. .

. ..

RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS
AND LOBACHEVSKI GEOMETRY
O. V. BABOUROVA

.., 2004

The connection between Special Relativity and

Lobachevski geometry has been established in
early papers on relativistic physics. In this article the basic aspects of the Special Relativity
kinematics are presented and the geometric
model of the velocity space of relativistic physics is considered. It is shown that the velocity
space has Lobachevski geometry. The application of Lobachevski geometry to the investigation of particle decays in high energy physics is
considered.

.

. ,
.
.

journal.issep.rssi.ru

1.

.
XX .
, ,
, .

,
,
. ,
,

. , , , ,
c,
,
V, c + V c V. , ,
,
,
(). ()

(). , ,
.
, ,

x' = x Vt,

y' = y,

z' = z,

. .

t ' = t.

77


x, y, z, t 1, x', y', z', t ' 2,

x V.
, 1
2, ,
[1]
x Vt
x' = ------------------,
2
V
1 ----2c

V
t ----x
2
c
t ' = ------------------.
2
V
1 ----2c

z' = z,

y' = y,

(1)

1898 . . , , 1887 .,

[2]. (1)
, .. ,
1905 .
[3].
2.
.
. 1905 . ,
x, y, z, ct,
2

s = ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) + ( z z0 ) c ( t t 0 ) ,

(2)

M(x, y, z) M(x 0, y0 , z0),

t t0 .
, 1907 .,
(. [3]). ,
,
,
.
x, y, z, ct , s (2) .
s (, ) [4]. (2)
: -

78

, s2 < 0; , s2 > 0;
( ) , s2 = 0. x,
y, z, ct, s2 = 0,
(x 0, y 0, z 0, ct0).
x0 = 0,
y0 = 0, z0 = 0, ct0 = 0, , (. 1): , ,
(
); , ,
( ); ,
, .

, ,
,
c = 2,998 108 /. , t0 = 0,
, . , t0 = 0,
,
.
,
, ,
ct

(0, 0, 0, 0)

y, z

x
. 1

, 8 , 2 , 2 0 0 4



, .

: , ,
, . , ( R )
: x2 + y2 (ct)2 = (iR )2, i .
, (. 2).
ct

, .
. , , ,
() , [4].

O
(. 3).
(x , y), x, y, z
:
x
x = --,
z

. 2

.

,
x2 + y2 + z2 (ct)2 = R 2.

(3)

,
.

y
y = --.
z

(4)

.
, , 2
2
2
x + y < R . (3),
. ,
, .
.
(x1 , y1 ,
z1) (x2 , y2 , z2) ,

3.
1826 . .. - , , .

.
,
[5],
iR, R -

O
. 3

. .

79

1
ch --- = --- ( x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 z 1 z 2 ).
R
R

(5)

r , [4]:

r = Rth --- .
R

(6)

, , ,
[5], [4]. , L

L ( ) = 2Rsh --- ,
R

2
( ) = 2R ch --- 1 .
R

(7)

. 1923 . .. .
.. [1].
.. [68].
, ,
dx
x ( t ) = ------ ,
dt

x,

x x:
x = cos ,

x V
-,
'x = ----------------xV
1 -------2
c

(8)

(9)

S = ( )R 2.

(11)

.
,

(3) .
4.


. ,
.

80

(12)

V
1 ----2c
'y, z = y, z ------------------.
xV
1 -------2
c

2
2
1
( V) ---- [ , V]
c2
' = ---------------------------------------------------,
V
1 ---------2
c

(10)

(10) .

(13)

(12), (13)
[1]

(8) (7) :
L(a ) L(b ) L(c)
----------- = ----------- = ----------- .
sin sin sin

a
cos = cos cos + sin sin sh --- .
R

= x + y + z .

1
2 (1)
.

, , ,
a, b, c,
a
b c
b c
ch --- = ch --- ch --- sh --- sh --- cos ,
R
R R
R R

dz
z ( t ) = -----.
dt

dy
y ( t ) = ------ ,
dt

(14)

[, ] V. (14)
,
2

V
V
V

--- + --- 2 ------2- cos --- --- sin 2

c
c
c c
'
c
---- = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
2
c
1 V
------2- cos

c
2

(15)

, , ' = V.
, 1
+ d .
2

, 8 , 2 , 2 0 0 4


.
(14),
'

, V

u4

+ d , u

2
1
d ----2 [ , d ]
c
2
-.
d = --------------------------------------2 2
1

----2
c
2

(16)

(16)
.

, (16)
.


