Bi tp di mn Cao

Li ni u
St l hin tng phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t
hay gia cc m my mang cc in tch tri du.
St khng nhng mang n hu qu nghim trng i vi con ngi
khi b st tc ng m vi cc thit b phn phi cng vy.
H thng in l mt b phn ca h thng nng lng bao gm NM
- ng dy - TBA v cc h tiu th in. Trong c phn t c s lng
ln v kh quan trng l cc TBA, ng dy. Trong qu trnh vn hnh
cc phn t ny chu nh hng rt nhiu s tc ng ca thin nhin nh
ma, gi, bo v c bit nguy him khi b nh hng ca st. Khi c s c
st nh vo TBA, hoc ng dy n s gy h hng cho cc thit b trong
trm dn ti vic ngng cung cp in v gy thit hi ln ti nn kinh t
quc dn.
nng cao mc cung cp in, gim chi ph thit hi v nng cao
an ton khi vn hnh chng ta phi tnh ton v b tr bo v chng st cho
HT
V vy vic thit k bo v chng st l mt vic rt quan trng i vi
nhng sinh vin nghnh h thng in.Di s hng dn ca thy Trn
Hong Hip th em hon thnh bi tp di Cao p. Tuy nhin em khng th
trnh khi nhng sai st, do vy em mong c s ng gp cho em v bi
tp di ny.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn cho em hon
thnh bi tp di ny.

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Bi tp di mn Cao
p

CHNG I
BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP TRM BIN P
A. L thuyt chung
1.1 t vn :

Trm bin p l mt b phn quan trng trong h thng truyn ti v phn

phi in.
i vi trm bin p 220/110kV th cc thit b in ca trm c t ngoi
tri nn khi c st nh trc tip vo trm s xy ra nhng hu qu nng n
khng nhng ch lm hng n cc thit b trong trm m cn gy nn nhng
hu qu cho nhng ngnh cng nghip khc do b ngng cung cp in . Do
vy trm bin p thng c yu cu bo v cao..
Hin nay bo v chng st nh trc tip cho trm bin p ngi ta
dng h thng ct thu li, dy thu li. Tc dng cu h thng ny l tp trung
in tch nh hng cho cc phng in st tp trung vo , to ra khu
vc an ton bn di h thng ny.
H thng thu st phi gm cc dy tip a dn dng st t kim thu
st vo h ni t. nng cao tc dng ca h thng ny th tr s in tr
ni t ca b phn thu st phi nh tn dng in mt cch nhanh nht,
m bo sao cho khi c dng in st i qua th in p trn b phn thu st
s khng ln gy phng in ngc n cc thit b khc gn .
Ngoi ra khi thit k h thng bo v chng st nh trc tip vo trm
ta cn phi quan tm n cc ch tiu kinh t sao cho hp l v m bo v
yu cu v k thut, m thut.

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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1.2 Yu cu k thut i vi h thng thu st:

+ Cng trnh cn bo v an ton phi c nm gn trong phm vi bo

v ca h thng thu st.H thng ny c th t ngay trn bn thn cng trnh
hoc t cch ly ty thuc vo hon cnh v iu kin c th.
t h thng thu st trn bn thn cng trnh s tn dng c cao ca
phm vi bo v v s gim c cao ca ct thu li. Nhng mc cch in
ca trm phi m bo an ton trong iu kin phng in ngc t h thng
thu st sang thit b. V t kim thu st trn cc thanh x ca trm th khi c
phng in st, dng in st s gy nn mt in p ging trn in tr ni
t v trn mt phn in cm ca ct, phn in p ny kh ln v c th gy
phng in ngc t h thng thu st n cc phn t mang in trong trm
khi m mc cch in khng ln. Do iu kin t ct thu li trn h
thng cc thanh x ca trm l mc cch in cao v tr s in tr tn ca b
phn ni t nh.
i vi trm phn phi c in p t 110kV tr ln c mc cch in kh cao
(c th khong cch gia cc thit b ln v di chui s ln) do c
th t cc ct thu li trn cc kt cu ca trm v cc kt cu trn c t
ct thu li th phi ni t vo h thng ni t ca trm theo ng ngn
nht sao cho dng in st khuych tn vo t theo 3 n 4 cc ni t, mt
khc mi tr phi c ni t b xung ci thin tr s in tr ni t.
Khu yu nht trong trm phn phi ngoi tri in p t 110kV tr ln l
cun dy my bin p v vy khi dng ct thu li bo v my bin p th
yu cu khong cch gia im ni vo h thng ca ct thu li v im ni
vo h thng ni t ca v my bin p l phi ln hn 15m theo ng
in.
+Tit din cc dy dn dng in st phi ln m bo tnh n
nh nhit khi c dng in st chy qua. chng n mn phn dn in cn
phi sn hoc trng km v khng nn dng loi dy xon.Cc mi ni dc
3

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Bi tp di mn Cao
p

theo mch in ca h thng thu st phi m bo c tip xc tt ,nu khng

ti cc ni ny c th qu nng hoc c phng in tia la.
Khi s dng ct n chiu sng lm gi cho ct thu li th cc dy dn in
phi c cho vo ng ch v chn trong t.
1.3 Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st v b tr ct thu st

