative by unauthorized interference with their
mechanism.
13.1.4
Rope speeds shall not exceed 2 m/s.
13.1.5 Arrangements entailing reverse bends shall be

avoided. Designs requiring surplus rope to be stored shall
not use rope connectors or fittings liable to cause damage
to a section of rope that could subsequently become part
of the system.
12.2.6 The locking devices shall be capable of resisting a

force of 1 kN at the level of the lock in the opening
direction of the gate.
13.1.6 The strength of the rope terminations

less than 80 % of that of the ropes.
12.2.7 Gate locking devices shall be designed to permit

servicing. Electromechanical locks shall be encased and
parts sensitive to water, deleterious dust and other
contaminants shall be contained within sealed housings.
13.2 Drums, traction sheaves and pulleys
shall be not
13.2.1 Minimum diameter. The diameter of drums, sheaves

and pulleys shall be 30d (where d is the nominal diameter of
the rope). measured at the bottom of the groove. In the
case of a vee or undercut drive traction sheave the minimum
diameter shall be 31d at the pitch circle diameter of the
rope in the groove.
12.2.8 The removal of any detachable cover shall not

disturb any of the lock mechanism or the wiring. All
detachable covers shall be retained by captive screws.
12.2.9 The locking elements shall be held in the locked
position by springs or weights. Where springs are used they
shall be in compression and adequately supported. The
failure of a spring shall not render a lock unsafe.
13.2.2 Angle of fleet. The angle of fleet between the rope

and a plane normal to the axis of a pulley shall not exceed
2.50, as shown in figure 10.
13 Rope suspension
13.1 Cage and counterweight
support
Maximum
wire rope suspension or
13.1.1 Not less than two wire ropes, independent of one

another, shall be used for suspension. Means shall be
provided to ensure load equalization between the ropes.
-+-
angle of fleet
=~:
Pulley
13.1.2 The wire ropes shall be not less than 9 mm nominal

diameter in accordance with as 302 or as 329.
Drum
13.1.3 The working load on each rope shall be considered

as being a static load. The ratio of the minimum breaking
load of each rope to this load shall be not less than 10 for
cage suspension ropes or 6 for counterweight suspension
ropes used with rack and pinion hoists.
Figure 10. Angle of fleet
37
as 4465 : 1989
Section three
The lead off angle from drums shall not be greater than 2.50
when grooved, or 1.50 when plain, measured each side of a
line normal to the axis of the drum.
In the case of traction sheaves the lead shall not deviate by
more than 2.50 from a plane normal to the axis of the
sheave groove.
13.2.3 Drum and pulley grooves
13.2.3.1 General. All grooves shall be smoothly finished
and their edges rounded. The contour of the groove shall
be circular over an arc of not less than 1200 and have a
radius of not more than 7.5 % nor less than 5 % in excess
of half the nominal diameter of the rope.
13.2.3.2
Drum
NOTE. The requirements of this subclause do not preclude the use

of drums having grooves of non-helical form.
Helically grooved drums shall have a groove depth not less

than 1/3 the nominal diameter of the rope and shall be
pitched so that there is clearance between neighbouring
turns of rope on the drum. There shall also be clearance
between the part of the rope leading on to, or leaving, the
drum and the adjacent turn.
The clearance between neighbouring turns of rope on a
helically grooved drum shall be as given in table 23.
Table 23. Clearance between turns of rope
on helically grooved drums
Clearance
Nominal rope diamater
mm
mm
~1.6
.. 13
~2.4
.. 28
Drums shall be flanged at both ends, When the rope is fully

wound onto the drum the flanges shall project for a
distance equivalent to not less than two rope diameters;
this projection shall be not less than 25 mm. An overspill
switch complying with 22.6 shall also be fitted.
Rope anchorages shall be protected by not less than three
dead turns remaining on the drum when the rope is paid
out to its maximum working length. The anchorages shall
be designed to withstand the maximum working load on
the rope (see 13.1.3) making no allowance for the effect
of any dead turns.
13.2.3.3 Pulleys. Pulleys shall have a groove depth not less
than 1.5 times the nominal diameter of the rope. The angle
of flare on the sides of the groove shall be 520.
13.2.4 Traction sheave grooves. The rope grooves in
traction sheaves shall take one of the following forms.
(a) Round: in which the groove is a circular arc having a
radius not greater than 5 % larger than half the nominal
diameter of the rope and has a depth not less than 1/3
of the nominal diameter of the rope.
(b) Round undercut: in which the groove is the same
as (a) but undercut.
(c) Vee: in which the straight sides subtend an included
angle of 37.5 :t 2.50.
14 Rack and pinion suspension system

14.1 General
The rack and the pinion shall be manufactured in
accordance with the dimensional requirements of
as 436 : Part 2 and designed in accordance with
as 436 : Part 3; the metric module shall be not less than 7.
14.2 Driving pinion
The driving pinion shall be machined from a material that
will resist wear and provide a safety factor of not less
than 6. Undercutting of the teeth shall be avoided.
The pinion shall be affixed to the output shaft in
accordance with 15.10.
14.3 Racks
The racks shall be made of material having properties
matching those of the pinion in terms of wear and impact
strength, and shall possess an equivalent safety factor.
The racks shall be securely attached to the mast or tower,
particularly at their ends. Joints in the rack shall be
accurately aligned to avoid faulty meshing or damage to
teeth.
The load imposed upon the rack by the pinion shall not
cause permanent deformation of the rack.
14.4 Rack/pinion engagement
Means shall be provided to maintain the rack and the pinion
constantly in mesh under all conditions of load. Such means
shall not rely upon the cage guide rollers. The devices used
shall restrict movement of the pinion on its axis such that
at least two-thirds of the tooth is always in engagement
with the rack. In addition it shall not be possible for the
pinion to move out of its correct engagement with the rack
by more than one-th ird of the tooth height.
14.5 Guarding
Substantial guarding shall be provided to prevent the entry
of any material that might cause damage to the rack or
pinion.
15 Driving machinery
15.1 Each hoist cage shall have at least one individual
driving machine fitted with a brake which operates
immediately to arrest the cage when the operating or
safety circuit is broken.
15.2 If two or more mechanically separate drives are used,
each drive shall have its own independent brake.
15.3 The drive motor shall be coupled to the drum, drive
sheave or drive pinions by a positive drive system that
cannot be disengaged.
15.4 The cage shall, during normal operation,
and lowered under power at all times.
be raised
15.5 Driving machinery and associated equipment shall be

so positioned or guarded to protect persons from injury.
Any machine enclosure door or gate shall be provided with
a lock.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
The machinery and equipment shall be readily and safely

accessible for servicing and examination. It shall also be
reasonably protected against damage from falling objects.
16.2 The brake shall be capable of bringing the hoist cage

to rest under maximum conditions of load and speed and
maintaining the cage stationary when fully loaded.
15.6 Chains and chainwheels shall comply with BS 228.