[9].
, .
,
u

x
1
u = ------------------,
2

1 ----2c
z
3
u = ------------------,
2

1 ----2c

y
2
u = ------------------,
2

1 ----2c
c
u = ------------------.
2

1 ----2c

0
u 2, u 3
u1
. 4

, , (5).
,
(4) (17), :
1

u
-----x = -----4 ,
c
u

(u1)2 + (u2)2 + (u3)2 (u4)2 = (c)2.

u
-----y = -----4 ,
c
u

u
-----z = -----4 .
c
u

(19)

[68]. (6)

,
(. . 4):

--- = th ---- .
c
c

(17)

u .

(20)

(20) (16)
= { sin cos , sin sin , cos }

(18)

u1, u2, u3, u4. , ,

u , ,
(18) (. 4).
, (18) , R
c.
-

2
2
2
2
2
d s = d ---- + sh ---- ( d + sin d ).
c
c
, .

(15) (20):
'
'
---- = th -----,
c
c

--- = th ---- ,
c
c

. .

--- = th ---c
c

81



1
2 '
ch ----- = ---------------------- .
c
2 '
1 th ----c

Ek
,

1
Ek = mc ------------------ 1 ,

2
1

----2

c
2

'


ch ----- = ch ---- ch ---- sh ---- sh ---- cos .
c
c c
c c

(7), ,
, .
5.

.. [6, 7] ,

. 1 2 . m1 , m2 1, 2 ,
m .


p = p 1 + p 2,

(21)

p , p 1 p 2 . :
m
p = ------------------,
2

1 ----2c

m1 1
p 1 = ------------------,
2

1 ----2-1
c

m2 2
p 2 = ------------------.
2

1 ----2-2
c

(22)

82

, 1, 2 , , 1 , 2 .
, , = 0, p = 0, p 1 = p 2 .
, , = 0, , 1 2 , 1 2 ,
. 12 ,
(. 5), ,
3, (. 6)

1 = ------1 ,
c

2 = ------2 ,
c

1 2 = 1 + 2 = ---- .
c

(24)

p1 = p2 .
(23) m1L1 =
= m2L2 , L1 = L(1 /c), L2 = L(2 /c).
, , 1 .

, p L(/c) ,
, .
(22) (20).
[10],

c th ---p
c

L
---- = ------------------------- = c sh ---- = ------.
m
c
2
2
1 th ---c

Ek

1
2
----- = c ------------------------- 1 = c 2 ch ---- 1 = ------.
c
2
m

2
1 th --
c

(23)

1 = 0, p 1 = 0, p = p 2 . 12
, . 1 , 1 = 0, 2 ,
2 , . (24),
1

, 8 , 2 , 2 0 0 4


u4

L1
1

1 /c

/c
2 /c

u
1

u
2
0
. 7

u 2, u 3
u

a = 2 = ------2 ,
c
1

b = 1 = ------, c = 1 2 = ---- .
c
c
L(a) = L2 , L(b) = L1 ,
L(c) = L, (10)

. 5

L2
L1
1

/c
1 /c

2 /c

L2
L1
L
----------- = ----------- .
= ---------sin sin sin
2

(26)

, , , , . , (25)
(26), ( ):
sin = m1 ,

sin = m2 ,

sin ( ) = sin = m.
. 6

------1 , 2 c
12
---- (. 7). c
p = p2 . (23)
mL1 = m2L, L1 = L(1 /c), L = L(/c).
m1L1 = m2L2 mL1 =
= m2L,
L
L
L
-----2- = -----1- = ---- .
m1 m2 m

(27)

12 (9) ,

1 2
2
cos = 1 sin 1 --- ,
2
1 2
2
cos = 1 sin 1 --- ,
2
1
2
cos = cos ( ) = 1 + --- ( ) .
2

(28)

(28) (27) (9)

,

(25)

, 12
12 (. 8), ,
. (10),

. 8

. .

83

2
2
2
m = m1 + m2 + 2m1 m2 ch ---- .
c

(29)

, , (24) (20),
1 2 .
(11), 12
S = ( )c2. . (27)
= (m m1 m2).

:
m = m m1 m2 . S = mc2.
, , .
, ,
.
. + + = , .
.

..
. , ,
. ,
, .

- , .
,
.
,
, .
: , -

84

,
. ..
. ,
. ,

.
, , .

1. .. , . .:
. - .-. ., 1961.
2. . . .: ,
1987.
3. : . . .: , 1973.
4. .. . .: . - .-. ., 1956. . 2:
.
5. .. //
. 1996. 8. . 104109.
6. ..
// . . . 1973. . 4,
. 3. . 773810.
7. .. // 150 : : . . . , , 1976: .
. .: , 1977. . 146153.
8. ..
// . . . 1992.
. 23, . 5. . 11561191.
9. .. . .: ; . . .-. ., 1969 (-
. ; . 11).
10. .., .. . .: , 1986.

..
***
, - , , ,
. .
90 .

, 8 , 2 , 2 0 0 4