Ct thu st l thit b khng phi trnh st m ngc li dng thu

ht phng in st v pha n bng cch s dng cc mi nhn nhn to sau
dn dng in st xung t.
S dng cc ct thu st vi mc ch l st nh chnh xc vo mt
im nh sn trn mt t ch khng phi l vo im bt k no trn cng
trnh. Ct thu st to ra mt khong khng gian gn ct thu st (trong c
vt cn bo v), t c kh nng b st nh gi l phm vi bo v.
1.3.1 Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu st c lp
Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu st c lp l min c gii hn bi mt
ngoi ca hnh chp trn xoay c ng knh xc nh bi phng trnh:
rx 1, 6h

h hx
h hx

Trong :
h: cao ct thu st.
hx: cao cn bo v.
h-hx = ha: cao hiu dng ct thu st, c xc nh theo tng nhm ct (
ha D/8m ).
( Vi D l ng knh ngoi tip vng trn a gic to bi cc chn ct)
rx: bn knh ca phm vi bo v.

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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d dng v thun tin trong tnh ton thit k thng dng phm vi
bo v dng dng n gin ho ng sinh ca hnh chp c dng ng gy
khc nh hnh sau:

a
0,2h
h

b
0,8h
c

a'
0,75h

1,5h

Hnh 1.1. Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu st.

Bn knh c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Nu
Nu

hx

h
2
rx 1,5h(1 x )
h
0,8h
3 th

hx

2
h
h
rx 0, 75h(1 x )
3 th
h

Cc cng thc trn ch ng khi ct thu st cao di 30m. Hiu qu ca

ct thu st cao trn 30m gim i do cao nh hng ca st gi hng s.
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5
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Bi tp di mn Cao
p

C th dng cc cng thc trn tnh ton phm vi bo v nhng phi nhn

thm h s hiu chnh

5,5
h v trn hnh v dng honh 0,75h.p v

1,5h.p.
Phm vi bo v ca hai hoc nhiu ct thu st th ln hn tng phm vi
bo v cc ct n cng li. Nhng cc ct thu li c th phi hp c
th khong cch a gia hai ct phi tho mn a 7h (trong h l cao ca
ct thu st).
1.3.2 Phm vi bo v ca hai hay nhiu ct thu st
a. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c cng cao.
Phn bn ngoi khong cch gia hai ct c phm vi bo v ging nh
ca mt ct. Phn bn trong c gii hn bi vng cung i qua 3 im l
hai nh ct v im c cao h0 - phm vi bo v cao ln nht gia hai
ct c xc nh theo cng thc:
h0 h

a
7

0,2h
h
ho
0,75h

hx
1,5h

a
rx
r0x

Hnh 1.2. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c cao ging nhau.

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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Khong cch nh nht t bin ca phm vi bo v ti ng ni hai chn

ct l r0x v c xc nh nh sau:

Nu

Nu

hx

hx

h
2
r0 x 1,5h0 (1 x )
h0
0,8h0
3
th
2
h0
3

th

r0 x 0, 75h0 (1

hx
)
h0

Khi cao ca ct thu st vt qu 30m th c cc hiu chnh h s

P

5,5
h , trn honh ly cc gi tr 0,75h.p v 1,5h.p; khi h0 ly theo cng

thc:

h0 h

a
7p

b. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Trng hp hai ct thu st c cao h1 v h2 khc nhau th vic xc nh
phm vi bo v c xc nh nh sau:
V phm vi bo v ca ct cao (ct 1) c cao h1 v ct thp (ct 2) c
cao h2 ring r. Qua nh ct thp (ct 2) v ng thng ngang gp
ng sinh ca phm vi bo v ct cao im 3 im ny c xem l nh
ca mt ct thu st gi nh. Ct 2 v ct 3 hnh thnh i ct c cao bng
nhau v bng h2 vi khong cch a. Bng cch gi s v tr x c t ct thu
li 3 c cao h2. im ny c xem nh nh ca mt ct thu st gi nh.
Ta xc nh c cc khong cch gia hai ct c cng cao h2 l a v x
nh sau:

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Bi tp di mn Cao
p
1
3

2
0,2h2

h1

h2

ho
a'

0,75h2

1,6h2

0,75h1

1,6h1

Hnh 1.3. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Nu

Nu

h2

h
2
x 1,5h1 (1 2 )
h1
0,8h1
3
th

h2

h
2
x 0, 75h1 (1 2 )
h1
h1
3
th

a' a x
Phn cn li ging phm vi bo v ca hai ct c cao bng nhau h2
c. Phm vi bo v ca mt nhm ct thu st ( s ct > 2 ).
Khi cng trnh cn bo v chim mt din tch rng ln th ngi ta
thng dng mt h thng nhiu ct thu st bo v. xc nh phm vi
bo v, ta chia h thng ct thu st thnh tng nhm ba hoc bn ct thu st
gn nhau.
Bn ngoi din tch ca a gic i qua chn cc ct thu st, phm vi bo
v c xc nh nh gia hai ct thu st vi nhau.

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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Hnh1.4: Phm vi bo v ca nhm ct to thnh tam gic v ch nht.

bo v c mt din tch gii hn bi mt a gic th cao ca ct

thu li phi tho mn: D ha . p 8(h hx ) p

Trong : D l ng knh vng trn ngoi tip a gic to bi cc chn

ct. Nhm ct tam gic c ba cnh l a, b,c c:
D 2 R 2.

abc
abc

4 p( p a)( p b)( p c) 2 p( p a)( p b)( p c)

Vi p l na chu vi:

abc
2

Nhm ct to thnh hnh ch nht:

D

a 2 b2

Vi a, b l di hai cnh hnh ch nht.