The chainwheels shall be of cast iron or steel, have a
minimum of 25 machine cut teeth and have a minimum of
6 teeth in engagement. Means shall be provided to prevent
the chain from leaving the chainwheel and riding over the
teeth.
Use may be made of belts for coupling the motor or motors
to the component on which the electromechanical brake
operates.
A minimum of two belts, complying with BS 3790,
shall be used.
16.3 No toggle or positive locking device shall be used to

hold off the brake. The brake shall not be released in
normal operation unless power is applied to the hoist motor.
15.7 All gearing shall be class 9 or 10 in accordance with:

(a) BS 436 : Parts 2 and 3, for spur gears; or
(b) BS 545 for bevel gears; or
(c) BS 721 : Part 1 or Part 2 for worm gearing;
as appropriate.
16.5 In the case of drum brakes a minimum of two shoes

shall be used. Brake linings shall be of incombustible
material and shall be so secured that normal wear will not
weaken their fixings. The wearing surfaces of brake drums
and discs shall be machined and shall be smooth and free
from defects.
16.6 No earth fault, circuit malfunction or residual
magnetism shall prevent the brake from being applied
when the power supply to the hoist motor is interrupted.
15.8 Stress concentrations shall be minimized by forming

adequate fillets where shafts and axles are shouldered.
Pulleys or sprockets and their shafts shall be so supported
and retained as to prevent them from becoming displaced.
16.7 Means of releasing the brake in an emergency shall be

provided and ensure the immediate reapplication of the
brake as soon as hand pressure is released.
16.8 The brake shall be designed to prevent the ingress of
lubricants, water, deleterious dust or other contaminants.
15.9 Keys shall be effectively secured against movement.
*
en
*
16.4 Compression springs shall be used to apply the brake.

They shall be adequately supported and shall not be stressed
in excess of 80 % of the torsional elastic limit of the
material.
15.10 Any separate sheave, rope drum, spur gear, worm

wheel or brake drum shall be fixed to its shaft or other
drive unit by one of the following methods:
(a) sunk keys;
(b) splines or serrations;
(c) secured by means of machined fitting bolts to a
flange forming an integral part of the shaft or driving
unit.
16.9 Brakes shall be provided with means of adjustment.
17 Counterweights
17.1 Counterweights
machines.
shall not be used with winding drum
17.2 The hoist cage shall not be used to counterbalance

another hoist cage.
15.11 Bearings shall be of the ball, roller, sleeve or other

replaceable type.
Ball and roller bearings shall be arranged in dust-proof
housings and shall be adequately lubricated.
Sleeve bearings having ring or chain lubrication shall have
ample reservoirs, provided with drain plugs and means to
ascertain and limit the level of oil in the reservoir.
Gear cases shall be provided with journal and thrust
bearings to suit the application.
Where access to a bearing for lubrication would otherwise
be difficult provision shall be made for remote lubrication,
or for safe access to the lubrication point.
17.3 If the counterweight incorporates filler weights,

one of the following measures shall be taken to prevent
their displacement:
(a) the fillers shall be retained within a frame; or
(b) if the rated speed of the cage is not greater than
1 mis, metallic fillers shall be restrained by a minimum
of two tie rods.
17.4 To prevent the displacement of counterweights from
their guides the guides shall be equipped with a permanent
anti-disengagement device in addition to rollers or shoes.
17.5 Counterweights shall be guided by suitable shoes or
rollers situated near the upper and lower extremities of the
carrier frame.
15.12 The brake, motor, gear case and any bearings shall
be mounted and assembled so that proper alignment of
these parts is maintained under all conditions.
17.6 Allowance shall be made for counterweight

at the top end of the hoistway.
16 Brake
overrun
17.7 A notice shall be displayed stating the total mass of

the counterweight required and each individual block shall
have its own mass marked on it.
16.1 The hoist shall be provided with a braking system

that operates automatically:
(a) in the case of loss of the power supply;
(b) in the event of the loss of the supply to the control
circu its.
39
as 4465 : 1989
Section three
18 Safety gear
18.14 Safety gears shall not operate to stop an ascending

hoist cage. If an ascending hoist cage is to be stopped on
account of overspeed, then a safety gear shall be fitted to
the counterweight for this purpose.
18.1 Every hoist shall be provided with a safety gear of

the progressive type attached to the cage frame and
actuated by a governor.
NOTE. An overspeed governor may however be used to cause the

motor control and brake control circuits to be opened in the event
of overspeed in the upwards direction.
18.2 The safety gear shall be tested and certificated in

accordance with 31.2 and shall be permanently marked
with the following data:
(a) maker's name;
(b) model number;
(c) serial number;
(d) governor tripping speed;
(e) maximum stopping distance.
18.15 Suitable provision shall be made to prevent the

safety gear from becoming inoperative due to the
accumulation of extraneous matter or to atmospheric
conditions.
18.16 Where safety gear of the gripping type is fitted on
the cage or the counterweight, no component of the safety
gear shall be used for both guiding or braking.
18.17 In safety gear where the action is achieved by means
of coil springs, the springs shall be in the form of
compression springs which shall be guided and in the
non-loaded condition have a coil pitch of less than twice
the wire diameter.
18.3 Counterweights on traction drive machines shall also

be fitted with a safety gear.
18.4 The safety gear shall operate with a deceleration not
exceeding 10n to arrest and support the cage with its
contract load, in the event of any failure of the hoist which
results in the rated speed being exceeded other than a
structural failure of the mast (see clause 19 and item 19 of
appendix A).
19 Overspeed governors
19.1 Governors shall come into action and trip the safety
gear before the hoist cage reaches a speed exceeding the
rated speed by the amount given in table 25.
18.5 The safety gear and governor shall be operational

during erection and dismantling work.
18.6 The motor control and brake control circuits shall be
automatically opened by a switch on the safety gear before
or at the time the safety gear is applied.
Table 25. Governor tripping speeds

Rated speed
18.7 When the safety gear has tripped it shall not be

possible to release or reset the safety gear by raising the
cage or platform by means of the normal control.
mls
18.8 No safety gear shall be dependent for its operation on

energizing or maintaining an electrical circuit.
18.9 Pulleys used to carry governor ropes shall be mounted
independently of any shaft that carries the suspension rope
pulleys.
18.10 If a safety gear is fitted to the counterweight
type of safety gear shall be as given in table 24.
Instantaneous
Progressive
1.0 mls
> 0.63, < 1.2
1.4 X rated speed
> 1.2
1.3 x rated speed
19.2 The device that sets the tripping speed of the safety
gear shall be located, as far as possible, to prevent
unauthorized alteration. The correct tripping speed shall
be marked on the safety gear.
Table 24. Type of safety gear for counterweights

< 1.0 m/s
< 0.63
NOTE. Under extreme conditions, for example very low

speeds and very high loadings, a lower tripping speed
may be adoPted.
the
18.11 When the safety gear is of the rack and pinion type
it shall also comply with clause 14.
Type of safety gear
Tripping speed max.
> 1.0 m/s
19.3 Ropes and rope attachments, etc. to governors shall

be dimensioned and designed in accordance with 13.1.
The nominal diameter of the rope to the governor shall be
not less than 8 mm and the bending diameter shall be at
least 30 x the nominal diameter of the rope for pulleys
idling in normal service. Pulleys and drums that rotate only
when the safety gear operates shall have a diameter of at
least 15 x the nominal diameter of the rope,
18.12 Where there is relative movement between the

gripping and the braking surface, these surfaces shall be
/:Ield clear of each other during normal operation of the
hoist.
20 Buffers
18.13 A safety gear designed to grip more than one guide

shall operate on all guides simultaneously.
The travel of the hoist cage and counterweights shall be

limited at the bottom by buffers that are designed in such
40
as 4465 : 1989
Section three
a way that the deceleration of the cage does not exceed

19n. For this purpose it shall be assumed that the buffers
stop the cage from governor tripping speed.
21 Hoist cage overrun