Chiu cao tc dng ca ct thu st ha phi tho mn iu kin:
ha

D
8

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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B.Tnh ton
1.1 B tr ct thu st
Theo s kt cu ca trm th ta bit c mt bng m cha bit c
th v tr t cc thit b trong trm. Vi thng tin ny ta ch cn b tr ct
chng st sao cho cc ct c th bo v c phn din tch mt bng ca
trm vi cao hX l c.Vi hx l chiu cao ca trm cn c bo v.
i vi trm 220 kV x cao: 16,5m v 11,5m nn chn cao cn bo
v hx = 16,5m
i vi trm 110 kV x cao: 11m v 7,5m nn chn cao cn bo v hx
= 11m
Din tch mt bng:
l1 =78+136 = 214 m.
l2 = 104 m
in tr sut ca t 80 .m
Vi kt cu ca trm ta c phng n b tr cc ct c khong cch gia
cc ct nh hnh v sau.

10

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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Trm 220 kV
ng knh ca vng trn qua 4 nh ca cc nhm ct 1, 2, 6, 7 l:
D 392 522 65m.

Chiu cao cn bo v hx = 16,5 m.

Nn chiu cao ti thiu ca ct chng st l:
h1,2,6,7

D
65
hx
16,5 24, 6m.
8
8

Trm 110 kV
ng knh ca vng trn qua 4 nh ca cc nhm ct 3, 4, 9, 8 l:
D 682 522 85, 6m.

Chiu cao cn bo v hx = 11 m.
Nn chiu cao ti thiu ca ct chng st l:
h3,4,9,8

D
85, 6
hx
11 21, 7 m.
8
8

Vy phng n 1 c:
Ct 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13 cao 25 m. Cn cc ct cn li cao 22 m
Ct
h(m)

1
2

2
2

3
2

Tn

4
22

5
22

6
2

7
2

8
2

9
22

10
22

11
25

12
25

13
25

14
22

15
22

5
357 m

1.2 Tnh ton v v phm vi bo v ca cc ct thu st

Phm vi bo v ca cc ct pha 220kv cao 25m.
+ Bn knh bo v ca tng ct cao 16,5m:

11

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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2
2
.h .25 16, 7
3
Do hx=16,5 3
m

Bn knh bo v ca tng ct c lp pha 220kv l:

rx 1,5h.(1

hx
16,5
) 1,5.25.(1
)
0,8.25 =6,6( m)
0,8h =

+ Bn knh bo v ca cc cp ct
Tnh ton cho cp ct (1,6)
Bn knh bo v ca tng ct c lp l 6,6m.
Chiu cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct (1,6) cao hx=16,5m
h0

h
=

a
52
25
17, 6
7
7
(m)

2
2
.h0 .17, 6 11, 7
3
Do hx=16,5 3
m

Bn knh bo v ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li (1,6) cao

hx=16,5m l:
r0 x 0,75.h0 .(1

16,5
hx
)
) 0, 75.17, 6.(1
h0 =
17, 6 =0,8( m)

cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li cao hX = 16,5 m

gm nhm hai ct (1, 2) :
h0

h
=

a
39
25 19, 4m
7
7

Bn knh ca khu vc bo v gia 2 ct thu st (1,2) hX = 16,5m

Do hX = 16,5 > 2/3h0 = 13,52 nn:

12

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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r0 x 0,75.h0 .(1

hx
16,5
) 0, 75.19, 4.(1
)
h0 =
19, 4 =2,2( m)

Tnh ton tng t vi cc cp ct khc ta c bng sau:

NHM CT CNH NHAU
220kV
Cp ct

r0x

cao ct

h0

2/3*h0

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)
hx=16.5m

1-6

25

52

17,6

11,7

0,8

3-8

25

52

17,6

11,7

0,8

6-11

25

52

17,6

11,7

0,8

8-13

25

52

17,6

11,7

0,8

1-2

25

39

12,9

12,9

2,2

2-3

25

39

12,9

12,9

2,2

11-12

25

39

12,9

12,9

2,2

12-13

25

39

12,9

12,9

2,2

Phm vi bo v ca cc ct pha 110kv cao 22m.

+ Bn knh bo v ca tng ct cao 11m:
2
2
.h .22 14, 7
3
Do hx=11 3
m

Bn knh bo v ca tng ct c lp pha 110kv l:

h
11
)
rx 1,5h.(1 x ) 1,5.22.(1
0,8.22 =12,4( m)
0,8h =
+ Bn knh bo v ca cc cp ct
Tnh ton cho cp ct 4-5
Bn knh bo v ca tng ct l 12,4m.
13

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Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Chiu cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li (4-5) cao

hx=11m.
h0

h
=

a
68
22
12,3
7
7
(m)

2
2
.h0 .12,3 8, 2
3
Do hx=11 3
m

Bn knh bo v ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li (4-5) cao

hx=11m l:
r0 x 0,75.h0 .(1

hx
11
) 0, 75.12,3.(1
)
h0 =
12,3 1( m).

Tnh ton cho cp ct 5-10

Bn knh bo v ca tng ct l 12,4m.
Chiu cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li (5-10) cao
hx=11m.
a
52
h

22

14, 6
h0
7
7
( m)
=
2
2
.h0 .14, 6 9, 7
3
Do hx=11 3
m
Bn knh bo v ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li (5-10) cao
hx=11m l:
h
r0 x 0,75.h0 .(1 x ) 0, 75.14, 6.(1 11 )
h0 =
14, 6 =2,7( m).

Tnh ton tng t vi cc cp ct khc ta c bng sau:

NHM CT CNH NHAU
110kV
Cp ct

4-5
5-10
10-15

14

r0x

cao ct

h0

2/3*h0

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)
hx=11m

22
23,5

68
70

12,3
14,6

8,2
9,7

1
2,7

23,5

70

14,6

9,7

2,7

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Bi tp di mn Cao
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14-15

22

12,3

68

8,2

Bn knh bo v cho cp ct c cao khc nhau:

Tnh ton cho cp ct 3-4:
Ct 3 c cao 26m,bn knh bo v ca ct 3 l: r03=6,6 m
Ct 4 c cao 20m, bn knh bo v ca ct 4 l: r04=12,4 m
Bn knh bo v ca ct 3 cho ct 4.
2
2
.h .25 16, 7
3
Do hx=20 3
m
rx 0,75.h .(1

hx
) 0, 75.25.(1 22 )
h
25

=>
=
=2,3( m).
Khong cch t ct 4 ti ct gi tng l:
a=a-rx=68 2,3=65,7m
Chiu cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia ct 4 v ct gi tng
65, 7
a'

h0=h4 - 7 22- 7
12,6 m

Bn knh bo v gia hai ct l:

r0 x
=>

2
2
.h0 .12, 6 8, 4
3
Do hx=11 3
m
h
0,75.h0 .(1 x ) 0, 75.12, 6.(1 11 )
h0 =
12, 6 =1,2( m).

Tnh ton tng t i vi cp ct 8-9,13-14 ta c bng sau:

NHM CT C CAO KHC NHAU
Cp

r0x

cao ct

a'

ho

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)
hx=11 m

8-9

26-20

68

2,3

65,7

12,6

1,2

13-14

26-20

68

2,3

65,7

12,6

1,2

ct

Qua tnh ton cho thy phng n trn tha mn yu cu k thut ra,tha
mn iu kin bo v cho trm bin p
15

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Bi tp di mn Cao p

Bi tp di mn Cao p

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

CHNG II :
TNH TON NI T CHO TRM BIN P.
2.1 YU CU K THUT KHI NI T TRM BIN P.
Ni t l em cc b phn bng kim loi c nguy c b tip xc vi
dng in(h hng cch in) ni vi h thng ni t. Nhim v ca ni t
l tn dng in xung t dm bo cho in th trn vt ni t c tr s
b. H thng ni t l mt phn quan trng trong vic bo v qu in p.
Ty theo nhim v v hiu qu m h thng ni t c chia l ba loi.
Ni t lm vic.
Ni t an ton.
Ni t chng st.
Ni t lm vic.
Nhim v chnh l m bo s l vic bnh thng ca thit b, hoc
mt s b phn ca thit b yu cu phi lm vic ch lm vic c
quy nh sn.
+ Ni t im trung tnh my bin p.
+ H thng in c im trung tnh trc tip ni t.
+ Ni t ca my bin p o lng v cc khng in dng trong b
ngang trn cc ng dy cao p truyn ti in.
Ni t an ton.
C nhim v m bo an ton cho con ngi khi cch in b h hng.
Thc hin ni t an ton bng cch ni t cc b phn kim loi khng mang
in nh v my, thng du my bin p, cc gi kim loi. Khi cch in
b h hng do lo ha th trn cc b phn kim loi s c mt in th nhng
do ni t nn in th ny c gi tr nh khng nguy him cho ngi tip
xc.
Ni t chng st.

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

C tc dng lm tn dng in st vo trong t khi st nh vo ct

thu li hay ng dy. Hn ch hnh thnh v lan truyn ca sng in p do
phng in st gy nn. Ni t chng st cn c nhim v hn ch hiu in
th gia hai im bt k trn ct in v t. Nu khng, mi khi co st nh
vo ct chng st hoc trn ng dy, sng in p c kh nng phng in
ngc ti cc thit b v cng trnh cn bo v, ph hy cc thit b in v
my bin p.
V nguyn tc l phi tch ri cc h thng ni t ni trn nhng
trong thc t ta ch dng mt h thng ni t chung cho cc nhim v. Song
h thng ni t chung phi m bo yu cu ca thit b khi c dng ngn
mch chm t ln do vy yu cu in tr ni t phi nh.
Khi in tr ni t cng nh th c th tn dng in vi mt ln,
tc dng ca ni t tt hn an ton. Nhng t c tr s in tr ni t
nh th rt tn km do vy trong tnh ton ta phi thit k sao cho kt hp
c c hai c c hai yu t l m bo v k thut v hp l v kinh t.
Mt s yu cu k thut ca in tr ni t.
Tr s in tr ni t ca ni t an ton c chn sao cho cc tr s
in p bc v tip xc trong mi trng hp u khng vt qu gii hn
cho php.
+ i vi cc thit b in c im trung tnh trc tip ni t yu cu
in tr ni t phi tha mn : R 0,5 .