21.1 The hoist cage shall operate the ultimate limit switch
before striking the buffers.
21.2 In all cases the minimum distance between the
bottom landing level and the ultimate limit switch shall be
such that the latter is not operated during normal service
operation.
21.3 The overrun of the hoist cage at the top end of the
hoistway, i.e. the vertical distance the cage may travel after
operating the ultimate limit switch and before meeting any
obstruction to its normal travel or upper guide rollers
reaching the end of the guides, shall be not less than:
(a) 0.15 m on hoists operated by rack and pinion;
(b) 0.5 m on hoists operated by wire ropes.
When operating at rated speeds (v) greater than 0.85 m/s
the above overrun shall be increased by 0.1 v2 m.
22 Safety switches
22.1 General
(J)
*
*
22.1.1 All the safety switches described in this clause shall

be of the positively operated type and shall not be dependent upon springs for their operation.
22.4 Terminal slowing switches

When the hoist drive is of the multi-speed type, a set of
slowing switches shall be fitted at the terminal landings.
These switches shall be of the self-resetting type, arranged
so as to decelerate the hoist cage to the minimum speed
prior to the cage reaching the terminal stopping switch.
This function shall be performed independent of the
position of the control in the hoist cage.
22.5 Slack rope switches
A non-resetting slack rope switch shall be fitted on:
(a) hoists utilizing a winding drum; and
(b) counterweighted rack and pinion hoists,
arranged to interrupt the control circuit of the control
equipment in the event of any rope becoming slack.
22.6 Overspill switch
A non-resetting switch shall be fitted that will stop the
winding motion and apply the brake should any part of
the rope wound onto the drum project by more than half
the rope nominal diameter above the drum flange.
22.7 Cage roof access door switch
The switch specified in 10.4 shall be so positioned that any
movement to open the cage roof emergency door during
normal operation of the hoist would result in the control
circuit of the hoist being interrupted.
It shall not be possible to override this switch from inside
the cage.
22.1.2 The enclosure for safety switches shall be

weatherproofed in accordance with clause 27. The
enclosures and their frames, brackets, etc., shall be earthed
in accordance with clause 28.
NOTE. Provision may be made to short circuit this switch

specifically
for the purposes of inspection and erection when the
hoist control is transferred
to the roof of the cage. In the interests
of safety this provision should not be used to facilitate the carriage
of long loads.
22.1.3 When a safety switch forms part of the electrical

and the mechanical interlocking of hoistway and hoistcage
gates, the safety switch shall be mechanically coupled so
that it cannot close the circuit whilst the gate is open.
23 Guarding
22.2 Terminal stopping switches

Stopping switches shall be fitted to each hoistway or hoist
cage and shall be positively operated and of the selfresetting type, so arranged that their operation will result
in the hoist cage being automatically stoppped from any
speed attained in normal operation within the overall travel
range of the cage.
22.3 Ultimate limit switches
Ultimate limit switches shall be fitted within the hoistway
or to the hoist cage and shall be positively operated and be
of the non self-resetting type. The switches shall be so
arranged that in the event of the cage overrunning the
terminal stopping switches, they will interrupt the main
power supply to the hoist motor and electromechanical
brake on all phases. The switches shall be directly operated
by movement of the cage.
23.1 General
Effective guards shall be provided for gear wheels, belts and
chain drives, revolving shafts, flywheels, couplings, collars,
projecting set screws, and bolts or keys on any revolving
shaft, wheel, or pinion, unless those parts are made safe by
design or by position, or are effectively guarded by parts
of the structure.
NOTE. In appendix A reference is made to statutory obligations
affecting hoists when used for building operations and works of
engineering construction in the United Kingdom.
23.2 Design of fixed guards

Guards shall be of sheet metal (perforated or expanded),
wire mesh, wood, or other suitable material and shall
completely encase the moving parts concerned. The guards
shall be designed to permit easy access for routine inspection and maintenance work. Guards shall be substantially
constructed to withstand the atmospheric conditions in
the environment in which they are used, and shall be
sufficiently rigid to resist distortion. Guards shall be
securely attached to a fixed support.
NOTE. In the caseof traction driven hoists the switches may be

operated directly by the counterweight.
NOTE. Guidance on the design of guards is given in BS 5304.
41
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
The thickness of metal guards shall be not less than

1.25 mm.
The minimum clearance between the guards and moving
parts, and the size of the opening in guards or perforated
metal, woven wire, metal lattice, or similar material shall
be in accordance with BS 5304.
(e) The rated load of the hoist, in kilogrammes, and

details of any limitations on the positioning of loads.
(f) The maximum number of persons that it is
permissible to carry in the hoist cage and whether this
includes the driver.
(g) Information on whether it is necessary to reduce
the rated load at extreme heights.
(h) Bolt material specification.
NOTE. It is dangerous to use bolts other than those specified
by the hoist manufacturer.
(i) The mass of the counterweight, if fitted.
(j) A warning that persons trapped in the cage should
remain in the cage until released under the instruction
of a competent person.
(k) The rated speed.
24 Notices
Each hoist cage shall have permanently fixed in a
prominent position a legible and permanent plate or plates
carrying the following information.
(a) The manufacturer's name and address.
(b) The model and serial number of the hoist.
(c) The year of manufacture of the hoist.
(d) For rope suspended hoists, the nominal diameter
and specification of the suspension rope.
42
BS4465 : 1989
Section four
Section four. Electrical design and construction

NOTE. In drafting this section it is assumed that the electrical installation
latest edition of the lEE Regulations
for Electrical Installations.
25 Mains supply isolating switch

25.1 For each hoist there shall be a manually operated
isolating switch or circuit breaker capable of isolating every
pole of the supply network. The switch or breaker shall be
capable of disconnecting the hoist motor starting current.
25.2 The isolating switch shall be positioned in an easily
accessible position. Where this switch is housed in a cabinet,
the operating handle shall be accessible outside the cabinet.
25.3 The handle shall open the contacts positively and the
handle shall be lockable in the off position.
25.4 The positions of the switch shall be clearly marked
'off' and 'on'.
26.1 The size of all cables supplied with the hoist shall be
such that the rating is adequate for the maximum current
to be carried under all conditions of operation in service,
including starting.
[J)
*
*
with the
26.6 Precautions shall be taken to ensure the free and safe

movement of the cage trailing cable throughout the full
range of travel of the hoist cage.
26.7 If there is a requirement for contactor cabinets,
limit switches or push-button enclosures to be heated,
the supply for this heating circuit shall be connected to the
live side of the isolating switch. These conductors shall not
be contained within the same sheath as other wires,
Disconnection of the heating circuit shall be by means of a
separate switch marked 'electrical heating' which is situated
adjacent to the supply isolating switch described in
clause 25. All live parts of the heating circuit shall be
shrouded and identified.
26.8 The control gear cabinet shall contain such drawings
or documentation as are necessary to aid electrical
maintenance and fault finding, e.g. a circuit diagram and a
wiring diagram.
26 Cables and wiring
-!!!!!!!
complies
26.2 The mains cable for connecting the hoist to the

supply network shall be such that the rating and size
complies with 26.1.
NOTE. Protection should be provided by suitable fuses or a circuit
breaker in accordance with the hoist manufacturer's
recommendations.
26.3 All cables and wiring for the hoist shall be located
and installed to provide maximum protection from
mechanical damage that may be caused during the use of
the hoist.
26.4 Terminals shall be adequately shrouded and incoming
power terminals shall be covered and marked 'Live
terminals'.
Power and control circuits shall be grouped and, where
necessary, separated by insulating barriers; they shall also
be marked according to the designation of the circuits.
26.5 When positioning a cable, allowance shall be made for
the stresses to which the cable can be subjected as a
consequence of mechanical action. When the cable is led in
to motors, apparatus, connection boxes, etc., this shall be
done in an appropriate manner for each type of cable and
in such a way that the cable is protected against the stresses
occurring.
Trailing cables and flexible cables shall be protected against
wear, breakage or tearing. The outer sheath of the cable
shall be led in and securely fixed at the lead-in point so that
the cores are not subjected to harmful tension or twisting
in the connection space. Normal sealing glands with
packings are not regarded as meeting the requirement for
relief from pulling and twisting.
Cables shall be connected and branched in permanentlymounted enclosed terminal blocks or by means of strong
connectors intended for the purpose. Loose clamps or
jointing of cables, e.g. flexible cables, in any other manner
than by means of the devices intended for the purpose,
shall not be used.
43
27 Protection against the effects of