R
+ i vi cc thit b c im trung tnh cch in th:

250
().
I tt

+ i vi h thng c im trung tnh cch in vi t v ch c mt

h thng ni t dng chung cho c thit b cao p v h p th :

125
().
I tt

+ Khi dng ni t t nhin nu in tr ni t t nhin tha mn

yu cu ca cc thit b c dng ngn mch chm t b th khng cn ni t
nhn to na. Cn nu in tr ni t t nhin khng tha mn i vi cc

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

thit b cao p c dng ngn mch chm t ln th ta phi tin hnh ni t

nhn to v yu cu tr s ca in tr ni t nhn to l: R 1 . Thc t
d RTN 0,5 th vn phi ni t nhn to v RTN c th xy ra bin ng
nh t dy chng st ti khong vt gn trm.
+ Trong khi thc hin ni t c th tn dng cc hnh thc ni t sn
c nh cc ng ng v cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh chn trong t
Vic tnh ton in tr tn ca cc ng ng chon trong t hon ton ging
vi in cc hnh tia.
+ V t l mt trng khng ng nht, kh phc tp do in tr
sut ca t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: thnh phn ca t nh cc loi
mui, axitcha trong t, m, nhit v iu kin kh hu. Vit Nam
kh hu thay i theo tng ma, m ca t cng thay i theo dn n
in tr sut ca t cng bin i trong phm vi rng. Do vy trong tnh ton
thit k v ni t th tr s in tr ca t da theo kt qu o lng thc
a v sau phi hiu chnh theo h s ma, mc ch l tng cng an ton.
Cng thc hi chnh nh sau: TT do .K mua

(2.1)

Trong : TT l in tr sut tnh ton ca t.

do l in tr sut o c ca t.
K mua l h s ma ca t.
H s K mua ca t ph thuc vo dng in cc v chn su ca in cc.
2.2 CC S LIU DNG TNH TON NI T.
in tr sut o c ca t do = 80 m.
in tr ni t ct ng dy : Rc = 6 .
Dy chng st s dng loi C-70 c in tr n v l r0 = 2,38 /km.
Chiu di khong vt ng dy:
Pha 220kV: l220 = 250m.
Pha 110kV: l110 = 250m.

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

in tr tc dng ca dy chng st trong mt khong vt l:

Rcs.220 ro .l220 2,38.250.103 0,6

Rcs.110 ro .l110 2,38.250.103 0,6
S l trong trm:
Trm 220kV : n = 3 l.
Trm 110kV : n = 9 l.
2.2.1 Ni t an ton.
Cho php s dng ni t an ton vi ni t lm vic thnh mt h
thng. in tr ni t ca h thng l :

RHT RTN / / RNT

RTN .RNT
0,5
RTN RNT

(2.2)

Trong : RTN : in tr ni t t nhin.

RNT : in tr ni t nhn to, RNT 1 .

a/ in tr ni t t nhin.
Ni t t nhin ca trm l h thng chng st ng dy v ct in
110kV v 220kV ti trm.

Rc
1
RTN .
n 1
Rc 1

2
R
4
cs
Ta c cng thc sau:

(2.3)

Trong : n : l s l dy.
R cs:l in tr tc dng ca dy chng st trong mt khong
vt.
Rc : l in tr ni t ca ct in.
Pha 220 kV.

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Rc
1
1
6
RTN .220 .
.
0,5
n 1
Rc
6 1
1 3 1

2
0,6 4
2
Rcs .220 4
Pha 110 kV.

Rc
1
1
6
RTN .110 .
.
0, 2
n 1
Rc
6 1
1 9 1

2
0,6 4
2
Rcs.110 4
RTN RTN .220 // RTN .110

1
1

0,5 0.2

0,1

Ta thy gi tr in tr RTN < 0,5 t yu cu v l thuyt. Tuy vy ni

t t nhin c nhiu thay i v vy m bo an ton ta phi ni t nhn
to.
b/ in tr ni t nhn to.
Ni t c cc hnh thc cc di 2-3m bng st trn hay st chn thng
ng. Thanh di chon nm ngang su 0,5 0,8 m t theo hnh tia, mch
vng hoc t hp ca hai hnh thc trn.
i vi ni t chn nm ngang c th dng cng thc chung sau:

tt
K .L2
RT
.ln
2. .l
d .t

(2.4)

Trong :
L: chiu di tng ca in cc.
d: ng knh in cc khi din cc dng st trn. Nu dng st
dt th tr s d thay bng b/2 vi b l chiu rng ca st dt.
t: chon su.
K: h s hnh dng ph thuc s ni t.
- H thng ni t gm nhiu cc b tr dc theo chiu di hnh tia hoc
theo chu vi mch vng:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

RHT

RT .RC
RC .T n.RT .C

(2.5)

Trong :
RC : in tr tn ca mt cc.
RT : in tr tn ca thanh.
n : s cc.
T : h s s dng ca tia di hoc ca mch vng.
C : h s s dng ca cc.
i vi trm bin p khi thit k h thng ni t nhn to ta s dng
hnh thc ni t mch vng xung quanh trm bng cc thanh dt.
in tr mch vng ca trm l:

RMV

tt
K .L2

.ln
2. .l
d .t

(2.6)

Trong L l chu vi mch vng.