external influences
All electrical apparatus excluding that installed in control
gear cabinets shall be protected from the harmful or
hazardous effects of external influences, and where
appropriate to the design, positioned to provide protection
against rain, snow, mortar, concrete, dust and other dirt,
i.e. have a degree of protection at least equal to that which
corresponds to the symbol IP54 as classified in BS 5490.
NOTE. The Index of Protection liP) Code, is expressed in the form
'IPXX' in which a numeral replaces an X. The first digit defines
degrees of protection against contact with live or moving parts and
protection against ingress of solid bodies, and the second digit
defines the degree of protection against ingress of liquid. Full
information on degrees of protection offered by enclosures is given
in as 5490.
28 Earthing
The hoist structure, motor frames and metal casings of all
electrical equipment, including metal cabinets, conduit and
guards, shall be effectively bonded to earth.
29 Control circuits, panels, equipment

systems
and
NOTE.
is
Guidance
on the design of control
systems
in general
given in as 5304.
29.1 Control circuits
29.1.1 Provision shall be made for a reasonable time lag
between the stopping of the hoist cage and its being
resta rted.
29.1.2 The voltage of the hoist control and operating
circu its shall not exceed 130 V with respect to earth and
shall be connected to the alternating current network via
an isolating transformer with separate primary and
secondary windings and with the primary windings earth
screened.
as 4465 : 1989
Section tau r
One pole of the secondary winding, or if a rectifier is

connected to it one d.c. pole, shall be directly connected
to earth.
29.3.2 Controller panels or their supporting frames shall

be constructed of materials that do not support
combustion.
29.1.3 Control circuits shall be so arranged that any fault,

except open circuit faults, will be faults to earth. Any
faults, or the discharge or failure of any circuit component,
shall not set up an unsafe condition, e.g. starting or
continuing cage motion when any safety contact has
opened or is opening.
29.3.3 Main and auxiliary resistors shall be adequately

supported and ventilated.
29.1.4 All safety circuits shall be designed to prevent an

intercircuit fault.
29.3.5 Contactors for reversing direction of travel shall be

mechanically and electrically interlocked.
29.1.5 Control circuits shall be protected by fuses or equivalent devices, independently of the protection provided for
the main circuits. In the event of an earth fault in the
control circuit of the hoist, the circuit shall be disconnected
as a result of rupturing a fuse or similar protective device.
29.3.6 Where contactors having metal to metal contacts

are employed to open a circuit in order to stop the hoist
drive, such a circuit shall have at least two independent
contactors to afford double break of one or more main
lines. For three-phase systems the main contactor shall be
triple-pole and switch all three phases.
29.3.4 Interlocking shall be provided, where necessary,

to ensure that the relays and contactors operate in proper
sequence.
29.1.6 Switches shall not be connected between the earth

and the control circuit operating coils.
29.3.7 Each hoist motor shall be protected from

overcurrent.
29.1.7 The opening of the circuit to stop the hoist at the

terminal floors shall not be dependent upon the direct
operation of a spring (see 22.1.1) or upon the completion
of another electrical circuit.
29.3.8 Hoists connected to polyphase a.c. power supplies

shall incorporate means to prevent the motor being
energized in the event of a phase failure or phase reversal.
29.1.8 The control system shall not depend upon

energizing or maintaining the continuity of an electrical
circuit for the interruption of the power supply to the
hoist motor and the application of the machine brake to
stop the cage when any safety switch (see clause 22) is
operated.
29.4 Manual controls

29.4.1 Type of controls. The hoist controls, including
temporary controls (such as on the cage roof, see 29.4.3),
shall be so arranged that control can be effected from one
location only at anyone time.
29.2 Electrical control panels and cabinets

NOTE. BS 5486 : Part 1 specifies general requirements for factory
built assemblies.
29.2.1 Panels and cabinets shall be of robust construction

and shall be protected in accordance with clause 27.
29.2.2 The cabinets shall be designed and located such that
where practicable an unobstructed working space of not
less than 1 m deep and 1.90 m high is provided for access
for maintenance and inspection in front of the door or
cover.
29.2.3 To prevent unauthorized access during normal use
of the hoist, doors or covers that are provided for
maintenance and inspection shall be secured by devices
that require a spanner, key or special tool to remove or
loosen them. Should threaded fasteners be used they shall
be of the captive type.
29.4.3 Cage roof control. If any maintenance, inspection

or erection requires the presence of persons on the hoist
cage roof whilst the cage is in motion, a control station
shall be provided on the cage roof. This control shall, in the
case of multi-speed installations, only permit movement of
the cage at low speed.
29.4.4 Cage roof safety control. A non self-resetting switch
shall be provided on the cage roof, which at all times shall
be capable of stopping and preventing movement of the
cage.
29.2.4 If the mains supply isolating switch specified in

clause 25 is not housed in the control gear cabinet, a label
shall be permanently displayed on the outside of the door
or cover of the cabinet requiring the mains supply to the
cabinet to be moved to the 'off' position before opening
access doors or covers.
29.3 Control equipment,
29.4.2 Cage controls. Controls located inside the cage

shall be placed in a position:
(a) which will give the operator ample room for
operation and a clear view of the landing levels; and
(b) that it is impossible to reach them by hand from
outside a closed landing gate.
Every cage operating device shall be arranged to return to
the 'stop' position when released.
29.4.5 Remote control. Remote control facilities shall be

provided only to facilitate testing.
29.4.6 Operators' key switch. A switch to render the
control circuit inoperative shall be fitted in the cage as a
means of preventing unauthorized operation of the hoist.
The switch shall be of a type that cannot be turned to the
'on' position until a key has been inserted, the key being
trapped when turned and not removable until returned to
the 'off' position.
relays and contactors
29.3.1 The control equipment shall be adequately

protected to prevent accidental contact with live parts.
44
as 4465 : 1989
Section
29.4.7 Marking. All manual controls shall be clearly
29.5.5 Any variation of supply voltage to component parts

of the installation shall not give rise to unsafe conditions.
marked to indicate their purpose and the direction of

travel resulting from their operation.
29.5 Non-conductive
four
29.5.6 The wiring arrangements for the installation shall

be such that control circuit wiring and connections are
adequately segregated from other supplies.
control system
29.5.1 When used, a non-conductive control system shall

be applicable to the control of the cage only and shall not
be used for any part of the landing gate interlock system.
In addition to the relevant requirements elsewhere in this
standard, the requirements given in 29.5.2 to 29.5.8 shall
also apply.
29.5.2 All cage safety interlocks shall be so arranged that
in the event of any interruption of the safety circuits it
shall not be possible for any movement of the cage to take
place.
29.5.3 The signal level shall be such that malfunction due
to the imposition of spurious signals shall not occur.
Frequencies used by local radio, television and h.f. heaters
shall be avoided.
29.5.4 Failure of any relay or relay circuit to operate
properly shall not give rise to potentially unsafe conditions,
e.g. movement of the cage with the gates open.
iiiii
~
iiiii
iiiii
(f)
45
29.5.7 All safety switches (see clause 22) shall operate

independently of the non-conductive control system.
29.5.8 It shall be possible to check and test the function
of cableless control units on site without energizing the
main hoist motor control gear.
30 Suppression of radio and television

interference
All circuits and electrical equipment shall be designed to
comply with as 800 to prevent giving rise to radio
interference in excess of local regulations.
The necessary components used to provide the required
degree of suppression shall not be used in any part of the
circuit where their failure might cause an unsafe condition.
as 4465 : 1989
Section five
Section five. Testing

31 General
31.1 General
All hoists shall be submitted
(a) safety gear type tests
(b) prototype proof tests
(c) production tests (see
of arresting the motion of the cage when containing 125 %

of the rated load under the conditions specified in 31.3.1
whilst descending at the safety gear tripping speed.
to the following tests:
(including governors) (see 31.2);
(see 31.3);
31.4).
31.2 Cage safety gear type tests

31.2.1 A representative model of every new version of
safety gear shall be tested to apply stresses to all parts
equivalent to those resulting from drop tests loaded in
accordance with tables 2 and 3.
tests
31.4.1 General. Every production hoist shall be submitted

to the production tests given in 31.4.2 to 31.4.5 by the
manufacturer.
31.4.2 Functional tests. The hoist shall be operated in
both directions at such minimum height as will allow
adequate testing whilst the cage contains:
(a) the rated load, evenly distributed over the platform;
and
(b) 125 % of (a).
31.2.3 The total number of repeated tests shall be not less

than the number calculated from the following, subject to
an absolute minimum of 100 tests:
= 2No
31.3.6 On counterweighted hoists employing traction

drives it shall be demonstrated that the hoist drive will
maintain traction throughout normal operating travel
of the cage in both directions whilst the mass of the
counterweight is reduced by 50 % and the rated load on
the cage platform is reduced by an equivalent amount.
31.4 Production
31.2.2 The tests shall be conducted at the governor

tripping speed specified by the hoist manufacturer and
utilizing the design of mast or tower and/or rack which
would normally be employed in normal service.
minimum number of tests

where
31.3.5 On completion of the above type tests the hoist

shall be thoroughly examined and shall be found to be
free from defect.
Ld
No is the average expected number of operations of the

safety gear per year, subject to a minimum of 10
operations;
Although the full rated speed need not be attained during

the overload test (b) it shall be demonstrated that the hoist
is capable of operating satisfactorily with the overload.
NOTE 1. The functional test may be carried out by the
manufacturer at his works or on site as part of his site testing
Ld is the design life of the safety gear, in years.

NOTE. The design life Ld of the safety gear may not necessarily
be that of the complete hoist unit.
programme.
NOTE 2. The necessity for subsequent repetition of certain tests in
31.2.4
For rack and pinion hoists at least 10 % of the tests
order to comply with statutory requirements is not precluded.
shall be conducted
with the drive pinion disengaged and in
31.4.3 Safety devices. All safety devices shall be tested to
at least 10 % of the tests the pinion shall be engaged.
determine that:
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the additional requirements of
(a) the overspeed device operates at the rated speed;
Health and Safety Executive Certificate of Exemption CON/I-O/S1 11
which applies to certain rack and pinion hoists.
(b) the safety gear is capable of arresting motion of the
cage without the assistance of any motor brakes and

within the manufacturer's declared stopping distance
when the cage contains the rated load as it is descending
at the tripping speed of the governor;
(c) operation of the terminal stopping switches causes
the cage to stop within the limits of overtravel for the
cage, and the counterweight if fitted;
(d) when the terminal stopping switches are overrun,
the ultimate stopping switches will operate and cut off
the power supply to the machinery on all phases;
(e) the mechanical and electrical interlocks of all cage
and landing gates and doors function correctly.
31.2.5 The stopping distance during all tests shall be not

greater than the specified maximum.
31.2.6 Upon completion of the test programme a
certificate of test in accordance with appendix G shall be
produced and completed.
31.3 Prototype
proof tests
31.3.1 The hoist manufacturer shall submit the first

complete hoist of any new design to a proof loading test
of 150 % the rated load evenly distributed over the cage
platform and 125 % of the rated load placed at the
maximum eccentric positions in each direction as
determined in accordance with 10.1.3.
31.4.4 Electrical tests
31.3.2 Each test shall consist of at least 10 full height runs

up and down a mast that has been erected to the
manufacturer's maximum free standing height.
31.4.4.1 Brake operation. Checks shall be made to ensure

proper release and arrest functions of the brake at its rated
current and voltage.
The brake shall also be checked for correct adjustment and
that the brake arrests the motion of the cage during the
functional tests given in 31.4.2.
31.3.3 Although the full rated speed need not be attained

during the tests it shall be demonstrated that the hoist is
capable of operating satisfactorily with 150 % of the rated
load.
31.4.4.2 Insulation resistance. Before the hoist is connected

to an electrical supply the insulation resistance shall be
measured between all leads in the power lines and earth and
31.3.4 A further test shall be carried out by the

manufacturer to demonstrate that the safety gear is capable
46
BS 4465 : 1989
Section five
all control lines and earth. The insulation resistance shall be

not less than 1 kD.N in circuits carrying more than 50 V,
with a minimum value of 0.25 MD.. The test shall be made
with a megger applied to all applicable parts of the circuits
so as to ensure that the hoist is correctly earthed. Circuits
containing electronic components, instruments, timers,
rectifiers, etc., shall not be subjected to this test.
31.4.5 Other tests and checks. To detect faults in materials
and workmanship, tests and visual checks shall be made to
ascertain that:
(a) all mechanical elements such as interlocks, locks
and enclosures are effective;
(b) conductors and cables are laid correctly;
(c) devices are mounted correctly;
(d) cable connections are tight and have adequate
contact;
(e) all interlocks, sequence controls and safety interlocks
are wired and function correctly;
(f) the earthing of all metal frames for motors, safety
switches, control switches, cabinets and hoist structure
is continuous and not greater than 0.1 D. impedance
with respect to the main earthing terminal.
iiiiii
!!!!!!!
(I)
*
*
47
as 4465 : 1989
Section six
Section six. Instruction manual
(3) full load current
32 General
(4) starting current
Eachhoist shall be supplied with an instruction manual

which provides technical data concerning the hoist,
examples of which are listed below.
(a) The type and model.
(m) The type of brake.

(n) A description
(1) number;
(2) construction;
of the cage, Le. width,
(3) diameter;
length and clear height (in mI.

(e) The access width into the cage (in mI.
(f) The minimum
of the driving unit.
(0) The type and position of the control.

(p) The type of landing gate (e.g. rising or outward
opening).
(q) Suspension rope details (where applicable):
(b) The capacity of the cage, giving both the number of

persons, the rated load (in kg) and the positions of
permissible loads (see 10.1.2 and 10.1.3).
(c) Hoisting speeds (in m/s).
(d) The internal dimensions
(in A);
(in A).
(4) minimum
breaking load;
(5) number of falls;
mast height required above the top
(6) ratio of minimum
landing.
(g) The minimum distance (in mm) between the lowest
landing and the lowest point of the hoist structure.
breaking load/rated
load.
(r) Installation details of terminal and ultimate

stopping switches.
(s) Full information
on the operation and maintenance
*(h) The maximum
overall height of the mast (in mI.
*(i) The maximum

structure (in mI.
*(j) The maximum
spacing of ties to the supporting
of safety gear, including method of assessing wear.

(t) Full information
for the installation, testing,
free standing height of the complete
operation, extension, servicing and dismantling of the

hoist.
(u) Full information to enable foundations, ties and tie
hoist (in m) (to comply with IN SERVICE and

QUT-QF-SERVICE
conditions).
*(k) The maximum permissible height (in m) of the
fixings to be designed in relation to the four scheduled

zones of operation.
(v) Specification of bolts for assembling the structure.
mast or tower above the top tie.