Vi mt bng ca chm ta c mch vng hnh ch nht c cc cnh l
L1 = 214 m v L2 = 104m.
t : chon su ca thanh ly t = 0,8m.
tt : in tr sut tnh ton ca t i vi thanh lm mch vng chon

su t: tt do .K mua

Tra bng vi thanh ngang chn su 0,8m ta c Kmua = 1,6

tt do .K mua 80.1,6 128(m)

d: ng knh thanh lm mch vng. Chn thanh c b rng 4cm.

b 4.102
d
2.102 m
2
2
K : h s hnh dng ph thuc hnh dng ca h thng ni t.
Gi tr ca K ph thuc vo kch thc mch vng v c cho bng
sau:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

L1/L2

1.5

5.53

5.81

6.42

8.17

10.4

Vi t s L1/L2 = 214/104 = 2,06 bng phng php ni suy:

2,06 2
8,17 K

32
8,17 6, 42
K 8,3
Nh vy in tr mch vng l :

RMV

tt
K .L2
128
8,3.6362

.ln

.ln
0,6
2. .l
d .t
2. .636 2.102.0,8

RMV 0,6 1 nh vy t yu cu.

Vy ta thit k h thng ni t theo iu kin in tr ni t nhn to l:
yc
RNT
0,6

Ta c in tr ni t ca h thng:

RHT RNT // RTN

RHT 0,1 0,5

0,1.0,6
0,1()
0,1 0,6

nh vy t yu cu.

2.2.2 Ni t chng st.

Khi c dng in st i vo b phn ni t, nu tc bin thin ca
dng in theo thi gian rt ln th trong thi gian u in cm s ngn cn
khng cho dng in i ti cc phn cui ca in cc khin cho in p phn
b khng u, sau mt thi gian nh hng ca in cm mt dn v in p
phn b s u hn.
Thi gian ca qu trnh qu ni trn ph thuc vo hng s thi gian
T = L.g.l2
T ta thy T t l vi tr s in cm tng L v in dn g.l = 1/R
ca in cc.
T biu thc trn ta cng thy rng : khi dng in tn trong t l
dng in 1 chiu hoc xoay chiu tn s cng nghip th nh hng ca L

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

khng ng k v bt k hnh thc ni t no cng u biu th bi tr s

in tr tn.
Khi dng in tn trong t l dng in st, tham s biu th ca ni
t ty thuc vo tng quan gia hng s thi gian T v thi gian u sng
ca dng in. Khi T << s (dng in t tr s cc i) th cn xt qu trnh
qu kt thc v ni t th hin nh mt in tr tn. Trng hp ny
ng vi cc hnh thc ni t dng cc hoc thanh c chiu di khng ln lm
v gi l ni t tp trung.
Trong tnh ton thit k trm bin p 220/110 kV, thng th phn ni
t ni chung vi mch vng ni t an ton ca trm. Nh vy s gp trng
hp ni t phn b di, tng tr xung kch Z xk c th ln gp nhiu ln so vi
in tr tn xoay chiu lm tng in p ging trn b phn ni t v c th
gy phng in ngc n cc phn mang in ca trm. Do ta phi tnh
ton, kim tra theo yu cu ca ni t chng st trong trng hp c dng
in st i vo h thng ni t.
Yu cu kim tra : ta kim tra theo iu kin nhm m bo an ton
cho cch in ca my bin p : I.Z(0;s) U50%MBA
Trong : I l tr s dng in st ly bng 150 kA
Z(0;s) tng tr xung kch ni t ti thi im ngay ch
dng in st i vo in cc.
U50% - tr s in p phng in b nht ca my bin p
Trm 110 kV : U50% = 460 kV
Trm 220 kV : U50% = 900 kV
Ta tin hnh ni t chng st cho ton trm vi mc in p l 220kV:
S ng tr ca ni t c th hin nh sau:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p
L

Hnh 2.2 : S ng tr ca h thng ni t.

Trong mi trng hp u c th b qua in tr tc dng R v n b so
vi tr s in tr tn, ng thi cng khng cn xt ti phn in dung C v
ngay c trong trng hp sng xung kch, dng in dung cng rt nh so vi
dng in tr tn.
L

Hnh 2.3: S ng tr rt gn.

Trong :
L : in cm ca in cc trn mt n v di.
G: in dn ca in cc trn mt n v di.

L 0, 2. ln 0,31 H / m
r

(2.7)

Vi:
l : chiu di in cc (chiu di mi tia).
V ni t chng st l ni t phn b di mch vng, nn mch vng
ny c xem nh l hai tia ghp song song do vy l = 636/2 = 318 m.
r : bn knh cc phn trc nu cc l thp dt c b rng b (m).
Do r = b/4 = 0,01m

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Thay s ta c :

l
318

L 0, 2. ln 0,31 0, 2. ln
0,31 2,1 H / m
r

0,01

in dn ca in cc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

1 1

ms
2.RMV
.l m

(2.8)

Trong :
ms
RMV
l in tr mch vng tnh cho ma st v c xc nh theo

cng thc sau:

at
RMV
ms
at .K mua
K mua

ms
MV

(2.9)

Trong :
at
RMV
0,6
at
ms
K mua
1,6; K mua
1, 2

Thay s vo cng thc (2.9) ta c:

ms
MV

at
RMV
0,6
ms
at .K mua

.1, 2 0,5
K mua
1,6

Khi ta c in dn in cc l:

1
1
1

3,1.103

ms
2.RMV .l 2.0,5.318
m

T s ng tr ta c:
Gi Z(x,t) l in trng xung kch ca ni t ko di, n l hm s
ca khng gian v thi gian.