(I) A description of the drive unit, e.g.:
(w) An electrical
(1) power (in kw);

(2) electricity
circuit
diagram showing the operation
of the electrical equipment

and switched off).
supply (in V, Hz and phases);
(in the ready for service state
The dimensions required by (h), iii, (j) and (k) should be selected from table 4 to suit the zone of operation. For operation
four scheduled zones, or for special applications, the hoist manufacturer's
recommended figures should be stated.
48
outside the
BS 4465 : 1989
Appendices A, C and D
Appendices
Appendix A. Legislation and related
documents
iiiiii
~
iiiiii
iiiiii
*
en
*
Appendix C. Derivation of design wind

pressures
The following legislation and documents may be applicable

to electric hoists in the United Kingdom.
1. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
2. Factories Act 1961.
3. The Lifting Machines (Particulars of Examinations)
Order 1963.5.1. 1963 No. 1382.
4. Ship Building and Ship Repairing Regulations,
5.1. 1960 No. 1932.
5. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations
5.1.1961 No.1581.
6. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Certificates
Order, 5.1. 1962 No. 227.
7. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Certificates
(Amendment) Order, 5.1. 1964 No. 531.
8. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Reports Order,
5.1. 1962 No. 225.
9. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Prescribed
Particulars Order, 5.1. 1962 No. 226.
10. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Prescribed
Particulars (Amendment) Order, 5.1. 1962 No. 1747.
11. The Construction (General Provisions) Regulations
5.1. 1961 No. 1580.
12. The Construction (Working Places) Regulations,
5.1. 1966 No. 94.
13. The Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations,
1908 and 1944. S.R. & 0.1908, No.1312, as amended
by S.R. & O. 1944 No. 739.
14. The Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965.
15. The Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing Regulations
(Northern Ireland) 1960.
16. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations
(Northern Ireland) 1963.
17. Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1949.
18. Certificate of exemption No. CON(LO)/1981/1
'Rack and Pinion hoists'.
19. Hand 5 E Guidance Note PM 24 'Safety at rack and
pinion hoists'.
20. Hand 5 E Guidance Note No. PM 27 'Construction
hoists'.
Copies of these documents may be obtained from:
H.M. Stationery Office
49 High Holborn
London
WC1V 6 HB
Appendix
B. Text deleted
49
The design wind pressures in table 4 were prepared in

accordance with CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2.
The following values were used:
(a) Basic wind speed:
All zones:
Zone 1:
Zone 2:
Zone 3:
Zone 4:
NOTE.
v = 20 m/s
V = 38 m/s
In service.
V = 48 m/s
V = 52 m/s
V = 56 m/s \
Out of
service.
The geographical
locations
of the above zones are
illustrated in as 7212.
(b) Topography
factor
S1
=1
(c) Ground roughness, building size and height above

ground, factor S2 :
Height above ground
Om to 30 m
S2 = 1.01
Over 30 m to 60 m
S2 = 1.1
Over
60mt090m
Over
90 m to 120 m
S2
= 1.145
= 1.18
Over 120 m to 150 m

Over 150 m to 200 m
S2
S2
= 1.205
= 1.24
S2
(d) Statistical factor S3 = 0.90 for a period of exposure

of 13 years, using a probability level of 0.63.
(e) Design wind pressure q kV.2
where k
= 0.613
and
V. = V X SI X S2 X S3
Example:
V.
= 38
= 0.613
x 1 x 1.01 x 0.90
X (34.54)2
= 731
= 34.54
N/m2
Appendix D. The use of steels of higher

tensile strength than those of steels
complying with BS 4360
The use of suitable steels with higher tensile strengths than
those covered by BS 4360 is permissible, provided that
working stresses are rigorously analysed having regard to
loading conditions, and the design of the structure is
verified by adequate testing.
The working stresses thus derived should not exceed the
permissible stresses calculated in accordance with 6.1.
In all cases for steels having a yield stress greater than 82 %
of the ultimate stress the basic stresses
Pat,ba.' Pac,ba. for
fir .. so, Pbt.bas, Pbc,bas and PqC,ba.shou Id be taken
respectively as the basic stresses for steel of grade 55
BS 4465 : 1989
Append ix E
complying with BS 4360 in accordance with 6.1, increased

in the ratio
he is the distance between flange centroids;

If is the moment of inertia of the compression flange
only about y-y axis of the girder.
(a) For I sections. The above formula reduces to
Ys + Us
Ys,55 + UI.55
where
C =
UI and YI are the minimum ultimate tensile strength

and the yield stress for the steel under consideration.
Extreme care has to be taken in the use of these steels
where the design criteria are crippling, buckling, or lateral
instability, in applications where the increased deflections
resulting from higher stresses may give rise to critical
conditions. In all cases it is essential to ensure that any
steel used has adequate properties in respect of impact at
low temperature, weldability and fatigue.
of C s (see 6.1.4.2.3.3)
where
j{
I~GK
::;)}
Zx is the gross section modulus about x-x axis;

I is the effective length of compression flange;
Ix
JJ.=~;
IvK
Ifhe2
Kf
)}
rectangular
( )
b~3
A. is the total enclosed area of section;

S is the length of each element of the periphery;
t is the thickness of each element (in the case of
curtailed flanges, the effective thickness);
e.g. for a box of depth d, width b, and uniform thickness t,
2b2 d2 t
K~d+b
(d) For a plate or flat in bending in a plane parallel to its
surface. Substituting appropriate values of K, etc.,
f
C =410000
lD
where
t is the thickness;
D is the depth;
I is the effective length of part in compression.
The critical compression stress C. (in N/mm2 ) for sections

symmetrical about the x-x axis may be calculated from
21
Zxl
where
band tare breadth'and average thickness of each
element.
(b) For channel and Z sections. The formula in (a) above
gives conservative values.
(c) For box members. Conservative values of C. are
obtained by substituting in the formula in (a) above,
4A.2
K~
~(Slt)
where
Appendix E. Basic formula for calculation
j{ (
1 + 12.3
JJ.
For sections composed of approximately
elements,
UI.55 and Y..55 are the minimum ultimate tensile

strength and the yield stress of grade 55 steel complying
with BS 4360;
C.
410000
Iv
Ix is the moment of inertia of the whole section

about x-x axis;
Iv is the moment of inertia of the whole section
about y-y axis;
is Young's modulus (= 205000 N/mm2);
G is the modulus of rigidity (taken as 0.4);
K is the appropriate torsion constant;
EIh 2
w is the warping constant (=
=-- for I sections);
2
Appendix
50
F. Text deleted
BS4465 : 1989
Appendix G
Appendix G. Certificate of type test for safety gear

A typical type test certificate for safety gear is as follows (see 31.2.6).
OF TYPE TEST FOR BUilDERS'
CERTIFICATE
HOIST SAFETY
GEAR
Name and address of maker
Date of test:
Safety
no.:
I
Model no. of hoist upon

which test was conducted:
Rated
load of that
kg
I
No. of repeated tests:
Design
I
hoist:
Design
gear model
tripping
speed
m/s
]
life, Ld (years):
I
Average
number
operations,
of expected
Design stopping
No
I
distance:
iiiii
!!!!!!
iiiii
iiiii
Actual stopping
Index of protection
iiiii
!!!!!!
distances:
code: liP
mmax.1
I Modelno.
Other models of hoist upon which

this safety gear may be used:
UJ
Rated load
I
kg
I
kg
I
kg
kg
Declaration
I/We certify that on
Signature(s)
Qualifications:
19
and that the foregoing
is a correct
report
the equipment
was tested
and found
to be satisfactory,
of the result.
Address(es):
Date:
I
If employed by a company or association give name and address:
51
19
as 4465
1989
Index
Accessibility
3.2
Aerodynamic slenderness
Alarm, emergency
10.5
Angle of fleet 13.2.2
Figure 2
Bearings, drive machinery

15.11
Bolts 7.2
black 7.2.1.3
friction grip 7.2.1.1
precision
7.2.1.2
Bolting, basic stresses
in bearing 7.2.1.2.5
in fatigue 9.7
in shear 7.2.1.2.3
in tension
7.2.1.2.2
in tension and shear 7.2.1.2.4
Brake 15.1; 15.2; 16
emergency release 16.7
production test 31.4.4
shaft fixing 15.10
Buffers 20
Cabinets, electrical
control
29.2
26.7
access to
29.2.3
notice 29.2.4
location of 29.2.2
heating of 26.7
Cables, electrical
26
flexible 26.5
trailing 26.5; 26.6
Cage 10
construction
10.1.1
doors
10.2.2; 10.2.4; 10.2.5
emergency roof opening
10.4
switch 22.7
floor 10.1.4
gates 10.2.2; 10.2.4; 10.2.5
load distribution
10.1.2; 10.1.3
manual controls
29.4.2; 29.4.3
overrun
21
Clearances
cage/landing
10.3
enclosure/structure
10.2.5
Connections, structural
basic stresses 7
bolts 7.2
rivets 7.2.2
studs 7.2
welds 7.1
fatigue stresses
bolts 9.7
rivets 9.7
welds 9.8
Control equipment, etc. 29
circuits 29.1; 29.3.4
circuit protection
29.1.5; 29.3.7; 29.3.8
contactors
29.3
failsafe 29.1.3; 29.1.4
manual 29.4
non-conductive
29.5
relays 29.3
supply 29.1.2
time lag 29.1.1
voltage 29.1.2
Counterweights
17
overru n 17.6
Diagrams, electrical
26.8
instruction manual 32
Doors, cage 10.2.2; 10.2.4; 10.2.5

Drawings, electrical
26.8
Driving machinery
15
bearings 15.11
belts 15.6
brake 15.1; 15.2; 16
emergency release 16.7
shaft fixing 15.10
chains and chainwheels
15.6
component alignment 15.12
drive 15.3
gearing 15.7
lubrication
15.11
shaft fixing 15.10
stresses 15.8
Drum, winding
13.2
diameter
13.2.1; 19.3
grooves 13.2.3.1; 13.2.3.2
shaft fixing 15.10
Duty factor
5.3
Earth bonding
28
production check 31.4.5
Effective length (structure)
8.1
Effective width (structural panels) 8.2
Electrical
cabinets
26.7
cables 26.1; 26.2; 26.3; 26.5
drawings and diagrams 26.8
earth bonding
28
insulation resistance test 31.4.4.2
terminals
26.4
wiring 26
Electrical protection
26.2
brake 16.6
external influences
27
Electrical safety switches and contacts
see Safety switches
Emergency
audible alarm 10.5
brake release 16.7
egress from cage 10.4
Enclosure
cage 10.2
hoistway
11
External influences, protection
27
Fail safe
control circuit
29.1.3; 29.1.4
non.conductive control
29.5
Fatigue stresses 9
Fluctuating loads 9
Force coefficients
3.1.6.5
Friction grip bolts 7.2.1
Gates
cage 10.2.2; 10.2.5
hoistway
11
interlocking
12.1
non-conductive control
locking devices 12.2
Gearing
drive machinery
15.7
shaft fixing 15.10
Governor
safety gear 18
tripping speeds 19
52
29.5.2
Guarding
23
construction of 23.2
driving machinery
15.5
rack and pinion
14.5
Guides 9.9
Guide rails 9.9
Hoistway
11
enclosure
11
gates 11
Impact factor
4.1.1; 4.1.2
In service wind
loads 4.1.1
pressures 4.1.4.3
Instruction manual 32
Insulation resistance test 31.4.4.2
Interference suppression
30
Interlocking of gates 12
non-conductive control
29.5.2
production tests 31.4.3
Isolating switch 25
Legislation
Appendix A
Load
combinations
4.1
distribution in cage 10.1.2; 10.1.3
spectrum factor 4.1.1; 4.1.3
Loads 4.1
due to climate and natural
phenomena
4.2
Locking devices, gate 12.2
Lubrication of bearings 15.11
Manual controls
29.4
cage 29.4.2
cage roof 29.4.3; 29.4.4
marking
29.4.7
operators key 29.4.6
remote
29.4.5
Manual, instruction
32
Marking and notices 24
control gear cabinet
29.2.4
counterweight
17.7
governor
19.2
manual controls
29.4.7
safety gear 18.2
Notices
see marking
Out-of-service
wind load 4.1.1
wind pressure 4.1.4.3
Overrun
cage 21
counterweight
21
Overspeed governor
18; 19
testing 31.4.3
Overspill switch 22.6
Pinion, driving 14.2
Precision bolts 7.2.1.2
Production tests 31.4
electrical
31.4.4
functional
31.4.2
safety devices 31.4.3
Proof test, prototype
31.3
Proportions of structural members
as 4465 : 1989
Pulleys 13.2
diameter
13.2.1; 19.3
governor rope 18.9
grooves 13.2.3.1; 13.2.3.3
shaft fixing 15.10
Rack and pinion suspension
14
drive pinion
14.2
engagement
14.4
guarding
14.5
rack 14.3
Rated load 2.7;4.1.1
Reliability
3.1
Remote control
29.4.5
Rivets
basic stresses 7.2.2
fatigue stresses 9.7
Robertsons factor
Table 8
Rope suspension
13
Ropes
diameter
13.1.2; 19.3
reverse bends
13.1.5; 19.3
speeds 13.1.4
terminations
13.1.6; 19.3
wire 13.1
working load 13.1.3
iiiii
~
(J)
*
*
Safety gear 18
type test 31.2
type test certificate
Appendix G
Safety switches and contacts
22
cage roof door 22.7
gate locks 12.2.4; 12.2.5; 12.2.7
overspill 22.6
production tests 31.4.3
safety gear 18.6
slack rope 22.5
terminal slowing 22.4
terminal stopping
22.2
ultimate limit 21.2; 21.3; 22.3
Section ratio Figure 2

Sheaves, traction
13.2
diameter
13.2.1
grooves 13.2.4
shaft fixing 15.10
Shielding factors
4.1.4.6
Slack rope switch 22.5
Slenderness ratio 6.1.3
Solidity ratio Figure 2
Spacing ratio Figure 2
Steel selection
5.1
Stresses
basic 6.1.1
basic, inconnections
7
bearing 6.1.6
bending 6.1.4
bolting
7.2.1
combined
6.1.7
compressive
6.1.3
driving machinerY
15.8
fatigue 9
permissible working
5.3
rivets 7.2.2
secondary
6.3
shear 6.1.5
tensile 6.1.2
transverse bending 6.1.8
yield, design verification
6.2
Suppression, radio and TV interference
Suspension
rope 13
rack and pinion
14
Terminal slowing switches
Terminal stopping switches
production
test
31.4.3
Terminals, electrical
26.4
53
22.4
22.2
Testing 31
production
31.4
electrical
31.4.4
functional
31.4.2
safety devices 31.4.3
prototype proof
31.3
safety gear type 31.2
Traction sheaves 13.2
diameter
13.2.1
grooves 13.2.4
shaft fixing 15.10
Tripping speeds, governor
19
Type test, safety gear 31.2
Ultimate limit switch 21.2; 21.3
Vision panel in doors
10.2.4
Voltage, control
29.1.2
30
Web plates 8.3