Z ( x, t )

U ( x, t )
I ( x, t )

(2.10)

Trong U(x,t) ; I(x,t) l dng in v in p xc nh t h phng trnh vi

phn:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

U
I

L
.
x
t

I G.U
x

(2.11)

Gii h phng trnh vi phn trn vi dng sng ca dng in u

vo ca h thng ni t c dng sng xin gc i(o,t) = a.t ta s c in p
ti im bt k trn in cc:

1
k . .x

U ( x, t ) a.R t 2.T1 2 1 e t /TK .cos

l
k 1 K

(2.12)

Suy ra tng tr xung kch u vo ca ni t nhn to l :

2.T1 1
U (0, t )
1
t /TK
Z (0, t )

I (0, t ) G.l
t k 1 K 2

( 2.13)

Trong thit k tnh ton ta chn dng sng ca dng in st l sng

dng xin gc c bin khng i.
Phng trnh sng c dng nh sau:

at
I max = 150kA

IS =

khi a < t < ds

khi t > ds

Bin dng in st c quy nh l: I = 150 kA.

dc ca dng in st l :
Thi gian u sng l :

a = 30 kA/s
ds = I/a = 5s

(2.14)

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

T cng thc (2.13) ta c tng tr xung kch ca h thng ni t nhn to ti

thi im t = ds l:

Z (0, ds )

2.T1 1
1
ds /TK
1

G.l
ds k 1 K 2

Do coi mch vng l s ghp song song ca hai tia nn:

Z (0, ds ) MV

2.T1 1
1
ds /TK
1

2.G.l
ds k 1 K 2

Xt chui :

k 1

(1 e

ds
Tk

(2.15)

ds
Tk

1
e
2
2
k 1 K
k 1 K

D dng nhn thy rng t e-4 th gi tr rt b so vi cc gi tr trc

ds
4
T
nn c th b qua, tc l phi tm k sao cho k

Ta c :

Thay

Tk

T1
K2

ds
T .4
T .4
4 K2 1 K 1
T1
ds
ds
2
K

L.G.l 2 2,1.3,1.103.3182
T1

66,8 s
2
3,142
K

4.66,8
7,3
5

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Nh vy ta s tnh ton vi K ln nht l 7, tc l K = 1 7. Ta c bng kt

qu tnh nh sau:
k

Tk (s)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

66,8
16,7
7,4
4,2
2,8
1,9
1,4

ds / Tk

(s)

ds
Tk

0,07
0,3
0,7
1,2
1,8
2,6
3,6

/ K 2 ( s)
0,93
0,19
0,06
0,02
0,07
0,002
0,001

T bng trn ta tnh c :

7

1
7

e
1, 273 s
K2
1

k
1

Z (0, ds ) MV

ds
Tk

1
1
.... 2 1,5 s
2
2
7

1
2.T1 1
ds / TK

2.G.l
ds k 1 K 2

1
2.66,8

1
(1,5 1,273)
3

2.3,1.10 .318
5

3,58()

Do my bin p l phn t yu nht nn ta ch cn kim tra vi my bin p.

in p ti im dng in st i vo l :
Us = I.Z(0;s) = 150.3,58= 537( kV.)
Vy Us = 537 kV > U50% MBA = 460 kV.(khng t yu cu)
Nhn xt : Do in tr ni t khng t yu cu nn ta phi tin hnh ni t
b sung cho h thng chng st.
*/ Tnh ton ni t b sung.
Trong ni t b sung ta s dng dng ni t tp trung gm thanh v
cc ti chn cc ct thu st. Do vic xc nh Zbs bng l thuyt li rt kh
khn nn ta chn hnh thc ni t b sung nh sau:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Chn thanh ni t b sung l loi thp dt c:

Chiu di lT = 12(m).
B rng bT = 0,04 (m).
Dc trn chiu di ca thanh c chn 5 cc:
Chiu di cc lcc = 3 (m).
ng knh d = 0,04 (m).
Khong cch gia hai cc l a = 3 (m).
chn su t = 0,8 (m).
Ni t c tnh ton cho chng st nn ta ly h s Kma nh sau:
i vi thanh ngang chn su t = 0,8(m): Kma = 1, 2.
i vi cc di 3m chn su t = 0,8(m) : Kma = 1,15.
S ni t ca h thng khi c ni t b sung nh sau:

Hnh 2.4 : S ni t b sung

*/ in tr thanh c xc nh nh sau:

tt
K .L2
RT
.ln
2. .l
d .t
Trong :
L : chiu di ca thanh l = 12(m)
t : chn su ca thanh lm tia t = 0,8 (m).
tt : in tr sut tnh ton ca t i vi thanh lm mch vng chn

su t: tt do .K mua

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Tra bng vi ni t chng st thanh ngang chn su 0,8m ta c

Kmua = 1,2

tt do .K mua 80.1, 2 96(m)

d: ng knh thanh lm mch vng. Chn thanh c b rng 4cm.

b 4.102
d
2.102 m
2
2
K : h s hnh dng ph thuc hnh dng ca h thng ni t, v ni
t l tia ngang nn ly K = 1.
Vy in tr ca thanh b sung l :

tt
K .L2
96
1.122
RT
.ln

.ln
10, 4
2. .l
d .t
2. .12 2.10 2.0,8
*/ in tr cc c xc nh nh sau:

RC

tt 2.l 1 4.t l
. ln
ln

2. .l
d 2 4.t l

Trong :
l : l chiu di ca cc, l = 3m.
Khong cch t = h + l/2=0,8 + 3/2 = 2,3 m (cc chn su h = 0,8m)
d : ng knh cc, chn d = 40mm
tt : in tr sut tnh ton ca t i vi cc chn su t,

tt do .K mua
Tra bng vi cc chn su 0,8m v tnh ton chng st ta c
Kmua = 1,15

tt do .K mua 80.1,15 92(m)

Thay s vo cng thc trn ta c:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

RC
=

tt 2.l 1 4.t l
. ln
ln

2. .l
d 2 4.t - l
92
2.3
4.2,3 3

. ln
ln
23,09
2.3,14.3 0,04
4.2,3 - 3

*/ in tr b sung:
in tr b sung c tnh theo cng thc sau:

RBS

RT .RC
RC .T n.RT .C

(2.16)

Trong :
RC : in tr ca cc.
RT : in tr ca thanh.
n : s cc.
T , C : h s s dng ca thanh v cc.
Vi s cc cn thit l: n = 5 cc, lcc = 3 (m), a = 6(m)
Nh vy ta c t s a/l = 1.
Tra bng 3 ph lc (trang 82) sch hng dn thit k tt nghip k
thut in cao p ta c h s s dng ca cc l C = 0,72. Tra bng 5 ph
lc (trang 84) sch hng dn thit k tt nghip k thut in cao p ta c
h s s dng ca cc l T = 0,74.
Thay s vo cng thc (2.16) ta c:

RBS

RT .RC
10, 4.23,09

4, 4
RC .T n.RT .C 23,09.0,74 5.10, 4.0,72

*/ Tng tr ca h thng khi c ni t b sung.

Ta c cng thc tnh tng tr xung kch khi c ni t b sung nh
sau:

Bi tp di mn Cao
p
X2

ms
ms

K2 . ds
RBS .RNT
2.RNT
bs
Z XK (0, ds )
ms
.e T1
ms
RBS RNT k 1 RNT
1

RBS cos 2 ( X K )

A B

(2.17)

Trong :
ms
RBS .RNT
4, 4.0, 6
A

0,5
ms
RBS RNT
4, 4 0,6
ms
NT

B
k 1

2.R
ms
NT

R
1

RBS cos 2 ( X K )

.e

X K2 ds
.
2 T1

Xt chui s :
ms
NT

B
k 1

2.R
ms
NT

R
1

RBS cos 2 ( X K )

.e

X K2 ds
.
2 T1

Tng t nh trn ta ch xt n s hng e -4 vi T1 = 66,8 v s = 5s

Tnh n XK sao cho:

X K2 ds
2 .
4
T1

X K 2. .

T1
66,8
2. .
23
ds
5

Trong XK l nghim ca phng trnh:

ms
RNT
0,6
tgX K
.X K
. X K 0,14 X K
RBS
4, 4

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

Hnh 2.5 : th xc nh nghim phng trnh tgXK = - 0,14.XK

Gii phng trnh trn bng phng th ta xc nh c nghim
phng trnh nh sau:

X K1 = 4,4

X K6 = 29,1

X K2 = 9,6

X K7 = 33,9

X K3 = 14,5

X K8 = 37,6

X K4 = 19,2

X K9 = 44

X K5 = 24,2

X K10 = 49

V XK5,XK6 ,XK7, XK8, XK9 XK10 > 23 nn ta ch xt n XK4 ta c bng

sau:

Vi T1 = 66,8 (s) ;

RBS = 4,4 () ;

RNTms = 0,6 () ;

XK

4,4

9,6

14,5

19,2

1/cos2(XK)

1,03

1,07

1,12

1,14

1,11

1,07

1,03

ms
RNT
1

2
RBS cos ( X K )

Bi tp di mn Cao
p

BK

X K2 ds
.
2 T1

0,86

0,5

0,2

0,06

0,91

0,54

0,22

0,07

T kt qu ca bng trn ta tnh c:

Nh vy ta tnh c tng tr xung kch khi c ni t b sung:

X2

ms
ms

K2 . ds
RBS .RNT
2.RNT
bs
Z XK (0, ds )
ms
.e T1
ms
RBS RNT k 1 RNT
1

2
RBS cos ( X K )

A B 0,5 1,74 2, 24

in p khi c dng in i vo ni t ti thi im dng in st t

gi tr cc i l:
Us = I.Z(0;s) = 150.2,24 = 336 kV.
Vy Us = 336 kV < U50% MBA = 460 kV.( t yu cu)
Nhn xt : Sau khi ni t b sung th yu cu chng st m bo in p
ging trn my bin p khi c dng st i vo Us = 336 kV < U50% (110kV) = 460
kV.