Web stiffeners
8.3
Welded connections and stresses 7.1
butt, general 7.1.2
butt, partial penetration
7.1.3
fatigue 9.8
fillet 7.1.4
Wind
action 4.1.4.1
loads 4.1.4
calculations
4.1.4.4
In-service 4.1.1
out-of-service
4.1.1
pressure 4.1.4.2
derivation of Appendix C
Wire ropes 13.1
diameter
13.1.2; 19.3
reverse bends
13.1.5; 19.3
speeds 13.1.4
termination
13.1.6; 19.3
working load 13.1.3
Wiring, electrical
26
54 blank
iiiiii
!!!!!!
iiiiii
iiiiii
iiiiii
!!!!!!
*
*
(/)
55 blank
56 blank
Publications
as
as
as
as
22a
302
329
436
referred
Part
as 449
as
as
as
as
545
639
709
721
as 2573
as 2853
as 3790
as 4360
as 4395
aasic
rack
form,
modules
and
accuracy
(1 to 50 metric
module)
Part 3 Method of calculation of contact and root bending stresslimitations for metallic involute gears
The use of structural steel in building
Part 2 Metric units
Specification for bevel gears (machine cut)
Covered electrodes for the manual metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
Methods of destructive testing fusion welded joints and weld metal in steel
Specification for worm gearing
Part
as soo
to
Specification
forshortpitchtransmissionprecisionroller
chainsand chainwheels
Wire ropesfor cranes,excavatorsand generalengineeringpurposes
Steelwire ropesfor electric
lifts
Spur and helical
gears
Inch
un
its
Part 2 Metric units

Specification for radio Interference limits and measurements
for household
appliances, portable tools and other
electricalequipment causing similar types of interference

Rules for the design of cranes
Part 1 Specification for classification,stresscalculations and design criteriafor structures
*
The design and testing of steel overhead runway beams
Specification for endless wedge belt drives and endless V-belt drives
Specification for weldable structural steels
High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering
Part 1 General grade
iiii
~
iiii
iiii
iiii
~
(J)
as 4604
Part 2 Higher grade bolts, and nuts and general grade washers
Part 3 Higher grade bolts (waisted shank), nuts and general grade washers
The use of high strength friction grip bolts in structural steelwork. Metric series
as 5135
as 5304
as 5486
Part 1 General grade

Part 2 Higher grade (parallelshank)
Part 3 Higher grade (waisted shank)
Specification for the process of arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese
steels
Code of practice for safety of machinery
Specification for factory-built assemblies of switchgear and controlgear for voltages up
1200 V d.c.
Part 1 General requirements
as 5490
as 5655
as 7212
CP3
Classificationof degrees of protection provided by enclosures

Lifts and
service
Code of basic data for the design of buildings

Chapter V. Loading
Part 2 Wind
tEN
109
Institution
lifts
* Part 1 Safety rules for the construction and installationof electric lifts
Code of prectice for the safe use of construction hoists
Safety
loads
rules for the construction
of Electrical
Engineers
Regulations
Referred to in the foreword only.

*
t Draft European standard in preparation.
and
installation
for electrical
of builders
installations
hoists
-Category
to and including 1000
a.c.and
BS 4465 1989
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of
the Mechanical Handling Standards Committee, was published
under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on
31 January 1990
@ British Standards Institution, 1989
First published May 1969
Second edition October 1986
Third edition January 1990
ISBN 0580 17857 9
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference MHE/6
Drafts for comment 83/79025 DC and 88/77702 DC
British Standards Institution. Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is
the independent national body for the preparation of British
Standards. It is the UK member of the International Organization
for Standardization and UK sponsor of the British National
Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
In addition to the preparation and promulgation of standards, BSI
offers specialist services including the provision of information
through the BSI Library and Standardline Database; Technical Help
to Exporters; and other services. Advice can be obtained from the
Enquiry Section, BSI, Milton Keynes MK14 6lE, telephone
0908 221166, telex 825777.
Copyright. Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright
subsists in all BSI publications. No part of this publication may be
Committees
Revision of British Standards. British Standards are revised, when

necessary, by the issue either of amendments or of revised editions.
It is important that users of British Standards should ascertain that
they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions.
Automatic updating service. BSI provides an economic, individual
and automatic standards updating service called PLUS. Details are
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Information on all BSI publications is in the BSI Catalogue,
supplemented each month by BSI News which is available to
subscribing members of BSI and gives details of new publications,
revisions, amendments and withdrawn standards. Any person who,
when making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracy or
ambiguity, is requested to notify BSI without delay in order that
the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
Department of Trade and Industry, Mechanical and Electrical

Engineering Division
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes
Federation of Master Builders
Federation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of Great Britain
Health and Safety Executive
Independent Engineering Insurers' Committee
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
issued since publication
Amd. No.
British Standards
9001-9
Contract requirements.
A British Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
Users of British
Standards are responsible for their correct application.
responsible for this British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the

Mechanical Handling Standards Policy Committee (MHE/-) to
Technical Committee MHE/6 upon which the following bodies
were represented:
Associated Offices' Technical Committee
BEAMA Ltd.
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BS 4465 1989 Electric Hoists PDF

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as 4465 : 1 989

British Standard Specification for

Design and construction of electric hoists

Conception et construction des elt~vateursde personnel et monte-charge electriques - Specifications

FRANKLIN OFFSHORE EUROPE LTD

EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

This British Standard, prepared under the direction of the

lhe ..IClst mmNij

11Hi'~klJo~ledQedA1i!i ~ ftbJ~t~~~ d to carry both

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ng down safe systems

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself

Inside front cover

E Basic formula for calculation

design and construction

4 Loads and load combinations

Section three. Mechanical design and construction

Section five. Testing

Section four. Electrical design and construction

Section six. Instruction

1 Conversion chart for wind speed and pressure

Section one. General

2.9 safety gear. A mechanical device for stopping and

2.11 terminal stopping switch. A switch or combination of

2.12 tower. A structure that supports and guides the cage

For the purposes of this British Standard the following

2.13 ultimate limit switch. An emergency switch arranged

2.2 text deleted

2.3 mast. A structure that supports and guides the cage

3.1 Design features

2.4 out of service. A condition when the cage(s) is at the

A safety gear in which deceleraaction, and for which special

Materials used in the construction

of the hoist shall not

Section two. Structural

design and construction

4 Loads and load combinations

Table 3. Impact facton

4.1.1 General. The structure as a whole and each part of it

Tab!e1. Listof loads

Rope suspended masses

NOTE. Take into account the kinetic energy of the drive

Loads due to static components,

Loads due to moving components, e.g. cage,

4.1.4 Wind loads

(L2 + L3) x impact factor

4.1.4.1 Wind action. It shall be assumed that the wind can

(L2 x impact factor) + (L3 x impact

4.1.4.2 Wind pressure. The dynamic wind pressure shall be

Load due to in-service wind acting horizontally

Load due to out-of-service wind acting

Aconversion chart covering V. in knots, mile/h and mis,

unit when calculating the impact factor. Such factors can

Table 2. Load combinations

V. is the design wind speed (in m/s).

Hoist in use without wind

4.1.4.4 Wind load calculations. For mc~t complete and

4.1.2 Impact factor. In calculating live loads in members of

4.1.3 Load spectrum factor. The load spectrum factors K p

Cf is the force coefficient in the direction of the wind,

and DVs ~ 6 m2 Is where D is the diameter of the section in

NOTE. It is acceptable for A and Cf for specific designs to be